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Charlotte Perkins Gilman

2024-09-22T21:56:24Z

MBWhitney: /* Career */ Fixed typo

{{short description|American feminist, writer, artist, and lecturer (1860–1935)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Charlotte Perkins Gilman
| image = Charlotte Perkins Gilman c. 1900.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Charlotte Perkins
| birth_date = {{birth date|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hartford, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|8|17|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Pasadena, California]], U.S.
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Charles Walter Stetson]]|1884|1894|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Houghton Gilman|1900|1934|end=d}}
}}
| children = 1
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* [[commercial artist]]
* magazine editor
* lecturer
* [[social reformer]]
}}
| notableworks = "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]" ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' ''[[Women and Economics]]''
| signature = Charlotte Perkins Gilman Signature Transparent.png
| education = Rhode Island School of Design (1878)
}}

'''Charlotte Perkins Gilman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|l|m|ən}}; née '''Perkins'''; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935), also known by her first married name '''Charlotte Perkins Stetson''', was an American [[humanist]], [[novelist]], [[writer]], [[lecturer]], early [[sociologist]], advocate for [[social reform]], and [[eugenics|eugenicist]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623220502/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman |access-date=August 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was a [[utopian]] [[feminist]] and served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. Her works were primarily focused on gender, specifically gendered labor division in society, and the problem of male domination. She has been inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilman, Charlotte Perkins |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/charlotte-perkins-gilman/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Her best remembered work today is her [[semi-autobiographical]] short story "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]", which she wrote after a severe bout of [[postpartum psychosis]].

==Early life==
Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], to Mary Fitch Westcott and [[Frederic Beecher Perkins]]. She had only one brother, Thomas Adie, who was fourteen months older, because a physician advised Mary Perkins that she might die if she bore other children. During Charlotte's infancy, her father moved out and abandoned his wife and children, and the remainder of her childhood was spent in poverty.<ref name="Britannica"/>

Since their mother was unable to support the family on her own, the Perkinses were often in the presence of her father's aunts, namely [[Isabella Beecher Hooker]], a [[suffragist]]; [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], author of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''; and [[Catharine Beecher]], educationalist.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Her schooling was erratic: she attended seven different schools, for a cumulative total of just four years, ending when she was fifteen. Her mother was not affectionate with her children. To keep them from getting hurt as she had been, she forbade her children from making strong friendships or reading fiction. In her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', Gilman wrote that her mother showed affection only when she thought her young daughter was asleep.<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', p. 10.</ref> Although she lived a childhood of isolated, impoverished loneliness, she unknowingly prepared herself for the life that lay ahead by frequently visiting the public library and studying physics, literature, history (particularly ancient civilizations) on her own. Her father's love for literature influenced her, and years later he contacted her with a list of books he felt would be worthwhile for her to read.<ref>Denise D. Knight, ''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia: 1994), p. xiv.</ref>
[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1868).png|thumb|Charlotte Perkins Gilman as a child, 1868]]
Much of Gilman's youth was spent in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. What friends she had were mainly male, and she was unashamed, for her time, to call herself a "[[tomboy]]".<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', (1988), p. 30.</ref>

Her natural intelligence and breadth of knowledge always impressed her teachers, who were nonetheless disappointed in her because she was a poor student.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 26.</ref> Her favorite subject was "[[natural philosophy]]", especially what later would become known as physics. In 1878, the eighteen-year-old enrolled in classes at the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] with the monetary help of her absent father,<ref>Gilman, "Autobiography", Chapter 5</ref> and subsequently supported herself as an artist of [[trade cards]]. She was a tutor, and encouraged others to expand their artistic creativity.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 29.</ref> She was also a painter.

During her time at the Rhode Island School of Design, Gilman met Martha Luther in about 1879<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019">Kate Bolick, "The Equivocal Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman" (2019).</ref> and was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Luther. Gilman described the close relationship she had with Luther in her autobiography: {{Blockquote
|text=We were closely together, increasingly happy together, for four of those long years of girlhood. She was nearer and dearer than any one up to that time. This was love, but not sex{{nbsp}}... With Martha I knew perfect happiness{{nbsp}}... We were not only extremely fond of each other, but we had fun together, deliciously{{nbsp}}...
|author=Charlotte P. Gilman
|source=''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'' (1935)}}

Letters between the two women chronicles their lives from 1883 to 1889 and contains over 50 letters, including correspondence, illustrations and manuscripts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Lost Letters to Martha Luther Lane |website=betweenthecovers.com |access-date=February 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214003104/http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> They pursued their relationship until Luther ended the relationship in order to marry a man in 1881. Gilman was devastated and detested romance and love until she met her first husband.<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019"/>

==Overcoming personal challenges==
[[File:Portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman at age twenty four, ca. 1884. (16980287620).jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Gilman at age 24, ca. 1884]]
"[[Rest cure]] treatment" was a medical treatment popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries primarily for women suffering from symptoms like [[fatigue]], [[anxiety]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. The rest cure was developed by Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]], a neurologist, in the late 19th century. The treatment typically involved a strict regimen of bed rest, isolation from mental and physical stimulation, limited social interaction, and a highly regulated diet. Patients were often confined to bed for weeks or even months at a time, with minimal physical activity and intellectual stimulation. The treatment was controversial and had mixed results. While some patients reported improvement in their symptoms, others experienced worsening mental health and physical debilitation due to prolonged inactivity and social isolation. It is now considered outdated and potentially harmful in many cases.

Perkins-Gilman married Charles Stetson in 1884, and less than a year later gave birth to their daughter Katharine. Already susceptible to depression, her symptoms were exacerbated by marriage and motherhood. A good proportion of her diary entries from the time she gave birth to her daughter until several years later describe the oncoming depression that she was to face.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 323–385.</ref>

After nine weeks{{When|date=March 2024|reason=nine weeks after what? Did she go to the hospital?}}, Gilman was sent home with Mitchell's instructions, "Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time{{nbsp}}... Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours' intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live." She tried for a few months to follow Mitchell's advice, but her depression deepened, and Gilman came perilously close to a full emotional collapse.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 96.</ref> Her remaining sanity was on the line and she began to display [[Suicide|suicidal behavior]] that involved talk of pistols and chloroform, as recorded in her husband's diaries. By early summer the couple had decided that a divorce was necessary for her to regain sanity without affecting the lives of her husband and daughter.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408" />

During the summer of 1888, Charlotte and Katharine spent time in [[Bristol, Rhode Island]], away from Walter, and it was there where her depression began to lift. She writes of herself noticing positive changes in her attitude. She returned to Providence in September. She sold property that had been left to her in Connecticut, and went with a friend, Grace Channing, to [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] where the recovery of her depression can be seen through the transformation of her intellectual life.<ref name="Knight, Diaries" />

Along with many women during the late 19th century, Perkins-Gilman dealt with the trauma of the rest cure treatment due to the lack of societal attitudes, limited understanding of mental health, and the authority of the medical profession. However, as awareness and understanding of [[mental health]] improved over time, the rest cure fell out of favor, recognized as an outdated and potentially harmful approach to treatment.

==Adulthood==
In 1884, she married the artist [[Charles Walter Stetson]], after initially declining his proposal because her intuition told her it was not the right thing for her.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 82.</ref> Their only child, Katharine Beecher Stetson (1885–1979),<ref>{{cite web|title=Katharine Beecher Stetson|website=MacDowell studios (macdowell.org)|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/katharine-stetson}}</ref> was born the following year on March 23, 1885. Charlotte Perkins Gilman suffered a serious bout of [[postpartum depression]]. This was an age in which women were seen as "hysterical" and "nervous" beings; thus, when a woman claimed to be seriously ill after giving birth, her claims were sometimes dismissed.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 90.</ref>
[[File:Informal portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, outdoors, ca. 1897. (16911145300).jpg|left|thumb|Gilman (right) with her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, ca. 1897]]
Gilman moved to Southern California with her daughter Katherine and lived with friend [[Grace Ellery Channing]]. In 1888, Charlotte [[Legal separation|separated]] from her husband—a rare occurrence in the late nineteenth century. They officially divorced in 1894. After their divorce, Stetson married Channing.<ref name="Channing FA">{{cite web|title=Channing, Grace Ellery, 1862–1937. Papers of Grace Ellery Channing, 1806–1973: A Finding Aid|url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7092|website=Harvard University Library|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408">Knight, ''Diaries'', 408.</ref> During the year she left her husband, Charlotte met [[Adeline Knapp]], called "Delle". Cynthia J. Davis describes how the two women had a serious relationship. She writes that Gilman "believed that in Delle she had found a way to combine loving and living, and that with a woman as life mate she might more easily uphold that combination than she would in a conventional heterosexual marriage." The relationship ultimately came to an end.<ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Cynthia |title=Love and Economics: Charlotte Perkins Gilman on "The Woman Question" |journal=ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly) |date=December 2005 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=242–248 |url=https://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |access-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809024345/http://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Harrison">{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Pat |title=The Evolution of Charlotte Perkins Gilman |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |website=Radcliffe Magazine |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=November 25, 2018 |date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073931/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the separation from her husband, Gilman moved with her daughter to Pasadena, California, where she became active in [[Feminism in the United States|feminist]] and [[Reformism|reformist]] organizations such as the [[Pacific Coast Women's Press Association]], the Woman's Alliance, the Economic Club, the [[Ebell Society]] (named after [[Adrian John Ebell]]), the Parents Association, and the State Council of Women, in addition to writing and editing the ''Bulletin'', a journal published by one of the earlier-mentioned organizations.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 525.</ref>

In 1894, Gilman sent her daughter east to live with her former husband and his second wife, her friend Grace Ellery Channing. Gilman reported in her memoir that she was happy for the couple, since Katharine's "second mother was fully as good as the first, [and perhaps] better in some ways."<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 163.</ref> Gilman also held progressive views about paternal rights and acknowledged that her ex-husband "had a right to some of [Katharine's] society" and that Katharine "had a right to know and love her father."<ref name="Knight, Diaries">Knight, ''Diaries''.</ref>

[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman by Frances Benjamin Johnston.jpg|thumb|upright|Charlotte Perkins Gilman Photograph by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]] (c. 1900)|left]]After her mother died in 1893, Gilman decided to move back east for the first time in eight years. She contacted Houghton Gilman, her first cousin, whom she had not seen in roughly fifteen years, who was a [[Wall Street]] attorney. They began spending time together almost immediately and became romantically involved. While she went on [[lecture tour]]s, Houghton and Charlotte exchanged letters and spent as much time as they could together before she left. In her diaries, she describes him as being "pleasurable" and it is clear that she was deeply interested in him.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 648–666.</ref> From their wedding in 1900 until 1922, they lived in New York City. Their marriage was very different from her first one. In 1922, Gilman moved from New York to Houghton's old homestead in [[Norwich, Connecticut]]. Following Houghton's sudden death from a [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|cerebral hemorrhage]] in 1934, Gilman moved back to Pasadena, California, where her daughter lived.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813">Knight, ''Diaries'', p. 813.</ref>

In January 1932, Gilman was diagnosed with incurable [[breast cancer]].<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, 54.</ref> An advocate of [[euthanasia]] for the terminally ill, Gilman died by suicide on August 17, 1935, by taking an overdose of [[chloroform]]. In both her autobiography and suicide note, she wrote that she "chose chloroform over cancer" and she died quickly and quietly.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

==Career==
At one point, Gilman supported herself by selling soap [[door to door]]. After moving to Pasadena, Gilman became active in organizing [[social reform]] movements. As a delegate, she represented California in 1896 at both the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in Washington, D.C., and the [[International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London 1896|International Socialist and Labor Congress]] in London.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'' 187, 198.</ref> In 1890, she was introduced to the [[Nationalist Clubs]] movement which worked to "end capitalism's greed and distinctions between classes while promoting a peaceful, ethical, and truly progressive human race." Published in the ''Nationalist'' magazine, her poem "Similar Cases" was a satirical review of people who resisted social change, and she received positive feedback from critics for it. Throughout that same year, 1890, she became inspired enough to write fifteen essays, poems, a novella, and the short story ''The Yellow Wallpaper''. Her career was launched when she began lecturing on Nationalism and gained the public's eye with her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'', published in 1893.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 409.</ref> As a successful lecturer who relied on giving speeches as a source of income, her fame grew along with her social circle of similar-minded activists and writers of the [[feminist movement]].

Over the course of her career, in addition to publishing poems and fiction, Gilman published six significant books of non-fiction; a contribution which led her to be seen as one of the woman founders of the discipline of [[sociology]] <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Longgrove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref>. These works, and additional published journal articles, exposed both gender and class inequality, criticizing it as illegitimate and unfair. She was a member of the [[American Sociological Association]] from the time of its founding in 1905 to her death in 1935. <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Longgrove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref>

==="The Yellow Wallpaper"===
{{Main article|The Yellow Wallpaper}}
[[File:The Yellow Wallpaper (1899 edition - cover).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[The Yellow Wallpaper]], one of Gilman's most popular works, originally published in 1892, before her marriage to George Houghton Gilman.]]
In 1890, Gilman wrote her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |page=Introduction 5 |year=2016 |isbn=9781410348029 |title=A Study Guide for Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Herland"|last1=Gale |first1=Cengage Learning |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning }}</ref> which is now the all-time best selling book of the [[Feminist Press]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.feministpress.org/books-n-z/the-yellow-wall-paper |access-date=August 26, 2018 |website=[[The Feminist Press]] |title=The Yellow Wall-paper}}</ref> She wrote it on June 6 and 7, 1890, in her home of Pasadena, and it was printed a year and a half later in the January 1892 issue of ''[[The New England Magazine]]''.<ref name="Britannica"/> Since its original printing, it has been anthologized in numerous collections of [[women's literature]], [[American literature]], and textbooks,<ref>Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception.'' University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998; p. 6.</ref> though not always in its original form. For instance, many textbooks omit the phrase "in marriage" from a very important line in the beginning of story: "John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage." The reason for this omission is a mystery, as Gilman's views on marriage are made clear throughout the story.

The story is about a woman who suffers from mental illness after three months of being closeted in a room by her husband for the sake of her health. She becomes obsessed with the room's revolting yellow wallpaper. Gilman wrote this story to change people's minds about the role of women in society, illustrating how women's lack of autonomy is detrimental to their mental, emotional, and even physical wellbeing. This story was inspired by her treatment from her first husband.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.biography.com/people/charlotte-perkins-gilman-9311669#marriage-and-inspiration | title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman| date=October 26, 2021}}</ref> The narrator in the story must do as her husband (who is also her doctor) demands, although the treatment he prescribes contrasts directly with what she truly needs—mental stimulation and the freedom to escape the monotony of the room to which she is confined. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was essentially a response to the doctor (Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]]) who had tried to cure her of her depression through a "[[rest cure]]" and who is mentioned in the story: "John says if I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall." She sent him a copy of the story.<ref>Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception,'' pp. 23–24.</ref>

=== "The Home: Its Work and Influence" ===
In 1903 Charlotte Perkins Gilman published a [[non-fiction]] book "The Home: Its Work and Influence". In this influential work, Gilman explores the role of the home in society and its impact on individuals, particularly women. She challenges traditional [[Gender role|gender roles]] and argues for greater autonomy and fulfillment for women beyond domestic responsibilities. Gilman critiques the notion of the home as solely a woman's domain and advocates for social and economic reforms to empower women and improve their well-being. "The Home: Its Work and Influence" is a seminal text in the [[First-wave feminism|early feminist movement]] and continues to be studied for its insights into gender, society, and the [[Private sphere|domestic sphere]].

=== "The Crux" ===
The Crux is an important early feminist work that brings to the fore complicated issues of gender, citizenship, eugenics, and frontier nationalism. First published serially in the feminist journal The Forerunner in 1910, The Crux tells the story of a group of New England women who move west to start a boardinghouse for men in Colorado. The innocent central character, Vivian Lane, falls in love with Morton Elder, who has both gonorrhea and syphilis. The concern of the novel is not so much that Vivian will catch syphilis, but that, if she were to marry and have children with Morton, she would harm the "national stock." The novel was written, in Gilman’s words, as a "story . . . for young women to read . . . in order that they may protect themselves and their children to come." What was to be protected was the civic imperative to produce "pureblooded" citizens for a utopian ideal.

=== "Suffrage Songs and Verses" ===
"Suffrage Songs and Verses" is a collection of poems and songs written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, published during the suffrage movement in the early 20th century. In this collection, Gilman uses her poetic voice to advocate for women's rights, particularly the right to vote. Through verse, she expresses the frustrations of women who were denied political participation and calls for gender equality. The poems celebrate the strength, resilience, and determination of [[Suffragette|suffragists]] while critiquing the patriarchal society that oppresses women. "Suffrage Songs and Verses" serves as both a literary work and a rallying cry for the suffrage movement, capturing the spirit and passion of the activists who fought for women's enfranchisement.

== Other notable works ==

=== "''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside"/ "This Our World"'' ===
In 1888 Perkins-Gilman published her first book, ''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside'' (1888); however, it was her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'' (1893), a collection of satirical poems, that first brought her recognition. During the next two decades she gained much of her fame with lectures on women's issues, ethics, labor, human rights, and social reform. She often referred to these themes in her fiction.<ref name="Britannica" /> Her lecture tours took her across the United States.<ref name="Britannica" /> <ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

=== "''Women and Economics"'' ===
In 1894–95 Gilman served as editor of the magazine ''The Impress'', a literary weekly that was published by the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association (formerly the ''Bulletin''). For the twenty weeks the magazine was printed, she was consumed in the satisfying accomplishment of contributing its poems, editorials, and other articles. The short-lived paper's printing came to an end as a result of a social bias against her lifestyle which included being an unconventional mother and a woman who had divorced a man.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 601</ref> After a four-month-long lecture tour that ended in April 1897, Gilman began to think more deeply about sexual relationships and economics in American life, eventually completing the first draft of ''Women and Economics'' (1898). This book discussed the role of women in the home, arguing for changes in the practices of child-raising and housekeeping to alleviate pressures from women and potentially allow them to expand their work to the public sphere.<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Women and Economics" in Alice S. Rossi, ed., ''The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir'' (1997), section 1 only, 572–576.</ref> The book was published in the following year and propelled Gilman into the international spotlight.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 681.</ref> In 1903, she addressed the International Congress of Women in Berlin. The next year, she toured in England, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

=== "''The Home: Its Work and Influence"'' ===
In 1903 she wrote one of her most critically acclaimed books, ''The Home: Its Work and Influence'', which expanded upon ''[[Women and Economics]]'', proposing that women are oppressed in their home and that the environment in which they live needs to be modified in order to be healthy for their mental states. In between traveling and writing, her career as a literary figure was secured.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 811.</ref>

=== "''The Forerunner''," ===
{{Main articles|Forerunner (magazine)}}
[[File:The ForeRunner (1913) Charlotte Perkins Gilman.jpg|thumb|1913 issue of ''[[The Forerunner]]'']]
From 1909 to 1916 Gilman single-handedly wrote and edited her own magazine, ''The Forerunner'', in which much of her fiction appeared. By presenting material in her magazine that would "stimulate thought", "arouse hope, courage and impatience", and "express ideas which need a special medium", she aimed to go against the mainstream media which was overly [[Sensationalism|sensational]].<ref>Sari Edelstein, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Yellow Newspaper". ''Legacy'', 24(1), 72–92. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from GenderWatch (GW) database. (Document ID: 1298797291).</ref> Over seven years and two months the magazine produced eighty-six issues, each twenty eight pages long. The magazine had nearly 1,500 subscribers and featured such [[Serial (literature)|serialized]] works as "What Diantha Did" (1910), ''The Crux'' (1911), ''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]'' (1911), and ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' (1915). The ''Forerunner'' has been cited as being "perhaps the greatest literary accomplishment of her long career".<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 812.</ref> After its seven years, she wrote hundreds of articles that were submitted to the ''[[Louisville Herald-Post|Louisville Herald]]'', ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', and the ''[[Buffalo Evening News]]''. Her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', which she began to write in 1925, was published [[Posthumous publication|posthumously]] in 1935.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 30.</ref>

=== Works by Perkins-Gilman ===

=== Non-fiction ===

* ''Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. (1898)''
* ''Concerning Children (1900)''
* ''The Home: Its Work and Influence. (1903)''
* ''Human Work.(1904)''
* ''The Man-Made World; or, Our Andocentric Culture (1911)''
* ''Our Brains and What Ails Them (1912)''
* ''Humanness (1913)''
* ''Social Ethics (1914)''
* ''The Dress of Women(1915)''
* ''Growth and Combat (1916)''
* ''His Religion and Hers: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers (1923)''
* ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. (1935)''

=== Fiction ===

* "The Yellow Wallpaper" 5 [January], (1892).
* ''The Yellow Wallpaper (1899)''
* ''What Diantha Did (1910)''
* ''Moving the Mountain (1911)''
* ''The Crux. (1911)''
* ''Benigna Machiavelli (1916)''
* ''Herland (1915)''
* ''With Her in Ourland (1916)''

=== Poetry ===

* Oakland, California: McCombs & Vaughn (1893)
* Suffrage Songs and Verses New York: The Charlton Company. (1911)

==Social theories==

=== Reform Darwinism and the role of women in society ===
Gilman called herself a [[humanism|humanist]] and was an early contributor to the discipline of [[sociology]] and to [[feminist theory]]. <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref> She believed the domestic environment oppressed women through the [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] beliefs upheld by society.<ref>Ann J. Lane, ''To Herland and Beyond'', 230.</ref> Gilman embraced the theory of reform [[Darwinism]] and argued that Darwin's theories of evolution presented only the male as the given in the process of human evolution, thus overlooking the origins of the female brain in society that rationally chose the best suited mate that they could find.

Gilman argued that male aggressiveness and maternal roles for women were artificial and no longer necessary for survival in post-prehistoric times. She wrote, "There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Might as well speak of a female liver."<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ''Women and Economics'' (Boston, MA: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898).</ref>

Her main argument was that sex and domestic economics went hand in hand; for a woman to survive, she was reliant on her sexual assets to please her husband so that he would financially support his family. From childhood, young girls are forced into a social constraint that prepares them for motherhood by the toys that are marketed to them and the clothes designed for them. She argued that there should be no difference in the clothes that little girls and boys wear, the toys they play with, or the activities they do, and described tomboys as perfect humans who ran around and used their bodies freely and healthily.<ref>Carl N. Degler, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman on the Theory and Practice of Feminism", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (Spring, 1956), 26.</ref>
[[File:Articles by and photo of Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1916.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Articles about [[feminism]] by Gilman and a photo of her as printed in the ''[[Atlanta Constitution]],'' December 10, 1916]]
Gilman argued that women's contributions to civilization, throughout history, have been halted because of an [[androcentrism|androcentric]] culture. She believed that womankind was the underdeveloped half of humanity, and improvement was necessary to prevent the deterioration of the human race.<ref>Davis and Knight, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries'', 206.</ref> Gilman believed economic independence is the only thing that could really bring freedom for women and make them equal to men. In 1898 she published ''Women and Economics'', a theoretical [[treatise]] which argued, among other things, that women are subjugated by men, that motherhood should not preclude a woman from working outside the home, and that housekeeping, cooking, and child care, would be professionalized.<ref>Gilman, ''Women and Economics''.</ref> "The ideal woman," Gilman wrote, "was not only assigned a social role that locked her into her home, but she was also expected to like it, to be cheerful and gay, smiling and good-humored." When the sexual-economic relationship ceases to exist, life on the domestic front would certainly improve, as frustration in relationships often stems from the lack of social contact that the domestic wife has with the outside world.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27.</ref>

Gilman became a spokesperson on topics such as women's perspectives on work, [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform]], and family. Housework, she argued, should be equally shared by men and women, and that at an early age women should be encouraged to be independent. In many of her major works, including "The Home" (1903), ''Human Work'' (1904), and ''The Man-Made World'' (1911), Gilman also advocated women working outside of the home.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27–35.</ref>

Gilman argued that the home should be socially redefined. The home should shift from being an "economic entity" where a married couple live together because of the economic benefit or necessity, to a place where groups of men and groups of women can share in a "peaceful and permanent expression of personal life."<ref>{{cite book|last=Gilman|first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend|url-access=registration|year=2005 |publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/114 114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

Gilman believed having a comfortable and healthy lifestyle should not be restricted to married couples; all humans need a home that provides these amenities. She suggested that a communal type of housing open to both males and females, consisting of rooms, rooms of suites and houses, should be constructed. This would allow individuals to live singly and still have companionship and the comforts of a home. Both males and females would be totally economically independent in these living arrangements allowing for marriage to occur without either the male or the female's economic status having to change.

The structural arrangement of the home is also redefined by Gilman. She removes the kitchen from the home, leaving rooms to be arranged and extended in any form and freeing women from the provision of meals in the home. The home would become a true personal expression of the individual living in it.

Ultimately the restructuring of the home and manner of living will allow individuals, especially women, to become an "integral part of the social structure, in close, direct, permanent connection with the needs and uses of society." That would be a dramatic change for women, who generally considered themselves restricted by family life built upon their economic dependence on men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend |url-access=registration |year=2005|publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/110 110–114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

===Feminism in stories and novellas===

Gilman created a world in many of her stories with a feminist point of view. Two of her narratives, "What Diantha Did", and ''Herland'', are good examples of Gilman focusing her work on how women are not just stay-at-home mothers they are expected to be; they are also people who have dreams, who are able to travel and work just as men do, and whose goals include a society where women are just as important as men. The world-building that is executed by Gilman, as well as the characters in these two stories and others, embody the change that was needed in the early 1900s in a way that is now commonly seen as feminism.

Gilman uses world-building in ''Herland'' to demonstrate the equality that she longed to see. The women of Herland are the providers as there are no men in their society. This makes them appear to be the dominant sex, taking over the gender roles that are typically given to men. Elizabeth Keyser notes, "In ''Herland'' the supposedly superior sex becomes the inferior or disadvantaged ..."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keyser |first1=Elizabeth |title=Looking Backward: From Herland to Gulliver's Travels |date=1992 |publisher=G.K. Hall & Company |page=160}}</ref> In this utopian world, the women reproduce asexually and consider it an honor to be mothers. Unlike the patriarchal society that exists outside of Herland, the women do not have surnames for themselves or their children, as they do not believe that human beings should be "claimed" by others. In this society, Gilman makes it to where women are focused on having leadership within the community, fulfilling roles that are stereotypically seen as being male roles, and running an entire community without the same attitudes that men have concerning their work and the community. However, the attitude men carried concerning women were degrading, especially by progressive women, like Gilman. Using ''Herland'', Gilman challenged this stereotype, and made the society of Herland a type of paradise. Gilman uses this story to confirm the stereotypically devalued qualities of women are valuable, show strength, and shatters traditional utopian structure for future works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=Laura E. |title=The Eve of De-Struction: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminist Recreation of Paradise |journal=Women's Studies |date=March 1989 |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |page=378 |doi=10.1080/00497878.1989.9978776}}</ref> Essentially, Gilman creates Herland's society to have women hold all the power, showing more equality in this world, alluding to changes she wanted to see in her lifetime.

Gilman's feministic approach differs from ''Herland'' in "What Diantha Did". One character in this story, Diantha, breaks through the traditional expectation of women, showing Gilman's desires for what a woman would be able to do in real-life society. Throughout the story, Gilman portrays Diantha as a character who strikes through the image of businesses in the U.S., who challenges gender norms and roles, and who believed that women could provide the solution to the corruption in big business in society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fama |first1=Katherine A. |title=Domestic Data and Feminist Momentum: The Narrative Accounting of Helen Stuart Campbell and Charlotte Perkins Gilman |journal=Studies in American Naturalism |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=319 |doi=10.1353/san.2017.0006|s2cid=148635798 }}</ref> Gilman chooses to have Diantha choose a career that is stereotypically not one a woman would have because in doing so, she is showing that the salaries and wages of traditional women's jobs are unfair. Diantha's choice to run a business allows her to come out of the shadows and join society. Gilman's works, especially her work with "What Diantha Did", are a call for change, a battle cry that would cause panic in men and power in women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seitler |first1=Dana |title=Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives |journal=American Quarterly |date=March 2003 |volume=55 |issue=1 |page=63 |doi=10.1353/aq.2003.0001|s2cid=143831741 }}</ref> Gilman used her work as a platform for a call to change, as a way to reach women and have them begin the movement toward freedom.

===Race===
In 1908, Gilman published an article in the ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' in which she set out her views on what she perceived to be a "sociological problem" concerning the condition of the large [[African Americans|Black American]] minority in America. Although calling Black Americans "a large body of aliens" whose skin color made them "widely dissimilar and in many respects inferior," Gilman claimed that the economic and social situation of Black Americans was "to us a social injury" and noted that [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] meant that it was the responsibility of White Americans to alleviate this situation, observing that if White Americans "cannot so behave as to elevate and improve [Black Americans]", then it would be the case that ''White Americans'' would "need some scheme of race betterment" rather than vice versa.<ref name=ajs>{{cite journal|url=http://www.expo98.msu.edu/people/Gilman.htm |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |title=A Suggestion on the Negro Problem|journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=14 |date=July 1908 – May 1909 |access-date=April 24, 2019}}</ref> Gilman was unequivocal about the ills of slavery and the wrongs which many White Americans had done to Black Americans, stating that irrespective of any crimes committed by Black Americans, "[Whites] were the original offender, and have a list of injuries to [Black Americans], greatly outnumbering the counter list." She proposed that those Black Americans who were not "self-supporting" or who were "actual criminals" (which she clearly distinguished from "the decent, self-supporting, progressive negroes") could be "enlisted" into a quasi-military state labour force, which she viewed as akin to conscription in certain countries. Such force would be deployed in "modern agriculture" and infrastructure, and those who had eventually acquired adequate skills and training "would be graduated with honor" – Gilman believed that any such conscription should be "compulsory at the bottom, perfectly free at the top."

Gilman's racism led her to espouse [[Eugenics|eugenicist]] beliefs, claiming that [[Old Stock Americans]] were surrendering their country to immigrants who were diluting the nation's racial purity.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178758 After her divorce from Stetson, she began lecturing on Nationalism. She was inspired from Edward Bellamy's utopian socialist romance Looking Backward. Alys Eve Weinbaum, "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism", Feminist Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 271–302.] Accessed November 3, 2008.</ref> When asked about her stance on the matter during a trip to London she declared "I am an Anglo-Saxon before everything."<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography |author=Davis, C. |date=2010 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804738897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7arK_nP7eQC |access-date=November 15, 2014}}</ref> In an effort to gain the vote for all women, she spoke out against literacy voting tests at the 1903 [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in New Orleans.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 52.</ref>

Literary critic Susan S. Lanser says "The Yellow Wallpaper" should be interpreted by focusing on Gilman's racism.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938 Susan S. Lanser, "The Yellow Wallpaper," and the Politics of Color in America," ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441] Accessed March 5, 2019</ref> Other literary critics have built on Lanser's work to understand Gilman's ideas in relation to turn-of-the-century culture more broadly.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746975 Denise D. Knight, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 2000), pp. 159–169], accessed March 9, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025 Lawrence J. Oliver, "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and 'A Suggestion on the Negro Problem'," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 48, No. 1 (Fall 2015), pp. 25–39], accessed March 5, 2019</ref>

=== Animals ===
Gilman's feminist works often included stances and arguments for reforming the use of domesticated animals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism|last=McKenna|first=Erin|publisher=Routledge Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-0-203-12232-7|editor-last=Hamington|editor-first=Maurice|location=New York|chapter=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Women, Animals, and Oppression|editor-last2=Bardwell-Jones|editor-first2=Celia}}</ref> In ''Herland'', Gilman's utopian society excludes all domesticated animals, including livestock. In ''Moving the Mountain'' Gilman addresses the ills of animal domestication related to inbreeding. In "When I Was a Witch", the narrator witnesses and intervenes in instances of animal use as she travels through New York, liberating work horses, cats, and lapdogs by rendering them "comfortably dead". One literary scholar connected the regression of the female narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" to the parallel status of domesticated felines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Golden|first=Catherine|date=Fall 2007|title=Marking Her Territory: Feline Behavior in "The Yellow Wall-Paper"|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?ty=as&v=2.1&it=DIourl&s=RELEVANCE&p=LitRC&qt=SN~1540-3084~~TI~Marking%20Her%20Territory%3A%20Feline%20Behavior%20in%20%22The%20Yellow%20Wall-Paper%22~~VO~40~~SP~16~~IU~1&lm=&sw=w&authCount=1|journal=American Literary Realism|volume=40|pages=16–31|doi=10.1353/alr.2008.0017|s2cid=161505591}}</ref> She wrote in a letter to the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' that the automobile would eliminate the cruelty to horses used to pull carriages and cars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetson |first1=Charlotte Perkins |title=The Automobile as Reformer |journal=Saturday Evening Post |date=June 3, 1899 |volume=171 |issue=49 |page=778 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037599815 |access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
"The Yellow Wallpaper" was initially met with a mixed reception. One anonymous letter submitted to the ''[[Boston Transcript]]'' read, "The story could hardly, it would seem, give pleasure to any reader, and to many whose lives have been touched through the dearest ties by this dread disease, it must bring the keenest pain. To others, whose lives have become a struggle against heredity of mental derangement, such literature contains deadly peril. Should such stories be allowed to pass without severest censure?"<ref>M.D., "Perlious Stuff," ''Boston Evening Transcript'', April 8, 1892, p.6, col.2. in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 103.</ref>

Positive reviewers describe it as impressive because it is the most suggestive and graphic account of why women who live monotonous lives are susceptible to mental illness.<ref>Henry B. Blackwell, "Literary Notices: The Yellow Wall Paper," The Woman's Journal, June 17, 1899, p.187 in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlote Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 107.</ref>

Although Gilman had gained international fame with the publication of ''[[Women and Economics]]'' in 1898, by the end of [[World War I]], she seemed out of tune with her times. In her autobiography she admitted that "unfortunately my views on the sex question do not appeal to the [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] complex of today, nor are people satisfied with a presentation of religion as a help in our tremendous work of improving this world."<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', 184</ref>

Ann J. Lane writes in ''Herland and Beyond'' that "Gilman offered perspectives on major issues of [[gender]] with which we still grapple; the origins of women's subjugation, the struggle to achieve both autonomy and intimacy in human relationships; the central role of work as a definition of self; new strategies for rearing and educating future generations to create a humane and nurturing environment."<ref>Golden, Catherine J., and Joanna Zangrando. ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman''. (Newark: University of Delaware P, 2000) 211.</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=59083135}}
Gilman's works include:<ref>The bibliographic information is accredited to the "[http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ Guide to Research Materials]" section of Kim Well's website: Wells, Kim. Domestic Goddesses. August 23, 1999. Online. Internet. Accessed October 27, 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}}</ref>

===Poetry collections===
*[https://archive.org/details/inthisourworldp00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''In This Our World''], 1st ed. Oakland: McCombs & Vaughn, 1893. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895. 2nd ed.; San Francisco: Press of James H. Barry, 1895.
*[https://dn790002.ca.archive.org/0/items/suffragesongsand56931gut/56931-h/56931-h.htm ''Suffrage Songs and Verses'']. New York: Charlton Co., 1911. Microfilm. New Haven: Research Publications, 1977, History of Women #6558.
*''The Later Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1996.

===Short stories===
Gilman published 186 short stories in magazines, newspapers, and many were published in her self-published monthly, [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011719932 ''The Forerunner'']. Many literary critics have ignored these short stories.<ref name=WellsDG>Kim Wells, [http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ "Domestic Goddesses,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}} Women Writers.net, August 23, 1999. www.womenwriters.net/</ref>

*"Circumstances Alter Cases." ''Kate Field's Washington'', July 23, 1890: 55–56. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 32–38.
*"That Rare Jewel." ''Women's Journal'', May 17, 1890: 158. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 20–24.
*"The Unexpected." ''Kate Field's Washington'', May 21, 1890: 335–6. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 25–31.
*"An Extinct Angel." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 23, 1891:199–200. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 48–50.
*"The Giant Wistaria." ''New England Magazine'' 4 (1891): 480–85. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 39–47.
*"The Yellow Wall-paper." ''New England Magazine'' 5 (1892): 647–56; Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1899; NY: Feminist Press, 1973 Afterword [[Elaine Ryan Hedges|Elaine Hedges]]; Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. Introduction Robert Shulman.
*"The Rocking-Chair." ''Worthington's Illustrated'' 1 (1893): 453–59. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 51–61.
*"An Elopement." ''San Francisco Call'', July 10, 1893: 1. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 66–68.
*"Deserted." San Francisco Call July 17, 1893: 1–2. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 62–65.
*"Through This." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 13, 1893: 166. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 69–72.
*"A Day's Berryin.'" ''Impress'', October 13, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 78–82.
*"Five Girls." ''Impress'', December 1, 1894: 5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 83–86.
*"One Way Out." ''Impress'', December 29, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 87–91.
*"The Misleading of Pendleton Oaks." ''Impress'', October 6, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 73–77.
*"An Unnatural Mother." ''Impress'', February 16, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 98–106.
*"An Unpatented Process." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 92–97.
*"According to Solomon." ''Forerunner'' 1:2 (1909):1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 122–129.
*"Three Thanksgivings." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909): 5–12. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 107–121.
*"What Diantha Did. A NOVEL". ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909–11); NY: Charlton Co., 1910; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
*"The Cottagette." ''Forerunner'' 1:10 (1910): 1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 130–138.
*"When I Was a Witch." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1910): 1–6. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. [[Ann J. Lane]]. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 21–31.
*"In Two Houses." ''Forerunner'' 2:7 (1911): 171–77. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 159–171.
*"Making a Change." ''Forerunner'' 2:12 (1911): 311–315. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–190.
*"Moving the Mountain." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 178–188.
*"The Crux.A NOVEL." Forerunner 2 (1910); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 116–122.
*"The Jumping-off Place." Forerunner 2:4 (1911): 87–93. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 148–158.
*"The Widow's Might." Forerunner 2:1 (1911): 3–7. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 139–147.
*"Turned." ''Forerunner'' 2:9 (1911): 227–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–191.
*"Mrs. Elder's Idea." ''Forerunner'' 3:2 (1912): 29–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 191–199.
*"Their House." ''Forerunner'' 3:12 (1912): 309–14. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 200–209.
*"A Council of War." ''Forerunner'' 4:8 (1913): 197–201. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 235–243.
*"Bee Wise." ''Forerunner'' 4:7 (1913): 169–173. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 226–234.
*"Her Beauty." ''Forerunner'' 4:2 (1913): 29–33. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories.'' Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 210–217.
*"Mrs. Hines's Money." ''Forerunner'' 4:4 (1913): 85–89. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 218–226.
*"A Partnership." ''Forerunner'' 5:6 (1914): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 253–261.
*"Begnina Machiavelli. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 5 (1914); NY: Such and Such Publishing, 1998.
*"Fulfilment." ''Forerunner'' 5:3 (1914): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.
*"If I Were a Man." ''Physical Culture'' 32 (1914): 31–34. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 262–268.
*"Mr. Peebles's Heart." ''Forerunner'' 5:9 (1914): 225–29. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 269–276.
*"Dr. Clair's Place." ''Forerunner'' 6:6 (1915): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 295–303.
*"Girls and Land." ''Forerunner'' 6:5 (1915): 113–117. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 286–294.
*"Herland. A NOVEL. " ''Forerunner'' 6 (1915); NY: Pantheon Books, 1979.
*"Mrs. Merrill's Duties." ''Forerunner'' 6:3 (1915): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 277–285.
*"A Surplus Woman." ''Forerunner'' 7:5 (1916): 113–18. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 304–313.
*"Joan's Defender." ''Forerunner'' 7:6 (1916): 141–45. '"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 314–322.
*"The Girl in the Pink Hat." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916): 39–46. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 39–45.
*"With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916); Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997.

===Novels and novellas===

*''What Diantha Did''. ''Forerunner''. 1909–10.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009259616 ''The Crux'']. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]''. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''Mag-Marjorie.'' ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Won Over'' ''Forerunner.'' 1913.
*''[[Benigna Machiavelli]]'' ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1915.
*''[[With Her in Ourland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1916.
*''[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:3119432 Unpunished].'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Denise D. Knight. New York: Feminist Press, 1997.

===Drama/dialogues===

The majority of Gilman's dramas are inaccessible as they are only available from the originals. Some were printed/reprinted in ''Forerunner'', however.

*"Dame Nature Interviewed on the Woman Question as It Looks to Her" ''Kate Field's Washington'' (1890): 138–40.
*"The Twilight." ''Impress'' (November 10, 1894): 4–5.
*"Story Studies", ''Impress'', November 17, 1894: 5.
*"The Story Guessers", ''Impress'', November 24, 1894: 5.
*"Three Women." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 134.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009594270 "Something to Vote For"], ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911) 143–53.
*"The Ceaseless Struggle of Sex: A Dramatic View." ''Kate Field's Washington.'' April 9, 1890, 239–40.

===Non-fiction===
*''[[Women and Economics|Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution]].'' Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898.

====Book-length====

*''[[His Religion and Hers]]: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers''. NY and London: Century Co., 1923; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924; Westport: Hyperion Press, 1976.
*''Gems of Art for the Home and Fireside.'' Providence: J. A. and R. A. Reid, 1888.
*[https://archive.org/details/womenandeconomi02gilmgoog/page/n6/mode/2up ''Women and economics. A study of the economic relation between men and women as a factor in social evolution'']. Boston, Small, Maynard & Co., 1899
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39329/page/n3/mode/2up ''Concerning Children'']. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1900.
*[https://archive.org/details/homeitsworkandi00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''The Home. Its Work and Influence'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1903.
*[https://archive.org/details/humanwork01conggoog/page/n5/mode/2up ''Human Work'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1904.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924076285232/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Man-Made World or, Our Androcentric Culture'']. New York: Charton Co., 1911.
*''Our Brains and What Ails Them.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Social Ethics.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''Our Changing Morality.'' Ed. Freda Kirchway. NY: Boni, 1930. 53–66.

====Short and serial non-fiction====

*"On Advertising for Marriage." ''The Alpha'' 11, September 1, 1885: 7
*"Why Women Do Not Reform Their Dress." ''Woman's Journal'', October 9, 1886: 338.
*"A Protest Against Petticoats." ''Woman's Journal'', January 8, 1887: 60.
*"The Providence Ladies Gymnasium." ''Providence Journal'' 8 (1888): 2.
*"How Much Must We Read?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 1 (1889): 43–44.
*"Altering Human Nature." ''California Nationalist'', May 10, 1890: 10.
*"Are Women Better Than Men?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 3 (1891): 9–11.
*"A Lady on the Cap and Apron Question." ''Wasp'', June 6, 1891: 3.
*"The Reactive Lies of Gallantry." ''Belford's ns'' 2 (1892): 205–8.
*"The Vegetable Chinaman." ''Housekeeper's Weekly'', June 24, 1893: 3.
*"The Saloon and Its Annex." ''Stockton Mail'' 4 (1893): 4.
*"The Business League for Women." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2.
*"Official Report of Woman's Congress." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 3.
*"John Smith and Armenia." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 2–3.
*"The American Government." ''Woman's Column'', June 6, 1896: 3.
*"When Socialism Began." ''American Fabian'' 3 (1897): 1–2.
*"Causes and Uses of the Subjection of Women." ''Woman's Journal'', December 24, 1898: 410.
*"The Automobile as a Reformer." ''Saturday Evening Post'', June 3, 1899: 778.
*"Superfluous Women." ''Women's Journal'', April 7, 1900: 105.
*"Esthetic Dyspepsia." ''Saturday Evening Post'', August 4, 1900: 12.
*"Ideals of Child Culture." ''Child Stude For Mothers and Teachers''. Ed Margaret Sangster. Philadelphia: Booklovers Library, 1901. 93–101.
*"Should Wives Work?" ''Success'' 5 (1902): 139.
*"Fortschritte der Frauen in Amerika." ''Neues Frauenleben'' 1:1 (1903): 2–5.
*"The Passing of the Home in Great American Cities." ''Cosmopolitan'' 38 (1904): 137–47.
*"The Beauty of a Block." ''Independent'', July 14, 1904: 67–72.
*"The Home and the Hospital." ''Good Housekeeping'' 40 (1905): 9.
*"Some Light on the [Single Woman's] 'Problem.'" ''American Magazine'' 62 (1906): 4270428.
*"Why Cooperative Housekeeping Fails." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 41 (July 1907): 625–629.
*"Social Darwinism." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 12 (1907): 713–14.
*"A Suggestion on the Negro Problem." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1908): 78–85.
*"How Home Conditions React Upon the Family." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1909): 592–605.
*"Children's Clothing." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 44 (1910): 24.
*"On Dogs." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 206–9.
*"Should Women Use Violence?" ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1912): 11, 78–79.
*"How to Lighten the Labor of Women." ''McCall's'' 40 (1912): 14–15, 77.
*"What 'Love' Really Is." ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1913): 11, 57.
*"Gum Chewing in Public." ''New York Times'', May 20, 1914:12:5.
*"A Rational Position on Suffrage/At the Request of the New York Times, Mrs. Gilman Presents the Best Arguments Possible in Behalf of Votes for Women." ''New York Times Magazine'', March 7, 1915: 14–15.
*"What is Feminism?" ''Boston Sunday Herald Magazine'', September 3, 1916: 7.
*"The Housekeeper and the Food Problem." ''Annals of the American Academy'' 74 (1917): 123–40.
*"Concerning Clothes." ''Independent'', June 22, 1918: 478, 483.
*"The Socializing of Education." ''Public'', April 5, 1919: 348–49.
*"A Woman's Party." ''Suffragist'' 8 (1920): 8–9.
*"Making Towns Fit to Live In." ''Century'' 102 (1921): 361–366.
*"Cross-Examining Santa Claus." ''Century'' 105 (1922): 169–174.
*"Is America Too Hospitable?" ''Forum'' 70 (1923): 1983–89.
*"Toward Monogamy." ''Nation'', June 11, 1924: 671–73.
*"The Nobler Male." ''Forum'' 74 (1925): 19–21.
*"American Radicals." ''New York Jewish Daily Forward'' 1 (1926): 1.
*"Progress through Birth Control." ''North American Review'' 224 (1927): 622–29.
*"Divorce and Birth Control." ''Outlook'', January 25, 1928: 130–31.
*"Feminism and Social Progress." ''Problems of Civilization''. Ed. Baker Brownell. NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1929. 115–42.
*"Sex and Race Progress." ''Sex in Civilization''. Eds V. F. Calverton and S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Macaulay, 1929. 109–23.
*"Parasitism and Civilized Vice." ''Woman's Coming of Age''. Ed. S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Liveright, 1931. 110–26.
*"Birth Control, Religion and the Unfit." ''Nation'', January 27, 1932: 108–109.
*"The Right to Die." ''Forum'' 94 (1935): 297–300.

===Self-publications===

''The Forerunner.'' Seven volumes, 1909–16. Microfiche. NY: Greenwood, 1968.

===Selected lectures===

There are 90 reports of the lectures that Gilman gave in The United States and Europe.<ref name=WellsDG />

*"Club News." ''Weekly Nationalist'', June 21, 1890: 6. [Re. "On Human Nature."]
*"Our Place Today", Los Angeles Woman's Club, January 21, 1891.
*"With Women Who Write." ''San Francisco Examiner'', March 1891, 3:3. [Re. "The Coming Woman."]
*"Safeguards Suggested for Social Evils." ''San Francisco Call'', April 24, 1892: 12:4.
*"The Labor Movement." Alameda County Federation of Trades, 1893. Alameda County, CA Labor Union Meetings. September 2, 1892.
*"Announcement." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2. [Re. Series of "Talks on Social Questions."]
*"All the Comforts of a Home." ''San Francisco Examiner'', May 22, 1895: 9. [Re. "Simplicity and Decoration."]
*"The Washington Convention." ''Woman's Journal'', February 15, 1896: 49–50. [Re. California.]
*"Woman Suffrage League." ''Boston Advertiser'', November 10, 1897: 8:1. [Re. "The Economic Basis of the Woman Question."]
*"Bellamy Memorial Meeting." ''American Fabian'' 4: (1898): 3.
*"An Evening With Kipling." ''Daily Argus'', March 14, 1899: 4:2.
*"Scientific Training of Domestic Servants." ''Women and Industrial Life'', Vol. 6 of ''International Congress of Women of 1899''. Ed Countess of Aberdeen. London: T. Unwin Fisher, 1900. 109.
*"Society and the Child." ''Brooklyn Eagle'', December 11, 1902: 8:4.
*"Woman and Work/ Popular Fallacy that They are a Leisure Class, Says Mrs. Gilman." ''New York Tribune'', February 26, 1903: 7:1.
*"A New Light on the Woman Question." ''Woman's Journal'', April 25, 1904: 76–77.
*"Straight Talk by Mrs. Gilman is Looked For." ''San Francisco Call'', July 16, 1905: 33:2.
*"Women and Social Service." Warren: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1907.
*"Higher Marriage Mrs. Gilman's Plea." ''New York Times'', December 29, 1908: 2:3.
*"Three Women Leaders in Hub." ''Boston Post'', December 7, 1909: 1:1–2 and 14:5–6.
*"Warless World When Women's Slavery Ends." ''San Francisco Examiner'', November 14, 1910: 4:1.
*"Lecture Given by Mrs. Gilman." ''San Francisco Call'', November 15, 1911: 7:3. [Re. "The Society-- Body and Soul."]
*"Mrs. Gilman Assorts Sins." ''New York Times'', June 3, 1913: 3:8
*"Adam the Real Rib, Mrs. Gilman Insists." ''New York Times'', February 19, 1914: 9:3.
*"Advocates a 'World City.'" ''New York Times'', January 6, 1915: 15:5. [Re. Arbitration of diplomatic disputes by an international agency.]
*"The Listener." ''Boston Transcript'', April 14, 1917: 14:1. [Re. Announcement of lecture series.]
*"Great Duty for Women After War." ''Boston Post'', February 26, 1918: 2:7.
*"Mrs. Gilman Urges Hired Mother Idea." ''New York Times'', September 23, 1919: 36:1–2.
*"Eulogize Susan B. Anthony." ''New York Times'', February 16, 1920: 15:6. [Re. Gilman and others eulogize Anthony on the centenary of her birth.]
*"Walt Whitman Dinner." ''New York Times'', June 1, 1921: 16:7. [Gilman speaks at annual meeting of Whitman Society in New York.]
*"Fiction of America Being Melting Pot Unmasked by CPG." ''Dallas Morning News'', February 15, 1926: 9:7–8 and 15:8.

===Diaries, journals, biographies, and letters===
*''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
*''A Journey from Within: The Love Letters of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1897–1900.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Lewisburg: Bucknill UP, 1995.
*''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' 2 Vols. Ed. Denise D. Knight. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.

===Autobiography===
*''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography.'' New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935; NY: Arno Press, 1972; and Harper & Row, 1975.

===Academic studies===
*Allen, Judith (2009). ''The Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sexualities, Histories, Progressivism'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-01463-0}}
*Allen, Polly Wynn (1988). ''Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Architectural Feminism'', University of Massachusetts Press, {{ISBN|0-87023-627-X}}
*Berman, Jeffrey. "The Unrestful Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" In ''The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,'' edited by Catherine Golden. New York: Feminist Press, 1992, pp. 211–41.
*Carter-Sanborn, Kristin. "Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Arizona Quarterly 56.2 (Summer 2000): 1–36.
*Ceplair, Larry, ed. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Nonfiction Reader.'' New York: Columbia UP, 1991.
*Class, Claire Marie. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/934770 "Chloroformed: Anesthetic Utopianism and Eugenic Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ''Herland'' and Other Works."] ''Legacy'' 41.1 (2024): 75-98.
*Davis, Cynthia J. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography'' (Stanford University Press; 2010) 568 pages; major scholarly biography
*Davis, Cynthia J. and Denise D. Knight. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts.'' Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
*Deegan, Mary Jo. "Introduction." With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. Eds. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 1–57.
*Eldredge, Charles C. Charles Walter Stetson, Color, and Fantasy. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, The U of Kansas, 1982.
*Ganobcsik-Williams, Lisa. "The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender." Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.
*Golden, Catherine. T''he Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper.'' New York: Feminist Press, 1992.
:---. "`Written to Drive Nails With’: Recalling the Early Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 243-66.
*Gough, Val. "`In the Twinkling of an Eye’: Gilman's Utopian Imagination." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 129–43.
*Gubar, Susan. "She in Herland: Feminism as Fantasy." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Woman and Her Work.'' Ed. Sheryl L. Meyering. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989. 191–201.
*Hill, Mary Armfield. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Journey From Within." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 8–23.
*Hill, Mary A. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' (Temple University Press, 1980).
*Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz, ''Wild Unrest: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of "The Yellow Wall-Paper"'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
*Huber, Hannah, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do;jsessionid=8FD1E905E467B7932C25FEA925A24546?N=197+4294921854+4294916915&Ntk=P_EPI&Ntt=4012446918244628151447568114470875072&Ntx=mode%2Bmatchallpartial Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 381: Writers on Women's Rights and United States Suffrage]'', edited by George P. Anderson. Gale, pp. 140–52.
*Huber, Hannah, "‘The One End to Which Her Whole Organism Tended’: Social Evolution in Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.salempress.com/Critical-Insights-Edith-Wharton Critical Insights: Edith Wharton]'', edited by Myrto Drizou, Salem Press, pp. 48–62.
*Karpinski, Joanne B., "The Economic Conundrum in the Lifewriting of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Joanne S. Zangrando. U of Delaware P, 2000. 35–46.
*Kessler, Carol Farley. "Dreaming Always of Lovely Things Beyond’: Living Toward Herland, Experiential foregrounding." in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 89–103.
*Knight, Denise D. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Study of the Short Fiction, Twayne Studies in Short Fiction'' (Twayne Publishers, 1997).
:---. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism." ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 32, no. 2, 2000, pp. 159–169. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/27746975.
:---. "Introduction." Herland, `The Yellow Wall-Paper’ and Selected Writings. New York: Penguin, 1999.
*Lane, Ann J. "Gilman, Charlotte Perkins"; [http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00272.html ''American National Biography Online''], 2000.
:---. "The Fictional World of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader.'' Ed. Ann J. Lane. New York: Pantheon, 1980.
:---. "Introduction." Herland: A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. 1915. Rpt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979
:---. ''To Herland and Beyond: The Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' New York: Pantheon, 1990.
*Lanser, Susan S. "Feminist Criticism, 'The Yellow Wallpaper,' and the Politics of Color in America." ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441. ''JSTOR'', [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938. Reprinted in "The Yellow Wallpaper": Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1993. 225–256.]
*Long, Lisa A. "Herland and the Gender of Science." in ''MLA Approaches to Teaching Gilman's The Yellow Wall-Paper and Herland.'' Eds. Denise D. Knight and Cynthia J. David. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. 125–132.
*Mitchell, S. Weir, M.D. "Camp Cure." Nurse and Patient, and Camp Cure. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1877
:---. Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked. 1887. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and ‘A Suggestion on the Negro Problem.’" ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 48, no. 1, 2015, pp. 25–39. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. and [[Gary Scharnhorst]]. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. Ambrose Bierce: The Literary Politics of Gender in Fin-de-Siècle California." ''Journal of the West'' (July 1993): 52–60.
*Palmeri, Ann. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science." in ''Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology and Philosophy of Science''. Eds. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983. 97–120.
*Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Boston: Twayne, 1985. Studies Gilman as writer
*Scharnhorst, Gary, and Denise D. Knight. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Library: A Reconstruction." Resources for American Literary Studies 23:2 (1997): 181–219.
*Stetson, Charles Walter. ''Endure: The Diaries of Charles Walter Stetson.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1985.
*Tuttle, Jennifer S. "Rewriting the West Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Owen Wister, and the Sexual Politics of Neurasthenia." The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 103–121.
*Von Rosk, Nancy. "Women, Work and Cross-Class Alliances in the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Working Women in American Literature, 1865–1950. Miriam Gogol ed. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. 69–91.
*Wegener, Frederick. "What a Comfort a Woman Doctor Is!’ Medical Women in the Life and Writing of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd & Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 45–73.
*Weinbaum, Alys Eve. "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism." ''Feminist Studies'' 27 (Summer 2001): 271–30.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://sites.google.com/site/gilmansociety/home Charlotte Perkins Gilman Society]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charlotte-perkins-gilman}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=27| name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1736}}
* {{LCAuth|n78079511|Charlotte Perkins Gilman|107|}}
* {{ISFDB name|3585}}
* [http://www.feministpress.org/ The Feminist Press]
* [http://essays.quotidiana.org/gilman/ Essays by Charlotte Perkins Gilman] at [http://essays.quotidiana.org/ Quotidiana.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000823090052/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html "A Guide for Research Materials"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006045720/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/gilman1.html "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Domestic Goddess"]
* {{Books and Writers |id=gilman.htm |name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/gilman/suffrage/suffrage.html Suffrage Songs and Verses]
*[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/4827 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
*[http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ Charlotte Perkins Gilman Digital Collection.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155522/http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ |date=September 1, 2017 }} [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* [https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/finding-aids/D513 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers], Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, [[University of Rochester]]

===Audio files===
* [https://archive.org/download/SUSPENSE4/480729YellowWallpaper.mp3 The Yellow Wallpaper], Suspense, CBS radio, 1948
* 2 short radio episodes of Gilman's writing, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "California Colors"] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "Matriatism"] from California Legacy Project.

{{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilman, Charlotte Perkins}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
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[[Category:American magazine editors]]

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

2024-09-22T21:54:21Z

MBWhitney:

{{short description|American feminist, writer, artist, and lecturer (1860–1935)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Charlotte Perkins Gilman
| image = Charlotte Perkins Gilman c. 1900.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Charlotte Perkins
| birth_date = {{birth date|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hartford, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|8|17|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Pasadena, California]], U.S.
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Charles Walter Stetson]]|1884|1894|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Houghton Gilman|1900|1934|end=d}}
}}
| children = 1
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* [[commercial artist]]
* magazine editor
* lecturer
* [[social reformer]]
}}
| notableworks = "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]" ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' ''[[Women and Economics]]''
| signature = Charlotte Perkins Gilman Signature Transparent.png
| education = Rhode Island School of Design (1878)
}}

'''Charlotte Perkins Gilman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|l|m|ən}}; née '''Perkins'''; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935), also known by her first married name '''Charlotte Perkins Stetson''', was an American [[humanist]], [[novelist]], [[writer]], [[lecturer]], early [[sociologist]], advocate for [[social reform]], and [[eugenics|eugenicist]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623220502/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman |access-date=August 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was a [[utopian]] [[feminist]] and served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. Her works were primarily focused on gender, specifically gendered labor division in society, and the problem of male domination. She has been inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilman, Charlotte Perkins |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/charlotte-perkins-gilman/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Her best remembered work today is her [[semi-autobiographical]] short story "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]", which she wrote after a severe bout of [[postpartum psychosis]].

==Early life==
Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], to Mary Fitch Westcott and [[Frederic Beecher Perkins]]. She had only one brother, Thomas Adie, who was fourteen months older, because a physician advised Mary Perkins that she might die if she bore other children. During Charlotte's infancy, her father moved out and abandoned his wife and children, and the remainder of her childhood was spent in poverty.<ref name="Britannica"/>

Since their mother was unable to support the family on her own, the Perkinses were often in the presence of her father's aunts, namely [[Isabella Beecher Hooker]], a [[suffragist]]; [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], author of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''; and [[Catharine Beecher]], educationalist.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Her schooling was erratic: she attended seven different schools, for a cumulative total of just four years, ending when she was fifteen. Her mother was not affectionate with her children. To keep them from getting hurt as she had been, she forbade her children from making strong friendships or reading fiction. In her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', Gilman wrote that her mother showed affection only when she thought her young daughter was asleep.<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', p. 10.</ref> Although she lived a childhood of isolated, impoverished loneliness, she unknowingly prepared herself for the life that lay ahead by frequently visiting the public library and studying physics, literature, history (particularly ancient civilizations) on her own. Her father's love for literature influenced her, and years later he contacted her with a list of books he felt would be worthwhile for her to read.<ref>Denise D. Knight, ''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia: 1994), p. xiv.</ref>
[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1868).png|thumb|Charlotte Perkins Gilman as a child, 1868]]
Much of Gilman's youth was spent in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. What friends she had were mainly male, and she was unashamed, for her time, to call herself a "[[tomboy]]".<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', (1988), p. 30.</ref>

Her natural intelligence and breadth of knowledge always impressed her teachers, who were nonetheless disappointed in her because she was a poor student.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 26.</ref> Her favorite subject was "[[natural philosophy]]", especially what later would become known as physics. In 1878, the eighteen-year-old enrolled in classes at the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] with the monetary help of her absent father,<ref>Gilman, "Autobiography", Chapter 5</ref> and subsequently supported herself as an artist of [[trade cards]]. She was a tutor, and encouraged others to expand their artistic creativity.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 29.</ref> She was also a painter.

During her time at the Rhode Island School of Design, Gilman met Martha Luther in about 1879<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019">Kate Bolick, "The Equivocal Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman" (2019).</ref> and was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Luther. Gilman described the close relationship she had with Luther in her autobiography: {{Blockquote
|text=We were closely together, increasingly happy together, for four of those long years of girlhood. She was nearer and dearer than any one up to that time. This was love, but not sex{{nbsp}}... With Martha I knew perfect happiness{{nbsp}}... We were not only extremely fond of each other, but we had fun together, deliciously{{nbsp}}...
|author=Charlotte P. Gilman
|source=''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'' (1935)}}

Letters between the two women chronicles their lives from 1883 to 1889 and contains over 50 letters, including correspondence, illustrations and manuscripts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Lost Letters to Martha Luther Lane |website=betweenthecovers.com |access-date=February 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214003104/http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> They pursued their relationship until Luther ended the relationship in order to marry a man in 1881. Gilman was devastated and detested romance and love until she met her first husband.<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019"/>

==Overcoming personal challenges==
[[File:Portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman at age twenty four, ca. 1884. (16980287620).jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Gilman at age 24, ca. 1884]]
"[[Rest cure]] treatment" was a medical treatment popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries primarily for women suffering from symptoms like [[fatigue]], [[anxiety]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. The rest cure was developed by Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]], a neurologist, in the late 19th century. The treatment typically involved a strict regimen of bed rest, isolation from mental and physical stimulation, limited social interaction, and a highly regulated diet. Patients were often confined to bed for weeks or even months at a time, with minimal physical activity and intellectual stimulation. The treatment was controversial and had mixed results. While some patients reported improvement in their symptoms, others experienced worsening mental health and physical debilitation due to prolonged inactivity and social isolation. It is now considered outdated and potentially harmful in many cases.

Perkins-Gilman married Charles Stetson in 1884, and less than a year later gave birth to their daughter Katharine. Already susceptible to depression, her symptoms were exacerbated by marriage and motherhood. A good proportion of her diary entries from the time she gave birth to her daughter until several years later describe the oncoming depression that she was to face.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 323–385.</ref>

After nine weeks{{When|date=March 2024|reason=nine weeks after what? Did she go to the hospital?}}, Gilman was sent home with Mitchell's instructions, "Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time{{nbsp}}... Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours' intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live." She tried for a few months to follow Mitchell's advice, but her depression deepened, and Gilman came perilously close to a full emotional collapse.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 96.</ref> Her remaining sanity was on the line and she began to display [[Suicide|suicidal behavior]] that involved talk of pistols and chloroform, as recorded in her husband's diaries. By early summer the couple had decided that a divorce was necessary for her to regain sanity without affecting the lives of her husband and daughter.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408" />

During the summer of 1888, Charlotte and Katharine spent time in [[Bristol, Rhode Island]], away from Walter, and it was there where her depression began to lift. She writes of herself noticing positive changes in her attitude. She returned to Providence in September. She sold property that had been left to her in Connecticut, and went with a friend, Grace Channing, to [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] where the recovery of her depression can be seen through the transformation of her intellectual life.<ref name="Knight, Diaries" />

Along with many women during the late 19th century, Perkins-Gilman dealt with the trauma of the rest cure treatment due to the lack of societal attitudes, limited understanding of mental health, and the authority of the medical profession. However, as awareness and understanding of [[mental health]] improved over time, the rest cure fell out of favor, recognized as an outdated and potentially harmful approach to treatment.

==Adulthood==
In 1884, she married the artist [[Charles Walter Stetson]], after initially declining his proposal because her intuition told her it was not the right thing for her.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 82.</ref> Their only child, Katharine Beecher Stetson (1885–1979),<ref>{{cite web|title=Katharine Beecher Stetson|website=MacDowell studios (macdowell.org)|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/katharine-stetson}}</ref> was born the following year on March 23, 1885. Charlotte Perkins Gilman suffered a serious bout of [[postpartum depression]]. This was an age in which women were seen as "hysterical" and "nervous" beings; thus, when a woman claimed to be seriously ill after giving birth, her claims were sometimes dismissed.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 90.</ref>
[[File:Informal portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, outdoors, ca. 1897. (16911145300).jpg|left|thumb|Gilman (right) with her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, ca. 1897]]
Gilman moved to Southern California with her daughter Katherine and lived with friend [[Grace Ellery Channing]]. In 1888, Charlotte [[Legal separation|separated]] from her husband—a rare occurrence in the late nineteenth century. They officially divorced in 1894. After their divorce, Stetson married Channing.<ref name="Channing FA">{{cite web|title=Channing, Grace Ellery, 1862–1937. Papers of Grace Ellery Channing, 1806–1973: A Finding Aid|url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7092|website=Harvard University Library|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408">Knight, ''Diaries'', 408.</ref> During the year she left her husband, Charlotte met [[Adeline Knapp]], called "Delle". Cynthia J. Davis describes how the two women had a serious relationship. She writes that Gilman "believed that in Delle she had found a way to combine loving and living, and that with a woman as life mate she might more easily uphold that combination than she would in a conventional heterosexual marriage." The relationship ultimately came to an end.<ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Cynthia |title=Love and Economics: Charlotte Perkins Gilman on "The Woman Question" |journal=ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly) |date=December 2005 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=242–248 |url=https://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |access-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809024345/http://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Harrison">{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Pat |title=The Evolution of Charlotte Perkins Gilman |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |website=Radcliffe Magazine |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=November 25, 2018 |date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073931/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the separation from her husband, Gilman moved with her daughter to Pasadena, California, where she became active in [[Feminism in the United States|feminist]] and [[Reformism|reformist]] organizations such as the [[Pacific Coast Women's Press Association]], the Woman's Alliance, the Economic Club, the [[Ebell Society]] (named after [[Adrian John Ebell]]), the Parents Association, and the State Council of Women, in addition to writing and editing the ''Bulletin'', a journal published by one of the earlier-mentioned organizations.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 525.</ref>

In 1894, Gilman sent her daughter east to live with her former husband and his second wife, her friend Grace Ellery Channing. Gilman reported in her memoir that she was happy for the couple, since Katharine's "second mother was fully as good as the first, [and perhaps] better in some ways."<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 163.</ref> Gilman also held progressive views about paternal rights and acknowledged that her ex-husband "had a right to some of [Katharine's] society" and that Katharine "had a right to know and love her father."<ref name="Knight, Diaries">Knight, ''Diaries''.</ref>

[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman by Frances Benjamin Johnston.jpg|thumb|upright|Charlotte Perkins Gilman Photograph by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]] (c. 1900)|left]]After her mother died in 1893, Gilman decided to move back east for the first time in eight years. She contacted Houghton Gilman, her first cousin, whom she had not seen in roughly fifteen years, who was a [[Wall Street]] attorney. They began spending time together almost immediately and became romantically involved. While she went on [[lecture tour]]s, Houghton and Charlotte exchanged letters and spent as much time as they could together before she left. In her diaries, she describes him as being "pleasurable" and it is clear that she was deeply interested in him.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 648–666.</ref> From their wedding in 1900 until 1922, they lived in New York City. Their marriage was very different from her first one. In 1922, Gilman moved from New York to Houghton's old homestead in [[Norwich, Connecticut]]. Following Houghton's sudden death from a [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|cerebral hemorrhage]] in 1934, Gilman moved back to Pasadena, California, where her daughter lived.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813">Knight, ''Diaries'', p. 813.</ref>

In January 1932, Gilman was diagnosed with incurable [[breast cancer]].<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, 54.</ref> An advocate of [[euthanasia]] for the terminally ill, Gilman died by suicide on August 17, 1935, by taking an overdose of [[chloroform]]. In both her autobiography and suicide note, she wrote that she "chose chloroform over cancer" and she died quickly and quietly.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

==Career==
At one point, Gilman supported herself by selling soap [[door to door]]. After moving to Pasadena, Gilman became active in organizing [[social reform]] movements. As a delegate, she represented California in 1896 at both the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in Washington, D.C., and the [[International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London 1896|International Socialist and Labor Congress]] in London.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'' 187, 198.</ref> In 1890, she was introduced to the [[Nationalist Clubs]] movement which worked to "end capitalism's greed and distinctions between classes while promoting a peaceful, ethical, and truly progressive human race." Published in the ''Nationalist'' magazine, her poem "Similar Cases" was a satirical review of people who resisted social change, and she received positive feedback from critics for it. Throughout that same year, 1890, she became inspired enough to write fifteen essays, poems, a novella, and the short story ''The Yellow Wallpaper''. Her career was launched when she began lecturing on Nationalism and gained the public's eye with her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'', published in 1893.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 409.</ref> As a successful lecturer who relied on giving speeches as a source of income, her fame grew along with her social circle of similar-minded activists and writers of the [[feminist movement]].

Over the course of her career--in addition to publishing poems and fiction--Gilman published six significant books of non-fiction; a contribution which led her to be seen as one of the woman founders of the discipline of [[sociology]] <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Longgrove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref>. These works, and additional published journal articles, exposed both gender and class inequality, criticizing it as illegitimate and unfair. She was a member of the [[American Sociological Association]] from the time of it's founding in 1905 to her death in 1935. <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Longgrove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref>

==="The Yellow Wallpaper"===
{{Main article|The Yellow Wallpaper}}
[[File:The Yellow Wallpaper (1899 edition - cover).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[The Yellow Wallpaper]], one of Gilman's most popular works, originally published in 1892, before her marriage to George Houghton Gilman.]]
In 1890, Gilman wrote her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |page=Introduction 5 |year=2016 |isbn=9781410348029 |title=A Study Guide for Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Herland"|last1=Gale |first1=Cengage Learning |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning }}</ref> which is now the all-time best selling book of the [[Feminist Press]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.feministpress.org/books-n-z/the-yellow-wall-paper |access-date=August 26, 2018 |website=[[The Feminist Press]] |title=The Yellow Wall-paper}}</ref> She wrote it on June 6 and 7, 1890, in her home of Pasadena, and it was printed a year and a half later in the January 1892 issue of ''[[The New England Magazine]]''.<ref name="Britannica"/> Since its original printing, it has been anthologized in numerous collections of [[women's literature]], [[American literature]], and textbooks,<ref>Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception.'' University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998; p. 6.</ref> though not always in its original form. For instance, many textbooks omit the phrase "in marriage" from a very important line in the beginning of story: "John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage." The reason for this omission is a mystery, as Gilman's views on marriage are made clear throughout the story.

The story is about a woman who suffers from mental illness after three months of being closeted in a room by her husband for the sake of her health. She becomes obsessed with the room's revolting yellow wallpaper. Gilman wrote this story to change people's minds about the role of women in society, illustrating how women's lack of autonomy is detrimental to their mental, emotional, and even physical wellbeing. This story was inspired by her treatment from her first husband.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.biography.com/people/charlotte-perkins-gilman-9311669#marriage-and-inspiration | title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman| date=October 26, 2021}}</ref> The narrator in the story must do as her husband (who is also her doctor) demands, although the treatment he prescribes contrasts directly with what she truly needs—mental stimulation and the freedom to escape the monotony of the room to which she is confined. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was essentially a response to the doctor (Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]]) who had tried to cure her of her depression through a "[[rest cure]]" and who is mentioned in the story: "John says if I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall." She sent him a copy of the story.<ref>Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception,'' pp. 23–24.</ref>

=== "The Home: Its Work and Influence" ===
In 1903 Charlotte Perkins Gilman published a [[non-fiction]] book "The Home: Its Work and Influence". In this influential work, Gilman explores the role of the home in society and its impact on individuals, particularly women. She challenges traditional [[Gender role|gender roles]] and argues for greater autonomy and fulfillment for women beyond domestic responsibilities. Gilman critiques the notion of the home as solely a woman's domain and advocates for social and economic reforms to empower women and improve their well-being. "The Home: Its Work and Influence" is a seminal text in the [[First-wave feminism|early feminist movement]] and continues to be studied for its insights into gender, society, and the [[Private sphere|domestic sphere]].

=== "The Crux" ===
The Crux is an important early feminist work that brings to the fore complicated issues of gender, citizenship, eugenics, and frontier nationalism. First published serially in the feminist journal The Forerunner in 1910, The Crux tells the story of a group of New England women who move west to start a boardinghouse for men in Colorado. The innocent central character, Vivian Lane, falls in love with Morton Elder, who has both gonorrhea and syphilis. The concern of the novel is not so much that Vivian will catch syphilis, but that, if she were to marry and have children with Morton, she would harm the "national stock." The novel was written, in Gilman’s words, as a "story . . . for young women to read . . . in order that they may protect themselves and their children to come." What was to be protected was the civic imperative to produce "pureblooded" citizens for a utopian ideal.

=== "Suffrage Songs and Verses" ===
"Suffrage Songs and Verses" is a collection of poems and songs written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, published during the suffrage movement in the early 20th century. In this collection, Gilman uses her poetic voice to advocate for women's rights, particularly the right to vote. Through verse, she expresses the frustrations of women who were denied political participation and calls for gender equality. The poems celebrate the strength, resilience, and determination of [[Suffragette|suffragists]] while critiquing the patriarchal society that oppresses women. "Suffrage Songs and Verses" serves as both a literary work and a rallying cry for the suffrage movement, capturing the spirit and passion of the activists who fought for women's enfranchisement.

== Other notable works ==

=== "''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside"/ "This Our World"'' ===
In 1888 Perkins-Gilman published her first book, ''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside'' (1888); however, it was her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'' (1893), a collection of satirical poems, that first brought her recognition. During the next two decades she gained much of her fame with lectures on women's issues, ethics, labor, human rights, and social reform. She often referred to these themes in her fiction.<ref name="Britannica" /> Her lecture tours took her across the United States.<ref name="Britannica" /> <ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

=== "''Women and Economics"'' ===
In 1894–95 Gilman served as editor of the magazine ''The Impress'', a literary weekly that was published by the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association (formerly the ''Bulletin''). For the twenty weeks the magazine was printed, she was consumed in the satisfying accomplishment of contributing its poems, editorials, and other articles. The short-lived paper's printing came to an end as a result of a social bias against her lifestyle which included being an unconventional mother and a woman who had divorced a man.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 601</ref> After a four-month-long lecture tour that ended in April 1897, Gilman began to think more deeply about sexual relationships and economics in American life, eventually completing the first draft of ''Women and Economics'' (1898). This book discussed the role of women in the home, arguing for changes in the practices of child-raising and housekeeping to alleviate pressures from women and potentially allow them to expand their work to the public sphere.<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Women and Economics" in Alice S. Rossi, ed., ''The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir'' (1997), section 1 only, 572–576.</ref> The book was published in the following year and propelled Gilman into the international spotlight.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 681.</ref> In 1903, she addressed the International Congress of Women in Berlin. The next year, she toured in England, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

=== "''The Home: Its Work and Influence"'' ===
In 1903 she wrote one of her most critically acclaimed books, ''The Home: Its Work and Influence'', which expanded upon ''[[Women and Economics]]'', proposing that women are oppressed in their home and that the environment in which they live needs to be modified in order to be healthy for their mental states. In between traveling and writing, her career as a literary figure was secured.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 811.</ref>

=== "''The Forerunner''," ===
{{Main articles|Forerunner (magazine)}}
[[File:The ForeRunner (1913) Charlotte Perkins Gilman.jpg|thumb|1913 issue of ''[[The Forerunner]]'']]
From 1909 to 1916 Gilman single-handedly wrote and edited her own magazine, ''The Forerunner'', in which much of her fiction appeared. By presenting material in her magazine that would "stimulate thought", "arouse hope, courage and impatience", and "express ideas which need a special medium", she aimed to go against the mainstream media which was overly [[Sensationalism|sensational]].<ref>Sari Edelstein, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Yellow Newspaper". ''Legacy'', 24(1), 72–92. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from GenderWatch (GW) database. (Document ID: 1298797291).</ref> Over seven years and two months the magazine produced eighty-six issues, each twenty eight pages long. The magazine had nearly 1,500 subscribers and featured such [[Serial (literature)|serialized]] works as "What Diantha Did" (1910), ''The Crux'' (1911), ''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]'' (1911), and ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' (1915). The ''Forerunner'' has been cited as being "perhaps the greatest literary accomplishment of her long career".<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 812.</ref> After its seven years, she wrote hundreds of articles that were submitted to the ''[[Louisville Herald-Post|Louisville Herald]]'', ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', and the ''[[Buffalo Evening News]]''. Her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', which she began to write in 1925, was published [[Posthumous publication|posthumously]] in 1935.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 30.</ref>

=== Works by Perkins-Gilman ===

=== Non-fiction ===

* ''Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. (1898)''
* ''Concerning Children (1900)''
* ''The Home: Its Work and Influence. (1903)''
* ''Human Work.(1904)''
* ''The Man-Made World; or, Our Andocentric Culture (1911)''
* ''Our Brains and What Ails Them (1912)''
* ''Humanness (1913)''
* ''Social Ethics (1914)''
* ''The Dress of Women(1915)''
* ''Growth and Combat (1916)''
* ''His Religion and Hers: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers (1923)''
* ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. (1935)''

=== Fiction ===

* "The Yellow Wallpaper" 5 [January], (1892).
* ''The Yellow Wallpaper (1899)''
* ''What Diantha Did (1910)''
* ''Moving the Mountain (1911)''
* ''The Crux. (1911)''
* ''Benigna Machiavelli (1916)''
* ''Herland (1915)''
* ''With Her in Ourland (1916)''

=== Poetry ===

* Oakland, California: McCombs & Vaughn (1893)
* Suffrage Songs and Verses New York: The Charlton Company. (1911)

==Social theories==

=== Reform Darwinism and the role of women in society ===
Gilman called herself a [[humanism|humanist]] and was an early contributor to the discipline of [[sociology]] and to [[feminist theory]]. <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref> She believed the domestic environment oppressed women through the [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] beliefs upheld by society.<ref>Ann J. Lane, ''To Herland and Beyond'', 230.</ref> Gilman embraced the theory of reform [[Darwinism]] and argued that Darwin's theories of evolution presented only the male as the given in the process of human evolution, thus overlooking the origins of the female brain in society that rationally chose the best suited mate that they could find.

Gilman argued that male aggressiveness and maternal roles for women were artificial and no longer necessary for survival in post-prehistoric times. She wrote, "There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Might as well speak of a female liver."<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ''Women and Economics'' (Boston, MA: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898).</ref>

Her main argument was that sex and domestic economics went hand in hand; for a woman to survive, she was reliant on her sexual assets to please her husband so that he would financially support his family. From childhood, young girls are forced into a social constraint that prepares them for motherhood by the toys that are marketed to them and the clothes designed for them. She argued that there should be no difference in the clothes that little girls and boys wear, the toys they play with, or the activities they do, and described tomboys as perfect humans who ran around and used their bodies freely and healthily.<ref>Carl N. Degler, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman on the Theory and Practice of Feminism", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (Spring, 1956), 26.</ref>
[[File:Articles by and photo of Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1916.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Articles about [[feminism]] by Gilman and a photo of her as printed in the ''[[Atlanta Constitution]],'' December 10, 1916]]
Gilman argued that women's contributions to civilization, throughout history, have been halted because of an [[androcentrism|androcentric]] culture. She believed that womankind was the underdeveloped half of humanity, and improvement was necessary to prevent the deterioration of the human race.<ref>Davis and Knight, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries'', 206.</ref> Gilman believed economic independence is the only thing that could really bring freedom for women and make them equal to men. In 1898 she published ''Women and Economics'', a theoretical [[treatise]] which argued, among other things, that women are subjugated by men, that motherhood should not preclude a woman from working outside the home, and that housekeeping, cooking, and child care, would be professionalized.<ref>Gilman, ''Women and Economics''.</ref> "The ideal woman," Gilman wrote, "was not only assigned a social role that locked her into her home, but she was also expected to like it, to be cheerful and gay, smiling and good-humored." When the sexual-economic relationship ceases to exist, life on the domestic front would certainly improve, as frustration in relationships often stems from the lack of social contact that the domestic wife has with the outside world.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27.</ref>

Gilman became a spokesperson on topics such as women's perspectives on work, [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform]], and family. Housework, she argued, should be equally shared by men and women, and that at an early age women should be encouraged to be independent. In many of her major works, including "The Home" (1903), ''Human Work'' (1904), and ''The Man-Made World'' (1911), Gilman also advocated women working outside of the home.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27–35.</ref>

Gilman argued that the home should be socially redefined. The home should shift from being an "economic entity" where a married couple live together because of the economic benefit or necessity, to a place where groups of men and groups of women can share in a "peaceful and permanent expression of personal life."<ref>{{cite book|last=Gilman|first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend|url-access=registration|year=2005 |publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/114 114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

Gilman believed having a comfortable and healthy lifestyle should not be restricted to married couples; all humans need a home that provides these amenities. She suggested that a communal type of housing open to both males and females, consisting of rooms, rooms of suites and houses, should be constructed. This would allow individuals to live singly and still have companionship and the comforts of a home. Both males and females would be totally economically independent in these living arrangements allowing for marriage to occur without either the male or the female's economic status having to change.

The structural arrangement of the home is also redefined by Gilman. She removes the kitchen from the home, leaving rooms to be arranged and extended in any form and freeing women from the provision of meals in the home. The home would become a true personal expression of the individual living in it.

Ultimately the restructuring of the home and manner of living will allow individuals, especially women, to become an "integral part of the social structure, in close, direct, permanent connection with the needs and uses of society." That would be a dramatic change for women, who generally considered themselves restricted by family life built upon their economic dependence on men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend |url-access=registration |year=2005|publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/110 110–114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

===Feminism in stories and novellas===

Gilman created a world in many of her stories with a feminist point of view. Two of her narratives, "What Diantha Did", and ''Herland'', are good examples of Gilman focusing her work on how women are not just stay-at-home mothers they are expected to be; they are also people who have dreams, who are able to travel and work just as men do, and whose goals include a society where women are just as important as men. The world-building that is executed by Gilman, as well as the characters in these two stories and others, embody the change that was needed in the early 1900s in a way that is now commonly seen as feminism.

Gilman uses world-building in ''Herland'' to demonstrate the equality that she longed to see. The women of Herland are the providers as there are no men in their society. This makes them appear to be the dominant sex, taking over the gender roles that are typically given to men. Elizabeth Keyser notes, "In ''Herland'' the supposedly superior sex becomes the inferior or disadvantaged ..."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keyser |first1=Elizabeth |title=Looking Backward: From Herland to Gulliver's Travels |date=1992 |publisher=G.K. Hall & Company |page=160}}</ref> In this utopian world, the women reproduce asexually and consider it an honor to be mothers. Unlike the patriarchal society that exists outside of Herland, the women do not have surnames for themselves or their children, as they do not believe that human beings should be "claimed" by others. In this society, Gilman makes it to where women are focused on having leadership within the community, fulfilling roles that are stereotypically seen as being male roles, and running an entire community without the same attitudes that men have concerning their work and the community. However, the attitude men carried concerning women were degrading, especially by progressive women, like Gilman. Using ''Herland'', Gilman challenged this stereotype, and made the society of Herland a type of paradise. Gilman uses this story to confirm the stereotypically devalued qualities of women are valuable, show strength, and shatters traditional utopian structure for future works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=Laura E. |title=The Eve of De-Struction: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminist Recreation of Paradise |journal=Women's Studies |date=March 1989 |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |page=378 |doi=10.1080/00497878.1989.9978776}}</ref> Essentially, Gilman creates Herland's society to have women hold all the power, showing more equality in this world, alluding to changes she wanted to see in her lifetime.

Gilman's feministic approach differs from ''Herland'' in "What Diantha Did". One character in this story, Diantha, breaks through the traditional expectation of women, showing Gilman's desires for what a woman would be able to do in real-life society. Throughout the story, Gilman portrays Diantha as a character who strikes through the image of businesses in the U.S., who challenges gender norms and roles, and who believed that women could provide the solution to the corruption in big business in society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fama |first1=Katherine A. |title=Domestic Data and Feminist Momentum: The Narrative Accounting of Helen Stuart Campbell and Charlotte Perkins Gilman |journal=Studies in American Naturalism |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=319 |doi=10.1353/san.2017.0006|s2cid=148635798 }}</ref> Gilman chooses to have Diantha choose a career that is stereotypically not one a woman would have because in doing so, she is showing that the salaries and wages of traditional women's jobs are unfair. Diantha's choice to run a business allows her to come out of the shadows and join society. Gilman's works, especially her work with "What Diantha Did", are a call for change, a battle cry that would cause panic in men and power in women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seitler |first1=Dana |title=Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives |journal=American Quarterly |date=March 2003 |volume=55 |issue=1 |page=63 |doi=10.1353/aq.2003.0001|s2cid=143831741 }}</ref> Gilman used her work as a platform for a call to change, as a way to reach women and have them begin the movement toward freedom.

===Race===
In 1908, Gilman published an article in the ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' in which she set out her views on what she perceived to be a "sociological problem" concerning the condition of the large [[African Americans|Black American]] minority in America. Although calling Black Americans "a large body of aliens" whose skin color made them "widely dissimilar and in many respects inferior," Gilman claimed that the economic and social situation of Black Americans was "to us a social injury" and noted that [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] meant that it was the responsibility of White Americans to alleviate this situation, observing that if White Americans "cannot so behave as to elevate and improve [Black Americans]", then it would be the case that ''White Americans'' would "need some scheme of race betterment" rather than vice versa.<ref name=ajs>{{cite journal|url=http://www.expo98.msu.edu/people/Gilman.htm |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |title=A Suggestion on the Negro Problem|journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=14 |date=July 1908 – May 1909 |access-date=April 24, 2019}}</ref> Gilman was unequivocal about the ills of slavery and the wrongs which many White Americans had done to Black Americans, stating that irrespective of any crimes committed by Black Americans, "[Whites] were the original offender, and have a list of injuries to [Black Americans], greatly outnumbering the counter list." She proposed that those Black Americans who were not "self-supporting" or who were "actual criminals" (which she clearly distinguished from "the decent, self-supporting, progressive negroes") could be "enlisted" into a quasi-military state labour force, which she viewed as akin to conscription in certain countries. Such force would be deployed in "modern agriculture" and infrastructure, and those who had eventually acquired adequate skills and training "would be graduated with honor" – Gilman believed that any such conscription should be "compulsory at the bottom, perfectly free at the top."

Gilman's racism led her to espouse [[Eugenics|eugenicist]] beliefs, claiming that [[Old Stock Americans]] were surrendering their country to immigrants who were diluting the nation's racial purity.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178758 After her divorce from Stetson, she began lecturing on Nationalism. She was inspired from Edward Bellamy's utopian socialist romance Looking Backward. Alys Eve Weinbaum, "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism", Feminist Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 271–302.] Accessed November 3, 2008.</ref> When asked about her stance on the matter during a trip to London she declared "I am an Anglo-Saxon before everything."<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography |author=Davis, C. |date=2010 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804738897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7arK_nP7eQC |access-date=November 15, 2014}}</ref> In an effort to gain the vote for all women, she spoke out against literacy voting tests at the 1903 [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in New Orleans.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 52.</ref>

Literary critic Susan S. Lanser says "The Yellow Wallpaper" should be interpreted by focusing on Gilman's racism.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938 Susan S. Lanser, "The Yellow Wallpaper," and the Politics of Color in America," ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441] Accessed March 5, 2019</ref> Other literary critics have built on Lanser's work to understand Gilman's ideas in relation to turn-of-the-century culture more broadly.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746975 Denise D. Knight, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 2000), pp. 159–169], accessed March 9, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025 Lawrence J. Oliver, "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and 'A Suggestion on the Negro Problem'," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 48, No. 1 (Fall 2015), pp. 25–39], accessed March 5, 2019</ref>

=== Animals ===
Gilman's feminist works often included stances and arguments for reforming the use of domesticated animals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism|last=McKenna|first=Erin|publisher=Routledge Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-0-203-12232-7|editor-last=Hamington|editor-first=Maurice|location=New York|chapter=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Women, Animals, and Oppression|editor-last2=Bardwell-Jones|editor-first2=Celia}}</ref> In ''Herland'', Gilman's utopian society excludes all domesticated animals, including livestock. In ''Moving the Mountain'' Gilman addresses the ills of animal domestication related to inbreeding. In "When I Was a Witch", the narrator witnesses and intervenes in instances of animal use as she travels through New York, liberating work horses, cats, and lapdogs by rendering them "comfortably dead". One literary scholar connected the regression of the female narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" to the parallel status of domesticated felines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Golden|first=Catherine|date=Fall 2007|title=Marking Her Territory: Feline Behavior in "The Yellow Wall-Paper"|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?ty=as&v=2.1&it=DIourl&s=RELEVANCE&p=LitRC&qt=SN~1540-3084~~TI~Marking%20Her%20Territory%3A%20Feline%20Behavior%20in%20%22The%20Yellow%20Wall-Paper%22~~VO~40~~SP~16~~IU~1&lm=&sw=w&authCount=1|journal=American Literary Realism|volume=40|pages=16–31|doi=10.1353/alr.2008.0017|s2cid=161505591}}</ref> She wrote in a letter to the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' that the automobile would eliminate the cruelty to horses used to pull carriages and cars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetson |first1=Charlotte Perkins |title=The Automobile as Reformer |journal=Saturday Evening Post |date=June 3, 1899 |volume=171 |issue=49 |page=778 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037599815 |access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
"The Yellow Wallpaper" was initially met with a mixed reception. One anonymous letter submitted to the ''[[Boston Transcript]]'' read, "The story could hardly, it would seem, give pleasure to any reader, and to many whose lives have been touched through the dearest ties by this dread disease, it must bring the keenest pain. To others, whose lives have become a struggle against heredity of mental derangement, such literature contains deadly peril. Should such stories be allowed to pass without severest censure?"<ref>M.D., "Perlious Stuff," ''Boston Evening Transcript'', April 8, 1892, p.6, col.2. in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 103.</ref>

Positive reviewers describe it as impressive because it is the most suggestive and graphic account of why women who live monotonous lives are susceptible to mental illness.<ref>Henry B. Blackwell, "Literary Notices: The Yellow Wall Paper," The Woman's Journal, June 17, 1899, p.187 in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlote Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 107.</ref>

Although Gilman had gained international fame with the publication of ''[[Women and Economics]]'' in 1898, by the end of [[World War I]], she seemed out of tune with her times. In her autobiography she admitted that "unfortunately my views on the sex question do not appeal to the [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] complex of today, nor are people satisfied with a presentation of religion as a help in our tremendous work of improving this world."<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', 184</ref>

Ann J. Lane writes in ''Herland and Beyond'' that "Gilman offered perspectives on major issues of [[gender]] with which we still grapple; the origins of women's subjugation, the struggle to achieve both autonomy and intimacy in human relationships; the central role of work as a definition of self; new strategies for rearing and educating future generations to create a humane and nurturing environment."<ref>Golden, Catherine J., and Joanna Zangrando. ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman''. (Newark: University of Delaware P, 2000) 211.</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=59083135}}
Gilman's works include:<ref>The bibliographic information is accredited to the "[http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ Guide to Research Materials]" section of Kim Well's website: Wells, Kim. Domestic Goddesses. August 23, 1999. Online. Internet. Accessed October 27, 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}}</ref>

===Poetry collections===
*[https://archive.org/details/inthisourworldp00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''In This Our World''], 1st ed. Oakland: McCombs & Vaughn, 1893. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895. 2nd ed.; San Francisco: Press of James H. Barry, 1895.
*[https://dn790002.ca.archive.org/0/items/suffragesongsand56931gut/56931-h/56931-h.htm ''Suffrage Songs and Verses'']. New York: Charlton Co., 1911. Microfilm. New Haven: Research Publications, 1977, History of Women #6558.
*''The Later Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1996.

===Short stories===
Gilman published 186 short stories in magazines, newspapers, and many were published in her self-published monthly, [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011719932 ''The Forerunner'']. Many literary critics have ignored these short stories.<ref name=WellsDG>Kim Wells, [http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ "Domestic Goddesses,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}} Women Writers.net, August 23, 1999. www.womenwriters.net/</ref>

*"Circumstances Alter Cases." ''Kate Field's Washington'', July 23, 1890: 55–56. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 32–38.
*"That Rare Jewel." ''Women's Journal'', May 17, 1890: 158. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 20–24.
*"The Unexpected." ''Kate Field's Washington'', May 21, 1890: 335–6. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 25–31.
*"An Extinct Angel." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 23, 1891:199–200. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 48–50.
*"The Giant Wistaria." ''New England Magazine'' 4 (1891): 480–85. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 39–47.
*"The Yellow Wall-paper." ''New England Magazine'' 5 (1892): 647–56; Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1899; NY: Feminist Press, 1973 Afterword [[Elaine Ryan Hedges|Elaine Hedges]]; Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. Introduction Robert Shulman.
*"The Rocking-Chair." ''Worthington's Illustrated'' 1 (1893): 453–59. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 51–61.
*"An Elopement." ''San Francisco Call'', July 10, 1893: 1. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 66–68.
*"Deserted." San Francisco Call July 17, 1893: 1–2. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 62–65.
*"Through This." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 13, 1893: 166. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 69–72.
*"A Day's Berryin.'" ''Impress'', October 13, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 78–82.
*"Five Girls." ''Impress'', December 1, 1894: 5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 83–86.
*"One Way Out." ''Impress'', December 29, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 87–91.
*"The Misleading of Pendleton Oaks." ''Impress'', October 6, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 73–77.
*"An Unnatural Mother." ''Impress'', February 16, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 98–106.
*"An Unpatented Process." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 92–97.
*"According to Solomon." ''Forerunner'' 1:2 (1909):1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 122–129.
*"Three Thanksgivings." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909): 5–12. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 107–121.
*"What Diantha Did. A NOVEL". ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909–11); NY: Charlton Co., 1910; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
*"The Cottagette." ''Forerunner'' 1:10 (1910): 1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 130–138.
*"When I Was a Witch." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1910): 1–6. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. [[Ann J. Lane]]. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 21–31.
*"In Two Houses." ''Forerunner'' 2:7 (1911): 171–77. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 159–171.
*"Making a Change." ''Forerunner'' 2:12 (1911): 311–315. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–190.
*"Moving the Mountain." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 178–188.
*"The Crux.A NOVEL." Forerunner 2 (1910); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 116–122.
*"The Jumping-off Place." Forerunner 2:4 (1911): 87–93. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 148–158.
*"The Widow's Might." Forerunner 2:1 (1911): 3–7. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 139–147.
*"Turned." ''Forerunner'' 2:9 (1911): 227–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–191.
*"Mrs. Elder's Idea." ''Forerunner'' 3:2 (1912): 29–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 191–199.
*"Their House." ''Forerunner'' 3:12 (1912): 309–14. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 200–209.
*"A Council of War." ''Forerunner'' 4:8 (1913): 197–201. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 235–243.
*"Bee Wise." ''Forerunner'' 4:7 (1913): 169–173. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 226–234.
*"Her Beauty." ''Forerunner'' 4:2 (1913): 29–33. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories.'' Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 210–217.
*"Mrs. Hines's Money." ''Forerunner'' 4:4 (1913): 85–89. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 218–226.
*"A Partnership." ''Forerunner'' 5:6 (1914): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 253–261.
*"Begnina Machiavelli. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 5 (1914); NY: Such and Such Publishing, 1998.
*"Fulfilment." ''Forerunner'' 5:3 (1914): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.
*"If I Were a Man." ''Physical Culture'' 32 (1914): 31–34. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 262–268.
*"Mr. Peebles's Heart." ''Forerunner'' 5:9 (1914): 225–29. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 269–276.
*"Dr. Clair's Place." ''Forerunner'' 6:6 (1915): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 295–303.
*"Girls and Land." ''Forerunner'' 6:5 (1915): 113–117. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 286–294.
*"Herland. A NOVEL. " ''Forerunner'' 6 (1915); NY: Pantheon Books, 1979.
*"Mrs. Merrill's Duties." ''Forerunner'' 6:3 (1915): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 277–285.
*"A Surplus Woman." ''Forerunner'' 7:5 (1916): 113–18. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 304–313.
*"Joan's Defender." ''Forerunner'' 7:6 (1916): 141–45. '"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 314–322.
*"The Girl in the Pink Hat." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916): 39–46. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 39–45.
*"With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916); Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997.

===Novels and novellas===

*''What Diantha Did''. ''Forerunner''. 1909–10.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009259616 ''The Crux'']. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]''. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''Mag-Marjorie.'' ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Won Over'' ''Forerunner.'' 1913.
*''[[Benigna Machiavelli]]'' ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1915.
*''[[With Her in Ourland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1916.
*''[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:3119432 Unpunished].'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Denise D. Knight. New York: Feminist Press, 1997.

===Drama/dialogues===

The majority of Gilman's dramas are inaccessible as they are only available from the originals. Some were printed/reprinted in ''Forerunner'', however.

*"Dame Nature Interviewed on the Woman Question as It Looks to Her" ''Kate Field's Washington'' (1890): 138–40.
*"The Twilight." ''Impress'' (November 10, 1894): 4–5.
*"Story Studies", ''Impress'', November 17, 1894: 5.
*"The Story Guessers", ''Impress'', November 24, 1894: 5.
*"Three Women." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 134.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009594270 "Something to Vote For"], ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911) 143–53.
*"The Ceaseless Struggle of Sex: A Dramatic View." ''Kate Field's Washington.'' April 9, 1890, 239–40.

===Non-fiction===
*''[[Women and Economics|Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution]].'' Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898.

====Book-length====

*''[[His Religion and Hers]]: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers''. NY and London: Century Co., 1923; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924; Westport: Hyperion Press, 1976.
*''Gems of Art for the Home and Fireside.'' Providence: J. A. and R. A. Reid, 1888.
*[https://archive.org/details/womenandeconomi02gilmgoog/page/n6/mode/2up ''Women and economics. A study of the economic relation between men and women as a factor in social evolution'']. Boston, Small, Maynard & Co., 1899
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39329/page/n3/mode/2up ''Concerning Children'']. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1900.
*[https://archive.org/details/homeitsworkandi00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''The Home. Its Work and Influence'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1903.
*[https://archive.org/details/humanwork01conggoog/page/n5/mode/2up ''Human Work'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1904.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924076285232/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Man-Made World or, Our Androcentric Culture'']. New York: Charton Co., 1911.
*''Our Brains and What Ails Them.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Social Ethics.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''Our Changing Morality.'' Ed. Freda Kirchway. NY: Boni, 1930. 53–66.

====Short and serial non-fiction====

*"On Advertising for Marriage." ''The Alpha'' 11, September 1, 1885: 7
*"Why Women Do Not Reform Their Dress." ''Woman's Journal'', October 9, 1886: 338.
*"A Protest Against Petticoats." ''Woman's Journal'', January 8, 1887: 60.
*"The Providence Ladies Gymnasium." ''Providence Journal'' 8 (1888): 2.
*"How Much Must We Read?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 1 (1889): 43–44.
*"Altering Human Nature." ''California Nationalist'', May 10, 1890: 10.
*"Are Women Better Than Men?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 3 (1891): 9–11.
*"A Lady on the Cap and Apron Question." ''Wasp'', June 6, 1891: 3.
*"The Reactive Lies of Gallantry." ''Belford's ns'' 2 (1892): 205–8.
*"The Vegetable Chinaman." ''Housekeeper's Weekly'', June 24, 1893: 3.
*"The Saloon and Its Annex." ''Stockton Mail'' 4 (1893): 4.
*"The Business League for Women." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2.
*"Official Report of Woman's Congress." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 3.
*"John Smith and Armenia." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 2–3.
*"The American Government." ''Woman's Column'', June 6, 1896: 3.
*"When Socialism Began." ''American Fabian'' 3 (1897): 1–2.
*"Causes and Uses of the Subjection of Women." ''Woman's Journal'', December 24, 1898: 410.
*"The Automobile as a Reformer." ''Saturday Evening Post'', June 3, 1899: 778.
*"Superfluous Women." ''Women's Journal'', April 7, 1900: 105.
*"Esthetic Dyspepsia." ''Saturday Evening Post'', August 4, 1900: 12.
*"Ideals of Child Culture." ''Child Stude For Mothers and Teachers''. Ed Margaret Sangster. Philadelphia: Booklovers Library, 1901. 93–101.
*"Should Wives Work?" ''Success'' 5 (1902): 139.
*"Fortschritte der Frauen in Amerika." ''Neues Frauenleben'' 1:1 (1903): 2–5.
*"The Passing of the Home in Great American Cities." ''Cosmopolitan'' 38 (1904): 137–47.
*"The Beauty of a Block." ''Independent'', July 14, 1904: 67–72.
*"The Home and the Hospital." ''Good Housekeeping'' 40 (1905): 9.
*"Some Light on the [Single Woman's] 'Problem.'" ''American Magazine'' 62 (1906): 4270428.
*"Why Cooperative Housekeeping Fails." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 41 (July 1907): 625–629.
*"Social Darwinism." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 12 (1907): 713–14.
*"A Suggestion on the Negro Problem." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1908): 78–85.
*"How Home Conditions React Upon the Family." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1909): 592–605.
*"Children's Clothing." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 44 (1910): 24.
*"On Dogs." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 206–9.
*"Should Women Use Violence?" ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1912): 11, 78–79.
*"How to Lighten the Labor of Women." ''McCall's'' 40 (1912): 14–15, 77.
*"What 'Love' Really Is." ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1913): 11, 57.
*"Gum Chewing in Public." ''New York Times'', May 20, 1914:12:5.
*"A Rational Position on Suffrage/At the Request of the New York Times, Mrs. Gilman Presents the Best Arguments Possible in Behalf of Votes for Women." ''New York Times Magazine'', March 7, 1915: 14–15.
*"What is Feminism?" ''Boston Sunday Herald Magazine'', September 3, 1916: 7.
*"The Housekeeper and the Food Problem." ''Annals of the American Academy'' 74 (1917): 123–40.
*"Concerning Clothes." ''Independent'', June 22, 1918: 478, 483.
*"The Socializing of Education." ''Public'', April 5, 1919: 348–49.
*"A Woman's Party." ''Suffragist'' 8 (1920): 8–9.
*"Making Towns Fit to Live In." ''Century'' 102 (1921): 361–366.
*"Cross-Examining Santa Claus." ''Century'' 105 (1922): 169–174.
*"Is America Too Hospitable?" ''Forum'' 70 (1923): 1983–89.
*"Toward Monogamy." ''Nation'', June 11, 1924: 671–73.
*"The Nobler Male." ''Forum'' 74 (1925): 19–21.
*"American Radicals." ''New York Jewish Daily Forward'' 1 (1926): 1.
*"Progress through Birth Control." ''North American Review'' 224 (1927): 622–29.
*"Divorce and Birth Control." ''Outlook'', January 25, 1928: 130–31.
*"Feminism and Social Progress." ''Problems of Civilization''. Ed. Baker Brownell. NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1929. 115–42.
*"Sex and Race Progress." ''Sex in Civilization''. Eds V. F. Calverton and S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Macaulay, 1929. 109–23.
*"Parasitism and Civilized Vice." ''Woman's Coming of Age''. Ed. S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Liveright, 1931. 110–26.
*"Birth Control, Religion and the Unfit." ''Nation'', January 27, 1932: 108–109.
*"The Right to Die." ''Forum'' 94 (1935): 297–300.

===Self-publications===

''The Forerunner.'' Seven volumes, 1909–16. Microfiche. NY: Greenwood, 1968.

===Selected lectures===

There are 90 reports of the lectures that Gilman gave in The United States and Europe.<ref name=WellsDG />

*"Club News." ''Weekly Nationalist'', June 21, 1890: 6. [Re. "On Human Nature."]
*"Our Place Today", Los Angeles Woman's Club, January 21, 1891.
*"With Women Who Write." ''San Francisco Examiner'', March 1891, 3:3. [Re. "The Coming Woman."]
*"Safeguards Suggested for Social Evils." ''San Francisco Call'', April 24, 1892: 12:4.
*"The Labor Movement." Alameda County Federation of Trades, 1893. Alameda County, CA Labor Union Meetings. September 2, 1892.
*"Announcement." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2. [Re. Series of "Talks on Social Questions."]
*"All the Comforts of a Home." ''San Francisco Examiner'', May 22, 1895: 9. [Re. "Simplicity and Decoration."]
*"The Washington Convention." ''Woman's Journal'', February 15, 1896: 49–50. [Re. California.]
*"Woman Suffrage League." ''Boston Advertiser'', November 10, 1897: 8:1. [Re. "The Economic Basis of the Woman Question."]
*"Bellamy Memorial Meeting." ''American Fabian'' 4: (1898): 3.
*"An Evening With Kipling." ''Daily Argus'', March 14, 1899: 4:2.
*"Scientific Training of Domestic Servants." ''Women and Industrial Life'', Vol. 6 of ''International Congress of Women of 1899''. Ed Countess of Aberdeen. London: T. Unwin Fisher, 1900. 109.
*"Society and the Child." ''Brooklyn Eagle'', December 11, 1902: 8:4.
*"Woman and Work/ Popular Fallacy that They are a Leisure Class, Says Mrs. Gilman." ''New York Tribune'', February 26, 1903: 7:1.
*"A New Light on the Woman Question." ''Woman's Journal'', April 25, 1904: 76–77.
*"Straight Talk by Mrs. Gilman is Looked For." ''San Francisco Call'', July 16, 1905: 33:2.
*"Women and Social Service." Warren: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1907.
*"Higher Marriage Mrs. Gilman's Plea." ''New York Times'', December 29, 1908: 2:3.
*"Three Women Leaders in Hub." ''Boston Post'', December 7, 1909: 1:1–2 and 14:5–6.
*"Warless World When Women's Slavery Ends." ''San Francisco Examiner'', November 14, 1910: 4:1.
*"Lecture Given by Mrs. Gilman." ''San Francisco Call'', November 15, 1911: 7:3. [Re. "The Society-- Body and Soul."]
*"Mrs. Gilman Assorts Sins." ''New York Times'', June 3, 1913: 3:8
*"Adam the Real Rib, Mrs. Gilman Insists." ''New York Times'', February 19, 1914: 9:3.
*"Advocates a 'World City.'" ''New York Times'', January 6, 1915: 15:5. [Re. Arbitration of diplomatic disputes by an international agency.]
*"The Listener." ''Boston Transcript'', April 14, 1917: 14:1. [Re. Announcement of lecture series.]
*"Great Duty for Women After War." ''Boston Post'', February 26, 1918: 2:7.
*"Mrs. Gilman Urges Hired Mother Idea." ''New York Times'', September 23, 1919: 36:1–2.
*"Eulogize Susan B. Anthony." ''New York Times'', February 16, 1920: 15:6. [Re. Gilman and others eulogize Anthony on the centenary of her birth.]
*"Walt Whitman Dinner." ''New York Times'', June 1, 1921: 16:7. [Gilman speaks at annual meeting of Whitman Society in New York.]
*"Fiction of America Being Melting Pot Unmasked by CPG." ''Dallas Morning News'', February 15, 1926: 9:7–8 and 15:8.

===Diaries, journals, biographies, and letters===
*''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
*''A Journey from Within: The Love Letters of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1897–1900.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Lewisburg: Bucknill UP, 1995.
*''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' 2 Vols. Ed. Denise D. Knight. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.

===Autobiography===
*''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography.'' New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935; NY: Arno Press, 1972; and Harper & Row, 1975.

===Academic studies===
*Allen, Judith (2009). ''The Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sexualities, Histories, Progressivism'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-01463-0}}
*Allen, Polly Wynn (1988). ''Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Architectural Feminism'', University of Massachusetts Press, {{ISBN|0-87023-627-X}}
*Berman, Jeffrey. "The Unrestful Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" In ''The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,'' edited by Catherine Golden. New York: Feminist Press, 1992, pp. 211–41.
*Carter-Sanborn, Kristin. "Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Arizona Quarterly 56.2 (Summer 2000): 1–36.
*Ceplair, Larry, ed. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Nonfiction Reader.'' New York: Columbia UP, 1991.
*Class, Claire Marie. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/934770 "Chloroformed: Anesthetic Utopianism and Eugenic Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ''Herland'' and Other Works."] ''Legacy'' 41.1 (2024): 75-98.
*Davis, Cynthia J. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography'' (Stanford University Press; 2010) 568 pages; major scholarly biography
*Davis, Cynthia J. and Denise D. Knight. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts.'' Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
*Deegan, Mary Jo. "Introduction." With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. Eds. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 1–57.
*Eldredge, Charles C. Charles Walter Stetson, Color, and Fantasy. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, The U of Kansas, 1982.
*Ganobcsik-Williams, Lisa. "The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender." Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.
*Golden, Catherine. T''he Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper.'' New York: Feminist Press, 1992.
:---. "`Written to Drive Nails With’: Recalling the Early Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 243-66.
*Gough, Val. "`In the Twinkling of an Eye’: Gilman's Utopian Imagination." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 129–43.
*Gubar, Susan. "She in Herland: Feminism as Fantasy." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Woman and Her Work.'' Ed. Sheryl L. Meyering. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989. 191–201.
*Hill, Mary Armfield. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Journey From Within." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 8–23.
*Hill, Mary A. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' (Temple University Press, 1980).
*Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz, ''Wild Unrest: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of "The Yellow Wall-Paper"'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
*Huber, Hannah, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do;jsessionid=8FD1E905E467B7932C25FEA925A24546?N=197+4294921854+4294916915&Ntk=P_EPI&Ntt=4012446918244628151447568114470875072&Ntx=mode%2Bmatchallpartial Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 381: Writers on Women's Rights and United States Suffrage]'', edited by George P. Anderson. Gale, pp. 140–52.
*Huber, Hannah, "‘The One End to Which Her Whole Organism Tended’: Social Evolution in Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.salempress.com/Critical-Insights-Edith-Wharton Critical Insights: Edith Wharton]'', edited by Myrto Drizou, Salem Press, pp. 48–62.
*Karpinski, Joanne B., "The Economic Conundrum in the Lifewriting of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Joanne S. Zangrando. U of Delaware P, 2000. 35–46.
*Kessler, Carol Farley. "Dreaming Always of Lovely Things Beyond’: Living Toward Herland, Experiential foregrounding." in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 89–103.
*Knight, Denise D. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Study of the Short Fiction, Twayne Studies in Short Fiction'' (Twayne Publishers, 1997).
:---. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism." ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 32, no. 2, 2000, pp. 159–169. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/27746975.
:---. "Introduction." Herland, `The Yellow Wall-Paper’ and Selected Writings. New York: Penguin, 1999.
*Lane, Ann J. "Gilman, Charlotte Perkins"; [http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00272.html ''American National Biography Online''], 2000.
:---. "The Fictional World of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader.'' Ed. Ann J. Lane. New York: Pantheon, 1980.
:---. "Introduction." Herland: A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. 1915. Rpt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979
:---. ''To Herland and Beyond: The Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' New York: Pantheon, 1990.
*Lanser, Susan S. "Feminist Criticism, 'The Yellow Wallpaper,' and the Politics of Color in America." ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441. ''JSTOR'', [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938. Reprinted in "The Yellow Wallpaper": Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1993. 225–256.]
*Long, Lisa A. "Herland and the Gender of Science." in ''MLA Approaches to Teaching Gilman's The Yellow Wall-Paper and Herland.'' Eds. Denise D. Knight and Cynthia J. David. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. 125–132.
*Mitchell, S. Weir, M.D. "Camp Cure." Nurse and Patient, and Camp Cure. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1877
:---. Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked. 1887. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and ‘A Suggestion on the Negro Problem.’" ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 48, no. 1, 2015, pp. 25–39. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. and [[Gary Scharnhorst]]. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. Ambrose Bierce: The Literary Politics of Gender in Fin-de-Siècle California." ''Journal of the West'' (July 1993): 52–60.
*Palmeri, Ann. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science." in ''Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology and Philosophy of Science''. Eds. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983. 97–120.
*Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Boston: Twayne, 1985. Studies Gilman as writer
*Scharnhorst, Gary, and Denise D. Knight. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Library: A Reconstruction." Resources for American Literary Studies 23:2 (1997): 181–219.
*Stetson, Charles Walter. ''Endure: The Diaries of Charles Walter Stetson.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1985.
*Tuttle, Jennifer S. "Rewriting the West Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Owen Wister, and the Sexual Politics of Neurasthenia." The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 103–121.
*Von Rosk, Nancy. "Women, Work and Cross-Class Alliances in the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Working Women in American Literature, 1865–1950. Miriam Gogol ed. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. 69–91.
*Wegener, Frederick. "What a Comfort a Woman Doctor Is!’ Medical Women in the Life and Writing of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd & Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 45–73.
*Weinbaum, Alys Eve. "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism." ''Feminist Studies'' 27 (Summer 2001): 271–30.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://sites.google.com/site/gilmansociety/home Charlotte Perkins Gilman Society]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charlotte-perkins-gilman}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=27| name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1736}}
* {{LCAuth|n78079511|Charlotte Perkins Gilman|107|}}
* {{ISFDB name|3585}}
* [http://www.feministpress.org/ The Feminist Press]
* [http://essays.quotidiana.org/gilman/ Essays by Charlotte Perkins Gilman] at [http://essays.quotidiana.org/ Quotidiana.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000823090052/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html "A Guide for Research Materials"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006045720/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/gilman1.html "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Domestic Goddess"]
* {{Books and Writers |id=gilman.htm |name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/gilman/suffrage/suffrage.html Suffrage Songs and Verses]
*[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/4827 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
*[http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ Charlotte Perkins Gilman Digital Collection.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155522/http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ |date=September 1, 2017 }} [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* [https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/finding-aids/D513 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers], Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, [[University of Rochester]]

===Audio files===
* [https://archive.org/download/SUSPENSE4/480729YellowWallpaper.mp3 The Yellow Wallpaper], Suspense, CBS radio, 1948
* 2 short radio episodes of Gilman's writing, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "California Colors"] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "Matriatism"] from California Legacy Project.

{{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilman, Charlotte Perkins}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
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[[Category:American magazine editors]]

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

2024-09-22T21:53:28Z

MBWhitney: /* Career */ Adding her participating in the ASA and journal publications with reference.

{{short description|American feminist, writer, artist, and lecturer (1860–1935)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Charlotte Perkins Gilman
| image = Charlotte Perkins Gilman c. 1900.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Charlotte Perkins
| birth_date = {{birth date|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hartford, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|8|17|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Pasadena, California]], U.S.
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Charles Walter Stetson]]|1884|1894|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Houghton Gilman|1900|1934|end=d}}
}}
| children = 1
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* [[commercial artist]]
* magazine editor
* lecturer
* [[social reformer]]
}}
| notableworks = "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]" ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' ''[[Women and Economics]]''
| signature = Charlotte Perkins Gilman Signature Transparent.png
| education = Rhode Island School of Design (1878)
}}

'''Charlotte Perkins Gilman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|l|m|ən}}; née '''Perkins'''; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935), also known by her first married name '''Charlotte Perkins Stetson''', was an American [[humanist]], [[novelist]], [[writer]], [[lecturer]], early sociologist, advocate for [[social reform]], and [[eugenics|eugenicist]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623220502/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman |access-date=August 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was a [[utopian]] [[feminist]] and served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. Her works were primarily focused on gender, specifically gendered labor division in society, and the problem of male domination. She has been inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilman, Charlotte Perkins |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/charlotte-perkins-gilman/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Her best remembered work today is her [[semi-autobiographical]] short story "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]", which she wrote after a severe bout of [[postpartum psychosis]].

==Early life==
Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], to Mary Fitch Westcott and [[Frederic Beecher Perkins]]. She had only one brother, Thomas Adie, who was fourteen months older, because a physician advised Mary Perkins that she might die if she bore other children. During Charlotte's infancy, her father moved out and abandoned his wife and children, and the remainder of her childhood was spent in poverty.<ref name="Britannica"/>

Since their mother was unable to support the family on her own, the Perkinses were often in the presence of her father's aunts, namely [[Isabella Beecher Hooker]], a [[suffragist]]; [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], author of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''; and [[Catharine Beecher]], educationalist.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Her schooling was erratic: she attended seven different schools, for a cumulative total of just four years, ending when she was fifteen. Her mother was not affectionate with her children. To keep them from getting hurt as she had been, she forbade her children from making strong friendships or reading fiction. In her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', Gilman wrote that her mother showed affection only when she thought her young daughter was asleep.<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', p. 10.</ref> Although she lived a childhood of isolated, impoverished loneliness, she unknowingly prepared herself for the life that lay ahead by frequently visiting the public library and studying physics, literature, history (particularly ancient civilizations) on her own. Her father's love for literature influenced her, and years later he contacted her with a list of books he felt would be worthwhile for her to read.<ref>Denise D. Knight, ''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia: 1994), p. xiv.</ref>
[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1868).png|thumb|Charlotte Perkins Gilman as a child, 1868]]
Much of Gilman's youth was spent in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. What friends she had were mainly male, and she was unashamed, for her time, to call herself a "[[tomboy]]".<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', (1988), p. 30.</ref>

Her natural intelligence and breadth of knowledge always impressed her teachers, who were nonetheless disappointed in her because she was a poor student.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 26.</ref> Her favorite subject was "[[natural philosophy]]", especially what later would become known as physics. In 1878, the eighteen-year-old enrolled in classes at the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] with the monetary help of her absent father,<ref>Gilman, "Autobiography", Chapter 5</ref> and subsequently supported herself as an artist of [[trade cards]]. She was a tutor, and encouraged others to expand their artistic creativity.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 29.</ref> She was also a painter.

During her time at the Rhode Island School of Design, Gilman met Martha Luther in about 1879<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019">Kate Bolick, "The Equivocal Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman" (2019).</ref> and was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Luther. Gilman described the close relationship she had with Luther in her autobiography: {{Blockquote
|text=We were closely together, increasingly happy together, for four of those long years of girlhood. She was nearer and dearer than any one up to that time. This was love, but not sex{{nbsp}}... With Martha I knew perfect happiness{{nbsp}}... We were not only extremely fond of each other, but we had fun together, deliciously{{nbsp}}...
|author=Charlotte P. Gilman
|source=''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'' (1935)}}

Letters between the two women chronicles their lives from 1883 to 1889 and contains over 50 letters, including correspondence, illustrations and manuscripts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Lost Letters to Martha Luther Lane |website=betweenthecovers.com |access-date=February 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214003104/http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> They pursued their relationship until Luther ended the relationship in order to marry a man in 1881. Gilman was devastated and detested romance and love until she met her first husband.<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019"/>

==Overcoming personal challenges==
[[File:Portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman at age twenty four, ca. 1884. (16980287620).jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Gilman at age 24, ca. 1884]]
"[[Rest cure]] treatment" was a medical treatment popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries primarily for women suffering from symptoms like [[fatigue]], [[anxiety]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. The rest cure was developed by Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]], a neurologist, in the late 19th century. The treatment typically involved a strict regimen of bed rest, isolation from mental and physical stimulation, limited social interaction, and a highly regulated diet. Patients were often confined to bed for weeks or even months at a time, with minimal physical activity and intellectual stimulation. The treatment was controversial and had mixed results. While some patients reported improvement in their symptoms, others experienced worsening mental health and physical debilitation due to prolonged inactivity and social isolation. It is now considered outdated and potentially harmful in many cases.

Perkins-Gilman married Charles Stetson in 1884, and less than a year later gave birth to their daughter Katharine. Already susceptible to depression, her symptoms were exacerbated by marriage and motherhood. A good proportion of her diary entries from the time she gave birth to her daughter until several years later describe the oncoming depression that she was to face.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 323–385.</ref>

After nine weeks{{When|date=March 2024|reason=nine weeks after what? Did she go to the hospital?}}, Gilman was sent home with Mitchell's instructions, "Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time{{nbsp}}... Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours' intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live." She tried for a few months to follow Mitchell's advice, but her depression deepened, and Gilman came perilously close to a full emotional collapse.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 96.</ref> Her remaining sanity was on the line and she began to display [[Suicide|suicidal behavior]] that involved talk of pistols and chloroform, as recorded in her husband's diaries. By early summer the couple had decided that a divorce was necessary for her to regain sanity without affecting the lives of her husband and daughter.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408" />

During the summer of 1888, Charlotte and Katharine spent time in [[Bristol, Rhode Island]], away from Walter, and it was there where her depression began to lift. She writes of herself noticing positive changes in her attitude. She returned to Providence in September. She sold property that had been left to her in Connecticut, and went with a friend, Grace Channing, to [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] where the recovery of her depression can be seen through the transformation of her intellectual life.<ref name="Knight, Diaries" />

Along with many women during the late 19th century, Perkins-Gilman dealt with the trauma of the rest cure treatment due to the lack of societal attitudes, limited understanding of mental health, and the authority of the medical profession. However, as awareness and understanding of [[mental health]] improved over time, the rest cure fell out of favor, recognized as an outdated and potentially harmful approach to treatment.

==Adulthood==
In 1884, she married the artist [[Charles Walter Stetson]], after initially declining his proposal because her intuition told her it was not the right thing for her.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 82.</ref> Their only child, Katharine Beecher Stetson (1885–1979),<ref>{{cite web|title=Katharine Beecher Stetson|website=MacDowell studios (macdowell.org)|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/katharine-stetson}}</ref> was born the following year on March 23, 1885. Charlotte Perkins Gilman suffered a serious bout of [[postpartum depression]]. This was an age in which women were seen as "hysterical" and "nervous" beings; thus, when a woman claimed to be seriously ill after giving birth, her claims were sometimes dismissed.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 90.</ref>
[[File:Informal portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, outdoors, ca. 1897. (16911145300).jpg|left|thumb|Gilman (right) with her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, ca. 1897]]
Gilman moved to Southern California with her daughter Katherine and lived with friend [[Grace Ellery Channing]]. In 1888, Charlotte [[Legal separation|separated]] from her husband—a rare occurrence in the late nineteenth century. They officially divorced in 1894. After their divorce, Stetson married Channing.<ref name="Channing FA">{{cite web|title=Channing, Grace Ellery, 1862–1937. Papers of Grace Ellery Channing, 1806–1973: A Finding Aid|url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7092|website=Harvard University Library|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408">Knight, ''Diaries'', 408.</ref> During the year she left her husband, Charlotte met [[Adeline Knapp]], called "Delle". Cynthia J. Davis describes how the two women had a serious relationship. She writes that Gilman "believed that in Delle she had found a way to combine loving and living, and that with a woman as life mate she might more easily uphold that combination than she would in a conventional heterosexual marriage." The relationship ultimately came to an end.<ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Cynthia |title=Love and Economics: Charlotte Perkins Gilman on "The Woman Question" |journal=ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly) |date=December 2005 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=242–248 |url=https://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |access-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809024345/http://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Harrison">{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Pat |title=The Evolution of Charlotte Perkins Gilman |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |website=Radcliffe Magazine |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=November 25, 2018 |date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073931/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the separation from her husband, Gilman moved with her daughter to Pasadena, California, where she became active in [[Feminism in the United States|feminist]] and [[Reformism|reformist]] organizations such as the [[Pacific Coast Women's Press Association]], the Woman's Alliance, the Economic Club, the [[Ebell Society]] (named after [[Adrian John Ebell]]), the Parents Association, and the State Council of Women, in addition to writing and editing the ''Bulletin'', a journal published by one of the earlier-mentioned organizations.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 525.</ref>

In 1894, Gilman sent her daughter east to live with her former husband and his second wife, her friend Grace Ellery Channing. Gilman reported in her memoir that she was happy for the couple, since Katharine's "second mother was fully as good as the first, [and perhaps] better in some ways."<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 163.</ref> Gilman also held progressive views about paternal rights and acknowledged that her ex-husband "had a right to some of [Katharine's] society" and that Katharine "had a right to know and love her father."<ref name="Knight, Diaries">Knight, ''Diaries''.</ref>

[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman by Frances Benjamin Johnston.jpg|thumb|upright|Charlotte Perkins Gilman Photograph by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]] (c. 1900)|left]]After her mother died in 1893, Gilman decided to move back east for the first time in eight years. She contacted Houghton Gilman, her first cousin, whom she had not seen in roughly fifteen years, who was a [[Wall Street]] attorney. They began spending time together almost immediately and became romantically involved. While she went on [[lecture tour]]s, Houghton and Charlotte exchanged letters and spent as much time as they could together before she left. In her diaries, she describes him as being "pleasurable" and it is clear that she was deeply interested in him.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 648–666.</ref> From their wedding in 1900 until 1922, they lived in New York City. Their marriage was very different from her first one. In 1922, Gilman moved from New York to Houghton's old homestead in [[Norwich, Connecticut]]. Following Houghton's sudden death from a [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|cerebral hemorrhage]] in 1934, Gilman moved back to Pasadena, California, where her daughter lived.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813">Knight, ''Diaries'', p. 813.</ref>

In January 1932, Gilman was diagnosed with incurable [[breast cancer]].<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, 54.</ref> An advocate of [[euthanasia]] for the terminally ill, Gilman died by suicide on August 17, 1935, by taking an overdose of [[chloroform]]. In both her autobiography and suicide note, she wrote that she "chose chloroform over cancer" and she died quickly and quietly.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

==Career==
At one point, Gilman supported herself by selling soap [[door to door]]. After moving to Pasadena, Gilman became active in organizing [[social reform]] movements. As a delegate, she represented California in 1896 at both the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in Washington, D.C., and the [[International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London 1896|International Socialist and Labor Congress]] in London.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'' 187, 198.</ref> In 1890, she was introduced to the [[Nationalist Clubs]] movement which worked to "end capitalism's greed and distinctions between classes while promoting a peaceful, ethical, and truly progressive human race." Published in the ''Nationalist'' magazine, her poem "Similar Cases" was a satirical review of people who resisted social change, and she received positive feedback from critics for it. Throughout that same year, 1890, she became inspired enough to write fifteen essays, poems, a novella, and the short story ''The Yellow Wallpaper''. Her career was launched when she began lecturing on Nationalism and gained the public's eye with her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'', published in 1893.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 409.</ref> As a successful lecturer who relied on giving speeches as a source of income, her fame grew along with her social circle of similar-minded activists and writers of the [[feminist movement]].

Over the course of her career--in addition to publishing poems and fiction--Gilman published six significant books of non-fiction; a contribution which led her to be seen as one of the woman founders of the discipline of [[sociology]] <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Longgrove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref>. These works, and additional published journal articles, exposed both gender and class inequality, criticizing it as illegitimate and unfair. She was a member of the [[American Sociological Association]] from the time of it's founding in 1905 to her death in 1935. <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Longgrove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref>

==="The Yellow Wallpaper"===
{{Main article|The Yellow Wallpaper}}
[[File:The Yellow Wallpaper (1899 edition - cover).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[The Yellow Wallpaper]], one of Gilman's most popular works, originally published in 1892, before her marriage to George Houghton Gilman.]]
In 1890, Gilman wrote her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |page=Introduction 5 |year=2016 |isbn=9781410348029 |title=A Study Guide for Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Herland"|last1=Gale |first1=Cengage Learning |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning }}</ref> which is now the all-time best selling book of the [[Feminist Press]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.feministpress.org/books-n-z/the-yellow-wall-paper |access-date=August 26, 2018 |website=[[The Feminist Press]] |title=The Yellow Wall-paper}}</ref> She wrote it on June 6 and 7, 1890, in her home of Pasadena, and it was printed a year and a half later in the January 1892 issue of ''[[The New England Magazine]]''.<ref name="Britannica"/> Since its original printing, it has been anthologized in numerous collections of [[women's literature]], [[American literature]], and textbooks,<ref>Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception.'' University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998; p. 6.</ref> though not always in its original form. For instance, many textbooks omit the phrase "in marriage" from a very important line in the beginning of story: "John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage." The reason for this omission is a mystery, as Gilman's views on marriage are made clear throughout the story.

The story is about a woman who suffers from mental illness after three months of being closeted in a room by her husband for the sake of her health. She becomes obsessed with the room's revolting yellow wallpaper. Gilman wrote this story to change people's minds about the role of women in society, illustrating how women's lack of autonomy is detrimental to their mental, emotional, and even physical wellbeing. This story was inspired by her treatment from her first husband.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.biography.com/people/charlotte-perkins-gilman-9311669#marriage-and-inspiration | title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman| date=October 26, 2021}}</ref> The narrator in the story must do as her husband (who is also her doctor) demands, although the treatment he prescribes contrasts directly with what she truly needs—mental stimulation and the freedom to escape the monotony of the room to which she is confined. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was essentially a response to the doctor (Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]]) who had tried to cure her of her depression through a "[[rest cure]]" and who is mentioned in the story: "John says if I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall." She sent him a copy of the story.<ref>Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception,'' pp. 23–24.</ref>

=== "The Home: Its Work and Influence" ===
In 1903 Charlotte Perkins Gilman published a [[non-fiction]] book "The Home: Its Work and Influence". In this influential work, Gilman explores the role of the home in society and its impact on individuals, particularly women. She challenges traditional [[Gender role|gender roles]] and argues for greater autonomy and fulfillment for women beyond domestic responsibilities. Gilman critiques the notion of the home as solely a woman's domain and advocates for social and economic reforms to empower women and improve their well-being. "The Home: Its Work and Influence" is a seminal text in the [[First-wave feminism|early feminist movement]] and continues to be studied for its insights into gender, society, and the [[Private sphere|domestic sphere]].

=== "The Crux" ===
The Crux is an important early feminist work that brings to the fore complicated issues of gender, citizenship, eugenics, and frontier nationalism. First published serially in the feminist journal The Forerunner in 1910, The Crux tells the story of a group of New England women who move west to start a boardinghouse for men in Colorado. The innocent central character, Vivian Lane, falls in love with Morton Elder, who has both gonorrhea and syphilis. The concern of the novel is not so much that Vivian will catch syphilis, but that, if she were to marry and have children with Morton, she would harm the "national stock." The novel was written, in Gilman’s words, as a "story . . . for young women to read . . . in order that they may protect themselves and their children to come." What was to be protected was the civic imperative to produce "pureblooded" citizens for a utopian ideal.

=== "Suffrage Songs and Verses" ===
"Suffrage Songs and Verses" is a collection of poems and songs written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, published during the suffrage movement in the early 20th century. In this collection, Gilman uses her poetic voice to advocate for women's rights, particularly the right to vote. Through verse, she expresses the frustrations of women who were denied political participation and calls for gender equality. The poems celebrate the strength, resilience, and determination of [[Suffragette|suffragists]] while critiquing the patriarchal society that oppresses women. "Suffrage Songs and Verses" serves as both a literary work and a rallying cry for the suffrage movement, capturing the spirit and passion of the activists who fought for women's enfranchisement.

== Other notable works ==

=== "''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside"/ "This Our World"'' ===
In 1888 Perkins-Gilman published her first book, ''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside'' (1888); however, it was her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'' (1893), a collection of satirical poems, that first brought her recognition. During the next two decades she gained much of her fame with lectures on women's issues, ethics, labor, human rights, and social reform. She often referred to these themes in her fiction.<ref name="Britannica" /> Her lecture tours took her across the United States.<ref name="Britannica" /> <ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

=== "''Women and Economics"'' ===
In 1894–95 Gilman served as editor of the magazine ''The Impress'', a literary weekly that was published by the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association (formerly the ''Bulletin''). For the twenty weeks the magazine was printed, she was consumed in the satisfying accomplishment of contributing its poems, editorials, and other articles. The short-lived paper's printing came to an end as a result of a social bias against her lifestyle which included being an unconventional mother and a woman who had divorced a man.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 601</ref> After a four-month-long lecture tour that ended in April 1897, Gilman began to think more deeply about sexual relationships and economics in American life, eventually completing the first draft of ''Women and Economics'' (1898). This book discussed the role of women in the home, arguing for changes in the practices of child-raising and housekeeping to alleviate pressures from women and potentially allow them to expand their work to the public sphere.<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Women and Economics" in Alice S. Rossi, ed., ''The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir'' (1997), section 1 only, 572–576.</ref> The book was published in the following year and propelled Gilman into the international spotlight.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 681.</ref> In 1903, she addressed the International Congress of Women in Berlin. The next year, she toured in England, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

=== "''The Home: Its Work and Influence"'' ===
In 1903 she wrote one of her most critically acclaimed books, ''The Home: Its Work and Influence'', which expanded upon ''[[Women and Economics]]'', proposing that women are oppressed in their home and that the environment in which they live needs to be modified in order to be healthy for their mental states. In between traveling and writing, her career as a literary figure was secured.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 811.</ref>

=== "''The Forerunner''," ===
{{Main articles|Forerunner (magazine)}}
[[File:The ForeRunner (1913) Charlotte Perkins Gilman.jpg|thumb|1913 issue of ''[[The Forerunner]]'']]
From 1909 to 1916 Gilman single-handedly wrote and edited her own magazine, ''The Forerunner'', in which much of her fiction appeared. By presenting material in her magazine that would "stimulate thought", "arouse hope, courage and impatience", and "express ideas which need a special medium", she aimed to go against the mainstream media which was overly [[Sensationalism|sensational]].<ref>Sari Edelstein, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Yellow Newspaper". ''Legacy'', 24(1), 72–92. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from GenderWatch (GW) database. (Document ID: 1298797291).</ref> Over seven years and two months the magazine produced eighty-six issues, each twenty eight pages long. The magazine had nearly 1,500 subscribers and featured such [[Serial (literature)|serialized]] works as "What Diantha Did" (1910), ''The Crux'' (1911), ''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]'' (1911), and ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' (1915). The ''Forerunner'' has been cited as being "perhaps the greatest literary accomplishment of her long career".<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 812.</ref> After its seven years, she wrote hundreds of articles that were submitted to the ''[[Louisville Herald-Post|Louisville Herald]]'', ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', and the ''[[Buffalo Evening News]]''. Her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', which she began to write in 1925, was published [[Posthumous publication|posthumously]] in 1935.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 30.</ref>

=== Works by Perkins-Gilman ===

=== Non-fiction ===

* ''Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. (1898)''
* ''Concerning Children (1900)''
* ''The Home: Its Work and Influence. (1903)''
* ''Human Work.(1904)''
* ''The Man-Made World; or, Our Andocentric Culture (1911)''
* ''Our Brains and What Ails Them (1912)''
* ''Humanness (1913)''
* ''Social Ethics (1914)''
* ''The Dress of Women(1915)''
* ''Growth and Combat (1916)''
* ''His Religion and Hers: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers (1923)''
* ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. (1935)''

=== Fiction ===

* "The Yellow Wallpaper" 5 [January], (1892).
* ''The Yellow Wallpaper (1899)''
* ''What Diantha Did (1910)''
* ''Moving the Mountain (1911)''
* ''The Crux. (1911)''
* ''Benigna Machiavelli (1916)''
* ''Herland (1915)''
* ''With Her in Ourland (1916)''

=== Poetry ===

* Oakland, California: McCombs & Vaughn (1893)
* Suffrage Songs and Verses New York: The Charlton Company. (1911)

==Social theories==

=== Reform Darwinism and the role of women in society ===
Gilman called herself a [[humanism|humanist]] and was an early contributor to the discipline of [[sociology]] and to [[feminist theory]]. <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref> She believed the domestic environment oppressed women through the [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] beliefs upheld by society.<ref>Ann J. Lane, ''To Herland and Beyond'', 230.</ref> Gilman embraced the theory of reform [[Darwinism]] and argued that Darwin's theories of evolution presented only the male as the given in the process of human evolution, thus overlooking the origins of the female brain in society that rationally chose the best suited mate that they could find.

Gilman argued that male aggressiveness and maternal roles for women were artificial and no longer necessary for survival in post-prehistoric times. She wrote, "There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Might as well speak of a female liver."<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ''Women and Economics'' (Boston, MA: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898).</ref>

Her main argument was that sex and domestic economics went hand in hand; for a woman to survive, she was reliant on her sexual assets to please her husband so that he would financially support his family. From childhood, young girls are forced into a social constraint that prepares them for motherhood by the toys that are marketed to them and the clothes designed for them. She argued that there should be no difference in the clothes that little girls and boys wear, the toys they play with, or the activities they do, and described tomboys as perfect humans who ran around and used their bodies freely and healthily.<ref>Carl N. Degler, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman on the Theory and Practice of Feminism", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (Spring, 1956), 26.</ref>
[[File:Articles by and photo of Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1916.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Articles about [[feminism]] by Gilman and a photo of her as printed in the ''[[Atlanta Constitution]],'' December 10, 1916]]
Gilman argued that women's contributions to civilization, throughout history, have been halted because of an [[androcentrism|androcentric]] culture. She believed that womankind was the underdeveloped half of humanity, and improvement was necessary to prevent the deterioration of the human race.<ref>Davis and Knight, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries'', 206.</ref> Gilman believed economic independence is the only thing that could really bring freedom for women and make them equal to men. In 1898 she published ''Women and Economics'', a theoretical [[treatise]] which argued, among other things, that women are subjugated by men, that motherhood should not preclude a woman from working outside the home, and that housekeeping, cooking, and child care, would be professionalized.<ref>Gilman, ''Women and Economics''.</ref> "The ideal woman," Gilman wrote, "was not only assigned a social role that locked her into her home, but she was also expected to like it, to be cheerful and gay, smiling and good-humored." When the sexual-economic relationship ceases to exist, life on the domestic front would certainly improve, as frustration in relationships often stems from the lack of social contact that the domestic wife has with the outside world.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27.</ref>

Gilman became a spokesperson on topics such as women's perspectives on work, [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform]], and family. Housework, she argued, should be equally shared by men and women, and that at an early age women should be encouraged to be independent. In many of her major works, including "The Home" (1903), ''Human Work'' (1904), and ''The Man-Made World'' (1911), Gilman also advocated women working outside of the home.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27–35.</ref>

Gilman argued that the home should be socially redefined. The home should shift from being an "economic entity" where a married couple live together because of the economic benefit or necessity, to a place where groups of men and groups of women can share in a "peaceful and permanent expression of personal life."<ref>{{cite book|last=Gilman|first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend|url-access=registration|year=2005 |publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/114 114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

Gilman believed having a comfortable and healthy lifestyle should not be restricted to married couples; all humans need a home that provides these amenities. She suggested that a communal type of housing open to both males and females, consisting of rooms, rooms of suites and houses, should be constructed. This would allow individuals to live singly and still have companionship and the comforts of a home. Both males and females would be totally economically independent in these living arrangements allowing for marriage to occur without either the male or the female's economic status having to change.

The structural arrangement of the home is also redefined by Gilman. She removes the kitchen from the home, leaving rooms to be arranged and extended in any form and freeing women from the provision of meals in the home. The home would become a true personal expression of the individual living in it.

Ultimately the restructuring of the home and manner of living will allow individuals, especially women, to become an "integral part of the social structure, in close, direct, permanent connection with the needs and uses of society." That would be a dramatic change for women, who generally considered themselves restricted by family life built upon their economic dependence on men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend |url-access=registration |year=2005|publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/110 110–114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

===Feminism in stories and novellas===

Gilman created a world in many of her stories with a feminist point of view. Two of her narratives, "What Diantha Did", and ''Herland'', are good examples of Gilman focusing her work on how women are not just stay-at-home mothers they are expected to be; they are also people who have dreams, who are able to travel and work just as men do, and whose goals include a society where women are just as important as men. The world-building that is executed by Gilman, as well as the characters in these two stories and others, embody the change that was needed in the early 1900s in a way that is now commonly seen as feminism.

Gilman uses world-building in ''Herland'' to demonstrate the equality that she longed to see. The women of Herland are the providers as there are no men in their society. This makes them appear to be the dominant sex, taking over the gender roles that are typically given to men. Elizabeth Keyser notes, "In ''Herland'' the supposedly superior sex becomes the inferior or disadvantaged ..."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keyser |first1=Elizabeth |title=Looking Backward: From Herland to Gulliver's Travels |date=1992 |publisher=G.K. Hall & Company |page=160}}</ref> In this utopian world, the women reproduce asexually and consider it an honor to be mothers. Unlike the patriarchal society that exists outside of Herland, the women do not have surnames for themselves or their children, as they do not believe that human beings should be "claimed" by others. In this society, Gilman makes it to where women are focused on having leadership within the community, fulfilling roles that are stereotypically seen as being male roles, and running an entire community without the same attitudes that men have concerning their work and the community. However, the attitude men carried concerning women were degrading, especially by progressive women, like Gilman. Using ''Herland'', Gilman challenged this stereotype, and made the society of Herland a type of paradise. Gilman uses this story to confirm the stereotypically devalued qualities of women are valuable, show strength, and shatters traditional utopian structure for future works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=Laura E. |title=The Eve of De-Struction: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminist Recreation of Paradise |journal=Women's Studies |date=March 1989 |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |page=378 |doi=10.1080/00497878.1989.9978776}}</ref> Essentially, Gilman creates Herland's society to have women hold all the power, showing more equality in this world, alluding to changes she wanted to see in her lifetime.

Gilman's feministic approach differs from ''Herland'' in "What Diantha Did". One character in this story, Diantha, breaks through the traditional expectation of women, showing Gilman's desires for what a woman would be able to do in real-life society. Throughout the story, Gilman portrays Diantha as a character who strikes through the image of businesses in the U.S., who challenges gender norms and roles, and who believed that women could provide the solution to the corruption in big business in society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fama |first1=Katherine A. |title=Domestic Data and Feminist Momentum: The Narrative Accounting of Helen Stuart Campbell and Charlotte Perkins Gilman |journal=Studies in American Naturalism |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=319 |doi=10.1353/san.2017.0006|s2cid=148635798 }}</ref> Gilman chooses to have Diantha choose a career that is stereotypically not one a woman would have because in doing so, she is showing that the salaries and wages of traditional women's jobs are unfair. Diantha's choice to run a business allows her to come out of the shadows and join society. Gilman's works, especially her work with "What Diantha Did", are a call for change, a battle cry that would cause panic in men and power in women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seitler |first1=Dana |title=Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives |journal=American Quarterly |date=March 2003 |volume=55 |issue=1 |page=63 |doi=10.1353/aq.2003.0001|s2cid=143831741 }}</ref> Gilman used her work as a platform for a call to change, as a way to reach women and have them begin the movement toward freedom.

===Race===
In 1908, Gilman published an article in the ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' in which she set out her views on what she perceived to be a "sociological problem" concerning the condition of the large [[African Americans|Black American]] minority in America. Although calling Black Americans "a large body of aliens" whose skin color made them "widely dissimilar and in many respects inferior," Gilman claimed that the economic and social situation of Black Americans was "to us a social injury" and noted that [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] meant that it was the responsibility of White Americans to alleviate this situation, observing that if White Americans "cannot so behave as to elevate and improve [Black Americans]", then it would be the case that ''White Americans'' would "need some scheme of race betterment" rather than vice versa.<ref name=ajs>{{cite journal|url=http://www.expo98.msu.edu/people/Gilman.htm |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |title=A Suggestion on the Negro Problem|journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=14 |date=July 1908 – May 1909 |access-date=April 24, 2019}}</ref> Gilman was unequivocal about the ills of slavery and the wrongs which many White Americans had done to Black Americans, stating that irrespective of any crimes committed by Black Americans, "[Whites] were the original offender, and have a list of injuries to [Black Americans], greatly outnumbering the counter list." She proposed that those Black Americans who were not "self-supporting" or who were "actual criminals" (which she clearly distinguished from "the decent, self-supporting, progressive negroes") could be "enlisted" into a quasi-military state labour force, which she viewed as akin to conscription in certain countries. Such force would be deployed in "modern agriculture" and infrastructure, and those who had eventually acquired adequate skills and training "would be graduated with honor" – Gilman believed that any such conscription should be "compulsory at the bottom, perfectly free at the top."

Gilman's racism led her to espouse [[Eugenics|eugenicist]] beliefs, claiming that [[Old Stock Americans]] were surrendering their country to immigrants who were diluting the nation's racial purity.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178758 After her divorce from Stetson, she began lecturing on Nationalism. She was inspired from Edward Bellamy's utopian socialist romance Looking Backward. Alys Eve Weinbaum, "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism", Feminist Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 271–302.] Accessed November 3, 2008.</ref> When asked about her stance on the matter during a trip to London she declared "I am an Anglo-Saxon before everything."<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography |author=Davis, C. |date=2010 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804738897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7arK_nP7eQC |access-date=November 15, 2014}}</ref> In an effort to gain the vote for all women, she spoke out against literacy voting tests at the 1903 [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in New Orleans.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 52.</ref>

Literary critic Susan S. Lanser says "The Yellow Wallpaper" should be interpreted by focusing on Gilman's racism.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938 Susan S. Lanser, "The Yellow Wallpaper," and the Politics of Color in America," ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441] Accessed March 5, 2019</ref> Other literary critics have built on Lanser's work to understand Gilman's ideas in relation to turn-of-the-century culture more broadly.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746975 Denise D. Knight, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 2000), pp. 159–169], accessed March 9, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025 Lawrence J. Oliver, "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and 'A Suggestion on the Negro Problem'," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 48, No. 1 (Fall 2015), pp. 25–39], accessed March 5, 2019</ref>

=== Animals ===
Gilman's feminist works often included stances and arguments for reforming the use of domesticated animals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism|last=McKenna|first=Erin|publisher=Routledge Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-0-203-12232-7|editor-last=Hamington|editor-first=Maurice|location=New York|chapter=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Women, Animals, and Oppression|editor-last2=Bardwell-Jones|editor-first2=Celia}}</ref> In ''Herland'', Gilman's utopian society excludes all domesticated animals, including livestock. In ''Moving the Mountain'' Gilman addresses the ills of animal domestication related to inbreeding. In "When I Was a Witch", the narrator witnesses and intervenes in instances of animal use as she travels through New York, liberating work horses, cats, and lapdogs by rendering them "comfortably dead". One literary scholar connected the regression of the female narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" to the parallel status of domesticated felines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Golden|first=Catherine|date=Fall 2007|title=Marking Her Territory: Feline Behavior in "The Yellow Wall-Paper"|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?ty=as&v=2.1&it=DIourl&s=RELEVANCE&p=LitRC&qt=SN~1540-3084~~TI~Marking%20Her%20Territory%3A%20Feline%20Behavior%20in%20%22The%20Yellow%20Wall-Paper%22~~VO~40~~SP~16~~IU~1&lm=&sw=w&authCount=1|journal=American Literary Realism|volume=40|pages=16–31|doi=10.1353/alr.2008.0017|s2cid=161505591}}</ref> She wrote in a letter to the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' that the automobile would eliminate the cruelty to horses used to pull carriages and cars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetson |first1=Charlotte Perkins |title=The Automobile as Reformer |journal=Saturday Evening Post |date=June 3, 1899 |volume=171 |issue=49 |page=778 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037599815 |access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
"The Yellow Wallpaper" was initially met with a mixed reception. One anonymous letter submitted to the ''[[Boston Transcript]]'' read, "The story could hardly, it would seem, give pleasure to any reader, and to many whose lives have been touched through the dearest ties by this dread disease, it must bring the keenest pain. To others, whose lives have become a struggle against heredity of mental derangement, such literature contains deadly peril. Should such stories be allowed to pass without severest censure?"<ref>M.D., "Perlious Stuff," ''Boston Evening Transcript'', April 8, 1892, p.6, col.2. in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 103.</ref>

Positive reviewers describe it as impressive because it is the most suggestive and graphic account of why women who live monotonous lives are susceptible to mental illness.<ref>Henry B. Blackwell, "Literary Notices: The Yellow Wall Paper," The Woman's Journal, June 17, 1899, p.187 in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlote Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 107.</ref>

Although Gilman had gained international fame with the publication of ''[[Women and Economics]]'' in 1898, by the end of [[World War I]], she seemed out of tune with her times. In her autobiography she admitted that "unfortunately my views on the sex question do not appeal to the [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] complex of today, nor are people satisfied with a presentation of religion as a help in our tremendous work of improving this world."<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', 184</ref>

Ann J. Lane writes in ''Herland and Beyond'' that "Gilman offered perspectives on major issues of [[gender]] with which we still grapple; the origins of women's subjugation, the struggle to achieve both autonomy and intimacy in human relationships; the central role of work as a definition of self; new strategies for rearing and educating future generations to create a humane and nurturing environment."<ref>Golden, Catherine J., and Joanna Zangrando. ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman''. (Newark: University of Delaware P, 2000) 211.</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=59083135}}
Gilman's works include:<ref>The bibliographic information is accredited to the "[http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ Guide to Research Materials]" section of Kim Well's website: Wells, Kim. Domestic Goddesses. August 23, 1999. Online. Internet. Accessed October 27, 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}}</ref>

===Poetry collections===
*[https://archive.org/details/inthisourworldp00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''In This Our World''], 1st ed. Oakland: McCombs & Vaughn, 1893. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895. 2nd ed.; San Francisco: Press of James H. Barry, 1895.
*[https://dn790002.ca.archive.org/0/items/suffragesongsand56931gut/56931-h/56931-h.htm ''Suffrage Songs and Verses'']. New York: Charlton Co., 1911. Microfilm. New Haven: Research Publications, 1977, History of Women #6558.
*''The Later Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1996.

===Short stories===
Gilman published 186 short stories in magazines, newspapers, and many were published in her self-published monthly, [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011719932 ''The Forerunner'']. Many literary critics have ignored these short stories.<ref name=WellsDG>Kim Wells, [http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ "Domestic Goddesses,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}} Women Writers.net, August 23, 1999. www.womenwriters.net/</ref>

*"Circumstances Alter Cases." ''Kate Field's Washington'', July 23, 1890: 55–56. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 32–38.
*"That Rare Jewel." ''Women's Journal'', May 17, 1890: 158. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 20–24.
*"The Unexpected." ''Kate Field's Washington'', May 21, 1890: 335–6. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 25–31.
*"An Extinct Angel." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 23, 1891:199–200. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 48–50.
*"The Giant Wistaria." ''New England Magazine'' 4 (1891): 480–85. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 39–47.
*"The Yellow Wall-paper." ''New England Magazine'' 5 (1892): 647–56; Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1899; NY: Feminist Press, 1973 Afterword [[Elaine Ryan Hedges|Elaine Hedges]]; Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. Introduction Robert Shulman.
*"The Rocking-Chair." ''Worthington's Illustrated'' 1 (1893): 453–59. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 51–61.
*"An Elopement." ''San Francisco Call'', July 10, 1893: 1. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 66–68.
*"Deserted." San Francisco Call July 17, 1893: 1–2. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 62–65.
*"Through This." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 13, 1893: 166. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 69–72.
*"A Day's Berryin.'" ''Impress'', October 13, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 78–82.
*"Five Girls." ''Impress'', December 1, 1894: 5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 83–86.
*"One Way Out." ''Impress'', December 29, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 87–91.
*"The Misleading of Pendleton Oaks." ''Impress'', October 6, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 73–77.
*"An Unnatural Mother." ''Impress'', February 16, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 98–106.
*"An Unpatented Process." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 92–97.
*"According to Solomon." ''Forerunner'' 1:2 (1909):1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 122–129.
*"Three Thanksgivings." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909): 5–12. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 107–121.
*"What Diantha Did. A NOVEL". ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909–11); NY: Charlton Co., 1910; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
*"The Cottagette." ''Forerunner'' 1:10 (1910): 1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 130–138.
*"When I Was a Witch." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1910): 1–6. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. [[Ann J. Lane]]. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 21–31.
*"In Two Houses." ''Forerunner'' 2:7 (1911): 171–77. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 159–171.
*"Making a Change." ''Forerunner'' 2:12 (1911): 311–315. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–190.
*"Moving the Mountain." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 178–188.
*"The Crux.A NOVEL." Forerunner 2 (1910); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 116–122.
*"The Jumping-off Place." Forerunner 2:4 (1911): 87–93. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 148–158.
*"The Widow's Might." Forerunner 2:1 (1911): 3–7. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 139–147.
*"Turned." ''Forerunner'' 2:9 (1911): 227–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–191.
*"Mrs. Elder's Idea." ''Forerunner'' 3:2 (1912): 29–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 191–199.
*"Their House." ''Forerunner'' 3:12 (1912): 309–14. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 200–209.
*"A Council of War." ''Forerunner'' 4:8 (1913): 197–201. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 235–243.
*"Bee Wise." ''Forerunner'' 4:7 (1913): 169–173. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 226–234.
*"Her Beauty." ''Forerunner'' 4:2 (1913): 29–33. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories.'' Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 210–217.
*"Mrs. Hines's Money." ''Forerunner'' 4:4 (1913): 85–89. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 218–226.
*"A Partnership." ''Forerunner'' 5:6 (1914): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 253–261.
*"Begnina Machiavelli. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 5 (1914); NY: Such and Such Publishing, 1998.
*"Fulfilment." ''Forerunner'' 5:3 (1914): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.
*"If I Were a Man." ''Physical Culture'' 32 (1914): 31–34. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 262–268.
*"Mr. Peebles's Heart." ''Forerunner'' 5:9 (1914): 225–29. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 269–276.
*"Dr. Clair's Place." ''Forerunner'' 6:6 (1915): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 295–303.
*"Girls and Land." ''Forerunner'' 6:5 (1915): 113–117. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 286–294.
*"Herland. A NOVEL. " ''Forerunner'' 6 (1915); NY: Pantheon Books, 1979.
*"Mrs. Merrill's Duties." ''Forerunner'' 6:3 (1915): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 277–285.
*"A Surplus Woman." ''Forerunner'' 7:5 (1916): 113–18. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 304–313.
*"Joan's Defender." ''Forerunner'' 7:6 (1916): 141–45. '"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 314–322.
*"The Girl in the Pink Hat." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916): 39–46. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 39–45.
*"With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916); Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997.

===Novels and novellas===

*''What Diantha Did''. ''Forerunner''. 1909–10.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009259616 ''The Crux'']. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]''. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''Mag-Marjorie.'' ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Won Over'' ''Forerunner.'' 1913.
*''[[Benigna Machiavelli]]'' ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1915.
*''[[With Her in Ourland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1916.
*''[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:3119432 Unpunished].'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Denise D. Knight. New York: Feminist Press, 1997.

===Drama/dialogues===

The majority of Gilman's dramas are inaccessible as they are only available from the originals. Some were printed/reprinted in ''Forerunner'', however.

*"Dame Nature Interviewed on the Woman Question as It Looks to Her" ''Kate Field's Washington'' (1890): 138–40.
*"The Twilight." ''Impress'' (November 10, 1894): 4–5.
*"Story Studies", ''Impress'', November 17, 1894: 5.
*"The Story Guessers", ''Impress'', November 24, 1894: 5.
*"Three Women." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 134.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009594270 "Something to Vote For"], ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911) 143–53.
*"The Ceaseless Struggle of Sex: A Dramatic View." ''Kate Field's Washington.'' April 9, 1890, 239–40.

===Non-fiction===
*''[[Women and Economics|Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution]].'' Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898.

====Book-length====

*''[[His Religion and Hers]]: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers''. NY and London: Century Co., 1923; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924; Westport: Hyperion Press, 1976.
*''Gems of Art for the Home and Fireside.'' Providence: J. A. and R. A. Reid, 1888.
*[https://archive.org/details/womenandeconomi02gilmgoog/page/n6/mode/2up ''Women and economics. A study of the economic relation between men and women as a factor in social evolution'']. Boston, Small, Maynard & Co., 1899
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39329/page/n3/mode/2up ''Concerning Children'']. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1900.
*[https://archive.org/details/homeitsworkandi00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''The Home. Its Work and Influence'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1903.
*[https://archive.org/details/humanwork01conggoog/page/n5/mode/2up ''Human Work'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1904.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924076285232/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Man-Made World or, Our Androcentric Culture'']. New York: Charton Co., 1911.
*''Our Brains and What Ails Them.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Social Ethics.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''Our Changing Morality.'' Ed. Freda Kirchway. NY: Boni, 1930. 53–66.

====Short and serial non-fiction====

*"On Advertising for Marriage." ''The Alpha'' 11, September 1, 1885: 7
*"Why Women Do Not Reform Their Dress." ''Woman's Journal'', October 9, 1886: 338.
*"A Protest Against Petticoats." ''Woman's Journal'', January 8, 1887: 60.
*"The Providence Ladies Gymnasium." ''Providence Journal'' 8 (1888): 2.
*"How Much Must We Read?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 1 (1889): 43–44.
*"Altering Human Nature." ''California Nationalist'', May 10, 1890: 10.
*"Are Women Better Than Men?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 3 (1891): 9–11.
*"A Lady on the Cap and Apron Question." ''Wasp'', June 6, 1891: 3.
*"The Reactive Lies of Gallantry." ''Belford's ns'' 2 (1892): 205–8.
*"The Vegetable Chinaman." ''Housekeeper's Weekly'', June 24, 1893: 3.
*"The Saloon and Its Annex." ''Stockton Mail'' 4 (1893): 4.
*"The Business League for Women." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2.
*"Official Report of Woman's Congress." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 3.
*"John Smith and Armenia." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 2–3.
*"The American Government." ''Woman's Column'', June 6, 1896: 3.
*"When Socialism Began." ''American Fabian'' 3 (1897): 1–2.
*"Causes and Uses of the Subjection of Women." ''Woman's Journal'', December 24, 1898: 410.
*"The Automobile as a Reformer." ''Saturday Evening Post'', June 3, 1899: 778.
*"Superfluous Women." ''Women's Journal'', April 7, 1900: 105.
*"Esthetic Dyspepsia." ''Saturday Evening Post'', August 4, 1900: 12.
*"Ideals of Child Culture." ''Child Stude For Mothers and Teachers''. Ed Margaret Sangster. Philadelphia: Booklovers Library, 1901. 93–101.
*"Should Wives Work?" ''Success'' 5 (1902): 139.
*"Fortschritte der Frauen in Amerika." ''Neues Frauenleben'' 1:1 (1903): 2–5.
*"The Passing of the Home in Great American Cities." ''Cosmopolitan'' 38 (1904): 137–47.
*"The Beauty of a Block." ''Independent'', July 14, 1904: 67–72.
*"The Home and the Hospital." ''Good Housekeeping'' 40 (1905): 9.
*"Some Light on the [Single Woman's] 'Problem.'" ''American Magazine'' 62 (1906): 4270428.
*"Why Cooperative Housekeeping Fails." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 41 (July 1907): 625–629.
*"Social Darwinism." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 12 (1907): 713–14.
*"A Suggestion on the Negro Problem." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1908): 78–85.
*"How Home Conditions React Upon the Family." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1909): 592–605.
*"Children's Clothing." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 44 (1910): 24.
*"On Dogs." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 206–9.
*"Should Women Use Violence?" ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1912): 11, 78–79.
*"How to Lighten the Labor of Women." ''McCall's'' 40 (1912): 14–15, 77.
*"What 'Love' Really Is." ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1913): 11, 57.
*"Gum Chewing in Public." ''New York Times'', May 20, 1914:12:5.
*"A Rational Position on Suffrage/At the Request of the New York Times, Mrs. Gilman Presents the Best Arguments Possible in Behalf of Votes for Women." ''New York Times Magazine'', March 7, 1915: 14–15.
*"What is Feminism?" ''Boston Sunday Herald Magazine'', September 3, 1916: 7.
*"The Housekeeper and the Food Problem." ''Annals of the American Academy'' 74 (1917): 123–40.
*"Concerning Clothes." ''Independent'', June 22, 1918: 478, 483.
*"The Socializing of Education." ''Public'', April 5, 1919: 348–49.
*"A Woman's Party." ''Suffragist'' 8 (1920): 8–9.
*"Making Towns Fit to Live In." ''Century'' 102 (1921): 361–366.
*"Cross-Examining Santa Claus." ''Century'' 105 (1922): 169–174.
*"Is America Too Hospitable?" ''Forum'' 70 (1923): 1983–89.
*"Toward Monogamy." ''Nation'', June 11, 1924: 671–73.
*"The Nobler Male." ''Forum'' 74 (1925): 19–21.
*"American Radicals." ''New York Jewish Daily Forward'' 1 (1926): 1.
*"Progress through Birth Control." ''North American Review'' 224 (1927): 622–29.
*"Divorce and Birth Control." ''Outlook'', January 25, 1928: 130–31.
*"Feminism and Social Progress." ''Problems of Civilization''. Ed. Baker Brownell. NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1929. 115–42.
*"Sex and Race Progress." ''Sex in Civilization''. Eds V. F. Calverton and S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Macaulay, 1929. 109–23.
*"Parasitism and Civilized Vice." ''Woman's Coming of Age''. Ed. S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Liveright, 1931. 110–26.
*"Birth Control, Religion and the Unfit." ''Nation'', January 27, 1932: 108–109.
*"The Right to Die." ''Forum'' 94 (1935): 297–300.

===Self-publications===

''The Forerunner.'' Seven volumes, 1909–16. Microfiche. NY: Greenwood, 1968.

===Selected lectures===

There are 90 reports of the lectures that Gilman gave in The United States and Europe.<ref name=WellsDG />

*"Club News." ''Weekly Nationalist'', June 21, 1890: 6. [Re. "On Human Nature."]
*"Our Place Today", Los Angeles Woman's Club, January 21, 1891.
*"With Women Who Write." ''San Francisco Examiner'', March 1891, 3:3. [Re. "The Coming Woman."]
*"Safeguards Suggested for Social Evils." ''San Francisco Call'', April 24, 1892: 12:4.
*"The Labor Movement." Alameda County Federation of Trades, 1893. Alameda County, CA Labor Union Meetings. September 2, 1892.
*"Announcement." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2. [Re. Series of "Talks on Social Questions."]
*"All the Comforts of a Home." ''San Francisco Examiner'', May 22, 1895: 9. [Re. "Simplicity and Decoration."]
*"The Washington Convention." ''Woman's Journal'', February 15, 1896: 49–50. [Re. California.]
*"Woman Suffrage League." ''Boston Advertiser'', November 10, 1897: 8:1. [Re. "The Economic Basis of the Woman Question."]
*"Bellamy Memorial Meeting." ''American Fabian'' 4: (1898): 3.
*"An Evening With Kipling." ''Daily Argus'', March 14, 1899: 4:2.
*"Scientific Training of Domestic Servants." ''Women and Industrial Life'', Vol. 6 of ''International Congress of Women of 1899''. Ed Countess of Aberdeen. London: T. Unwin Fisher, 1900. 109.
*"Society and the Child." ''Brooklyn Eagle'', December 11, 1902: 8:4.
*"Woman and Work/ Popular Fallacy that They are a Leisure Class, Says Mrs. Gilman." ''New York Tribune'', February 26, 1903: 7:1.
*"A New Light on the Woman Question." ''Woman's Journal'', April 25, 1904: 76–77.
*"Straight Talk by Mrs. Gilman is Looked For." ''San Francisco Call'', July 16, 1905: 33:2.
*"Women and Social Service." Warren: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1907.
*"Higher Marriage Mrs. Gilman's Plea." ''New York Times'', December 29, 1908: 2:3.
*"Three Women Leaders in Hub." ''Boston Post'', December 7, 1909: 1:1–2 and 14:5–6.
*"Warless World When Women's Slavery Ends." ''San Francisco Examiner'', November 14, 1910: 4:1.
*"Lecture Given by Mrs. Gilman." ''San Francisco Call'', November 15, 1911: 7:3. [Re. "The Society-- Body and Soul."]
*"Mrs. Gilman Assorts Sins." ''New York Times'', June 3, 1913: 3:8
*"Adam the Real Rib, Mrs. Gilman Insists." ''New York Times'', February 19, 1914: 9:3.
*"Advocates a 'World City.'" ''New York Times'', January 6, 1915: 15:5. [Re. Arbitration of diplomatic disputes by an international agency.]
*"The Listener." ''Boston Transcript'', April 14, 1917: 14:1. [Re. Announcement of lecture series.]
*"Great Duty for Women After War." ''Boston Post'', February 26, 1918: 2:7.
*"Mrs. Gilman Urges Hired Mother Idea." ''New York Times'', September 23, 1919: 36:1–2.
*"Eulogize Susan B. Anthony." ''New York Times'', February 16, 1920: 15:6. [Re. Gilman and others eulogize Anthony on the centenary of her birth.]
*"Walt Whitman Dinner." ''New York Times'', June 1, 1921: 16:7. [Gilman speaks at annual meeting of Whitman Society in New York.]
*"Fiction of America Being Melting Pot Unmasked by CPG." ''Dallas Morning News'', February 15, 1926: 9:7–8 and 15:8.

===Diaries, journals, biographies, and letters===
*''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
*''A Journey from Within: The Love Letters of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1897–1900.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Lewisburg: Bucknill UP, 1995.
*''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' 2 Vols. Ed. Denise D. Knight. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.

===Autobiography===
*''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography.'' New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935; NY: Arno Press, 1972; and Harper & Row, 1975.

===Academic studies===
*Allen, Judith (2009). ''The Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sexualities, Histories, Progressivism'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-01463-0}}
*Allen, Polly Wynn (1988). ''Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Architectural Feminism'', University of Massachusetts Press, {{ISBN|0-87023-627-X}}
*Berman, Jeffrey. "The Unrestful Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" In ''The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,'' edited by Catherine Golden. New York: Feminist Press, 1992, pp. 211–41.
*Carter-Sanborn, Kristin. "Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Arizona Quarterly 56.2 (Summer 2000): 1–36.
*Ceplair, Larry, ed. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Nonfiction Reader.'' New York: Columbia UP, 1991.
*Class, Claire Marie. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/934770 "Chloroformed: Anesthetic Utopianism and Eugenic Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ''Herland'' and Other Works."] ''Legacy'' 41.1 (2024): 75-98.
*Davis, Cynthia J. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography'' (Stanford University Press; 2010) 568 pages; major scholarly biography
*Davis, Cynthia J. and Denise D. Knight. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts.'' Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
*Deegan, Mary Jo. "Introduction." With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. Eds. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 1–57.
*Eldredge, Charles C. Charles Walter Stetson, Color, and Fantasy. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, The U of Kansas, 1982.
*Ganobcsik-Williams, Lisa. "The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender." Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.
*Golden, Catherine. T''he Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper.'' New York: Feminist Press, 1992.
:---. "`Written to Drive Nails With’: Recalling the Early Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 243-66.
*Gough, Val. "`In the Twinkling of an Eye’: Gilman's Utopian Imagination." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 129–43.
*Gubar, Susan. "She in Herland: Feminism as Fantasy." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Woman and Her Work.'' Ed. Sheryl L. Meyering. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989. 191–201.
*Hill, Mary Armfield. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Journey From Within." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 8–23.
*Hill, Mary A. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' (Temple University Press, 1980).
*Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz, ''Wild Unrest: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of "The Yellow Wall-Paper"'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
*Huber, Hannah, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do;jsessionid=8FD1E905E467B7932C25FEA925A24546?N=197+4294921854+4294916915&Ntk=P_EPI&Ntt=4012446918244628151447568114470875072&Ntx=mode%2Bmatchallpartial Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 381: Writers on Women's Rights and United States Suffrage]'', edited by George P. Anderson. Gale, pp. 140–52.
*Huber, Hannah, "‘The One End to Which Her Whole Organism Tended’: Social Evolution in Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.salempress.com/Critical-Insights-Edith-Wharton Critical Insights: Edith Wharton]'', edited by Myrto Drizou, Salem Press, pp. 48–62.
*Karpinski, Joanne B., "The Economic Conundrum in the Lifewriting of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Joanne S. Zangrando. U of Delaware P, 2000. 35–46.
*Kessler, Carol Farley. "Dreaming Always of Lovely Things Beyond’: Living Toward Herland, Experiential foregrounding." in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 89–103.
*Knight, Denise D. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Study of the Short Fiction, Twayne Studies in Short Fiction'' (Twayne Publishers, 1997).
:---. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism." ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 32, no. 2, 2000, pp. 159–169. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/27746975.
:---. "Introduction." Herland, `The Yellow Wall-Paper’ and Selected Writings. New York: Penguin, 1999.
*Lane, Ann J. "Gilman, Charlotte Perkins"; [http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00272.html ''American National Biography Online''], 2000.
:---. "The Fictional World of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader.'' Ed. Ann J. Lane. New York: Pantheon, 1980.
:---. "Introduction." Herland: A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. 1915. Rpt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979
:---. ''To Herland and Beyond: The Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' New York: Pantheon, 1990.
*Lanser, Susan S. "Feminist Criticism, 'The Yellow Wallpaper,' and the Politics of Color in America." ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441. ''JSTOR'', [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938. Reprinted in "The Yellow Wallpaper": Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1993. 225–256.]
*Long, Lisa A. "Herland and the Gender of Science." in ''MLA Approaches to Teaching Gilman's The Yellow Wall-Paper and Herland.'' Eds. Denise D. Knight and Cynthia J. David. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. 125–132.
*Mitchell, S. Weir, M.D. "Camp Cure." Nurse and Patient, and Camp Cure. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1877
:---. Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked. 1887. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and ‘A Suggestion on the Negro Problem.’" ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 48, no. 1, 2015, pp. 25–39. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. and [[Gary Scharnhorst]]. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. Ambrose Bierce: The Literary Politics of Gender in Fin-de-Siècle California." ''Journal of the West'' (July 1993): 52–60.
*Palmeri, Ann. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science." in ''Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology and Philosophy of Science''. Eds. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983. 97–120.
*Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Boston: Twayne, 1985. Studies Gilman as writer
*Scharnhorst, Gary, and Denise D. Knight. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Library: A Reconstruction." Resources for American Literary Studies 23:2 (1997): 181–219.
*Stetson, Charles Walter. ''Endure: The Diaries of Charles Walter Stetson.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1985.
*Tuttle, Jennifer S. "Rewriting the West Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Owen Wister, and the Sexual Politics of Neurasthenia." The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 103–121.
*Von Rosk, Nancy. "Women, Work and Cross-Class Alliances in the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Working Women in American Literature, 1865–1950. Miriam Gogol ed. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. 69–91.
*Wegener, Frederick. "What a Comfort a Woman Doctor Is!’ Medical Women in the Life and Writing of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd & Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 45–73.
*Weinbaum, Alys Eve. "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism." ''Feminist Studies'' 27 (Summer 2001): 271–30.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://sites.google.com/site/gilmansociety/home Charlotte Perkins Gilman Society]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charlotte-perkins-gilman}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=27| name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1736}}
* {{LCAuth|n78079511|Charlotte Perkins Gilman|107|}}
* {{ISFDB name|3585}}
* [http://www.feministpress.org/ The Feminist Press]
* [http://essays.quotidiana.org/gilman/ Essays by Charlotte Perkins Gilman] at [http://essays.quotidiana.org/ Quotidiana.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000823090052/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html "A Guide for Research Materials"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006045720/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/gilman1.html "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Domestic Goddess"]
* {{Books and Writers |id=gilman.htm |name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/gilman/suffrage/suffrage.html Suffrage Songs and Verses]
*[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/4827 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
*[http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ Charlotte Perkins Gilman Digital Collection.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155522/http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ |date=September 1, 2017 }} [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* [https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/finding-aids/D513 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers], Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, [[University of Rochester]]

===Audio files===
* [https://archive.org/download/SUSPENSE4/480729YellowWallpaper.mp3 The Yellow Wallpaper], Suspense, CBS radio, 1948
* 2 short radio episodes of Gilman's writing, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "California Colors"] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "Matriatism"] from California Legacy Project.

{{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilman, Charlotte Perkins}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
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[[Category:American magazine editors]]

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

2024-09-22T21:46:33Z

MBWhitney: /* Social views and theories */ adding a reference to her being an early sociologist with her contributions to race and gender

{{short description|American feminist, writer, artist, and lecturer (1860–1935)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Charlotte Perkins Gilman
| image = Charlotte Perkins Gilman c. 1900.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Charlotte Perkins
| birth_date = {{birth date|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hartford, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|8|17|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Pasadena, California]], U.S.
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Charles Walter Stetson]]|1884|1894|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Houghton Gilman|1900|1934|end=d}}
}}
| children = 1
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* [[commercial artist]]
* magazine editor
* lecturer
* [[social reformer]]
}}
| notableworks = "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]" ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' ''[[Women and Economics]]''
| signature = Charlotte Perkins Gilman Signature Transparent.png
| education = Rhode Island School of Design (1878)
}}

'''Charlotte Perkins Gilman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|l|m|ən}}; née '''Perkins'''; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935), also known by her first married name '''Charlotte Perkins Stetson''', was an American [[humanist]], [[novelist]], [[writer]], [[lecturer]], early sociologist, advocate for [[social reform]], and [[eugenics|eugenicist]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623220502/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman |access-date=August 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was a [[utopian]] [[feminist]] and served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. Her works were primarily focused on gender, specifically gendered labor division in society, and the problem of male domination. She has been inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilman, Charlotte Perkins |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/charlotte-perkins-gilman/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Her best remembered work today is her [[semi-autobiographical]] short story "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]", which she wrote after a severe bout of [[postpartum psychosis]].

==Early life==
Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], to Mary Fitch Westcott and [[Frederic Beecher Perkins]]. She had only one brother, Thomas Adie, who was fourteen months older, because a physician advised Mary Perkins that she might die if she bore other children. During Charlotte's infancy, her father moved out and abandoned his wife and children, and the remainder of her childhood was spent in poverty.<ref name="Britannica"/>

Since their mother was unable to support the family on her own, the Perkinses were often in the presence of her father's aunts, namely [[Isabella Beecher Hooker]], a [[suffragist]]; [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], author of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''; and [[Catharine Beecher]], educationalist.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Her schooling was erratic: she attended seven different schools, for a cumulative total of just four years, ending when she was fifteen. Her mother was not affectionate with her children. To keep them from getting hurt as she had been, she forbade her children from making strong friendships or reading fiction. In her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', Gilman wrote that her mother showed affection only when she thought her young daughter was asleep.<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', p. 10.</ref> Although she lived a childhood of isolated, impoverished loneliness, she unknowingly prepared herself for the life that lay ahead by frequently visiting the public library and studying physics, literature, history (particularly ancient civilizations) on her own. Her father's love for literature influenced her, and years later he contacted her with a list of books he felt would be worthwhile for her to read.<ref>Denise D. Knight, ''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia: 1994), p. xiv.</ref>
[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1868).png|thumb|Charlotte Perkins Gilman as a child, 1868]]
Much of Gilman's youth was spent in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. What friends she had were mainly male, and she was unashamed, for her time, to call herself a "[[tomboy]]".<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', (1988), p. 30.</ref>

Her natural intelligence and breadth of knowledge always impressed her teachers, who were nonetheless disappointed in her because she was a poor student.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 26.</ref> Her favorite subject was "[[natural philosophy]]", especially what later would become known as physics. In 1878, the eighteen-year-old enrolled in classes at the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] with the monetary help of her absent father,<ref>Gilman, "Autobiography", Chapter 5</ref> and subsequently supported herself as an artist of [[trade cards]]. She was a tutor, and encouraged others to expand their artistic creativity.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 29.</ref> She was also a painter.

During her time at the Rhode Island School of Design, Gilman met Martha Luther in about 1879<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019">Kate Bolick, "The Equivocal Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman" (2019).</ref> and was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Luther. Gilman described the close relationship she had with Luther in her autobiography: {{Blockquote
|text=We were closely together, increasingly happy together, for four of those long years of girlhood. She was nearer and dearer than any one up to that time. This was love, but not sex{{nbsp}}... With Martha I knew perfect happiness{{nbsp}}... We were not only extremely fond of each other, but we had fun together, deliciously{{nbsp}}...
|author=Charlotte P. Gilman
|source=''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'' (1935)}}

Letters between the two women chronicles their lives from 1883 to 1889 and contains over 50 letters, including correspondence, illustrations and manuscripts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Lost Letters to Martha Luther Lane |website=betweenthecovers.com |access-date=February 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214003104/http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> They pursued their relationship until Luther ended the relationship in order to marry a man in 1881. Gilman was devastated and detested romance and love until she met her first husband.<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019"/>

==Overcoming personal challenges==
[[File:Portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman at age twenty four, ca. 1884. (16980287620).jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Gilman at age 24, ca. 1884]]
"[[Rest cure]] treatment" was a medical treatment popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries primarily for women suffering from symptoms like [[fatigue]], [[anxiety]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. The rest cure was developed by Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]], a neurologist, in the late 19th century. The treatment typically involved a strict regimen of bed rest, isolation from mental and physical stimulation, limited social interaction, and a highly regulated diet. Patients were often confined to bed for weeks or even months at a time, with minimal physical activity and intellectual stimulation. The treatment was controversial and had mixed results. While some patients reported improvement in their symptoms, others experienced worsening mental health and physical debilitation due to prolonged inactivity and social isolation. It is now considered outdated and potentially harmful in many cases.

Perkins-Gilman married Charles Stetson in 1884, and less than a year later gave birth to their daughter Katharine. Already susceptible to depression, her symptoms were exacerbated by marriage and motherhood. A good proportion of her diary entries from the time she gave birth to her daughter until several years later describe the oncoming depression that she was to face.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 323–385.</ref>

After nine weeks{{When|date=March 2024|reason=nine weeks after what? Did she go to the hospital?}}, Gilman was sent home with Mitchell's instructions, "Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time{{nbsp}}... Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours' intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live." She tried for a few months to follow Mitchell's advice, but her depression deepened, and Gilman came perilously close to a full emotional collapse.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 96.</ref> Her remaining sanity was on the line and she began to display [[Suicide|suicidal behavior]] that involved talk of pistols and chloroform, as recorded in her husband's diaries. By early summer the couple had decided that a divorce was necessary for her to regain sanity without affecting the lives of her husband and daughter.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408" />

During the summer of 1888, Charlotte and Katharine spent time in [[Bristol, Rhode Island]], away from Walter, and it was there where her depression began to lift. She writes of herself noticing positive changes in her attitude. She returned to Providence in September. She sold property that had been left to her in Connecticut, and went with a friend, Grace Channing, to [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] where the recovery of her depression can be seen through the transformation of her intellectual life.<ref name="Knight, Diaries" />

Along with many women during the late 19th century, Perkins-Gilman dealt with the trauma of the rest cure treatment due to the lack of societal attitudes, limited understanding of mental health, and the authority of the medical profession. However, as awareness and understanding of [[mental health]] improved over time, the rest cure fell out of favor, recognized as an outdated and potentially harmful approach to treatment.

==Adulthood==
In 1884, she married the artist [[Charles Walter Stetson]], after initially declining his proposal because her intuition told her it was not the right thing for her.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 82.</ref> Their only child, Katharine Beecher Stetson (1885–1979),<ref>{{cite web|title=Katharine Beecher Stetson|website=MacDowell studios (macdowell.org)|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/katharine-stetson}}</ref> was born the following year on March 23, 1885. Charlotte Perkins Gilman suffered a serious bout of [[postpartum depression]]. This was an age in which women were seen as "hysterical" and "nervous" beings; thus, when a woman claimed to be seriously ill after giving birth, her claims were sometimes dismissed.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 90.</ref>
[[File:Informal portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, outdoors, ca. 1897. (16911145300).jpg|left|thumb|Gilman (right) with her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, ca. 1897]]
Gilman moved to Southern California with her daughter Katherine and lived with friend [[Grace Ellery Channing]]. In 1888, Charlotte [[Legal separation|separated]] from her husband—a rare occurrence in the late nineteenth century. They officially divorced in 1894. After their divorce, Stetson married Channing.<ref name="Channing FA">{{cite web|title=Channing, Grace Ellery, 1862–1937. Papers of Grace Ellery Channing, 1806–1973: A Finding Aid|url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7092|website=Harvard University Library|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408">Knight, ''Diaries'', 408.</ref> During the year she left her husband, Charlotte met [[Adeline Knapp]], called "Delle". Cynthia J. Davis describes how the two women had a serious relationship. She writes that Gilman "believed that in Delle she had found a way to combine loving and living, and that with a woman as life mate she might more easily uphold that combination than she would in a conventional heterosexual marriage." The relationship ultimately came to an end.<ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Cynthia |title=Love and Economics: Charlotte Perkins Gilman on "The Woman Question" |journal=ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly) |date=December 2005 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=242–248 |url=https://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |access-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809024345/http://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Harrison">{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Pat |title=The Evolution of Charlotte Perkins Gilman |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |website=Radcliffe Magazine |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=November 25, 2018 |date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073931/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the separation from her husband, Gilman moved with her daughter to Pasadena, California, where she became active in [[Feminism in the United States|feminist]] and [[Reformism|reformist]] organizations such as the [[Pacific Coast Women's Press Association]], the Woman's Alliance, the Economic Club, the [[Ebell Society]] (named after [[Adrian John Ebell]]), the Parents Association, and the State Council of Women, in addition to writing and editing the ''Bulletin'', a journal published by one of the earlier-mentioned organizations.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 525.</ref>

In 1894, Gilman sent her daughter east to live with her former husband and his second wife, her friend Grace Ellery Channing. Gilman reported in her memoir that she was happy for the couple, since Katharine's "second mother was fully as good as the first, [and perhaps] better in some ways."<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 163.</ref> Gilman also held progressive views about paternal rights and acknowledged that her ex-husband "had a right to some of [Katharine's] society" and that Katharine "had a right to know and love her father."<ref name="Knight, Diaries">Knight, ''Diaries''.</ref>

[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman by Frances Benjamin Johnston.jpg|thumb|upright|Charlotte Perkins Gilman Photograph by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]] (c. 1900)|left]]After her mother died in 1893, Gilman decided to move back east for the first time in eight years. She contacted Houghton Gilman, her first cousin, whom she had not seen in roughly fifteen years, who was a [[Wall Street]] attorney. They began spending time together almost immediately and became romantically involved. While she went on [[lecture tour]]s, Houghton and Charlotte exchanged letters and spent as much time as they could together before she left. In her diaries, she describes him as being "pleasurable" and it is clear that she was deeply interested in him.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 648–666.</ref> From their wedding in 1900 until 1922, they lived in New York City. Their marriage was very different from her first one. In 1922, Gilman moved from New York to Houghton's old homestead in [[Norwich, Connecticut]]. Following Houghton's sudden death from a [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|cerebral hemorrhage]] in 1934, Gilman moved back to Pasadena, California, where her daughter lived.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813">Knight, ''Diaries'', p. 813.</ref>

In January 1932, Gilman was diagnosed with incurable [[breast cancer]].<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, 54.</ref> An advocate of [[euthanasia]] for the terminally ill, Gilman died by suicide on August 17, 1935, by taking an overdose of [[chloroform]]. In both her autobiography and suicide note, she wrote that she "chose chloroform over cancer" and she died quickly and quietly.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

==Career==
At one point, Gilman supported herself by selling soap [[door to door]]. After moving to Pasadena, Gilman became active in organizing [[social reform]] movements. As a delegate, she represented California in 1896 at both the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in Washington, D.C., and the [[International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London 1896|International Socialist and Labor Congress]] in London.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'' 187, 198.</ref> In 1890, she was introduced to the [[Nationalist Clubs]] movement which worked to "end capitalism's greed and distinctions between classes while promoting a peaceful, ethical, and truly progressive human race." Published in the ''Nationalist'' magazine, her poem "Similar Cases" was a satirical review of people who resisted social change, and she received positive feedback from critics for it. Throughout that same year, 1890, she became inspired enough to write fifteen essays, poems, a novella, and the short story ''The Yellow Wallpaper''. Her career was launched when she began lecturing on Nationalism and gained the public's eye with her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'', published in 1893.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 409.</ref> As a successful lecturer who relied on giving speeches as a source of income, her fame grew along with her social circle of similar-minded activists and writers of the [[feminist movement]].

==="The Yellow Wallpaper"===
{{Main article|The Yellow Wallpaper}}
[[File:The Yellow Wallpaper (1899 edition - cover).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[The Yellow Wallpaper]], one of Gilman's most popular works, originally published in 1892, before her marriage to George Houghton Gilman.]]
In 1890, Gilman wrote her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |page=Introduction 5 |year=2016 |isbn=9781410348029 |title=A Study Guide for Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Herland"|last1=Gale |first1=Cengage Learning |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning }}</ref> which is now the all-time best selling book of the [[Feminist Press]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.feministpress.org/books-n-z/the-yellow-wall-paper |access-date=August 26, 2018 |website=[[The Feminist Press]] |title=The Yellow Wall-paper}}</ref> She wrote it on June 6 and 7, 1890, in her home of Pasadena, and it was printed a year and a half later in the January 1892 issue of ''[[The New England Magazine]]''.<ref name="Britannica"/> Since its original printing, it has been anthologized in numerous collections of [[women's literature]], [[American literature]], and textbooks,<ref>Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception.'' University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998; p. 6.</ref> though not always in its original form. For instance, many textbooks omit the phrase "in marriage" from a very important line in the beginning of story: "John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage." The reason for this omission is a mystery, as Gilman's views on marriage are made clear throughout the story.

The story is about a woman who suffers from mental illness after three months of being closeted in a room by her husband for the sake of her health. She becomes obsessed with the room's revolting yellow wallpaper. Gilman wrote this story to change people's minds about the role of women in society, illustrating how women's lack of autonomy is detrimental to their mental, emotional, and even physical wellbeing. This story was inspired by her treatment from her first husband.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.biography.com/people/charlotte-perkins-gilman-9311669#marriage-and-inspiration | title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman| date=October 26, 2021}}</ref> The narrator in the story must do as her husband (who is also her doctor) demands, although the treatment he prescribes contrasts directly with what she truly needs—mental stimulation and the freedom to escape the monotony of the room to which she is confined. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was essentially a response to the doctor (Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]]) who had tried to cure her of her depression through a "[[rest cure]]" and who is mentioned in the story: "John says if I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall." She sent him a copy of the story.<ref>Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception,'' pp. 23–24.</ref>

=== "The Home: Its Work and Influence" ===
In 1903 Charlotte Perkins Gilman published a [[non-fiction]] book "The Home: Its Work and Influence". In this influential work, Gilman explores the role of the home in society and its impact on individuals, particularly women. She challenges traditional [[Gender role|gender roles]] and argues for greater autonomy and fulfillment for women beyond domestic responsibilities. Gilman critiques the notion of the home as solely a woman's domain and advocates for social and economic reforms to empower women and improve their well-being. "The Home: Its Work and Influence" is a seminal text in the [[First-wave feminism|early feminist movement]] and continues to be studied for its insights into gender, society, and the [[Private sphere|domestic sphere]].

=== "The Crux" ===
The Crux is an important early feminist work that brings to the fore complicated issues of gender, citizenship, eugenics, and frontier nationalism. First published serially in the feminist journal The Forerunner in 1910, The Crux tells the story of a group of New England women who move west to start a boardinghouse for men in Colorado. The innocent central character, Vivian Lane, falls in love with Morton Elder, who has both gonorrhea and syphilis. The concern of the novel is not so much that Vivian will catch syphilis, but that, if she were to marry and have children with Morton, she would harm the "national stock." The novel was written, in Gilman’s words, as a "story . . . for young women to read . . . in order that they may protect themselves and their children to come." What was to be protected was the civic imperative to produce "pureblooded" citizens for a utopian ideal.

=== "Suffrage Songs and Verses" ===
"Suffrage Songs and Verses" is a collection of poems and songs written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, published during the suffrage movement in the early 20th century. In this collection, Gilman uses her poetic voice to advocate for women's rights, particularly the right to vote. Through verse, she expresses the frustrations of women who were denied political participation and calls for gender equality. The poems celebrate the strength, resilience, and determination of [[Suffragette|suffragists]] while critiquing the patriarchal society that oppresses women. "Suffrage Songs and Verses" serves as both a literary work and a rallying cry for the suffrage movement, capturing the spirit and passion of the activists who fought for women's enfranchisement.

== Other notable works ==

=== "''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside"/ "This Our World"'' ===
In 1888 Perkins-Gilman published her first book, ''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside'' (1888); however, it was her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'' (1893), a collection of satirical poems, that first brought her recognition. During the next two decades she gained much of her fame with lectures on women's issues, ethics, labor, human rights, and social reform. She often referred to these themes in her fiction.<ref name="Britannica" /> Her lecture tours took her across the United States.<ref name="Britannica" /> <ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

=== "''Women and Economics"'' ===
In 1894–95 Gilman served as editor of the magazine ''The Impress'', a literary weekly that was published by the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association (formerly the ''Bulletin''). For the twenty weeks the magazine was printed, she was consumed in the satisfying accomplishment of contributing its poems, editorials, and other articles. The short-lived paper's printing came to an end as a result of a social bias against her lifestyle which included being an unconventional mother and a woman who had divorced a man.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 601</ref> After a four-month-long lecture tour that ended in April 1897, Gilman began to think more deeply about sexual relationships and economics in American life, eventually completing the first draft of ''Women and Economics'' (1898). This book discussed the role of women in the home, arguing for changes in the practices of child-raising and housekeeping to alleviate pressures from women and potentially allow them to expand their work to the public sphere.<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Women and Economics" in Alice S. Rossi, ed., ''The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir'' (1997), section 1 only, 572–576.</ref> The book was published in the following year and propelled Gilman into the international spotlight.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 681.</ref> In 1903, she addressed the International Congress of Women in Berlin. The next year, she toured in England, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

=== "''The Home: Its Work and Influence"'' ===
In 1903 she wrote one of her most critically acclaimed books, ''The Home: Its Work and Influence'', which expanded upon ''[[Women and Economics]]'', proposing that women are oppressed in their home and that the environment in which they live needs to be modified in order to be healthy for their mental states. In between traveling and writing, her career as a literary figure was secured.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 811.</ref>

=== "''The Forerunner''," ===
{{Main articles|Forerunner (magazine)}}
[[File:The ForeRunner (1913) Charlotte Perkins Gilman.jpg|thumb|1913 issue of ''[[The Forerunner]]'']]
From 1909 to 1916 Gilman single-handedly wrote and edited her own magazine, ''The Forerunner'', in which much of her fiction appeared. By presenting material in her magazine that would "stimulate thought", "arouse hope, courage and impatience", and "express ideas which need a special medium", she aimed to go against the mainstream media which was overly [[Sensationalism|sensational]].<ref>Sari Edelstein, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Yellow Newspaper". ''Legacy'', 24(1), 72–92. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from GenderWatch (GW) database. (Document ID: 1298797291).</ref> Over seven years and two months the magazine produced eighty-six issues, each twenty eight pages long. The magazine had nearly 1,500 subscribers and featured such [[Serial (literature)|serialized]] works as "What Diantha Did" (1910), ''The Crux'' (1911), ''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]'' (1911), and ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' (1915). The ''Forerunner'' has been cited as being "perhaps the greatest literary accomplishment of her long career".<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 812.</ref> After its seven years, she wrote hundreds of articles that were submitted to the ''[[Louisville Herald-Post|Louisville Herald]]'', ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', and the ''[[Buffalo Evening News]]''. Her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', which she began to write in 1925, was published [[Posthumous publication|posthumously]] in 1935.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 30.</ref>

=== Works by Perkins-Gilman ===

=== Non-fiction ===

* ''Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. (1898)''
* ''Concerning Children (1900)''
* ''The Home: Its Work and Influence. (1903)''
* ''Human Work.(1904)''
* ''The Man-Made World; or, Our Andocentric Culture (1911)''
* ''Our Brains and What Ails Them (1912)''
* ''Humanness (1913)''
* ''Social Ethics (1914)''
* ''The Dress of Women(1915)''
* ''Growth and Combat (1916)''
* ''His Religion and Hers: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers (1923)''
* ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. (1935)''

=== Fiction ===

* "The Yellow Wallpaper" 5 [January], (1892).
* ''The Yellow Wallpaper (1899)''
* ''What Diantha Did (1910)''
* ''Moving the Mountain (1911)''
* ''The Crux. (1911)''
* ''Benigna Machiavelli (1916)''
* ''Herland (1915)''
* ''With Her in Ourland (1916)''

=== Poetry ===

* Oakland, California: McCombs & Vaughn (1893)
* Suffrage Songs and Verses New York: The Charlton Company. (1911)

==Social theories==

=== Reform Darwinism and the role of women in society ===
Gilman called herself a [[humanism|humanist]] and was an early contributor to the discipline of [[sociology]] and to [[feminist theory]]. <ref>"Charlotte Perkins Gilman--Gender and Social Structure," in "The Women Founders: Sociology & Social Theory, 1830-1930" by Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Gillian Niebrugge.(Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2006).</ref> She believed the domestic environment oppressed women through the [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] beliefs upheld by society.<ref>Ann J. Lane, ''To Herland and Beyond'', 230.</ref> Gilman embraced the theory of reform [[Darwinism]] and argued that Darwin's theories of evolution presented only the male as the given in the process of human evolution, thus overlooking the origins of the female brain in society that rationally chose the best suited mate that they could find.

Gilman argued that male aggressiveness and maternal roles for women were artificial and no longer necessary for survival in post-prehistoric times. She wrote, "There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Might as well speak of a female liver."<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ''Women and Economics'' (Boston, MA: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898).</ref>

Her main argument was that sex and domestic economics went hand in hand; for a woman to survive, she was reliant on her sexual assets to please her husband so that he would financially support his family. From childhood, young girls are forced into a social constraint that prepares them for motherhood by the toys that are marketed to them and the clothes designed for them. She argued that there should be no difference in the clothes that little girls and boys wear, the toys they play with, or the activities they do, and described tomboys as perfect humans who ran around and used their bodies freely and healthily.<ref>Carl N. Degler, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman on the Theory and Practice of Feminism", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (Spring, 1956), 26.</ref>
[[File:Articles by and photo of Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1916.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Articles about [[feminism]] by Gilman and a photo of her as printed in the ''[[Atlanta Constitution]],'' December 10, 1916]]
Gilman argued that women's contributions to civilization, throughout history, have been halted because of an [[androcentrism|androcentric]] culture. She believed that womankind was the underdeveloped half of humanity, and improvement was necessary to prevent the deterioration of the human race.<ref>Davis and Knight, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries'', 206.</ref> Gilman believed economic independence is the only thing that could really bring freedom for women and make them equal to men. In 1898 she published ''Women and Economics'', a theoretical [[treatise]] which argued, among other things, that women are subjugated by men, that motherhood should not preclude a woman from working outside the home, and that housekeeping, cooking, and child care, would be professionalized.<ref>Gilman, ''Women and Economics''.</ref> "The ideal woman," Gilman wrote, "was not only assigned a social role that locked her into her home, but she was also expected to like it, to be cheerful and gay, smiling and good-humored." When the sexual-economic relationship ceases to exist, life on the domestic front would certainly improve, as frustration in relationships often stems from the lack of social contact that the domestic wife has with the outside world.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27.</ref>

Gilman became a spokesperson on topics such as women's perspectives on work, [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform]], and family. Housework, she argued, should be equally shared by men and women, and that at an early age women should be encouraged to be independent. In many of her major works, including "The Home" (1903), ''Human Work'' (1904), and ''The Man-Made World'' (1911), Gilman also advocated women working outside of the home.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27–35.</ref>

Gilman argued that the home should be socially redefined. The home should shift from being an "economic entity" where a married couple live together because of the economic benefit or necessity, to a place where groups of men and groups of women can share in a "peaceful and permanent expression of personal life."<ref>{{cite book|last=Gilman|first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend|url-access=registration|year=2005 |publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/114 114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

Gilman believed having a comfortable and healthy lifestyle should not be restricted to married couples; all humans need a home that provides these amenities. She suggested that a communal type of housing open to both males and females, consisting of rooms, rooms of suites and houses, should be constructed. This would allow individuals to live singly and still have companionship and the comforts of a home. Both males and females would be totally economically independent in these living arrangements allowing for marriage to occur without either the male or the female's economic status having to change.

The structural arrangement of the home is also redefined by Gilman. She removes the kitchen from the home, leaving rooms to be arranged and extended in any form and freeing women from the provision of meals in the home. The home would become a true personal expression of the individual living in it.

Ultimately the restructuring of the home and manner of living will allow individuals, especially women, to become an "integral part of the social structure, in close, direct, permanent connection with the needs and uses of society." That would be a dramatic change for women, who generally considered themselves restricted by family life built upon their economic dependence on men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend |url-access=registration |year=2005|publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/110 110–114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

===Feminism in stories and novellas===

Gilman created a world in many of her stories with a feminist point of view. Two of her narratives, "What Diantha Did", and ''Herland'', are good examples of Gilman focusing her work on how women are not just stay-at-home mothers they are expected to be; they are also people who have dreams, who are able to travel and work just as men do, and whose goals include a society where women are just as important as men. The world-building that is executed by Gilman, as well as the characters in these two stories and others, embody the change that was needed in the early 1900s in a way that is now commonly seen as feminism.

Gilman uses world-building in ''Herland'' to demonstrate the equality that she longed to see. The women of Herland are the providers as there are no men in their society. This makes them appear to be the dominant sex, taking over the gender roles that are typically given to men. Elizabeth Keyser notes, "In ''Herland'' the supposedly superior sex becomes the inferior or disadvantaged ..."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keyser |first1=Elizabeth |title=Looking Backward: From Herland to Gulliver's Travels |date=1992 |publisher=G.K. Hall & Company |page=160}}</ref> In this utopian world, the women reproduce asexually and consider it an honor to be mothers. Unlike the patriarchal society that exists outside of Herland, the women do not have surnames for themselves or their children, as they do not believe that human beings should be "claimed" by others. In this society, Gilman makes it to where women are focused on having leadership within the community, fulfilling roles that are stereotypically seen as being male roles, and running an entire community without the same attitudes that men have concerning their work and the community. However, the attitude men carried concerning women were degrading, especially by progressive women, like Gilman. Using ''Herland'', Gilman challenged this stereotype, and made the society of Herland a type of paradise. Gilman uses this story to confirm the stereotypically devalued qualities of women are valuable, show strength, and shatters traditional utopian structure for future works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=Laura E. |title=The Eve of De-Struction: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminist Recreation of Paradise |journal=Women's Studies |date=March 1989 |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |page=378 |doi=10.1080/00497878.1989.9978776}}</ref> Essentially, Gilman creates Herland's society to have women hold all the power, showing more equality in this world, alluding to changes she wanted to see in her lifetime.

Gilman's feministic approach differs from ''Herland'' in "What Diantha Did". One character in this story, Diantha, breaks through the traditional expectation of women, showing Gilman's desires for what a woman would be able to do in real-life society. Throughout the story, Gilman portrays Diantha as a character who strikes through the image of businesses in the U.S., who challenges gender norms and roles, and who believed that women could provide the solution to the corruption in big business in society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fama |first1=Katherine A. |title=Domestic Data and Feminist Momentum: The Narrative Accounting of Helen Stuart Campbell and Charlotte Perkins Gilman |journal=Studies in American Naturalism |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=319 |doi=10.1353/san.2017.0006|s2cid=148635798 }}</ref> Gilman chooses to have Diantha choose a career that is stereotypically not one a woman would have because in doing so, she is showing that the salaries and wages of traditional women's jobs are unfair. Diantha's choice to run a business allows her to come out of the shadows and join society. Gilman's works, especially her work with "What Diantha Did", are a call for change, a battle cry that would cause panic in men and power in women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seitler |first1=Dana |title=Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives |journal=American Quarterly |date=March 2003 |volume=55 |issue=1 |page=63 |doi=10.1353/aq.2003.0001|s2cid=143831741 }}</ref> Gilman used her work as a platform for a call to change, as a way to reach women and have them begin the movement toward freedom.

===Race===
In 1908, Gilman published an article in the ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' in which she set out her views on what she perceived to be a "sociological problem" concerning the condition of the large [[African Americans|Black American]] minority in America. Although calling Black Americans "a large body of aliens" whose skin color made them "widely dissimilar and in many respects inferior," Gilman claimed that the economic and social situation of Black Americans was "to us a social injury" and noted that [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] meant that it was the responsibility of White Americans to alleviate this situation, observing that if White Americans "cannot so behave as to elevate and improve [Black Americans]", then it would be the case that ''White Americans'' would "need some scheme of race betterment" rather than vice versa.<ref name=ajs>{{cite journal|url=http://www.expo98.msu.edu/people/Gilman.htm |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |title=A Suggestion on the Negro Problem|journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=14 |date=July 1908 – May 1909 |access-date=April 24, 2019}}</ref> Gilman was unequivocal about the ills of slavery and the wrongs which many White Americans had done to Black Americans, stating that irrespective of any crimes committed by Black Americans, "[Whites] were the original offender, and have a list of injuries to [Black Americans], greatly outnumbering the counter list." She proposed that those Black Americans who were not "self-supporting" or who were "actual criminals" (which she clearly distinguished from "the decent, self-supporting, progressive negroes") could be "enlisted" into a quasi-military state labour force, which she viewed as akin to conscription in certain countries. Such force would be deployed in "modern agriculture" and infrastructure, and those who had eventually acquired adequate skills and training "would be graduated with honor" – Gilman believed that any such conscription should be "compulsory at the bottom, perfectly free at the top."

Gilman's racism led her to espouse [[Eugenics|eugenicist]] beliefs, claiming that [[Old Stock Americans]] were surrendering their country to immigrants who were diluting the nation's racial purity.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178758 After her divorce from Stetson, she began lecturing on Nationalism. She was inspired from Edward Bellamy's utopian socialist romance Looking Backward. Alys Eve Weinbaum, "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism", Feminist Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 271–302.] Accessed November 3, 2008.</ref> When asked about her stance on the matter during a trip to London she declared "I am an Anglo-Saxon before everything."<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography |author=Davis, C. |date=2010 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804738897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7arK_nP7eQC |access-date=November 15, 2014}}</ref> In an effort to gain the vote for all women, she spoke out against literacy voting tests at the 1903 [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in New Orleans.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 52.</ref>

Literary critic Susan S. Lanser says "The Yellow Wallpaper" should be interpreted by focusing on Gilman's racism.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938 Susan S. Lanser, "The Yellow Wallpaper," and the Politics of Color in America," ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441] Accessed March 5, 2019</ref> Other literary critics have built on Lanser's work to understand Gilman's ideas in relation to turn-of-the-century culture more broadly.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746975 Denise D. Knight, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 2000), pp. 159–169], accessed March 9, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025 Lawrence J. Oliver, "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and 'A Suggestion on the Negro Problem'," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 48, No. 1 (Fall 2015), pp. 25–39], accessed March 5, 2019</ref>

=== Animals ===
Gilman's feminist works often included stances and arguments for reforming the use of domesticated animals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism|last=McKenna|first=Erin|publisher=Routledge Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-0-203-12232-7|editor-last=Hamington|editor-first=Maurice|location=New York|chapter=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Women, Animals, and Oppression|editor-last2=Bardwell-Jones|editor-first2=Celia}}</ref> In ''Herland'', Gilman's utopian society excludes all domesticated animals, including livestock. In ''Moving the Mountain'' Gilman addresses the ills of animal domestication related to inbreeding. In "When I Was a Witch", the narrator witnesses and intervenes in instances of animal use as she travels through New York, liberating work horses, cats, and lapdogs by rendering them "comfortably dead". One literary scholar connected the regression of the female narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" to the parallel status of domesticated felines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Golden|first=Catherine|date=Fall 2007|title=Marking Her Territory: Feline Behavior in "The Yellow Wall-Paper"|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?ty=as&v=2.1&it=DIourl&s=RELEVANCE&p=LitRC&qt=SN~1540-3084~~TI~Marking%20Her%20Territory%3A%20Feline%20Behavior%20in%20%22The%20Yellow%20Wall-Paper%22~~VO~40~~SP~16~~IU~1&lm=&sw=w&authCount=1|journal=American Literary Realism|volume=40|pages=16–31|doi=10.1353/alr.2008.0017|s2cid=161505591}}</ref> She wrote in a letter to the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' that the automobile would eliminate the cruelty to horses used to pull carriages and cars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetson |first1=Charlotte Perkins |title=The Automobile as Reformer |journal=Saturday Evening Post |date=June 3, 1899 |volume=171 |issue=49 |page=778 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037599815 |access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
"The Yellow Wallpaper" was initially met with a mixed reception. One anonymous letter submitted to the ''[[Boston Transcript]]'' read, "The story could hardly, it would seem, give pleasure to any reader, and to many whose lives have been touched through the dearest ties by this dread disease, it must bring the keenest pain. To others, whose lives have become a struggle against heredity of mental derangement, such literature contains deadly peril. Should such stories be allowed to pass without severest censure?"<ref>M.D., "Perlious Stuff," ''Boston Evening Transcript'', April 8, 1892, p.6, col.2. in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 103.</ref>

Positive reviewers describe it as impressive because it is the most suggestive and graphic account of why women who live monotonous lives are susceptible to mental illness.<ref>Henry B. Blackwell, "Literary Notices: The Yellow Wall Paper," The Woman's Journal, June 17, 1899, p.187 in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlote Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 107.</ref>

Although Gilman had gained international fame with the publication of ''[[Women and Economics]]'' in 1898, by the end of [[World War I]], she seemed out of tune with her times. In her autobiography she admitted that "unfortunately my views on the sex question do not appeal to the [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] complex of today, nor are people satisfied with a presentation of religion as a help in our tremendous work of improving this world."<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', 184</ref>

Ann J. Lane writes in ''Herland and Beyond'' that "Gilman offered perspectives on major issues of [[gender]] with which we still grapple; the origins of women's subjugation, the struggle to achieve both autonomy and intimacy in human relationships; the central role of work as a definition of self; new strategies for rearing and educating future generations to create a humane and nurturing environment."<ref>Golden, Catherine J., and Joanna Zangrando. ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman''. (Newark: University of Delaware P, 2000) 211.</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=59083135}}
Gilman's works include:<ref>The bibliographic information is accredited to the "[http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ Guide to Research Materials]" section of Kim Well's website: Wells, Kim. Domestic Goddesses. August 23, 1999. Online. Internet. Accessed October 27, 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}}</ref>

===Poetry collections===
*[https://archive.org/details/inthisourworldp00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''In This Our World''], 1st ed. Oakland: McCombs & Vaughn, 1893. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895. 2nd ed.; San Francisco: Press of James H. Barry, 1895.
*[https://dn790002.ca.archive.org/0/items/suffragesongsand56931gut/56931-h/56931-h.htm ''Suffrage Songs and Verses'']. New York: Charlton Co., 1911. Microfilm. New Haven: Research Publications, 1977, History of Women #6558.
*''The Later Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1996.

===Short stories===
Gilman published 186 short stories in magazines, newspapers, and many were published in her self-published monthly, [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011719932 ''The Forerunner'']. Many literary critics have ignored these short stories.<ref name=WellsDG>Kim Wells, [http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ "Domestic Goddesses,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}} Women Writers.net, August 23, 1999. www.womenwriters.net/</ref>

*"Circumstances Alter Cases." ''Kate Field's Washington'', July 23, 1890: 55–56. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 32–38.
*"That Rare Jewel." ''Women's Journal'', May 17, 1890: 158. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 20–24.
*"The Unexpected." ''Kate Field's Washington'', May 21, 1890: 335–6. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 25–31.
*"An Extinct Angel." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 23, 1891:199–200. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 48–50.
*"The Giant Wistaria." ''New England Magazine'' 4 (1891): 480–85. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 39–47.
*"The Yellow Wall-paper." ''New England Magazine'' 5 (1892): 647–56; Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1899; NY: Feminist Press, 1973 Afterword [[Elaine Ryan Hedges|Elaine Hedges]]; Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. Introduction Robert Shulman.
*"The Rocking-Chair." ''Worthington's Illustrated'' 1 (1893): 453–59. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 51–61.
*"An Elopement." ''San Francisco Call'', July 10, 1893: 1. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 66–68.
*"Deserted." San Francisco Call July 17, 1893: 1–2. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 62–65.
*"Through This." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 13, 1893: 166. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 69–72.
*"A Day's Berryin.'" ''Impress'', October 13, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 78–82.
*"Five Girls." ''Impress'', December 1, 1894: 5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 83–86.
*"One Way Out." ''Impress'', December 29, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 87–91.
*"The Misleading of Pendleton Oaks." ''Impress'', October 6, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 73–77.
*"An Unnatural Mother." ''Impress'', February 16, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 98–106.
*"An Unpatented Process." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 92–97.
*"According to Solomon." ''Forerunner'' 1:2 (1909):1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 122–129.
*"Three Thanksgivings." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909): 5–12. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 107–121.
*"What Diantha Did. A NOVEL". ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909–11); NY: Charlton Co., 1910; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
*"The Cottagette." ''Forerunner'' 1:10 (1910): 1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 130–138.
*"When I Was a Witch." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1910): 1–6. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. [[Ann J. Lane]]. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 21–31.
*"In Two Houses." ''Forerunner'' 2:7 (1911): 171–77. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 159–171.
*"Making a Change." ''Forerunner'' 2:12 (1911): 311–315. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–190.
*"Moving the Mountain." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 178–188.
*"The Crux.A NOVEL." Forerunner 2 (1910); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 116–122.
*"The Jumping-off Place." Forerunner 2:4 (1911): 87–93. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 148–158.
*"The Widow's Might." Forerunner 2:1 (1911): 3–7. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 139–147.
*"Turned." ''Forerunner'' 2:9 (1911): 227–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–191.
*"Mrs. Elder's Idea." ''Forerunner'' 3:2 (1912): 29–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 191–199.
*"Their House." ''Forerunner'' 3:12 (1912): 309–14. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 200–209.
*"A Council of War." ''Forerunner'' 4:8 (1913): 197–201. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 235–243.
*"Bee Wise." ''Forerunner'' 4:7 (1913): 169–173. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 226–234.
*"Her Beauty." ''Forerunner'' 4:2 (1913): 29–33. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories.'' Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 210–217.
*"Mrs. Hines's Money." ''Forerunner'' 4:4 (1913): 85–89. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 218–226.
*"A Partnership." ''Forerunner'' 5:6 (1914): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 253–261.
*"Begnina Machiavelli. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 5 (1914); NY: Such and Such Publishing, 1998.
*"Fulfilment." ''Forerunner'' 5:3 (1914): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.
*"If I Were a Man." ''Physical Culture'' 32 (1914): 31–34. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 262–268.
*"Mr. Peebles's Heart." ''Forerunner'' 5:9 (1914): 225–29. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 269–276.
*"Dr. Clair's Place." ''Forerunner'' 6:6 (1915): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 295–303.
*"Girls and Land." ''Forerunner'' 6:5 (1915): 113–117. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 286–294.
*"Herland. A NOVEL. " ''Forerunner'' 6 (1915); NY: Pantheon Books, 1979.
*"Mrs. Merrill's Duties." ''Forerunner'' 6:3 (1915): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 277–285.
*"A Surplus Woman." ''Forerunner'' 7:5 (1916): 113–18. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 304–313.
*"Joan's Defender." ''Forerunner'' 7:6 (1916): 141–45. '"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 314–322.
*"The Girl in the Pink Hat." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916): 39–46. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 39–45.
*"With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916); Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997.

===Novels and novellas===

*''What Diantha Did''. ''Forerunner''. 1909–10.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009259616 ''The Crux'']. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]''. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''Mag-Marjorie.'' ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Won Over'' ''Forerunner.'' 1913.
*''[[Benigna Machiavelli]]'' ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1915.
*''[[With Her in Ourland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1916.
*''[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:3119432 Unpunished].'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Denise D. Knight. New York: Feminist Press, 1997.

===Drama/dialogues===

The majority of Gilman's dramas are inaccessible as they are only available from the originals. Some were printed/reprinted in ''Forerunner'', however.

*"Dame Nature Interviewed on the Woman Question as It Looks to Her" ''Kate Field's Washington'' (1890): 138–40.
*"The Twilight." ''Impress'' (November 10, 1894): 4–5.
*"Story Studies", ''Impress'', November 17, 1894: 5.
*"The Story Guessers", ''Impress'', November 24, 1894: 5.
*"Three Women." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 134.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009594270 "Something to Vote For"], ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911) 143–53.
*"The Ceaseless Struggle of Sex: A Dramatic View." ''Kate Field's Washington.'' April 9, 1890, 239–40.

===Non-fiction===
*''[[Women and Economics|Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution]].'' Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898.

====Book-length====

*''[[His Religion and Hers]]: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers''. NY and London: Century Co., 1923; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924; Westport: Hyperion Press, 1976.
*''Gems of Art for the Home and Fireside.'' Providence: J. A. and R. A. Reid, 1888.
*[https://archive.org/details/womenandeconomi02gilmgoog/page/n6/mode/2up ''Women and economics. A study of the economic relation between men and women as a factor in social evolution'']. Boston, Small, Maynard & Co., 1899
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39329/page/n3/mode/2up ''Concerning Children'']. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1900.
*[https://archive.org/details/homeitsworkandi00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''The Home. Its Work and Influence'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1903.
*[https://archive.org/details/humanwork01conggoog/page/n5/mode/2up ''Human Work'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1904.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924076285232/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Man-Made World or, Our Androcentric Culture'']. New York: Charton Co., 1911.
*''Our Brains and What Ails Them.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Social Ethics.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''Our Changing Morality.'' Ed. Freda Kirchway. NY: Boni, 1930. 53–66.

====Short and serial non-fiction====

*"On Advertising for Marriage." ''The Alpha'' 11, September 1, 1885: 7
*"Why Women Do Not Reform Their Dress." ''Woman's Journal'', October 9, 1886: 338.
*"A Protest Against Petticoats." ''Woman's Journal'', January 8, 1887: 60.
*"The Providence Ladies Gymnasium." ''Providence Journal'' 8 (1888): 2.
*"How Much Must We Read?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 1 (1889): 43–44.
*"Altering Human Nature." ''California Nationalist'', May 10, 1890: 10.
*"Are Women Better Than Men?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 3 (1891): 9–11.
*"A Lady on the Cap and Apron Question." ''Wasp'', June 6, 1891: 3.
*"The Reactive Lies of Gallantry." ''Belford's ns'' 2 (1892): 205–8.
*"The Vegetable Chinaman." ''Housekeeper's Weekly'', June 24, 1893: 3.
*"The Saloon and Its Annex." ''Stockton Mail'' 4 (1893): 4.
*"The Business League for Women." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2.
*"Official Report of Woman's Congress." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 3.
*"John Smith and Armenia." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 2–3.
*"The American Government." ''Woman's Column'', June 6, 1896: 3.
*"When Socialism Began." ''American Fabian'' 3 (1897): 1–2.
*"Causes and Uses of the Subjection of Women." ''Woman's Journal'', December 24, 1898: 410.
*"The Automobile as a Reformer." ''Saturday Evening Post'', June 3, 1899: 778.
*"Superfluous Women." ''Women's Journal'', April 7, 1900: 105.
*"Esthetic Dyspepsia." ''Saturday Evening Post'', August 4, 1900: 12.
*"Ideals of Child Culture." ''Child Stude For Mothers and Teachers''. Ed Margaret Sangster. Philadelphia: Booklovers Library, 1901. 93–101.
*"Should Wives Work?" ''Success'' 5 (1902): 139.
*"Fortschritte der Frauen in Amerika." ''Neues Frauenleben'' 1:1 (1903): 2–5.
*"The Passing of the Home in Great American Cities." ''Cosmopolitan'' 38 (1904): 137–47.
*"The Beauty of a Block." ''Independent'', July 14, 1904: 67–72.
*"The Home and the Hospital." ''Good Housekeeping'' 40 (1905): 9.
*"Some Light on the [Single Woman's] 'Problem.'" ''American Magazine'' 62 (1906): 4270428.
*"Why Cooperative Housekeeping Fails." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 41 (July 1907): 625–629.
*"Social Darwinism." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 12 (1907): 713–14.
*"A Suggestion on the Negro Problem." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1908): 78–85.
*"How Home Conditions React Upon the Family." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1909): 592–605.
*"Children's Clothing." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 44 (1910): 24.
*"On Dogs." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 206–9.
*"Should Women Use Violence?" ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1912): 11, 78–79.
*"How to Lighten the Labor of Women." ''McCall's'' 40 (1912): 14–15, 77.
*"What 'Love' Really Is." ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1913): 11, 57.
*"Gum Chewing in Public." ''New York Times'', May 20, 1914:12:5.
*"A Rational Position on Suffrage/At the Request of the New York Times, Mrs. Gilman Presents the Best Arguments Possible in Behalf of Votes for Women." ''New York Times Magazine'', March 7, 1915: 14–15.
*"What is Feminism?" ''Boston Sunday Herald Magazine'', September 3, 1916: 7.
*"The Housekeeper and the Food Problem." ''Annals of the American Academy'' 74 (1917): 123–40.
*"Concerning Clothes." ''Independent'', June 22, 1918: 478, 483.
*"The Socializing of Education." ''Public'', April 5, 1919: 348–49.
*"A Woman's Party." ''Suffragist'' 8 (1920): 8–9.
*"Making Towns Fit to Live In." ''Century'' 102 (1921): 361–366.
*"Cross-Examining Santa Claus." ''Century'' 105 (1922): 169–174.
*"Is America Too Hospitable?" ''Forum'' 70 (1923): 1983–89.
*"Toward Monogamy." ''Nation'', June 11, 1924: 671–73.
*"The Nobler Male." ''Forum'' 74 (1925): 19–21.
*"American Radicals." ''New York Jewish Daily Forward'' 1 (1926): 1.
*"Progress through Birth Control." ''North American Review'' 224 (1927): 622–29.
*"Divorce and Birth Control." ''Outlook'', January 25, 1928: 130–31.
*"Feminism and Social Progress." ''Problems of Civilization''. Ed. Baker Brownell. NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1929. 115–42.
*"Sex and Race Progress." ''Sex in Civilization''. Eds V. F. Calverton and S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Macaulay, 1929. 109–23.
*"Parasitism and Civilized Vice." ''Woman's Coming of Age''. Ed. S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Liveright, 1931. 110–26.
*"Birth Control, Religion and the Unfit." ''Nation'', January 27, 1932: 108–109.
*"The Right to Die." ''Forum'' 94 (1935): 297–300.

===Self-publications===

''The Forerunner.'' Seven volumes, 1909–16. Microfiche. NY: Greenwood, 1968.

===Selected lectures===

There are 90 reports of the lectures that Gilman gave in The United States and Europe.<ref name=WellsDG />

*"Club News." ''Weekly Nationalist'', June 21, 1890: 6. [Re. "On Human Nature."]
*"Our Place Today", Los Angeles Woman's Club, January 21, 1891.
*"With Women Who Write." ''San Francisco Examiner'', March 1891, 3:3. [Re. "The Coming Woman."]
*"Safeguards Suggested for Social Evils." ''San Francisco Call'', April 24, 1892: 12:4.
*"The Labor Movement." Alameda County Federation of Trades, 1893. Alameda County, CA Labor Union Meetings. September 2, 1892.
*"Announcement." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2. [Re. Series of "Talks on Social Questions."]
*"All the Comforts of a Home." ''San Francisco Examiner'', May 22, 1895: 9. [Re. "Simplicity and Decoration."]
*"The Washington Convention." ''Woman's Journal'', February 15, 1896: 49–50. [Re. California.]
*"Woman Suffrage League." ''Boston Advertiser'', November 10, 1897: 8:1. [Re. "The Economic Basis of the Woman Question."]
*"Bellamy Memorial Meeting." ''American Fabian'' 4: (1898): 3.
*"An Evening With Kipling." ''Daily Argus'', March 14, 1899: 4:2.
*"Scientific Training of Domestic Servants." ''Women and Industrial Life'', Vol. 6 of ''International Congress of Women of 1899''. Ed Countess of Aberdeen. London: T. Unwin Fisher, 1900. 109.
*"Society and the Child." ''Brooklyn Eagle'', December 11, 1902: 8:4.
*"Woman and Work/ Popular Fallacy that They are a Leisure Class, Says Mrs. Gilman." ''New York Tribune'', February 26, 1903: 7:1.
*"A New Light on the Woman Question." ''Woman's Journal'', April 25, 1904: 76–77.
*"Straight Talk by Mrs. Gilman is Looked For." ''San Francisco Call'', July 16, 1905: 33:2.
*"Women and Social Service." Warren: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1907.
*"Higher Marriage Mrs. Gilman's Plea." ''New York Times'', December 29, 1908: 2:3.
*"Three Women Leaders in Hub." ''Boston Post'', December 7, 1909: 1:1–2 and 14:5–6.
*"Warless World When Women's Slavery Ends." ''San Francisco Examiner'', November 14, 1910: 4:1.
*"Lecture Given by Mrs. Gilman." ''San Francisco Call'', November 15, 1911: 7:3. [Re. "The Society-- Body and Soul."]
*"Mrs. Gilman Assorts Sins." ''New York Times'', June 3, 1913: 3:8
*"Adam the Real Rib, Mrs. Gilman Insists." ''New York Times'', February 19, 1914: 9:3.
*"Advocates a 'World City.'" ''New York Times'', January 6, 1915: 15:5. [Re. Arbitration of diplomatic disputes by an international agency.]
*"The Listener." ''Boston Transcript'', April 14, 1917: 14:1. [Re. Announcement of lecture series.]
*"Great Duty for Women After War." ''Boston Post'', February 26, 1918: 2:7.
*"Mrs. Gilman Urges Hired Mother Idea." ''New York Times'', September 23, 1919: 36:1–2.
*"Eulogize Susan B. Anthony." ''New York Times'', February 16, 1920: 15:6. [Re. Gilman and others eulogize Anthony on the centenary of her birth.]
*"Walt Whitman Dinner." ''New York Times'', June 1, 1921: 16:7. [Gilman speaks at annual meeting of Whitman Society in New York.]
*"Fiction of America Being Melting Pot Unmasked by CPG." ''Dallas Morning News'', February 15, 1926: 9:7–8 and 15:8.

===Diaries, journals, biographies, and letters===
*''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
*''A Journey from Within: The Love Letters of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1897–1900.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Lewisburg: Bucknill UP, 1995.
*''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' 2 Vols. Ed. Denise D. Knight. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.

===Autobiography===
*''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography.'' New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935; NY: Arno Press, 1972; and Harper & Row, 1975.

===Academic studies===
*Allen, Judith (2009). ''The Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sexualities, Histories, Progressivism'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-01463-0}}
*Allen, Polly Wynn (1988). ''Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Architectural Feminism'', University of Massachusetts Press, {{ISBN|0-87023-627-X}}
*Berman, Jeffrey. "The Unrestful Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" In ''The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,'' edited by Catherine Golden. New York: Feminist Press, 1992, pp. 211–41.
*Carter-Sanborn, Kristin. "Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Arizona Quarterly 56.2 (Summer 2000): 1–36.
*Ceplair, Larry, ed. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Nonfiction Reader.'' New York: Columbia UP, 1991.
*Class, Claire Marie. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/934770 "Chloroformed: Anesthetic Utopianism and Eugenic Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ''Herland'' and Other Works."] ''Legacy'' 41.1 (2024): 75-98.
*Davis, Cynthia J. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography'' (Stanford University Press; 2010) 568 pages; major scholarly biography
*Davis, Cynthia J. and Denise D. Knight. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts.'' Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
*Deegan, Mary Jo. "Introduction." With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. Eds. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 1–57.
*Eldredge, Charles C. Charles Walter Stetson, Color, and Fantasy. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, The U of Kansas, 1982.
*Ganobcsik-Williams, Lisa. "The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender." Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.
*Golden, Catherine. T''he Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper.'' New York: Feminist Press, 1992.
:---. "`Written to Drive Nails With’: Recalling the Early Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 243-66.
*Gough, Val. "`In the Twinkling of an Eye’: Gilman's Utopian Imagination." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 129–43.
*Gubar, Susan. "She in Herland: Feminism as Fantasy." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Woman and Her Work.'' Ed. Sheryl L. Meyering. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989. 191–201.
*Hill, Mary Armfield. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Journey From Within." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 8–23.
*Hill, Mary A. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' (Temple University Press, 1980).
*Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz, ''Wild Unrest: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of "The Yellow Wall-Paper"'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
*Huber, Hannah, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do;jsessionid=8FD1E905E467B7932C25FEA925A24546?N=197+4294921854+4294916915&Ntk=P_EPI&Ntt=4012446918244628151447568114470875072&Ntx=mode%2Bmatchallpartial Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 381: Writers on Women's Rights and United States Suffrage]'', edited by George P. Anderson. Gale, pp. 140–52.
*Huber, Hannah, "‘The One End to Which Her Whole Organism Tended’: Social Evolution in Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.salempress.com/Critical-Insights-Edith-Wharton Critical Insights: Edith Wharton]'', edited by Myrto Drizou, Salem Press, pp. 48–62.
*Karpinski, Joanne B., "The Economic Conundrum in the Lifewriting of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Joanne S. Zangrando. U of Delaware P, 2000. 35–46.
*Kessler, Carol Farley. "Dreaming Always of Lovely Things Beyond’: Living Toward Herland, Experiential foregrounding." in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 89–103.
*Knight, Denise D. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Study of the Short Fiction, Twayne Studies in Short Fiction'' (Twayne Publishers, 1997).
:---. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism." ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 32, no. 2, 2000, pp. 159–169. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/27746975.
:---. "Introduction." Herland, `The Yellow Wall-Paper’ and Selected Writings. New York: Penguin, 1999.
*Lane, Ann J. "Gilman, Charlotte Perkins"; [http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00272.html ''American National Biography Online''], 2000.
:---. "The Fictional World of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader.'' Ed. Ann J. Lane. New York: Pantheon, 1980.
:---. "Introduction." Herland: A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. 1915. Rpt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979
:---. ''To Herland and Beyond: The Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' New York: Pantheon, 1990.
*Lanser, Susan S. "Feminist Criticism, 'The Yellow Wallpaper,' and the Politics of Color in America." ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441. ''JSTOR'', [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938. Reprinted in "The Yellow Wallpaper": Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1993. 225–256.]
*Long, Lisa A. "Herland and the Gender of Science." in ''MLA Approaches to Teaching Gilman's The Yellow Wall-Paper and Herland.'' Eds. Denise D. Knight and Cynthia J. David. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. 125–132.
*Mitchell, S. Weir, M.D. "Camp Cure." Nurse and Patient, and Camp Cure. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1877
:---. Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked. 1887. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and ‘A Suggestion on the Negro Problem.’" ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 48, no. 1, 2015, pp. 25–39. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. and [[Gary Scharnhorst]]. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. Ambrose Bierce: The Literary Politics of Gender in Fin-de-Siècle California." ''Journal of the West'' (July 1993): 52–60.
*Palmeri, Ann. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science." in ''Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology and Philosophy of Science''. Eds. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983. 97–120.
*Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Boston: Twayne, 1985. Studies Gilman as writer
*Scharnhorst, Gary, and Denise D. Knight. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Library: A Reconstruction." Resources for American Literary Studies 23:2 (1997): 181–219.
*Stetson, Charles Walter. ''Endure: The Diaries of Charles Walter Stetson.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1985.
*Tuttle, Jennifer S. "Rewriting the West Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Owen Wister, and the Sexual Politics of Neurasthenia." The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 103–121.
*Von Rosk, Nancy. "Women, Work and Cross-Class Alliances in the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Working Women in American Literature, 1865–1950. Miriam Gogol ed. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. 69–91.
*Wegener, Frederick. "What a Comfort a Woman Doctor Is!’ Medical Women in the Life and Writing of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd & Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 45–73.
*Weinbaum, Alys Eve. "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism." ''Feminist Studies'' 27 (Summer 2001): 271–30.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://sites.google.com/site/gilmansociety/home Charlotte Perkins Gilman Society]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charlotte-perkins-gilman}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=27| name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1736}}
* {{LCAuth|n78079511|Charlotte Perkins Gilman|107|}}
* {{ISFDB name|3585}}
* [http://www.feministpress.org/ The Feminist Press]
* [http://essays.quotidiana.org/gilman/ Essays by Charlotte Perkins Gilman] at [http://essays.quotidiana.org/ Quotidiana.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000823090052/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html "A Guide for Research Materials"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006045720/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/gilman1.html "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Domestic Goddess"]
* {{Books and Writers |id=gilman.htm |name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/gilman/suffrage/suffrage.html Suffrage Songs and Verses]
*[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/4827 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
*[http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ Charlotte Perkins Gilman Digital Collection.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155522/http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ |date=September 1, 2017 }} [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* [https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/finding-aids/D513 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers], Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, [[University of Rochester]]

===Audio files===
* [https://archive.org/download/SUSPENSE4/480729YellowWallpaper.mp3 The Yellow Wallpaper], Suspense, CBS radio, 1948
* 2 short radio episodes of Gilman's writing, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "California Colors"] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "Matriatism"] from California Legacy Project.

{{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilman, Charlotte Perkins}}
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[[Category:American magazine editors]]

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

2024-09-22T21:38:50Z

MBWhitney: Adding her contribution to sociology with references

{{short description|American feminist, writer, artist, and lecturer (1860–1935)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Charlotte Perkins Gilman
| image = Charlotte Perkins Gilman c. 1900.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Charlotte Perkins
| birth_date = {{birth date|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hartford, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|8|17|1860|7|3|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Pasadena, California]], U.S.
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Charles Walter Stetson]]|1884|1894|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Houghton Gilman|1900|1934|end=d}}
}}
| children = 1
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* [[commercial artist]]
* magazine editor
* lecturer
* [[social reformer]]
}}
| notableworks = "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]" ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' ''[[Women and Economics]]''
| signature = Charlotte Perkins Gilman Signature Transparent.png
| education = Rhode Island School of Design (1878)
}}

'''Charlotte Perkins Gilman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|l|m|ən}}; née '''Perkins'''; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935), also known by her first married name '''Charlotte Perkins Stetson''', was an American [[humanist]], [[novelist]], [[writer]], [[lecturer]], early sociologist, advocate for [[social reform]], and [[eugenics|eugenicist]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623220502/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman |access-date=August 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was a [[utopian]] [[feminist]] and served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. Her works were primarily focused on gender, specifically gendered labor division in society, and the problem of male domination. She has been inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilman, Charlotte Perkins |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/charlotte-perkins-gilman/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Her best remembered work today is her [[semi-autobiographical]] short story "[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]", which she wrote after a severe bout of [[postpartum psychosis]].

==Early life==
Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], to Mary Fitch Westcott and [[Frederic Beecher Perkins]]. She had only one brother, Thomas Adie, who was fourteen months older, because a physician advised Mary Perkins that she might die if she bore other children. During Charlotte's infancy, her father moved out and abandoned his wife and children, and the remainder of her childhood was spent in poverty.<ref name="Britannica"/>

Since their mother was unable to support the family on her own, the Perkinses were often in the presence of her father's aunts, namely [[Isabella Beecher Hooker]], a [[suffragist]]; [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], author of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''; and [[Catharine Beecher]], educationalist.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Her schooling was erratic: she attended seven different schools, for a cumulative total of just four years, ending when she was fifteen. Her mother was not affectionate with her children. To keep them from getting hurt as she had been, she forbade her children from making strong friendships or reading fiction. In her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', Gilman wrote that her mother showed affection only when she thought her young daughter was asleep.<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', p. 10.</ref> Although she lived a childhood of isolated, impoverished loneliness, she unknowingly prepared herself for the life that lay ahead by frequently visiting the public library and studying physics, literature, history (particularly ancient civilizations) on her own. Her father's love for literature influenced her, and years later he contacted her with a list of books he felt would be worthwhile for her to read.<ref>Denise D. Knight, ''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia: 1994), p. xiv.</ref>
[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1868).png|thumb|Charlotte Perkins Gilman as a child, 1868]]
Much of Gilman's youth was spent in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. What friends she had were mainly male, and she was unashamed, for her time, to call herself a "[[tomboy]]".<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', (1988), p. 30.</ref>

Her natural intelligence and breadth of knowledge always impressed her teachers, who were nonetheless disappointed in her because she was a poor student.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 26.</ref> Her favorite subject was "[[natural philosophy]]", especially what later would become known as physics. In 1878, the eighteen-year-old enrolled in classes at the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] with the monetary help of her absent father,<ref>Gilman, "Autobiography", Chapter 5</ref> and subsequently supported herself as an artist of [[trade cards]]. She was a tutor, and encouraged others to expand their artistic creativity.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', p. 29.</ref> She was also a painter.

During her time at the Rhode Island School of Design, Gilman met Martha Luther in about 1879<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019">Kate Bolick, "The Equivocal Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman" (2019).</ref> and was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Luther. Gilman described the close relationship she had with Luther in her autobiography: {{Blockquote
|text=We were closely together, increasingly happy together, for four of those long years of girlhood. She was nearer and dearer than any one up to that time. This was love, but not sex{{nbsp}}... With Martha I knew perfect happiness{{nbsp}}... We were not only extremely fond of each other, but we had fun together, deliciously{{nbsp}}...
|author=Charlotte P. Gilman
|source=''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'' (1935)}}

Letters between the two women chronicles their lives from 1883 to 1889 and contains over 50 letters, including correspondence, illustrations and manuscripts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Lost Letters to Martha Luther Lane |website=betweenthecovers.com |access-date=February 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214003104/http://private.betweenthecovers.com/Catalogs/403896Gilman.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> They pursued their relationship until Luther ended the relationship in order to marry a man in 1881. Gilman was devastated and detested romance and love until she met her first husband.<ref name="Kate Bolick 2019"/>

==Overcoming personal challenges==
[[File:Portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman at age twenty four, ca. 1884. (16980287620).jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Gilman at age 24, ca. 1884]]
"[[Rest cure]] treatment" was a medical treatment popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries primarily for women suffering from symptoms like [[fatigue]], [[anxiety]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. The rest cure was developed by Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]], a neurologist, in the late 19th century. The treatment typically involved a strict regimen of bed rest, isolation from mental and physical stimulation, limited social interaction, and a highly regulated diet. Patients were often confined to bed for weeks or even months at a time, with minimal physical activity and intellectual stimulation. The treatment was controversial and had mixed results. While some patients reported improvement in their symptoms, others experienced worsening mental health and physical debilitation due to prolonged inactivity and social isolation. It is now considered outdated and potentially harmful in many cases.

Perkins-Gilman married Charles Stetson in 1884, and less than a year later gave birth to their daughter Katharine. Already susceptible to depression, her symptoms were exacerbated by marriage and motherhood. A good proportion of her diary entries from the time she gave birth to her daughter until several years later describe the oncoming depression that she was to face.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 323–385.</ref>

After nine weeks{{When|date=March 2024|reason=nine weeks after what? Did she go to the hospital?}}, Gilman was sent home with Mitchell's instructions, "Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time{{nbsp}}... Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours' intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live." She tried for a few months to follow Mitchell's advice, but her depression deepened, and Gilman came perilously close to a full emotional collapse.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 96.</ref> Her remaining sanity was on the line and she began to display [[Suicide|suicidal behavior]] that involved talk of pistols and chloroform, as recorded in her husband's diaries. By early summer the couple had decided that a divorce was necessary for her to regain sanity without affecting the lives of her husband and daughter.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408" />

During the summer of 1888, Charlotte and Katharine spent time in [[Bristol, Rhode Island]], away from Walter, and it was there where her depression began to lift. She writes of herself noticing positive changes in her attitude. She returned to Providence in September. She sold property that had been left to her in Connecticut, and went with a friend, Grace Channing, to [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] where the recovery of her depression can be seen through the transformation of her intellectual life.<ref name="Knight, Diaries" />

Along with many women during the late 19th century, Perkins-Gilman dealt with the trauma of the rest cure treatment due to the lack of societal attitudes, limited understanding of mental health, and the authority of the medical profession. However, as awareness and understanding of [[mental health]] improved over time, the rest cure fell out of favor, recognized as an outdated and potentially harmful approach to treatment.

==Adulthood==
In 1884, she married the artist [[Charles Walter Stetson]], after initially declining his proposal because her intuition told her it was not the right thing for her.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 82.</ref> Their only child, Katharine Beecher Stetson (1885–1979),<ref>{{cite web|title=Katharine Beecher Stetson|website=MacDowell studios (macdowell.org)|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/katharine-stetson}}</ref> was born the following year on March 23, 1885. Charlotte Perkins Gilman suffered a serious bout of [[postpartum depression]]. This was an age in which women were seen as "hysterical" and "nervous" beings; thus, when a woman claimed to be seriously ill after giving birth, her claims were sometimes dismissed.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'', 90.</ref>
[[File:Informal portrait of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, outdoors, ca. 1897. (16911145300).jpg|left|thumb|Gilman (right) with her daughter, Katherine Beecher Stetson, ca. 1897]]
Gilman moved to Southern California with her daughter Katherine and lived with friend [[Grace Ellery Channing]]. In 1888, Charlotte [[Legal separation|separated]] from her husband—a rare occurrence in the late nineteenth century. They officially divorced in 1894. After their divorce, Stetson married Channing.<ref name="Channing FA">{{cite web|title=Channing, Grace Ellery, 1862–1937. Papers of Grace Ellery Channing, 1806–1973: A Finding Aid|url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7092|website=Harvard University Library|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Knight, Diaries, 408">Knight, ''Diaries'', 408.</ref> During the year she left her husband, Charlotte met [[Adeline Knapp]], called "Delle". Cynthia J. Davis describes how the two women had a serious relationship. She writes that Gilman "believed that in Delle she had found a way to combine loving and living, and that with a woman as life mate she might more easily uphold that combination than she would in a conventional heterosexual marriage." The relationship ultimately came to an end.<ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Cynthia |title=Love and Economics: Charlotte Perkins Gilman on "The Woman Question" |journal=ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly) |date=December 2005 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=242–248 |url=https://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |access-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809024345/http://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/acallanan/YWP_love%20and%20economics.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Harrison">{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Pat |title=The Evolution of Charlotte Perkins Gilman |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |website=Radcliffe Magazine |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=November 25, 2018 |date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073931/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/evolution-charlotte-perkins-gilman |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the separation from her husband, Gilman moved with her daughter to Pasadena, California, where she became active in [[Feminism in the United States|feminist]] and [[Reformism|reformist]] organizations such as the [[Pacific Coast Women's Press Association]], the Woman's Alliance, the Economic Club, the [[Ebell Society]] (named after [[Adrian John Ebell]]), the Parents Association, and the State Council of Women, in addition to writing and editing the ''Bulletin'', a journal published by one of the earlier-mentioned organizations.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 525.</ref>

In 1894, Gilman sent her daughter east to live with her former husband and his second wife, her friend Grace Ellery Channing. Gilman reported in her memoir that she was happy for the couple, since Katharine's "second mother was fully as good as the first, [and perhaps] better in some ways."<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 163.</ref> Gilman also held progressive views about paternal rights and acknowledged that her ex-husband "had a right to some of [Katharine's] society" and that Katharine "had a right to know and love her father."<ref name="Knight, Diaries">Knight, ''Diaries''.</ref>

[[File:Charlotte Perkins Gilman by Frances Benjamin Johnston.jpg|thumb|upright|Charlotte Perkins Gilman Photograph by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]] (c. 1900)|left]]After her mother died in 1893, Gilman decided to move back east for the first time in eight years. She contacted Houghton Gilman, her first cousin, whom she had not seen in roughly fifteen years, who was a [[Wall Street]] attorney. They began spending time together almost immediately and became romantically involved. While she went on [[lecture tour]]s, Houghton and Charlotte exchanged letters and spent as much time as they could together before she left. In her diaries, she describes him as being "pleasurable" and it is clear that she was deeply interested in him.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 648–666.</ref> From their wedding in 1900 until 1922, they lived in New York City. Their marriage was very different from her first one. In 1922, Gilman moved from New York to Houghton's old homestead in [[Norwich, Connecticut]]. Following Houghton's sudden death from a [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|cerebral hemorrhage]] in 1934, Gilman moved back to Pasadena, California, where her daughter lived.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813">Knight, ''Diaries'', p. 813.</ref>

In January 1932, Gilman was diagnosed with incurable [[breast cancer]].<ref>Polly Wynn Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, 54.</ref> An advocate of [[euthanasia]] for the terminally ill, Gilman died by suicide on August 17, 1935, by taking an overdose of [[chloroform]]. In both her autobiography and suicide note, she wrote that she "chose chloroform over cancer" and she died quickly and quietly.<ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

==Career==
At one point, Gilman supported herself by selling soap [[door to door]]. After moving to Pasadena, Gilman became active in organizing [[social reform]] movements. As a delegate, she represented California in 1896 at both the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in Washington, D.C., and the [[International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London 1896|International Socialist and Labor Congress]] in London.<ref>Gilman, ''Autobiography'' 187, 198.</ref> In 1890, she was introduced to the [[Nationalist Clubs]] movement which worked to "end capitalism's greed and distinctions between classes while promoting a peaceful, ethical, and truly progressive human race." Published in the ''Nationalist'' magazine, her poem "Similar Cases" was a satirical review of people who resisted social change, and she received positive feedback from critics for it. Throughout that same year, 1890, she became inspired enough to write fifteen essays, poems, a novella, and the short story ''The Yellow Wallpaper''. Her career was launched when she began lecturing on Nationalism and gained the public's eye with her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'', published in 1893.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 409.</ref> As a successful lecturer who relied on giving speeches as a source of income, her fame grew along with her social circle of similar-minded activists and writers of the [[feminist movement]].

==="The Yellow Wallpaper"===
{{Main article|The Yellow Wallpaper}}
[[File:The Yellow Wallpaper (1899 edition - cover).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[The Yellow Wallpaper]], one of Gilman's most popular works, originally published in 1892, before her marriage to George Houghton Gilman.]]
In 1890, Gilman wrote her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |page=Introduction 5 |year=2016 |isbn=9781410348029 |title=A Study Guide for Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Herland"|last1=Gale |first1=Cengage Learning |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning }}</ref> which is now the all-time best selling book of the [[Feminist Press]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.feministpress.org/books-n-z/the-yellow-wall-paper |access-date=August 26, 2018 |website=[[The Feminist Press]] |title=The Yellow Wall-paper}}</ref> She wrote it on June 6 and 7, 1890, in her home of Pasadena, and it was printed a year and a half later in the January 1892 issue of ''[[The New England Magazine]]''.<ref name="Britannica"/> Since its original printing, it has been anthologized in numerous collections of [[women's literature]], [[American literature]], and textbooks,<ref>Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception.'' University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998; p. 6.</ref> though not always in its original form. For instance, many textbooks omit the phrase "in marriage" from a very important line in the beginning of story: "John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage." The reason for this omission is a mystery, as Gilman's views on marriage are made clear throughout the story.

The story is about a woman who suffers from mental illness after three months of being closeted in a room by her husband for the sake of her health. She becomes obsessed with the room's revolting yellow wallpaper. Gilman wrote this story to change people's minds about the role of women in society, illustrating how women's lack of autonomy is detrimental to their mental, emotional, and even physical wellbeing. This story was inspired by her treatment from her first husband.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.biography.com/people/charlotte-perkins-gilman-9311669#marriage-and-inspiration | title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman| date=October 26, 2021}}</ref> The narrator in the story must do as her husband (who is also her doctor) demands, although the treatment he prescribes contrasts directly with what she truly needs—mental stimulation and the freedom to escape the monotony of the room to which she is confined. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was essentially a response to the doctor (Dr. [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]]) who had tried to cure her of her depression through a "[[rest cure]]" and who is mentioned in the story: "John says if I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall." She sent him a copy of the story.<ref>Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception,'' pp. 23–24.</ref>

=== "The Home: Its Work and Influence" ===
In 1903 Charlotte Perkins Gilman published a [[non-fiction]] book "The Home: Its Work and Influence". In this influential work, Gilman explores the role of the home in society and its impact on individuals, particularly women. She challenges traditional [[Gender role|gender roles]] and argues for greater autonomy and fulfillment for women beyond domestic responsibilities. Gilman critiques the notion of the home as solely a woman's domain and advocates for social and economic reforms to empower women and improve their well-being. "The Home: Its Work and Influence" is a seminal text in the [[First-wave feminism|early feminist movement]] and continues to be studied for its insights into gender, society, and the [[Private sphere|domestic sphere]].

=== "The Crux" ===
The Crux is an important early feminist work that brings to the fore complicated issues of gender, citizenship, eugenics, and frontier nationalism. First published serially in the feminist journal The Forerunner in 1910, The Crux tells the story of a group of New England women who move west to start a boardinghouse for men in Colorado. The innocent central character, Vivian Lane, falls in love with Morton Elder, who has both gonorrhea and syphilis. The concern of the novel is not so much that Vivian will catch syphilis, but that, if she were to marry and have children with Morton, she would harm the "national stock." The novel was written, in Gilman’s words, as a "story . . . for young women to read . . . in order that they may protect themselves and their children to come." What was to be protected was the civic imperative to produce "pureblooded" citizens for a utopian ideal.

=== "Suffrage Songs and Verses" ===
"Suffrage Songs and Verses" is a collection of poems and songs written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, published during the suffrage movement in the early 20th century. In this collection, Gilman uses her poetic voice to advocate for women's rights, particularly the right to vote. Through verse, she expresses the frustrations of women who were denied political participation and calls for gender equality. The poems celebrate the strength, resilience, and determination of [[Suffragette|suffragists]] while critiquing the patriarchal society that oppresses women. "Suffrage Songs and Verses" serves as both a literary work and a rallying cry for the suffrage movement, capturing the spirit and passion of the activists who fought for women's enfranchisement.

== Other notable works ==

=== "''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside"/ "This Our World"'' ===
In 1888 Perkins-Gilman published her first book, ''Art Gems for the Home and Fireside'' (1888); however, it was her first volume of poetry, ''In This Our World'' (1893), a collection of satirical poems, that first brought her recognition. During the next two decades she gained much of her fame with lectures on women's issues, ethics, labor, human rights, and social reform. She often referred to these themes in her fiction.<ref name="Britannica" /> Her lecture tours took her across the United States.<ref name="Britannica" /> <ref name="Knight, Diaries, 813" />

=== "''Women and Economics"'' ===
In 1894–95 Gilman served as editor of the magazine ''The Impress'', a literary weekly that was published by the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association (formerly the ''Bulletin''). For the twenty weeks the magazine was printed, she was consumed in the satisfying accomplishment of contributing its poems, editorials, and other articles. The short-lived paper's printing came to an end as a result of a social bias against her lifestyle which included being an unconventional mother and a woman who had divorced a man.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 601</ref> After a four-month-long lecture tour that ended in April 1897, Gilman began to think more deeply about sexual relationships and economics in American life, eventually completing the first draft of ''Women and Economics'' (1898). This book discussed the role of women in the home, arguing for changes in the practices of child-raising and housekeeping to alleviate pressures from women and potentially allow them to expand their work to the public sphere.<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Women and Economics" in Alice S. Rossi, ed., ''The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir'' (1997), section 1 only, 572–576.</ref> The book was published in the following year and propelled Gilman into the international spotlight.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 681.</ref> In 1903, she addressed the International Congress of Women in Berlin. The next year, she toured in England, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

=== "''The Home: Its Work and Influence"'' ===
In 1903 she wrote one of her most critically acclaimed books, ''The Home: Its Work and Influence'', which expanded upon ''[[Women and Economics]]'', proposing that women are oppressed in their home and that the environment in which they live needs to be modified in order to be healthy for their mental states. In between traveling and writing, her career as a literary figure was secured.<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 811.</ref>

=== "''The Forerunner''," ===
{{Main articles|Forerunner (magazine)}}
[[File:The ForeRunner (1913) Charlotte Perkins Gilman.jpg|thumb|1913 issue of ''[[The Forerunner]]'']]
From 1909 to 1916 Gilman single-handedly wrote and edited her own magazine, ''The Forerunner'', in which much of her fiction appeared. By presenting material in her magazine that would "stimulate thought", "arouse hope, courage and impatience", and "express ideas which need a special medium", she aimed to go against the mainstream media which was overly [[Sensationalism|sensational]].<ref>Sari Edelstein, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Yellow Newspaper". ''Legacy'', 24(1), 72–92. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from GenderWatch (GW) database. (Document ID: 1298797291).</ref> Over seven years and two months the magazine produced eighty-six issues, each twenty eight pages long. The magazine had nearly 1,500 subscribers and featured such [[Serial (literature)|serialized]] works as "What Diantha Did" (1910), ''The Crux'' (1911), ''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]'' (1911), and ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]'' (1915). The ''Forerunner'' has been cited as being "perhaps the greatest literary accomplishment of her long career".<ref>Knight, ''Diaries'', 812.</ref> After its seven years, she wrote hundreds of articles that were submitted to the ''[[Louisville Herald-Post|Louisville Herald]]'', ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', and the ''[[Buffalo Evening News]]''. Her autobiography, ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman'', which she began to write in 1925, was published [[Posthumous publication|posthumously]] in 1935.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 30.</ref>

=== Works by Perkins-Gilman ===

=== Non-fiction ===

* ''Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. (1898)''
* ''Concerning Children (1900)''
* ''The Home: Its Work and Influence. (1903)''
* ''Human Work.(1904)''
* ''The Man-Made World; or, Our Andocentric Culture (1911)''
* ''Our Brains and What Ails Them (1912)''
* ''Humanness (1913)''
* ''Social Ethics (1914)''
* ''The Dress of Women(1915)''
* ''Growth and Combat (1916)''
* ''His Religion and Hers: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers (1923)''
* ''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. (1935)''

=== Fiction ===

* "The Yellow Wallpaper" 5 [January], (1892).
* ''The Yellow Wallpaper (1899)''
* ''What Diantha Did (1910)''
* ''Moving the Mountain (1911)''
* ''The Crux. (1911)''
* ''Benigna Machiavelli (1916)''
* ''Herland (1915)''
* ''With Her in Ourland (1916)''

=== Poetry ===

* Oakland, California: McCombs & Vaughn (1893)
* Suffrage Songs and Verses New York: The Charlton Company. (1911)

==Social views and theories==

=== Reform Darwinism and the role of women in society ===
Gilman called herself a [[humanism|humanist]] and believed the domestic environment oppressed women through the [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] beliefs upheld by society.<ref>Ann J. Lane, ''To Herland and Beyond'', 230.</ref> Gilman embraced the theory of reform [[Darwinism]] and argued that Darwin's theories of evolution presented only the male as the given in the process of human evolution, thus overlooking the origins of the female brain in society that rationally chose the best suited mate that they could find.

Gilman argued that male aggressiveness and maternal roles for women were artificial and no longer necessary for survival in post-prehistoric times. She wrote, "There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Might as well speak of a female liver."<ref>Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ''Women and Economics'' (Boston, MA: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898).</ref>

Her main argument was that sex and domestic economics went hand in hand; for a woman to survive, she was reliant on her sexual assets to please her husband so that he would financially support his family. From childhood, young girls are forced into a social constraint that prepares them for motherhood by the toys that are marketed to them and the clothes designed for them. She argued that there should be no difference in the clothes that little girls and boys wear, the toys they play with, or the activities they do, and described tomboys as perfect humans who ran around and used their bodies freely and healthily.<ref>Carl N. Degler, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman on the Theory and Practice of Feminism", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (Spring, 1956), 26.</ref>
[[File:Articles by and photo of Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1916.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Articles about [[feminism]] by Gilman and a photo of her as printed in the ''[[Atlanta Constitution]],'' December 10, 1916]]
Gilman argued that women's contributions to civilization, throughout history, have been halted because of an [[androcentrism|androcentric]] culture. She believed that womankind was the underdeveloped half of humanity, and improvement was necessary to prevent the deterioration of the human race.<ref>Davis and Knight, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries'', 206.</ref> Gilman believed economic independence is the only thing that could really bring freedom for women and make them equal to men. In 1898 she published ''Women and Economics'', a theoretical [[treatise]] which argued, among other things, that women are subjugated by men, that motherhood should not preclude a woman from working outside the home, and that housekeeping, cooking, and child care, would be professionalized.<ref>Gilman, ''Women and Economics''.</ref> "The ideal woman," Gilman wrote, "was not only assigned a social role that locked her into her home, but she was also expected to like it, to be cheerful and gay, smiling and good-humored." When the sexual-economic relationship ceases to exist, life on the domestic front would certainly improve, as frustration in relationships often stems from the lack of social contact that the domestic wife has with the outside world.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27.</ref>

Gilman became a spokesperson on topics such as women's perspectives on work, [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform]], and family. Housework, she argued, should be equally shared by men and women, and that at an early age women should be encouraged to be independent. In many of her major works, including "The Home" (1903), ''Human Work'' (1904), and ''The Man-Made World'' (1911), Gilman also advocated women working outside of the home.<ref>Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27–35.</ref>

Gilman argued that the home should be socially redefined. The home should shift from being an "economic entity" where a married couple live together because of the economic benefit or necessity, to a place where groups of men and groups of women can share in a "peaceful and permanent expression of personal life."<ref>{{cite book|last=Gilman|first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend|url-access=registration|year=2005 |publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/114 114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

Gilman believed having a comfortable and healthy lifestyle should not be restricted to married couples; all humans need a home that provides these amenities. She suggested that a communal type of housing open to both males and females, consisting of rooms, rooms of suites and houses, should be constructed. This would allow individuals to live singly and still have companionship and the comforts of a home. Both males and females would be totally economically independent in these living arrangements allowing for marriage to occur without either the male or the female's economic status having to change.

The structural arrangement of the home is also redefined by Gilman. She removes the kitchen from the home, leaving rooms to be arranged and extended in any form and freeing women from the provision of meals in the home. The home would become a true personal expression of the individual living in it.

Ultimately the restructuring of the home and manner of living will allow individuals, especially women, to become an "integral part of the social structure, in close, direct, permanent connection with the needs and uses of society." That would be a dramatic change for women, who generally considered themselves restricted by family life built upon their economic dependence on men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |editor1=Kolmar |editor2=Bartkowski |name-list-style=amp |title=Feminist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend |url-access=registration |year=2005|publisher=McGraw Hill|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryre00wend/page/110 110–114]|isbn=9780072826722 }}</ref>

===Feminism in stories and novellas===

Gilman created a world in many of her stories with a feminist point of view. Two of her narratives, "What Diantha Did", and ''Herland'', are good examples of Gilman focusing her work on how women are not just stay-at-home mothers they are expected to be; they are also people who have dreams, who are able to travel and work just as men do, and whose goals include a society where women are just as important as men. The world-building that is executed by Gilman, as well as the characters in these two stories and others, embody the change that was needed in the early 1900s in a way that is now commonly seen as feminism.

Gilman uses world-building in ''Herland'' to demonstrate the equality that she longed to see. The women of Herland are the providers as there are no men in their society. This makes them appear to be the dominant sex, taking over the gender roles that are typically given to men. Elizabeth Keyser notes, "In ''Herland'' the supposedly superior sex becomes the inferior or disadvantaged ..."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keyser |first1=Elizabeth |title=Looking Backward: From Herland to Gulliver's Travels |date=1992 |publisher=G.K. Hall & Company |page=160}}</ref> In this utopian world, the women reproduce asexually and consider it an honor to be mothers. Unlike the patriarchal society that exists outside of Herland, the women do not have surnames for themselves or their children, as they do not believe that human beings should be "claimed" by others. In this society, Gilman makes it to where women are focused on having leadership within the community, fulfilling roles that are stereotypically seen as being male roles, and running an entire community without the same attitudes that men have concerning their work and the community. However, the attitude men carried concerning women were degrading, especially by progressive women, like Gilman. Using ''Herland'', Gilman challenged this stereotype, and made the society of Herland a type of paradise. Gilman uses this story to confirm the stereotypically devalued qualities of women are valuable, show strength, and shatters traditional utopian structure for future works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=Laura E. |title=The Eve of De-Struction: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminist Recreation of Paradise |journal=Women's Studies |date=March 1989 |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |page=378 |doi=10.1080/00497878.1989.9978776}}</ref> Essentially, Gilman creates Herland's society to have women hold all the power, showing more equality in this world, alluding to changes she wanted to see in her lifetime.

Gilman's feministic approach differs from ''Herland'' in "What Diantha Did". One character in this story, Diantha, breaks through the traditional expectation of women, showing Gilman's desires for what a woman would be able to do in real-life society. Throughout the story, Gilman portrays Diantha as a character who strikes through the image of businesses in the U.S., who challenges gender norms and roles, and who believed that women could provide the solution to the corruption in big business in society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fama |first1=Katherine A. |title=Domestic Data and Feminist Momentum: The Narrative Accounting of Helen Stuart Campbell and Charlotte Perkins Gilman |journal=Studies in American Naturalism |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=319 |doi=10.1353/san.2017.0006|s2cid=148635798 }}</ref> Gilman chooses to have Diantha choose a career that is stereotypically not one a woman would have because in doing so, she is showing that the salaries and wages of traditional women's jobs are unfair. Diantha's choice to run a business allows her to come out of the shadows and join society. Gilman's works, especially her work with "What Diantha Did", are a call for change, a battle cry that would cause panic in men and power in women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seitler |first1=Dana |title=Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives |journal=American Quarterly |date=March 2003 |volume=55 |issue=1 |page=63 |doi=10.1353/aq.2003.0001|s2cid=143831741 }}</ref> Gilman used her work as a platform for a call to change, as a way to reach women and have them begin the movement toward freedom.

===Race===
In 1908, Gilman wrote an article in the ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' in which she set out her views on what she perceived to be a "sociological problem" concerning the presence of a large [[African Americans|Black American]] minority in America. Calling Black Americans "a large body of aliens" whose skin color made them "widely dissimilar and in many respects inferior," Gilman claimed that the economic and social situation of Black Americans was "to us a social injury" and noted that [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] meant that it was the responsibility of White Americans to alleviate this situation, observing that if White Americans "cannot so behave as to elevate and improve [Black Americans]", then it would be the case that ''White Americans'' would "need some scheme of race betterment" rather than vice versa.<ref name=ajs>{{cite journal|url=http://www.expo98.msu.edu/people/Gilman.htm |last=Gilman |first=Charlotte Perkins |title=A Suggestion on the Negro Problem|journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=14 |date=July 1908 – May 1909 |access-date=April 24, 2019}}</ref> Gilman was unequivocal about the ills of slavery and the wrongs which many White Americans had done to Black Americans, stating that irrespective of any crimes committed by Black Americans, "[Whites] were the original offender, and have a list of injuries to [Black Americans], greatly outnumbering the counter list." She proposed that those Black Americans who were not "self-supporting" or who were "actual criminals" (which she clearly distinguished from "the decent, self-supporting, progressive negroes") could be "enlisted" into a quasi-military state labour force, which she viewed as akin to conscription in certain countries. Such force would be deployed in "modern agriculture" and infrastructure, and those who had eventually acquired adequate skills and training "would be graduated with honor" – Gilman believed that any such conscription should be "compulsory at the bottom, perfectly free at the top."

Gilman's racism led her to espouse [[Eugenics|eugenicist]] beliefs, claiming that [[Old Stock Americans]] were surrendering their country to immigrants who were diluting the nation's racial purity.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178758 After her divorce from Stetson, she began lecturing on Nationalism. She was inspired from Edward Bellamy's utopian socialist romance Looking Backward. Alys Eve Weinbaum, "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism", Feminist Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 271–302.] Accessed November 3, 2008.</ref> When asked about her stance on the matter during a trip to London she declared "I am an Anglo-Saxon before everything."<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography |author=Davis, C. |date=2010 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804738897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7arK_nP7eQC |access-date=November 15, 2014}}</ref> In an effort to gain the vote for all women, she spoke out against literacy voting tests at the 1903 [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] convention in New Orleans.<ref>Allen, ''Building Domestic Liberty'', 52.</ref>

Literary critic Susan S. Lanser says "The Yellow Wallpaper" should be interpreted by focusing on Gilman's racism.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938 Susan S. Lanser, "The Yellow Wallpaper," and the Politics of Color in America," ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441] Accessed March 5, 2019</ref> Other literary critics have built on Lanser's work to understand Gilman's ideas in relation to turn-of-the-century culture more broadly.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746975 Denise D. Knight, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 2000), pp. 159–169], accessed March 9, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025 Lawrence J. Oliver, "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and 'A Suggestion on the Negro Problem'," ''American Literary Realism'', Vol. 48, No. 1 (Fall 2015), pp. 25–39], accessed March 5, 2019</ref>

=== Animals ===
Gilman's feminist works often included stances and arguments for reforming the use of domesticated animals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism|last=McKenna|first=Erin|publisher=Routledge Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-0-203-12232-7|editor-last=Hamington|editor-first=Maurice|location=New York|chapter=Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Women, Animals, and Oppression|editor-last2=Bardwell-Jones|editor-first2=Celia}}</ref> In ''Herland'', Gilman's utopian society excludes all domesticated animals, including livestock. In ''Moving the Mountain'' Gilman addresses the ills of animal domestication related to inbreeding. In "When I Was a Witch", the narrator witnesses and intervenes in instances of animal use as she travels through New York, liberating work horses, cats, and lapdogs by rendering them "comfortably dead". One literary scholar connected the regression of the female narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" to the parallel status of domesticated felines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Golden|first=Catherine|date=Fall 2007|title=Marking Her Territory: Feline Behavior in "The Yellow Wall-Paper"|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?ty=as&v=2.1&it=DIourl&s=RELEVANCE&p=LitRC&qt=SN~1540-3084~~TI~Marking%20Her%20Territory%3A%20Feline%20Behavior%20in%20%22The%20Yellow%20Wall-Paper%22~~VO~40~~SP~16~~IU~1&lm=&sw=w&authCount=1|journal=American Literary Realism|volume=40|pages=16–31|doi=10.1353/alr.2008.0017|s2cid=161505591}}</ref> She wrote in a letter to the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' that the automobile would eliminate the cruelty to horses used to pull carriages and cars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetson |first1=Charlotte Perkins |title=The Automobile as Reformer |journal=Saturday Evening Post |date=June 3, 1899 |volume=171 |issue=49 |page=778 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037599815 |access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
"The Yellow Wallpaper" was initially met with a mixed reception. One anonymous letter submitted to the ''[[Boston Transcript]]'' read, "The story could hardly, it would seem, give pleasure to any reader, and to many whose lives have been touched through the dearest ties by this dread disease, it must bring the keenest pain. To others, whose lives have become a struggle against heredity of mental derangement, such literature contains deadly peril. Should such stories be allowed to pass without severest censure?"<ref>M.D., "Perlious Stuff," ''Boston Evening Transcript'', April 8, 1892, p.6, col.2. in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 103.</ref>

Positive reviewers describe it as impressive because it is the most suggestive and graphic account of why women who live monotonous lives are susceptible to mental illness.<ref>Henry B. Blackwell, "Literary Notices: The Yellow Wall Paper," The Woman's Journal, June 17, 1899, p.187 in Julie Bates Dock, ''Charlote Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception'', (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 107.</ref>

Although Gilman had gained international fame with the publication of ''[[Women and Economics]]'' in 1898, by the end of [[World War I]], she seemed out of tune with her times. In her autobiography she admitted that "unfortunately my views on the sex question do not appeal to the [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] complex of today, nor are people satisfied with a presentation of religion as a help in our tremendous work of improving this world."<ref>Gilman, ''Living'', 184</ref>

Ann J. Lane writes in ''Herland and Beyond'' that "Gilman offered perspectives on major issues of [[gender]] with which we still grapple; the origins of women's subjugation, the struggle to achieve both autonomy and intimacy in human relationships; the central role of work as a definition of self; new strategies for rearing and educating future generations to create a humane and nurturing environment."<ref>Golden, Catherine J., and Joanna Zangrando. ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman''. (Newark: University of Delaware P, 2000) 211.</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=59083135}}
Gilman's works include:<ref>The bibliographic information is accredited to the "[http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ Guide to Research Materials]" section of Kim Well's website: Wells, Kim. Domestic Goddesses. August 23, 1999. Online. Internet. Accessed October 27, 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}}</ref>

===Poetry collections===
*[https://archive.org/details/inthisourworldp00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''In This Our World''], 1st ed. Oakland: McCombs & Vaughn, 1893. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895. 2nd ed.; San Francisco: Press of James H. Barry, 1895.
*[https://dn790002.ca.archive.org/0/items/suffragesongsand56931gut/56931-h/56931-h.htm ''Suffrage Songs and Verses'']. New York: Charlton Co., 1911. Microfilm. New Haven: Research Publications, 1977, History of Women #6558.
*''The Later Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1996.

===Short stories===
Gilman published 186 short stories in magazines, newspapers, and many were published in her self-published monthly, [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011719932 ''The Forerunner'']. Many literary critics have ignored these short stories.<ref name=WellsDG>Kim Wells, [http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/ "Domestic Goddesses,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812213222/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html |date=August 12, 2013}} Women Writers.net, August 23, 1999. www.womenwriters.net/</ref>

*"Circumstances Alter Cases." ''Kate Field's Washington'', July 23, 1890: 55–56. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 32–38.
*"That Rare Jewel." ''Women's Journal'', May 17, 1890: 158. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 20–24.
*"The Unexpected." ''Kate Field's Washington'', May 21, 1890: 335–6. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 25–31.
*"An Extinct Angel." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 23, 1891:199–200. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 48–50.
*"The Giant Wistaria." ''New England Magazine'' 4 (1891): 480–85. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 39–47.
*"The Yellow Wall-paper." ''New England Magazine'' 5 (1892): 647–56; Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1899; NY: Feminist Press, 1973 Afterword [[Elaine Ryan Hedges|Elaine Hedges]]; Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. Introduction Robert Shulman.
*"The Rocking-Chair." ''Worthington's Illustrated'' 1 (1893): 453–59. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 51–61.
*"An Elopement." ''San Francisco Call'', July 10, 1893: 1. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 66–68.
*"Deserted." San Francisco Call July 17, 1893: 1–2. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 62–65.
*"Through This." ''Kate Field's Washington'', September 13, 1893: 166. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 69–72.
*"A Day's Berryin.'" ''Impress'', October 13, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 78–82.
*"Five Girls." ''Impress'', December 1, 1894: 5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 83–86.
*"One Way Out." ''Impress'', December 29, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 87–91.
*"The Misleading of Pendleton Oaks." ''Impress'', October 6, 1894: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 73–77.
*"An Unnatural Mother." ''Impress'', February 16, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 98–106.
*"An Unpatented Process." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 4–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 92–97.
*"According to Solomon." ''Forerunner'' 1:2 (1909):1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 122–129.
*"Three Thanksgivings." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909): 5–12. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 107–121.
*"What Diantha Did. A NOVEL". ''Forerunner'' 1 (1909–11); NY: Charlton Co., 1910; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
*"The Cottagette." ''Forerunner'' 1:10 (1910): 1–5. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 130–138.
*"When I Was a Witch." ''Forerunner'' 1 (1910): 1–6. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. [[Ann J. Lane]]. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 21–31.
*"In Two Houses." ''Forerunner'' 2:7 (1911): 171–77. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 159–171.
*"Making a Change." ''Forerunner'' 2:12 (1911): 311–315. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–190.
*"Moving the Mountain." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 178–188.
*"The Crux.A NOVEL." Forerunner 2 (1910); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 116–122.
*"The Jumping-off Place." Forerunner 2:4 (1911): 87–93. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 148–158.
*"The Widow's Might." Forerunner 2:1 (1911): 3–7. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 139–147.
*"Turned." ''Forerunner'' 2:9 (1911): 227–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–191.
*"Mrs. Elder's Idea." ''Forerunner'' 3:2 (1912): 29–32. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 191–199.
*"Their House." ''Forerunner'' 3:12 (1912): 309–14. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 200–209.
*"A Council of War." ''Forerunner'' 4:8 (1913): 197–201. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 235–243.
*"Bee Wise." ''Forerunner'' 4:7 (1913): 169–173. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 226–234.
*"Her Beauty." ''Forerunner'' 4:2 (1913): 29–33. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories.'' Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 210–217.
*"Mrs. Hines's Money." ''Forerunner'' 4:4 (1913): 85–89. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 218–226.
*"A Partnership." ''Forerunner'' 5:6 (1914): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 253–261.
*"Begnina Machiavelli. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 5 (1914); NY: Such and Such Publishing, 1998.
*"Fulfilment." ''Forerunner'' 5:3 (1914): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.
*"If I Were a Man." ''Physical Culture'' 32 (1914): 31–34. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 262–268.
*"Mr. Peebles's Heart." ''Forerunner'' 5:9 (1914): 225–29. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 269–276.
*"Dr. Clair's Place." ''Forerunner'' 6:6 (1915): 141–45. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 295–303.
*"Girls and Land." ''Forerunner'' 6:5 (1915): 113–117. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 286–294.
*"Herland. A NOVEL. " ''Forerunner'' 6 (1915); NY: Pantheon Books, 1979.
*"Mrs. Merrill's Duties." ''Forerunner'' 6:3 (1915): 57–61. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 277–285.
*"A Surplus Woman." ''Forerunner'' 7:5 (1916): 113–18. ''"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 304–313.
*"Joan's Defender." ''Forerunner'' 7:6 (1916): 141–45. '"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 314–322.
*"The Girl in the Pink Hat." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916): 39–46. ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader''. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 39–45.
*"With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. A NOVEL." ''Forerunner'' 7 (1916); Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997.

===Novels and novellas===

*''What Diantha Did''. ''Forerunner''. 1909–10.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009259616 ''The Crux'']. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''[[Moving the Mountain (novel)|Moving the Mountain]]''. ''Forerunner.'' 1911.
*''Mag-Marjorie.'' ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Won Over'' ''Forerunner.'' 1913.
*''[[Benigna Machiavelli]]'' ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1915.
*''[[With Her in Ourland]].'' ''Forerunner.'' 1916.
*''[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:3119432 Unpunished].'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Denise D. Knight. New York: Feminist Press, 1997.

===Drama/dialogues===

The majority of Gilman's dramas are inaccessible as they are only available from the originals. Some were printed/reprinted in ''Forerunner'', however.

*"Dame Nature Interviewed on the Woman Question as It Looks to Her" ''Kate Field's Washington'' (1890): 138–40.
*"The Twilight." ''Impress'' (November 10, 1894): 4–5.
*"Story Studies", ''Impress'', November 17, 1894: 5.
*"The Story Guessers", ''Impress'', November 24, 1894: 5.
*"Three Women." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 134.
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009594270 "Something to Vote For"], ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911) 143–53.
*"The Ceaseless Struggle of Sex: A Dramatic View." ''Kate Field's Washington.'' April 9, 1890, 239–40.

===Non-fiction===
*''[[Women and Economics|Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution]].'' Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898.

====Book-length====

*''[[His Religion and Hers]]: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers''. NY and London: Century Co., 1923; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924; Westport: Hyperion Press, 1976.
*''Gems of Art for the Home and Fireside.'' Providence: J. A. and R. A. Reid, 1888.
*[https://archive.org/details/womenandeconomi02gilmgoog/page/n6/mode/2up ''Women and economics. A study of the economic relation between men and women as a factor in social evolution'']. Boston, Small, Maynard & Co., 1899
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39329/page/n3/mode/2up ''Concerning Children'']. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1900.
*[https://archive.org/details/homeitsworkandi00gilmgoog/page/n8/mode/2up ''The Home. Its Work and Influence'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1903.
*[https://archive.org/details/humanwork01conggoog/page/n5/mode/2up ''Human Work'']. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1904.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924076285232/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Man-Made World or, Our Androcentric Culture'']. New York: Charton Co., 1911.
*''Our Brains and What Ails Them.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1912.
*''Social Ethics.'' Serialized in ''Forerunner.'' 1914.
*''Our Changing Morality.'' Ed. Freda Kirchway. NY: Boni, 1930. 53–66.

====Short and serial non-fiction====

*"On Advertising for Marriage." ''The Alpha'' 11, September 1, 1885: 7
*"Why Women Do Not Reform Their Dress." ''Woman's Journal'', October 9, 1886: 338.
*"A Protest Against Petticoats." ''Woman's Journal'', January 8, 1887: 60.
*"The Providence Ladies Gymnasium." ''Providence Journal'' 8 (1888): 2.
*"How Much Must We Read?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 1 (1889): 43–44.
*"Altering Human Nature." ''California Nationalist'', May 10, 1890: 10.
*"Are Women Better Than Men?" ''Pacific Monthly'' 3 (1891): 9–11.
*"A Lady on the Cap and Apron Question." ''Wasp'', June 6, 1891: 3.
*"The Reactive Lies of Gallantry." ''Belford's ns'' 2 (1892): 205–8.
*"The Vegetable Chinaman." ''Housekeeper's Weekly'', June 24, 1893: 3.
*"The Saloon and Its Annex." ''Stockton Mail'' 4 (1893): 4.
*"The Business League for Women." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2.
*"Official Report of Woman's Congress." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 3.
*"John Smith and Armenia." ''Impress'', January 12, 1895: 2–3.
*"The American Government." ''Woman's Column'', June 6, 1896: 3.
*"When Socialism Began." ''American Fabian'' 3 (1897): 1–2.
*"Causes and Uses of the Subjection of Women." ''Woman's Journal'', December 24, 1898: 410.
*"The Automobile as a Reformer." ''Saturday Evening Post'', June 3, 1899: 778.
*"Superfluous Women." ''Women's Journal'', April 7, 1900: 105.
*"Esthetic Dyspepsia." ''Saturday Evening Post'', August 4, 1900: 12.
*"Ideals of Child Culture." ''Child Stude For Mothers and Teachers''. Ed Margaret Sangster. Philadelphia: Booklovers Library, 1901. 93–101.
*"Should Wives Work?" ''Success'' 5 (1902): 139.
*"Fortschritte der Frauen in Amerika." ''Neues Frauenleben'' 1:1 (1903): 2–5.
*"The Passing of the Home in Great American Cities." ''Cosmopolitan'' 38 (1904): 137–47.
*"The Beauty of a Block." ''Independent'', July 14, 1904: 67–72.
*"The Home and the Hospital." ''Good Housekeeping'' 40 (1905): 9.
*"Some Light on the [Single Woman's] 'Problem.'" ''American Magazine'' 62 (1906): 4270428.
*"Why Cooperative Housekeeping Fails." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 41 (July 1907): 625–629.
*"Social Darwinism." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 12 (1907): 713–14.
*"A Suggestion on the Negro Problem." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1908): 78–85.
*"How Home Conditions React Upon the Family." ''American Journal of Sociology'' 14 (1909): 592–605.
*"Children's Clothing." ''Harper's Bazaar'' 44 (1910): 24.
*"On Dogs." ''Forerunner'' 2 (1911): 206–9.
*"Should Women Use Violence?" ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1912): 11, 78–79.
*"How to Lighten the Labor of Women." ''McCall's'' 40 (1912): 14–15, 77.
*"What 'Love' Really Is." ''Pictorial Review'' 14 (1913): 11, 57.
*"Gum Chewing in Public." ''New York Times'', May 20, 1914:12:5.
*"A Rational Position on Suffrage/At the Request of the New York Times, Mrs. Gilman Presents the Best Arguments Possible in Behalf of Votes for Women." ''New York Times Magazine'', March 7, 1915: 14–15.
*"What is Feminism?" ''Boston Sunday Herald Magazine'', September 3, 1916: 7.
*"The Housekeeper and the Food Problem." ''Annals of the American Academy'' 74 (1917): 123–40.
*"Concerning Clothes." ''Independent'', June 22, 1918: 478, 483.
*"The Socializing of Education." ''Public'', April 5, 1919: 348–49.
*"A Woman's Party." ''Suffragist'' 8 (1920): 8–9.
*"Making Towns Fit to Live In." ''Century'' 102 (1921): 361–366.
*"Cross-Examining Santa Claus." ''Century'' 105 (1922): 169–174.
*"Is America Too Hospitable?" ''Forum'' 70 (1923): 1983–89.
*"Toward Monogamy." ''Nation'', June 11, 1924: 671–73.
*"The Nobler Male." ''Forum'' 74 (1925): 19–21.
*"American Radicals." ''New York Jewish Daily Forward'' 1 (1926): 1.
*"Progress through Birth Control." ''North American Review'' 224 (1927): 622–29.
*"Divorce and Birth Control." ''Outlook'', January 25, 1928: 130–31.
*"Feminism and Social Progress." ''Problems of Civilization''. Ed. Baker Brownell. NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1929. 115–42.
*"Sex and Race Progress." ''Sex in Civilization''. Eds V. F. Calverton and S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Macaulay, 1929. 109–23.
*"Parasitism and Civilized Vice." ''Woman's Coming of Age''. Ed. S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Liveright, 1931. 110–26.
*"Birth Control, Religion and the Unfit." ''Nation'', January 27, 1932: 108–109.
*"The Right to Die." ''Forum'' 94 (1935): 297–300.

===Self-publications===

''The Forerunner.'' Seven volumes, 1909–16. Microfiche. NY: Greenwood, 1968.

===Selected lectures===

There are 90 reports of the lectures that Gilman gave in The United States and Europe.<ref name=WellsDG />

*"Club News." ''Weekly Nationalist'', June 21, 1890: 6. [Re. "On Human Nature."]
*"Our Place Today", Los Angeles Woman's Club, January 21, 1891.
*"With Women Who Write." ''San Francisco Examiner'', March 1891, 3:3. [Re. "The Coming Woman."]
*"Safeguards Suggested for Social Evils." ''San Francisco Call'', April 24, 1892: 12:4.
*"The Labor Movement." Alameda County Federation of Trades, 1893. Alameda County, CA Labor Union Meetings. September 2, 1892.
*"Announcement." ''Impress'' 1 (1894): 2. [Re. Series of "Talks on Social Questions."]
*"All the Comforts of a Home." ''San Francisco Examiner'', May 22, 1895: 9. [Re. "Simplicity and Decoration."]
*"The Washington Convention." ''Woman's Journal'', February 15, 1896: 49–50. [Re. California.]
*"Woman Suffrage League." ''Boston Advertiser'', November 10, 1897: 8:1. [Re. "The Economic Basis of the Woman Question."]
*"Bellamy Memorial Meeting." ''American Fabian'' 4: (1898): 3.
*"An Evening With Kipling." ''Daily Argus'', March 14, 1899: 4:2.
*"Scientific Training of Domestic Servants." ''Women and Industrial Life'', Vol. 6 of ''International Congress of Women of 1899''. Ed Countess of Aberdeen. London: T. Unwin Fisher, 1900. 109.
*"Society and the Child." ''Brooklyn Eagle'', December 11, 1902: 8:4.
*"Woman and Work/ Popular Fallacy that They are a Leisure Class, Says Mrs. Gilman." ''New York Tribune'', February 26, 1903: 7:1.
*"A New Light on the Woman Question." ''Woman's Journal'', April 25, 1904: 76–77.
*"Straight Talk by Mrs. Gilman is Looked For." ''San Francisco Call'', July 16, 1905: 33:2.
*"Women and Social Service." Warren: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1907.
*"Higher Marriage Mrs. Gilman's Plea." ''New York Times'', December 29, 1908: 2:3.
*"Three Women Leaders in Hub." ''Boston Post'', December 7, 1909: 1:1–2 and 14:5–6.
*"Warless World When Women's Slavery Ends." ''San Francisco Examiner'', November 14, 1910: 4:1.
*"Lecture Given by Mrs. Gilman." ''San Francisco Call'', November 15, 1911: 7:3. [Re. "The Society-- Body and Soul."]
*"Mrs. Gilman Assorts Sins." ''New York Times'', June 3, 1913: 3:8
*"Adam the Real Rib, Mrs. Gilman Insists." ''New York Times'', February 19, 1914: 9:3.
*"Advocates a 'World City.'" ''New York Times'', January 6, 1915: 15:5. [Re. Arbitration of diplomatic disputes by an international agency.]
*"The Listener." ''Boston Transcript'', April 14, 1917: 14:1. [Re. Announcement of lecture series.]
*"Great Duty for Women After War." ''Boston Post'', February 26, 1918: 2:7.
*"Mrs. Gilman Urges Hired Mother Idea." ''New York Times'', September 23, 1919: 36:1–2.
*"Eulogize Susan B. Anthony." ''New York Times'', February 16, 1920: 15:6. [Re. Gilman and others eulogize Anthony on the centenary of her birth.]
*"Walt Whitman Dinner." ''New York Times'', June 1, 1921: 16:7. [Gilman speaks at annual meeting of Whitman Society in New York.]
*"Fiction of America Being Melting Pot Unmasked by CPG." ''Dallas Morning News'', February 15, 1926: 9:7–8 and 15:8.

===Diaries, journals, biographies, and letters===
*''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
*''A Journey from Within: The Love Letters of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1897–1900.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Lewisburg: Bucknill UP, 1995.
*''The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' 2 Vols. Ed. Denise D. Knight. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.

===Autobiography===
*''The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography.'' New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935; NY: Arno Press, 1972; and Harper & Row, 1975.

===Academic studies===
*Allen, Judith (2009). ''The Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sexualities, Histories, Progressivism'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-01463-0}}
*Allen, Polly Wynn (1988). ''Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Architectural Feminism'', University of Massachusetts Press, {{ISBN|0-87023-627-X}}
*Berman, Jeffrey. "The Unrestful Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" In ''The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,'' edited by Catherine Golden. New York: Feminist Press, 1992, pp. 211–41.
*Carter-Sanborn, Kristin. "Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Arizona Quarterly 56.2 (Summer 2000): 1–36.
*Ceplair, Larry, ed. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Nonfiction Reader.'' New York: Columbia UP, 1991.
*Class, Claire Marie. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/934770 "Chloroformed: Anesthetic Utopianism and Eugenic Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ''Herland'' and Other Works."] ''Legacy'' 41.1 (2024): 75-98.
*Davis, Cynthia J. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography'' (Stanford University Press; 2010) 568 pages; major scholarly biography
*Davis, Cynthia J. and Denise D. Knight. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts.'' Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
*Deegan, Mary Jo. "Introduction." With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. Eds. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 1–57.
*Eldredge, Charles C. Charles Walter Stetson, Color, and Fantasy. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, The U of Kansas, 1982.
*Ganobcsik-Williams, Lisa. "The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender." Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.
*Golden, Catherine. T''he Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper.'' New York: Feminist Press, 1992.
:---. "`Written to Drive Nails With’: Recalling the Early Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 243-66.
*Gough, Val. "`In the Twinkling of an Eye’: Gilman's Utopian Imagination." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 129–43.
*Gubar, Susan. "She in Herland: Feminism as Fantasy." in ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Woman and Her Work.'' Ed. Sheryl L. Meyering. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989. 191–201.
*Hill, Mary Armfield. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Journey From Within." in ''A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 8–23.
*Hill, Mary A. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist.'' (Temple University Press, 1980).
*Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz, ''Wild Unrest: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of "The Yellow Wall-Paper"'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
*Huber, Hannah, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do;jsessionid=8FD1E905E467B7932C25FEA925A24546?N=197+4294921854+4294916915&Ntk=P_EPI&Ntt=4012446918244628151447568114470875072&Ntx=mode%2Bmatchallpartial Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 381: Writers on Women's Rights and United States Suffrage]'', edited by George P. Anderson. Gale, pp. 140–52.
*Huber, Hannah, "‘The One End to Which Her Whole Organism Tended’: Social Evolution in Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman." ''[https://www.salempress.com/Critical-Insights-Edith-Wharton Critical Insights: Edith Wharton]'', edited by Myrto Drizou, Salem Press, pp. 48–62.
*Karpinski, Joanne B., "The Economic Conundrum in the Lifewriting of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Joanne S. Zangrando. U of Delaware P, 2000. 35–46.
*Kessler, Carol Farley. "Dreaming Always of Lovely Things Beyond’: Living Toward Herland, Experiential foregrounding." in ''The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,'' Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 89–103.
*Knight, Denise D. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Study of the Short Fiction, Twayne Studies in Short Fiction'' (Twayne Publishers, 1997).
:---. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism." ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 32, no. 2, 2000, pp. 159–169. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/27746975.
:---. "Introduction." Herland, `The Yellow Wall-Paper’ and Selected Writings. New York: Penguin, 1999.
*Lane, Ann J. "Gilman, Charlotte Perkins"; [http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00272.html ''American National Biography Online''], 2000.
:---. "The Fictional World of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in ''The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader.'' Ed. Ann J. Lane. New York: Pantheon, 1980.
:---. "Introduction." Herland: A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. 1915. Rpt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979
:---. ''To Herland and Beyond: The Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' New York: Pantheon, 1990.
*Lanser, Susan S. "Feminist Criticism, 'The Yellow Wallpaper,' and the Politics of Color in America." ''Feminist Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441. ''JSTOR'', [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177938. Reprinted in "The Yellow Wallpaper": Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1993. 225–256.]
*Long, Lisa A. "Herland and the Gender of Science." in ''MLA Approaches to Teaching Gilman's The Yellow Wall-Paper and Herland.'' Eds. Denise D. Knight and Cynthia J. David. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. 125–132.
*Mitchell, S. Weir, M.D. "Camp Cure." Nurse and Patient, and Camp Cure. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1877
:---. Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked. 1887. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and ‘A Suggestion on the Negro Problem.’" ''American Literary Realism'', vol. 48, no. 1, 2015, pp. 25–39. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. and [[Gary Scharnhorst]]. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. Ambrose Bierce: The Literary Politics of Gender in Fin-de-Siècle California." ''Journal of the West'' (July 1993): 52–60.
*Palmeri, Ann. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science." in ''Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology and Philosophy of Science''. Eds. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983. 97–120.
*Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman.'' Boston: Twayne, 1985. Studies Gilman as writer
*Scharnhorst, Gary, and Denise D. Knight. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Library: A Reconstruction." Resources for American Literary Studies 23:2 (1997): 181–219.
*Stetson, Charles Walter. ''Endure: The Diaries of Charles Walter Stetson.'' Ed. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1985.
*Tuttle, Jennifer S. "Rewriting the West Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Owen Wister, and the Sexual Politics of Neurasthenia." The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 103–121.
*Von Rosk, Nancy. "Women, Work and Cross-Class Alliances in the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Working Women in American Literature, 1865–1950. Miriam Gogol ed. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. 69–91.
*Wegener, Frederick. "What a Comfort a Woman Doctor Is!’ Medical Women in the Life and Writing of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In ''Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer''. Eds. Jill Rudd & Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 45–73.
*Weinbaum, Alys Eve. "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism." ''Feminist Studies'' 27 (Summer 2001): 271–30.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://sites.google.com/site/gilmansociety/home Charlotte Perkins Gilman Society]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charlotte-perkins-gilman}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=27| name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1736}}
* {{LCAuth|n78079511|Charlotte Perkins Gilman|107|}}
* {{ISFDB name|3585}}
* [http://www.feministpress.org/ The Feminist Press]
* [http://essays.quotidiana.org/gilman/ Essays by Charlotte Perkins Gilman] at [http://essays.quotidiana.org/ Quotidiana.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000823090052/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/CPGguide.html "A Guide for Research Materials"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006045720/http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/gilman1.html "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Domestic Goddess"]
* {{Books and Writers |id=gilman.htm |name=Charlotte Perkins Gilman}}
* [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/gilman/suffrage/suffrage.html Suffrage Songs and Verses]
*[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/4827 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
*[http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ Charlotte Perkins Gilman Digital Collection.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155522/http://schlesinger.radcliffe.harvard.edu/onlinecollections/gilman/ |date=September 1, 2017 }} [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* [https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/finding-aids/D513 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers], Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, [[University of Rochester]]

===Audio files===
* [https://archive.org/download/SUSPENSE4/480729YellowWallpaper.mp3 The Yellow Wallpaper], Suspense, CBS radio, 1948
* 2 short radio episodes of Gilman's writing, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "California Colors"] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200633/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/gilman.html "Matriatism"] from California Legacy Project.

{{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

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St. Anthony Hall

2023-11-05T01:41:58Z

MBWhitney: Corrected Trinity College current status to "Suspended"

{{good article}}
{{Short description|American coed collegiate fraternity}}
{{Other uses|St. Anthony Hall (disambiguation)|Delta Psi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox Fraternity
|name = St. Anthony Hall (Fraternity of Delta Psi)
|letters = {{lang|grc|ΔΨ}}
|crest = 1873 Delta Psi St Anthony Hall Symbol.JPG|caption=From [[University of Pennsylvania]] ''Record'', 1873
|founded = {{Start date and years ago|1847|1|17}}
|birthplace = [[Columbia University]]
|affiliation = [[North American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] (former)
|type = [[Literary society|Literary]] and [[Fraternities and sororities in North America|Social]]
|scope = National (United States)
|colors = Azure blue {{Color box|#00BFFF|border=darkgray}} Old gold {{Color box|#CFB53B|border=darkgray}}
|patron saint = [[Anthony the Great]]
|nickname = 48 
The Hall 
The Number Six Club 
The Order of St. Anthony 
St. Anthony Club 
St. A's 
The Tea Company
|publication = ''The Review''
|chapters = 11
|members = 400+
|lifetime = 30,000+
|member badge = [[Tau cross|St. Anthony's cross]]
|philanthropy = St. Anthony Educational Foundation, Inc.
|address = 1417 Shelby Street
|city = [[Indianapolis]]
|state = [[Indiana]]
|ZIP code = 46203
|country = United States
|homepage = {{url|www.stanthonyhall.org}}
}}
'''St. Anthony Hall''' or the '''Fraternity of Delta Psi''' is an American [[fraternity]] and [[literary society]].<ref name="buletti-2012" /><ref name="yale-daily-news-2006" /> Its first chapter was founded at [[Columbia University]] on {{dts|1847|01|17}}, the [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] of [[Anthony the Great|Saint Anthony the Great]].<ref name="answers1" /><ref name="buletti-2012">{{Cite web |last=Buletti |first=Leah |date=2012-04-19 |title=St. Anthony Hall and the Castle of Secrets |url=http://www.campustimes.org/2012/04/19/st-anthonys-hall-and-the-castle-of-secrets/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The fraternity is a [[Irreligion|non–religious]], [[nonsectarian]] organization.<ref name="saint-anthony-hall-sigma" /><ref name="buletti-2012" /> In 1879, [[William Raimond Baird]]'s ''[[Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities|American College Fraternities]]'' characterized the fraternity as having "the reputation of being the most secret of all the college societies."<ref name="answers1" /> A modern writer says the fraternity is "a cross between [[Skull and Bones]] and a [[Princeton University|Princeton]] eating club, with a large heaping of [[High society (social class)|Society]] and more than a dash of ''[[Animal House]]''."<ref name="sedgwick-2015">{{Cite magazine |last=Sedgwick |first=John |date=2015-10-09 |title=Inside the Legal Intrigue at Columbia's Elite, Secret Campus Society |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/10/saint-anthony-hall-columbia-secret-society |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref> Nearly all chapters of St. Anthony Hall are coed.<ref name="lurding">Lurding, Carroll and Becque, Fran. (March 1, 2023) "[https://uofi.app.box.com/v/mens-pdf-folder/file/459817374315 Delta Psi]". ''[https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/welcome/fraternity-sorority-almanac/ Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities]''. Urbana: University of Illinois. Accessed June 8, 2023.</ref>

References to St. Anthony Hall have appeared in the works of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[John O'Hara]], and [[Tom Wolfe]].<ref name="montenegro-2004">{{cite web |last=Montenegro |first=Marissa |date=November 12, 2004 |title=Author Uses Penn To Research Sex-Crazed College Life |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2004/11/author_uses_penn_to_research_sexcrazed_college_life |access-date=February 11, 2022 |website=Daily Pennsylvanian}}</ref>

==History==
According to ''[[Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities|Baird's]]'', the ''Alpha chapter'' of the Fraternity of Delta Psi was founded at [[Columbia University]] in {{dts|1847|01|17}} by John Hone Anthon, Sam. F. Barger, Charles Arms Budd, and William Myn Van Wagener.<ref name="answers1" /><ref name="baird">Baird, William Raimond (1890). "Membership and Chapters." [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101067000222?urlappend=%3Bseq=41%3Bownerid=27021597767047566-45 ''American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society System in the Colleges of the United States, with Detailed Account of Each Fraternity''.] 4th edition: New York, NY. Frank Williams. pp. 21-22, pp. 70 – via The Hathi Trust.</ref> In ''The'' ''Review'' magazine, the fraternity says Anthon was a founder and the first leader of the fraternity.<ref name="thorpe-2020" /> (He would later serve as grand master, i.e. president, of [[Grand Lodge of New York|Freemasons in New York]], for the term 1870-71.)<ref name="thorpe-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Thorpe |first=T. A. D. |date=2020 |title=The History of the Three Volumes of 'The History of Delta Psi' |url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/crsab/scjq/#p=4 |journal=The Review |publisher=St. Anthony Hall |volume=Fall |pages=4–6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Past Grand Masters |url=https://nymasons.org/site/past-grand-masters/ |website=NYMasons.org |publisher=Grand Lodge of New York, F&AM |access-date=8 October 2023 |quote=''1870-1871 John H. Anthon''}}</ref> Another source says Delta Psi was started by the fifteen-year-old Edward Forbes Travis who came to Columbia University from England "with an odd fascination for St. Anthony the Great, the gnarled fourth-century mystic."<ref name="sedgwick-2015" /><ref name="nobel-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Nick |date=2007 |title=Seeking St. Anthony |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.stanthonyhall.org/resource/resmgr/reviews/spring_2007_review.pdf |journal=The Review |publisher=St. Anthony Hall |issue=Spring |pages=3 |access-date=August 2, 2022}}</ref> In this scenario, Travis shared "certain rituals" with a Charles Arms Budd on the Saint's feast day, creating "a sacred bond that was soon extended to others."<ref name="sedgwick-2015" /><ref name="nobel-2007" />

According to its national website, Delta Psi was founded on the feast day of [[Anthony the Great|Saint Anthony the Great]] as a "fraternity dedicated to the love of education and the well-being of its members."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.stanthonyhall.org/page/history |access-date=March 6, 2022 |website=St. Anthony Hall}}</ref> The fraternity developed "a literary flavor: members would spend hours reading essays to one another for general critique or amusement."<ref name="sedgwick-2015" /> By 1853, it was holding an Annual Literary Festival and Dinner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 27, 1853 |title=Delta Psi Fraternity |pages=1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90615822/27-dec-1853-nytimes-annual-literary-fest/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> It also held evenings featuring orators and poets, often publishing the poems or speeches.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1859-12-05 |title=Delta Psi Fraternity |pages=2 |work=The Charleston Daily Courier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90616601/5-dec-1859-the-charleston-daily-courier/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1859-04-23 |title=We Are Under Obligation |pages=3 |work=Semi-Weekly Standard |location=Raleigh, North Carolina |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97557796/delta-psi-oration-1858/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1860-03-17 |title='In Tenebris-A Poem', Delivered before the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Delta Psi Fraternity |pages=2 |work=The Charleston Daily Courier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90616707/17-mar-1860-the-charleston-daily/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1860-12-28 |title=Annual Session |pages=1 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90616872/28-dec-1860-the-philadelphia-inquirer/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

A ''Beta chapter'' was formed at [[New York University]] on January 17, 1847.<ref name="answers1">{{Cite book |last=Baird |first=William Raimond |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101067000214&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021&q1=%22delta%20psi%22 |title=American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society System in the Colleges of the United States, with Detailed Account of Each Fraternity |publisher=J. P. Lippman & Co. |year=1879 |edition=1st |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=59–61 |language=en |chapter=Delta Psi |via=The Hathi Trust}}</ref> However ''Beta'' was short-lived; the Columbia College's ''Record'' lists the New York University founders alongside its students.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sloan |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxATAAAAIAAJ&q=delta+psi&pg=RA1-PA29 |title=The Undergraduate Record. Columbia College: A Book of Statistical Information |publisher=Gilliss Brothers, Publishers |year=1881 |location=New York |language=en |access-date=October 17, 2011 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In 1879, ''[[Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities|Baird's]]'' listed seventeen chapters opening throughout the Northeast and South during the mid-19th-century.<ref name="answers1" />

During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], formal contact ended between the Northern and Southern chapters, and all of the Southern chapters closed.<ref name="lurding" /><ref name="answers1" /><ref name="university-of-pennsylvania-archives-and-records-center" /> In fact, 25% of the fraternity's membership died in the Civil War, with 90 of the 109 deaths coming from the Southern chapters.<ref name="noble-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Noble |first=Richard E. "Nick" |date=2013 |title=A House Divided, But Brothers Always |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.stanthonyhall.org/resource/resmgr/reviews/winter_2013_review.pdf |journal=The Review |publisher=St. Anthony Hall |volume=Winter |pages=6}}</ref> In December 1865, the fraternity held its annual convention in New York City. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported, "Attendance from all the Northern chapters was large, and measures were taken to give the most cordial assistance in response to applications for the rehabilitation of the Southern chapters in such of their colleges are again in operation."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1865-12-30 |title=The Delta Psi Fraternity |pages=5 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90617659/30-dec-1865-ny-times-annual-conference/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Three of the Southern chapters resumed operations: the [[University of Virginia]], the [[University of Mississippi]], and [[Washington and Lee University|Washington and Lee]].<ref name="noble-2013" /><ref name="catalogue-of-the-members-of-the-fraternity-of-delta-psi">[[iarchive:catalogofmembers00fratrich/page/n7/mode/2up|''Catalogue of the Members of the Fraternity of Delta Psi'']]. New York: Fraternity of Delta Psi, 1900. ''via'' Internet Archive</ref><ref name="lurding" /> In April 1867, eleven members of the ''Williams College chapter'' commissioned a life-sized portrait of a fallen brother; the portrait was displayed at the Schwabe Gallery of Fallen Heroes in Boston, along with the portraits of four other Delta Psi brothers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1867-04-04 |title=Williamstown |pages=2 |work=The Pittsfield Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97558848/delt-psi-lambda-portraits-of-fallen/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Members from many Southern chapters attended a commemorative dinner in New York City in December 1871.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1871-12-31 |title=From New York |pages=4 |work=The Wilmington Morning Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97559804/delta-psi-dinner-with-southern-chapters/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

In 1894, Yale's ''Sigma chapter'' built a dormitory building and named it St. Anthony Hall, apparently the first use of that name.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1894" /><ref>In addition to St. Anthony Hall, Yale's other old-line Eastern fraternities (~junior societies) named their buildings with "Hall" nicknames by which they wished to be known on campus: thus the [[Theta Xi]] chapter was ''Franklin Hall'', [[Phi Sigma Kappa]]'s ''Epsilon chapter'' adopted the name ''Sachem Hall'', [[Chi Delta Theta (literary)|Chi Delta Theta]] (local literary honorary) established the ''[[Manuscript Society]]'', [[Sigma Delta Chi (local)|Sigma Delta Chi]] (local) was renamed the ''Cloister Club'' which soon became ''[[Book and Snake]]''. [[Phi Gamma Delta]] (FIJI) was ''Vernon Hall'' which later became ''[[Myth and Sword]]'', [[Chi Phi]] was ''York Hall'', [[Psi Upsilon]] became the ''Fence Club'', and finally, similarly-named [[Delta Phi]] was known at Yale as ''St. Elmo's''. Delta Psi's St. Anthony Hall nickname spread throughout its chapters. {{Cite journal |author= |date=January 1935 |title=Chapter News: Yale Fraternities Face Oblivion |journal=The Signet, A Magazine for Members of Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity |pages=Vol XXVII, No. 3, pg 112 |editor=A.T. Burrows}}</ref><ref>Yale University Archives.''[http://www.conspiracyarchive.com/NWO/Tombs_and_Taps.htm Tombs and Taps: An inside look at Yale's Fraternities, Sororities and Societies],'' Illuminati Conspiracy Archive accessed 14 April 2014,</ref> The Fraternity of Delta Psi also became known as the Order of St. Anthony and St. Anthony Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delta Psi (Iota Chapter) Papers |url=https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/finding-aids/UA140 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=River Campus Libraries |publisher=University of Rochester}}</ref>

Following the respective traditions of each chapter, St. Anthony Hall is now self-described and referred to on its various campuses as a fraternity or coed fraternity, a secret society or literary society, or a private club.<ref name="yale-daily-news-2006">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |date=2006-03-31 |title=Tapping into Yale's Semi-Secret Society: St. Anthony Hall |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/03/31/tapping-into-yales-semi-secret-society-st-anthony-hall/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Yale Daily News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gordon-2017" /> A former Yale chapter president said, "Chapters have a range of degrees of secrecy."<ref name="yale-daily-news-2006" /> In 2006, a Yale member said, "Our secret aspects are truly secret, and our non-secret aspects are truly non–secret"<ref name="yale-daily-news-2006" />

== Symbols ==
[[File:Delta Psi badges from Bairds Manual of American College Fraternities, 2nd edition 1883.png|thumb|175px|Fraternity of Delta Psi badge, from ''Baird'''s 1883 edition]]
The 1879 edition of ''[[Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities|Baird's]]'' describes the fraternity's badge as a "[[Tau cross|Saint Anthony's cross]], with curved sides. The cross bears a shield in blue enamel displaying the letters '''{{lang|grc|ΔΨ}}'''. On the bar of the cross are engraved four [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew letters]], and beneath the shield the skull and bones."<ref name="answers1" /> The badge was designed by fraternity member [[Henry Steel Olcott]] in 1850.<ref name="thorpe-2020" />

The 1873 [[University of Pennsylvania]] yearbook illustration (see infobox above) shows a [[tau cross]] or Saint Anthony's cross, a flat-topped shield with the letters '''{{lang|grc|ΔΨ}}''', a skull, a sword, a key, a floating triangle, and four Hebrew letters.<ref name="university-archives-and-records-center-university-of-pennsylvania-1873">{{cite web |date=1873 |title=University of Pennsylvania Record |url=https://archives.upenn.edu/digitized-resources/docs-pubs |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> The sword and the key are crossed, with the skull on top.<ref name="university-archives-and-records-center-university-of-pennsylvania-1873" />

In 1860 when the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] seemed inevitable, fraternal medallions were made for the brothers to attach to their uniforms so they would be recognized as a member of Delta Psi on the battlefield.<ref name="noble-2013" /> A photograph of a medallion in the fraternity's archives shows a round, gold coin with a skull as its central figure.<ref name="noble-2013" /> Beneath the skull is a crossed sword and key.<ref name="noble-2013" /> Encircling the outer edge of the medallion is a list of each chapter's Greek letter and date of founding.<ref name="noble-2013" />
== Chapters ==
There are eleven active chapters of Delta Psi, including the following active chapters noted in '''bold.''' Inactive chapters are noted in ''italics.'' Note that the now-inactive [[Delta Psi (University of Vermont)|Delta Psi]] local fraternity at the [[University of Vermont]] (1850–2004) was never affiliated.<ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Name
!Chartered date
and range
!Institution
!Location
!Gender
!Housing
!Status
!Reference
|-
| '''Alpha'''
| {{dts|1847|1|17}}
| [[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons|Columbia University]]
| [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| Coed
| Residential, off-campus
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| ''Beta (Prime)''
| {{dts|1847}}–{{dts|1853}}
| [[New York University]]
| [[New York, New York|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| Male
|
| Moved, Reissued
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />{{Efn|Members all transferred to Columbia University and joined the chapter there.}}
|-
| ''Gamma''
| {{dts|1848}}–{{dts|1850}}
| [[Rutgers University|Rutgers College]]
| [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], [[New Jersey]]
| Male
|
| Inactive
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| ''Delta (Prime)''
| {{dts|1849}}–{{dts|1854}}
| ''[[Burlington College (New Jersey)|Burlington College]]''
| [[Burlington, New Jersey|Burlington]], [[New Jersey]]
| Male
|
| Moved
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />{{efn|name=Burlington|Burlington College of New Jersey operated from 1846 to 1881. The ''Delta chapter'' of {{lang|grc|'''ΔΨ'''}} appears to have been the only fraternity established on the Burlington campus. That chapter moved to UPenn in 1854.}}
|-
| ''Epsilon''
| {{dts|1850}} – July 23, 2023
| [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]]
| [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], [[Connecticut]]
| Coed
| Residential, on campus
| Suspended
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Silvey |first=Olivia |title=St. Anthony Hall Chapter Suspended for Three Years Following Hazing Investigation |url=https://trinitytripod.com/news/st-anthony-hall-chapter-suspended-for-three-years-following-hazing-investigation/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=The Trinity Tripod |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|Chapter was suspended for hazing through June 30, 2026.}}
|-
| ''Eta''
| {{dts|1850}}–{{dts|1861}}
| [[University of South Carolina|South Carolina College]]
| [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]], [[South Carolina]]
| Male
|
| Inactive
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| '''Theta'''
| {{dts|1851}}–{{dts|1853}}, {{dts|1986}}
| [[Princeton University]]
| [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]
| Coed
|
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| '''Iota'''
| {{dts|1851}}–{{dts|1895}}, {{dts|2010}}
| [[University of Rochester]]
| [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| Coed
| Nonresidential, off-campus
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" /><ref name="buletti-2012" />
|-
| '''Kappa'''
| {{dts|1852}}–{{dts|1853}}, {{dts|1983}}
| [[Brown University]]
| [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]]
| Coed
| Residential, on campus
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" /><ref name="mitchell" />
|-
| ''Lambda''
| {{dts|1853}}–{{dts|1970}}
| [[Williams College]]
| [[Williamstown, Massachusetts|Williamstown]], [[Massachusetts]]
| Male
|
| Inactive
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" /><ref name="oconnell-2003" />{{efn|''Lambda chapter'' was established as the ''Zeta chapter'' of [[Zeta Psi]] in {{dts|1848}}.}}{{Efn|The ''Lambda chapter'' closed in 1970 when Williams College banned Greek organizations. For years following its closure, there were reports of the chapter either operating underground or having reformed as a different off-campus group. These reports have never been confirmed by St. Anthony Hall or the Lambda alumni association.}}
|-
| ''Sigma (Prime)''
| {{dts|1853}}–{{dts|1861}}
| [[Randolph–Macon College|Randolph-Macon College]]
| [[Ashland, Virginia|Ashland]], [[Virginia]]
| Male
|
| Inactive, Reissued
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| '''Delta'''
| {{dts|1854}}
| [[University of Pennsylvania]]
| [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]
| Male
| Residential, on campus
| Active
|<ref name="lurding" /><ref name="university-of-pennsylvania-archives-and-records-center">{{Cite web |title=Early Penn Fraternities: Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall) |url=https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/fraternities/listing/delta-psi/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center}}</ref><ref name="answers1" />{{efn|name=Burlington}}
|-
| '''Xi'''
| {{dts|1854}}–{{dts|1861}}, {{dts|1926}}
| [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]
| [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]], [[North Carolina]]
| Coed
| Residential, off-campus
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| '''Phi'''
| {{dts|1855}}–{{dts|1861}}, {{dts|1870}}–{{dts|1912}}, {{dts|1926}}
| [[University of Mississippi]]
| [[Oxford, Mississippi|Oxford]], [[Mississippi]]
| Male
| Residential, on campus
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| ''Psi''
| {{dts|1858}}–{{dts|1861}}
| [[Cumberland University]]
| [[Lebanon, Tennessee|Lebanon]], [[Tennessee]]
| Male
|
| Inactive
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| '''Upsilon'''
| {{dts|1860}}–{{dts|1861}}, {{dts|1866}}
| [[University of Virginia]]
| [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], [[Virginia]]
| Male
| Residential, on campus
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />
|-
| ''Beta''
| {{dts|1860}}–{{dts|1888}}
| [[Washington and Lee University]]
| [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington]], [[Virginia]]
| Male
|
| Inactive
| <ref name="lurding" /><ref name="answers1" />
|-
| '''Sigma'''
| {{dts|1868}}
| [[Yale University]]
| [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]]
| Coed
| Nonresidential, on campus
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />{{efn|The ''Yale chapter'' began at [[Sheffield Scientific School]], part of [[Yale College]].}}
|-
| '''Tau'''
| {{dts|1889}}
| [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
| [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]
| Coed
| Residential, off-campus.
| Active
| <ref name="answers1" /><ref name="lurding" />{{Efn|The ''Tau chapter'' is known as Number 6 Club on the MIT campus.}}
|}
There have been rumors that the ''Lambda chapter'' operates underground; [[Williams College]] banned all fraternities in the 1960s, phasing them out by 1970.<ref name="loewenson-2020">{{Cite web |last=Loewenson |first=Irene |date=September 20, 2020 |title=Record Investigation Points to Recent Existence of Underground Frat |url=https://williamsrecord.com/380657/news/record-investigation-points-to-recent-existence-of-underground-frat/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Williams Record}}</ref><ref name="oconnell-2003">{{Cite news |last=O'Connell |first=Ainsley |date=November 18, 2003 |title=Internal Tension Exposes Frat; College Offers Amnesty |pages=1 and 5 |work=The Williams Record |url=https://unbound.williams.edu/williamsarchives/islandora/object/williamsrecord%3A5117?search=%2522anthony%2520hall%2522 |access-date=March 8, 2021 |via=Williams Collage Special Collection}}</ref> In 2003, ''The Williams Record'' reported that the fraternity began operating as the coed [[Vermont Literary Society]] as early as 1973.<ref name="oconnell-2003" /> At that time, the Vermont Literary Society was meeting outside of Williamstown at a place in Vermont referred to as "The Barn".<ref name="oconnell-2003" /> The college offered amnesty to any students who came forward; however, none took advantage of the offer.<ref name="oconnell-2003" /> Again in 2020, there were reports that the Vermont Literary Society was still active as the underground ''Lambda chapter''.<ref name="loewenson-2020" /> [[The Williams Record|''The Williams Record''<nowiki/>'s]] investigation noted that Williams College graduates from 2016 were serving on the board of the ''Lambda chapter''<nowiki/>'s alumni association.<ref name="loewenson-2020" /> However, the paper later reported that the group disbanded in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loewenson |first=Irene |date=April 7, 2021 |title=How Frats Persisted for Decades After They Were Banned |url=https://williamsrecord.com/456636/features/how-frats-persisted-for-decades-after-they-were-banned/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Williams Record}}</ref>

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

== Members ==
{{main|List of St. Anthony Hall Members}}
Members of St. Anthony Hall call each other "Brother", "Sister", or "Sibling" according to individual preference.<ref name="sedgwick-2015" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siblings, past & present {{!}} St. Anthony Hall {{!}} Xi Chapter |date=August 15, 2017 |url=https://deltapsi.unc.edu/about-st-anthony-hall/img_9709/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1961, the ''Yale chapter'' was the first fraternity on campus to admit a person of color.<ref name="andrews" /> The ''University of North Carolina chapter'' was the first fraternity at its campus to admit African-American members in 1967, followed by the ''University of Mississippi chapter''.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 26, 1967 |title=Fraternity Pledges Negro at North Carolina |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0710FC3A5F137A93C4AB1789D85F438685F9 |access-date=2015-04-12}}</ref> In recent times, the fraternity's membership has become more multicultural.<ref name="sedgwick-2015" />

In 1969, the ''Yale chapter'' was the first to go coed, also becoming the first Yale society to accept women.<ref name="andrews" /> Additional chapters subsequently turned coed, including Columbia University, MIT in 1969, the University of North Carolina in 1971, and Trinity College in 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hanchar|first=Jessica|date=February 12, 1971|title=St. Anthony Hall Accepting Coeds|pages=1|work=The Daily Tar Heel|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87801151/st-a-goes-coed-12-feb-1971-dth/|access-date=February 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="lurding" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hamilton |first=Robert A. |date=July 12, 1987 |title=Fraternities Admit Women into Ranks |pages=97 |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3taLPwU |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref><ref name="bolandrina-2012">{{Cite web |last=Bolandrina |first=Jessica D. |date=May 25, 2012 |title=Six things About the Number Six Club |url=https://news.mit.edu/2012/number-six-club-0525 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref> Other chapters were reestablished as coed including, Brown University in 1983, Princeton University in 1986, and the [[University of Rochester]] in 2010.<ref name="lurding" /><ref name="mitchell" /> The University of Pennsylvania, the University of Mississippi, and the University of Virginia chapters remain all-male.<ref name="lurding" />

In 2016, ''[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]'' included the ''Columbia University chapter'' of St. Anthony Hall in its list of the "six most exclusive clubs of the Ivy League".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Courtney |first=Nadine Jolie |date=2016-08-09 |title=The Most Exclusive Student Clubs of the Ivy League |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/news/g2223/ivy-league-clubs/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Town & Country |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Activities==
St. Anthony Hall members pursue their literary mandate through different programs at the various chapters. The ''Brown chapter'' publishes a literary and visual arts magazine called ''The Sketchbook'' and hosts bi-weekly literary readings.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 20, 2015 |title=The Sketchbook |url=https://issuu.com/thesketchbook/docs/merged_document |journal=St Anthony Hall, Brown University |volume=IX |issue=1 |via=issuu}}</ref><ref name="mitchell">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Martha |title=Fraternities |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=F0270 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Encyclopedia Brunoniana |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> The ''UNC chapter'' hosts open mic nights, poetry readings, and art shows.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 1991 |title=Poetry Reading |pages=6 |work=The Daily Tar Heel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90587053/12-apr-1991-prose-and-pancakes/ |access-date=August 10, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=DiGiano |first=Maria |date=September 24, 1992 |title=Fraternity Focuses on Literary Fun |pages=3 and 7 |work=The Daily Tar Heel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/67868559 |access-date=August 10, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The ''Delta chapter'' at the University of Pennsylvania hosts an annual lecture series with nationally significant speakers and also organizes a book drive and reading program for a local public school.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2014 |title=Penn Fraternity Launches Reading Program at Local Charter School |url=https://chesterspirit.com/2014/04/penn-fraternity-launches-reading-program-at-local-charter-school/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Spirit |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aiken |first=Shawn |date=February 13, 2008 |title=View From Inside the World of Journalism |work=The Daily Pennsylvanian |url=http://media.www.dailypennsylvanian.com/media/storage/paper882/news/2008/02/13/News/View-From.Inside.The.World.Of.Journalism-3206025.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217091825/http://media.www.dailypennsylvanian.com/media/storage/paper882/news/2008/02/13/News/View-From.Inside.The.World.Of.Journalism-3206025.shtml |archive-date=February 17, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Polman |first=Dick |date=April 17, 2009 |title=Tucker and the Brothers |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/blogs/americandebate/Tucker_and_the_brothers.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en}}</ref> The ''MIT chapter'' hosts a scholarly lecture series, coffee hours, and participates in charitable activities.<ref name="bolandrina-2012" /> The ''Yale chapter'' sponsors a public series of Sigma Seminars every two to three weeks on literature, poetry, art, and current affairs; a recent speaker was [[Pap Souleye Fall]], a [[Senegalese Americans|Senegalese–American]] interdisciplinary and comic artist.<ref name="yale-daily-news-2006" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2022 |title=St Anthony Hall Lecture - Pap Souleye Fall |url=https://stayhappening.com/e/st-anthony-hall-lecture-pap-souleye-fall-E2ISU7OBDSM |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Stay Happening |language=en}}</ref> The ''Trinity chapter'' hosts its annual Clement Lectures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atashian |first=John |date=April 15, 2015 |title=St. Anthony Hall's Annual Clement Lecture Featured Trinity Alumnus Jesse Watters '01, Producer and Correspondent for The O'Reilly Factor on Fox News. |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/trinitycollege/albums/72157651588727228/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=Flickr}}</ref> The ''Columbia chapter'' hosts writers to discuss their works at least once a semester and also engages in charitable fundraising.<ref name="sedgwick-2015" />

The ''Trinity chapter'' endows a St. Anthony Professorship in Art History, several annual prizes for Trinity students, and the annual [[Martin W. Clement]] lecture. In 1970 when it went coed, the ''Yale chapter'' endowed a scholarship at Yale for women.<ref name="yale-daily-news-2006" /> The ''Yale chapter'' also offers the St. Anthony Hall Chase Coggins Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Anthony Trust Foundation |url=https://www.open990.org/org/060245162/anthony-trust-association/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Open 990}}</ref>[[File:(King1893NYC) pg558 ST. -ANTHONY CLUB, 28TH STREET BETWEEN MADISON AND FOURTH AVENUES.jpg|thumb|175px|1879 ''Alpha chapter'' house and St. Anthony Club of New York]]

== Chapter houses and buildings ==
[[File:Delta-psi-alpha-434-riverside.jpg|thumb|upright|Current ''Alpha chapter'' house ]]
[[File:St Anthony Hall Delta Chapter House and St. Anthony Club of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 1906.jpg|thumb|175px|1889 ''Delta chapter'' house and St Anthony Club of Philadelphia]]
[[File:St Anthony House U Penn.JPG|thumb|175px|Current ''Delta chapter'' house]]
[[File:St. Anthony Hall, University of Virginia, 1903.jpg|thumb|175px|''Upsilon chapter'' house in 1903]]
[[File:EpsilonChapter2005.jpg|thumb|upright|''Epsilon chapter'' house]]
[[File:King House (Brown).jpg|thumb|upright|''Kappa chapter'' house]]
[[File:St. Anthony Hall Lamba Chapter House at Williams College, 1906.jpg|thumb|175px|Former ''Lambda chapter'' house]]
[[File:Delta Psi fraternity house, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.jpg|thumb|175px|1894 ''Sigma chapter'' house and dormitory]]
[[File:St. Anthony Hall, MIT and St. Anthony Club of Boston, 6 Louisburg Square, 1912.jpg|thumb|upright|''Tau chapter house'' and St. Anthony Club of Boston, 1912]]
[[File:St Anthony Hall (No. 6 Club), MIT March 10 2011.jpg|thumb|175px|Current ''Tau chapter'' house]]
[[File:FormerSaintAnthonyClubNY.JPG|thumb|upright|Former St. Anthony Club of New York]]
[[File:Becton-Center-Prospect-Street-Yale-University-New-Haven-Connecticut-Apr-2014.jpg|thumb|175px|Becton Center]]Many of the St. Anthony Hall chapter houses were designed by well-known 19th and early 20th-century architects such as [[Henry Forbes Bigelow]], [[J. Cleaveland Cady|J. Cleveland Cady]], [[Cope and Stewardson]], [[Wilson Eyre|Wilson Eyre Jr.]], [[Heins & LaFarge]], [[Charles C. Haight]], [[Henry Hornbostel]], [[J. Harleston Parker]], [[Clinton and Russell|William Hamilton Russell]], and [[Stanford White]].<ref name="six-to-celebrate-2014" /><ref name="sedgwick-2015" /><ref name="the-philadelphia-times-1888" /><ref name="cannon" /><ref name="lay-2019" /><ref name="andrews" /><ref name="mcnutt" /><ref name="the-new-york-times-1894" /><ref name="books.google.com" /><ref name="hail-2002" />

An 1891 newspaper feature article on American college societies illustrated fifteen chapter houses, including three from Delta Psi—Trinity, Williams, and Yale.<ref name="st-louis-globedemocrat-1891">{{Cite news|date=January 11, 1891|title=College Societies|pages=26|work=St. Louis Globe-Democrat|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94763924/|access-date=February 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

===''Alpha'': Columbia University===
{{main|Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter}}
The ''Alpha chapter'' originally met at the Simon DeWitt Bloodgood house. In 1879, a new building was constructed at 29 East 28th Street for the ''Alpha chapter'' and its alumni group, the St. Anthony Club of New York.<ref name="miller-2014" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 6, 1894 |title=Among the Most Successful Clubs |pages=7 |work=The Jeffersonian-Democrat (Brookville, Pennsylvania) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90884691/6-sep-1894-jeffersonian-democrat-brookv/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="baird" /> According to the ''New-York Tribune'', it was "the first of the Greek letter societies to establish in New York a club which presents many of the features of the other social clubs in the city."<ref name="miller-2014">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Tom |date=2014-02-21 |title=The 1879 St. Anthony Club -- No. 29 East 28th Street |url=http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-1879-st-anthony-club-no-29-east.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Daytonian in Manhattan}}</ref> The ''Alpha chapter's'' Renaissance-inspired lodge in red and yellow brick was designed by [[Clinton & Russell|William Hamilton Russell]], a member of St. Anthony Hall and an architect with the firm of [[James Renwick Jr.|James Renwick, Jr]].<ref name="six-to-celebrate-2014">{{Cite web |title=St. Anthony Club |url=https://6tocelebrate.org/site/st-anthony-club/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Six to Celebrate |date=August 21, 2014 |publisher=New York City Historic Districts Council}}</ref><ref name="hartford-courant-1879">{{Cite news|date=October 17, 1879|title=Delta Psi|pages=2|work=Hartford Courant|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90625287/16-oct-1879-hartford-courant-ct-new-bu/|access-date=February 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> ''The Hartford Courant'' wrote, "The decorations of the interior are most elaborate, and altogether it is said to be one of the most beautiful college secret society buildings in the country."<ref name="hartford-courant-1879" />

In 1885, a small addition was added to the back of the building.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1887" /> The ''[[St. Louis Globe-Democrat|St. Louis Globe–Democrat]]'' wrote, "The lodge room on the Delta Psi fraternity in New York is magnificently furnished in Egyptian designs especially imported from Thebes for this purpose, at the cost of thousands of dollars..."<ref name="st-louis-globedemocrat-1891" /> In 1990, the ''New York Times'' wrote, "Old photographs show...the figure of an owl on the peaked [pyramid] roof and a plaque with the Greek letters Delta Psi over the windowless chapter room."<ref>Gray, Christopher. (September 2, 1990) [https://nyti.ms/3CKu7DO "Streetscapes: Readers' Questions; Of Consulates, Stores and Town Houses"], ''New York Times''. Accessed March 14, 2022.</ref> Later alterations were made by J.A. Moore in 1899 and 1918, including adding 1.5 stories that replaced the original pyramid roof; the stone shield remains between the fourth-floor windows.<ref name="six-to-celebrate-2014" />

In 1895, Columbia University moved its campus north of the city to [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]].<ref name="miller-2021">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Tom |date=2021-01-22 |title=The 1899 St. Anthony Hall - 434 Riverside Drive |url=http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2021/01/the-1899-st-anthony-hall-434-riverside.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Daytonian in Manhattan}}</ref> To be closer to the new campus, the ''Alpha chapter'' purchased land on 434 Riverside Drive on March 23, 1897.<ref name="miller-2021" /><ref name="paonessa-2021">{{Cite web |last=Paonessa |first=Laurie |date=October 6, 2021 |title=Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter (St. Anthony Hall) |url=https://theclio.com/entry/140476 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Clio: Your Guide to History |language=en}}</ref> To design a new chapter house, they hired [[Henry Hornbostel]] and [[George Carnegie Palmer]] (a member of St. Anthony Hall) of the firm of Wood, Palmer and Hornbostel.<ref name="paonessa-2021" /><ref name="miller-2021" /> The architects' plans were filed with the city on August 26, 1898, and the building was completed in 1898.<ref name="miller-2021" /> The resulting five-story plus basement structure is a combination of [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]] and [[French Renaissance architecture|French Renaissance]] revival styles.<ref name="miller-2021" /> It is constructed of red brick, is trimmed liberally in limestone and has dormers covered in copper.<ref name="miller-2021" /><ref name="paonessa-2021" /> At the top of the building is carved [[relief]] of the Greek letters '''{{lang|grc|ΔΨ}}'''.<ref name="miller-2021" /> The interior included reception rooms, a billiard room, a dining room, a library, and bedrooms for twenty members.<ref name="miller-2021" /> In 1996, it was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as [[Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter|Delta Psi, ''Alpha chapter'']].<ref>"[https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP National Register Information System]". ''[[National Register of Historic Places]]''. [[National Park Service]]. March 13, 2009.</ref> The chapter house is also a contributing building to the [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]-[[Riverside Drive (Manhattan)|Riverside Drive]] National Register Historic District.<ref name="paonessa-2021" />

=== ''Delta'': University of Pennsylvania ===
{{main|St. Anthony Hall House}}
Regarded as the first purpose-built fraternity house on the University of Pennsylvania campus, the original Delta Psi house was a Florentine or [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] style design by [[Wilson Eyre|Wilson Eyre Jr.]]<ref name="the-philadelphia-times-1888">{{Cite news|date=December 27, 1888|title=Delta Psi's New Club House|pages=3|work=The Philadelphia Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90630642/27-dec-1888-philadelphia-times-new-cub-h/|access-date=February 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="university-of-pennsylvania-archives-and-records-center" /> It is located at 32 South 22nd Street, across the Schuykill from Penn's West Philadelphia campus.<ref name="the-philadelphia-times-1888" /> It opened in January 1889 and also housed the St. Anthony Club of Philadelphia.<ref name="the-philadelphia-times-1888-2" /><ref name="catalogue-of-the-members-of-the-fraternity-of-delta-psi-2" /> It served the fraternity from 1889 to 1908.<ref name="the-philadelphia-times-1888" /><ref name="university-of-pennsylvania-archives-and-records-center" />

In 1907, [[Cope and Stewardson]] designed the chapter's next house in the [[Gothic architecture|Academic Gothic]] style.<ref name="cannon">Cannon, Susan S. Koenig (May 2003). "[https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/SiteResource/H054511_01H.pdf National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: St. Anthony Hall House]" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-03.</ref> [[Anthony the Great|Saint Anthony]] is depicted in a stained glass window in the stairway landing of the first floor; as seen in the photo to the right, a stone [[tau cross]] is also above the second-story windows on the exterior.<ref name="cannon" /> This brick and limestone three-story house was added to [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2005 as [[St. Anthony Hall House]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania (PA), Philadelphia County |url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/PA/Philadelphia/state9.html |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=National Register of Historic Places |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="cannon" /> This chapter house is described and pictured in George E. Nitzsche's ''University of Pennsylvania: Its History, Traditions, Buildings, and Memorials: Also a Brief Guide to Philadelphia''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nitzsche |first=George |url=https://archive.org/details/universitypenns00nitzgoog |title=University of Pennsylvania: Its History, Traditions, Buildings, and Memorials: Also a Brief Guide to Philadelphia |publisher=International Printing Company |year=1918 |page=211-212 |language=en |quote= |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

=== ''Upsilon'': University of Virginia ===
The University of Virginia's brick chapter house with two-story tall columns and a spacious [[portico]] was the third fraternity house constructed on Grounds—although it was the first with residential use in mind.<ref name="alumni-bulletin-of-the-university-of-virginia-1907">{{Cite journal |date=1907 |title=Fraternity Houses at the University of Virginia |journal=Alumni Bulletin of the University of Virginia |volume=7 |pages=199 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Built in 1902, this [[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial Revival]] or Jeffersonian style house is "beautifully situated on 'Page Hill'" and blends well with the campus architecture designed by [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 7, 1902 |title=Delta Psi's New Home is Open |pages=23 |work=Daily Times |location=Richmond, Virginia |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90945601/7-dec-1902-daily-times-richmond-va-ded/ |access-date=February 11, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The ''Upsilon chapter'' house was designed by [[J. Harleston Parker]], founder of the [[Harleston Parker Medal]].<ref name="lay-2019">{{cite book|last=Lay|first=K. Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSSUestFtpkC&q=architecture+of+jefferson+county+delta+psi&pg=RA6-PA287|title=The Architecture of Jefferson Country: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia|date=February 16, 2019|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-1885-3|via=Google Books}}</ref> It cost $20,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=20000|start_year=1902|fmt=c}} in 2023) to build.<ref name="university-of-virginia-bulletins3-1903">{{Cite journal |date=April 1903 |title=Fraternity Houses at the University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSdPAAAAYAAJ |journal=University of Virginia Bulletins3 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=33–34 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The interior was "furnished with taste throughout", and included ten bedrooms, a library, a billiard room, and a {{Convert|20 by 30|ft|m}} reception room that was paneled in oak.<ref name="alumni-bulletin-of-the-university-of-virginia-1907" /><ref name="university-of-virginia-bulletins3-1903" /> There was also electric lighting, running hot and cold water, and steam heat.<ref name="alumni-bulletin-of-the-university-of-virginia-1907" /><ref name="university-of-virginia-bulletins3-1903" /> The house is included ''The Architecture of Jefferson Country: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia''" by K. Edward Lay.<ref name="lay-2019" />

=== ''Epsilon'': Trinity College ===
{{main|Saint Anthony Hall (Hartford, Connecticut)}}
A gift of fraternity member and recent graduate [[Robert Habersham Coleman]], the ''Trinity chapter's'' granite lodge was designed in the rusticated [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style by [[J. Cleaveland Cady|J. Cleveland Cady]] in 1878.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 12, 1882|title=A Mechanical Triumph|pages=2|work=Hartford Courant|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90626314/12-jul-1882-hartford-courant-ct-coleman/|access-date=February 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="andrews">Andrews, Gregory E. and Herzan, John."[https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/85001017_text National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form: Saint Anthony Hall"]. National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-11-21.</ref> Cady was also a member of Trinity's ''Epsilon chapter'' of St. Anthony Hall. This was one of the most expensive fraternity houses in America at the time and was also a "radical departure from the customary tomb-like structures of the secret societies of other campuses".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weaver |first=Glenn |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/w_books/4/ |title=The History of Trinity College |journal=Publications About Trinity |publisher=Trinity College |year=1967 |location=Hartford, Connecticut |pages=214 |language=en}}</ref> Added in 1985 to the [[National Register of Historic Places]], as [[Saint Anthony Hall (Hartford, Connecticut)|Saint Anthony Hall]], the ''Epsilon chapter'' home is the oldest St. Anthony Hall building still in use by the fraternity.<ref name="andrews" /> It is also the oldest fraternity house at Trinity and one of the oldest buildings on campus.<ref name="andrews" />

=== ''Kappa'': Brown University ===
The ''Brown University chapter'' house at 154 Hope Street in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], was designed by [[Stone, Carpenter & Willson|Stone, Carpenter & Wilson]] in the [[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial Revival]] style in 1895.<ref name="historical-images-of-bryant-university-1950">{{Cite journal |date=1950-01-01 |title=Bryant College Administration Building, 154 Hope Street, Providence, RI |url=https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/hist_photos/150 |journal=Historical Images of Bryant University |publisher=Bryant College |via=Bryant Digital Repository}}</ref> The house features [[ogee]] [[gable]]s and a conservatory, as well as an addition added in 1961.<ref name="historical-images-of-bryant-university-1950" /> Originally a private residence for Alice and Robert W. Taft, the brick building was later owned by [[Bryant University]] which called it Taft Hall and used it as its administration building from 1947 through 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Survey |first=Historic American Buildings |title=Robert W. Taft House, 154 Hope Street, Providence, Providence County, RI |url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ri0262/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Library of Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="historical-images-of-bryant-university-1950" /> When Brown acquired the building in 1969, it was renamed King House in 1974 in honor of [[Lida Shaw King]], former dean of [[Pembroke College (Brown University)|Pembroke College]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Martha |date=1993 |title=Bryant College |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=B0670 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |website=Encyclopedia Brunoniana |publisher=Brown University}}</ref><ref name="historical-images-of-bryant-university-1950" /> Brown provides King House to the ''Kappa'' chapter as a residential student program house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Student Activities Office |title=Housing Policies for Residential Greek Organizations |url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/events/student-activities/student-groups/greek-and-program-houses/housing/housing-policies |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Brown University}}</ref>

=== ''Lambda'': Williams College ===
The former ''Williams College chapter'' house dates from 1886 and was designed by [[Stanford White]] of [[McKim, Mead & White|McKim, Mead and White.]]<ref name="mcnutt">{{Cite web |last=McNutt |first=Lynneice |title=Restoring St. Anthony Hall at Williams College |url=https://www.masonrymagazine.com/blog/2019/08/29/restoring-st-anthony-hall-at-williams-college/ |access-date=March 7, 2022 |website=Masonry Magazine}}</ref><ref name="special-collections">{{Cite web |title=St. Anthony Hall (now Center for Development Economics) |url=https://specialcollections.williams.edu/williams-history/buildings/center-for-development-economics/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Special Collections |publisher=Williams College |language=en-US}}</ref> White had just designed a New York City townhouse for fraternity member [[Frederick Ferris Thompson]], who provided White to create the ''Lamba chapter'' house.<ref name="johnson-2018">{{Cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Eugene J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfp1DwAAQBAJ |title=Williams College: The Campus Guide |last2=Lewis |first2=Michael |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-61689-793-2 |location=New York |pages=236 |language=en |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> The chapter house was constructed in of [[Freestone (masonry)|blue freestone]] and combines early [[Norman architecture|Norman]] and Old English styles.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 18, 1896|title=Delta Psi Fraternity: Opening of the New Lodge of the Lamba Chapter of Williams College|pages=1|work=The Inter Ocean (Chicago)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90629091/18-mar-1886-inter-ocean-chicago-il-ope/|access-date=February 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="mcnutt" /> It has been described as "a witty paraphrase of a [[Dutch Colonial Revival architecture|Dutch Colonial]] house, compact in silhouette and terminating in proud [[stepped gable]]s. But no such Dutch house ever had such an audacious [[tower]], tapered in the fashion of an Egyptian [[Pylon (architecture)|pylon]]."<ref name="johnson-2018" /> The interior has "an elaborate interplay of [[crossbeam]]s on the ceiling combined with heroically oversized fireplaces..."<ref name="johnson-2018" />

In 1905, an addition was added to the southwest end that had electricity and included nine bedrooms, a library, four studies, and three bathrooms.<ref name="mcnutt" /><ref name="special-collections" /> However, the addition was destroyed by a fire in May 1926, probably the result of faulty electrical wiring.<ref name="mcnutt" /><ref name="special-collections" /> Architect Roger Bullard and local contractors restored the wing.<ref name="mcnutt" /><ref name="special-collections" /> However, on January 21, 1927, another fire destroyed the new southwest wing, and the dining room ceiling collapsed, blowing out the windows on the first floor.<ref name="mcnutt" /><ref name="special-collections" /> Another addition was added to the south, but does not impact the main view of the house.<ref name="johnson-2018" />

Because fraternities were banned at Williams in the 1960s, ''Lambda chapter'' sold its building to the college in 1970.<ref name="special-collections" /> The still-named Saint Anthony Hall now houses the college's Center for Developmental Economics.<ref name="williams-college">{{Cite web |title=Saint Anthony Hall |url=https://facilities.williams.edu/properties/saint-anthony-hall/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Williams College |language=en-US}}</ref> The {{Convert|17,540|sqft|m2}} building was renovated and refurbished in 1996.<ref name="williams-college" /><ref name="mcnutt" /> It still includes a bronze relief memorial to fraternity member [[Frederick Ferris Thompson]], designed in 1906 by [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]].<ref name="johnson-2018" />

=== ''Sigma'': Yale University ===
The original ''Sigma chapter'' house was built in 1879 and no longer exists.<ref name="wisconsin-state-journal-madison-1878">{{Cite news |date=March 28, 1878 |title=The Delta Psi Society |pages=1 |work=Wisconsin State Journal (Madison) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90619880/28-mar-1878-wisconsin-state-journal-mad/ |access-date=March 6, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> This five-story building was said to be "the finest thing of the kind in any university in the country".<ref name="wisconsin-state-journal-madison-1878" /> In 1885, the chapter built a new house, also no longer in existence, that was designed by [[Harrison W. Lindsley]] who was a member of the ''Yale chapte''r.<ref name="the-morning-journalcourier-new-haven-connecticut-1885">{{Cite news |date=December 21, 1885 |title=Delta Psi Fraternity: Opening of the Chapter House |pages=2 |work=The Morning Journal-Courier (New Haven, Connecticut) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90628358/21-dec-1885-morning-journal-courier-new/ |access-date=March 6, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last1=Pinnell |first1=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alnup81pmkAC&q=patrick+pinnell+yale+anthony&pg=PA123 |title=The Campus Guide: Yale University |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56898-167-3 |language=en |access-date=October 17, 2011 |via=Google Books}}</ref> It was a [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style structure built of red [[sandstone]].<ref name="books.google.com" /><ref name="the-morning-journalcourier-new-haven-connecticut-1885" /> In 1894, the chapter started construction of a dormitory building designed by [[George Lewis Heins]] and [[Christopher La Farge|Christopher Grant LaFarge]] of the firm [[Heins & LaFarge]].<ref name="the-new-york-times-1894">{{Cite news|date=August 12, 1894|title=Delta Psi's St Anthony Hall: New Dormitory Just Built for the Scientific School of Yale|pages=17|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90884468/12-aug-1894-new-york-times-new-st-a-dorm/|access-date=February 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Located at 133 College Street, the dormitory housed 26 men and was named St. Anthony Hall—perhaps the first use of that name.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1894" /> It was built of East Haven sandstone to match the nearby chapter house and featured large parlors, a {{Convert|20 by 30|ft|m}} library filled with books, a porch with carved stone decorations, and servants quarters.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1894" />

Around 1903, fraternity member [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]] commissioned a gift of two limestone residential halls adjacent to the chapter house.<ref name="books.google.com" /> These were constructed between 1903 and 1906.<ref name="books.google.com" /><ref name="guastavino-alliance">{{Cite web |title=Saint Anthony Hall at Yale {{!}} Connecticut |url=https://www.rguastavino.org/Items/Saint-Anthony-Hall-at-Yale-%7C-Connecticut |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Guastavino Alliance |language=en}}</ref> Next, Vanderbilt hired [[Charles C. Haight]] to create a matching [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]] style chapter house which was completed in 1913 at 483 College Street.<ref name="books.google.com" /><ref name="yale-daily-news-2006" /> The ornamental iron gates from the second chapter house were re-used at the corner entrance of the new [[Octagon house|octagonal tower]].<ref name="books.google.com" /> It is believed that [[Rafael Guastavino|Rafael Guastavino Jr.]] built the [[Dome|domed ceiling]] in a basement room called The Crypt; Guastavino previously worked on [[Biltmore Estate]] for Vanderbilt's younger [[George Washington Vanderbilt II|brother]].<ref name="guastavino-alliance" /> The Crypt "has a wonderful sound [[parabola]], where someone standing in one corner can whisper and be heard across the room by someone standing in the opposite corner".<ref name="guastavino-alliance" /> The ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' called it "the most expensive and elaborate secret society building in the United States".<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 9, 1913 |title=Vanderbilt Gift to 'Sheff'; Frederick W. to Build a New $160,000 St. Anthony Hall. |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E5DB153FE633A2575AC0A9619C946296D6CF}}</ref>

The flanking residential halls are now part of [[Silliman College]]; St. Anthony Hall donated them to the university when Yale started a campus residential system in the 1930s.<ref name="saint-anthony-hall-sigma">{{Cite web |title=About Saint Anthony Hall at Yale University |url=https://saintanthonyhallsigma.org/about-saint-anthony-hall-at-yale-university/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Saint Anthony Hall Sigma |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== ''Tau'': Massachusetts Institute of Technology ===
The first ''Tau chapter'' house was designed by [[J.P. Fuller]] and built circa 1834–37 in the [[Greek Revival]] style. It was located at 6 [[Louisburg Square]] in Boston's [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] neighborhood.<ref name="bolandrina-2012" /> The building also housed the St. Anthony Club of Boston.<ref name="catalogue-of-the-members-of-the-fraternity-of-delta-psi" /> This address is the origin of the nickname for the ''Tau'' ''chapter''—the Number Six Club.<ref name="lurding" /><ref name="bolandrina-2012" /> The chapter's current multi-stored structure at 428 Memorial Drive was first occupied in 1916.<ref name="bolandrina-2012" /> It was designed by Boston architect [[Henry Forbes Bigelow]], an alumnus of the ''Tau chapter''.<ref name="hail-2002">{{Cite web |last=Hail |first=Christopher |date=November 2002 |title=Harvard/Radcliffe On-line Historical Reference Shelf: Cambridge Buildings |url=http://hul.harvard.edu/lib/archives/refshelf/cba/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170330140612/http://hul.harvard.edu/lib/archives/refshelf/cba/index.html |archive-date=2017-03-30 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=wayback.archive-it.org |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref>

=== St. Anthony Club of New York ===
Designed by architect [[S.E. Gage]], the former St. Anthony Club of New York was located at 16 East 64th Street in [[New York City]].<ref name="landmark-preservation-commission">{{Cite web |last=Landmark Preservation Commission |title=Notice of Public Hearing |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/calendar/02_06_07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126220746/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/calendar/02_06_07.pdf |archive-date=November 26, 2007 |access-date=March 2, 2007 |website=New York City |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Originally built between 1878 and 1879, Gage redesigned the building between 1902 and 1904 in the [[Federal style|Neo-Federal]] style.<ref name="elliman.com">{{Cite web |last=Calderone |first=Michael |date=October 24, 2005 |title=Miracles on 64th Two $20 M. Deals |url=http://www.elliman.com/MainSite/Company/News_Detail.aspx?ID=1043 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427070920/http://www.elliman.com/MainSite/Company/News_Detail.aspx?ID=1043 |archive-date=April 27, 2006 |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=Prudential Douglas Elliman Real Estate}}</ref><ref name="landmark-preservation-commission" /> The five-story [[brownstone]] includes limestone columns, a detailed, wrought-iron front door and gate, a limestone and marble entry foyer, and a bronze and wrought-iron main staircase.<ref name="nyc-architecture">{{cite web |title=New York Architecture Walks: Upper East Side |url=http://www.nyc-architecture.com/walks-ues.htm |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=NYC Architecture |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beveridge |first1=Andrew A. |last2=Weber |first2=Susan |last3=Ng |first3=Charies |date=March 1996 |title=Stroll the Upper East Side for Lifestyles of the Elite |url=http://soc.qc.cuny.edu/Maps/footnote.html |url-status=dead |journal=Footnotes |publisher=American Sociological Association |volume=24 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228170923/http://soc.qc.cuny.edu/Maps/footnote.html |archive-date=February 28, 2007}}</ref> In addition, the townhouse boasted ornate moldings, high ceilings, skylights, oak [[Parquet floors|Versailles parquet floors]], and six wood-burning fireplaces.<ref name="elliman.com" /> The building is on a historically distinguished residential street and is included in the walking tour of 64th Street.<ref name="nyc-architecture" />

Beginning in 1951, St. Anthony Hall used this building as an alumni city club and as headquarters for its national offices; the fraternity (Delta Psi, Inc.) purchased the building in 1952.<ref name="the-review-1988">{{Cite journal |date=1988 |title=Changes Afoot at 16 East 6th Street |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.stanthonyhall.org/resource/resmgr/Reviews/St._Anthony_Club.pdf |journal=The Review |publisher=St. Anthony Hall |issue=Fall}}</ref> In the early 1970s, the [[Barnard College]] Club leased space in the St. Anthony Club building.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosenblatt |first=Marilyn Rich |date=December 9, 2004 |title=Barnard College Club of NY |url=http://alum.barnard.edu/site/PageServer?pagename=alu_groups_bccny |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901232300/http://alum.barnard.edu/site/PageServer?pagename=alu_groups_bccny |archive-date=September 1, 2006 |website=Barnard University}}</ref> The fraternity closed its club and sold the building in 1990; the former club is now a private residence.<ref name="smith-1999">{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=George T |last2=Hollyday Jr. |first2=Richard C. |date=1999 |title=Whatever Happened to 16 East 64th Street |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.stanthonyhall.org/resource/resmgr/Reviews/St._Anthony_Club.pdf |journal=The Review |publisher=St. Anthony Hall}}</ref>

===Related campus buildings===
''Yale chapter'' member and benefactor [[Henry P. Becton|Henry Prentiss Becton]] donated the Becton Center to Yale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prizes by Department or Subject |url=https://secretary.yale.edu/services-resources/lectureships-fellowships-and-prizes/department-prizes |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life, Yale University}}</ref> Designed by [[Marcel Breuer]], the Becton Center opened in 1970.<ref name="marcel-breuer-digital-archive">{{Cite web |title=Yale University, Becton Engineering and Applied Science Center |url=https://breuer.syr.edu/project.php?id=494 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Marcel Breuer Digital Archive}}</ref> Located at 15 Prospect Street in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], the building's most distinctive feature is an [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] of monumental [[Cross of Tau|tau cross-shaped]] concrete columns.<ref name="marcel-breuer-digital-archive" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Davies Auditorium (Becton Center) {{!}} Conferences & Events |url=https://conferencesandevents.yale.edu/about-us/venues/davies-auditorium-becton-center |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=conferencesandevents.yale.edu}}</ref>

== Alumni groups ==

=== Foundations ===
The St. Anthony Educational Foundation Inc. is a charitable entity that supports the educational and cultural programs and activities of the fraternity through grants and scholarships to its chapters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2021 |title=St Anthony Educational Foundation Inc. |url=https://www.open990.org/org/136103940/st-anthony-educational-foundation-inc/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Open 99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Anthony Educational Foundation Inc. Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/13-6103940 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Guide Star}}</ref>

=== Graduate Chapter Organizations ===
St. Anthony Hall has several incorporated graduate chapter associations that exist to support its chapters and/or their buildings. The Anthony Trust association was chartered in Connecticut in 1874.<ref name="hartford-courant-1874">{{Cite news |date=June 19, 1874 |title=A Secret Society |pages=1 |work=Hartford Courant |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97559201/st-anthony-trust-assn/ |access-date=March 13, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Known graduate chapters include:
* 1853 Foundation, aka the Lambda Foundation (''Lambda chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loewenson |first=Irene |title=Record investigation points to recent existence of underground frat |url=https://williamsrecord.com/380657/news/record-investigation-points-to-recent-existence-of-underground-frat/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Williams Record}}</ref><ref name="oconnell-2003" />
* Anthony Trust Association of New Haven (''Sigma chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anthony Trust Association {{!}} New Haven, CT {{!}} Cause IQ |url=https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/the-anthony-trust-association,060245162/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.causeiq.com}}</ref><ref name="hartford-courant-1874" />
* ''Delta'' Alumni Association, aka Delta Psi Fraternity ''Delta Chapter'' (''Delta chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delta Psi Fraternity Delta Chapter Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/23-1638518 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=GuideStar}}</ref>
* St. Anthony 1907 Foundation (''Delta chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Anthony 1907 Foundation - GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/30-0162522 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref>
* St. Anthony Association of Boston (''Tau chapter'') <ref>{{Cite web |title=St Anthony Association of Boston Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/04-6111735#summary |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=GuideStar}}</ref>
* St. Anthony Association of North Carolina Inc., also known as St. Anthony Association (''Xi chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Anthony Association Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/56-6061365 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=GuideStar}}</ref>
* St. Anthony Association of Virginia (''Upsilon chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Anthony Alumni Association of Virginia {{!}} Washington, DC {{!}} Cause IQ |url=https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/st-anthony-alumni-association-of-virginia,274132989/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.causeiq.com}}</ref>
* St. Anthony Club of Mississippi (''Phi chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delta Psi Fraternity and St Anthony Club of Mississippi {{!}} Oxford, MS {{!}} Cause IQ |url=https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/delta-psi-fraternity-and-st-anthony-club-of-missis,640350891/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.causeiq.com}}</ref>
* St. Anthony Hall of New York, Inc. (''Alpha chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Anthony Hall of New York {{!}} Lake Success, NY {{!}} Cause IQ |url=https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/saint-anthony-hall-of-new-york,133243575/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.causeiq.com}}</ref>
* St. Anthony Literary Association of Princeton (''Theta chapter)''
* St. Anthony Trust of Hartford Inc. (''Epsilon chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Anthony Trust of Hartford Inc. Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/13-2930684 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=GuideStar}}</ref>
* St. Anthony Trust of Rhode Island (''Kappa chapter'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Anthony Trust of Rhode Island Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/22-3067778 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=GuideStar}}</ref>

=== Clubs and area organizations ===
Historically, there were several alumni social clubs associated with the fraternity—the 1890 edition of [[Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities|Baird's]] credits the Delta Psi with being "a pioneer in the development of this form of social life".<ref name="baird" /> These clubs usually adopted the name St. Anthony Club because the fraternity's badge was a [[Tau cross|St. Anthony's cross]].<ref name="baird" />

==== St. Anthony Club of New York ====
Founded in 1879, the St. Anthony Club of New York was the first and longest-running of these establishments.<ref name="baird" /><ref name="thorpe-2020" /> It was also the first fraternity-related club in New York City.<ref name="baird" /> In 1883, it was housed at 29 East 28th Street in a building it shared with the undergraduates of the ''Columbia chapter''.<ref name="baird" />
In 1885, the club added an addition to the rear of the building, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' gave its readers a rare peek inside the club: <blockquote>
The front room is a parlor with tables for cards. In cases on the mantlepiece are "Goodwood Cups," trophies of which the club is justly proud. The furniture and fittings here are cherry, with harmonious upholstery and walls. Several fine prints are to be seen, including views of buildings of the Delta Psi at Yale, Trinity, and other colleges. A passageway, richly decorated in the baronial style of the twelfth century, leads from the office past the buffet, in a crypt under the stairs, to a large room, which, with a noble open fireplace, offers, in cosy [''sic''] leather cushions, in stalls in the corners and more spacious chairs, a quiet retreat. The fantastic and unique latticework of the windows attracts attention, with the bold and artistic studding of the ceiling, and ornate chandeliers especially manufactured emit their jets of gas from imitation candles...This is the smoking and lounging room.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1887">{{Cite news |date=February 20, 1887 |title=A Club of Delta Psi Men |pages=4 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1887/02/20/103138944.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> </blockquote>The club also included a billiard room with igh oak wainscotting and walls of a blueish-green with hints of gold, an entire floor dedicated to its library, and a national fraternity office decorated with illustrations of the temptations of St. Anthony.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1887" /> It was also noted that the membership and dues were low, "so as to prevent no one who is eligible from joining".<ref name="the-new-york-times-1887" /> Membership was limited to alumni of the Delta Psi fraternity, and no others could gain entry.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1887" /> In 1893, St. Anthony Hall was referred to by the ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' as "the most exclusive organization of the kind in the United States".<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 21, 1893 |title=The New Colonial Club, New York |pages=4 |work=The Akron Daily Democrat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90881667/21-feb-1893-akron-daily-democrat-akron/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

On July 4, 1912, the St. Anthony Club purchased the house of Edith S. Logan, widow of [[John A. Logan]], located at 17 West 56th Street in New York City.<ref name="miller-2014" /> The club used its 1879 ''Alpha chapter'' house as a partial payment to Logan.<ref name="miller-2014" /> In 1929, the club purchased the Junior League's five-story clubhouse at 133–35 61st Street, selling 17 West 56th Street in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Tom |date=2013-10-19 |title=The Edith A. Logan Mansion -- No. 17 West 56th Street |url=http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-edith-logan-mansion-no-17-west-56th.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Daytonian in Manhattan}}</ref> In 1936, the club and the fraternity's office were jointly housed in a penthouse of the [[Berkshire Hotel]] at 21 East 52nd Street.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1944">{{Cite news |date=January 4, 1944 |title=St. Anthony Club Moves to Park Ave. |pages=31 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/01/04/96408864.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> The club relocated to an apartment at 270 Park Avenue in 1944.<ref name="the-new-york-times-1944" /> However, by the early 1980s, the club was located in a [[brownstone]] at 16 East 64th Street and was no longer financially sustainable.<ref name="landmark-preservation-commission" /><ref name="the-review-1988" /> With the city's property boom, by 1988 the brownstone was worth $3.5 million versus $1 million in 1984. The fraternity decided to close the club and liquidate the asset to free funds for other projects.<ref name="the-review-1988" /> In 1989, the fraternity borrowed money to fix structural problems and other issues with the building.<ref name="smith-1999" /> The St Anthony Club of New York building sold in 1990 for $3,250,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=3250000|start_year=1990|fmt=c}} in 2023), although the net to the organization was significantly less because of debts, stockholder payouts, and taxes.<ref name="smith-1999" />

==== Other historic clubs ====
Known as the St. Andrews Club, the alumni group in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], started meeting annually in 1883.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 23, 1890 |title=St. Andrews Club |pages=20 |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90633851/28-dec-1890-detroit-free-press-mi-st-a/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The St. Anthony Club in [[Philadelphia]] was established sometime before 1888 when moved into a new building with the undergraduate chapter.<ref name="the-philadelphia-times-1888-2">{{Cite news |date=December 30, 1888 |title=Delta Psi |pages=8 |work=The Philadelphia Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90631129/30-dec-1888-philadelphia-times-new-house/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |quote=The Florentine Chapter of Delta Psi Fraternity, located at the University, has at last secured a permanent chapter and club house, and thereby put an end to their thirty-five years existence in Chestnut Street upper stories. ...The lower stories will be occupied by the St. Anthony Club which is entirely composed of Delta Psi graduates of the University of Pennsylvania. The upper stories will be occupied by the undergraduate members of the fraternity. |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="catalogue-of-the-members-of-the-fraternity-of-delta-psi-2">''[https://archive.org/details/catalogofmembers00fratrich/page/n79/mode/2up?q=%22st.+anthony+club+of+philadelphia%22 Catalogue of the Members of the Fraternity of Delta Psi]''. New York: Fraternity of Delta Psi, 1900, p. 63. ''via'' Internet Archive</ref> There was also a St. Anthony Club in [[Rochester, New York]] before 1890.<ref name="baird" /> The St. Anthony Club in [[Boston]] was established before 1898 and shared a building in [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] with the undergraduate chapter at MIT.<ref>Baird, William Raimond (1898). "[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4g71&view=1up&seq=126&skin=2021&q1=st%20anthony%20hall Membership and Chapters." ''American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society System in the Colleges of the United States, with Detailed Account of Each Fraternity''.5th edition]: New York, NY. William Raimond Baird. pp. 102 – via The Hathi Trust.</ref><ref name="catalogue-of-the-members-of-the-fraternity-of-delta-psi" /> The St. Anthony Club of the Northwest was organized in 1890 after having semi-annual dinner gatherings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 1890 |title=There was a Representative Gathering |pages=5 |work=The Tacoma Daily Ledger |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90633709/14-sep-1890-tacoma-daily-ledger-wa-gat/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 1890 |title=The Delta Psis |pages=1 |work=Spokane Falls Review |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90633473/14-sep-1890-annual-dinner-of-the-northwe/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1904, the St. Anthony Club of [[Bar Harbor, Maine]] gathered for its annual dinner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 31, 1904 |title=St. Anthony Club of Bar Harbor |pages=3 |work=Boston Evening Transcript |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90947826/31-aug-1904-boston-evening-transcript-st/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> There was also a St. Anthony Club of [[Bermuda]].<ref name="thorpe-2020" />

==== Modern clubs ====
Known modern alumni social groups include the [[Paris]] St. Anthony Hall Association, the St. Anthony Association of New Jersey, the St. Anthony Association of [[Nova Scotia]], the St. Anthony Association of Rhode Island, the St. Anthony Association of Southern Arizona, the St. Anthony Association of Washington, D.C., and the St. Anthony Club of Philadelphia.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006 |title=Graduate Organizations |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.stanthonyhall.org/resource/resmgr/reviews/spring_2006_review.pdf |journal=The Review |publisher=St. Anthony Hall |volume=Spring/Summer |pages=6 |access-date=March 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>"[https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.stanthonyhall.org/resource/resmgr/reviews/winter_2013_review.pdf Alumni Activities]" (PDF). (2013) ''The Review''. St. Anthony Hall. Winter: 7 and 9.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2013 |title=St. Anthony Club of Philadelphia |url=http://delta3637.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Spring-2010.pdf |journal=St. Anthony Hall University of Pennsylvania |volume=Spring |pages=4}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The exclusive Hamilton House secret society from the television show ''[[Gossip Girl (TV series)|Gossip Girl]]'' was based on St. Anthony Hall's ''Columbia chapter''.<ref name="gordon-2017">{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Eden |date=2017-06-26 |title=17 Off-the-Beaten-Path Things to Do at Columbia University in NYC - Page 5 of 17 |url=https://untappedcities.com/2017/06/26/17-off-the-beaten-path-things-to-do-at-columbia-university-in-nyc-an-untapped-cities-guide/ |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=Untapped New York |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="sedgwick-2015" /><ref name="harris-2018">{{Cite magazine |last=Harris |first=Sophie |date=2018-01-29 |title=Vampire Weekend's Debut Album: 10 Things You Didn't Know |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/vampire-weekends-debut-album-10-things-you-didnt-know-201047/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> However, when the character Van der Woodsen is denied admission to Hamilton House, she says, “It’s fine, I joined St. A’s instead."<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2012 |title=Columbia: Different for a Gossip Girl |url=https://bwog.com/2012/11/gossip-girl-bluenote/ |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=Bwog: Columbia Student News}}</ref>
* The "St. Ray's" fraternity in [[Tom Wolfe]]'s ''[[I Am Charlotte Simmons]]'' is modeled after the ''University of Pennsylvania chapter'' where Wolfe attended a cocktail party in 2001 while conducting research for the book.<ref name="montenegro-2004" />
* The cover art of rock band [[Vampire Weekend]]'s first album is of the ''Columbia chapter's'' ballroom chandelier, taken at one of the band's early shows.<ref name="sedgwick-2015" /><ref name="harris-2018" />
* In June 1971, [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'']] magazine featured the newly coed ''University of North Carolina chapter'' in an article called "''Vogue's'' Eye View on Girl Power".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 1971 |title=Vogue's Eye View on Girl Power |url=https://archive.vogue.com/article/1971/06/01/of-girl-power |journal=Vogue |pages=69}}</ref>
* The society tabloid ''[[Gawker]]'' said "In the constellation of collegiate societies—fraternities, sororities, eating clubs, final clubs, and the like—few are more exclusive, and WASPy, as St. Anthony Hall, or St. A's as it is commonly known..."<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 28, 2007 |title=Attention, Tinsley Mortimer: Your Frat Is Looking For You |work=Gawker |url=http://gawker.com/news/how-your-hegemony-gets-made/attention-tinsley-mortimer-your-frat-is-looking-for-you-273131.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310190427/http://gawker.com/news/how-your-hegemony-gets-made/attention-tinsley-mortimer-your-frat-is-looking-for-you-273131.php |archive-date=March 10, 2008 |df=mdy}}</ref>
* ''The [[Official Preppy Handbook]]'' says, "St. A's appeals to the 'cool element' of Preppies at Yale; this means Preppies who don't iron their shirts. It isn't rowdy: parties there conform to the intellectual self-image Yalies hold dear."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Birnbach |first1=Lisa |title=The Official Preppy Handbook |last2=Roberts |first2=Jonathan |last3=Wiley |first3=Mason |last4=Wallace |first4=Carol McD |publisher=Workman Publishing |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89480-140-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* The ''University of Mississippi chapter'' house is said to be haunted by a brother, Jim Bridges, who died in a car wreck on the way back from a [[LSU]] football game in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Lacey |date=2013-10-31 |title=Take a Tour of Haunted Oxford: Part II |url=https://www.hottytoddy.com/2013/10/31/take-a-tour-of-haunted-oxford-part-ii/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=HottyToddy |language=en-US}}</ref>
* During a fellowship on campus in December 1967, California Governor [[Ronald Reagan]] was filmed by public television informally debating Yale students at St. Anthony Hall. Nancy Reagan is also present, as the Yalies quiz the governor on [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and various social justice issues.<ref>{{cite web |author=Leslie |first=Jacques |date=March 1997 |title=The Yale of My Day: Vietnam on Our Mind |url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/97_03/leslie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929033403/http://yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/97_03/leslie.html |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=Yale Alumni Magazine |publisher= |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[Mama Dip's|Mama Dip]] ([[Mildred Cotton Council]]), an icon of Southern cooking who was a guest at the [[White House]], once was the cook at the ''UNC chapter''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=John |date=May 24, 2018 |title=Culinary Icon, County Native Mama Dip Dies |pages=1 |work=The Chatham Record (Pittsboro, North Carolina) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97649438/mama-dip-unc-st-anthony-hall/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
* During the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in 1897, [[Jack London]] befriend two [[Mining engineering|mining engineers]] who were members of the ''Yale chapter''—[[Marshall Latham Bond]] and [[Louis Whitford Bond]].<ref name="grant-2019">{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Richard |date=November 2019 |title=Gold Fever! Deadly Cold! And the Amazing True Adventures of Jack London in the Wild |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gold-fever-deadly-cold-and-amazing-true-adventures-jack-london-wild-180973316/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> They designated their cabin a chapter house, and let London camp by it for six weeks.<ref name="grant-2019" /> Buck, the canine protagonist of London's ''[[The Call of the Wild|Call of the Wild]]'', was inspired by the Bond brothers' dog.<ref name="grant-2019" /> The Bond's father, [[Hiram Bond|Judge Hiram Bond]] from California, is lightly fictionalized in ''Call of the Wild'' as Judge Miller.<ref name="grant-2019" />
* [[John O'Hara]], in his 1960 novel ''Ourselves to Know'', uses St. Anthony Hall membership in the characterizations of the protagonists:<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Hara |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzQkAQAAMAAJ |title=Ourselves to Know |date=1960 |publisher=Cresset Press |isbn=978-0-248-98389-1 |language=en}}</ref>
** "'Did you join a fraternity at Penn?' I said. 'Yes I did. St Anthony–Delta Psi. But I think they were sorry that they invited me.' ...I happened to know, because I had seen it, that he had a Delta Psi Tea Company gold charm on his watch chain, but the reason he did not show it was one of delicacy; in 1908 they had not accepted his resignation but he kept the ''insigne'' hidden..."
** "He and Robert quickly looked at each other's watch-chain and the Delta Psi charm and smiled."
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] refers to the Pump and Slipper, an annual party at the ''Yale chapter'' since 1911, in several of his short stories:<ref name="yale-daily-news-2006" />
** "[[May Day (short story)|May Day]]" in ''[[Tales of the Jazz Age]]'': "'My name's Dean, Philip Dean,' he said cheerfully. 'You don't remember me, I know, but you used to come up to New Haven with a fellow I roomed with senior year, Gordon Sterrett.' Edith looked up quickly. 'Yes, I went up with him twice—to the Pump and Slipper and the Junior prom.'"
** "[[Bernice Bobs Her Hair]]": "Warren was nineteen and rather pitying with those of his friends who hadn't gone East to college. But, like most boys, he bragged tremendously about the girls of his city when he was away from it. There was Genevieve Ormonde, who regularly made the rounds of dances, house-parties, and football games at Princeton, Yale, Williams, and Cornell; there was black-eyed Roberta Dillon, who was quite as famous to her generation as Hiram Johnson or Ty Cobb; and, of course, there was Marjorie Harvey, who besides having a fairylike face and a dazzling, bewildering tongue was already justly celebrated for having turned five cart-wheels in succession during the last pump-and-slipper dance at New Haven."
** "A Short Trip Home", ''[[Saturday Evening Post]],'' January 17, 1927: "There was talk of the Pump and Slipper dance at New Haven and the Princeton Prom, and then, in various moods, we four left and separated quickly outside."

== Scandals and controversies ==
* In 1889, a death was reported in a hazing incident at the ''Yale chapter''.<ref name="the-weekly-wisconsin-milwaukee-wisconsin-1889">{{Cite news |date=November 16, 1889 |title=But Another Case |pages=6 |work=The Weekly Wisconsin (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90632721/16-nov-1889-the-weekly-wisconsin-milwau/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> According to the news report, a pledge was placed in a coffin and lowered outside a window with a rope.<ref name="the-weekly-wisconsin-milwaukee-wisconsin-1889" /> When the coffin was pulled up, the pledge, who was of a "nervous temperament", was found dead.<ref name="the-weekly-wisconsin-milwaukee-wisconsin-1889" />
* In 1896, the fraternity revoked the charter of the University of Rochester ''Iota chapter'' without warning.<ref name="democrat-and-chronicle-rochester-new-york-1896">{{Cite news |date=April 3, 1896 |title=The Papers in the Case: History of the Delta Psi Controversy in Full |pages=12 |work=Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, New York) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90888029/3-apr-1896-democrat-and-chronicle-roche/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> At the time, ''Iota'' had existed for 44 years, had 56 members in good academic standing, owned a chapter house with a mortgage balance of just $3,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=3000|start_year=1896|fmt=c}} in 2023), and had an active alumni club.<ref name="democrat-and-chronicle-rochester-new-york-1896" /> The Rochester ''Democrat and Chronicle'' concluded that the issue was with the college itself, rather than ''Iota chapter'', writing, "The fraternity is comparably small and very exclusive and desires to remain so...Rochester is not sufficiently aristocratic".<ref name="democrat-and-chronicle-rochester-new-york-1896" /> The ''Iota Chapter'' did not reopen until 2010.<ref name="lurding" />
* In 1901, there was a kidnapping attempt of member R. H. Rogers of the ''Williams chapter''.<ref name="washington-times-washington-dc-1901">{{Cite news |date=January 26, 1901 |title=Tried to Kidnap a Student |pages=5 |work=Washington Times (Washington, D.C.) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90943938/26-jan-1901-washington-times-dc-kidnap/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="chicago-tribune-1901">{{Cite news |date=January 26, 1901 |title=Kidnappers are Forced to Yield their Victim |pages=2 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90943845/26-jan-1901-chicago-tribune-attempted-ki/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He was rescued from the kidnapper's carriage by another student who had a revolver.<ref name="washington-times-washington-dc-1901" /><ref name="chicago-tribune-1901" />
* On July 11, 1915, [[D. LeRoy Dresser|Daniel Leroy Dresser]] committed suicide at the ''Columbia chapter'' house over financial problems.<ref name="the-boston-globe-1915">{{Cite news |date=July 11, 1915 |title=Suicide Due to Money Worries |pages=2 |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97614513/suicide-at-delta-psi-nyc/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Dresser was the brother-in-law of [[George Washington Vanderbilt II]] of [[Biltmore Estate]].<ref name="the-boston-globe-1915" />
* In October 1961, members of the ''University of Virginia chapter'' chartered an airplane to Connecticut to try and stop the ''Yale chapter'' from admitting the fraternity's first black member, [[Wendell Mottley]].<ref name="the-new-york-times-1961">{{Cite news |date=October 27, 1961 |title=Fraternity at Yale Shuns Racial Plea |pages=67 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/10/27/118929577.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> However, Yale University warned that a fraternity showing discrimination "would not be welcome on the Yale campus".<ref name="the-new-york-times-1961" /> Mottley became a member of St. Anthony Hall.<ref>Speth, James Gustave (October 28, 2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DsebBAAAQBAJ Angels by the River: A Memoir]''. Hartford, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-60358-586-6}}.</ref>
* In the 1960s, fraternity member [[Jeff MacNelly|Jeff MacNeely]] was commissioned to create a painting of the [[Carolina Inn]] which was next door to the ''UNC chapter's'' house.<ref name="velliquette-2009">{{Cite news |last=Velliquette |first=Beth |date=January 17, 2009 |title=Carolina Inn Shows MacNeely Art Again |pages=C1 |work=The Herald-Sun (Durham, North Carolina) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97647699/macnelly-carolina-inn-painting-reappears/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> MacNeely would go on to fame for his comic strip [[Shoe (comic strip)|''Shoe'']], and the painting disappeared from the inn in the 1970s.<ref name="velliquette-2009" /> The painting was found at a yard sale in 2009 and made its way back to the Carolina Inn.<ref name="velliquette-2009" />
* In 1990, a member from the ''University of Pennsylvania chapter'' was kidnapped by members of [[Psi Upsilon]] (Castle).<ref name="www34stcom">{{Cite web |title=Not Going Anywhere: Frats and the Fight for Space on Locust |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2018/10/fraternity-real-estate-confusing-policy-upenn |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.34st.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lutton |first=Christine |date=March 1, 1990 |title=Psi Upsilon National Officials Investigate Castle Activities |url=https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/cgi-bin/pennsylvania?a=d&d=tdp19900301-01.2.2&srpos=20&e=------199-en-20--1--txt-txIN-psi+upsilon------ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Daily Pennsylvanian |page=1 |via=University of Pennsylvania Libraries}}</ref> As a result, Castle was banned from the university.<ref name="www34stcom" />
* On January 11, 2003, the fraternity held a private black-tie dinner-dance at the [[Metropolitan Club (Washington, D.C.)|Metropolitan Club]] of Washington, D.C.<ref name="grove-2003">{{Cite news |last=Grove |first=Lloyd |date=2003-05-18 |title=The Reliable Source |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/05/18/the-reliable-source/ae9fe055-8950-489e-835f-89478e4de832/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]''. the $38,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=38000|start_year=2003|fmt=c}} in today's money) event "turned into a bacchanal" with same-sex dancing, the theft of decorative items, under-aged drinking, and sexual encounters in the locker rooms.<ref name="grove-2003" /> The Metropolitan Club suspended [[Charlie Ingersoll]] and Jack Shaw, the members who sponsored the event, for one month.<ref name="grove-2003" /> The letter sent to Shaw and Ingersoll by the Metropolitan Club president said, "The behavior was grossly inappropriate and offensive to many of the staff who worked during the event and violated the standards of our Club."<ref name="grove-2003" />
* In September 2005, the ''UNC chapter'' was charged with running "a speakeasy of sorts".<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 30, 2005 |title=Officials Raid 'Bar' at UNC-CH Fraternity |pages=17 |work=The News and Observer (Raleigh, North Carolina) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97648129/st-anthony-hall-unc-bar/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The fraternity's president and the bartender were charged with selling alcohol without a State permit.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Velliquette |first1=Beth |last2=Ferreri |first2=Eric |date=September 29, 2005 |title=UNC Fraternity Raided for Running Bar in House |pages=2 |work=The Herald-Sun (Durham, NC) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97648715/st-anthony-hall-unc-bar-pt-2/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> However, the president was cleared of charges because the law enforcement officer failed to read her the [[Miranda warning|Miranda rights]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rocha |first=Jessica |date=May 3, 2006 |title=Fraternity President Cleared of Alcohol Charge |pages=B9 |work=The News and Observer (Raleigh, North Carolina) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97647840/st-anthony-hall-unc-alcohol/ |access-date=March 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
* In 2011, St. Anthony Hall alumnus Walter Perry was convicted of embezzling $650,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=650000|start_year=2011|fmt=c}} in today's money) from the ''Columbia chapter''.<ref name="sedgwick-2015" /> He served two years in prison and was ordered to pay restitution.<ref name="sedgwick-2015" /> Perry was also expelled from the fraternity.<ref name="sedgwick-2015" />

==See also==
* [[Collegiate secret societies in North America]]
* [[History of North American fraternities and sororities]]
* [[List of social fraternities and sororities]]
* [[North American fraternity and sorority housing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://kappa.satri.org/ St. Anthony Hall at Brown University]
* [https://saintanthonyhallalpha.org/ St. Anthony Hall at Columbia University]
* [http://no6.mit.edu/ St. Anthony Hall at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology]
* [https://deltapsi.org/ St. Anthony Hall at Trinity College]
* [https://www.olemissdeltapsi.com/ St. Anthony Hall at the University of Mississippi]
* [https://aig.alumni.virginia.edu/hall/ St. Anthony Hall at the University of Virginia]
{{Fraternities and Sororities |collapsed}}
{{North American Interfraternity Conference}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Anthony Hall}}
[[Category:St. Anthony Hall| ]]
[[Category:Collegiate secret societies]]
[[Category:Student societies in the United States]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1847]]
[[Category:Columbia University student organizations]]
[[Category:North American Interfraternity Conference]]
[[Category:1847 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Fraternities and sororities in the United States]]
[[Category:Historic buildings and structures in the United States]]

Trinity College (Connecticut)

2023-04-03T22:12:56Z

MBWhitney:

{{short description|Private liberal arts college in Hartford, Connecticut}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Trinity College
| image = Trinity College Connecticut Seal.svg
| image_upright = .7
| latin_name = Collegium Trinitatis Sanctae
| caption =
| motto = ''{{lang|la|Pro Ecclesia Et Patria}}'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For Church and Country
| established = {{start date and age|1823|5}}
| former_names = Washington College (1823–1845)
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[liberal arts college]]
| accreditation = [[New England Commission of Higher Education|NECHE]]
| endowment = $783 million (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=trinitytripod|title=Board of Trustees Hold October Meeting: Endowment Rises to $783 Million, Berger-Sweeney's Contract Extended to 2025|url=https://tripod.domains.trincoll.edu/news/board-of-trustees-hold-october-meeting-endowment-rises-to-783-million-berger-sweeneys-contract-extended-to-2025/|access-date=2021-11-03|language=en}}</ref>
| faculty = 230 full-time and 45 part-time (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| president = [[Joanne Berger-Sweeney]]
| students = 2,241 (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| undergrad = 2,200 (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| postgrad = 41 (spring 2021)<ref name=CDS_B>{{cite web |url=https://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/InstitutionalResearchPlanning/Documents/Trinity%20College%20CDS_2018-2019.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part B |publisher=Trinity College}}</ref>
| city = [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
| country = U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|41.747|N|72.690|W|type:edu_region:US-CT_dim:2000|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|100|acre}}
| colors = {{color box|#1E388C}} {{color box|#FFC424}} Blue and gold
| sports_nickname = [[Trinity Bantams|Bantams]]
| mascot = [[Bantam (chicken)|Bantam]]
|athletics_affiliations = [[NCAA]] [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]] – [[New England Small College Athletic Conference|NESCAC]]
| academic_affiliations = [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]], [[Consortium on Financing Higher Education|COFHE]], [[Annapolis Group]], [[Oberlin Group]], [[Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges|CLAC]], [[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| logo = Trinity College Connecticut.svg
| logo_upright = 1.1
}}
'''Trinity College''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. Founded as '''Washington College''' in 1823, it is the second-oldest college in the state of [[Connecticut]].

Coeducational since 1969, the college enrolls 2,235 students.<ref name=CDS_B/> Trinity offers 41 majors and 28 interdisciplinary minors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/ |title=Majors and Minors|newspaper=Academics|publisher=Trinity College|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> The college is a member of the [[New England Small College Athletic Conference]] (NESCAC).

== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[File:Thomas Church Brownell (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Founder [[Thomas Church Brownell]]]]

[[Thomas Church Brownell|Bishop Thomas Brownell]] opened '''Washington College''' in 1824 to nine male students<ref name="Albert E. Van Dusen 1961 pp 362-63">Albert E. Van Dusen, ''Connecticut" (1961) pp 362-63</ref> and the vigorous protest of [[Yale University|Yale]] alumni.{{Clarify|date=November 2022|reason=Why did Yale alumni protest?}} A 14-acre site was chosen, at the time about a half-mile from the city of Hartford. Over time [[Bushnell Park]] was laid out to the north and the east, creating a beautiful space.<ref name="1889book">{{cite book|title=Hartford, Conn., as a manufacturing, business and commercial center; with brief sketches of its history, attractions, leading industries, and institutions ..|date=1889|publisher=Hartford (Conn) Board of Trade|location=Hartford, CT|pages=182–187|url=https://archive.org/stream/hartfordconnasma00hart/hartfordconnasma00hart#page/n170/mode/1up|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

The college was renamed '''Trinity College''' in 1845; the original campus consisted of two Greek Revival buildings. One of the Greek Revival buildings housed a chapel, library, and lecture rooms. The other was a dormitory for the male students who attended the college.<ref>Albert E. Van Dusen, ''Connecticut" (1961) pp 362–63</ref>

The site next to Bushnell Park, where Trinity College then stood, was deemed an ideal location for building a statehouse.<ref name="1889book" /> So the trustees were persuaded to sell the entire campus to the city in 1872 for $600,000.<ref name="1889book" /> The trustees moved the college to an 80-acre site on a ridge on the western edge of Hartford.<ref name="1889book" /> Then-president [[Abner Jackson]] hired an English architect to draw up plans for an entire campus.<ref name="1889book" /> Construction of the new campus was begun under the presidency of Thomas Ruggles Pynchon (1874–1883).<ref name="1889book" />

===New campus ===
[[File:Burgesplan.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|[[William Burges]]'s original plan for the campus of Trinity College]]
In 1872, Trinity College was persuaded by the state to move from its downtown '''"College Hill"''' location (now Capitol Hill, site of the [[Connecticut State Capitol|state capitol building]]) to its current {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus a mile southwest. Although the college sold its land overlooking the [[Park River (Connecticut)|Park River]] and [[Bushnell Park]] in 1872, it did not complete its move to its Gallows Hill campus until 1878.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/CollegeHistory.htm |title=Trinity College |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110040953/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/CollegeHistory.htm |archive-date=January 10, 2011 }}</ref> The original plans for the Gallows Hill site were drawn by the noted Victorian architect [[William Burges]] but were too ambitious and too expensive to be fully realized. Only one section of the proposed campus plan — the [[Trinity College Long Walk|Long Walk]]— was completed.

By 1889 the library contained 30,000 volumes, and the school boasted over 900 graduates.<ref name="1889book" /> Enrollment reached 122 in 1892. President Remsen Ogilby (1920–43) enlarged the campus, and more than doubled the endowment. The faculty grew from 25 to 62, and the student body from 167 to 530 men. Under President Keith Funston (1943–51), returning veterans expanded the enrollment to 900.<ref name="Albert E. Van Dusen 1961 pp 362-63"/>

=== Twentieth century ===
Trinity ended the nineteenth century as an institution primarily serving the Hartford area. The early years of the century were primarily growth years for Trinity. Enrollment was increased to 500 men.

In 1932, under President Remsen Ogilby, the Gothic chapel was completed and became the symbol of Trinity College. It replaced the Seabury chapel which had become too small for the student body.

The founding of the [[University of Hartford]] in 1957 allowed Trinity to focus on becoming a regional institution rather than a local one. Trinity has recently installed a plaque commemorating the "University of Hartford" name.

In 1962, [[Connecticut Public Television]] (CPTV) began its first broadcasts in the Trinity College Public Library, and later in Boardman Hall, a science building on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpbn.org/our-history |title=Our History | Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network |publisher=Cpbn.org |access-date=2014-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connecticutmag.com/Connecticut-Magazine/April-2013/CPTV-Celebrates-50-Years-Present-at-the-Creation/ |title=CPTV Celebrates 50 Years: Present at the Creation - Connecticut Magazine - April 2013 - Connecticut |publisher=Connecticutmag.com |date=1962-10-01 |access-date=2014-08-17}}</ref>

In 1968, the trustees voted to withdraw from the Association of Episcopal Colleges.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trinity College in the twentieth century : a history|last=Knapp, Peter J. (Peter Jonathan), 1943-|date=2000|publisher=Trinity College|others=Knapp, Anne H.|isbn=0-911534-59-8|location=Hartford, Conn.|pages=209|oclc=45273021}}</ref>

Also in 1968, the trustees of Trinity College voted to make a commitment to enroll more minority students, providing financial aid as needed. This decision was preceded by a siege of the administrative offices in the Downes and Williams Memorial buildings during which Trinity students would not allow the president or trustees to leave until they agreed to the resolution.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Exit Interview with Dr. Theodore Davidge Lockwood |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/w_books/13/ |journal=Publications About Trinity |date=May 1981 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

Less than one year later, Trinity College became coeducational and admitted its first female students, as transfers from [[Vassar College]] and [[Smith College]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carlesso |first1=Jenna |title=Former Trinity College president, known for admitting the school's first female students, dies |url=https://www.courant.com/community/hartford/hc-news-hartford-trinity-lockwood-20190124-wxhdpayesrfppcdfj3g2rz4lcm-story.html |website=Hartford Courant |date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> Today, women make up about 50 percent of Trinity's student body.

===Academic regalia===

Trinity followed the European pattern of using [[academic regalia]] from its foundation,<ref name=Bulletin1957>{{cite book|url=https://issuu.com/tcdigitalrepository/docs/may1957|title=Academic Costume|work=Trinity College Bulletin|date=May 1957|page=7}}</ref> and was one of only four US institutions (all associated with the Episcopal Church) to assign gowns and hoods for its degrees in 1883.<ref name=Wood1883>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/degreesgownshood00wooduoft/page/31/mode/1up|pages=31–36|title=The degrees, gowns and hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American universities and colleges|author= T. W. Wood|publisher=Thomas Pratt and Sons, London|date=1883}}</ref> There were six degrees awarded at the time, all taking a black gown of silk or stuff and a hood of black silk lined according to the degree: BA white silk, MA dove-colored silk, BD crimson silk, DD scarlet silk, LLD pink silk, MusD purple silk.<ref name=Wood1883/>

In 1894, a year before the introduction of the [[Academic dress in the United States|intercollegiate code on academic costume]], the college brought in a new scheme of academic regalia. The hoods and gowns followed the shape of those used at the [[Academic dress of the University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] except that the hood for Doctors of Divinity was of the shape used at the [[Academic dress of the University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. A variety of different colours and fabrics were used for the hoods: BA black stuff edged [[Palatinate (colour)|palatinate purple]], BS black stuff edged light blue silk, BLitt black stuff edged russet brown silk, BD black silk edged scarlet silk (not in use by 1957), LLB black silk edged dark blue silk (not in use by 1957), MusB black silk edged pink silk (not in use by 1957), MA black silk lined palatinate purple silk, MS black stuff lined light blue silk, DD scarlet cloth lined black silk, DLitt scarlet silk-lined russet brown silk, LLD scarlet silk lined dark blue silk, DCL crimson silk lined black silk, MusD white silk-lined pink silk, DSc black silk lined light blue silk, PhD black silk lined people silk (not in use by 1957), MD scarlet silk lined maroon silk (not in use by 1957).<ref name=Bulletin1957/><ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uD6fIDctDEUC&pg=PA118|page=118|title=Athena|publisher=Macmillan, New York|date=1920|editor=C. A. Ealand}}</ref> To this were added DPH black cloth lined salmon pink silk (1945), DHLitt scarlet silk-lined people silk (1947), DHum white silk-lined crimson (1957), and DST scarlet silk-lined blue with a gold chevron (1957).<ref name=Bulletin1957/> As of 2018, the hoods for doctorates (except the PhD and MD) and for the MMus remain in use for honorary degrees, with the further addition since 1957 of the DFA wrote lined white with a red Chevron.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/commencement/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/03/2018CommencementProgram.pdf|title=Commencement Program|date=2018|access-date=16 May 2020|page=34}}</ref>

== Academics ==
[[File:Trinity College, Hartford, Conn (NYPL b12647398-67909) (cropped).tiff|thumb|Trinity College, showing the Long Walk and three attached buildings: Northam (center), Jarvis (right), Seabury (left)]]
Trinity offers three degrees: the B.A., B.S., and M.A. (in a few subjects). The college offers 41 majors, as well as the options of creating a self-designed major or adding an interdisciplinary or departmental minor. Trinity is part of a small group of liberal arts schools that offer degrees in engineering. Trinity has a student-to-faculty ratio of 9:1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414 |title=Overview|website=U.S. News Best Colleges|publisher=U.S. News|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Its most popular undergraduate majors, by number out of 517 graduates in 2022, were:
*Political Science and Government (80)
*Economics (64)
*Psychology (41)
*Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (38)
*Engineering (28)
*Neuroscience (24)
*Biology/Biological Sciences (23)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity&s=all&id=130590#programs |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=U.S. Dept of Education |title=Trinity College |access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref>

=== Trinity College, Rome Campus ===
Trinity College, Rome Campus (TCRC), is a study abroad campus of Trinity College. It was established in 1970 and is in a residential area of Rome on the [[Aventine Hill]] close to the Basilica of Santa Sabina within the precincts of a convent run by an order of nuns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/UrbanGlobal/StudyAway/programs/TrinityPrograms/Rome/Pages/default.aspx|title=The Trinity College Rome Campus|work=trincoll.edu}}</ref>

=== Admissions ===
[[File:Trinity College Hartford Admissions building.jpg|thumb|Admissions building]]

The 2020 annual ranking by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' categorizes Trinity as "more selective".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414 |title=Trinity College |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>

For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Trinity received 6,096 applications, accepted 2,045 (33.5%) and enrolled 579.<ref name=CDS>{{cite web |url=https://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/InstitutionalResearchPlanning/Documents/Trinity%20College%20CDS_2018-2019.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part C |publisher=Trinity College}}</ref>

As of fall 2015, Trinity College does not require the SAT or ACT for students applying for admission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/application-process/ |title=Application Process |publisher=Trinity College |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref> Of the 31% of enrolled freshmen submitting [[SAT scores]], the middle 50% range was 630–710 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 670–750 for math, while of the 23% of enrolled freshmen submitting [[ACT (test)|ACT]] results, the middle 50% range for the composite score was 29–32.<ref name=CDS/>

=== Rankings and reputation ===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| Forbes = 62
| THE_WSJ = 87
| USNWR_LA = 39
| Wamo_LA = 20
}}

Trinity is known as one of the [[Little Ivies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Good News for the Little Ivies - Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/little-good-news-for-the-little-ivies|date=2016-12-22|website=Bloomberg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103033942/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/little-good-news-for-the-little-ivies|archive-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked Trinity College 12th amongst all liberal arts universities and 62nd amongst all colleges and universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinity College (CT) |url=https://www.forbes.com/colleges/trinity-college/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Trinity 39th in its 2022 ranking of best national liberal arts colleges in the United States. It was also ranked 46th for best value school.<ref name="USNWR">https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414{{bare URL inline|date=December 2022}}</ref> However, these US News rankings likely reflect that Trinity joined the "[[Annapolis Group]]" in August 2007, an organization of more than 100 of the nation's liberal arts schools, in refusing to participate in the magazine's rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegechoice.net/rankings/best-colleges/ |title=Best National Liberal Arts Colleges |date=April 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/News_Events/trinity_news/070816_usnews.htm |title=Trinity College |publisher=Trincoll.edu |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206213306/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/News_Events/trinity_news/070816_usnews.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2010 }}</ref> Trinity College is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Connecticut Institutions – NECHE|publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ct/|access-date=May 26, 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, authors Howard and Matthew Greene continued to include Trinity in the third edition of ''[[Hidden Ivies]]: 63 Top Colleges that Rival the Ivy League''.<ref name="Ivies">{{Cite book |last1 = Greene |first1 = Howard |last2 = Greene |first2 = Matthew |title =The Hidden Ivies, third Edition: 63 of America's Top Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities |publisher = HarperCollins |year = 2016 |isbn = 978-0062420909 }}</ref> In addition, ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' has given Trinity a 93 (out of 99) for selectivity and in 2017 named Trinity as a best value college. ''Money.com'' magazine ranked Trinity College 55th among all colleges and universities in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college/trinity-college-ct-1023905 | title=Trinity College (CT) - the Princeton Review College Rankings & Reviews }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 16, 2022 |title=The Best Colleges in America, Ranked by Value |url=https://money.com/best-colleges/ |url-status=live |magazine=Money.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527182645/https://money.com/best-colleges/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022}}</ref>

== Student life ==

===Traditions ===

==== The bantam ====

[[File:Trinity Bantams.gif|thumb|right|The Bantam, Trinity's mascot]]

Trinity's mascot, the [[Bantam (poultry)|bantam]], was conceived by [[Joseph Buffington]], class of 1875, who was a federal judge and trustee of the college.<ref name="traditions">{{cite web |url=http://library.trincoll.edu/research/watk/archives/trinitytraditions.cfm |title= Trinity Traditions|website=library.trincoll.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922215336/http://library.trincoll.edu/research/watk/archives/trinitytraditions.cfm |archive-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==== Alma mater ====

Trinity's [[alma mater]] is "Neath the Elms." It was written in 1882 by Trinity student Augustus P. Burgwin to the tune of a song that his butler often sang. When '''"Neath the Elms"''' was written, the college had been planting elm trees on the quad, which remain today.

=== Student publications ===
* ''[[The Trinity Tripod]]''

=== Athletics ===

{{see also|Trinity Bantams}}

The Trinity College Department of Athletics currently sponsors a wide range of sports.

=== Fraternities and sororities ===

Officially, approximately 18% of the student body are affiliated with a Greek organization.<ref>{{cite web |author=e |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/pubrel/development/Retired_Pages/about/colfacts.html |title=Trinity College - College Facts |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=2015-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031609/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/pubrel/development/Retired_Pages/about/colfacts.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> They operate under guidelines and regulations established and enforced by the Trinity College.

In 2012, then-president [[James F. Jones (educator)|James F. Jones]] proposed a social policy for Trinity College which made a commitment, among other things, to require all sororities and fraternities to achieve gender parity within two years (i.e., for each sorority and fraternity to have an equal number of male and female members) or face closure. Trinity College's co-ed mandate for fraternities and sororities was withdrawn in September 2015 and replaced with the '''"Campaign for Community"''' effort to establish more inclusive social traditions on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/president/CommunityLetters/Pages/StudentLifeAnnouncement.aspx|title=Important Message about Student Life|work=trincoll.edu|access-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930095446/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/president/CommunityLetters/Pages/StudentLifeAnnouncement.aspx|archive-date=2017-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Trinity currently has the following sororities and fraternities:<ref name=SorFrat>{{cite web |url= http://www.trincoll.edu/StudentLife/GreekLife/Pages/Organizations-.aspx |title= Organizations |work= Trinity College (Connecticut) |access-date= 30 May 2018}}</ref>

* [[Alpha Chi Omega]] (A Chi O)was founded as the Order of the Elms in October 2016. Received affiliation with the NPC in May 2017.
* [[Alpha Chi Rho]] (Crow) was founded at Trinity College in 1895
* [[Alpha Delta Phi]] (Alpha Delt)
* [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]] (AEPi) Tau Beta Chapter
* [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]] (AKA)
* [[Cleo of Alpha Chi]] (Cleo)
* [[The IVY Society]] (IVY)
* [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (Kappa)
* [[Kappa Sigma]] (Kappa Sig)
* [[Lambda Alpha Upsilon]] (ΛΑΥ)
* [[Lambda Pi Upsilon]] (Lambda Divas)
* [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] (Pike)
* [[Psi Upsilon]] (Psi U)
* [[St. Anthony Hall]] (The Hall or St. A's)
* The Stella Society: founded at Trinity College in 2017
* [[Zeta Omega Eta]]: founded at Trinity College in 2003.

==Hartford campus ==
[[File:Seabury Hall.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Seabury Hall, part of a $32.9 million renovation and restoration of the Long Walk buildings]]

=== Long Walk buildings ===

The first buildings completed on the current campus were Seabury and Jarvis halls in 1878. Together with Northam Towers, these make up what is known as the "[[Trinity College Long Walk|Long Walk]]". These buildings are an early example of [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture in the United States, built to plans drawn up by [[William Burges]], with [[Francis H. Kimball|F.H. Kimball]] as supervising architect. The Long Walk has been expanded and is connected with several other buildings. On the northernmost end there is the chapel, whose western side is connected to the Downes and Williams Memorial building. Heading south, the next building is Jarvis Hall, named after [[Abraham Jarvis]]. Jarvis becomes Northam Towers heading south, then Seabury Hall. Seabury Hall, named for [[Samuel Seabury (bishop)|Samuel Seabury]], is connected to Hamlin Hall. To Hamlin's east is Cook, then Goodwin and then Woodward. The dormitories on the Long Walk end there, and the terminal building on the south end of the long walk is Clement/[[Cinestudio]]. Clement is the chemistry building; [[Cinestudio]] a student run movie theater. If one travels to the south of Hamlin there will be Mather Hall and the Dean of Students Office.<ref>http://www.trincoll.edu/NR/rdonlyres/49EA971F-5F57-43DA-A0F0-A276AE77F148/0/CampusMap2009.pdf {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=BlevintronBot}}</ref>

=== Chapel ===
[[File:trincollchapel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford]]]]
The [[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford|Trinity College Chapel]] was built in the 1930s to replace Trinity's original chapel in Seabury Hall (now a lecture hall). The chapel's facade is made almost entirely of limestone and connects to the adjacent Downes Memorial Clock Tower. Its primary architect was [[Philip Hubert Frohman]], of Frohman, Robb and Little, who were also responsible for the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

=== Main quadrangle ===

[[File:TrinCollHartford.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Downes Memorial clock tower]]

Trinity's campus features a central green known as the Main Quad, designed by famed architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. The large expanse of grass is bound on the west by the Long Walk, on the east by the Lower Long Walk, on the north by the chapel, and on the south by the Cook and Goodwin-Woodward dormitories. While a central green is a feature of many college campuses, Trinity's is notable for its unusually large, rectangular size, running the entire length of the Long Walk and with no walkways traversing it. Trees on the Quad have been planted in a 'T' configuration (for Trinity) with the letter's base at the statue of Bishop Brownell (built 1867).<ref>{{cite book |title=Where to educate, 1898-1899. A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States |last=Thomas |first=Grace Powers |year=1898 |publisher=Brown and Company |location=Boston |page=26 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |url=https://archive.org/stream/wheretoeducate1800thomrich#page/26/mode/1up}}</ref> and its top running the length of the Long Walk. Tradition holds that the trees were intended to distinguish Trinity's campus from Yale's. Also on the Quad are two cannons used on the {{USS|Hartford|1858|6}}, flagship of Admiral [[David Farragut]] during the [[American Civil War]].

[[File:English Elm Tree on Trinity College Quad, Hartford, CT - June 15, 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|left|English Elm Tree on Trinity Quad]]The whole of Trinity's campus is set out on a {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} parcel of land that is bound on the south by New Britain Avenue, on the west by Summit Street, on the east by Broad Street, and on the north by Allen Place. Trinity's former northern border, Vernon Street, has been transferred from the city of Hartford to Trinity College and closed off at one end (Broad Street), creating a cul-de-sac within Trinity's borders. Completed in 2001, and on what was formerly an abandoned bus depot adjacent to Trinity's campus, the Learning Corridor is a collection of K-12 public magnet schools co-created by Trinity and the governments of Hartford and Connecticut.

=== Other important buildings on campus ===
[[File:Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center Trinity College Hartford.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center]]
* '''Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center''' – Built in 1967 in the architectural style of [[Brutalism]], the Life Science Center, or LSC, was designed to be an abstract representation of the Long Walk. The building houses Trinity's departments of Biology and Psychology. It contains several classrooms, an auditorium, teaching labs, research labs, and a greenhouse. Trinity's first dedicated neuroscience lab is to be built in LSC in 2011. Fund raising is underway to construct a neuroscience suite and a music rehearsal hall on the north side of LSC.
[[File:Austin Arts Center.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Austin Arts Center]]
* '''Austin Arts Center''' – The AAC was designed in the 1960s, and contains art exhibition spaces, two theaters (Garmany and Goodwin), a few classrooms, and is home to the offices of Theater and Dance and Music professors.
* '''Clement''' – The Clement Center, is home to the chemistry department. Clement contains four teaching laboratories, eight research laboratories, instrument rooms, computer rooms, and classrooms. It also offers its own library, conducive to scholarly pursuits and thoughtful concentration. During the summer of 2011, the building underwent a $750,000 renovation of five of its laboratories through funds provided by the National Science Foundation. Clement is also home to [[Cinestudio]], the on campus movie theater.
[[File:TrinCollHartfordChap.jpg|thumb|200px|The Trinity College chapel, built in 1933, is an example of [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture]]
* '''Chapel''' The [[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford|Trinity College Chapel]] was built in 1933. It was designed by Frohman, Robb and Little, the same architects who designed the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C. The chapel is home to various religious services, as well as the service of [[Nine Lessons and Carols]], a long-standing tradition at Trinity. The chapel is the tallest point in the city of Hartford.
* '''Facilities''' (formerly Buildings and Grounds) The facilities building is the home of various departments that relate to the maintenance of the physical (as opposed to the academic) aspects of the college. Included in this building is the Director of Facilities, the Superintendent of Grounds, the Superintendent of Construction Trades (who is also the Superintendent of Access Control), various engineers, electricians, painters, carpenters and mechanics.
* '''Ferris Athletic Center'''*- Ferris Athletic Center includes a field house, an eight-lane, 37-meter swimming pool with a movable bulkhead, 16 international-size squash courts, two basketball courts, 2 weight rooms (Rick and Anne Hazelton Fitness Center), one of which that is new and used for varsity team athletes, two crew tanks, a wrestling room and a 1/10-mile indoor track. It was named after [[George M. Ferris]], who graduated Trinity. Adjacent to Ferris are 19 acres of playing fields for soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, and baseball as well as the multi- purpose Robin L. Sheppard Field and the 6,500- seat [[Jessee/Miller Field|Dan Jessee/Don Miller Football Field and Track]].
* '''Jarvis Hall''' – This section of the Long Walk contains single, double and quad dorms, primarily for juniors and seniors. It is rumored that the doubles were originally designed for students while the singles across the hallway were intended for their servants. In actuality, the single rooms were single bedrooms, which opened into living areas, which are currently the doubles and the hallway, and six rooms retain this layout. As of the 2008 school year, the massive Long Walk Reconstruction project has been completed, and the dorms are built in a classic style.
* '''Mather Hall''' – Just south of Hamlin Hall (the southern terminus of the long walk), Mather Hall is the main student center of Trinity College. The building contains the main dining hall as well as "The Cave" dining hall, a post office and student mail boxes, a coffee house, as well as meeting rooms and large auditoriums.
* '''Koeppel Community Sports Center''' – Completed in 2006, the $15.5 million center serves as Trinity's ice hockey arena. The Koeppel Center also serves as a recreational center for students and is open to the public. The Koeppel Center was given a prestigious design recognition as part of the "Facilities of Merit" awards in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://athleticbusiness.com/galleries/project.aspx?id=160 |title= Project Galleries|website=athleticbusiness.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526012243/http://athleticbusiness.com/galleries/project.aspx?id=160 |archive-date=May 26, 2012}}</ref>
* '''Roy Nutt Mathematics, Engineering & Computer Science Center''' – is on the Life Sciences Quad (named for the Life Sciences Center, which dominates the eastern side of the quad) it is made of brick and sandstone. The Nutt Center was designed by renowned architect César Pelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/proj/masterplan/history2.htm|title=A Brief History of Campus Planning at Trinity|work=trincoll.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215143/http://www.trincoll.edu/proj/masterplan/history2.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
* '''Northam Towers''' – This central tower on the Long Walk, flanked by the Fuller archway, connects Jarvis and Seabury Halls. The towers contain student housing. The National Fraternity of Alpha Chi Rho was founded in a room within Northam Towers.
[[File:Raether Library and Information Technology Center.jpg|thumb|200px|Raether Library and Information Technology Center]]
* '''North Campus Hall''' – The largest dormitory on Trinity's campus was completed in 1958. The building has since been renovated various times, and spans the trajectory of two streets, from Vernon Street to Allen Place. It is a two-story building with long hallways and multiple common rooms.<ref>Knapp, Peter J., and Anne H. Knapp. Trinity College in the twentieth century: a history. Hartford, Conn.: Trinity College, 2000.</ref>
* '''Raether Library and Information Technology Center''' – Trinity's main library was originally built at the southeast corner of the main quad in the 1950s to replace the library in Williams Memorial. Additional wings were constructed in the 1970s, and a major renovation took place in 2002, at which time the building was given its present name. The Watkinson Library, which houses rare books and manuscripts, occupies an annex of the first floor. The latest renovations, which enlarged the facility to {{convert|172000|sqft|m2|-2}} and more than 1 million volumes, include an atrium, grand reading room, three new computing labs, a multimedia development studio, a music and media center, private study rooms, and a cafe. Though a private academic library, more than 2,800 outside visitors were recorded between November 2006 and March 2007.
[[File:Northram and seabury.jpg|thumb|200px|Northam and Seabury Long Walk buildings, restored in 2008]]
* '''Seabury Hall''' – This section of the Long Walk contains classrooms, professor's offices, and four dance studios. Its recent $32.7 million renovation project was completed in 2008. In addition, the old Seabury chapel was renovated into a classroom, maintaining the pews for student seating.
* '''Trinity Commons''' * – on the south end of campus on New Britain and Summit St., Trinity Commons is the new arts mecca on campus. It contains 4 studio classrooms and the newly constructed Performance Lab. The Performance Lab is a massive black box theater that can sit at least 100 people, but can accommodate much more with standing room. It has a set lighting plot with about 100 lights and is the new performance venue for most new student and faculty shows. It also houses many offices on the other side of the building. It is one of the newest buildings on campus and only houses Theater and Dance classes and administrative offices.
* '''Vernon Social Center''' – Vernon Social Center, on Vernon Street, is a multipurpose auditorium used on campus for various events, including concerts and lectures. It is attached to Vernon Place, a dormitory, and makes up the quad housing North Campus Hall and High Rise Hall.

==== Contributions to the arts ====

=====Film=====
[[File:Cinestudio facade.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Trinity's Cinestudio is a 1930s-style movie theatre]]

[[Cinestudio]] is an art cinema with 1930s-style design. An article in the ''Hartford Advocate'' described this non-profit organization, which depends solely on grants and the efforts of volunteer workers who are paid in free movies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinestudio.org/about |title=About |publisher=Cinestudio |date=September 25, 2008 |access-date=January 24, 2011}}</ref> Cinestudio has been in the Clement Chemistry Building since it was founded in the 1970s.

=====Music=====
Trinity also hosts the annual [[Trinity International Hip Hop Festival]]. A three-day celebration of global hip hop culture, the festival features lectures, panel discussions, workshops and live performances. The festival was founded in 2006 with the goal of unifying Trinity with the city of Hartford.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4950692.stm|title=World hip-hop questions US rap|date=2006-04-29|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Since 2006, the station has broadcast the [[#Contributions to the arts|Trinity Samba Fest]] from the Hartford waterfront featuring regional and international talent.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://commons.trincoll.edu/sambafest/|title=Samba Fest|publisher=Trinity College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Samba Fest: A Day Of Brazilian Culture, Music, Food|date=April 30, 2015|author=Hamad, Michael |url=http://www.courant.com/entertainment/music/hc-samba-fest-brings-brazilian-music-and-culture-to-hartford-0430-20150430-story.html|work=Hartford Courant}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ninth Annual Samba Fest at Hartford Riverfront, May 2|url=https://www.metrohartford.com/newsroom/alliance-news/2015/03/31/Ninth-Annual-Samba-Fest-at-Hartford-Riverfront-May-2|authors=Boyer, Brian & Dell, Barbara Glassman |work=MetroHartford Alliance}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Notable alumni ==

'''{{main|List of Trinity College (Connecticut) people}}'''

<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines">
File:Christine Quinn VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG|[[Christine Quinn]], former Speaker of the [[New York City Council]]
File:David Chang David Shankbone 2010.jpg|[[David Chang]], restaurateur and television personality
File:EdwardAlbee.jpg|[[Edward Albee]], playwright
File:Tucker Carlson (51771495255) (cropped).jpg|[[Tucker Carlson]], conservative television host and political commentator
File:Ari Graynor 2017.jpg|[[Ari Graynor]], actress
File:George Will (52540061656) (cropped).jpg|[[George Will]], [[Libertarian conservatism|libertarian-conservative]] political commentator and author
File:Kellybensimon.jpg|[[Kelly Killoren Bensimon]], cast member on ''[[The Real Housewives of New York City]]''
File:John smith phelps.jpg|[[John S. Phelps]], former [[Governor of Missouri]]
File:Leffingwell cropped.JPG|[[Ernest de Koven Leffingwell]], arctic explorer
File:Danny Meyer FT Charity Wine Dinner 2010.jpg|[[Danny Meyer]], founder of [[Shake Shack]]
File:Mary McCormack.jpg|[[Mary McCormack]], actress
File:Jane Swift 2001.jpeg|[[Jane Swift]], former Acting [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
File:Stephen gyllenhaal2010.jpg|[[Stephen Gyllenhaal]], film director
File:Isaac Toucey - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[Isaac Toucey]], former [[United States Attorney General]]
File:Eli Lake 2009.jpg|[[Eli Lake]], journalist
File:Rachel Platten 11 16 2017 -11 (27521703399).jpg|[[Rachel Platten]], singer-songwriter
</gallery>

Trinity College's distinguished alumni include many influential and historical people, including governors, [[US Cabinet]] members, federal judges, political commentators and journalists, and senior executives in business and industry.

Notable alumni of Trinity College includes:

* [[Kristine Belson]], Class of 1986, president of [[Sony Pictures Animation]] and Oscar-nominated film producer (''[[The Croods]]'')
* [[S. Prestley Blake]], co-founder of [[Friendly's]]
* [[Joseph Buffington]], judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
* [[Tucker Carlson]], Class of 1991, political commentator, co-founder of ''[[The Daily Caller]]'', host of [[Fox News|Fox News Channel]]'s ''[[Tucker Carlson Tonight]]'', host of [[Fox Nation]]’s ''[[Tucker Carlson Today]]''
* [[Tom Chappell]], founder of [[Tom's of Maine]]
* [[Martin W. Clement]], president of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad Company]], 1935 to 1948.
* [[Percival W. Clement]], 57th [[Governor of Vermont]]
* [[Thomas R. DiBenedetto]], president of Boston International Group, owner and former chairman of [[AS Roma]]
* [[David Gottesman]], billionaire, founder of [[First Manhattan Co.]], and member of [[Berkshire Hathaway]]'s board of directors
* [[Henry McBride (politician)|Henry McBride]], fourth [[Governor of Washington State]]
* [[Mary McCormack]], actress (''[[In Plain Sight]]'', ''[[The West Wing]]''). Her two siblings are also Trinity graduates. [[Bridget McCormack]] is Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, and [[Will McCormack]] is an actor.
* [[Mitchell M. Merin]], former president and chief operating officer of [[Morgan Stanley]] Investment Management
* [[James Murren]], chairman of the board and chief executive officer of [[MGM Resorts International]]
* [[Neil Patel (political advisor)|Neil Patel]], American lawyer, conservative political advisor to [[Vice President Dick Cheney]], publisher and co-founder of [[The Daily Caller]]
*[[Gregory Anthony Perdicaris]], first U.S. Consul to Greece
* [[Charles R. Perrin]], chairman of [[Warnaco]], former chairman and CEO of Avon Products and of [[Duracell]]
* [[Rachel Platten]], singer-songwriter
* [[William C. Richardson]], board director of [[Exelon]]; former president of [[Johns Hopkins University]]
* [[Jane Swift]], Class of 1987, former [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
* [[J. H. Hobart Ward]], US Army general
* [[Jesse Watters]], Class of 2001, conservative commentator, host of ''[[Jesse Watters Primetime]]'', and co-host of ''[[The Five (talk show)|The Five]]'' on Fox News
* [[John Williams (bishop of Connecticut)|John Williams]], eleventh presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States
* [[Leo Wise]] (1849–1933), newspaper editor and publisher
* [[Charles C. Van Zandt]], 34th [[Governor of Rhode Island]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Trinity College (Hartford)|display=Trinity College, Hartford |short=x}}
* [https://hartford.omaxfield.com/neighborhoods/trinitycoll.html Hartford, Connecticut: Landmarks~History~Neighborhoods | Trinity College]
* {{College-navigator|130590}}

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[[Category:Trinity College (Connecticut)| ]]
[[Category:Education in Hartford, Connecticut]]
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[[Category:Liberal arts colleges in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hartford County, Connecticut]]
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Trinity College (Connecticut)

2023-04-03T22:12:12Z

MBWhitney: Making link in bold for clarity

{{short description|Private liberal arts college in Hartford, Connecticut}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Trinity College
| image = Trinity College Connecticut Seal.svg
| image_upright = .7
| latin_name = Collegium Trinitatis Sanctae
| caption =
| motto = ''{{lang|la|Pro Ecclesia Et Patria}}'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For Church and Country
| established = {{start date and age|1823|5}}
| former_names = Washington College (1823–1845)
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[liberal arts college]]
| accreditation = [[New England Commission of Higher Education|NECHE]]
| endowment = $783 million (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=trinitytripod|title=Board of Trustees Hold October Meeting: Endowment Rises to $783 Million, Berger-Sweeney's Contract Extended to 2025|url=https://tripod.domains.trincoll.edu/news/board-of-trustees-hold-october-meeting-endowment-rises-to-783-million-berger-sweeneys-contract-extended-to-2025/|access-date=2021-11-03|language=en}}</ref>
| faculty = 230 full-time and 45 part-time (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| president = [[Joanne Berger-Sweeney]]
| students = 2,241 (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| undergrad = 2,200 (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| postgrad = 41 (spring 2021)<ref name=CDS_B>{{cite web |url=https://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/InstitutionalResearchPlanning/Documents/Trinity%20College%20CDS_2018-2019.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part B |publisher=Trinity College}}</ref>
| city = [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
| country = U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|41.747|N|72.690|W|type:edu_region:US-CT_dim:2000|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|100|acre}}
| colors = {{color box|#1E388C}} {{color box|#FFC424}} Blue and gold
| sports_nickname = [[Trinity Bantams|Bantams]]
| mascot = [[Bantam (chicken)|Bantam]]
|athletics_affiliations = [[NCAA]] [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]] – [[New England Small College Athletic Conference|NESCAC]]
| academic_affiliations = [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]], [[Consortium on Financing Higher Education|COFHE]], [[Annapolis Group]], [[Oberlin Group]], [[Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges|CLAC]], [[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| logo = Trinity College Connecticut.svg
| logo_upright = 1.1
}}
'''Trinity College''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. Founded as '''Washington College''' in 1823, it is the second-oldest college in the state of [[Connecticut]].

Coeducational since 1969, the college enrolls 2,235 students.<ref name=CDS_B/> Trinity offers 41 majors and 28 interdisciplinary minors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/ |title=Majors and Minors|newspaper=Academics|publisher=Trinity College|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> The college is a member of the [[New England Small College Athletic Conference]] (NESCAC).

== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[File:Thomas Church Brownell (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Founder [[Thomas Church Brownell]]]]

[[Thomas Church Brownell|Bishop Thomas Brownell]] opened '''Washington College''' in 1824 to nine male students<ref name="Albert E. Van Dusen 1961 pp 362-63">Albert E. Van Dusen, ''Connecticut" (1961) pp 362-63</ref> and the vigorous protest of [[Yale University|Yale]] alumni.{{Clarify|date=November 2022|reason=Why did Yale alumni protest?}} A 14-acre site was chosen, at the time about a half-mile from the city of Hartford. Over time [[Bushnell Park]] was laid out to the north and the east, creating a beautiful space.<ref name="1889book">{{cite book|title=Hartford, Conn., as a manufacturing, business and commercial center; with brief sketches of its history, attractions, leading industries, and institutions ..|date=1889|publisher=Hartford (Conn) Board of Trade|location=Hartford, CT|pages=182–187|url=https://archive.org/stream/hartfordconnasma00hart/hartfordconnasma00hart#page/n170/mode/1up|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

The college was renamed '''Trinity College''' in 1845; the original campus consisted of two Greek Revival buildings. One of the Greek Revival buildings housed a chapel, library, and lecture rooms. The other was a dormitory for the male students who attended the college.<ref>Albert E. Van Dusen, ''Connecticut" (1961) pp 362–63</ref>

The site next to Bushnell Park, where Trinity College then stood, was deemed an ideal location for building a statehouse.<ref name="1889book" /> So the trustees were persuaded to sell the entire campus to the city in 1872 for $600,000.<ref name="1889book" /> The trustees moved the college to an 80-acre site on a ridge on the western edge of Hartford.<ref name="1889book" /> Then-president [[Abner Jackson]] hired an English architect to draw up plans for an entire campus.<ref name="1889book" /> Construction of the new campus was begun under the presidency of Thomas Ruggles Pynchon (1874–1883).<ref name="1889book" />

===New campus ===
[[File:Burgesplan.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|[[William Burges]]'s original plan for the campus of Trinity College]]
In 1872, Trinity College was persuaded by the state to move from its downtown '''"College Hill"''' location (now Capitol Hill, site of the [[Connecticut State Capitol|state capitol building]]) to its current {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus a mile southwest. Although the college sold its land overlooking the [[Park River (Connecticut)|Park River]] and [[Bushnell Park]] in 1872, it did not complete its move to its Gallows Hill campus until 1878.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/CollegeHistory.htm |title=Trinity College |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110040953/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/CollegeHistory.htm |archive-date=January 10, 2011 }}</ref> The original plans for the Gallows Hill site were drawn by the noted Victorian architect [[William Burges]] but were too ambitious and too expensive to be fully realized. Only one section of the proposed campus plan — the [[Trinity College Long Walk|Long Walk]]— was completed.

By 1889 the library contained 30,000 volumes, and the school boasted over 900 graduates.<ref name="1889book" /> Enrollment reached 122 in 1892. President Remsen Ogilby (1920–43) enlarged the campus, and more than doubled the endowment. The faculty grew from 25 to 62, and the student body from 167 to 530 men. Under President Keith Funston (1943–51), returning veterans expanded the enrollment to 900.<ref name="Albert E. Van Dusen 1961 pp 362-63"/>

=== Twentieth century ===
Trinity ended the nineteenth century as an institution primarily serving the Hartford area. The early years of the century were primarily growth years for Trinity. Enrollment was increased to 500 men.

In 1932, under President Remsen Ogilby, the Gothic chapel was completed and became the symbol of Trinity College. It replaced the Seabury chapel which had become too small for the student body.

The founding of the [[University of Hartford]] in 1957 allowed Trinity to focus on becoming a regional institution rather than a local one. Trinity has recently installed a plaque commemorating the "University of Hartford" name.

In 1962, [[Connecticut Public Television]] (CPTV) began its first broadcasts in the Trinity College Public Library, and later in Boardman Hall, a science building on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpbn.org/our-history |title=Our History | Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network |publisher=Cpbn.org |access-date=2014-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connecticutmag.com/Connecticut-Magazine/April-2013/CPTV-Celebrates-50-Years-Present-at-the-Creation/ |title=CPTV Celebrates 50 Years: Present at the Creation - Connecticut Magazine - April 2013 - Connecticut |publisher=Connecticutmag.com |date=1962-10-01 |access-date=2014-08-17}}</ref>

In 1968, the trustees voted to withdraw from the Association of Episcopal Colleges.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trinity College in the twentieth century : a history|last=Knapp, Peter J. (Peter Jonathan), 1943-|date=2000|publisher=Trinity College|others=Knapp, Anne H.|isbn=0-911534-59-8|location=Hartford, Conn.|pages=209|oclc=45273021}}</ref>

Also in 1968, the trustees of Trinity College voted to make a commitment to enroll more minority students, providing financial aid as needed. This decision was preceded by a siege of the administrative offices in the Downes and Williams Memorial buildings during which Trinity students would not allow the president or trustees to leave until they agreed to the resolution.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Exit Interview with Dr. Theodore Davidge Lockwood |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/w_books/13/ |journal=Publications About Trinity |date=May 1981 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

Less than one year later, Trinity College became coeducational and admitted its first female students, as transfers from [[Vassar College]] and [[Smith College]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carlesso |first1=Jenna |title=Former Trinity College president, known for admitting the school's first female students, dies |url=https://www.courant.com/community/hartford/hc-news-hartford-trinity-lockwood-20190124-wxhdpayesrfppcdfj3g2rz4lcm-story.html |website=Hartford Courant |date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> Today, women make up about 50 percent of Trinity's student body.

===Academic regalia===

Trinity followed the European pattern of using [[academic regalia]] from its foundation,<ref name=Bulletin1957>{{cite book|url=https://issuu.com/tcdigitalrepository/docs/may1957|title=Academic Costume|work=Trinity College Bulletin|date=May 1957|page=7}}</ref> and was one of only four US institutions (all associated with the Episcopal Church) to assign gowns and hoods for its degrees in 1883.<ref name=Wood1883>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/degreesgownshood00wooduoft/page/31/mode/1up|pages=31–36|title=The degrees, gowns and hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American universities and colleges|author= T. W. Wood|publisher=Thomas Pratt and Sons, London|date=1883}}</ref> There were six degrees awarded at the time, all taking a black gown of silk or stuff and a hood of black silk lined according to the degree: BA white silk, MA dove-colored silk, BD crimson silk, DD scarlet silk, LLD pink silk, MusD purple silk.<ref name=Wood1883/>

In 1894, a year before the introduction of the [[Academic dress in the United States|intercollegiate code on academic costume]], the college brought in a new scheme of academic regalia. The hoods and gowns followed the shape of those used at the [[Academic dress of the University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] except that the hood for Doctors of Divinity was of the shape used at the [[Academic dress of the University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. A variety of different colours and fabrics were used for the hoods: BA black stuff edged [[Palatinate (colour)|palatinate purple]], BS black stuff edged light blue silk, BLitt black stuff edged russet brown silk, BD black silk edged scarlet silk (not in use by 1957), LLB black silk edged dark blue silk (not in use by 1957), MusB black silk edged pink silk (not in use by 1957), MA black silk lined palatinate purple silk, MS black stuff lined light blue silk, DD scarlet cloth lined black silk, DLitt scarlet silk-lined russet brown silk, LLD scarlet silk lined dark blue silk, DCL crimson silk lined black silk, MusD white silk-lined pink silk, DSc black silk lined light blue silk, PhD black silk lined people silk (not in use by 1957), MD scarlet silk lined maroon silk (not in use by 1957).<ref name=Bulletin1957/><ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uD6fIDctDEUC&pg=PA118|page=118|title=Athena|publisher=Macmillan, New York|date=1920|editor=C. A. Ealand}}</ref> To this were added DPH black cloth lined salmon pink silk (1945), DHLitt scarlet silk-lined people silk (1947), DHum white silk-lined crimson (1957), and DST scarlet silk-lined blue with a gold chevron (1957).<ref name=Bulletin1957/> As of 2018, the hoods for doctorates (except the PhD and MD) and for the MMus remain in use for honorary degrees, with the further addition since 1957 of the DFA wrote lined white with a red Chevron.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/commencement/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/03/2018CommencementProgram.pdf|title=Commencement Program|date=2018|access-date=16 May 2020|page=34}}</ref>

== Academics ==
[[File:Trinity College, Hartford, Conn (NYPL b12647398-67909) (cropped).tiff|thumb|Trinity College, showing the Long Walk and three attached buildings: Northam (center), Jarvis (right), Seabury (left)]]
Trinity offers three degrees: the B.A., B.S., and M.A. (in a few subjects). The college offers 41 majors, as well as the options of creating a self-designed major or adding an interdisciplinary or departmental minor. Trinity is part of a small group of liberal arts schools that offer degrees in engineering. Trinity has a student-to-faculty ratio of 9:1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414 |title=Overview|website=U.S. News Best Colleges|publisher=U.S. News|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Its most popular undergraduate majors, by number out of 517 graduates in 2022, were:
*Political Science and Government (80)
*Economics (64)
*Psychology (41)
*Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (38)
*Engineering (28)
*Neuroscience (24)
*Biology/Biological Sciences (23)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity&s=all&id=130590#programs |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=U.S. Dept of Education |title=Trinity College |access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref>

=== Trinity College, Rome Campus ===
Trinity College, Rome Campus (TCRC), is a study abroad campus of Trinity College. It was established in 1970 and is in a residential area of Rome on the [[Aventine Hill]] close to the Basilica of Santa Sabina within the precincts of a convent run by an order of nuns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/UrbanGlobal/StudyAway/programs/TrinityPrograms/Rome/Pages/default.aspx|title=The Trinity College Rome Campus|work=trincoll.edu}}</ref>

=== Admissions ===
[[File:Trinity College Hartford Admissions building.jpg|thumb|Admissions building]]

The 2020 annual ranking by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' categorizes Trinity as "more selective".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414 |title=Trinity College |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>

For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Trinity received 6,096 applications, accepted 2,045 (33.5%) and enrolled 579.<ref name=CDS>{{cite web |url=https://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/InstitutionalResearchPlanning/Documents/Trinity%20College%20CDS_2018-2019.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part C |publisher=Trinity College}}</ref>

As of fall 2015, Trinity College does not require the SAT or ACT for students applying for admission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/application-process/ |title=Application Process |publisher=Trinity College |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref> Of the 31% of enrolled freshmen submitting [[SAT scores]], the middle 50% range was 630–710 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 670–750 for math, while of the 23% of enrolled freshmen submitting [[ACT (test)|ACT]] results, the middle 50% range for the composite score was 29–32.<ref name=CDS/>

=== Rankings and reputation ===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| Forbes = 62
| THE_WSJ = 87
| USNWR_LA = 39
| Wamo_LA = 20
}}

Trinity is known as one of the [[Little Ivies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Good News for the Little Ivies - Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/little-good-news-for-the-little-ivies|date=2016-12-22|website=Bloomberg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103033942/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/little-good-news-for-the-little-ivies|archive-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked Trinity College 12th amongst all liberal arts universities and 62nd amongst all colleges and universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinity College (CT) |url=https://www.forbes.com/colleges/trinity-college/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Trinity 39th in its 2022 ranking of best national liberal arts colleges in the United States. It was also ranked 46th for best value school.<ref name="USNWR">https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414{{bare URL inline|date=December 2022}}</ref> However, these US News rankings likely reflect that Trinity joined the "[[Annapolis Group]]" in August 2007, an organization of more than 100 of the nation's liberal arts schools, in refusing to participate in the magazine's rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegechoice.net/rankings/best-colleges/ |title=Best National Liberal Arts Colleges |date=April 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/News_Events/trinity_news/070816_usnews.htm |title=Trinity College |publisher=Trincoll.edu |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206213306/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/News_Events/trinity_news/070816_usnews.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2010 }}</ref> Trinity College is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Connecticut Institutions – NECHE|publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ct/|access-date=May 26, 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, authors Howard and Matthew Greene continued to include Trinity in the third edition of ''[[Hidden Ivies]]: 63 Top Colleges that Rival the Ivy League''.<ref name="Ivies">{{Cite book |last1 = Greene |first1 = Howard |last2 = Greene |first2 = Matthew |title =The Hidden Ivies, third Edition: 63 of America's Top Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities |publisher = HarperCollins |year = 2016 |isbn = 978-0062420909 }}</ref> In addition, ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' has given Trinity a 93 (out of 99) for selectivity and in 2017 named Trinity as a best value college. ''Money.com'' magazine ranked Trinity College 55th among all colleges and universities in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college/trinity-college-ct-1023905 | title=Trinity College (CT) - the Princeton Review College Rankings & Reviews }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 16, 2022 |title=The Best Colleges in America, Ranked by Value |url=https://money.com/best-colleges/ |url-status=live |magazine=Money.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527182645/https://money.com/best-colleges/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022}}</ref>

== Student life ==

===Traditions ===

==== The bantam ====

[[File:Trinity Bantams.gif|thumb|right|The Bantam, Trinity's mascot]]

Trinity's mascot, the [[Bantam (poultry)|bantam]], was conceived by [[Joseph Buffington]], class of 1875, who was a federal judge and trustee of the college.<ref name="traditions">{{cite web |url=http://library.trincoll.edu/research/watk/archives/trinitytraditions.cfm |title= Trinity Traditions|website=library.trincoll.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922215336/http://library.trincoll.edu/research/watk/archives/trinitytraditions.cfm |archive-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==== Alma mater ====

Trinity's [[alma mater]] is "Neath the Elms." It was written in 1882 by Trinity student Augustus P. Burgwin to the tune of a song that his butler often sang. When '''"Neath the Elms"''' was written, the college had been planting elm trees on the quad, which remain today.

=== Student publications ===
* ''[[The Trinity Tripod]]''

=== Athletics ===

{{see also|Trinity Bantams}}

The Trinity College Department of Athletics currently sponsors a wide range of sports.

=== Fraternities and sororities ===

Officially, approximately 18% of the student body are affiliated with a Greek organization.<ref>{{cite web |author=e |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/pubrel/development/Retired_Pages/about/colfacts.html |title=Trinity College - College Facts |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=2015-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031609/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/pubrel/development/Retired_Pages/about/colfacts.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> They operate under guidelines and regulations established and enforced by the Trinity College.

In 2012, then-president [[James F. Jones (educator)|James F. Jones]] proposed a social policy for Trinity College which made a commitment, among other things, to require all sororities and fraternities to achieve gender parity within two years (i.e., for each sorority and fraternity to have an equal number of male and female members) or face closure. Trinity College's co-ed mandate for fraternities and sororities was withdrawn in September 2015 and replaced with the '''"Campaign for Community"''' effort to establish more inclusive social traditions on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/president/CommunityLetters/Pages/StudentLifeAnnouncement.aspx|title=Important Message about Student Life|work=trincoll.edu|access-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930095446/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/president/CommunityLetters/Pages/StudentLifeAnnouncement.aspx|archive-date=2017-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Trinity currently has the following sororities and fraternities:<ref name=SorFrat>{{cite web |url= http://www.trincoll.edu/StudentLife/GreekLife/Pages/Organizations-.aspx |title= Organizations |work= Trinity College (Connecticut) |access-date= 30 May 2018}}</ref>

* [[Alpha Chi Omega]] (A Chi O)was founded as the Order of the Elms in October 2016. Received affiliation with the NPC in May 2017.
* [[Alpha Chi Rho]] (Crow) was founded at Trinity College in 1895
* [[Alpha Delta Phi]] (Alpha Delt)
* [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]] (AEPi) Tau Beta Chapter
* [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]] (AKA)
* [[Cleo of Alpha Chi]] (Cleo)
* [[The IVY Society]] (IVY)
* [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (Kappa)
* [[Kappa Sigma]] (Kappa Sig)
* [[Lambda Alpha Upsilon]] (ΛΑΥ)
* [[Lambda Pi Upsilon]] (Lambda Divas)
* [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] (Pike)
* [[Psi Upsilon]] (Psi U)
* [[St. Anthony Hall]] (The Hall or St. A's)
* The Stella Society: founded at Trinity College in 2017
* [[Zeta Omega Eta]]: founded at Trinity College in 2003.

==Hartford campus ==
[[File:Seabury Hall.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Seabury Hall, part of a $32.9 million renovation and restoration of the Long Walk buildings]]

=== Long Walk buildings ===

The first buildings completed on the current campus were Seabury and Jarvis halls in 1878. Together with Northam Towers, these make up what is known as the "[[Trinity College Long Walk|Long Walk]]". These buildings are an early example of [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture in the United States, built to plans drawn up by [[William Burges]], with [[Francis H. Kimball|F.H. Kimball]] as supervising architect. The Long Walk has been expanded and is connected with several other buildings. On the northernmost end there is the chapel, whose western side is connected to the Downes and Williams Memorial building. Heading south, the next building is Jarvis Hall, named after [[Abraham Jarvis]]. Jarvis becomes Northam Towers heading south, then Seabury Hall. Seabury Hall, named for [[Samuel Seabury (bishop)|Samuel Seabury]], is connected to Hamlin Hall. To Hamlin's east is Cook, then Goodwin and then Woodward. The dormitories on the Long Walk end there, and the terminal building on the south end of the long walk is Clement/[[Cinestudio]]. Clement is the chemistry building; [[Cinestudio]] a student run movie theater. If one travels to the south of Hamlin there will be Mather Hall and the Dean of Students Office.<ref>http://www.trincoll.edu/NR/rdonlyres/49EA971F-5F57-43DA-A0F0-A276AE77F148/0/CampusMap2009.pdf {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=BlevintronBot}}</ref>

=== Chapel ===
[[File:trincollchapel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford]]]]
The [[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford|Trinity College Chapel]] was built in the 1930s to replace Trinity's original chapel in Seabury Hall (now a lecture hall). The chapel's facade is made almost entirely of limestone and connects to the adjacent Downes Memorial Clock Tower. Its primary architect was [[Philip Hubert Frohman]], of Frohman, Robb and Little, who were also responsible for the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

=== Main quadrangle ===

[[File:TrinCollHartford.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Downes Memorial clock tower]]

Trinity's campus features a central green known as the Main Quad, designed by famed architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. The large expanse of grass is bound on the west by the Long Walk, on the east by the Lower Long Walk, on the north by the chapel, and on the south by the Cook and Goodwin-Woodward dormitories. While a central green is a feature of many college campuses, Trinity's is notable for its unusually large, rectangular size, running the entire length of the Long Walk and with no walkways traversing it. Trees on the Quad have been planted in a 'T' configuration (for Trinity) with the letter's base at the statue of Bishop Brownell (built 1867).<ref>{{cite book |title=Where to educate, 1898-1899. A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States |last=Thomas |first=Grace Powers |year=1898 |publisher=Brown and Company |location=Boston |page=26 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |url=https://archive.org/stream/wheretoeducate1800thomrich#page/26/mode/1up}}</ref> and its top running the length of the Long Walk. Tradition holds that the trees were intended to distinguish Trinity's campus from Yale's. Also on the Quad are two cannons used on the {{USS|Hartford|1858|6}}, flagship of Admiral [[David Farragut]] during the [[American Civil War]].

[[File:English Elm Tree on Trinity College Quad, Hartford, CT - June 15, 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|left|English Elm Tree on Trinity Quad]]The whole of Trinity's campus is set out on a {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} parcel of land that is bound on the south by New Britain Avenue, on the west by Summit Street, on the east by Broad Street, and on the north by Allen Place. Trinity's former northern border, Vernon Street, has been transferred from the city of Hartford to Trinity College and closed off at one end (Broad Street), creating a cul-de-sac within Trinity's borders. Completed in 2001, and on what was formerly an abandoned bus depot adjacent to Trinity's campus, the Learning Corridor is a collection of K-12 public magnet schools co-created by Trinity and the governments of Hartford and Connecticut.

=== Other important buildings on campus ===
[[File:Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center Trinity College Hartford.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center]]
* '''Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center''' – Built in 1967 in the architectural style of [[Brutalism]], the Life Science Center, or LSC, was designed to be an abstract representation of the Long Walk. The building houses Trinity's departments of Biology and Psychology. It contains several classrooms, an auditorium, teaching labs, research labs, and a greenhouse. Trinity's first dedicated neuroscience lab is to be built in LSC in 2011. Fund raising is underway to construct a neuroscience suite and a music rehearsal hall on the north side of LSC.
[[File:Austin Arts Center.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Austin Arts Center]]
* '''Austin Arts Center''' – The AAC was designed in the 1960s, and contains art exhibition spaces, two theaters (Garmany and Goodwin), a few classrooms, and is home to the offices of Theater and Dance and Music professors.
* '''Clement''' – The Clement Center, is home to the chemistry department. Clement contains four teaching laboratories, eight research laboratories, instrument rooms, computer rooms, and classrooms. It also offers its own library, conducive to scholarly pursuits and thoughtful concentration. During the summer of 2011, the building underwent a $750,000 renovation of five of its laboratories through funds provided by the National Science Foundation. Clement is also home to [[Cinestudio]], the on campus movie theater.
[[File:TrinCollHartfordChap.jpg|thumb|200px|The Trinity College chapel, built in 1933, is an example of [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture]]
* '''Chapel''' The [[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford|Trinity College Chapel]] was built in 1933. It was designed by Frohman, Robb and Little, the same architects who designed the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C. The chapel is home to various religious services, as well as the service of [[Nine Lessons and Carols]], a long-standing tradition at Trinity. The chapel is the tallest point in the city of Hartford.
* '''Facilities''' (formerly Buildings and Grounds) The facilities building is the home of various departments that relate to the maintenance of the physical (as opposed to the academic) aspects of the college. Included in this building is the Director of Facilities, the Superintendent of Grounds, the Superintendent of Construction Trades (who is also the Superintendent of Access Control), various engineers, electricians, painters, carpenters and mechanics.
* '''Ferris Athletic Center'''*- Ferris Athletic Center includes a field house, an eight-lane, 37-meter swimming pool with a movable bulkhead, 16 international-size squash courts, two basketball courts, 2 weight rooms (Rick and Anne Hazelton Fitness Center), one of which that is new and used for varsity team athletes, two crew tanks, a wrestling room and a 1/10-mile indoor track. It was named after [[George M. Ferris]], who graduated Trinity. Adjacent to Ferris are 19 acres of playing fields for soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, and baseball as well as the multi- purpose Robin L. Sheppard Field and the 6,500- seat [[Jessee/Miller Field|Dan Jessee/Don Miller Football Field and Track]].
* '''Jarvis Hall''' – This section of the Long Walk contains single, double and quad dorms, primarily for juniors and seniors. It is rumored that the doubles were originally designed for students while the singles across the hallway were intended for their servants. In actuality, the single rooms were single bedrooms, which opened into living areas, which are currently the doubles and the hallway, and six rooms retain this layout. As of the 2008 school year, the massive Long Walk Reconstruction project has been completed, and the dorms are built in a classic style.
* '''Mather Hall''' – Just south of Hamlin Hall (the southern terminus of the long walk), Mather Hall is the main student center of Trinity College. The building contains the main dining hall as well as "The Cave" dining hall, a post office and student mail boxes, a coffee house, as well as meeting rooms and large auditoriums.
* '''Koeppel Community Sports Center''' – Completed in 2006, the $15.5 million center serves as Trinity's ice hockey arena. The Koeppel Center also serves as a recreational center for students and is open to the public. The Koeppel Center was given a prestigious design recognition as part of the "Facilities of Merit" awards in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://athleticbusiness.com/galleries/project.aspx?id=160 |title= Project Galleries|website=athleticbusiness.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526012243/http://athleticbusiness.com/galleries/project.aspx?id=160 |archive-date=May 26, 2012}}</ref>
* '''Roy Nutt Mathematics, Engineering & Computer Science Center''' – is on the Life Sciences Quad (named for the Life Sciences Center, which dominates the eastern side of the quad) it is made of brick and sandstone. The Nutt Center was designed by renowned architect César Pelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/proj/masterplan/history2.htm|title=A Brief History of Campus Planning at Trinity|work=trincoll.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215143/http://www.trincoll.edu/proj/masterplan/history2.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
* '''Northam Towers''' – This central tower on the Long Walk, flanked by the Fuller archway, connects Jarvis and Seabury Halls. The towers contain student housing. The National Fraternity of Alpha Chi Rho was founded in a room within Northam Towers.
[[File:Raether Library and Information Technology Center.jpg|thumb|200px|Raether Library and Information Technology Center]]
* '''North Campus Hall''' – The largest dormitory on Trinity's campus was completed in 1958. The building has since been renovated various times, and spans the trajectory of two streets, from Vernon Street to Allen Place. It is a two-story building with long hallways and multiple common rooms.<ref>Knapp, Peter J., and Anne H. Knapp. Trinity College in the twentieth century: a history. Hartford, Conn.: Trinity College, 2000.</ref>
* '''Raether Library and Information Technology Center''' – Trinity's main library was originally built at the southeast corner of the main quad in the 1950s to replace the library in Williams Memorial. Additional wings were constructed in the 1970s, and a major renovation took place in 2002, at which time the building was given its present name. The Watkinson Library, which houses rare books and manuscripts, occupies an annex of the first floor. The latest renovations, which enlarged the facility to {{convert|172000|sqft|m2|-2}} and more than 1 million volumes, include an atrium, grand reading room, three new computing labs, a multimedia development studio, a music and media center, private study rooms, and a cafe. Though a private academic library, more than 2,800 outside visitors were recorded between November 2006 and March 2007.
[[File:Northram and seabury.jpg|thumb|200px|Northam and Seabury Long Walk buildings, restored in 2008]]
* '''Seabury Hall''' – This section of the Long Walk contains classrooms, professor's offices, and four dance studios. Its recent $32.7 million renovation project was completed in 2008. In addition, the old Seabury chapel was renovated into a classroom, maintaining the pews for student seating.
* '''Trinity Commons''' * – on the south end of campus on New Britain and Summit St., Trinity Commons is the new arts mecca on campus. It contains 4 studio classrooms and the newly constructed Performance Lab. The Performance Lab is a massive black box theater that can sit at least 100 people, but can accommodate much more with standing room. It has a set lighting plot with about 100 lights and is the new performance venue for most new student and faculty shows. It also houses many offices on the other side of the building. It is one of the newest buildings on campus and only houses Theater and Dance classes and administrative offices.
* '''Vernon Social Center''' – Vernon Social Center, on Vernon Street, is a multipurpose auditorium used on campus for various events, including concerts and lectures. It is attached to Vernon Place, a dormitory, and makes up the quad housing North Campus Hall and High Rise Hall.

==== Contributions to the arts ====

=====Film=====
[[File:Cinestudio facade.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Trinity's Cinestudio is a 1930s-style movie theatre]]

[[Cinestudio]] is an art cinema with 1930s-style design. An article in the ''Hartford Advocate'' described this non-profit organization, which depends solely on grants and the efforts of volunteer workers who are paid in free movies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinestudio.org/about |title=About |publisher=Cinestudio |date=September 25, 2008 |access-date=January 24, 2011}}</ref> Cinestudio has been in the Clement Chemistry Building since it was founded in the 1970s.

=====Music=====
Trinity also hosts the annual [[Trinity International Hip Hop Festival]]. A three-day celebration of global hip hop culture, the festival features lectures, panel discussions, workshops and live performances. The festival was founded in 2006 with the goal of unifying Trinity with the city of Hartford.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4950692.stm|title=World hip-hop questions US rap|date=2006-04-29|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Since 2006, the station has broadcast the [[#Contributions to the arts|Trinity Samba Fest]] from the Hartford waterfront featuring regional and international talent.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://commons.trincoll.edu/sambafest/|title=Samba Fest|publisher=Trinity College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Samba Fest: A Day Of Brazilian Culture, Music, Food|date=April 30, 2015|author=Hamad, Michael |url=http://www.courant.com/entertainment/music/hc-samba-fest-brings-brazilian-music-and-culture-to-hartford-0430-20150430-story.html|work=Hartford Courant}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ninth Annual Samba Fest at Hartford Riverfront, May 2|url=https://www.metrohartford.com/newsroom/alliance-news/2015/03/31/Ninth-Annual-Samba-Fest-at-Hartford-Riverfront-May-2|authors=Boyer, Brian & Dell, Barbara Glassman |work=MetroHartford Alliance}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Notable alumni ==

'''{{main|List of Trinity College (Connecticut) people}}'''

<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines">
File:Christine Quinn VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG|[[Christine Quinn]], former Speaker of the [[New York City Council]]
File:David Chang David Shankbone 2010.jpg|[[David Chang]], restaurateur and television personality
File:EdwardAlbee.jpg|[[Edward Albee]], playwright
File:Tucker Carlson (51771495255) (cropped).jpg|[[Tucker Carlson]], conservative television host and political commentator
File:Ari Graynor 2017.jpg|[[Ari Graynor]], actress
File:George Will (52540061656) (cropped).jpg|[[George Will]], [[Libertarian conservatism|libertarian-conservative]] political commentator and author
File:Kellybensimon.jpg|[[Kelly Killoren Bensimon]], cast member on ''[[The Real Housewives of New York City]]''
File:John smith phelps.jpg|[[John S. Phelps]], former [[Governor of Missouri]]
File:Leffingwell cropped.JPG|[[Ernest de Koven Leffingwell]], arctic explorer
File:Danny Meyer FT Charity Wine Dinner 2010.jpg|[[Danny Meyer]], founder of [[Shake Shack]]
File:Mary McCormack.jpg|[[Mary McCormack]], actress
File:Jane Swift 2001.jpeg|[[Jane Swift]], former Acting [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
File:Stephen gyllenhaal2010.jpg|[[Stephen Gyllenhaal]], film director
File:Isaac Toucey - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[Isaac Toucey]], former [[United States Attorney General]]
File:Eli Lake 2009.jpg|[[Eli Lake]], journalist
File:Rachel Platten 11 16 2017 -11 (27521703399).jpg|[[Rachel Platten]], singer-songwriter
</gallery>

Trinity College's distinguished alumni include many influential and historical people, including governors, [[US Cabinet]] members, federal judges, political commentators and journalists, and senior executives in business and industry.

Notable alumni of Trinity College includes (see also {{main|List of Trinity College (Connecticut) people}})

* [[Kristine Belson]], Class of 1986, president of [[Sony Pictures Animation]] and Oscar-nominated film producer (''[[The Croods]]'')
* [[S. Prestley Blake]], co-founder of [[Friendly's]]
* [[Joseph Buffington]], judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
* [[Tucker Carlson]], Class of 1991, political commentator, co-founder of ''[[The Daily Caller]]'', host of [[Fox News|Fox News Channel]]'s ''[[Tucker Carlson Tonight]]'', host of [[Fox Nation]]’s ''[[Tucker Carlson Today]]''
* [[Tom Chappell]], founder of [[Tom's of Maine]]
* [[Martin W. Clement]], president of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad Company]], 1935 to 1948.
* [[Percival W. Clement]], 57th [[Governor of Vermont]]
* [[Thomas R. DiBenedetto]], president of Boston International Group, owner and former chairman of [[AS Roma]]
* [[David Gottesman]], billionaire, founder of [[First Manhattan Co.]], and member of [[Berkshire Hathaway]]'s board of directors
* [[Henry McBride (politician)|Henry McBride]], fourth [[Governor of Washington State]]
* [[Mary McCormack]], actress (''[[In Plain Sight]]'', ''[[The West Wing]]''). Her two siblings are also Trinity graduates. [[Bridget McCormack]] is Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, and [[Will McCormack]] is an actor.
* [[Mitchell M. Merin]], former president and chief operating officer of [[Morgan Stanley]] Investment Management
* [[James Murren]], chairman of the board and chief executive officer of [[MGM Resorts International]]
* [[Neil Patel (political advisor)|Neil Patel]], American lawyer, conservative political advisor to [[Vice President Dick Cheney]], publisher and co-founder of [[The Daily Caller]]
*[[Gregory Anthony Perdicaris]], first U.S. Consul to Greece
* [[Charles R. Perrin]], chairman of [[Warnaco]], former chairman and CEO of Avon Products and of [[Duracell]]
* [[Rachel Platten]], singer-songwriter
* [[William C. Richardson]], board director of [[Exelon]]; former president of [[Johns Hopkins University]]
* [[Jane Swift]], Class of 1987, former [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
* [[J. H. Hobart Ward]], US Army general
* [[Jesse Watters]], Class of 2001, conservative commentator, host of ''[[Jesse Watters Primetime]]'', and co-host of ''[[The Five (talk show)|The Five]]'' on Fox News
* [[John Williams (bishop of Connecticut)|John Williams]], eleventh presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States
* [[Leo Wise]] (1849–1933), newspaper editor and publisher
* [[Charles C. Van Zandt]], 34th [[Governor of Rhode Island]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Trinity College (Hartford)|display=Trinity College, Hartford |short=x}}
* [https://hartford.omaxfield.com/neighborhoods/trinitycoll.html Hartford, Connecticut: Landmarks~History~Neighborhoods | Trinity College]
* {{College-navigator|130590}}

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[[Category:Trinity College (Connecticut)| ]]
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Trinity College (Connecticut)

2023-04-03T22:09:21Z

MBWhitney: /* Notable alumni */

{{short description|Private liberal arts college in Hartford, Connecticut}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Trinity College
| image = Trinity College Connecticut Seal.svg
| image_upright = .7
| latin_name = Collegium Trinitatis Sanctae
| caption =
| motto = ''{{lang|la|Pro Ecclesia Et Patria}}'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For Church and Country
| established = {{start date and age|1823|5}}
| former_names = Washington College (1823–1845)
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[liberal arts college]]
| accreditation = [[New England Commission of Higher Education|NECHE]]
| endowment = $783 million (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=trinitytripod|title=Board of Trustees Hold October Meeting: Endowment Rises to $783 Million, Berger-Sweeney's Contract Extended to 2025|url=https://tripod.domains.trincoll.edu/news/board-of-trustees-hold-october-meeting-endowment-rises-to-783-million-berger-sweeneys-contract-extended-to-2025/|access-date=2021-11-03|language=en}}</ref>
| faculty = 230 full-time and 45 part-time (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| president = [[Joanne Berger-Sweeney]]
| students = 2,241 (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| undergrad = 2,200 (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| postgrad = 41 (spring 2021)<ref name=CDS_B>{{cite web |url=https://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/InstitutionalResearchPlanning/Documents/Trinity%20College%20CDS_2018-2019.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part B |publisher=Trinity College}}</ref>
| city = [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
| country = U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|41.747|N|72.690|W|type:edu_region:US-CT_dim:2000|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|100|acre}}
| colors = {{color box|#1E388C}} {{color box|#FFC424}} Blue and gold
| sports_nickname = [[Trinity Bantams|Bantams]]
| mascot = [[Bantam (chicken)|Bantam]]
|athletics_affiliations = [[NCAA]] [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]] – [[New England Small College Athletic Conference|NESCAC]]
| academic_affiliations = [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]], [[Consortium on Financing Higher Education|COFHE]], [[Annapolis Group]], [[Oberlin Group]], [[Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges|CLAC]], [[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| logo = Trinity College Connecticut.svg
| logo_upright = 1.1
}}
'''Trinity College''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. Founded as '''Washington College''' in 1823, it is the second-oldest college in the state of [[Connecticut]].

Coeducational since 1969, the college enrolls 2,235 students.<ref name=CDS_B/> Trinity offers 41 majors and 28 interdisciplinary minors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/ |title=Majors and Minors|newspaper=Academics|publisher=Trinity College|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> The college is a member of the [[New England Small College Athletic Conference]] (NESCAC).

== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[File:Thomas Church Brownell (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Founder [[Thomas Church Brownell]]]]

[[Thomas Church Brownell|Bishop Thomas Brownell]] opened '''Washington College''' in 1824 to nine male students<ref name="Albert E. Van Dusen 1961 pp 362-63">Albert E. Van Dusen, ''Connecticut" (1961) pp 362-63</ref> and the vigorous protest of [[Yale University|Yale]] alumni.{{Clarify|date=November 2022|reason=Why did Yale alumni protest?}} A 14-acre site was chosen, at the time about a half-mile from the city of Hartford. Over time [[Bushnell Park]] was laid out to the north and the east, creating a beautiful space.<ref name="1889book">{{cite book|title=Hartford, Conn., as a manufacturing, business and commercial center; with brief sketches of its history, attractions, leading industries, and institutions ..|date=1889|publisher=Hartford (Conn) Board of Trade|location=Hartford, CT|pages=182–187|url=https://archive.org/stream/hartfordconnasma00hart/hartfordconnasma00hart#page/n170/mode/1up|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

The college was renamed '''Trinity College''' in 1845; the original campus consisted of two Greek Revival buildings. One of the Greek Revival buildings housed a chapel, library, and lecture rooms. The other was a dormitory for the male students who attended the college.<ref>Albert E. Van Dusen, ''Connecticut" (1961) pp 362–63</ref>

The site next to Bushnell Park, where Trinity College then stood, was deemed an ideal location for building a statehouse.<ref name="1889book" /> So the trustees were persuaded to sell the entire campus to the city in 1872 for $600,000.<ref name="1889book" /> The trustees moved the college to an 80-acre site on a ridge on the western edge of Hartford.<ref name="1889book" /> Then-president [[Abner Jackson]] hired an English architect to draw up plans for an entire campus.<ref name="1889book" /> Construction of the new campus was begun under the presidency of Thomas Ruggles Pynchon (1874–1883).<ref name="1889book" />

===New campus ===
[[File:Burgesplan.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|[[William Burges]]'s original plan for the campus of Trinity College]]
In 1872, Trinity College was persuaded by the state to move from its downtown '''"College Hill"''' location (now Capitol Hill, site of the [[Connecticut State Capitol|state capitol building]]) to its current {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus a mile southwest. Although the college sold its land overlooking the [[Park River (Connecticut)|Park River]] and [[Bushnell Park]] in 1872, it did not complete its move to its Gallows Hill campus until 1878.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/CollegeHistory.htm |title=Trinity College |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110040953/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/CollegeHistory.htm |archive-date=January 10, 2011 }}</ref> The original plans for the Gallows Hill site were drawn by the noted Victorian architect [[William Burges]] but were too ambitious and too expensive to be fully realized. Only one section of the proposed campus plan — the [[Trinity College Long Walk|Long Walk]]— was completed.

By 1889 the library contained 30,000 volumes, and the school boasted over 900 graduates.<ref name="1889book" /> Enrollment reached 122 in 1892. President Remsen Ogilby (1920–43) enlarged the campus, and more than doubled the endowment. The faculty grew from 25 to 62, and the student body from 167 to 530 men. Under President Keith Funston (1943–51), returning veterans expanded the enrollment to 900.<ref name="Albert E. Van Dusen 1961 pp 362-63"/>

=== Twentieth century ===
Trinity ended the nineteenth century as an institution primarily serving the Hartford area. The early years of the century were primarily growth years for Trinity. Enrollment was increased to 500 men.

In 1932, under President Remsen Ogilby, the Gothic chapel was completed and became the symbol of Trinity College. It replaced the Seabury chapel which had become too small for the student body.

The founding of the [[University of Hartford]] in 1957 allowed Trinity to focus on becoming a regional institution rather than a local one. Trinity has recently installed a plaque commemorating the "University of Hartford" name.

In 1962, [[Connecticut Public Television]] (CPTV) began its first broadcasts in the Trinity College Public Library, and later in Boardman Hall, a science building on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpbn.org/our-history |title=Our History | Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network |publisher=Cpbn.org |access-date=2014-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connecticutmag.com/Connecticut-Magazine/April-2013/CPTV-Celebrates-50-Years-Present-at-the-Creation/ |title=CPTV Celebrates 50 Years: Present at the Creation - Connecticut Magazine - April 2013 - Connecticut |publisher=Connecticutmag.com |date=1962-10-01 |access-date=2014-08-17}}</ref>

In 1968, the trustees voted to withdraw from the Association of Episcopal Colleges.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trinity College in the twentieth century : a history|last=Knapp, Peter J. (Peter Jonathan), 1943-|date=2000|publisher=Trinity College|others=Knapp, Anne H.|isbn=0-911534-59-8|location=Hartford, Conn.|pages=209|oclc=45273021}}</ref>

Also in 1968, the trustees of Trinity College voted to make a commitment to enroll more minority students, providing financial aid as needed. This decision was preceded by a siege of the administrative offices in the Downes and Williams Memorial buildings during which Trinity students would not allow the president or trustees to leave until they agreed to the resolution.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Exit Interview with Dr. Theodore Davidge Lockwood |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/w_books/13/ |journal=Publications About Trinity |date=May 1981 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

Less than one year later, Trinity College became coeducational and admitted its first female students, as transfers from [[Vassar College]] and [[Smith College]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carlesso |first1=Jenna |title=Former Trinity College president, known for admitting the school's first female students, dies |url=https://www.courant.com/community/hartford/hc-news-hartford-trinity-lockwood-20190124-wxhdpayesrfppcdfj3g2rz4lcm-story.html |website=Hartford Courant |date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> Today, women make up about 50 percent of Trinity's student body.

===Academic regalia===

Trinity followed the European pattern of using [[academic regalia]] from its foundation,<ref name=Bulletin1957>{{cite book|url=https://issuu.com/tcdigitalrepository/docs/may1957|title=Academic Costume|work=Trinity College Bulletin|date=May 1957|page=7}}</ref> and was one of only four US institutions (all associated with the Episcopal Church) to assign gowns and hoods for its degrees in 1883.<ref name=Wood1883>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/degreesgownshood00wooduoft/page/31/mode/1up|pages=31–36|title=The degrees, gowns and hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American universities and colleges|author= T. W. Wood|publisher=Thomas Pratt and Sons, London|date=1883}}</ref> There were six degrees awarded at the time, all taking a black gown of silk or stuff and a hood of black silk lined according to the degree: BA white silk, MA dove-colored silk, BD crimson silk, DD scarlet silk, LLD pink silk, MusD purple silk.<ref name=Wood1883/>

In 1894, a year before the introduction of the [[Academic dress in the United States|intercollegiate code on academic costume]], the college brought in a new scheme of academic regalia. The hoods and gowns followed the shape of those used at the [[Academic dress of the University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] except that the hood for Doctors of Divinity was of the shape used at the [[Academic dress of the University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. A variety of different colours and fabrics were used for the hoods: BA black stuff edged [[Palatinate (colour)|palatinate purple]], BS black stuff edged light blue silk, BLitt black stuff edged russet brown silk, BD black silk edged scarlet silk (not in use by 1957), LLB black silk edged dark blue silk (not in use by 1957), MusB black silk edged pink silk (not in use by 1957), MA black silk lined palatinate purple silk, MS black stuff lined light blue silk, DD scarlet cloth lined black silk, DLitt scarlet silk-lined russet brown silk, LLD scarlet silk lined dark blue silk, DCL crimson silk lined black silk, MusD white silk-lined pink silk, DSc black silk lined light blue silk, PhD black silk lined people silk (not in use by 1957), MD scarlet silk lined maroon silk (not in use by 1957).<ref name=Bulletin1957/><ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uD6fIDctDEUC&pg=PA118|page=118|title=Athena|publisher=Macmillan, New York|date=1920|editor=C. A. Ealand}}</ref> To this were added DPH black cloth lined salmon pink silk (1945), DHLitt scarlet silk-lined people silk (1947), DHum white silk-lined crimson (1957), and DST scarlet silk-lined blue with a gold chevron (1957).<ref name=Bulletin1957/> As of 2018, the hoods for doctorates (except the PhD and MD) and for the MMus remain in use for honorary degrees, with the further addition since 1957 of the DFA wrote lined white with a red Chevron.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/commencement/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/03/2018CommencementProgram.pdf|title=Commencement Program|date=2018|access-date=16 May 2020|page=34}}</ref>

== Academics ==
[[File:Trinity College, Hartford, Conn (NYPL b12647398-67909) (cropped).tiff|thumb|Trinity College, showing the Long Walk and three attached buildings: Northam (center), Jarvis (right), Seabury (left)]]
Trinity offers three degrees: the B.A., B.S., and M.A. (in a few subjects). The college offers 41 majors, as well as the options of creating a self-designed major or adding an interdisciplinary or departmental minor. Trinity is part of a small group of liberal arts schools that offer degrees in engineering. Trinity has a student-to-faculty ratio of 9:1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414 |title=Overview|website=U.S. News Best Colleges|publisher=U.S. News|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Its most popular undergraduate majors, by number out of 517 graduates in 2022, were:
*Political Science and Government (80)
*Economics (64)
*Psychology (41)
*Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (38)
*Engineering (28)
*Neuroscience (24)
*Biology/Biological Sciences (23)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity&s=all&id=130590#programs |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=U.S. Dept of Education |title=Trinity College |access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref>

=== Trinity College, Rome Campus ===
Trinity College, Rome Campus (TCRC), is a study abroad campus of Trinity College. It was established in 1970 and is in a residential area of Rome on the [[Aventine Hill]] close to the Basilica of Santa Sabina within the precincts of a convent run by an order of nuns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/UrbanGlobal/StudyAway/programs/TrinityPrograms/Rome/Pages/default.aspx|title=The Trinity College Rome Campus|work=trincoll.edu}}</ref>

=== Admissions ===
[[File:Trinity College Hartford Admissions building.jpg|thumb|Admissions building]]

The 2020 annual ranking by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' categorizes Trinity as "more selective".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414 |title=Trinity College |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>

For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Trinity received 6,096 applications, accepted 2,045 (33.5%) and enrolled 579.<ref name=CDS>{{cite web |url=https://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/InstitutionalResearchPlanning/Documents/Trinity%20College%20CDS_2018-2019.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part C |publisher=Trinity College}}</ref>

As of fall 2015, Trinity College does not require the SAT or ACT for students applying for admission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/application-process/ |title=Application Process |publisher=Trinity College |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref> Of the 31% of enrolled freshmen submitting [[SAT scores]], the middle 50% range was 630–710 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 670–750 for math, while of the 23% of enrolled freshmen submitting [[ACT (test)|ACT]] results, the middle 50% range for the composite score was 29–32.<ref name=CDS/>

=== Rankings and reputation ===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| Forbes = 62
| THE_WSJ = 87
| USNWR_LA = 39
| Wamo_LA = 20
}}

Trinity is known as one of the [[Little Ivies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Good News for the Little Ivies - Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/little-good-news-for-the-little-ivies|date=2016-12-22|website=Bloomberg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103033942/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/little-good-news-for-the-little-ivies|archive-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked Trinity College 12th amongst all liberal arts universities and 62nd amongst all colleges and universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinity College (CT) |url=https://www.forbes.com/colleges/trinity-college/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Trinity 39th in its 2022 ranking of best national liberal arts colleges in the United States. It was also ranked 46th for best value school.<ref name="USNWR">https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414{{bare URL inline|date=December 2022}}</ref> However, these US News rankings likely reflect that Trinity joined the "[[Annapolis Group]]" in August 2007, an organization of more than 100 of the nation's liberal arts schools, in refusing to participate in the magazine's rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegechoice.net/rankings/best-colleges/ |title=Best National Liberal Arts Colleges |date=April 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/News_Events/trinity_news/070816_usnews.htm |title=Trinity College |publisher=Trincoll.edu |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206213306/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/News_Events/trinity_news/070816_usnews.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2010 }}</ref> Trinity College is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Connecticut Institutions – NECHE|publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ct/|access-date=May 26, 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, authors Howard and Matthew Greene continued to include Trinity in the third edition of ''[[Hidden Ivies]]: 63 Top Colleges that Rival the Ivy League''.<ref name="Ivies">{{Cite book |last1 = Greene |first1 = Howard |last2 = Greene |first2 = Matthew |title =The Hidden Ivies, third Edition: 63 of America's Top Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities |publisher = HarperCollins |year = 2016 |isbn = 978-0062420909 }}</ref> In addition, ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' has given Trinity a 93 (out of 99) for selectivity and in 2017 named Trinity as a best value college. ''Money.com'' magazine ranked Trinity College 55th among all colleges and universities in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college/trinity-college-ct-1023905 | title=Trinity College (CT) - the Princeton Review College Rankings & Reviews }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 16, 2022 |title=The Best Colleges in America, Ranked by Value |url=https://money.com/best-colleges/ |url-status=live |magazine=Money.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527182645/https://money.com/best-colleges/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022}}</ref>

== Student life ==

===Traditions ===

==== The bantam ====

[[File:Trinity Bantams.gif|thumb|right|The Bantam, Trinity's mascot]]

Trinity's mascot, the [[Bantam (poultry)|bantam]], was conceived by [[Joseph Buffington]], class of 1875, who was a federal judge and trustee of the college.<ref name="traditions">{{cite web |url=http://library.trincoll.edu/research/watk/archives/trinitytraditions.cfm |title= Trinity Traditions|website=library.trincoll.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922215336/http://library.trincoll.edu/research/watk/archives/trinitytraditions.cfm |archive-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==== Alma mater ====

Trinity's [[alma mater]] is "Neath the Elms." It was written in 1882 by Trinity student Augustus P. Burgwin to the tune of a song that his butler often sang. When '''"Neath the Elms"''' was written, the college had been planting elm trees on the quad, which remain today.

=== Student publications ===
* ''[[The Trinity Tripod]]''

=== Athletics ===

{{see also|Trinity Bantams}}

The Trinity College Department of Athletics currently sponsors a wide range of sports.

=== Fraternities and sororities ===

Officially, approximately 18% of the student body are affiliated with a Greek organization.<ref>{{cite web |author=e |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/pubrel/development/Retired_Pages/about/colfacts.html |title=Trinity College - College Facts |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=2015-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031609/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/pubrel/development/Retired_Pages/about/colfacts.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> They operate under guidelines and regulations established and enforced by the Trinity College.

In 2012, then-president [[James F. Jones (educator)|James F. Jones]] proposed a social policy for Trinity College which made a commitment, among other things, to require all sororities and fraternities to achieve gender parity within two years (i.e., for each sorority and fraternity to have an equal number of male and female members) or face closure. Trinity College's co-ed mandate for fraternities and sororities was withdrawn in September 2015 and replaced with the '''"Campaign for Community"''' effort to establish more inclusive social traditions on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/president/CommunityLetters/Pages/StudentLifeAnnouncement.aspx|title=Important Message about Student Life|work=trincoll.edu|access-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930095446/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/president/CommunityLetters/Pages/StudentLifeAnnouncement.aspx|archive-date=2017-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Trinity currently has the following sororities and fraternities:<ref name=SorFrat>{{cite web |url= http://www.trincoll.edu/StudentLife/GreekLife/Pages/Organizations-.aspx |title= Organizations |work= Trinity College (Connecticut) |access-date= 30 May 2018}}</ref>

* [[Alpha Chi Omega]] (A Chi O)was founded as the Order of the Elms in October 2016. Received affiliation with the NPC in May 2017.
* [[Alpha Chi Rho]] (Crow) was founded at Trinity College in 1895
* [[Alpha Delta Phi]] (Alpha Delt)
* [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]] (AEPi) Tau Beta Chapter
* [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]] (AKA)
* [[Cleo of Alpha Chi]] (Cleo)
* [[The IVY Society]] (IVY)
* [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (Kappa)
* [[Kappa Sigma]] (Kappa Sig)
* [[Lambda Alpha Upsilon]] (ΛΑΥ)
* [[Lambda Pi Upsilon]] (Lambda Divas)
* [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] (Pike)
* [[Psi Upsilon]] (Psi U)
* [[St. Anthony Hall]] (The Hall or St. A's)
* The Stella Society: founded at Trinity College in 2017
* [[Zeta Omega Eta]]: founded at Trinity College in 2003.

==Hartford campus ==
[[File:Seabury Hall.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Seabury Hall, part of a $32.9 million renovation and restoration of the Long Walk buildings]]

=== Long Walk buildings ===

The first buildings completed on the current campus were Seabury and Jarvis halls in 1878. Together with Northam Towers, these make up what is known as the "[[Trinity College Long Walk|Long Walk]]". These buildings are an early example of [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture in the United States, built to plans drawn up by [[William Burges]], with [[Francis H. Kimball|F.H. Kimball]] as supervising architect. The Long Walk has been expanded and is connected with several other buildings. On the northernmost end there is the chapel, whose western side is connected to the Downes and Williams Memorial building. Heading south, the next building is Jarvis Hall, named after [[Abraham Jarvis]]. Jarvis becomes Northam Towers heading south, then Seabury Hall. Seabury Hall, named for [[Samuel Seabury (bishop)|Samuel Seabury]], is connected to Hamlin Hall. To Hamlin's east is Cook, then Goodwin and then Woodward. The dormitories on the Long Walk end there, and the terminal building on the south end of the long walk is Clement/[[Cinestudio]]. Clement is the chemistry building; [[Cinestudio]] a student run movie theater. If one travels to the south of Hamlin there will be Mather Hall and the Dean of Students Office.<ref>http://www.trincoll.edu/NR/rdonlyres/49EA971F-5F57-43DA-A0F0-A276AE77F148/0/CampusMap2009.pdf {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=BlevintronBot}}</ref>

=== Chapel ===
[[File:trincollchapel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford]]]]
The [[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford|Trinity College Chapel]] was built in the 1930s to replace Trinity's original chapel in Seabury Hall (now a lecture hall). The chapel's facade is made almost entirely of limestone and connects to the adjacent Downes Memorial Clock Tower. Its primary architect was [[Philip Hubert Frohman]], of Frohman, Robb and Little, who were also responsible for the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

=== Main quadrangle ===

[[File:TrinCollHartford.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Downes Memorial clock tower]]

Trinity's campus features a central green known as the Main Quad, designed by famed architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. The large expanse of grass is bound on the west by the Long Walk, on the east by the Lower Long Walk, on the north by the chapel, and on the south by the Cook and Goodwin-Woodward dormitories. While a central green is a feature of many college campuses, Trinity's is notable for its unusually large, rectangular size, running the entire length of the Long Walk and with no walkways traversing it. Trees on the Quad have been planted in a 'T' configuration (for Trinity) with the letter's base at the statue of Bishop Brownell (built 1867).<ref>{{cite book |title=Where to educate, 1898-1899. A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States |last=Thomas |first=Grace Powers |year=1898 |publisher=Brown and Company |location=Boston |page=26 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |url=https://archive.org/stream/wheretoeducate1800thomrich#page/26/mode/1up}}</ref> and its top running the length of the Long Walk. Tradition holds that the trees were intended to distinguish Trinity's campus from Yale's. Also on the Quad are two cannons used on the {{USS|Hartford|1858|6}}, flagship of Admiral [[David Farragut]] during the [[American Civil War]].

[[File:English Elm Tree on Trinity College Quad, Hartford, CT - June 15, 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|left|English Elm Tree on Trinity Quad]]The whole of Trinity's campus is set out on a {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} parcel of land that is bound on the south by New Britain Avenue, on the west by Summit Street, on the east by Broad Street, and on the north by Allen Place. Trinity's former northern border, Vernon Street, has been transferred from the city of Hartford to Trinity College and closed off at one end (Broad Street), creating a cul-de-sac within Trinity's borders. Completed in 2001, and on what was formerly an abandoned bus depot adjacent to Trinity's campus, the Learning Corridor is a collection of K-12 public magnet schools co-created by Trinity and the governments of Hartford and Connecticut.

=== Other important buildings on campus ===
[[File:Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center Trinity College Hartford.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center]]
* '''Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center''' – Built in 1967 in the architectural style of [[Brutalism]], the Life Science Center, or LSC, was designed to be an abstract representation of the Long Walk. The building houses Trinity's departments of Biology and Psychology. It contains several classrooms, an auditorium, teaching labs, research labs, and a greenhouse. Trinity's first dedicated neuroscience lab is to be built in LSC in 2011. Fund raising is underway to construct a neuroscience suite and a music rehearsal hall on the north side of LSC.
[[File:Austin Arts Center.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Austin Arts Center]]
* '''Austin Arts Center''' – The AAC was designed in the 1960s, and contains art exhibition spaces, two theaters (Garmany and Goodwin), a few classrooms, and is home to the offices of Theater and Dance and Music professors.
* '''Clement''' – The Clement Center, is home to the chemistry department. Clement contains four teaching laboratories, eight research laboratories, instrument rooms, computer rooms, and classrooms. It also offers its own library, conducive to scholarly pursuits and thoughtful concentration. During the summer of 2011, the building underwent a $750,000 renovation of five of its laboratories through funds provided by the National Science Foundation. Clement is also home to [[Cinestudio]], the on campus movie theater.
[[File:TrinCollHartfordChap.jpg|thumb|200px|The Trinity College chapel, built in 1933, is an example of [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture]]
* '''Chapel''' The [[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford|Trinity College Chapel]] was built in 1933. It was designed by Frohman, Robb and Little, the same architects who designed the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C. The chapel is home to various religious services, as well as the service of [[Nine Lessons and Carols]], a long-standing tradition at Trinity. The chapel is the tallest point in the city of Hartford.
* '''Facilities''' (formerly Buildings and Grounds) The facilities building is the home of various departments that relate to the maintenance of the physical (as opposed to the academic) aspects of the college. Included in this building is the Director of Facilities, the Superintendent of Grounds, the Superintendent of Construction Trades (who is also the Superintendent of Access Control), various engineers, electricians, painters, carpenters and mechanics.
* '''Ferris Athletic Center'''*- Ferris Athletic Center includes a field house, an eight-lane, 37-meter swimming pool with a movable bulkhead, 16 international-size squash courts, two basketball courts, 2 weight rooms (Rick and Anne Hazelton Fitness Center), one of which that is new and used for varsity team athletes, two crew tanks, a wrestling room and a 1/10-mile indoor track. It was named after [[George M. Ferris]], who graduated Trinity. Adjacent to Ferris are 19 acres of playing fields for soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, and baseball as well as the multi- purpose Robin L. Sheppard Field and the 6,500- seat [[Jessee/Miller Field|Dan Jessee/Don Miller Football Field and Track]].
* '''Jarvis Hall''' – This section of the Long Walk contains single, double and quad dorms, primarily for juniors and seniors. It is rumored that the doubles were originally designed for students while the singles across the hallway were intended for their servants. In actuality, the single rooms were single bedrooms, which opened into living areas, which are currently the doubles and the hallway, and six rooms retain this layout. As of the 2008 school year, the massive Long Walk Reconstruction project has been completed, and the dorms are built in a classic style.
* '''Mather Hall''' – Just south of Hamlin Hall (the southern terminus of the long walk), Mather Hall is the main student center of Trinity College. The building contains the main dining hall as well as "The Cave" dining hall, a post office and student mail boxes, a coffee house, as well as meeting rooms and large auditoriums.
* '''Koeppel Community Sports Center''' – Completed in 2006, the $15.5 million center serves as Trinity's ice hockey arena. The Koeppel Center also serves as a recreational center for students and is open to the public. The Koeppel Center was given a prestigious design recognition as part of the "Facilities of Merit" awards in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://athleticbusiness.com/galleries/project.aspx?id=160 |title= Project Galleries|website=athleticbusiness.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526012243/http://athleticbusiness.com/galleries/project.aspx?id=160 |archive-date=May 26, 2012}}</ref>
* '''Roy Nutt Mathematics, Engineering & Computer Science Center''' – is on the Life Sciences Quad (named for the Life Sciences Center, which dominates the eastern side of the quad) it is made of brick and sandstone. The Nutt Center was designed by renowned architect César Pelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/proj/masterplan/history2.htm|title=A Brief History of Campus Planning at Trinity|work=trincoll.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215143/http://www.trincoll.edu/proj/masterplan/history2.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
* '''Northam Towers''' – This central tower on the Long Walk, flanked by the Fuller archway, connects Jarvis and Seabury Halls. The towers contain student housing. The National Fraternity of Alpha Chi Rho was founded in a room within Northam Towers.
[[File:Raether Library and Information Technology Center.jpg|thumb|200px|Raether Library and Information Technology Center]]
* '''North Campus Hall''' – The largest dormitory on Trinity's campus was completed in 1958. The building has since been renovated various times, and spans the trajectory of two streets, from Vernon Street to Allen Place. It is a two-story building with long hallways and multiple common rooms.<ref>Knapp, Peter J., and Anne H. Knapp. Trinity College in the twentieth century: a history. Hartford, Conn.: Trinity College, 2000.</ref>
* '''Raether Library and Information Technology Center''' – Trinity's main library was originally built at the southeast corner of the main quad in the 1950s to replace the library in Williams Memorial. Additional wings were constructed in the 1970s, and a major renovation took place in 2002, at which time the building was given its present name. The Watkinson Library, which houses rare books and manuscripts, occupies an annex of the first floor. The latest renovations, which enlarged the facility to {{convert|172000|sqft|m2|-2}} and more than 1 million volumes, include an atrium, grand reading room, three new computing labs, a multimedia development studio, a music and media center, private study rooms, and a cafe. Though a private academic library, more than 2,800 outside visitors were recorded between November 2006 and March 2007.
[[File:Northram and seabury.jpg|thumb|200px|Northam and Seabury Long Walk buildings, restored in 2008]]
* '''Seabury Hall''' – This section of the Long Walk contains classrooms, professor's offices, and four dance studios. Its recent $32.7 million renovation project was completed in 2008. In addition, the old Seabury chapel was renovated into a classroom, maintaining the pews for student seating.
* '''Trinity Commons''' * – on the south end of campus on New Britain and Summit St., Trinity Commons is the new arts mecca on campus. It contains 4 studio classrooms and the newly constructed Performance Lab. The Performance Lab is a massive black box theater that can sit at least 100 people, but can accommodate much more with standing room. It has a set lighting plot with about 100 lights and is the new performance venue for most new student and faculty shows. It also houses many offices on the other side of the building. It is one of the newest buildings on campus and only houses Theater and Dance classes and administrative offices.
* '''Vernon Social Center''' – Vernon Social Center, on Vernon Street, is a multipurpose auditorium used on campus for various events, including concerts and lectures. It is attached to Vernon Place, a dormitory, and makes up the quad housing North Campus Hall and High Rise Hall.

==== Contributions to the arts ====

=====Film=====
[[File:Cinestudio facade.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Trinity's Cinestudio is a 1930s-style movie theatre]]

[[Cinestudio]] is an art cinema with 1930s-style design. An article in the ''Hartford Advocate'' described this non-profit organization, which depends solely on grants and the efforts of volunteer workers who are paid in free movies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinestudio.org/about |title=About |publisher=Cinestudio |date=September 25, 2008 |access-date=January 24, 2011}}</ref> Cinestudio has been in the Clement Chemistry Building since it was founded in the 1970s.

=====Music=====
Trinity also hosts the annual [[Trinity International Hip Hop Festival]]. A three-day celebration of global hip hop culture, the festival features lectures, panel discussions, workshops and live performances. The festival was founded in 2006 with the goal of unifying Trinity with the city of Hartford.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4950692.stm|title=World hip-hop questions US rap|date=2006-04-29|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Since 2006, the station has broadcast the [[#Contributions to the arts|Trinity Samba Fest]] from the Hartford waterfront featuring regional and international talent.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://commons.trincoll.edu/sambafest/|title=Samba Fest|publisher=Trinity College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Samba Fest: A Day Of Brazilian Culture, Music, Food|date=April 30, 2015|author=Hamad, Michael |url=http://www.courant.com/entertainment/music/hc-samba-fest-brings-brazilian-music-and-culture-to-hartford-0430-20150430-story.html|work=Hartford Courant}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ninth Annual Samba Fest at Hartford Riverfront, May 2|url=https://www.metrohartford.com/newsroom/alliance-news/2015/03/31/Ninth-Annual-Samba-Fest-at-Hartford-Riverfront-May-2|authors=Boyer, Brian & Dell, Barbara Glassman |work=MetroHartford Alliance}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Notable alumni ==
{{main|List of Trinity College (Connecticut) people}}

<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines">
File:Christine Quinn VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG|[[Christine Quinn]], former Speaker of the [[New York City Council]]
File:David Chang David Shankbone 2010.jpg|[[David Chang]], restaurateur and television personality
File:EdwardAlbee.jpg|[[Edward Albee]], playwright
File:Tucker Carlson (51771495255) (cropped).jpg|[[Tucker Carlson]], conservative television host and political commentator
File:Ari Graynor 2017.jpg|[[Ari Graynor]], actress
File:George Will (52540061656) (cropped).jpg|[[George Will]], [[Libertarian conservatism|libertarian-conservative]] political commentator and author
File:Kellybensimon.jpg|[[Kelly Killoren Bensimon]], cast member on ''[[The Real Housewives of New York City]]''
File:John smith phelps.jpg|[[John S. Phelps]], former [[Governor of Missouri]]
File:Leffingwell cropped.JPG|[[Ernest de Koven Leffingwell]], arctic explorer
File:Danny Meyer FT Charity Wine Dinner 2010.jpg|[[Danny Meyer]], founder of [[Shake Shack]]
File:Mary McCormack.jpg|[[Mary McCormack]], actress
File:Jane Swift 2001.jpeg|[[Jane Swift]], former Acting [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
File:Stephen gyllenhaal2010.jpg|[[Stephen Gyllenhaal]], film director
File:Isaac Toucey - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[Isaac Toucey]], former [[United States Attorney General]]
File:Eli Lake 2009.jpg|[[Eli Lake]], journalist
File:Rachel Platten 11 16 2017 -11 (27521703399).jpg|[[Rachel Platten]], singer-songwriter
</gallery>

Trinity College's distinguished alumni include many influential and historical people, including governors, [[US Cabinet]] members, federal judges, political commentators and journalists, and senior executives in business and industry.

Notable alumni of Trinity College include:

* [[Kristine Belson]], Class of 1986, president of [[Sony Pictures Animation]] and Oscar-nominated film producer (''[[The Croods]]'')
* [[S. Prestley Blake]], co-founder of [[Friendly's]]
* [[Joseph Buffington]], judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
* [[Tucker Carlson]], Class of 1991, political commentator, co-founder of ''[[The Daily Caller]]'', host of [[Fox News|Fox News Channel]]'s ''[[Tucker Carlson Tonight]]'', host of [[Fox Nation]]’s ''[[Tucker Carlson Today]]''
* [[Tom Chappell]], founder of [[Tom's of Maine]]
* [[Martin W. Clement]], president of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad Company]], 1935 to 1948.
* [[Percival W. Clement]], 57th [[Governor of Vermont]]
* [[Thomas R. DiBenedetto]], president of Boston International Group, owner and former chairman of [[AS Roma]]
* [[David Gottesman]], billionaire, founder of [[First Manhattan Co.]], and member of [[Berkshire Hathaway]]'s board of directors
* [[Henry McBride (politician)|Henry McBride]], fourth [[Governor of Washington State]]
* [[Mary McCormack]], actress (''[[In Plain Sight]]'', ''[[The West Wing]]''). Her two siblings are also Trinity graduates. [[Bridget McCormack]] is Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, and [[Will McCormack]] is an actor.
* [[Mitchell M. Merin]], former president and chief operating officer of [[Morgan Stanley]] Investment Management
* [[James Murren]], chairman of the board and chief executive officer of [[MGM Resorts International]]
* [[Neil Patel (political advisor)|Neil Patel]], American lawyer, conservative political advisor to [[Vice President Dick Cheney]], publisher and co-founder of [[The Daily Caller]]
*[[Gregory Anthony Perdicaris]], first U.S. Consul to Greece
* [[Charles R. Perrin]], chairman of [[Warnaco]], former chairman and CEO of Avon Products and of [[Duracell]]
* [[Rachel Platten]], singer-songwriter
* [[William C. Richardson]], board director of [[Exelon]]; former president of [[Johns Hopkins University]]
* [[Jane Swift]], Class of 1987, former [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
* [[J. H. Hobart Ward]], US Army general
* [[Jesse Watters]], Class of 2001, conservative commentator, host of ''[[Jesse Watters Primetime]]'', and co-host of ''[[The Five (talk show)|The Five]]'' on Fox News
* [[John Williams (bishop of Connecticut)|John Williams]], eleventh presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States
* [[Leo Wise]] (1849–1933), newspaper editor and publisher
* [[Charles C. Van Zandt]], 34th [[Governor of Rhode Island]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Trinity College (Hartford)|display=Trinity College, Hartford |short=x}}
* [https://hartford.omaxfield.com/neighborhoods/trinitycoll.html Hartford, Connecticut: Landmarks~History~Neighborhoods | Trinity College]
* {{College-navigator|130590}}

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[[Category:Trinity College (Connecticut)| ]]
[[Category:Education in Hartford, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1823]]
[[Category:Liberal arts colleges in Connecticut]]
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Trinity College (Connecticut)

2023-04-03T22:07:20Z

MBWhitney: Made the link to the full link of Trinity Alum (separate page) more clear and decreased listing on this main page

{{short description|Private liberal arts college in Hartford, Connecticut}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Trinity College
| image = Trinity College Connecticut Seal.svg
| image_upright = .7
| latin_name = Collegium Trinitatis Sanctae
| caption =
| motto = ''{{lang|la|Pro Ecclesia Et Patria}}'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For Church and Country
| established = {{start date and age|1823|5}}
| former_names = Washington College (1823–1845)
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[liberal arts college]]
| accreditation = [[New England Commission of Higher Education|NECHE]]
| endowment = $783 million (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=trinitytripod|title=Board of Trustees Hold October Meeting: Endowment Rises to $783 Million, Berger-Sweeney's Contract Extended to 2025|url=https://tripod.domains.trincoll.edu/news/board-of-trustees-hold-october-meeting-endowment-rises-to-783-million-berger-sweeneys-contract-extended-to-2025/|access-date=2021-11-03|language=en}}</ref>
| faculty = 230 full-time and 45 part-time (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| president = [[Joanne Berger-Sweeney]]
| students = 2,241 (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| undergrad = 2,200 (spring 2022)<ref name="nces.ed.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity+College&s=all&id=130590|title = College Navigator - Trinity College}}</ref>
| postgrad = 41 (spring 2021)<ref name=CDS_B>{{cite web |url=https://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/InstitutionalResearchPlanning/Documents/Trinity%20College%20CDS_2018-2019.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part B |publisher=Trinity College}}</ref>
| city = [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
| country = U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|41.747|N|72.690|W|type:edu_region:US-CT_dim:2000|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|100|acre}}
| colors = {{color box|#1E388C}} {{color box|#FFC424}} Blue and gold
| sports_nickname = [[Trinity Bantams|Bantams]]
| mascot = [[Bantam (chicken)|Bantam]]
|athletics_affiliations = [[NCAA]] [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]] – [[New England Small College Athletic Conference|NESCAC]]
| academic_affiliations = [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]], [[Consortium on Financing Higher Education|COFHE]], [[Annapolis Group]], [[Oberlin Group]], [[Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges|CLAC]], [[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| logo = Trinity College Connecticut.svg
| logo_upright = 1.1
}}
'''Trinity College''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. Founded as '''Washington College''' in 1823, it is the second-oldest college in the state of [[Connecticut]].

Coeducational since 1969, the college enrolls 2,235 students.<ref name=CDS_B/> Trinity offers 41 majors and 28 interdisciplinary minors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/ |title=Majors and Minors|newspaper=Academics|publisher=Trinity College|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> The college is a member of the [[New England Small College Athletic Conference]] (NESCAC).

== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[File:Thomas Church Brownell (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Founder [[Thomas Church Brownell]]]]

[[Thomas Church Brownell|Bishop Thomas Brownell]] opened '''Washington College''' in 1824 to nine male students<ref name="Albert E. Van Dusen 1961 pp 362-63">Albert E. Van Dusen, ''Connecticut" (1961) pp 362-63</ref> and the vigorous protest of [[Yale University|Yale]] alumni.{{Clarify|date=November 2022|reason=Why did Yale alumni protest?}} A 14-acre site was chosen, at the time about a half-mile from the city of Hartford. Over time [[Bushnell Park]] was laid out to the north and the east, creating a beautiful space.<ref name="1889book">{{cite book|title=Hartford, Conn., as a manufacturing, business and commercial center; with brief sketches of its history, attractions, leading industries, and institutions ..|date=1889|publisher=Hartford (Conn) Board of Trade|location=Hartford, CT|pages=182–187|url=https://archive.org/stream/hartfordconnasma00hart/hartfordconnasma00hart#page/n170/mode/1up|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

The college was renamed '''Trinity College''' in 1845; the original campus consisted of two Greek Revival buildings. One of the Greek Revival buildings housed a chapel, library, and lecture rooms. The other was a dormitory for the male students who attended the college.<ref>Albert E. Van Dusen, ''Connecticut" (1961) pp 362–63</ref>

The site next to Bushnell Park, where Trinity College then stood, was deemed an ideal location for building a statehouse.<ref name="1889book" /> So the trustees were persuaded to sell the entire campus to the city in 1872 for $600,000.<ref name="1889book" /> The trustees moved the college to an 80-acre site on a ridge on the western edge of Hartford.<ref name="1889book" /> Then-president [[Abner Jackson]] hired an English architect to draw up plans for an entire campus.<ref name="1889book" /> Construction of the new campus was begun under the presidency of Thomas Ruggles Pynchon (1874–1883).<ref name="1889book" />

===New campus ===
[[File:Burgesplan.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|[[William Burges]]'s original plan for the campus of Trinity College]]
In 1872, Trinity College was persuaded by the state to move from its downtown '''"College Hill"''' location (now Capitol Hill, site of the [[Connecticut State Capitol|state capitol building]]) to its current {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus a mile southwest. Although the college sold its land overlooking the [[Park River (Connecticut)|Park River]] and [[Bushnell Park]] in 1872, it did not complete its move to its Gallows Hill campus until 1878.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/CollegeHistory.htm |title=Trinity College |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110040953/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/CollegeHistory.htm |archive-date=January 10, 2011 }}</ref> The original plans for the Gallows Hill site were drawn by the noted Victorian architect [[William Burges]] but were too ambitious and too expensive to be fully realized. Only one section of the proposed campus plan — the [[Trinity College Long Walk|Long Walk]]— was completed.

By 1889 the library contained 30,000 volumes, and the school boasted over 900 graduates.<ref name="1889book" /> Enrollment reached 122 in 1892. President Remsen Ogilby (1920–43) enlarged the campus, and more than doubled the endowment. The faculty grew from 25 to 62, and the student body from 167 to 530 men. Under President Keith Funston (1943–51), returning veterans expanded the enrollment to 900.<ref name="Albert E. Van Dusen 1961 pp 362-63"/>

=== Twentieth century ===
Trinity ended the nineteenth century as an institution primarily serving the Hartford area. The early years of the century were primarily growth years for Trinity. Enrollment was increased to 500 men.

In 1932, under President Remsen Ogilby, the Gothic chapel was completed and became the symbol of Trinity College. It replaced the Seabury chapel which had become too small for the student body.

The founding of the [[University of Hartford]] in 1957 allowed Trinity to focus on becoming a regional institution rather than a local one. Trinity has recently installed a plaque commemorating the "University of Hartford" name.

In 1962, [[Connecticut Public Television]] (CPTV) began its first broadcasts in the Trinity College Public Library, and later in Boardman Hall, a science building on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpbn.org/our-history |title=Our History | Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network |publisher=Cpbn.org |access-date=2014-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connecticutmag.com/Connecticut-Magazine/April-2013/CPTV-Celebrates-50-Years-Present-at-the-Creation/ |title=CPTV Celebrates 50 Years: Present at the Creation - Connecticut Magazine - April 2013 - Connecticut |publisher=Connecticutmag.com |date=1962-10-01 |access-date=2014-08-17}}</ref>

In 1968, the trustees voted to withdraw from the Association of Episcopal Colleges.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trinity College in the twentieth century : a history|last=Knapp, Peter J. (Peter Jonathan), 1943-|date=2000|publisher=Trinity College|others=Knapp, Anne H.|isbn=0-911534-59-8|location=Hartford, Conn.|pages=209|oclc=45273021}}</ref>

Also in 1968, the trustees of Trinity College voted to make a commitment to enroll more minority students, providing financial aid as needed. This decision was preceded by a siege of the administrative offices in the Downes and Williams Memorial buildings during which Trinity students would not allow the president or trustees to leave until they agreed to the resolution.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Exit Interview with Dr. Theodore Davidge Lockwood |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/w_books/13/ |journal=Publications About Trinity |date=May 1981 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

Less than one year later, Trinity College became coeducational and admitted its first female students, as transfers from [[Vassar College]] and [[Smith College]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carlesso |first1=Jenna |title=Former Trinity College president, known for admitting the school's first female students, dies |url=https://www.courant.com/community/hartford/hc-news-hartford-trinity-lockwood-20190124-wxhdpayesrfppcdfj3g2rz4lcm-story.html |website=Hartford Courant |date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> Today, women make up about 50 percent of Trinity's student body.

===Academic regalia===

Trinity followed the European pattern of using [[academic regalia]] from its foundation,<ref name=Bulletin1957>{{cite book|url=https://issuu.com/tcdigitalrepository/docs/may1957|title=Academic Costume|work=Trinity College Bulletin|date=May 1957|page=7}}</ref> and was one of only four US institutions (all associated with the Episcopal Church) to assign gowns and hoods for its degrees in 1883.<ref name=Wood1883>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/degreesgownshood00wooduoft/page/31/mode/1up|pages=31–36|title=The degrees, gowns and hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American universities and colleges|author= T. W. Wood|publisher=Thomas Pratt and Sons, London|date=1883}}</ref> There were six degrees awarded at the time, all taking a black gown of silk or stuff and a hood of black silk lined according to the degree: BA white silk, MA dove-colored silk, BD crimson silk, DD scarlet silk, LLD pink silk, MusD purple silk.<ref name=Wood1883/>

In 1894, a year before the introduction of the [[Academic dress in the United States|intercollegiate code on academic costume]], the college brought in a new scheme of academic regalia. The hoods and gowns followed the shape of those used at the [[Academic dress of the University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] except that the hood for Doctors of Divinity was of the shape used at the [[Academic dress of the University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. A variety of different colours and fabrics were used for the hoods: BA black stuff edged [[Palatinate (colour)|palatinate purple]], BS black stuff edged light blue silk, BLitt black stuff edged russet brown silk, BD black silk edged scarlet silk (not in use by 1957), LLB black silk edged dark blue silk (not in use by 1957), MusB black silk edged pink silk (not in use by 1957), MA black silk lined palatinate purple silk, MS black stuff lined light blue silk, DD scarlet cloth lined black silk, DLitt scarlet silk-lined russet brown silk, LLD scarlet silk lined dark blue silk, DCL crimson silk lined black silk, MusD white silk-lined pink silk, DSc black silk lined light blue silk, PhD black silk lined people silk (not in use by 1957), MD scarlet silk lined maroon silk (not in use by 1957).<ref name=Bulletin1957/><ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uD6fIDctDEUC&pg=PA118|page=118|title=Athena|publisher=Macmillan, New York|date=1920|editor=C. A. Ealand}}</ref> To this were added DPH black cloth lined salmon pink silk (1945), DHLitt scarlet silk-lined people silk (1947), DHum white silk-lined crimson (1957), and DST scarlet silk-lined blue with a gold chevron (1957).<ref name=Bulletin1957/> As of 2018, the hoods for doctorates (except the PhD and MD) and for the MMus remain in use for honorary degrees, with the further addition since 1957 of the DFA wrote lined white with a red Chevron.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/commencement/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/03/2018CommencementProgram.pdf|title=Commencement Program|date=2018|access-date=16 May 2020|page=34}}</ref>

== Academics ==
[[File:Trinity College, Hartford, Conn (NYPL b12647398-67909) (cropped).tiff|thumb|Trinity College, showing the Long Walk and three attached buildings: Northam (center), Jarvis (right), Seabury (left)]]
Trinity offers three degrees: the B.A., B.S., and M.A. (in a few subjects). The college offers 41 majors, as well as the options of creating a self-designed major or adding an interdisciplinary or departmental minor. Trinity is part of a small group of liberal arts schools that offer degrees in engineering. Trinity has a student-to-faculty ratio of 9:1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414 |title=Overview|website=U.S. News Best Colleges|publisher=U.S. News|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Its most popular undergraduate majors, by number out of 517 graduates in 2022, were:
*Political Science and Government (80)
*Economics (64)
*Psychology (41)
*Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (38)
*Engineering (28)
*Neuroscience (24)
*Biology/Biological Sciences (23)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Trinity&s=all&id=130590#programs |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=U.S. Dept of Education |title=Trinity College |access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref>

=== Trinity College, Rome Campus ===
Trinity College, Rome Campus (TCRC), is a study abroad campus of Trinity College. It was established in 1970 and is in a residential area of Rome on the [[Aventine Hill]] close to the Basilica of Santa Sabina within the precincts of a convent run by an order of nuns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/UrbanGlobal/StudyAway/programs/TrinityPrograms/Rome/Pages/default.aspx|title=The Trinity College Rome Campus|work=trincoll.edu}}</ref>

=== Admissions ===
[[File:Trinity College Hartford Admissions building.jpg|thumb|Admissions building]]

The 2020 annual ranking by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' categorizes Trinity as "more selective".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414 |title=Trinity College |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>

For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Trinity received 6,096 applications, accepted 2,045 (33.5%) and enrolled 579.<ref name=CDS>{{cite web |url=https://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/InstitutionalResearchPlanning/Documents/Trinity%20College%20CDS_2018-2019.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part C |publisher=Trinity College}}</ref>

As of fall 2015, Trinity College does not require the SAT or ACT for students applying for admission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trincoll.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/application-process/ |title=Application Process |publisher=Trinity College |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref> Of the 31% of enrolled freshmen submitting [[SAT scores]], the middle 50% range was 630–710 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 670–750 for math, while of the 23% of enrolled freshmen submitting [[ACT (test)|ACT]] results, the middle 50% range for the composite score was 29–32.<ref name=CDS/>

=== Rankings and reputation ===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| Forbes = 62
| THE_WSJ = 87
| USNWR_LA = 39
| Wamo_LA = 20
}}

Trinity is known as one of the [[Little Ivies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Good News for the Little Ivies - Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/little-good-news-for-the-little-ivies|date=2016-12-22|website=Bloomberg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103033942/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/little-good-news-for-the-little-ivies|archive-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked Trinity College 12th amongst all liberal arts universities and 62nd amongst all colleges and universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinity College (CT) |url=https://www.forbes.com/colleges/trinity-college/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Trinity 39th in its 2022 ranking of best national liberal arts colleges in the United States. It was also ranked 46th for best value school.<ref name="USNWR">https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/trinity-college-1414{{bare URL inline|date=December 2022}}</ref> However, these US News rankings likely reflect that Trinity joined the "[[Annapolis Group]]" in August 2007, an organization of more than 100 of the nation's liberal arts schools, in refusing to participate in the magazine's rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegechoice.net/rankings/best-colleges/ |title=Best National Liberal Arts Colleges |date=April 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/News_Events/trinity_news/070816_usnews.htm |title=Trinity College |publisher=Trincoll.edu |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=January 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206213306/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/News_Events/trinity_news/070816_usnews.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2010 }}</ref> Trinity College is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Connecticut Institutions – NECHE|publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ct/|access-date=May 26, 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, authors Howard and Matthew Greene continued to include Trinity in the third edition of ''[[Hidden Ivies]]: 63 Top Colleges that Rival the Ivy League''.<ref name="Ivies">{{Cite book |last1 = Greene |first1 = Howard |last2 = Greene |first2 = Matthew |title =The Hidden Ivies, third Edition: 63 of America's Top Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities |publisher = HarperCollins |year = 2016 |isbn = 978-0062420909 }}</ref> In addition, ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' has given Trinity a 93 (out of 99) for selectivity and in 2017 named Trinity as a best value college. ''Money.com'' magazine ranked Trinity College 55th among all colleges and universities in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college/trinity-college-ct-1023905 | title=Trinity College (CT) - the Princeton Review College Rankings & Reviews }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 16, 2022 |title=The Best Colleges in America, Ranked by Value |url=https://money.com/best-colleges/ |url-status=live |magazine=Money.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527182645/https://money.com/best-colleges/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022}}</ref>

== Student life ==

===Traditions ===

==== The bantam ====

[[File:Trinity Bantams.gif|thumb|right|The Bantam, Trinity's mascot]]

Trinity's mascot, the [[Bantam (poultry)|bantam]], was conceived by [[Joseph Buffington]], class of 1875, who was a federal judge and trustee of the college.<ref name="traditions">{{cite web |url=http://library.trincoll.edu/research/watk/archives/trinitytraditions.cfm |title= Trinity Traditions|website=library.trincoll.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922215336/http://library.trincoll.edu/research/watk/archives/trinitytraditions.cfm |archive-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==== Alma mater ====

Trinity's [[alma mater]] is "Neath the Elms." It was written in 1882 by Trinity student Augustus P. Burgwin to the tune of a song that his butler often sang. When '''"Neath the Elms"''' was written, the college had been planting elm trees on the quad, which remain today.

=== Student publications ===
* ''[[The Trinity Tripod]]''

=== Athletics ===

{{see also|Trinity Bantams}}

The Trinity College Department of Athletics currently sponsors a wide range of sports.

=== Fraternities and sororities ===

Officially, approximately 18% of the student body are affiliated with a Greek organization.<ref>{{cite web |author=e |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/pubrel/development/Retired_Pages/about/colfacts.html |title=Trinity College - College Facts |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=2015-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031609/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/pubrel/development/Retired_Pages/about/colfacts.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> They operate under guidelines and regulations established and enforced by the Trinity College.

In 2012, then-president [[James F. Jones (educator)|James F. Jones]] proposed a social policy for Trinity College which made a commitment, among other things, to require all sororities and fraternities to achieve gender parity within two years (i.e., for each sorority and fraternity to have an equal number of male and female members) or face closure. Trinity College's co-ed mandate for fraternities and sororities was withdrawn in September 2015 and replaced with the '''"Campaign for Community"''' effort to establish more inclusive social traditions on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/president/CommunityLetters/Pages/StudentLifeAnnouncement.aspx|title=Important Message about Student Life|work=trincoll.edu|access-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930095446/http://www.trincoll.edu/AboutTrinity/offices/president/CommunityLetters/Pages/StudentLifeAnnouncement.aspx|archive-date=2017-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Trinity currently has the following sororities and fraternities:<ref name=SorFrat>{{cite web |url= http://www.trincoll.edu/StudentLife/GreekLife/Pages/Organizations-.aspx |title= Organizations |work= Trinity College (Connecticut) |access-date= 30 May 2018}}</ref>

* [[Alpha Chi Omega]] (A Chi O)was founded as the Order of the Elms in October 2016. Received affiliation with the NPC in May 2017.
* [[Alpha Chi Rho]] (Crow) was founded at Trinity College in 1895
* [[Alpha Delta Phi]] (Alpha Delt)
* [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]] (AEPi) Tau Beta Chapter
* [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]] (AKA)
* [[Cleo of Alpha Chi]] (Cleo)
* [[The IVY Society]] (IVY)
* [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (Kappa)
* [[Kappa Sigma]] (Kappa Sig)
* [[Lambda Alpha Upsilon]] (ΛΑΥ)
* [[Lambda Pi Upsilon]] (Lambda Divas)
* [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] (Pike)
* [[Psi Upsilon]] (Psi U)
* [[St. Anthony Hall]] (The Hall or St. A's)
* The Stella Society: founded at Trinity College in 2017
* [[Zeta Omega Eta]]: founded at Trinity College in 2003.

==Hartford campus ==
[[File:Seabury Hall.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Seabury Hall, part of a $32.9 million renovation and restoration of the Long Walk buildings]]

=== Long Walk buildings ===

The first buildings completed on the current campus were Seabury and Jarvis halls in 1878. Together with Northam Towers, these make up what is known as the "[[Trinity College Long Walk|Long Walk]]". These buildings are an early example of [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture in the United States, built to plans drawn up by [[William Burges]], with [[Francis H. Kimball|F.H. Kimball]] as supervising architect. The Long Walk has been expanded and is connected with several other buildings. On the northernmost end there is the chapel, whose western side is connected to the Downes and Williams Memorial building. Heading south, the next building is Jarvis Hall, named after [[Abraham Jarvis]]. Jarvis becomes Northam Towers heading south, then Seabury Hall. Seabury Hall, named for [[Samuel Seabury (bishop)|Samuel Seabury]], is connected to Hamlin Hall. To Hamlin's east is Cook, then Goodwin and then Woodward. The dormitories on the Long Walk end there, and the terminal building on the south end of the long walk is Clement/[[Cinestudio]]. Clement is the chemistry building; [[Cinestudio]] a student run movie theater. If one travels to the south of Hamlin there will be Mather Hall and the Dean of Students Office.<ref>http://www.trincoll.edu/NR/rdonlyres/49EA971F-5F57-43DA-A0F0-A276AE77F148/0/CampusMap2009.pdf {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=BlevintronBot}}</ref>

=== Chapel ===
[[File:trincollchapel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford]]]]
The [[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford|Trinity College Chapel]] was built in the 1930s to replace Trinity's original chapel in Seabury Hall (now a lecture hall). The chapel's facade is made almost entirely of limestone and connects to the adjacent Downes Memorial Clock Tower. Its primary architect was [[Philip Hubert Frohman]], of Frohman, Robb and Little, who were also responsible for the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

=== Main quadrangle ===

[[File:TrinCollHartford.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Downes Memorial clock tower]]

Trinity's campus features a central green known as the Main Quad, designed by famed architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. The large expanse of grass is bound on the west by the Long Walk, on the east by the Lower Long Walk, on the north by the chapel, and on the south by the Cook and Goodwin-Woodward dormitories. While a central green is a feature of many college campuses, Trinity's is notable for its unusually large, rectangular size, running the entire length of the Long Walk and with no walkways traversing it. Trees on the Quad have been planted in a 'T' configuration (for Trinity) with the letter's base at the statue of Bishop Brownell (built 1867).<ref>{{cite book |title=Where to educate, 1898-1899. A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States |last=Thomas |first=Grace Powers |year=1898 |publisher=Brown and Company |location=Boston |page=26 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |url=https://archive.org/stream/wheretoeducate1800thomrich#page/26/mode/1up}}</ref> and its top running the length of the Long Walk. Tradition holds that the trees were intended to distinguish Trinity's campus from Yale's. Also on the Quad are two cannons used on the {{USS|Hartford|1858|6}}, flagship of Admiral [[David Farragut]] during the [[American Civil War]].

[[File:English Elm Tree on Trinity College Quad, Hartford, CT - June 15, 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|left|English Elm Tree on Trinity Quad]]The whole of Trinity's campus is set out on a {{convert|100|acre|ha|adj=on}} parcel of land that is bound on the south by New Britain Avenue, on the west by Summit Street, on the east by Broad Street, and on the north by Allen Place. Trinity's former northern border, Vernon Street, has been transferred from the city of Hartford to Trinity College and closed off at one end (Broad Street), creating a cul-de-sac within Trinity's borders. Completed in 2001, and on what was formerly an abandoned bus depot adjacent to Trinity's campus, the Learning Corridor is a collection of K-12 public magnet schools co-created by Trinity and the governments of Hartford and Connecticut.

=== Other important buildings on campus ===
[[File:Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center Trinity College Hartford.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center]]
* '''Albert C. Jacobs Life Sciences Center''' – Built in 1967 in the architectural style of [[Brutalism]], the Life Science Center, or LSC, was designed to be an abstract representation of the Long Walk. The building houses Trinity's departments of Biology and Psychology. It contains several classrooms, an auditorium, teaching labs, research labs, and a greenhouse. Trinity's first dedicated neuroscience lab is to be built in LSC in 2011. Fund raising is underway to construct a neuroscience suite and a music rehearsal hall on the north side of LSC.
[[File:Austin Arts Center.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Austin Arts Center]]
* '''Austin Arts Center''' – The AAC was designed in the 1960s, and contains art exhibition spaces, two theaters (Garmany and Goodwin), a few classrooms, and is home to the offices of Theater and Dance and Music professors.
* '''Clement''' – The Clement Center, is home to the chemistry department. Clement contains four teaching laboratories, eight research laboratories, instrument rooms, computer rooms, and classrooms. It also offers its own library, conducive to scholarly pursuits and thoughtful concentration. During the summer of 2011, the building underwent a $750,000 renovation of five of its laboratories through funds provided by the National Science Foundation. Clement is also home to [[Cinestudio]], the on campus movie theater.
[[File:TrinCollHartfordChap.jpg|thumb|200px|The Trinity College chapel, built in 1933, is an example of [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture]]
* '''Chapel''' The [[Trinity College Chapel, Hartford|Trinity College Chapel]] was built in 1933. It was designed by Frohman, Robb and Little, the same architects who designed the [[National Cathedral]] in Washington, D.C. The chapel is home to various religious services, as well as the service of [[Nine Lessons and Carols]], a long-standing tradition at Trinity. The chapel is the tallest point in the city of Hartford.
* '''Facilities''' (formerly Buildings and Grounds) The facilities building is the home of various departments that relate to the maintenance of the physical (as opposed to the academic) aspects of the college. Included in this building is the Director of Facilities, the Superintendent of Grounds, the Superintendent of Construction Trades (who is also the Superintendent of Access Control), various engineers, electricians, painters, carpenters and mechanics.
* '''Ferris Athletic Center'''*- Ferris Athletic Center includes a field house, an eight-lane, 37-meter swimming pool with a movable bulkhead, 16 international-size squash courts, two basketball courts, 2 weight rooms (Rick and Anne Hazelton Fitness Center), one of which that is new and used for varsity team athletes, two crew tanks, a wrestling room and a 1/10-mile indoor track. It was named after [[George M. Ferris]], who graduated Trinity. Adjacent to Ferris are 19 acres of playing fields for soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, and baseball as well as the multi- purpose Robin L. Sheppard Field and the 6,500- seat [[Jessee/Miller Field|Dan Jessee/Don Miller Football Field and Track]].
* '''Jarvis Hall''' – This section of the Long Walk contains single, double and quad dorms, primarily for juniors and seniors. It is rumored that the doubles were originally designed for students while the singles across the hallway were intended for their servants. In actuality, the single rooms were single bedrooms, which opened into living areas, which are currently the doubles and the hallway, and six rooms retain this layout. As of the 2008 school year, the massive Long Walk Reconstruction project has been completed, and the dorms are built in a classic style.
* '''Mather Hall''' – Just south of Hamlin Hall (the southern terminus of the long walk), Mather Hall is the main student center of Trinity College. The building contains the main dining hall as well as "The Cave" dining hall, a post office and student mail boxes, a coffee house, as well as meeting rooms and large auditoriums.
* '''Koeppel Community Sports Center''' – Completed in 2006, the $15.5 million center serves as Trinity's ice hockey arena. The Koeppel Center also serves as a recreational center for students and is open to the public. The Koeppel Center was given a prestigious design recognition as part of the "Facilities of Merit" awards in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://athleticbusiness.com/galleries/project.aspx?id=160 |title= Project Galleries|website=athleticbusiness.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526012243/http://athleticbusiness.com/galleries/project.aspx?id=160 |archive-date=May 26, 2012}}</ref>
* '''Roy Nutt Mathematics, Engineering & Computer Science Center''' – is on the Life Sciences Quad (named for the Life Sciences Center, which dominates the eastern side of the quad) it is made of brick and sandstone. The Nutt Center was designed by renowned architect César Pelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/proj/masterplan/history2.htm|title=A Brief History of Campus Planning at Trinity|work=trincoll.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215143/http://www.trincoll.edu/proj/masterplan/history2.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
* '''Northam Towers''' – This central tower on the Long Walk, flanked by the Fuller archway, connects Jarvis and Seabury Halls. The towers contain student housing. The National Fraternity of Alpha Chi Rho was founded in a room within Northam Towers.
[[File:Raether Library and Information Technology Center.jpg|thumb|200px|Raether Library and Information Technology Center]]
* '''North Campus Hall''' – The largest dormitory on Trinity's campus was completed in 1958. The building has since been renovated various times, and spans the trajectory of two streets, from Vernon Street to Allen Place. It is a two-story building with long hallways and multiple common rooms.<ref>Knapp, Peter J., and Anne H. Knapp. Trinity College in the twentieth century: a history. Hartford, Conn.: Trinity College, 2000.</ref>
* '''Raether Library and Information Technology Center''' – Trinity's main library was originally built at the southeast corner of the main quad in the 1950s to replace the library in Williams Memorial. Additional wings were constructed in the 1970s, and a major renovation took place in 2002, at which time the building was given its present name. The Watkinson Library, which houses rare books and manuscripts, occupies an annex of the first floor. The latest renovations, which enlarged the facility to {{convert|172000|sqft|m2|-2}} and more than 1 million volumes, include an atrium, grand reading room, three new computing labs, a multimedia development studio, a music and media center, private study rooms, and a cafe. Though a private academic library, more than 2,800 outside visitors were recorded between November 2006 and March 2007.
[[File:Northram and seabury.jpg|thumb|200px|Northam and Seabury Long Walk buildings, restored in 2008]]
* '''Seabury Hall''' – This section of the Long Walk contains classrooms, professor's offices, and four dance studios. Its recent $32.7 million renovation project was completed in 2008. In addition, the old Seabury chapel was renovated into a classroom, maintaining the pews for student seating.
* '''Trinity Commons''' * – on the south end of campus on New Britain and Summit St., Trinity Commons is the new arts mecca on campus. It contains 4 studio classrooms and the newly constructed Performance Lab. The Performance Lab is a massive black box theater that can sit at least 100 people, but can accommodate much more with standing room. It has a set lighting plot with about 100 lights and is the new performance venue for most new student and faculty shows. It also houses many offices on the other side of the building. It is one of the newest buildings on campus and only houses Theater and Dance classes and administrative offices.
* '''Vernon Social Center''' – Vernon Social Center, on Vernon Street, is a multipurpose auditorium used on campus for various events, including concerts and lectures. It is attached to Vernon Place, a dormitory, and makes up the quad housing North Campus Hall and High Rise Hall.

==== Contributions to the arts ====

=====Film=====
[[File:Cinestudio facade.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Trinity's Cinestudio is a 1930s-style movie theatre]]

[[Cinestudio]] is an art cinema with 1930s-style design. An article in the ''Hartford Advocate'' described this non-profit organization, which depends solely on grants and the efforts of volunteer workers who are paid in free movies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinestudio.org/about |title=About |publisher=Cinestudio |date=September 25, 2008 |access-date=January 24, 2011}}</ref> Cinestudio has been in the Clement Chemistry Building since it was founded in the 1970s.

=====Music=====
Trinity also hosts the annual [[Trinity International Hip Hop Festival]]. A three-day celebration of global hip hop culture, the festival features lectures, panel discussions, workshops and live performances. The festival was founded in 2006 with the goal of unifying Trinity with the city of Hartford.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4950692.stm|title=World hip-hop questions US rap|date=2006-04-29|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Since 2006, the station has broadcast the [[#Contributions to the arts|Trinity Samba Fest]] from the Hartford waterfront featuring regional and international talent.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://commons.trincoll.edu/sambafest/|title=Samba Fest|publisher=Trinity College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Samba Fest: A Day Of Brazilian Culture, Music, Food|date=April 30, 2015|author=Hamad, Michael |url=http://www.courant.com/entertainment/music/hc-samba-fest-brings-brazilian-music-and-culture-to-hartford-0430-20150430-story.html|work=Hartford Courant}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ninth Annual Samba Fest at Hartford Riverfront, May 2|url=https://www.metrohartford.com/newsroom/alliance-news/2015/03/31/Ninth-Annual-Samba-Fest-at-Hartford-Riverfront-May-2|authors=Boyer, Brian & Dell, Barbara Glassman |work=MetroHartford Alliance}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Notable alumni ==

'''{{main|List of Trinity College (Connecticut) people}}'''

<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines">
File:Christine Quinn VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG|[[Christine Quinn]], former Speaker of the [[New York City Council]]
File:David Chang David Shankbone 2010.jpg|[[David Chang]], restaurateur and television personality
File:EdwardAlbee.jpg|[[Edward Albee]], playwright
File:Tucker Carlson (51771495255) (cropped).jpg|[[Tucker Carlson]], conservative television host and political commentator
File:Ari Graynor 2017.jpg|[[Ari Graynor]], actress
File:George Will (52540061656) (cropped).jpg|[[George Will]], [[Libertarian conservatism|libertarian-conservative]] political commentator and author
File:Kellybensimon.jpg|[[Kelly Killoren Bensimon]], cast member on ''[[The Real Housewives of New York City]]''
File:John smith phelps.jpg|[[John S. Phelps]], former [[Governor of Missouri]]
File:Leffingwell cropped.JPG|[[Ernest de Koven Leffingwell]], arctic explorer
File:Danny Meyer FT Charity Wine Dinner 2010.jpg|[[Danny Meyer]], founder of [[Shake Shack]]
File:Jesse Watters (50757145047) (cropped).jpg|[[Jesse Watters]], conservative political commentator on [[Fox News]]
File:Mary McCormack.jpg|[[Mary McCormack]], actress
File:Jane Swift 2001.jpeg|[[Jane Swift]], former Acting [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
File:Stephen gyllenhaal2010.jpg|[[Stephen Gyllenhaal]], film director
File:Isaac Toucey - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[Isaac Toucey]], former [[United States Attorney General]]
File:Eli Lake 2009.jpg|[[Eli Lake]], journalist
File:Rachel Platten 11 16 2017 -11 (27521703399).jpg|[[Rachel Platten]], singer-songwriter
</gallery>

Trinity College's distinguished alumni include many influential and historical people, including governors, [[US Cabinet]] members, federal judges, political commentators and journalists, and senior executives in business and industry.

'''{{main|List of Trinity College (Connecticut) people}}'''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Trinity College (Hartford)|display=Trinity College, Hartford |short=x}}
* [https://hartford.omaxfield.com/neighborhoods/trinitycoll.html Hartford, Connecticut: Landmarks~History~Neighborhoods | Trinity College]
* {{College-navigator|130590}}

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[[Category:Trinity College (Connecticut)| ]]
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Solon High School

2023-03-22T20:50:39Z

MBWhitney: /* Academics */

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| logo = SolonCometsLogo.jpg
| image =
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short <ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,515 (2022 <ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/11/College%20Profile%202022.pdf|title=Solon High School College Profile 2022|accessdate=March 22, 2023}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and three elementary schools: Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,500 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:Solon 9-3-22 (2).jpg|left|thumb|Solon High School]]
Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2021, the Solon School District was named the best Public School District in America by the community and academic rating organization Niche.com. That same year, Solon High School was listed as #181 on [[Niche (company)|Niche]]'s list of America's Best Public High Schools and #3 Best Public High School in Ohio.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche (company)|Niche]] | access-date = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. The class of 2021 had 19 Solon High School students named as National Merit Finalists and 14 Commended Students, while the class of 2022 had 34 Semi-Finalists and 16 Commended students.<ref name = "Solon Schools">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.solonschools.org/domain/472 |year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref> This was the highest number in Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's 34 National Merit semifinalists is highest number in Ohio|url=http://www.cleveland.com/community/2021/09/solon-high-schools-34-national-merit-semifinalists-highest-number-in-ohio.html#:~:text=The%2034%20seniors%20named%20as,%2C%20Andrew%20Li%2C%20Ryan%20Li%2C|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 29, 2021|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=https://gccohio.net/|year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ridel|first1=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Johnston|first1=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Jane|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Jane|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Jane|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Abigail Hing Wen]], NYT Best Selling Author
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], MLB insider, ''[[ESPN]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon City School District

2023-03-22T20:50:27Z

MBWhitney: Re-arranged academics so the newer rankings were first

{{short description|School district in Ohio}}

{{Infobox school district
| name = Solon City Schools
| logo = Solon City Schools Logo.jpg
| motto =
| type = [[Public]]
| grades = [[Pre-Kindergarten]] through [[High school (North America)|High School]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1895}}
| state = [[Ohio]]
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| address = 33800 Inwood Drive
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| coordinates = {{coord|41|23|24|N|81|26|32|W|type:edu_region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| president = Julie Glavin<ref name = "Contacts">{{cite web|title = Solon City Schools Directory|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Welcome/SolonContacts.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2014|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>
| vice-president = Leann Jones
| superintendent = Fred Bolden
| asst_superintendent = Deborah Siegel
| accreditations = [[Ohio Department of Education]]
| schools = [[Solon High School]] Solon Middle School Orchard Middle School Lewis Elementary School Parkside Elementary School Roxbury Elementary School Regano Preschool
| budget = $70 million<ref name = "School Fiscal">{{cite web|title=Solon City School District Financial Forecast and Review|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Welcome/Forecast_Financial_Review.pdf|publisher=Solon City Schools|date=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref><ref name=NCES/>
| us_nces_district_id = {{NCES District ID|3904660|district_name=Solon City|access_date=March 9, 2022|ref_name=NCES}}
| students = 4,521 (2021-2022)<ref name=NCES/>
| teachers = 256.94<ref name=NCES/>
| staff =
| ratio = 17.60<ref name=NCES/>
| conference = [[Northeast Ohio Conference]]<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|accessdate=2010-02-17|author=OHSAA}}</ref>
| mascot = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| website = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/}}
}}

'''Solon City School District''' is a [[public school district]] serving [[Solon, Ohio]] and [[Glenwillow, Ohio]], which are southeastern [[suburb]]s of [[Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined statistical area]] in the [[United States]].

==Schools==
[[Image:SolonParksideES.jpg|thumb|right|Parkside Elementary School]]

===High School (9-12)===
* [[Solon High School]]

===Middle School (7-8)===
* Solon Middle School

===Upper Elementary School (5-6)===
* Orchard Middle School

===Elementary School (K-4)===
* Dorothy E. Lewis Elementary School
* Parkside Elementary School
* Grace L. Roxbury Elementary School

===Preschool===
*Joseph V. Regano Early Learning Center

==History==
===Academics===
[[Image:SolonHS2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Solon High School]]

Solon has been rated one of Ohio's top five school districts every year for the past five years according to data from the Ohio Department of Education, including [https://www.cleveland.com/data/2022/09/ranking-ohios-school-districts-from-1-to-607-based-on-the-stars-they-received-on-new-state-report-cards.html most recently in 2022.] In 2021, the Solon School District was named the best Public School District in America by the community and academic rating organization Niche.com.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche (company)|Niche]] | access-date = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Niche (company)|Niche.com]] ranked the school district the best in the United States based on analysis that considered factors such as graduation rates, teacher quality, scores on state tests and college admission exams, and economic and racial diversity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/best-school-district-in-america-solon-ohio-2017-8 |title=The best school district in America is in an Ohio suburb 20 miles outside Cleveland, a city where schools are failing by almost every measure |first=Abby |last=Jackson |date=August 9, 2017 |work=[[Business Insider]] |accessdate=August 18, 2017 }}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was listed as #107 on ''[[Newsweek]]''{{'}}s annual list of America's Best High Schools.<ref name = "Newsweek 2013">{{cite web | url = http://www.newsweek.com/2013/05/06/america-s-best-high-schools.html
| title = America’s Best High Schools| website=[[Newsweek]] | accessdate = August 22, 2014|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a gold ranking and listed #264 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', #11 in Ohio, and #100 nationally in [[STEM fields|STEM]].<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2014|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Solon High School]] was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (test)|ACT]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|df=}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

In 2012, Solon achieved a rating of 111.2 on the Ohio state performance index and for the 13th consecutive year, the district met all 26 indicators measured on the state report card.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio’s #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 | df = }}</ref><ref name = "Report Card 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.org/Welcome/DistrictReportCard.pdf | title = 2011 - 2012 School Year Report Card| publisher = [[Ohio Department of Education]] | accessdate = August 22, 2014 | date = 2012}}</ref> This rating kept the Solon school district among the top five school districts in the state of Ohio, in 2012 ranking #3. The district was listed in [[Forbes]] "Top 20 Best Schools for Your Housing Buck" in 2013 at #18.<ref name = "Housing Buck">{{cite web|title=Celebrating A for Achievement on Ohio’s New Report Card|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/District_3171_Solon_Newsletter-Fall_2013color-sm-final.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

The Solon City School District has also gained recognition for its Science Olympiad and Academic Challenge<ref name = "Academic Challenge">{{cite web|title=Solon takes top spot on WEWS TV-5 "Academic Challenge" show|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_takes_top_spot_on_wews_n.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 28, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> teams. Among numerous other awards, the Solon Middle School Science Olympiad has taken 1st place at the past six national tournaments (2008-2013), and Solon High School has placed 1st at the past three national tournaments(2011-2013). Members and coaches from both teams have been invited to the annual White House Science Fair multiple times. The teams have also received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature.<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref>

====Blue Ribbon Awards====
Schools of the district have been recognized by the [[National Blue Ribbon Schools Program]], considered to be the highest honor an American school can achieve, multiple times over the past few decades. Arthur Road Elementary School, Dorothy E. Lewis Elementary School, and Parkside Elementary School have each been recognized, in 2005, 2006, and 2009, respectively.<ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Middle School received an award in 2010 <ref name = "Blue Ribbon 2010">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon and Chagrin Falls schools earn Blue Ribbon Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/chagrinsolonsun/index.ssf/2010/10/solon_and_chagrin_falls_school.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=October 2, 2010|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref> and Orchard Middle School was one of only two public middle schools in Ohio to receive a Blue Ribbon School Award in 2013.<ref name = "Blue Ribbon 2013">{{cite web|title=Orchard Middle School Named National Blue Ribbon School|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/orchard-middle-school-named-national-blue-ribbon-school|publisher = [[Patch Media]]|date=September 26, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014|last=Cooper|first=Mitch}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web |last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon |publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4 |archive-date=August 26, 2014|df=}}</ref>

==Board of education==
Current leaders and [[board members]] are:<ref name = "Contacts"/>
* Fred Bolden, [[Superintendent (education)|Superintendent]]
* Deborah Siegel, Assistant Superintendent and [[Learning Management|Curriculum Manager]]
* Mike Acomb, Director of [[Business]] and [[Personnel]]
* Tim Pickana, [[Treasurer]]
* Julie Glavin, [[President (corporate title)|President]]
* Leann Jones, [[Vice President]]
* Kevin Patton
* John Heckman
* Michele Barksdale

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City School District]
** [http://www.solonschools.org/shs/Default.aspx Solon High School]
** [http://www.solonschools.org/SMS/Default.aspx Solon Middle School]
** [http://www.solonschools.org/Orchard/Default.aspx Orchard Middle School]
** [http://www.solonschools.org/ArthurRoad/Default.aspx Arthur Road Elementary School]
** [http://www.solonschools.org/Lewis/Default.aspx Dorothy E. Lewis Elementary School]
** [http://www.solonschools.org/Parkside/Default.aspx Parkside Elementary School]
** [http://www.solonschools.org/Roxbury/Default.aspx Roxbury Elementary School]
* [http://www.neola.com/solon-oh/ Solon City School District ByLaws]

[[Category:School districts in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:School districts established in 1895]]

Solon High School

2023-03-22T20:38:46Z

MBWhitney: Updated enrollment size using 2022 college profile

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| logo = SolonCometsLogo.jpg
| image =
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short <ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,515 (2022 <ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/11/College%20Profile%202022.pdf|title=Solon High School College Profile 2022|accessdate=March 22, 2023}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and three elementary schools: Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,500 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:Solon 9-3-22 (2).jpg|left|thumb|Solon High School]]
Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2021, the Solon School District was named the Public School District in America by the community and academic rating organization Niche.com. Solon High School was listed as #181 on [[Niche (company)|Niche]]'s list of America's Best Public High Schools and #3 Best Public High School in Ohio.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche (company)|Niche]] | access-date = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. The class of 2021 had 19 Solon High School students named as National Merit Finalists and 14 Commended Students, while the class of 2022 had 34 Semi-Finalists and 16 Commended students.<ref name = "Solon Schools">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.solonschools.org/domain/472 |year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref> This was the highest number in Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's 34 National Merit semifinalists is highest number in Ohio|url=http://www.cleveland.com/community/2021/09/solon-high-schools-34-national-merit-semifinalists-highest-number-in-ohio.html#:~:text=The%2034%20seniors%20named%20as,%2C%20Andrew%20Li%2C%20Ryan%20Li%2C|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 29, 2021|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=https://gccohio.net/|year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ridel|first1=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Johnston|first1=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Jane|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Jane|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Jane|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Abigail Hing Wen]], NYT Best Selling Author
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], MLB insider, ''[[ESPN]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

University Heights, Ohio

2023-03-22T20:31:11Z

MBWhitney:

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = University Heights, Ohio
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto = "City of Beautiful Homes"


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Cuyahoga County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas University Heights highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 260px
|map_caption = Location in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]] and the state of [[Ohio]]
|image_map1 = Ohio in United States (US48).svg
|map_caption1 = Location of Ohio in the United States


|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Ohio]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga]]


|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Michael Dylan Brennan
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 4.73
|area_land_km2 = 4.73
|area_water_km2 = 0.00
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.83
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.83
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.00


|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 13914
|population_density_km2 = 2941.54
|population_density_sq_mi = 7619.93


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = −5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = −4
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_m = 313
|elevation_ft = 1027
|coordinates = {{coord|41|29|42|N|81|32|13|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
|postal_code = 44118, 44122
|area_code = [[Area code 216|216]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 39-78932<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1065413<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1065413}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|https://www.universityheights.com/}}
|footnotes =
|pop_est_footnotes =
|pop_est_as_of =
|population_est =
}}

'''University Heights''' is a city in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio]], United States. It borders [[Beachwood, Ohio|Beachwood]] to the east, [[Cleveland Heights, Ohio|Cleveland Heights]] to the west, [[South Euclid, Ohio|South Euclid]] to the north and [[Shaker Heights, Ohio|Shaker Heights]] to the south. The population was 13,914 as of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 Census]]. University Heights is nicknamed the "City of Beautiful Homes." University Heights is closely tied to neighboring Cleveland Heights, with the two sharing a school system, library system, post office and ZIP Code, some city services, and local media outlets. With about half the population under the age of 30, University Heights is home to one of the youngest communities in the region, including both students and families.

==History==
Originally part of the [[Warrensville Township, Ohio|Warrensville Township]], University Heights was incorporated as [[Idlewood Village]] in 1908. It adopted its present name in the mid-1920s, when [[John Carroll University]] was anticipated to move into the area. John Carroll attracted massive growth and University Heights soon became recognized as a city in 1940. <ref>https://www.universityheights.com/history/#:~:text=From%20Idlewood%20to%20University%20Heights%20Resolution%20992%20passed,of%20the%20village%20from%20Idlewood%20to%20University%20Heights.|title=University Heights (City) The City's History |access-date=2023-3-23 |</ref>

==Geography==
University Heights is located at {{Coord|41|29|42|N|81|32|13|W|type:city}} (41.495019, −81.536864).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|1.82|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all land.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2013-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 12, 2012 }}</ref>

Both branches of [[Dugway Brook]] rise in University Heights, on or near the campus of John Carroll University. All of the brook within the city was culverted in the early 20th century and now flows under the pavement. Meadowbrook Boulevard traces the winding course of the upper west branch.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1910= 221
|1920= 131
|1930= 2237
|1940= 5981
|1950= 11566
|1960= 16641
|1970= 17055
|1980= 15401
|1990= 14790
|2000= 14146
|2010= 13539
|2020= 13914
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="Census1960">{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Ohio|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf|date=1960|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=24 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Census1990">{{cite web|title=Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2" />
}}

The median income for a household in the city was $72,519, and the median income for a family was $88,892. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $30,081. About 6.2% of the total population were below the [[poverty line]]. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 67.0% hold a bachelor's degree or higher,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3978932.html |title=University Heights (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |access-date=2012-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310190404/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3978932.html |archive-date=2013-03-10 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20200212213253/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table United States Census]</ref> and 90.2% spoke [[American English|English]], 2.1% [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 4.2% [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], 1.8% [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and 1.7% [[Russian language in the United States|Russian]] at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=39&place_id=78932&cty_id=|title = Data Center Results}}</ref>

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2013-01-06}}</ref> of 2010, there were 13,539 people, 4,810 households, and 3,011 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|7439.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 5,248 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2883.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 71.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 23.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.4% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.9% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.6% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] people of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 4,810 households, of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4% were non-families. Of all households, 29.1% were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.11.

The median age in the city was 30.7 years. 22.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 19.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.8% were from 25 to 44; 20.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

===2000 census===
In 2000, there were 5,163 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. Of all households 29.9% were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 18.9% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males.

==Government==
University Heights has had a [[strong mayor]]-council government since 1941.<ref name="cityhistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.universityheights.com/history/ |title=The History of University Heights |publisher=City of University Heights |access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>

The city's mayors have been:<ref name=cityhistory /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS|url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/u/university-heights|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History {{!}} Case Western Reserve University|language=en}}</ref>

# A. R Silsby 1907–1910 (first mayor of Idlewood)
# Michael Scheinder 1910–1913
# Oscar F. Alexander 1914
# A. R Silsby 1914–1915
# John J. Howard 1916-1941
# Earl E. Aurelius 1941–1965
# Irving W. Konigsberg 1966–1977<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irving W. Konigsberg Obituary (2008) The Plain Dealer|url=https://obits.cleveland.com/us/obituaries/cleveland/name/irving-konigsberg-obituary?id=16175135|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Legacy.com}}</ref>
# Beryl E. Rothschild 1978–2009 (first female and longest-serving mayor)
# Susan K. Infeld 2010–2017
# Michael Dylan Brennan 2018–

[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]
==Education==

===Colleges and universities===
* [[John Carroll University]]

===Public schools===
Public education in the city of University Heights is provided by the [[Cleveland Heights-University Heights City School District]]. Located in University Heights are Gearity Professional Development School,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chuh.org/gearityprofessionaldevelopmentschool_home.aspx|title=Gearity Professional Development Elementary School}}</ref> [[Cleveland Heights High School]] (temporary location) and Gearity Early Childhood Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chuh.org/earlychildhoodcenter_home.aspx|title = Early Childhood Center}}</ref>

===Private schools===
* Gesu Catholic School
* The Bellefaire JCB provides preschool programs, childcare, counseling and education for children.<ref>[http://www.bellefairejcb.org/ Bellefaire JCB]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.universityheights.com}}

{{Cuyahoga County, Ohio}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Cleveland metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Jewish communities in the United States]]

University Heights, Ohio

2023-03-22T20:28:49Z

MBWhitney:

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = University Heights, Ohio
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto = "City of Beautiful Homes"


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Cuyahoga County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas University Heights highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 260px
|map_caption = Location in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]] and the state of [[Ohio]]
|image_map1 = Ohio in United States (US48).svg
|map_caption1 = Location of Ohio in the United States


|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Ohio]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga]]


|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Michael Dylan Brennan
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 4.73
|area_land_km2 = 4.73
|area_water_km2 = 0.00
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.83
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.83
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.00


|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 13914
|population_density_km2 = 2941.54
|population_density_sq_mi = 7619.93


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = −5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = −4
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_m = 313
|elevation_ft = 1027
|coordinates = {{coord|41|29|42|N|81|32|13|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
|postal_code = 44118, 44122
|area_code = [[Area code 216|216]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 39-78932<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1065413<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1065413}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|https://www.universityheights.com/}}
|footnotes =
|pop_est_footnotes =
|pop_est_as_of =
|population_est =
}}

'''University Heights''' is a city in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio]], United States. It borders [[Beachwood, Ohio|Beachwood]] to the east, [[Cleveland Heights, Ohio|Cleveland Heights]] to the west, [[South Euclid, Ohio|South Euclid]] to the north and [[Shaker Heights, Ohio|Shaker Heights]] to the south. The population was 13,914 as of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 Census]]. University Heights is nicknamed the "City of Beautiful Homes." University Heights is closely tied to neighboring Cleveland Heights, with the two sharing a school system, library system, post office and ZIP Code, some city services, and local media outlets. With about half the population under the age of 30, University Heights is home to one of the youngest communities in the region, including both students and families.

==History==
Originally part of the [[Warrensville Township, Ohio|Warrensville Township]], University Heights was incorporated as [[Idlewood Village]] in 1908. It adopted its present name in the mid-1920s, when [[John Carroll University]] was anticipated to move into the area. John Carroll attracted massive growth and University Heights soon became recognized as a city in 1940. <ref>https://www.universityheights.com/history/#:~:text=From%20Idlewood%20to%20University%20Heights%20Resolution%20992%20passed,of%20the%20village%20from%20Idlewood%20to%20University%20Heights.</ref>

==Geography==
University Heights is located at {{Coord|41|29|42|N|81|32|13|W|type:city}} (41.495019, −81.536864).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|1.82|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all land.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2013-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 12, 2012 }}</ref>

Both branches of [[Dugway Brook]] rise in University Heights, on or near the campus of John Carroll University. All of the brook within the city was culverted in the early 20th century and now flows under the pavement. Meadowbrook Boulevard traces the winding course of the upper west branch.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1910= 221
|1920= 131
|1930= 2237
|1940= 5981
|1950= 11566
|1960= 16641
|1970= 17055
|1980= 15401
|1990= 14790
|2000= 14146
|2010= 13539
|2020= 13914
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="Census1960">{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Ohio|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf|date=1960|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=24 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Census1990">{{cite web|title=Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2" />
}}

The median income for a household in the city was $72,519, and the median income for a family was $88,892. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $30,081. About 6.2% of the total population were below the [[poverty line]]. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 67.0% hold a bachelor's degree or higher,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3978932.html |title=University Heights (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |access-date=2012-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310190404/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3978932.html |archive-date=2013-03-10 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20200212213253/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table United States Census]</ref> and 90.2% spoke [[American English|English]], 2.1% [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 4.2% [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], 1.8% [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and 1.7% [[Russian language in the United States|Russian]] at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=39&place_id=78932&cty_id=|title = Data Center Results}}</ref>

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2013-01-06}}</ref> of 2010, there were 13,539 people, 4,810 households, and 3,011 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|7439.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 5,248 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2883.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 71.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 23.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.4% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.9% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.6% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] people of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 4,810 households, of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4% were non-families. Of all households, 29.1% were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.11.

The median age in the city was 30.7 years. 22.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 19.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.8% were from 25 to 44; 20.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

===2000 census===
In 2000, there were 5,163 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. Of all households 29.9% were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 18.9% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males.

==Government==
University Heights has had a [[strong mayor]]-council government since 1941.<ref name="cityhistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.universityheights.com/history/ |title=The History of University Heights |publisher=City of University Heights |access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>

The city's mayors have been:<ref name=cityhistory /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS|url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/u/university-heights|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History {{!}} Case Western Reserve University|language=en}}</ref>

# A. R Silsby 1907–1910 (first mayor of Idlewood)
# Michael Scheinder 1910–1913
# Oscar F. Alexander 1914
# A. R Silsby 1914–1915
# John J. Howard 1916-1941
# Earl E. Aurelius 1941–1965
# Irving W. Konigsberg 1966–1977<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irving W. Konigsberg Obituary (2008) The Plain Dealer|url=https://obits.cleveland.com/us/obituaries/cleveland/name/irving-konigsberg-obituary?id=16175135|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Legacy.com}}</ref>
# Beryl E. Rothschild 1978–2009 (first female and longest-serving mayor)
# Susan K. Infeld 2010–2017
# Michael Dylan Brennan 2018–

[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]
==Education==

===Colleges and universities===
* [[John Carroll University]]

===Public schools===
Public education in the city of University Heights is provided by the [[Cleveland Heights-University Heights City School District]]. Located in University Heights are Gearity Professional Development School,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chuh.org/gearityprofessionaldevelopmentschool_home.aspx|title=Gearity Professional Development Elementary School}}</ref> [[Cleveland Heights High School]] (temporary location) and Gearity Early Childhood Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chuh.org/earlychildhoodcenter_home.aspx|title = Early Childhood Center}}</ref>

===Private schools===
* Gesu Catholic School
* The Bellefaire JCB provides preschool programs, childcare, counseling and education for children.<ref>[http://www.bellefairejcb.org/ Bellefaire JCB]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.universityheights.com}}

{{Cuyahoga County, Ohio}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Cleveland metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Jewish communities in the United States]]

University Heights, Ohio

2023-03-22T20:28:18Z

MBWhitney: Add reference to history section

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = University Heights, Ohio
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto = "City of Beautiful Homes"


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Cuyahoga County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas University Heights highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 260px
|map_caption = Location in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]] and the state of [[Ohio]]
|image_map1 = Ohio in United States (US48).svg
|map_caption1 = Location of Ohio in the United States


|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Ohio]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga]]


|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Michael Dylan Brennan
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 4.73
|area_land_km2 = 4.73
|area_water_km2 = 0.00
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.83
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.83
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.00


|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 13914
|population_density_km2 = 2941.54
|population_density_sq_mi = 7619.93


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = −5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = −4
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_m = 313
|elevation_ft = 1027
|coordinates = {{coord|41|29|42|N|81|32|13|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
|postal_code = 44118, 44122
|area_code = [[Area code 216|216]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 39-78932<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1065413<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1065413}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|https://www.universityheights.com/}}
|footnotes =
|pop_est_footnotes =
|pop_est_as_of =
|population_est =
}}

'''University Heights''' is a city in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio]], United States. It borders [[Beachwood, Ohio|Beachwood]] to the east, [[Cleveland Heights, Ohio|Cleveland Heights]] to the west, [[South Euclid, Ohio|South Euclid]] to the north and [[Shaker Heights, Ohio|Shaker Heights]] to the south. The population was 13,914 as of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 Census]]. University Heights is nicknamed the "City of Beautiful Homes." University Heights is closely tied to neighboring Cleveland Heights, with the two sharing a school system, library system, post office and ZIP Code, some city services, and local media outlets. With about half the population under the age of 30, University Heights is home to one of the youngest communities in the region, including both students and families.

==History==
{{unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
Originally part of the [[Warrensville Township, Ohio|Warrensville Township]], University Heights was incorporated as [[Idlewood Village]] in 1908. It adopted its present name in the mid-1920s, when [[John Carroll University]] was anticipated to move into the area. John Carroll attracted massive growth and University Heights soon became recognized as a city in 1940. <ref>https://www.universityheights.com/history/#:~:text=From%20Idlewood%20to%20University%20Heights%20Resolution%20992%20passed,of%20the%20village%20from%20Idlewood%20to%20University%20Heights.</ref>

==Geography==
University Heights is located at {{Coord|41|29|42|N|81|32|13|W|type:city}} (41.495019, −81.536864).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|1.82|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all land.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2013-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 12, 2012 }}</ref>

Both branches of [[Dugway Brook]] rise in University Heights, on or near the campus of John Carroll University. All of the brook within the city was culverted in the early 20th century and now flows under the pavement. Meadowbrook Boulevard traces the winding course of the upper west branch.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1910= 221
|1920= 131
|1930= 2237
|1940= 5981
|1950= 11566
|1960= 16641
|1970= 17055
|1980= 15401
|1990= 14790
|2000= 14146
|2010= 13539
|2020= 13914
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="Census1960">{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Ohio|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf|date=1960|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=24 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Census1990">{{cite web|title=Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2" />
}}

The median income for a household in the city was $72,519, and the median income for a family was $88,892. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $30,081. About 6.2% of the total population were below the [[poverty line]]. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 67.0% hold a bachelor's degree or higher,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3978932.html |title=University Heights (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |access-date=2012-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310190404/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3978932.html |archive-date=2013-03-10 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20200212213253/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table United States Census]</ref> and 90.2% spoke [[American English|English]], 2.1% [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 4.2% [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], 1.8% [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and 1.7% [[Russian language in the United States|Russian]] at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=39&place_id=78932&cty_id=|title = Data Center Results}}</ref>

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2013-01-06}}</ref> of 2010, there were 13,539 people, 4,810 households, and 3,011 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|7439.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 5,248 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2883.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 71.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 23.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.4% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.9% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.6% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] people of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 4,810 households, of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4% were non-families. Of all households, 29.1% were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.11.

The median age in the city was 30.7 years. 22.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 19.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.8% were from 25 to 44; 20.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

===2000 census===
In 2000, there were 5,163 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. Of all households 29.9% were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 18.9% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males.

==Government==
University Heights has had a [[strong mayor]]-council government since 1941.<ref name="cityhistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.universityheights.com/history/ |title=The History of University Heights |publisher=City of University Heights |access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>

The city's mayors have been:<ref name=cityhistory /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS|url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/u/university-heights|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History {{!}} Case Western Reserve University|language=en}}</ref>

# A. R Silsby 1907–1910 (first mayor of Idlewood)
# Michael Scheinder 1910–1913
# Oscar F. Alexander 1914
# A. R Silsby 1914–1915
# John J. Howard 1916-1941
# Earl E. Aurelius 1941–1965
# Irving W. Konigsberg 1966–1977<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irving W. Konigsberg Obituary (2008) The Plain Dealer|url=https://obits.cleveland.com/us/obituaries/cleveland/name/irving-konigsberg-obituary?id=16175135|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Legacy.com}}</ref>
# Beryl E. Rothschild 1978–2009 (first female and longest-serving mayor)
# Susan K. Infeld 2010–2017
# Michael Dylan Brennan 2018–

[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]
==Education==

===Colleges and universities===
* [[John Carroll University]]

===Public schools===
Public education in the city of University Heights is provided by the [[Cleveland Heights-University Heights City School District]]. Located in University Heights are Gearity Professional Development School,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chuh.org/gearityprofessionaldevelopmentschool_home.aspx|title=Gearity Professional Development Elementary School}}</ref> [[Cleveland Heights High School]] (temporary location) and Gearity Early Childhood Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chuh.org/earlychildhoodcenter_home.aspx|title = Early Childhood Center}}</ref>

===Private schools===
* Gesu Catholic School
* The Bellefaire JCB provides preschool programs, childcare, counseling and education for children.<ref>[http://www.bellefairejcb.org/ Bellefaire JCB]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.universityheights.com}}

{{Cuyahoga County, Ohio}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Cleveland metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Jewish communities in the United States]]

John Carroll University

2023-03-22T19:30:44Z

MBWhitney: /* Rankings and awards */

{{Short description|Private university in University Heights, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John Carroll University
| image = Jcu seal small.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = [[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]] ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For the greater glory of God
| established = {{start date and age|1886}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| endowment = $223.5 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2019-Endowment-Market-Values--Final-Feb-10.ashx? |title=U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised) |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref>
| president = [[Alan R. Miciak]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=John Carroll University Announces Leadership Transition |url=https://jcu.edu/news-center/leadership-transition-2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=jcu.edu |date=May 3, 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio]]
| country = U.S.
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| colors = {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} Blue & gold
|athletics_affiliations =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
|sports_nickname = Blue Streaks
| mascot = Lobo
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886–1923)
| website = {{URL|http://www.jcu.edu}}
}}

'''[https://www.jcu.edu/ John Carroll University]''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, nursing, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students.

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University), now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus under the title of '''St Ignatius College''', after [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]], as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923 the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, honoring the first [[archbishop]] of the US Catholic Church, who founded Georgetown University. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | access-date = 2006-10-03 | archive-date = July 9, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161521/http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, {{cvt|265,000|sqft}} Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] ''[[Kulturkampf]]''. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll's core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school's first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson had been the provost at [[Babson College]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]]. He began his tenure on July 1, 2018, and was officially inaugurated on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academics==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler College of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires an innovative core curriculum for all undergraduate students. Students choose from among classes in the area of Jesuit Heritage, including two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, and a social justice course. Students also take Integrative courses, including a pair of linked courses on one topic, and a course on Engaging the Global Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/academics/core|title=University Core Curriculum – College of Arts & Sciences|access-date=March 22, 2023|}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers more than 80 distinct [https://www.jcu.edu/program-finder programs] for undergraduate and graduate students. Some of the most popular undergraduate majors are communications, biology, psychology, education, exercise science, political science, sociology, criminology, chemistry, and English.

===Bachelor's of Nursing===
In 2023, John Carroll launched a full [https://bsn.jcu.edu/ Bachelor's of nursing program.] The BSN program will enroll cohorts in both the fall and spring semesters, beginning in the fall of 2023. Nursing students will train in a state-of-the-art, high-fidelity simulation lab and a separate low-fidelity skills lab, both located in the Dolan Center for Science and Technology. The BSN program adds to John Carroll’s portfolio of healthcare-related academic offerings of direct patient care programs including psychology, exercise science, and counseling; and pre-health professions majors like biology and chemistry that serve as the foundation for graduates to pursue professional careers across the healthcare spectrum, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmacy. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/news-center/john-carroll-university-launches-bachelor-science-nursing}}</ref>

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The university announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The undergraduate academic programs offered are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Financial Planning and Wealth Management, Supply Chain Management, Management and Human Resources, Marketing, and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
John Carroll University provides students the ability to continue their education in a graduate studies program. The Boler College of Business offers three graduate programs where students can earn a Master of Science in Accountancy, Full-Time Boler MBA, and Part-Time Boler MBA. In addition, the College of Arts of Sciences offers a variety of graduate programs of study. A partial list of these programs includes Biology, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Early Childhood Generalist, Education, Educational Leadership, Educational Psychology, English, Humanities, Mathematics, Nonprofit Administration, School Counseling, School Psychology, and Theology and Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible students are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archive-date = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archive-date = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archive-date = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127043255/http://www.jcu.edu/global/study/|archive-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archive-date = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the 2nd best university in the Midwest in the 2023 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2023-3-22}}</ref> This was the 35th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*Ranked No. 3 on as a “Most Innovative” school within its category in the 2023 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide
*Ranked No. 15 on as a “Best Value” school and No. 27 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2023 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|work=forbes.com|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archive-date = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler College of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences. The Center for Service and Social Action offers a variety of service opportunities for students looking to get involved and give back to the community. Many John Carroll University students take advantage of service opportunities during their undergraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
CSDI educates students on diversity, equity and inclusion. The center nurtures a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds and encourages curricular and co-curricular learning. The center advises and cultivates the leadership of its students through cultural student organizations that include: Black Students in Action(BSA), Asian Pop Culture, Le Cercle Francais, LGBTQIA+ Allies, Hillel, Latin America Student Association (LASA), Middle Eastern Student Association (MESA), Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students (MAPS), Muslim Student Society (MSS), Italian Club, Club for the Inclusiveness of Students with Disabilities (CISD), South Asian Student Association (SASA), and Women in STEM.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2006-10-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of the following four residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses first year students and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is the largest freshman dorm on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Hamlin Hall is the only Greek life dorm on campus and is home to 5 sororities and 3 fraternities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archive-date = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

The university plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after the winningest coach in NFL history, who had studied at John Carroll between 1947 and 1951. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974–75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003–04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31–28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won 6 straight OAC championship titles (2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). The Men's Lacrosse program has won 6 straight OAC championships since joining as a varsity sport in 2013.

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC regular season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989–90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017–18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Challenge Cup|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
* [[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
* [[WJCU]]
* [[The Carroll News]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
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{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Ohio college sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Ohio]]

John Carroll University

2023-03-22T19:27:05Z

MBWhitney: Updating year of rankings

{{Short description|Private university in University Heights, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John Carroll University
| image = Jcu seal small.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = [[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]] ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For the greater glory of God
| established = {{start date and age|1886}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| endowment = $223.5 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2019-Endowment-Market-Values--Final-Feb-10.ashx? |title=U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised) |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref>
| president = [[Alan R. Miciak]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=John Carroll University Announces Leadership Transition |url=https://jcu.edu/news-center/leadership-transition-2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=jcu.edu |date=May 3, 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio]]
| country = U.S.
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| colors = {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} Blue & gold
|athletics_affiliations =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
|sports_nickname = Blue Streaks
| mascot = Lobo
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886–1923)
| website = {{URL|http://www.jcu.edu}}
}}

'''[https://www.jcu.edu/ John Carroll University]''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, nursing, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students.

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University), now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus under the title of '''St Ignatius College''', after [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]], as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923 the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, honoring the first [[archbishop]] of the US Catholic Church, who founded Georgetown University. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | access-date = 2006-10-03 | archive-date = July 9, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161521/http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, {{cvt|265,000|sqft}} Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] ''[[Kulturkampf]]''. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll's core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school's first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson had been the provost at [[Babson College]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]]. He began his tenure on July 1, 2018, and was officially inaugurated on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academics==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler College of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires an innovative core curriculum for all undergraduate students. Students choose from among classes in the area of Jesuit Heritage, including two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, and a social justice course. Students also take Integrative courses, including a pair of linked courses on one topic, and a course on Engaging the Global Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/academics/core|title=University Core Curriculum – College of Arts & Sciences|access-date=March 22, 2023|}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers more than 80 distinct [https://www.jcu.edu/program-finder programs] for undergraduate and graduate students. Some of the most popular undergraduate majors are communications, biology, psychology, education, exercise science, political science, sociology, criminology, chemistry, and English.

===Bachelor's of Nursing===
In 2023, John Carroll launched a full [https://bsn.jcu.edu/ Bachelor's of nursing program.] The BSN program will enroll cohorts in both the fall and spring semesters, beginning in the fall of 2023. Nursing students will train in a state-of-the-art, high-fidelity simulation lab and a separate low-fidelity skills lab, both located in the Dolan Center for Science and Technology. The BSN program adds to John Carroll’s portfolio of healthcare-related academic offerings of direct patient care programs including psychology, exercise science, and counseling; and pre-health professions majors like biology and chemistry that serve as the foundation for graduates to pursue professional careers across the healthcare spectrum, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmacy. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/news-center/john-carroll-university-launches-bachelor-science-nursing}}</ref>

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The university announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The undergraduate academic programs offered are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Financial Planning and Wealth Management, Supply Chain Management, Management and Human Resources, Marketing, and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
John Carroll University provides students the ability to continue their education in a graduate studies program. The Boler College of Business offers three graduate programs where students can earn a Master of Science in Accountancy, Full-Time Boler MBA, and Part-Time Boler MBA. In addition, the College of Arts of Sciences offers a variety of graduate programs of study. A partial list of these programs includes Biology, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Early Childhood Generalist, Education, Educational Leadership, Educational Psychology, English, Humanities, Mathematics, Nonprofit Administration, School Counseling, School Psychology, and Theology and Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible students are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archive-date = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archive-date = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archive-date = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127043255/http://www.jcu.edu/global/study/|archive-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archive-date = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the 2nd best university in the Midwest in the 2023 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2023-3-22}}</ref> This was the 35th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 8 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|work=forbes.com|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archive-date = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler College of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences. The Center for Service and Social Action offers a variety of service opportunities for students looking to get involved and give back to the community. Many John Carroll University students take advantage of service opportunities during their undergraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
CSDI educates students on diversity, equity and inclusion. The center nurtures a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds and encourages curricular and co-curricular learning. The center advises and cultivates the leadership of its students through cultural student organizations that include: Black Students in Action(BSA), Asian Pop Culture, Le Cercle Francais, LGBTQIA+ Allies, Hillel, Latin America Student Association (LASA), Middle Eastern Student Association (MESA), Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students (MAPS), Muslim Student Society (MSS), Italian Club, Club for the Inclusiveness of Students with Disabilities (CISD), South Asian Student Association (SASA), and Women in STEM.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2006-10-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of the following four residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses first year students and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is the largest freshman dorm on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Hamlin Hall is the only Greek life dorm on campus and is home to 5 sororities and 3 fraternities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archive-date = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

The university plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after the winningest coach in NFL history, who had studied at John Carroll between 1947 and 1951. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974–75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003–04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31–28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won 6 straight OAC championship titles (2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). The Men's Lacrosse program has won 6 straight OAC championships since joining as a varsity sport in 2013.

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC regular season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989–90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017–18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Challenge Cup|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
* [[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
* [[WJCU]]
* [[The Carroll News]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Ohio college sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Ohio]]

John Carroll University

2023-03-22T19:25:01Z

MBWhitney: /* College of Arts and Sciences */

{{Short description|Private university in University Heights, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John Carroll University
| image = Jcu seal small.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = [[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]] ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For the greater glory of God
| established = {{start date and age|1886}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| endowment = $223.5 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2019-Endowment-Market-Values--Final-Feb-10.ashx? |title=U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised) |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref>
| president = [[Alan R. Miciak]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=John Carroll University Announces Leadership Transition |url=https://jcu.edu/news-center/leadership-transition-2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=jcu.edu |date=May 3, 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio]]
| country = U.S.
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| colors = {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} Blue & gold
|athletics_affiliations =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
|sports_nickname = Blue Streaks
| mascot = Lobo
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886–1923)
| website = {{URL|http://www.jcu.edu}}
}}

'''[https://www.jcu.edu/ John Carroll University]''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, nursing, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students.

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University), now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus under the title of '''St Ignatius College''', after [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]], as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923 the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, honoring the first [[archbishop]] of the US Catholic Church, who founded Georgetown University. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | access-date = 2006-10-03 | archive-date = July 9, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161521/http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, {{cvt|265,000|sqft}} Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] ''[[Kulturkampf]]''. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll's core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school's first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson had been the provost at [[Babson College]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]]. He began his tenure on July 1, 2018, and was officially inaugurated on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academics==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler College of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires an innovative core curriculum for all undergraduate students. Students choose from among classes in the area of Jesuit Heritage, including two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, and a social justice course. Students also take Integrative courses, including a pair of linked courses on one topic, and a course on Engaging the Global Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/academics/core|title=University Core Curriculum – College of Arts & Sciences|access-date=March 22, 2023|}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers more than 80 distinct [https://www.jcu.edu/program-finder programs] for undergraduate and graduate students. Some of the most popular undergraduate majors are communications, biology, psychology, education, exercise science, political science, sociology, criminology, chemistry, and English.

===Bachelor's of Nursing===
In 2023, John Carroll launched a full [https://bsn.jcu.edu/ Bachelor's of nursing program.] The BSN program will enroll cohorts in both the fall and spring semesters, beginning in the fall of 2023. Nursing students will train in a state-of-the-art, high-fidelity simulation lab and a separate low-fidelity skills lab, both located in the Dolan Center for Science and Technology. The BSN program adds to John Carroll’s portfolio of healthcare-related academic offerings of direct patient care programs including psychology, exercise science, and counseling; and pre-health professions majors like biology and chemistry that serve as the foundation for graduates to pursue professional careers across the healthcare spectrum, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmacy. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/news-center/john-carroll-university-launches-bachelor-science-nursing}}</ref>

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The university announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The undergraduate academic programs offered are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Financial Planning and Wealth Management, Supply Chain Management, Management and Human Resources, Marketing, and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
John Carroll University provides students the ability to continue their education in a graduate studies program. The Boler College of Business offers three graduate programs where students can earn a Master of Science in Accountancy, Full-Time Boler MBA, and Part-Time Boler MBA. In addition, the College of Arts of Sciences offers a variety of graduate programs of study. A partial list of these programs includes Biology, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Early Childhood Generalist, Education, Educational Leadership, Educational Psychology, English, Humanities, Mathematics, Nonprofit Administration, School Counseling, School Psychology, and Theology and Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible students are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archive-date = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archive-date = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archive-date = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127043255/http://www.jcu.edu/global/study/|archive-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archive-date = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the fourth best university in the Midwest in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> This was the 30th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 8 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|work=forbes.com|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archive-date = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler College of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences. The Center for Service and Social Action offers a variety of service opportunities for students looking to get involved and give back to the community. Many John Carroll University students take advantage of service opportunities during their undergraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
CSDI educates students on diversity, equity and inclusion. The center nurtures a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds and encourages curricular and co-curricular learning. The center advises and cultivates the leadership of its students through cultural student organizations that include: Black Students in Action(BSA), Asian Pop Culture, Le Cercle Francais, LGBTQIA+ Allies, Hillel, Latin America Student Association (LASA), Middle Eastern Student Association (MESA), Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students (MAPS), Muslim Student Society (MSS), Italian Club, Club for the Inclusiveness of Students with Disabilities (CISD), South Asian Student Association (SASA), and Women in STEM.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2006-10-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of the following four residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses first year students and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is the largest freshman dorm on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Hamlin Hall is the only Greek life dorm on campus and is home to 5 sororities and 3 fraternities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archive-date = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

The university plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after the winningest coach in NFL history, who had studied at John Carroll between 1947 and 1951. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974–75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003–04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31–28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won 6 straight OAC championship titles (2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). The Men's Lacrosse program has won 6 straight OAC championships since joining as a varsity sport in 2013.

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC regular season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989–90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017–18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Challenge Cup|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
* [[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
* [[WJCU]]
* [[The Carroll News]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Ohio college sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Ohio]]

John Carroll University

2023-03-22T19:23:21Z

MBWhitney: /* College of Arts and Sciences */

{{Short description|Private university in University Heights, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John Carroll University
| image = Jcu seal small.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = [[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]] ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For the greater glory of God
| established = {{start date and age|1886}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| endowment = $223.5 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2019-Endowment-Market-Values--Final-Feb-10.ashx? |title=U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised) |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref>
| president = [[Alan R. Miciak]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=John Carroll University Announces Leadership Transition |url=https://jcu.edu/news-center/leadership-transition-2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=jcu.edu |date=May 3, 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio]]
| country = U.S.
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| colors = {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} Blue & gold
|athletics_affiliations =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
|sports_nickname = Blue Streaks
| mascot = Lobo
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886–1923)
| website = {{URL|http://www.jcu.edu}}
}}

'''[https://www.jcu.edu/ John Carroll University]''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, nursing, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students.

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University), now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus under the title of '''St Ignatius College''', after [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]], as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923 the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, honoring the first [[archbishop]] of the US Catholic Church, who founded Georgetown University. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | access-date = 2006-10-03 | archive-date = July 9, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161521/http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, {{cvt|265,000|sqft}} Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] ''[[Kulturkampf]]''. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll's core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school's first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson had been the provost at [[Babson College]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]]. He began his tenure on July 1, 2018, and was officially inaugurated on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academics==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler College of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires an innovative core curriculum for all undergraduate students. Students choose from among classes in the area of Jesuit Heritage, including two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, and a social justice course. Students also take Integrative courses, including a pair of linked courses on one topic, and a course on Engaging the Global Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/academics/core|title=University Core Curriculum – College of Arts & Sciences|access-date=March 22, 2023|}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers over [https://www.jcu.edu/program-finder 31 majors and 28 minors] for students to choose from. Some of the most popular majors are communications, biology, psychology, education, exercise science, political science, sociology, criminology, chemistry, and English.

===Bachelor's of Nursing===
In 2023, John Carroll launched a full [https://bsn.jcu.edu/ Bachelor's of nursing program.] The BSN program will enroll cohorts in both the fall and spring semesters, beginning in the fall of 2023. Nursing students will train in a state-of-the-art, high-fidelity simulation lab and a separate low-fidelity skills lab, both located in the Dolan Center for Science and Technology. The BSN program adds to John Carroll’s portfolio of healthcare-related academic offerings of direct patient care programs including psychology, exercise science, and counseling; and pre-health professions majors like biology and chemistry that serve as the foundation for graduates to pursue professional careers across the healthcare spectrum, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmacy. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/news-center/john-carroll-university-launches-bachelor-science-nursing}}</ref>

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The university announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The undergraduate academic programs offered are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Financial Planning and Wealth Management, Supply Chain Management, Management and Human Resources, Marketing, and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
John Carroll University provides students the ability to continue their education in a graduate studies program. The Boler College of Business offers three graduate programs where students can earn a Master of Science in Accountancy, Full-Time Boler MBA, and Part-Time Boler MBA. In addition, the College of Arts of Sciences offers a variety of graduate programs of study. A partial list of these programs includes Biology, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Early Childhood Generalist, Education, Educational Leadership, Educational Psychology, English, Humanities, Mathematics, Nonprofit Administration, School Counseling, School Psychology, and Theology and Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible students are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archive-date = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archive-date = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archive-date = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127043255/http://www.jcu.edu/global/study/|archive-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archive-date = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the fourth best university in the Midwest in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> This was the 30th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 8 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|work=forbes.com|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archive-date = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler College of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences. The Center for Service and Social Action offers a variety of service opportunities for students looking to get involved and give back to the community. Many John Carroll University students take advantage of service opportunities during their undergraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
CSDI educates students on diversity, equity and inclusion. The center nurtures a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds and encourages curricular and co-curricular learning. The center advises and cultivates the leadership of its students through cultural student organizations that include: Black Students in Action(BSA), Asian Pop Culture, Le Cercle Francais, LGBTQIA+ Allies, Hillel, Latin America Student Association (LASA), Middle Eastern Student Association (MESA), Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students (MAPS), Muslim Student Society (MSS), Italian Club, Club for the Inclusiveness of Students with Disabilities (CISD), South Asian Student Association (SASA), and Women in STEM.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2006-10-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of the following four residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses first year students and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is the largest freshman dorm on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Hamlin Hall is the only Greek life dorm on campus and is home to 5 sororities and 3 fraternities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archive-date = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

The university plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after the winningest coach in NFL history, who had studied at John Carroll between 1947 and 1951. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974–75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003–04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31–28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won 6 straight OAC championship titles (2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). The Men's Lacrosse program has won 6 straight OAC championships since joining as a varsity sport in 2013.

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC regular season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989–90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017–18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Challenge Cup|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
* [[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
* [[WJCU]]
* [[The Carroll News]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Ohio college sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Ohio]]

John Carroll University

2023-03-22T19:20:51Z

MBWhitney:

{{Short description|Private university in University Heights, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John Carroll University
| image = Jcu seal small.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = [[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]] ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For the greater glory of God
| established = {{start date and age|1886}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| endowment = $223.5 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2019-Endowment-Market-Values--Final-Feb-10.ashx? |title=U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised) |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref>
| president = [[Alan R. Miciak]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=John Carroll University Announces Leadership Transition |url=https://jcu.edu/news-center/leadership-transition-2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=jcu.edu |date=May 3, 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio]]
| country = U.S.
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| colors = {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} Blue & gold
|athletics_affiliations =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
|sports_nickname = Blue Streaks
| mascot = Lobo
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886–1923)
| website = {{URL|http://www.jcu.edu}}
}}

'''[https://www.jcu.edu/ John Carroll University]''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, nursing, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students.

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University), now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus under the title of '''St Ignatius College''', after [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]], as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923 the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, honoring the first [[archbishop]] of the US Catholic Church, who founded Georgetown University. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | access-date = 2006-10-03 | archive-date = July 9, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161521/http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, {{cvt|265,000|sqft}} Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] ''[[Kulturkampf]]''. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll's core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school's first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson had been the provost at [[Babson College]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]]. He began his tenure on July 1, 2018, and was officially inaugurated on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academics==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler College of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires an innovative core curriculum for all undergraduate students. Students choose from among classes in the area of Jesuit Heritage, including two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, and a social justice course. Students also take Integrative courses, including a pair of linked courses on one topic, and a course on Engaging the Global Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/academics/core|title=University Core Curriculum – College of Arts & Sciences|access-date=March 22, 2023|}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are communications, biology, psychology, education, exercise science, political science, sociology, criminology, chemistry, and English.

===Bachelor's of Nursing===
In 2023, John Carroll launched a full [https://bsn.jcu.edu/ Bachelor's of nursing program.] The BSN program will enroll cohorts in both the fall and spring semesters, beginning in the fall of 2023. Nursing students will train in a state-of-the-art, high-fidelity simulation lab and a separate low-fidelity skills lab, both located in the Dolan Center for Science and Technology. The BSN program adds to John Carroll’s portfolio of healthcare-related academic offerings of direct patient care programs including psychology, exercise science, and counseling; and pre-health professions majors like biology and chemistry that serve as the foundation for graduates to pursue professional careers across the healthcare spectrum, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmacy. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/news-center/john-carroll-university-launches-bachelor-science-nursing}}</ref>

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The university announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The undergraduate academic programs offered are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Financial Planning and Wealth Management, Supply Chain Management, Management and Human Resources, Marketing, and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
John Carroll University provides students the ability to continue their education in a graduate studies program. The Boler College of Business offers three graduate programs where students can earn a Master of Science in Accountancy, Full-Time Boler MBA, and Part-Time Boler MBA. In addition, the College of Arts of Sciences offers a variety of graduate programs of study. A partial list of these programs includes Biology, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Early Childhood Generalist, Education, Educational Leadership, Educational Psychology, English, Humanities, Mathematics, Nonprofit Administration, School Counseling, School Psychology, and Theology and Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible students are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archive-date = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archive-date = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archive-date = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127043255/http://www.jcu.edu/global/study/|archive-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archive-date = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the fourth best university in the Midwest in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> This was the 30th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 8 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|work=forbes.com|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archive-date = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler College of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences. The Center for Service and Social Action offers a variety of service opportunities for students looking to get involved and give back to the community. Many John Carroll University students take advantage of service opportunities during their undergraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
CSDI educates students on diversity, equity and inclusion. The center nurtures a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds and encourages curricular and co-curricular learning. The center advises and cultivates the leadership of its students through cultural student organizations that include: Black Students in Action(BSA), Asian Pop Culture, Le Cercle Francais, LGBTQIA+ Allies, Hillel, Latin America Student Association (LASA), Middle Eastern Student Association (MESA), Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students (MAPS), Muslim Student Society (MSS), Italian Club, Club for the Inclusiveness of Students with Disabilities (CISD), South Asian Student Association (SASA), and Women in STEM.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2006-10-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of the following four residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses first year students and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is the largest freshman dorm on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Hamlin Hall is the only Greek life dorm on campus and is home to 5 sororities and 3 fraternities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archive-date = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

The university plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after the winningest coach in NFL history, who had studied at John Carroll between 1947 and 1951. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974–75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003–04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31–28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won 6 straight OAC championship titles (2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). The Men's Lacrosse program has won 6 straight OAC championships since joining as a varsity sport in 2013.

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC regular season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989–90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017–18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Challenge Cup|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
* [[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
* [[WJCU]]
* [[The Carroll News]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Ohio college sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Ohio]]

John Carroll University

2023-03-22T19:17:41Z

MBWhitney: Added new BSW to Programs at JCU

{{Short description|Private university in University Heights, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John Carroll University
| image = Jcu seal small.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = [[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]] ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For the greater glory of God
| established = {{start date and age|1886}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| endowment = $223.5 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2019-Endowment-Market-Values--Final-Feb-10.ashx? |title=U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised) |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref>
| president = [[Alan R. Miciak]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=John Carroll University Announces Leadership Transition |url=https://jcu.edu/news-center/leadership-transition-2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=jcu.edu |date=May 3, 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio]]
| country = U.S.
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| colors = {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} Blue & gold
|athletics_affiliations =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
|sports_nickname = Blue Streaks
| mascot = Lobo
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886–1923)
| website = {{URL|http://www.jcu.edu}}
}}

'''[https://www.jcu.edu/ John Carroll University]''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, nursing, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students.

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University), now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus under the title of '''St Ignatius College''', after [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]], as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923 the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, honoring the first [[archbishop]] of the US Catholic Church, who founded Georgetown University. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | access-date = 2006-10-03 | archive-date = July 9, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161521/http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, {{cvt|265,000|sqft}} Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] ''[[Kulturkampf]]''. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll's core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school's first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson had been the provost at [[Babson College]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]]. He began his tenure on July 1, 2018, and was officially inaugurated on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academics==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler College of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires an innovative core curriculum for all undergraduate students. Students choose from among classes in the area of Jesuit Heritage, including two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, and a social justice course. Students also take Integrative courses, including a pair of linked courses on one topic, and a course on Engaging the Global Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/academics/core|title=University Core Curriculum – College of Arts & Sciences|access-date=March 22, 2023|}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are integrated marketing communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Bachelor's of Nursing===
In 2023, John Carroll launched a full [https://bsn.jcu.edu/ Bachelor's of nursing program.] The BSN program will enroll cohorts in both the fall and spring semesters, beginning in the fall of 2023. Nursing students will train in a state-of-the-art, high-fidelity simulation lab and a separate low-fidelity skills lab, both located in the Dolan Center for Science and Technology. The BSN program adds to John Carroll’s portfolio of healthcare-related academic offerings of direct patient care programs including psychology, exercise science, and counseling; and pre-health professions majors like biology and chemistry that serve as the foundation for graduates to pursue professional careers across the healthcare spectrum, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmacy. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/news-center/john-carroll-university-launches-bachelor-science-nursing}}</ref>

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The university announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The undergraduate academic programs offered are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Financial Planning and Wealth Management, Supply Chain Management, Management and Human Resources, Marketing, and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
John Carroll University provides students the ability to continue their education in a graduate studies program. The Boler College of Business offers three graduate programs where students can earn a Master of Science in Accountancy, Full-Time Boler MBA, and Part-Time Boler MBA. In addition, the College of Arts of Sciences offers a variety of graduate programs of study. A partial list of these programs includes Biology, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Early Childhood Generalist, Education, Educational Leadership, Educational Psychology, English, Humanities, Mathematics, Nonprofit Administration, School Counseling, School Psychology, and Theology and Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible students are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archive-date = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archive-date = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archive-date = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127043255/http://www.jcu.edu/global/study/|archive-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archive-date = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the fourth best university in the Midwest in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> This was the 30th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 8 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|work=forbes.com|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archive-date = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler College of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences. The Center for Service and Social Action offers a variety of service opportunities for students looking to get involved and give back to the community. Many John Carroll University students take advantage of service opportunities during their undergraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
CSDI educates students on diversity, equity and inclusion. The center nurtures a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds and encourages curricular and co-curricular learning. The center advises and cultivates the leadership of its students through cultural student organizations that include: Black Students in Action(BSA), Asian Pop Culture, Le Cercle Francais, LGBTQIA+ Allies, Hillel, Latin America Student Association (LASA), Middle Eastern Student Association (MESA), Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students (MAPS), Muslim Student Society (MSS), Italian Club, Club for the Inclusiveness of Students with Disabilities (CISD), South Asian Student Association (SASA), and Women in STEM.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2006-10-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of the following four residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses first year students and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is the largest freshman dorm on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Hamlin Hall is the only Greek life dorm on campus and is home to 5 sororities and 3 fraternities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archive-date = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

The university plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after the winningest coach in NFL history, who had studied at John Carroll between 1947 and 1951. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974–75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003–04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31–28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won 6 straight OAC championship titles (2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). The Men's Lacrosse program has won 6 straight OAC championships since joining as a varsity sport in 2013.

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC regular season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989–90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017–18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Challenge Cup|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
* [[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
* [[WJCU]]
* [[The Carroll News]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Ohio college sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Ohio]]

John Carroll University

2023-03-22T19:10:13Z

MBWhitney: Update of Core curriculum to reflect changes

{{Short description|Private university in University Heights, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John Carroll University
| image = Jcu seal small.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = [[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]] ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For the greater glory of God
| established = {{start date and age|1886}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| endowment = $223.5 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2019-Endowment-Market-Values--Final-Feb-10.ashx? |title=U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised) |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref>
| president = [[Alan R. Miciak]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=John Carroll University Announces Leadership Transition |url=https://jcu.edu/news-center/leadership-transition-2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=jcu.edu |date=May 3, 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio]]
| country = U.S.
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| colors = {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} Blue & gold
|athletics_affiliations =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
|sports_nickname = Blue Streaks
| mascot = Lobo
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886–1923)
| website = {{URL|http://www.jcu.edu}}
}}

'''[https://www.jcu.edu/ John Carroll University]''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, nursing, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students.

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University), now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus under the title of '''St Ignatius College''', after [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]], as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923 the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, honoring the first [[archbishop]] of the US Catholic Church, who founded Georgetown University. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | access-date = 2006-10-03 | archive-date = July 9, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161521/http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, {{cvt|265,000|sqft}} Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] ''[[Kulturkampf]]''. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll's core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school's first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson had been the provost at [[Babson College]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]]. He began his tenure on July 1, 2018, and was officially inaugurated on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academics==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler College of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires an innovative core curriculum for all undergraduate students. Students choose from among classes in the area of Jesuit Heritage, including two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, and a social justice course. Students also take Integrative courses, including a pair of linked courses on one topic, and a course on Engaging the Global Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu/academics/core|title=University Core Curriculum – College of Arts & Sciences|access-date=March 22, 2023|}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are integrated marketing communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The university announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The undergraduate academic programs offered are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Financial Planning and Wealth Management, Supply Chain Management, Management and Human Resources, Marketing, and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
John Carroll University provides students the ability to continue their education in a graduate studies program. The Boler College of Business offers three graduate programs where students can earn a Master of Science in Accountancy, Full-Time Boler MBA, and Part-Time Boler MBA. In addition, the College of Arts of Sciences offers a variety of graduate programs of study. A partial list of these programs includes Biology, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Early Childhood Generalist, Education, Educational Leadership, Educational Psychology, English, Humanities, Mathematics, Nonprofit Administration, School Counseling, School Psychology, and Theology and Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible students are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archive-date = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archive-date = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archive-date = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127043255/http://www.jcu.edu/global/study/|archive-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archive-date = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the fourth best university in the Midwest in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> This was the 30th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 8 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|work=forbes.com|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archive-date = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler College of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences. The Center for Service and Social Action offers a variety of service opportunities for students looking to get involved and give back to the community. Many John Carroll University students take advantage of service opportunities during their undergraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
CSDI educates students on diversity, equity and inclusion. The center nurtures a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds and encourages curricular and co-curricular learning. The center advises and cultivates the leadership of its students through cultural student organizations that include: Black Students in Action(BSA), Asian Pop Culture, Le Cercle Francais, LGBTQIA+ Allies, Hillel, Latin America Student Association (LASA), Middle Eastern Student Association (MESA), Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students (MAPS), Muslim Student Society (MSS), Italian Club, Club for the Inclusiveness of Students with Disabilities (CISD), South Asian Student Association (SASA), and Women in STEM.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2006-10-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of the following four residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses first year students and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is the largest freshman dorm on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Hamlin Hall is the only Greek life dorm on campus and is home to 5 sororities and 3 fraternities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archive-date = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

The university plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after the winningest coach in NFL history, who had studied at John Carroll between 1947 and 1951. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974–75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003–04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31–28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won 6 straight OAC championship titles (2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). The Men's Lacrosse program has won 6 straight OAC championships since joining as a varsity sport in 2013.

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC regular season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989–90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017–18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Challenge Cup|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
* [[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
* [[WJCU]]
* [[The Carroll News]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
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{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Ohio college sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Ohio]]

John Carroll University

2023-03-22T19:02:54Z

MBWhitney:

{{Short description|Private university in University Heights, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John Carroll University
| image = Jcu seal small.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = [[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]] ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = For the greater glory of God
| established = {{start date and age|1886}}
| type = [[Private university]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| endowment = $223.5 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2019-Endowment-Market-Values--Final-Feb-10.ashx? |title=U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised) |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA |access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref>
| president = [[Alan R. Miciak]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=John Carroll University Announces Leadership Transition |url=https://jcu.edu/news-center/leadership-transition-2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=jcu.edu |date=May 3, 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio]]
| country = U.S.
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| colors = {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} Blue & gold
|athletics_affiliations =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
|sports_nickname = Blue Streaks
| mascot = Lobo
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886–1923)
| website = {{URL|http://www.jcu.edu}}
}}

'''[https://www.jcu.edu/ John Carroll University]''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students.

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University), now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesus under the title of '''St Ignatius College''', after [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]], as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923 the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, honoring the first [[archbishop]] of the US Catholic Church, who founded Georgetown University. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | access-date = 2006-10-03 | archive-date = July 9, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161521/http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, {{cvt|265,000|sqft}} Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] ''[[Kulturkampf]]''. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll's core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school's first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson had been the provost at [[Babson College]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]]. He began his tenure on July 1, 2018, and was officially inaugurated on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academics==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler College of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires a [[liberal arts]] core for all undergraduate students. Among the requirements are public speaking, English composition, two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, a social justice course, a global course, and a foreign language requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/|title=University Core Curriculum (Integrative) – College of Arts & Sciences|work=jcu.edu|access-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112033608/http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/|archive-date=January 12, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are integrated marketing communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The university announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The undergraduate academic programs offered are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Financial Planning and Wealth Management, Supply Chain Management, Management and Human Resources, Marketing, and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
John Carroll University provides students the ability to continue their education in a graduate studies program. The Boler College of Business offers three graduate programs where students can earn a Master of Science in Accountancy, Full-Time Boler MBA, and Part-Time Boler MBA. In addition, the College of Arts of Sciences offers a variety of graduate programs of study. A partial list of these programs includes Biology, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Early Childhood Generalist, Education, Educational Leadership, Educational Psychology, English, Humanities, Mathematics, Nonprofit Administration, School Counseling, School Psychology, and Theology and Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible students are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archive-date = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archive-date = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| access-date = 2006-09-18| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archive-date = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127043255/http://www.jcu.edu/global/study/|archive-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archive-date = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the fourth best university in the Midwest in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> This was the 30th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 8 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|work=forbes.com|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2011-12-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archive-date = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler College of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-09-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences. The Center for Service and Social Action offers a variety of service opportunities for students looking to get involved and give back to the community. Many John Carroll University students take advantage of service opportunities during their undergraduate studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
CSDI educates students on diversity, equity and inclusion. The center nurtures a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds and encourages curricular and co-curricular learning. The center advises and cultivates the leadership of its students through cultural student organizations that include: Black Students in Action(BSA), Asian Pop Culture, Le Cercle Francais, LGBTQIA+ Allies, Hillel, Latin America Student Association (LASA), Middle Eastern Student Association (MESA), Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students (MAPS), Muslim Student Society (MSS), Italian Club, Club for the Inclusiveness of Students with Disabilities (CISD), South Asian Student Association (SASA), and Women in STEM.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2006-10-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of the following four residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses first year students and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is the largest freshman dorm on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2008-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archive-date = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Hamlin Hall is the only Greek life dorm on campus and is home to 5 sororities and 3 fraternities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | access-date = 2007-08-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archive-date = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

The university plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after the winningest coach in NFL history, who had studied at John Carroll between 1947 and 1951. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974–75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003–04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31–28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won 6 straight OAC championship titles (2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). The Men's Lacrosse program has won 6 straight OAC championships since joining as a varsity sport in 2013.

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC regular season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989–90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017–18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Challenge Cup|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
* [[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
* [[WJCU]]
* [[The Carroll News]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Ohio college sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T16:03:03Z

MBWhitney: /* Academics */

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2021, the Solon School District was named the Public School District in America by the community and academic rating organization Niche.com. Solon High School was listed as #181 on [[Niche]]'s list of America's Best Public High Schools and #3 Best Public High School in Ohio.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = http://https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche]] | access date = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. The class of 2021 had 19 Solon High School students named as National Merit Finalists and 14 Commended Students, while the class of 2022 had 34 Semi-Finalists and 16 Commended students. <ref name = "Solon Schools">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.solonschools.org/domain/472[[Solon Schools]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref> This was the highest number in Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High School’s 34 National Merit semifinalists is highest number in Ohio|url=http://www.cleveland.com/community/2021/09/solon-high-schools-34-national-merit-semifinalists-highest-number-in-ohio.html#:~:text=The%2034%20seniors%20named%20as,%2C%20Andrew%20Li%2C%20Ryan%20Li%2C|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 29, 2021|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=http://|https://gccohio.net/year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022|</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T16:02:11Z

MBWhitney: /* Academics */

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2021 Solon School District were named the Public School District in America by the community and academic rating organization Niche.com. Solon High School was listed as #181 on [[Niche]]'s list of America's Best Public High Schools and #3 Best Public High School in Ohio.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = http://https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche]] | access date = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. The class of 2021 had 19 Solon High School students named as National Merit Finalists and 14 Commended Students, while the class of 2022 had 34 Semi-Finalists and 16 Commended students. <ref name = "Solon Schools">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.solonschools.org/domain/472[[Solon Schools]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref> This was the highest number in Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High School’s 34 National Merit semifinalists is highest number in Ohio|url=http://www.cleveland.com/community/2021/09/solon-high-schools-34-national-merit-semifinalists-highest-number-in-ohio.html#:~:text=The%2034%20seniors%20named%20as,%2C%20Andrew%20Li%2C%20Ryan%20Li%2C|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 29, 2021|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=http://|https://gccohio.net/year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022|</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T16:00:22Z

MBWhitney: /* Academics */

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2021 Solon School District were named the Public School District in America by the community and academic rating organization Niche.com. Solon High School was listed as #181 on [[Niche]]'s list of America's Best Public High Schools and #3 Best Public High School in Ohio.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = http://https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche]] | access date = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. The class of 2021 had 19 Solon High School students named as National Merit Finalists and 14 Commended Students, while the class of 2022 had 34 Semi-Finalists and 16 Commended students. </ref>{{https://www.solonschools.org/domain/472}}</ref>
This was the highest number in Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High School’s 34 National Merit semifinalists is highest number in Ohio|url=http://www.cleveland.com/community/2021/09/solon-high-schools-34-national-merit-semifinalists-highest-number-in-ohio.html#:~:text=The%2034%20seniors%20named%20as,%2C%20Andrew%20Li%2C%20Ryan%20Li%2C|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 29, 2021|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=http://|https://gccohio.net/year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022|</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T15:56:49Z

MBWhitney: /* Academics */

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2022, Solon High School was listed as #181 on [[Niche]]'s list of America's Best Public High Schools and #3 Best Public High School in Ohio.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = http://https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche]] | accessdate = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. The class of 2021 had 19 Solon High School students named as National Merit Finalists and 14 Commended Students, while the class of 2022 had 34 Semi-Finalists and 16 Commended students. </ref>{{http://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/11/College%20Profile%202022.pdf}}</ref>
This was the highest number in Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High School’s 34 National Merit semifinalists is highest number in Ohio|url=http://www.cleveland.com/community/2021/09/solon-high-schools-34-national-merit-semifinalists-highest-number-in-ohio.html#:~:text=The%2034%20seniors%20named%20as,%2C%20Andrew%20Li%2C%20Ryan%20Li%2C|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 29, 2021|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=http://|https://gccohio.net/year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022|</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T15:55:21Z

MBWhitney: /* Academics */ Update National Merit Scholars

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2022, Solon High School was listed as #181 on [[Niche]]'s list of America's Best Public High Schools and #3 Best Public High School in Ohio.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = http://https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche]] | accessdate = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. The class of 2021 had 19 Solon High School students named as National Merit Finalists and 14 Commended Students, while the class of 2022 had 34 Semi-Finalists and 16 Commended students. </ref>{{cite|url=http://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/11/College%20Profile%202022.pdf}}</ref>
This was the highest number in Ohio. <ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High School’s 34 National Merit semifinalists is highest number in Ohio|url=http://www.cleveland.com/community/2021/09/solon-high-schools-34-national-merit-semifinalists-highest-number-in-ohio.html#:~:text=The%2034%20seniors%20named%20as,%2C%20Andrew%20Li%2C%20Ryan%20Li%2C|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 29, 2021|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=http://|https://gccohio.net/year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022|</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T15:44:42Z

MBWhitney: /* Academics */ Update of Niche High School Rankings

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2022, Solon High School was listed as #181 on [[Niche]]'s list of America's Best Public High Schools and #3 Best Public High School in Ohio.<ref name = "Niche 2022">{{cite web | url = http://https://www.niche.com/k12/solon-high-school-solon-oh/rankings/| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Niche]] | accessdate = July 18, 2022|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. In 2013, 30 Solon High School students were named National Merit Semifinalists, a new record for the State of Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High Has 30 National Merit Semi-Finalists, The Most Ever|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-has-30-national-merit-semi-finalists-the-most-ever|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazollini}}</ref> Solon High School has also had 6 [[Presidential Scholars Program|Presidential Scholars]] and had a school record 11 Presidential Scholar candidates in 2017.<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/11-solon-high-school-students-named-us-presidential-scholars|title=11 Solon High School Students Named US Presidential Scholars|date=2017-02-03|website=Solon, OH Patch|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=http://|https://gccohio.net/year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022|</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T15:39:37Z

MBWhitney: /* Academics */ update US News Ranking

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2013, Solon High School was listed as #107 on [[Newsweek]]'s annual list of America's Best High Schools.<ref name = "Newsweek 2013">{{cite web | url = http://www.newsweek.com/2013/05/06/america-s-best-high-schools.html
| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Newsweek]] | accessdate = August 22, 2014|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #211 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and #7 in Ohio.<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2022|accessdate=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. In 2013, 30 Solon High School students were named National Merit Semifinalists, a new record for the State of Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High Has 30 National Merit Semi-Finalists, The Most Ever|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-has-30-national-merit-semi-finalists-the-most-ever|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazollini}}</ref> Solon High School has also had 6 [[Presidential Scholars Program|Presidential Scholars]] and had a school record 11 Presidential Scholar candidates in 2017.<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/11-solon-high-school-students-named-us-presidential-scholars|title=11 Solon High School Students Named US Presidential Scholars|date=2017-02-03|website=Solon, OH Patch|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=http://|https://gccohio.net/year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022|</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T15:35:08Z

MBWhitney: /* Athletics */ Updating Athletic Conference

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2013, Solon High School was listed as #107 on [[Newsweek]]'s annual list of America's Best High Schools.<ref name = "Newsweek 2013">{{cite web | url = http://www.newsweek.com/2013/05/06/america-s-best-high-schools.html
| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Newsweek]] | accessdate = August 22, 2014|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #264 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', #11 in Ohio, and #100 nationally in [[STEM fields|STEM]].<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2014|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. In 2013, 30 Solon High School students were named National Merit Semifinalists, a new record for the State of Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High Has 30 National Merit Semi-Finalists, The Most Ever|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-has-30-national-merit-semi-finalists-the-most-ever|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazollini}}</ref> Solon High School has also had 6 [[Presidential Scholars Program|Presidential Scholars]] and had a school record 11 Presidential Scholar candidates in 2017.<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/11-solon-high-school-students-named-us-presidential-scholars|title=11 Solon High School Students Named US Presidential Scholars|date=2017-02-03|website=Solon, OH Patch|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Greater Cleveland Conference]] (GCC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Cleveland Conference|url=http://|https://gccohio.net/year=2022|publisher=GCC|access-date=18 July 2022|</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Solon High School

2022-07-18T15:29:12Z

MBWhitney: /* Instrumental Ensembles */ updating bands

{{Infobox school
| name = Solon High School
| image = [[File:SolonCometsLogo.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Solon High School Comets Logo
| streetaddress = 33600 Inwood Road
| city = [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| county = ([[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]])
| zipcode = 44139
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|22|39|N|81|26|26|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| district = [[Solon City School District]]
| superintendent = Fred Bolden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2020/08/bolden-earns-three-year-contract-to-serve-as-superintendent-of-solon-schools.html|title=Bolden earns 3-year contract to serve as superintendent of Solon Schools|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 10, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal = Erin Short<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[high school]]
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| conference = [[Greater Cleveland Conference]]
| newspaper = {{URL|https://theshscourier.com/}}
| rival = [[Twinsburg High School]]
| mascot = Comet
| team_name = Comets<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory|publisher=[[Ohio High School Athletic Association]]|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114602/http://www.ohsaa.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1428|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue {{Color box|White|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|Gold|border=darkgray}} Gold (trim)<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory" />
| established = 1898
| ratio = 19.17<ref name=NCES/>
| teaching_staff = 85.45 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| enrollment = 1,638 (2019–20)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904660&ID=390466002609|title=Solon High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| free_label2 = Fight Song
| free_text2 = [[Across the Field]]
| free_label3 = Athletic Director
| free_text3 = Jim McQuaide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schools |first1=Solon |title=Head Coaches |url=https://www.solonschools.org/Page/3108 |website=Solon Schools}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
}}
'''Solon High School''', founded in 1898, is a [[public high school]] located in [[Solon, Ohio]], a southeastern [[suburb]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[Northeast Ohio]] Region, the 15th largest [[Combined Statistical Area]] in the [[United States]].

It comprises grades 9 through 12, and is the only high school in the [[Solon City School District]], which also includes Solon and Orchard Middle Schools, and four elementary schools: Arthur Road, Lewis, Parkside and Roxbury. Solon High School's student body is approximately 1,700 students while the faculty roster includes approximately 200 teachers, administrators, and staff.<ref name = "SHS College Profile"/> Erin Short currently serves as principal.<ref name="Program of Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|title=Program of Studies 2014–2015|year=2014|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113346/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/solonnews/pdf/SHS_3233_Program_of_Studies_Revised.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:SolonHS.jpg|thumb|left|Solon High School]]

Solon High School and the entire [[Solon City School District]] consistently rank among the best schools in Ohio.<ref name="Performance 2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | title = Final State Report Card Release Confirms Solon Earns Northeast Ohio's #1 Report Card grade and Excellent with Distinction rating | publisher = [[Solon City Schools]] | access-date = August 22, 2014 | date = February 28, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120043/http://www.solonschools.com/SolonNet/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=2869 | archive-date = August 26, 2014 }}</ref> In 2013, Solon High School was listed as #107 on [[Newsweek]]'s annual list of America's Best High Schools.<ref name = "Newsweek 2013">{{cite web | url = http://www.newsweek.com/2013/05/06/america-s-best-high-schools.html
| title = America's Best High Schools| publisher = [[Newsweek]] | accessdate = August 22, 2014|year=2013}}</ref> The school was given a Gold Ranking and listed #264 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', #11 in Ohio, and #100 nationally in [[STEM fields|STEM]].<ref name = "US News">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Overview|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/ohio/districts/solon-city/solon-high-school-15481|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2014|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School is one of few schools to have received Blue Ribbon awards twice, both in 1991 and 2009.<ref name="Blue Ribbon 2008">{{cite web|last=Pace|first=Pattie|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?/base/news-0/122235164751110.xml&coll=4|title=Solon High gets A Blue Ribbon|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=August 22, 2014|date=September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114618/http://www.cleveland.com/solonsun/news/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F122235164751110.xml&coll=4|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Blue Ribbon Official">{{cite web|title=National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013|url=http://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|year=2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, Solon High School was awarded the prestigious Red Quill Award from the [[ACT (test)|ACT organization]] for the sixth consecutive year, and the Red Quill Legacy Award for the second consecutive year, for excellent overall student scores on the [[ACT (Test)]].<ref name="SHS College Profile">{{cite web|title=Solon High School College Profile|url=http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|year=2013|access-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133749/http://www.solonschools.org/shs/guidance/SHS_College_Profile.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Solon was the only Ohio school to receive the award and one of 21 in the [[Midwest]].<ref name = "Red Quill">{{cite web|last=Price|first=Kyla|title=Solon only high school in Ohio to receive Red Quill Legacy Award|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/02/solon_only_high_school_in_ohio.html|publisher = [[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=February 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

Solon High School students are perennially recognized by the [[National Merit Scholarship Program]]. In 2013, 30 Solon High School students were named National Merit Semifinalists, a new record for the State of Ohio.<ref name = "National Merit 2013">{{cite web|title=Solon High Has 30 National Merit Semi-Finalists, The Most Ever|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-has-30-national-merit-semi-finalists-the-most-ever|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazollini}}</ref> Solon High School has also had 6 [[Presidential Scholars Program|Presidential Scholars]] and had a school record 11 Presidential Scholar candidates in 2017.<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/11-solon-high-school-students-named-us-presidential-scholars|title=11 Solon High School Students Named US Presidential Scholars|date=2017-02-03|website=Solon, OH Patch|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>

Students are also often recognized for their performance on [[Advanced Placement Exams]]. Solon has over a 90% pass rate,<ref name = "SHS College Profile" /> and currently offers 27 AP courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/772/SHS%20College%20Profile%202017.pdf|title=Solon High School Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The school has had many students recognized for number of exams taken and high average scores as AP Scholars<ref name = "AP Scholars">{{cite web|title=Current and former Solon High School students honored as top AP scholars|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2012/09/current_and_former_solon_high.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=September 25, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> and others for being members of the less than 0.005% that have received perfect scores on their exams.<ref name = "Perfect Scores">{{cite web|title=Two Solon students among only 88 globally to land perfect scores on AP exams|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/two_solon_students_among_only.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solonschools.org/cms/lib/OH01814653/Centricity/Domain/468/Solon%20Board%20of%20Education%20Meeting%20Report%2010-24-16.pdf|title=Solon Board of Education Meeting Report – 24 October 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Solon Schools|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Solon Comets' athletic programs compete in the [[Northeast Ohio Conference]] (NOC) against other local area high schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Schools|url=http://www.northeastohioconference.org/page.cfm?page=member_schools.cfm|year=2009|publisher=NOC|access-date=20 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416040158/http://www.northeastohioconference.org/page.cfm?page=member_schools.cfm|archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref> Solon's high school sports rivals include [[Twinsburg High School]], [[Hudson High School (Ohio)|Hudson High School]], [[Mentor High School]], and [[Mayfield High School (Mayfield, Ohio)|Mayfield High School]].

Solon's mascot is the [[comet]] and colors are blue and white.<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory"/> The school's fight song is [[Ohio State University|Ohio State's]] "[[Across the Field|Fight the Team Across the Field]]."

===Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships===
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] – 1990<ref name="Ohio High School Athletic Association">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohsaa.org/|title=Ohio High School Athletic Association Website|publisher=Ohio High School Athletic Association|accessdate=December 31, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Yappi Wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://www.yappi.com/statechamps/wrestling.html|title=State Championship Listing|publisher=Yappi Sports Wrestling|accessdate=February 12, 2007}}</ref>
* Girls [[track and field|Track]] – 2013, 2014
* Boys [[cross country running|Cross Country]] – 2016

==Academic teams==
Solon High School has many academic teams, including Science Olympiad, Academic Challenge, Mock Trial, Speech and Debate, Model United Nations, and Future Problem Solvers. Many of these teams have previously placed in tournaments at the state and national level.

===Academic Challenge===
The Solon High School Academic Challenge team has competed in the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]] High School National Championship for eight straight years, earning a fifth-place finish in 2015.<ref name = NAQT>{{cite web|title=2015 HSNCT Results|url=https://www.naqt.com/stats/tournament-teams.jsp?tournament_id=5700|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref> The team won the 2010 Ohio Academic Competition state championship as well as a 17th finish at the NAQT High School National Championship.<ref name = NAQT2010>{{cite web|title=Solon High School Tournament Results|url=http://www.naqt.com/stats/school-results.jsp?org_id=1277|publisher=[[National Academic Quiz Tournaments]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = OAC>{{cite web|title=OAC Past State Champions|url=https://drive.google.com/a/file/d/0BwsUjFwzBTVQTk9GWDNJay1pbGc/view?pli=1|publisher=[[Ohio Academic Competition]]|accessdate=June 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Science Olympiad===
In 1998, Solon [[Science Olympiad]] earned its first National Championship, and has consistently placed in the regional, state, and national level. Solon Science Olympiad placed second in both 2003 and 2008, and then placed first at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 National Tournaments, tying them with Troy High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scioly.org/|title=Science Olympiad Student Center|website=scioly.org}}</ref> from Fullerton, California for the most consecutive wins (3). They attended the White House Science Fair two times and received commendations from the Ohio State Legislature as a result of these accomplishments. At the 2019 National Tournament, Solon High School placed second at the National Tournament<ref name = "Science Olympiad">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Science Olympiad|url=http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Solon_High_School|publisher=[[Science Olympiad]] scioly.org|year=2013|accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> behind Troy High School.

=== Speech and Debate ===
The Solon High School Speech and Debate team is one of the largest and most successful programs of its kind in the state of Ohio. The team placed second at the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Tournament in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021, and placed first in the state in 2022 for the first time in the program's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/solonspeechanddebate/Home|title=Solon Speech & Debate|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> It has produced 11 individual state champions since the team's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHGyQF4_cQQ5Ey_zY8nSyz2JryIMCAgkPhsJj1FJo0I/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=OSDA (OHSSL) Event Champions|website=Google Docs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> The team has also qualified numerous members to the [[National Speech and Debate Association]] (NSDA) National Tournament and was designated as a School of Outstanding Distinction in 2022 for ranking among the top 10 teams in the nation.<ref>https://s3.amazonaws.com/tabroom-files/tourns/23101/results/32073/2022-NationalSpeechAndDebateTournament-RESULTS.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2022}}</ref> Solon produced national finalists in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/speechanddebate/status/878418261276282882|title=6th place in United States Extemp goes to Vishal Sundaram from Solon HS in OH! #Nats17|last=Debate|first=Speech &|date=2017-06-23|website=@speechanddebate|language=en|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debate |first1=Speech |title=Congratulations @devsahuja for placing 5th in the nation in USX @speechanddebate #Nats22!! #OHSpeaks |url=https://twitter.com/solonspeech/status/1537985407723286529 |website=@solonspeech |publisher=Twitter |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who ultimately placed 6th and 5th in the country respectively, as well as a world champion at the 2019 NSDA National Tournament in the World Schools Debate event, representing the North Coast (OH) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-student-wins-world-championship-speech-debate|title=Solon Student Wins World Championship In Speech & Debate|date=July 1, 2019|website=Solon, OH Patch}}</ref>

==Musical groups==
===Instrumental Ensembles===
Solon High School has robust band, orchestral, and choral programs. Some of the funds that these programs receive come from the school-associated non-profit organization the Solon Music Parents.<ref name = "Music Parents">{{cite web|title=Solon Music Parents|url=http://www.solonmusicparents.org/|publisher=Solon City Schools|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The school maintains a large and vibrant band program with over 300 students.<ref name="Band Website">{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.solonband.com/about/ |publisher=Solon Band |access-date=August 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081659/http://www.solonband.com/about/ |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref>

During the summer and fall, all students enrolled in the school's band course perform with the full [[marching band]]. The group hosts a "Band Bash" every year,<ref name = "Band Bash">{{cite web|title=Solon High Hosts Band Bash Saturday|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-high-hosts-band-bash-saturday|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Chris|last=Mazzolini}}</ref> during which local marching bands perform. The band has performed during halftime shows for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and [[Cleveland Browns]], as well as performed the [[National Anthem]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]] pregame.<ref name = "Band Website"/><ref name = "Cavaliers">{{cite web|title=Solon Marching Band Performs at Cavaliers Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c5OBjAtIwpM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=August 9, 2008|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name = "Browns">{{cite web|title=Solon Band Browns Halftime|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gksMYJfX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/58gksMYJfX0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Youtube.com]]|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Doug|last=Reichard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There is a voluntary pep band that plays at school rallies and athletic events.

In the winter and spring, the band transitions to three concert bands, Wind Ensemble, Gold Ensemble, Blue Symphonic Band, and White Symphonic Band. All students must audition for the directors of the band. The Wind Ensemble is made up of the very top players often upperclass students, Gold Ensemble is composed of the next most competitive players, and then the rest of the students are evenly split by talent between the Blue and the White Symphonic bands. It is mandatory for all members to participate in Marching and Concert Band.

Solon currently has a jazz band for students to perform in, available by audition only. The Jazz band has traveled to New Orleans twice to learn about Jazz and the history of Jazz, and performed with jazz stars including [[Wayne Bergeron]] and [[Eddie Daniels]].<ref name="New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Solon Parent Teacher Association Newsletter|url=http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114913/http://www.solonschools.org/Accounts/newsletters/1276_SHS%20News.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wayne">{{cite web|title=Wayne Bergeron Concert Information|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2008|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133738/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/AChongris/WayneBergeronConcertInformation.doc|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Eddie">{{cite web|title=Meeting Minutes 2009|url=http://solonband.com/SMP/October%206,%202009%20minutes.doc|publisher=Solon Music Parents|year=2009|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

The orchestra has approximately 180 students and is split into two orchestras: Sinfonia and Concert Orchestra. Students interested in playing in Sinfonia must audition. Often, a handful of band members will play with the Sinfonia at concerts. Concert Orchestra is the larger orchestra.

===Choirs===
There are five main choruses that comprise the Choral Program including: 9th Grade Women's (SSAA), 9th grade Men's Chorus (TTBB), Concert Choir (SATB), [[a cappella]] Choir (SATB), and Music in Motion (SATB). There are also extra-curricular ensembles such as "The Madrigals", and various female and male barbershop quartets formed by students.<ref name="Choir Letter">{{cite web|title=Solon High School Choral Activities|url=http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|publisher=[[Solon City Schools]]|date=August 27, 2009|access-date=August 24, 2014|first=Gary|last=Lewis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115519/http://www.solonschools.org/accounts/glewis/827200942457_ChoirStartLetter09.pdf|archive-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>

Music in Motion is the Solon High School [[show choir]]. The group has won numerous Grand Championships in several Midwest competitions, and had an undefeated season in 2012.<ref name = "2012 Page">{{cite web|title=Music in Motion 2012|url=http://www.showchoir.com/choirs/choir.php?id=4323&x=12&y=3|publisher=ShowChoir.com|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Tops in Nation">{{cite web|title=Solon High School's Music in Motion choir tops in nation|url=http://www.cleveland.com/solon/index.ssf/2013/01/solon_high_schools_music_in_mo.html|publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] [[Cleveland.com]]|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Kyla|last=Price}}</ref> Solon transitioned in recent years from hosting a non-competition Festival to a full Show Choir Invitational.<ref name = "Competition">{{cite web|title=Solon Show Choir Festival Transforms into Competition Next Year|url=http://patch.com/ohio/solon/solon-show-choir-festival-transforms-into-competition-next-year|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Maggie|last=Deininger}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Solon Courier'' is the [[school newspaper]] which is written and edited by students.<ref name = "Courier Twitter">{{cite web|title=Solon Courier|url=https://twitter.com/SolonCourier|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

Solon Education Television (SETV) is a local [[public access television]] station that is broadcast from the school. The Solon High School Club, Comet Productions, staffs all the events aired. The station currently airs original programming such as SHS graduation, sports, Solon Board meetings, band, choir, and orchestra concerts, the annual Honor Society talent show, and drama club productions.

Comet Productions is open to all students with an interest in [[video production]], for sports, concerts, and musicals.<ref name = "Productions">{{cite web|title=City committee learns education TV details|url=http://www.chagrinvalleytoday.com/schools/solon/article_048edb2e-e3ff-11e2-bfcd-0019bb30f31a.html|publisher=Chagrin Valley Today|date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=August 24, 2014|first=Sue|last=Reid}}</ref>

Solon Community Television was a local public-access television station that aired original programming and was broadcast from Solon High School SCTV Studio 1. Now, SCTV Studio 1 has been converted into a classroom for a communications course; the last broadcast from Studio 1 was in 2009.<ref name="Community TV">{{cite web|title=Solon Community Television|url=http://my.en.com/~solontv/|publisher=Solon City Schools|year=1998|access-date=August 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127024707/http://my.en.com/~solontv/|archive-date=November 27, 2001}}</ref>

==Scandals==
===Sexting scandal===
In 2014, Solon High School experienced allegations of sexting amongst students and perhaps even faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ridel|first=Kaitlyn|last2=Group|first2=Northeast Ohio Media|date=2014-03-08|title=Solon consumed by sexting allegations|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_consumed_by_sexting_alle.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref> The school administrators however denied that these allegations were true, despite evidence being brought to light regarding students trading nude photos within a specific mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=Laura|last2=clevel|last3=.com|date=2014-03-07|title=Solon High School principal said school found no evidence of inappropriate photos, in wake of sexting rumors|url=https://www.cleveland.com/solon/2014/03/solon_high_school_principal_sa.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=cleveland|language=en}}</ref>

===Ed Kline sexual abuse===
As of August 2021, former district band director Ed Kline has been charged with 19 counts of gross sexual imposition, allegedly having sexually abused students as young as 12 for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director arraigned on more charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-arraigned-on-more-charges/article_69c63394-0510-11ec-90ce-eb67c630abe3.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref> Kline resigned in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Anderson |first1=Chris |last2=Forward |first2=Kendall |title=Victim in court says former Solon Middle School band teacher inappropriately touched her when she was 12|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/09/23/former-solon-schools-band-director-charged-with-sex-crimes-involving-year-old-victim/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.cleveland19.com|language=en}}</ref>

The offenses took place from August 2003 until June 2014, according to the indictment, and the grand jury labeled Kline a sexually violent predator. The indictment said Kline "touched the breasts or buttocks of some victims", labeled Jane Doe #1 through Jane Doe #7, and "compelled others to touch his genitals".<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director indicted on 18 counts of sexual offenses|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-indicted-on-18-counts-of-sexual-offenses/article_d005f388-0331-11eb-a166-1fa280e8ef38.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

On Jan. 12, Kline pleaded guilty to 11 counts of gross sexual imposition, a fourth-degree felony. He also pleaded guilty to a single count of sexual imposition, a third-degree misdemeanor. Seven counts were nolled, meaning they will not be prosecuted, according to a plea arrangement with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jkaufman@cjn.org|first=JANE KAUFMAN {{!}} STAFF REPORTER|title=Former Solon band director pleads guilty to 12 charges|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/former-solon-band-director-pleads-guilty-to-12-charges/article_dd2fbe2c-74c8-11ec-88c8-ef89f093aa4d.html?fbclid=IwAR11GFi0dTbBR7mmmHug6W6g4Lty7ihqHc05QvMeJ6JuhBvZB7u-iV-gt-U|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Cleveland Jewish News|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Chris Bando]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher
* [[Michael Cartellone]], current drummer for [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], former drummer for the [[Damn Yankees (band)|Damn Yankees]]
* [[Drew Carter]], [[National Football League|NFL]] wide receiver
* [[Dominick Farinacci]], jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader
* [[Kim Herring]], NFL safety
* [[Reginald Jagers III]], Olympic discus thrower in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]]
* [[Dallas Lauderdale]], [[NCAA basketball]] player
* [[Jim Mandich]], NFL tight end, sports radio [[talk show]] host
* [[Dave Meggyesy]], NFL player, author, teacher, union organizer
* [[Kid Cudi|Scott Mescudi]] (known by the stage name Kid Cudi), rapper, singer, record producer, and actor
* [[Mark Minor]], NBA player
* [[Jeff Passan]], lead baseball columnist, ''[[Yahoo! Sports]]'', author
* [[Jay Shendure]], Professor of Genetics at the [[University of Washington]]
* [[Marc Sumerak]], freelance comic book writer, former writer and editor with [[Marvel Comics]]
* [[Jack Van Antwerp]], Director of Photography with [[The Wall Street Journal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.solonschools.org/shs}}
*[http://www.solonschools.org/ Solon City Schools]

{{Northeast Ohio Conference}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Ohio]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Ohio]]

Paycheck Fairness Act

2021-04-08T22:05:10Z

MBWhitney:

{{Infobox United States federal proposed legislation
| name = Paycheck Fairness Act
| fullname = To amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to provide more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of wages on the basis of sex, and for other purposes.
| introduced in the = 117th
| number of co-sponsors = 225
| public law url =
| introducedin = House of Representatives
| leghisturl = https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7/all-actions
| introducedbill = [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7/ H.R. 7]
| introduceddate = January 28, 2021
| introducedby = [[Rosa DeLauro]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Connecticut|CT]])
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Education and Labor |House Education and Labor]]
}}
The '''Paycheck Fairness Act''' ({{USBill|115|S|819}} and {{USBill|115|HR|1869}}) is a proposed [[United States labor law]] that would add procedural protections to the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] and the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] as part of an effort to address the [[gender pay gap in the United States]]. A Census Bureau report published in 2008 stated that women's median annual earnings were 77.5% of men's earnings.<ref name="by state">U.S. Census Bureau. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906090119/https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/acs-09.pdf ''Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey.''] August 2008, p. 14.</ref> Recently this has narrowed, as by 2018, this was estimated to have decreased to women earning 80-85% of men's earnings. <ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/22/gender-pay-gap-facts/</ref>
One study<ref name="Goldin">{{cite journal|last=Goldin |first=Claudia |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/goldin_aeapress_2014_1.pdf |title=A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter |journal=American Economic Review |date=2014 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1119|doi=10.1257/aer.104.4.1091|citeseerx=10.1.1.708.4375 }}</ref> suggests that when the data is controlled for certain variables, the residual gap is around 5-7%; the same study concludes that the residual is because "hours of work in many occupations are worth more when given at particular moments and when the hours are more continuous. That is, in many occupations, earnings have a nonlinear relationship with respect to hours."

The bill "punishes employers for retaliating against workers who share wage information, puts the justification burden on employers as to why someone is paid less and allows workers to sue for punitive damages of wage discrimination."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Another provision of the bill would start programs to train women in ways to better negotiate their wages.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

==Background==
{{See also|Equal Pay Act of 1963}}
Proponents of the Paycheck Fairness Act consider it an extension of the laws established by the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which makes it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who perform substantially equal work. In order to find an employer in violation of the Equal Pay Act, a plaintiff must prove that "(1) the employer pays different wages to employees of the opposite sex; (2) the employees perform equal work on jobs requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility; and (3) the jobs are performed under similar working conditions."[1] Even if the individual makes each of these showings, the defendant employer may avoid liability by proving that the wage disparity is justified by one of four affirmative defenses—that is, that the employer has set the challenged wages pursuant to "(1) a seniority system; (2) a merit system; (3) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (4) a differential based on any other factor other than sex."<ref>29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1) (2006)</ref>

The Equal Pay Act of 1963<ref name="EEOC Equal Pay Act 1963">{{cite web|title=The Equal Pay Act of 1963|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm|publisher=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref> prevents any discrepancies in pay between people within the same field within the same company, therefore making it illegal to pay a woman more than a man and vice versa.

Fifty years after the law's passage, a median earnings gap still exists between men and women. According to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', the Paycheck Fairness Act is meant to close this gap by:

* "making wages more transparent";
* "requiring that employers prove that wage discrepancies are tied to legitimate business qualifications and not gender";
* and "prohibiting companies from taking retaliatory action against employees who raise concerns about gender-based wage discrimination."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-senate-pass-the-paycheck-fairness-act|title=Should the Senate Pass the Paycheck Fairness Act?|work=usnews.com}}</ref>

==Legislative history==
[[File:Lilly Ledbetter speaks about the Paycheck Fairness Act.jpg|thumb|[[Lilly Ledbetter]] speaking in support of the Paycheck Fairness Act in 2020.]]
The bill was first introduced in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2015/08/26/why-californias-gop-supports-anequal-pay-bill.html|title=Why California's GOP supports an equal pay bill |publisher=Sacramento Business Journal|author=Allen Young|date=26 Aug 2015|accessdate=1 Jan 2016}}</ref> and has been reintroduced to congress many times, including:
{| class="wikitable"
!Congress
!Short title
!Bill number(s)
!Date introduced
!Sponsor(s)
!# of cosponsors
!Latest status
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[105th congress|105th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 1997
|{{USBill|105|HR|2023}}
|June 24, 1997
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|95
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|105|S|71}}
|January 21, 1997
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|23
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[106th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 1999
|{{USBill|106|HR|541}}
|February 3, 1999
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|122
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|106|HR|2397}}
|June 30, 1999
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|170
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|106|S|74}}
|January 19, 1999
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|31
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[107th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2001
|{{USBill|107|HR|781}}
|February 28, 2001
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|196
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|107|S|77}}
|January 22, 2001
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|32
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[108th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2003
|{{USBill|108|HR|1688}}
|April 4, 2003
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|116
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|108|S|76}}
|January 7, 2003
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|20
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[109th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2005
|{{USBill|109|HR|1687}}
|April 19, 2005
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|111
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|109|S|841}}
|April 19, 2005
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|18
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[110th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2007
|{{USBill|110|HR|1338}}
|March 6, 2007
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|230
|Passed the house. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Washington|first=U. S. Capitol Room H154|last2=p:225-7000|first2=DC 20515-6601|date=2008-07-31|title=Roll Call 556 Roll Call 556, Bill Number: H. R. 1338, 110th Congress, 2nd Session|url=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2008556|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{USBill|110|S|766}}
|March 6, 2007
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|24
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[111th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2009
|{{USBill|111|HR|12}}
|January 6, 2009
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|200
|Passed the house.<ref name="auto">[http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=3317 "Rights groups urge Paycheck Fairness Act passing"], ''[[The Louisiana Weekly]]'', September 20, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927155652/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=3317|date=September 27, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{USBill|111|S|182}}
|January 8, 2009
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|42
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|111|S|3772}}
|September 13, 2010
|[[Harry Reid]]

(D-NV)
|33
|Cloture was not invoked.<ref name="auto1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[112th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2011
|{{USBill|112|HR|1519}}
|April 13, 2011
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|197
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|112|S|797}}
|April 12, 2011
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|35
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|112|S|3220}}
|May 22, 2012
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|37
|Cloture was not invoked. <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[113th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2013
|{{USBill|113|HR|377}}
|January 23, 2013
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|208
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|113|S|84}}
|January 23, 2013
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|56
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|113|S|2199}}
|April 1, 2014
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|42
|Cloture was not invoked. <ref name="GOPblocks" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[114th congress|114th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2015
|{{USBill|114|HR|1619}}
|March 25, 2015
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|193
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|114|S|862}}
|March 25, 2015
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|44
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[115th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2017
|{{USBill|115|HR|1869}}
|April 7, 2017
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|201
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|115|S|819}}
|April 4, 2017
|[[Tom Udall|Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|48
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2019
|{{USBill|116|HR|7}}
|January 3, 2019
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]
(D-CT)
|239
|Passed the house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrnes|first=Jesse|date=2019-03-27|title=House passes Paycheck Fairness Act|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/436121-house-passes-paycheck-fairness-act|access-date=2021-02-17|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/270?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Paycheck+Fairness+Act%22%5D%7D&s=5&r=3 S. 270]
|March 28, 2019
|[[Tom Udall|Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|46
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2021
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Paycheck+Fairness+Act%22%5D%7D&s=4&r=1 H.R. 7]
|January 28, 2021
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]
(D-CT)
|225
|Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction.
|-
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/205 S.205]
|February 3, 2021
|[[Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|49
|Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction.
|}
The [[United States Senate]] failed to move the bill forward in November 2010.<ref name="auto1">[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/11/17/Senate-kills-Paycheck-Fairness-Act/UPI-38001290032394/ "Senate kills Paycheck Fairness Act"] "[[United Press International]]''. November 17, 2010. Accessed February 8, 2010.''</ref> The 2010 bill had no [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] co-sponsors, though a group of four Republican senators had supported an earlier bill to address gender-based wage discrimination, including [[Susan Collins]], [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]], [[Lisa Murkowski]], and [[Olympia Snowe]].<ref>Editorial. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/opinion/20mon3.html "Shortchanging America’s Women"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref> The 2010 Senate version of the bill had the support of the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] and that of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in the Senate. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] supported S.182, citing the 2008 data from the [[United States Census Bureau]] that women's median annual earnings were 77.5% of the male median, African-American women's median annual earnings were 64% of the white male median, and Hispanic women's median annual earnings were 54% of the white male median.<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/equal-pay-equal-work-pass-paycheck-fairness-act "Equal Pay for Equal Work: Pass the Paycheck Fairness Act"], [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref> The [[American Association of University Women]] also supported the bill, citing the organization's 2007 research report, Behind the Pay Gap, which showed that women earn less than their male colleagues just one year out of college. The pay gap has widened 10 years after graduation.<ref>[http://www.aauw.org/act/issue_advocacy/actionpages/payequity.cfm "Position on Pay Equity"], [[American Association of University Women]]. Accessed February 28, 2010.</ref>

President [[Barack Obama]] said in March 2011 that he will continue to fight for the goals in the Paycheck Fairness Act.<ref name="auto2">Associated Press.[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h5DHnROE8WCFcq6fvD4ZVvZmISYg?docId=992161632e88498683514ead2139b229 "Obama keeps focus on fight for women's equality"],''[[Associated Press]]''. March 12, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2011.</ref> The bill was reintroduced in both houses of Congress in April 2011.<ref>Dodge, Garen E.; McFetridge, Jane M. [http://www.martindale.com/labor-employment-law/article_Jackson-Lewis-LLP_1275322.htm/ "Paycheck Fairness Act Reintroduced in Congress"] Martindale.com April 27, 2011. Accessed May 31, 2011.</ref>

On June 5, 2012, the bill fell short of the 60 votes necessary to override a filibuster and did not make it to the Senate floor for debate. The vote went along party lines, excluding a vote against by Democrat [[Harry Reid]]. (Senator Reid changes his vote as a procedural maneuver, which left Democrats the option to call up the bill again at a later time.)<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Bendery|author-link=Jennifer Bendery|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/05/paycheck-fairness-act-senate-vote_n_1571413.html |title=Paycheck Fairness Act Fails Senate Vote |work=Huffington Post |date= June 5, 2012|accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref>

On April 9, 2014, in another straight-party-line vote, the [[Paycheck Fairness Act (S. 2199; 113th Congress)]] was again blocked by a Republican filibuster in the U.S. Senate. Once again, Senator Reid changed his vote from support to oppose, as a tactical maneuver to keep the bill alive. The Paycheck Fairness Act was introduced into the [[United States Senate]] on April 1, 2014 by [[Barbara Mikulski|Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-MD)]].<ref name=2199allactions>{{cite web|title=S. 2199 - All Actions|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199/all-actions/|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref> The bill was not referred to any committees. On April 9, 2014, a vote to end the debate on the bill failed in a 53-44 vote, when 60 votes were needed.<ref name=GOPblocks>{{cite news|title=Senate GOP blocks paycheck bill|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/203064-senate-gop-blocks-paycheck-fairness-bill|accessdate=9 April 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=9 April 2014|author=Ramsey Cox|author2=Alexander Bolton}}</ref> All of the Republicans voted against ending the debate.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> The bill was introduced into the [[United States Senate]] during the [[113th United States Congress]]. On April 9, 2014, it failed an important vote to end debate on the bill.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

==Provisions==
''This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the [[Congressional Research Service]], a [[public domain]] source.''<ref name=2199sum>{{cite web|title=S. 2199 - Summary|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref>

The Paycheck Fairness Act would amend the portion of the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]] (FLSA) known as the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963|Equal Pay Act]] to revise remedies for, enforcement of, and exceptions to prohibitions against sex discrimination in the payment of wages.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would revise the exception to the prohibition for a wage rate differential based on any other factor other than sex. It would limit such factors to bona fide factors, such as education, training, or experience.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would state that the bona fide factor defense shall apply only if the employer demonstrates that such factor: (1) is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential in compensation, (2) is job-related with respect to the position in question, and (3) is consistent with business necessity. Makes such defense inapplicable where the employee demonstrates that: (1) an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing such differential, and (2) the employer has refused to adopt such alternative practice.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would revise the prohibition against employer retaliation for employee complaints. Prohibits retaliation for inquiring about, discussing, or disclosing the wages of the employee or another employee in response to a complaint or charge, or in furtherance of a sex discrimination investigation, proceeding, hearing, or action, or an investigation conducted by the employer.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would make employers who violate sex discrimination prohibitions liable in a civil action for either compensatory or (except for the federal government) punitive damages.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would state that any action brought to enforce the prohibition against sex discrimination may be maintained as a class action in which individuals may be joined as party plaintiffs without their written consent.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would authorize the [[United States Secretary of Labor]] (Secretary) to seek additional compensatory or punitive damages in a sex discrimination action.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would require the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) and the [[Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs]] to train EEOC employees and affected individuals and entities on matters involving wage discrimination.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would authorize the Secretary to make grants to eligible entities for negotiation skills training programs for girls and women. Directs the Secretary and the [[United States Secretary of Education]] to issue regulations or policy guidance to integrate such training into certain programs under their Departments.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct the Secretary to conduct studies and provide information to employers, labor organizations, and the general public regarding the means available to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would establish the Secretary of Labor's National Award for Pay Equity in the Workplace for an employer who has made a substantial effort to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would amend the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] to require the EEOC to collect from employers pay information data regarding the sex, race, and national origin of employees for use in the enforcement of federal laws prohibiting pay discrimination.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct: (1) the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics|Commissioner of Labor Statistics]] to continue to collect data on woman workers in the Current Employment Statistics survey, (2) the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs to use specified types of methods in investigating compensation discrimination and in enforcing pay equity, and (3) the Secretary to make accurate information on compensation discrimination readily available to the public.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct the Secretary and the Commissioner [sic] of the EEOC jointly to develop technical assistance material to assist small businesses to comply with the requirements of this Act.<ref name="2199sum"/>

==Debate and discussion==
Democrats said they intended to use the votes on this bill and the issue of equal pay as political issues in the 2014 midterm elections.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Senator [[Charles Schumer]] (D-NY) told reporters that "pay equity, that's women, that's 53 percent of the vote."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> In 2012, Democrats did better than Republicans among women voters.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

Senator Mikulski said that "it brings tears to my eyes to know women are working so hard and being paid less" and that "it makes me emotional when I hear that... I get angry, I get outraged and I get volcanic."<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

Republicans gave several different reasons for voting against ending debate. One reason for their opposition, given by Senators [[Susan Collins]] (R-ME) and [[Kelly Ayotte]] (R-NH), was that Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] had refused to allow votes on any of the amendments that Republicans had suggested for the bill.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Republicans also objected because it would strongly benefit trial lawyers and would "remove caps on punitive damages against businesses found guilty of discrimination."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Minority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] (R-KY) said that the legislation would "line the pockets of trial lawyers" not help women.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

===Justification===
The [[National Women's Law Center]] makes the following case for the Paycheck Fairness Act:

* Like [[Title VII]], the Paycheck Fairness Act will direct courts to scrutinize seemingly neutral pay practices to determine whether they actually serve a legitimate business purpose and whether there are comparable alternatives that will not result in gender-based pay disparities.<ref>Under the comparable Title VII "business necessity" standard, an employer must demonstrate that a practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity. The final question in the business necessity analysis is whether the employer rejected an alternative employment practice that would satisfy its legitimate business interest without resulting in a disparate impact. This standard is familiar to employers and courts, as it has been judicially applied since the Supreme Court's decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971), and was expressly codified by the Civil Rights Act of 1991. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 (2006)</ref>
* First, the Act requires that the "factor other than sex" defense be based on a bona fide factor, such as education, training, or experience, that is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential.
* Second, the "factor other than sex" must be job-related to the position in question.
* Third, the "factor other than sex" must be consistent with business necessity.
* In addition, the defense will not apply if the employee can demonstrate that an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing a pay differential and the employer has refused to adopt the alternative.
* Requiring employers to justify any decision not to pay workers equal wages for doing substantially equal work is reasonable in light of the Equal Pay Act's goal to uncover discrimination and the unspecific nature of the "factor other than sex" defense. Moreover, the Paycheck Fairness Act does not alter the safeguards embedded in the Equal Pay Act that ensure that employers have appropriate discretion in setting compensation in nondiscriminatory ways.

For example:
* The Paycheck Fairness Act, like the Equal Pay Act, still requires employees to meet an exceptionally high burden before an employer need even offer an affirmative defense. An Equal Pay Act plaintiff must identify a comparable male employee who makes more money for performing equal work, requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility under similar working conditions. The Paycheck Fairness Act does not alter the other three of the four affirmative defenses available to employers. Thus, employers may still pay different wages to male and female employees performing equal work if the pay decision is based on merit, seniority, or quantity or quality of production. The Paycheck Fairness Act allows employers to raise the business necessity defense, which is a concept imported from Title VII and familiar to employers and courts.
* Some courts have interpreted the "factor other than sex" defense under the Equal Pay Act to require only that an employer articulate some ostensibly nondiscriminatory basis for its decision-making, even if the employer's rationale is ultimately a proxy for sex-based pay disparities.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} As one court has noted, requiring that the "factor other than sex" defense rely upon a legitimate business reason prevents employers "from relying on a compensation differential that is merely a pretext for sex discrimination—e.g., determining salaries on the basis of an employee's height or weight, when those factors have no relevance to the job at issue."<ref>Engelmann v. Nat'l Broad. Co., Inc., No. 94 Civ. 5616, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1865, at *20 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 1996).</ref> The Paycheck Fairness Act is intended to provide a means to assess whether employers are setting wages based on an employee's sex or on legitimate rationales tethered to business needs and the particular job in question.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwlc.org/print/resource/closing-factor-other-sex-loophole-equal-pay-act|title=Closing the "Factor Other Than Sex" Loophole in the Equal Pay Act|publisher=National Women's Law Center |date=April 12, 2011}}</ref>

===Criticism===
A 2009 [[CONSAD Research Corporation]] study prepared for the [[US Department of Labor]] cautioned against misinterpretation of census and other wage data, suggesting that the wage gap between the sexes was not due to systematic discrimination:
<blockquote>Although additional research in this area is clearly needed, this study leads to the unambiguous conclusion that the differences in the compensation of men and women are the result of a multitude of factors and that the raw wage gap should not be used as the basis to justify corrective action. Indeed, there may be nothing to correct. The differences in raw wages may be almost entirely the result of the individual choices being made by both male and female workers.<ref>{{cite web|last=CONSAD Research Corporation|title=An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women|url=https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/public-policy/hr-public-policy-issues/Documents/Gender%20Wage%20Gap%20Final%20Report.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor Employment Standards Administration|accessdate=27 December 2017|year=2009}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Christina Hoff Sommers]], a resident scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], criticized the proposed law, citing the study.<ref name=Sommers>[[Christina Hoff Sommers|Sommers, Christina Hoff]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/opinion/22Sommers.html "Fair Pay Isn’t Always Equal Pay"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 21, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref>

Columnist Daniel Fisher criticized the legislation in ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, pointing out that eliminating the "reason other than sex" defense used by employers under existing law would mean that wage differences based on an individual's salary history and negotiating skills would be treated as evidence of discrimination, even if the employer's actions were not based on gender.<ref name="Forbes">Fisher, Daniel. [http://forbes.com/sites/docket/2010/07/21/paycheck-fairness-act-will-be-anything-but/ "Paycheck Fairness Act Will Be Anything But"], ''[[Forbes]]'', July 21, 2010. Accessed September 27, 2015.</ref> According to Fisher, the act "eliminates the 'reason other than sex' defense and substitutes instead a requirement that the employer prove that its pay practices are divorced from any discrimination in its workplace or at the employee's prior workplace, that the pay practice is job related, and that it is consistent with "business necessity."<ref name="Forbes"/>

==See also==
*[[US labor law]]
*[[List of bills in the 113th United States Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 113th United States Congress}}
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.113s2199 Library of Congress - Thomas S. 2199]
*[http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199 beta.congress.gov S. 2199]
*[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s2199 GovTrack.us S. 2199]
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-182 S. 182: Paycheck Fairness Act], [[GovTrack]]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/s2199-113/show OpenCongress.org S. 2199]
*[http://www.washingtonwatch.com/bills/show/113_SN_2199.html WashingtonWatch.com S. 2199]

{{US government sources}}

[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 111th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 112th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 114th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 115th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 116th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Anti-discrimination law in the United States]]

Paycheck Fairness Act

2021-04-08T22:03:58Z

MBWhitney: Added updated gender wage gap info from 2018 with source in first paragraph

{{Infobox United States federal proposed legislation
| name = Paycheck Fairness Act
| fullname = To amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to provide more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of wages on the basis of sex, and for other purposes.
| introduced in the = 117th
| number of co-sponsors = 225
| public law url =
| introducedin = House of Representatives
| leghisturl = https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7/all-actions
| introducedbill = [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7/ H.R. 7]
| introduceddate = January 28, 2021
| introducedby = [[Rosa DeLauro]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Connecticut|CT]])
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Education and Labor |House Education and Labor]]
}}
The '''Paycheck Fairness Act''' ({{USBill|115|S|819}} and {{USBill|115|HR|1869}}) is a proposed [[United States labor law]] that would add procedural protections to the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] and the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] as part of an effort to address the [[gender pay gap in the United States]]. A Census Bureau report published in 2008 stated that women's median annual earnings were 77.5% of men's earnings.<ref name="by state">U.S. Census Bureau. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906090119/https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/acs-09.pdf ''Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey.''] August 2008, p. 14.</ref> Recently this has narrowed, as by 2018, this was estimated to have decreased to women earning 80-85% of men's earnings. <ref https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/22/gender-pay-gap-facts/</ref> One study<ref name="Goldin">{{cite journal|last=Goldin |first=Claudia |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/goldin_aeapress_2014_1.pdf |title=A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter |journal=American Economic Review |date=2014 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1119|doi=10.1257/aer.104.4.1091|citeseerx=10.1.1.708.4375 }}</ref> suggests that when the data is controlled for certain variables, the residual gap is around 5-7%; the same study concludes that the residual is because "hours of work in many occupations are worth more when given at particular moments and when the hours are more continuous. That is, in many occupations, earnings have a nonlinear relationship with respect to hours."

The bill "punishes employers for retaliating against workers who share wage information, puts the justification burden on employers as to why someone is paid less and allows workers to sue for punitive damages of wage discrimination."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Another provision of the bill would start programs to train women in ways to better negotiate their wages.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

==Background==
{{See also|Equal Pay Act of 1963}}
Proponents of the Paycheck Fairness Act consider it an extension of the laws established by the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which makes it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who perform substantially equal work. In order to find an employer in violation of the Equal Pay Act, a plaintiff must prove that "(1) the employer pays different wages to employees of the opposite sex; (2) the employees perform equal work on jobs requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility; and (3) the jobs are performed under similar working conditions."[1] Even if the individual makes each of these showings, the defendant employer may avoid liability by proving that the wage disparity is justified by one of four affirmative defenses—that is, that the employer has set the challenged wages pursuant to "(1) a seniority system; (2) a merit system; (3) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (4) a differential based on any other factor other than sex."<ref>29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1) (2006)</ref>

The Equal Pay Act of 1963<ref name="EEOC Equal Pay Act 1963">{{cite web|title=The Equal Pay Act of 1963|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm|publisher=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref> prevents any discrepancies in pay between people within the same field within the same company, therefore making it illegal to pay a woman more than a man and vice versa.

Fifty years after the law's passage, a median earnings gap still exists between men and women. According to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', the Paycheck Fairness Act is meant to close this gap by:

* "making wages more transparent";
* "requiring that employers prove that wage discrepancies are tied to legitimate business qualifications and not gender";
* and "prohibiting companies from taking retaliatory action against employees who raise concerns about gender-based wage discrimination."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-senate-pass-the-paycheck-fairness-act|title=Should the Senate Pass the Paycheck Fairness Act?|work=usnews.com}}</ref>

==Legislative history==
[[File:Lilly Ledbetter speaks about the Paycheck Fairness Act.jpg|thumb|[[Lilly Ledbetter]] speaking in support of the Paycheck Fairness Act in 2020.]]
The bill was first introduced in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2015/08/26/why-californias-gop-supports-anequal-pay-bill.html|title=Why California's GOP supports an equal pay bill |publisher=Sacramento Business Journal|author=Allen Young|date=26 Aug 2015|accessdate=1 Jan 2016}}</ref> and has been reintroduced to congress many times, including:
{| class="wikitable"
!Congress
!Short title
!Bill number(s)
!Date introduced
!Sponsor(s)
!# of cosponsors
!Latest status
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[105th congress|105th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 1997
|{{USBill|105|HR|2023}}
|June 24, 1997
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|95
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|105|S|71}}
|January 21, 1997
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|23
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[106th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 1999
|{{USBill|106|HR|541}}
|February 3, 1999
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|122
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|106|HR|2397}}
|June 30, 1999
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|170
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|106|S|74}}
|January 19, 1999
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|31
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[107th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2001
|{{USBill|107|HR|781}}
|February 28, 2001
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|196
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|107|S|77}}
|January 22, 2001
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|32
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[108th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2003
|{{USBill|108|HR|1688}}
|April 4, 2003
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|116
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|108|S|76}}
|January 7, 2003
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|20
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[109th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2005
|{{USBill|109|HR|1687}}
|April 19, 2005
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|111
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|109|S|841}}
|April 19, 2005
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|18
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[110th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2007
|{{USBill|110|HR|1338}}
|March 6, 2007
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|230
|Passed the house. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Washington|first=U. S. Capitol Room H154|last2=p:225-7000|first2=DC 20515-6601|date=2008-07-31|title=Roll Call 556 Roll Call 556, Bill Number: H. R. 1338, 110th Congress, 2nd Session|url=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2008556|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{USBill|110|S|766}}
|March 6, 2007
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|24
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[111th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2009
|{{USBill|111|HR|12}}
|January 6, 2009
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|200
|Passed the house.<ref name="auto">[http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=3317 "Rights groups urge Paycheck Fairness Act passing"], ''[[The Louisiana Weekly]]'', September 20, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927155652/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=3317|date=September 27, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{USBill|111|S|182}}
|January 8, 2009
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|42
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|111|S|3772}}
|September 13, 2010
|[[Harry Reid]]

(D-NV)
|33
|Cloture was not invoked.<ref name="auto1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[112th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2011
|{{USBill|112|HR|1519}}
|April 13, 2011
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|197
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|112|S|797}}
|April 12, 2011
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|35
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|112|S|3220}}
|May 22, 2012
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|37
|Cloture was not invoked. <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[113th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2013
|{{USBill|113|HR|377}}
|January 23, 2013
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|208
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|113|S|84}}
|January 23, 2013
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|56
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|113|S|2199}}
|April 1, 2014
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|42
|Cloture was not invoked. <ref name="GOPblocks" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[114th congress|114th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2015
|{{USBill|114|HR|1619}}
|March 25, 2015
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|193
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|114|S|862}}
|March 25, 2015
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|44
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[115th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2017
|{{USBill|115|HR|1869}}
|April 7, 2017
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|201
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|115|S|819}}
|April 4, 2017
|[[Tom Udall|Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|48
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2019
|{{USBill|116|HR|7}}
|January 3, 2019
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]
(D-CT)
|239
|Passed the house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrnes|first=Jesse|date=2019-03-27|title=House passes Paycheck Fairness Act|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/436121-house-passes-paycheck-fairness-act|access-date=2021-02-17|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/270?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Paycheck+Fairness+Act%22%5D%7D&s=5&r=3 S. 270]
|March 28, 2019
|[[Tom Udall|Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|46
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2021
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Paycheck+Fairness+Act%22%5D%7D&s=4&r=1 H.R. 7]
|January 28, 2021
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]
(D-CT)
|225
|Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction.
|-
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/205 S.205]
|February 3, 2021
|[[Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|49
|Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction.
|}
The [[United States Senate]] failed to move the bill forward in November 2010.<ref name="auto1">[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/11/17/Senate-kills-Paycheck-Fairness-Act/UPI-38001290032394/ "Senate kills Paycheck Fairness Act"] "[[United Press International]]''. November 17, 2010. Accessed February 8, 2010.''</ref> The 2010 bill had no [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] co-sponsors, though a group of four Republican senators had supported an earlier bill to address gender-based wage discrimination, including [[Susan Collins]], [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]], [[Lisa Murkowski]], and [[Olympia Snowe]].<ref>Editorial. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/opinion/20mon3.html "Shortchanging America’s Women"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref> The 2010 Senate version of the bill had the support of the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] and that of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in the Senate. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] supported S.182, citing the 2008 data from the [[United States Census Bureau]] that women's median annual earnings were 77.5% of the male median, African-American women's median annual earnings were 64% of the white male median, and Hispanic women's median annual earnings were 54% of the white male median.<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/equal-pay-equal-work-pass-paycheck-fairness-act "Equal Pay for Equal Work: Pass the Paycheck Fairness Act"], [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref> The [[American Association of University Women]] also supported the bill, citing the organization's 2007 research report, Behind the Pay Gap, which showed that women earn less than their male colleagues just one year out of college. The pay gap has widened 10 years after graduation.<ref>[http://www.aauw.org/act/issue_advocacy/actionpages/payequity.cfm "Position on Pay Equity"], [[American Association of University Women]]. Accessed February 28, 2010.</ref>

President [[Barack Obama]] said in March 2011 that he will continue to fight for the goals in the Paycheck Fairness Act.<ref name="auto2">Associated Press.[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h5DHnROE8WCFcq6fvD4ZVvZmISYg?docId=992161632e88498683514ead2139b229 "Obama keeps focus on fight for women's equality"],''[[Associated Press]]''. March 12, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2011.</ref> The bill was reintroduced in both houses of Congress in April 2011.<ref>Dodge, Garen E.; McFetridge, Jane M. [http://www.martindale.com/labor-employment-law/article_Jackson-Lewis-LLP_1275322.htm/ "Paycheck Fairness Act Reintroduced in Congress"] Martindale.com April 27, 2011. Accessed May 31, 2011.</ref>

On June 5, 2012, the bill fell short of the 60 votes necessary to override a filibuster and did not make it to the Senate floor for debate. The vote went along party lines, excluding a vote against by Democrat [[Harry Reid]]. (Senator Reid changes his vote as a procedural maneuver, which left Democrats the option to call up the bill again at a later time.)<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Bendery|author-link=Jennifer Bendery|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/05/paycheck-fairness-act-senate-vote_n_1571413.html |title=Paycheck Fairness Act Fails Senate Vote |work=Huffington Post |date= June 5, 2012|accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref>

On April 9, 2014, in another straight-party-line vote, the [[Paycheck Fairness Act (S. 2199; 113th Congress)]] was again blocked by a Republican filibuster in the U.S. Senate. Once again, Senator Reid changed his vote from support to oppose, as a tactical maneuver to keep the bill alive. The Paycheck Fairness Act was introduced into the [[United States Senate]] on April 1, 2014 by [[Barbara Mikulski|Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-MD)]].<ref name=2199allactions>{{cite web|title=S. 2199 - All Actions|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199/all-actions/|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref> The bill was not referred to any committees. On April 9, 2014, a vote to end the debate on the bill failed in a 53-44 vote, when 60 votes were needed.<ref name=GOPblocks>{{cite news|title=Senate GOP blocks paycheck bill|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/203064-senate-gop-blocks-paycheck-fairness-bill|accessdate=9 April 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=9 April 2014|author=Ramsey Cox|author2=Alexander Bolton}}</ref> All of the Republicans voted against ending the debate.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> The bill was introduced into the [[United States Senate]] during the [[113th United States Congress]]. On April 9, 2014, it failed an important vote to end debate on the bill.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

==Provisions==
''This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the [[Congressional Research Service]], a [[public domain]] source.''<ref name=2199sum>{{cite web|title=S. 2199 - Summary|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref>

The Paycheck Fairness Act would amend the portion of the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]] (FLSA) known as the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963|Equal Pay Act]] to revise remedies for, enforcement of, and exceptions to prohibitions against sex discrimination in the payment of wages.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would revise the exception to the prohibition for a wage rate differential based on any other factor other than sex. It would limit such factors to bona fide factors, such as education, training, or experience.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would state that the bona fide factor defense shall apply only if the employer demonstrates that such factor: (1) is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential in compensation, (2) is job-related with respect to the position in question, and (3) is consistent with business necessity. Makes such defense inapplicable where the employee demonstrates that: (1) an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing such differential, and (2) the employer has refused to adopt such alternative practice.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would revise the prohibition against employer retaliation for employee complaints. Prohibits retaliation for inquiring about, discussing, or disclosing the wages of the employee or another employee in response to a complaint or charge, or in furtherance of a sex discrimination investigation, proceeding, hearing, or action, or an investigation conducted by the employer.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would make employers who violate sex discrimination prohibitions liable in a civil action for either compensatory or (except for the federal government) punitive damages.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would state that any action brought to enforce the prohibition against sex discrimination may be maintained as a class action in which individuals may be joined as party plaintiffs without their written consent.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would authorize the [[United States Secretary of Labor]] (Secretary) to seek additional compensatory or punitive damages in a sex discrimination action.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would require the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) and the [[Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs]] to train EEOC employees and affected individuals and entities on matters involving wage discrimination.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would authorize the Secretary to make grants to eligible entities for negotiation skills training programs for girls and women. Directs the Secretary and the [[United States Secretary of Education]] to issue regulations or policy guidance to integrate such training into certain programs under their Departments.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct the Secretary to conduct studies and provide information to employers, labor organizations, and the general public regarding the means available to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would establish the Secretary of Labor's National Award for Pay Equity in the Workplace for an employer who has made a substantial effort to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would amend the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] to require the EEOC to collect from employers pay information data regarding the sex, race, and national origin of employees for use in the enforcement of federal laws prohibiting pay discrimination.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct: (1) the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics|Commissioner of Labor Statistics]] to continue to collect data on woman workers in the Current Employment Statistics survey, (2) the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs to use specified types of methods in investigating compensation discrimination and in enforcing pay equity, and (3) the Secretary to make accurate information on compensation discrimination readily available to the public.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct the Secretary and the Commissioner [sic] of the EEOC jointly to develop technical assistance material to assist small businesses to comply with the requirements of this Act.<ref name="2199sum"/>

==Debate and discussion==
Democrats said they intended to use the votes on this bill and the issue of equal pay as political issues in the 2014 midterm elections.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Senator [[Charles Schumer]] (D-NY) told reporters that "pay equity, that's women, that's 53 percent of the vote."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> In 2012, Democrats did better than Republicans among women voters.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

Senator Mikulski said that "it brings tears to my eyes to know women are working so hard and being paid less" and that "it makes me emotional when I hear that... I get angry, I get outraged and I get volcanic."<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

Republicans gave several different reasons for voting against ending debate. One reason for their opposition, given by Senators [[Susan Collins]] (R-ME) and [[Kelly Ayotte]] (R-NH), was that Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] had refused to allow votes on any of the amendments that Republicans had suggested for the bill.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Republicans also objected because it would strongly benefit trial lawyers and would "remove caps on punitive damages against businesses found guilty of discrimination."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Minority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] (R-KY) said that the legislation would "line the pockets of trial lawyers" not help women.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

===Justification===
The [[National Women's Law Center]] makes the following case for the Paycheck Fairness Act:

* Like [[Title VII]], the Paycheck Fairness Act will direct courts to scrutinize seemingly neutral pay practices to determine whether they actually serve a legitimate business purpose and whether there are comparable alternatives that will not result in gender-based pay disparities.<ref>Under the comparable Title VII "business necessity" standard, an employer must demonstrate that a practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity. The final question in the business necessity analysis is whether the employer rejected an alternative employment practice that would satisfy its legitimate business interest without resulting in a disparate impact. This standard is familiar to employers and courts, as it has been judicially applied since the Supreme Court's decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971), and was expressly codified by the Civil Rights Act of 1991. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 (2006)</ref>
* First, the Act requires that the "factor other than sex" defense be based on a bona fide factor, such as education, training, or experience, that is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential.
* Second, the "factor other than sex" must be job-related to the position in question.
* Third, the "factor other than sex" must be consistent with business necessity.
* In addition, the defense will not apply if the employee can demonstrate that an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing a pay differential and the employer has refused to adopt the alternative.
* Requiring employers to justify any decision not to pay workers equal wages for doing substantially equal work is reasonable in light of the Equal Pay Act's goal to uncover discrimination and the unspecific nature of the "factor other than sex" defense. Moreover, the Paycheck Fairness Act does not alter the safeguards embedded in the Equal Pay Act that ensure that employers have appropriate discretion in setting compensation in nondiscriminatory ways.

For example:
* The Paycheck Fairness Act, like the Equal Pay Act, still requires employees to meet an exceptionally high burden before an employer need even offer an affirmative defense. An Equal Pay Act plaintiff must identify a comparable male employee who makes more money for performing equal work, requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility under similar working conditions. The Paycheck Fairness Act does not alter the other three of the four affirmative defenses available to employers. Thus, employers may still pay different wages to male and female employees performing equal work if the pay decision is based on merit, seniority, or quantity or quality of production. The Paycheck Fairness Act allows employers to raise the business necessity defense, which is a concept imported from Title VII and familiar to employers and courts.
* Some courts have interpreted the "factor other than sex" defense under the Equal Pay Act to require only that an employer articulate some ostensibly nondiscriminatory basis for its decision-making, even if the employer's rationale is ultimately a proxy for sex-based pay disparities.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} As one court has noted, requiring that the "factor other than sex" defense rely upon a legitimate business reason prevents employers "from relying on a compensation differential that is merely a pretext for sex discrimination—e.g., determining salaries on the basis of an employee's height or weight, when those factors have no relevance to the job at issue."<ref>Engelmann v. Nat'l Broad. Co., Inc., No. 94 Civ. 5616, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1865, at *20 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 1996).</ref> The Paycheck Fairness Act is intended to provide a means to assess whether employers are setting wages based on an employee's sex or on legitimate rationales tethered to business needs and the particular job in question.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwlc.org/print/resource/closing-factor-other-sex-loophole-equal-pay-act|title=Closing the "Factor Other Than Sex" Loophole in the Equal Pay Act|publisher=National Women's Law Center |date=April 12, 2011}}</ref>

===Criticism===
A 2009 [[CONSAD Research Corporation]] study prepared for the [[US Department of Labor]] cautioned against misinterpretation of census and other wage data, suggesting that the wage gap between the sexes was not due to systematic discrimination:
<blockquote>Although additional research in this area is clearly needed, this study leads to the unambiguous conclusion that the differences in the compensation of men and women are the result of a multitude of factors and that the raw wage gap should not be used as the basis to justify corrective action. Indeed, there may be nothing to correct. The differences in raw wages may be almost entirely the result of the individual choices being made by both male and female workers.<ref>{{cite web|last=CONSAD Research Corporation|title=An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women|url=https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/public-policy/hr-public-policy-issues/Documents/Gender%20Wage%20Gap%20Final%20Report.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor Employment Standards Administration|accessdate=27 December 2017|year=2009}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Christina Hoff Sommers]], a resident scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], criticized the proposed law, citing the study.<ref name=Sommers>[[Christina Hoff Sommers|Sommers, Christina Hoff]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/opinion/22Sommers.html "Fair Pay Isn’t Always Equal Pay"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 21, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref>

Columnist Daniel Fisher criticized the legislation in ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, pointing out that eliminating the "reason other than sex" defense used by employers under existing law would mean that wage differences based on an individual's salary history and negotiating skills would be treated as evidence of discrimination, even if the employer's actions were not based on gender.<ref name="Forbes">Fisher, Daniel. [http://forbes.com/sites/docket/2010/07/21/paycheck-fairness-act-will-be-anything-but/ "Paycheck Fairness Act Will Be Anything But"], ''[[Forbes]]'', July 21, 2010. Accessed September 27, 2015.</ref> According to Fisher, the act "eliminates the 'reason other than sex' defense and substitutes instead a requirement that the employer prove that its pay practices are divorced from any discrimination in its workplace or at the employee's prior workplace, that the pay practice is job related, and that it is consistent with "business necessity."<ref name="Forbes"/>

==See also==
*[[US labor law]]
*[[List of bills in the 113th United States Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 113th United States Congress}}
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.113s2199 Library of Congress - Thomas S. 2199]
*[http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199 beta.congress.gov S. 2199]
*[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s2199 GovTrack.us S. 2199]
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-182 S. 182: Paycheck Fairness Act], [[GovTrack]]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/s2199-113/show OpenCongress.org S. 2199]
*[http://www.washingtonwatch.com/bills/show/113_SN_2199.html WashingtonWatch.com S. 2199]

{{US government sources}}

[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 111th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 112th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 114th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 115th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 116th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Anti-discrimination law in the United States]]

Paycheck Fairness Act

2021-04-08T21:57:41Z

MBWhitney:

{{Infobox United States federal proposed legislation
| name = Paycheck Fairness Act
| fullname = To amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to provide more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of wages on the basis of sex, and for other purposes.
| introduced in the = 117th
| number of co-sponsors = 225
| public law url =
| introducedin = House of Representatives
| leghisturl = https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7/all-actions
| introducedbill = [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7/ H.R. 7]
| introduceddate = January 28, 2021
| introducedby = [[Rosa DeLauro]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Connecticut|CT]])
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Education and Labor |House Education and Labor]]
}}
The '''Paycheck Fairness Act''' ({{USBill|115|S|819}} and {{USBill|115|HR|1869}}) is a proposed [[United States labor law]] that would add procedural protections to the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] and the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] as part of an effort to address the [[gender pay gap in the United States]]. A Census Bureau report published in 2008 stated that women's median annual earnings were 77.5% of men's earnings.<ref name="by state">U.S. Census Bureau. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906090119/https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/acs-09.pdf ''Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey.''] August 2008, p. 14.</ref> However, one study<ref name="Goldin">{{cite journal|last=Goldin |first=Claudia |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/goldin_aeapress_2014_1.pdf |title=A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter |journal=American Economic Review |date=2014 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1119|doi=10.1257/aer.104.4.1091|citeseerx=10.1.1.708.4375 }}</ref> suggests that when the data is controlled for certain variables, the residual gap is around 5-7%; the same study concludes that the residual is because "hours of work in many occupations are worth more when given at particular moments and when the hours are more continuous. That is, in many occupations, earnings have a nonlinear relationship with respect to hours."

The bill "punishes employers for retaliating against workers who share wage information, puts the justification burden on employers as to why someone is paid less and allows workers to sue for punitive damages of wage discrimination."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Another provision of the bill would start programs to train women in ways to better negotiate their wages.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

==Background==
{{See also|Equal Pay Act of 1963}}
Proponents of the Paycheck Fairness Act consider it an extension of the laws established by the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which makes it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who perform substantially equal work. In order to find an employer in violation of the Equal Pay Act, a plaintiff must prove that "(1) the employer pays different wages to employees of the opposite sex; (2) the employees perform equal work on jobs requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility; and (3) the jobs are performed under similar working conditions."[1] Even if the individual makes each of these showings, the defendant employer may avoid liability by proving that the wage disparity is justified by one of four affirmative defenses—that is, that the employer has set the challenged wages pursuant to "(1) a seniority system; (2) a merit system; (3) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (4) a differential based on any other factor other than sex."<ref>29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1) (2006)</ref>

The Equal Pay Act of 1963<ref name="EEOC Equal Pay Act 1963">{{cite web|title=The Equal Pay Act of 1963|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm|publisher=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref> prevents any discrepancies in pay between people within the same field within the same company, therefore making it illegal to pay a woman more than a man and vice versa.

Fifty years after the law's passage, a median earnings gap still exists between men and women. According to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', the Paycheck Fairness Act is meant to close this gap by:

* "making wages more transparent";
* "requiring that employers prove that wage discrepancies are tied to legitimate business qualifications and not gender";
* and "prohibiting companies from taking retaliatory action against employees who raise concerns about gender-based wage discrimination."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-senate-pass-the-paycheck-fairness-act|title=Should the Senate Pass the Paycheck Fairness Act?|work=usnews.com}}</ref>

==Legislative history==
[[File:Lilly Ledbetter speaks about the Paycheck Fairness Act.jpg|thumb|[[Lilly Ledbetter]] speaking in support of the Paycheck Fairness Act in 2020.]]
The bill was first introduced in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2015/08/26/why-californias-gop-supports-anequal-pay-bill.html|title=Why California's GOP supports an equal pay bill |publisher=Sacramento Business Journal|author=Allen Young|date=26 Aug 2015|accessdate=1 Jan 2016}}</ref> and has been reintroduced to congress many times, including:
{| class="wikitable"
!Congress
!Short title
!Bill number(s)
!Date introduced
!Sponsor(s)
!# of cosponsors
!Latest status
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[105th congress|105th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 1997
|{{USBill|105|HR|2023}}
|June 24, 1997
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|95
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|105|S|71}}
|January 21, 1997
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|23
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[106th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 1999
|{{USBill|106|HR|541}}
|February 3, 1999
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|122
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|106|HR|2397}}
|June 30, 1999
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|170
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|106|S|74}}
|January 19, 1999
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|31
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[107th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2001
|{{USBill|107|HR|781}}
|February 28, 2001
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|196
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|107|S|77}}
|January 22, 2001
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|32
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[108th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2003
|{{USBill|108|HR|1688}}
|April 4, 2003
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|116
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|108|S|76}}
|January 7, 2003
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|20
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[109th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2005
|{{USBill|109|HR|1687}}
|April 19, 2005
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|111
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|109|S|841}}
|April 19, 2005
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|18
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[110th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2007
|{{USBill|110|HR|1338}}
|March 6, 2007
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|230
|Passed the house. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Washington|first=U. S. Capitol Room H154|last2=p:225-7000|first2=DC 20515-6601|date=2008-07-31|title=Roll Call 556 Roll Call 556, Bill Number: H. R. 1338, 110th Congress, 2nd Session|url=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2008556|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{USBill|110|S|766}}
|March 6, 2007
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|24
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[111th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2009
|{{USBill|111|HR|12}}
|January 6, 2009
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|200
|Passed the house.<ref name="auto">[http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=3317 "Rights groups urge Paycheck Fairness Act passing"], ''[[The Louisiana Weekly]]'', September 20, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927155652/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=3317|date=September 27, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{USBill|111|S|182}}
|January 8, 2009
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|42
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|111|S|3772}}
|September 13, 2010
|[[Harry Reid]]

(D-NV)
|33
|Cloture was not invoked.<ref name="auto1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[112th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2011
|{{USBill|112|HR|1519}}
|April 13, 2011
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|197
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|112|S|797}}
|April 12, 2011
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|35
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|112|S|3220}}
|May 22, 2012
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|37
|Cloture was not invoked. <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[113th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2013
|{{USBill|113|HR|377}}
|January 23, 2013
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|208
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|113|S|84}}
|January 23, 2013
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|56
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|113|S|2199}}
|April 1, 2014
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|42
|Cloture was not invoked. <ref name="GOPblocks" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[114th congress|114th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2015
|{{USBill|114|HR|1619}}
|March 25, 2015
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|193
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|114|S|862}}
|March 25, 2015
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|44
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[115th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2017
|{{USBill|115|HR|1869}}
|April 7, 2017
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|201
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|115|S|819}}
|April 4, 2017
|[[Tom Udall|Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|48
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2019
|{{USBill|116|HR|7}}
|January 3, 2019
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]
(D-CT)
|239
|Passed the house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrnes|first=Jesse|date=2019-03-27|title=House passes Paycheck Fairness Act|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/436121-house-passes-paycheck-fairness-act|access-date=2021-02-17|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/270?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Paycheck+Fairness+Act%22%5D%7D&s=5&r=3 S. 270]
|March 28, 2019
|[[Tom Udall|Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|46
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2021
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Paycheck+Fairness+Act%22%5D%7D&s=4&r=1 H.R. 7]
|January 28, 2021
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]
(D-CT)
|225
|Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction.
|-
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/205 S.205]
|February 3, 2021
|[[Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|49
|Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction.
|}
The [[United States Senate]] failed to move the bill forward in November 2010.<ref name="auto1">[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/11/17/Senate-kills-Paycheck-Fairness-Act/UPI-38001290032394/ "Senate kills Paycheck Fairness Act"] "[[United Press International]]''. November 17, 2010. Accessed February 8, 2010.''</ref> The 2010 bill had no [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] co-sponsors, though a group of four Republican senators had supported an earlier bill to address gender-based wage discrimination, including [[Susan Collins]], [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]], [[Lisa Murkowski]], and [[Olympia Snowe]].<ref>Editorial. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/opinion/20mon3.html "Shortchanging America’s Women"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref> The 2010 Senate version of the bill had the support of the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] and that of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in the Senate. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] supported S.182, citing the 2008 data from the [[United States Census Bureau]] that women's median annual earnings were 77.5% of the male median, African-American women's median annual earnings were 64% of the white male median, and Hispanic women's median annual earnings were 54% of the white male median.<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/equal-pay-equal-work-pass-paycheck-fairness-act "Equal Pay for Equal Work: Pass the Paycheck Fairness Act"], [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref> The [[American Association of University Women]] also supported the bill, citing the organization's 2007 research report, Behind the Pay Gap, which showed that women earn less than their male colleagues just one year out of college. The pay gap has widened 10 years after graduation.<ref>[http://www.aauw.org/act/issue_advocacy/actionpages/payequity.cfm "Position on Pay Equity"], [[American Association of University Women]]. Accessed February 28, 2010.</ref>

President [[Barack Obama]] said in March 2011 that he will continue to fight for the goals in the Paycheck Fairness Act.<ref name="auto2">Associated Press.[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h5DHnROE8WCFcq6fvD4ZVvZmISYg?docId=992161632e88498683514ead2139b229 "Obama keeps focus on fight for women's equality"],''[[Associated Press]]''. March 12, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2011.</ref> The bill was reintroduced in both houses of Congress in April 2011.<ref>Dodge, Garen E.; McFetridge, Jane M. [http://www.martindale.com/labor-employment-law/article_Jackson-Lewis-LLP_1275322.htm/ "Paycheck Fairness Act Reintroduced in Congress"] Martindale.com April 27, 2011. Accessed May 31, 2011.</ref>

On June 5, 2012, the bill fell short of the 60 votes necessary to override a filibuster and did not make it to the Senate floor for debate. The vote went along party lines, excluding a vote against by Democrat [[Harry Reid]]. (Senator Reid changes his vote as a procedural maneuver, which left Democrats the option to call up the bill again at a later time.)<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Bendery|author-link=Jennifer Bendery|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/05/paycheck-fairness-act-senate-vote_n_1571413.html |title=Paycheck Fairness Act Fails Senate Vote |work=Huffington Post |date= June 5, 2012|accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref>

On April 9, 2014, in another straight-party-line vote, the [[Paycheck Fairness Act (S. 2199; 113th Congress)]] was again blocked by a Republican filibuster in the U.S. Senate. Once again, Senator Reid changed his vote from support to oppose, as a tactical maneuver to keep the bill alive. The Paycheck Fairness Act was introduced into the [[United States Senate]] on April 1, 2014 by [[Barbara Mikulski|Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-MD)]].<ref name=2199allactions>{{cite web|title=S. 2199 - All Actions|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199/all-actions/|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref> The bill was not referred to any committees. On April 9, 2014, a vote to end the debate on the bill failed in a 53-44 vote, when 60 votes were needed.<ref name=GOPblocks>{{cite news|title=Senate GOP blocks paycheck bill|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/203064-senate-gop-blocks-paycheck-fairness-bill|accessdate=9 April 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=9 April 2014|author=Ramsey Cox|author2=Alexander Bolton}}</ref> All of the Republicans voted against ending the debate.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> The bill was introduced into the [[United States Senate]] during the [[113th United States Congress]]. On April 9, 2014, it failed an important vote to end debate on the bill.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

==Provisions==
''This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the [[Congressional Research Service]], a [[public domain]] source.''<ref name=2199sum>{{cite web|title=S. 2199 - Summary|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref>

The Paycheck Fairness Act would amend the portion of the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]] (FLSA) known as the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963|Equal Pay Act]] to revise remedies for, enforcement of, and exceptions to prohibitions against sex discrimination in the payment of wages.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would revise the exception to the prohibition for a wage rate differential based on any other factor other than sex. It would limit such factors to bona fide factors, such as education, training, or experience.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would state that the bona fide factor defense shall apply only if the employer demonstrates that such factor: (1) is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential in compensation, (2) is job-related with respect to the position in question, and (3) is consistent with business necessity. Makes such defense inapplicable where the employee demonstrates that: (1) an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing such differential, and (2) the employer has refused to adopt such alternative practice.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would revise the prohibition against employer retaliation for employee complaints. Prohibits retaliation for inquiring about, discussing, or disclosing the wages of the employee or another employee in response to a complaint or charge, or in furtherance of a sex discrimination investigation, proceeding, hearing, or action, or an investigation conducted by the employer.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would make employers who violate sex discrimination prohibitions liable in a civil action for either compensatory or (except for the federal government) punitive damages.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would state that any action brought to enforce the prohibition against sex discrimination may be maintained as a class action in which individuals may be joined as party plaintiffs without their written consent.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would authorize the [[United States Secretary of Labor]] (Secretary) to seek additional compensatory or punitive damages in a sex discrimination action.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would require the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) and the [[Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs]] to train EEOC employees and affected individuals and entities on matters involving wage discrimination.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would authorize the Secretary to make grants to eligible entities for negotiation skills training programs for girls and women. Directs the Secretary and the [[United States Secretary of Education]] to issue regulations or policy guidance to integrate such training into certain programs under their Departments.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct the Secretary to conduct studies and provide information to employers, labor organizations, and the general public regarding the means available to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would establish the Secretary of Labor's National Award for Pay Equity in the Workplace for an employer who has made a substantial effort to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would amend the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] to require the EEOC to collect from employers pay information data regarding the sex, race, and national origin of employees for use in the enforcement of federal laws prohibiting pay discrimination.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct: (1) the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics|Commissioner of Labor Statistics]] to continue to collect data on woman workers in the Current Employment Statistics survey, (2) the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs to use specified types of methods in investigating compensation discrimination and in enforcing pay equity, and (3) the Secretary to make accurate information on compensation discrimination readily available to the public.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct the Secretary and the Commissioner [sic] of the EEOC jointly to develop technical assistance material to assist small businesses to comply with the requirements of this Act.<ref name="2199sum"/>

==Debate and discussion==
Democrats said they intended to use the votes on this bill and the issue of equal pay as political issues in the 2014 midterm elections.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Senator [[Charles Schumer]] (D-NY) told reporters that "pay equity, that's women, that's 53 percent of the vote."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> In 2012, Democrats did better than Republicans among women voters.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

Senator Mikulski said that "it brings tears to my eyes to know women are working so hard and being paid less" and that "it makes me emotional when I hear that... I get angry, I get outraged and I get volcanic."<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

Republicans gave several different reasons for voting against ending debate. One reason for their opposition, given by Senators [[Susan Collins]] (R-ME) and [[Kelly Ayotte]] (R-NH), was that Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] had refused to allow votes on any of the amendments that Republicans had suggested for the bill.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Republicans also objected because it would strongly benefit trial lawyers and would "remove caps on punitive damages against businesses found guilty of discrimination."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Minority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] (R-KY) said that the legislation would "line the pockets of trial lawyers" not help women.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

===Justification===
The [[National Women's Law Center]] makes the following case for the Paycheck Fairness Act:

* Like [[Title VII]], the Paycheck Fairness Act will direct courts to scrutinize seemingly neutral pay practices to determine whether they actually serve a legitimate business purpose and whether there are comparable alternatives that will not result in gender-based pay disparities.<ref>Under the comparable Title VII "business necessity" standard, an employer must demonstrate that a practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity. The final question in the business necessity analysis is whether the employer rejected an alternative employment practice that would satisfy its legitimate business interest without resulting in a disparate impact. This standard is familiar to employers and courts, as it has been judicially applied since the Supreme Court's decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971), and was expressly codified by the Civil Rights Act of 1991. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 (2006)</ref>
* First, the Act requires that the "factor other than sex" defense be based on a bona fide factor, such as education, training, or experience, that is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential.
* Second, the "factor other than sex" must be job-related to the position in question.
* Third, the "factor other than sex" must be consistent with business necessity.
* In addition, the defense will not apply if the employee can demonstrate that an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing a pay differential and the employer has refused to adopt the alternative.
* Requiring employers to justify any decision not to pay workers equal wages for doing substantially equal work is reasonable in light of the Equal Pay Act's goal to uncover discrimination and the unspecific nature of the "factor other than sex" defense. Moreover, the Paycheck Fairness Act does not alter the safeguards embedded in the Equal Pay Act that ensure that employers have appropriate discretion in setting compensation in nondiscriminatory ways.

For example:
* The Paycheck Fairness Act, like the Equal Pay Act, still requires employees to meet an exceptionally high burden before an employer need even offer an affirmative defense. An Equal Pay Act plaintiff must identify a comparable male employee who makes more money for performing equal work, requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility under similar working conditions. The Paycheck Fairness Act does not alter the other three of the four affirmative defenses available to employers. Thus, employers may still pay different wages to male and female employees performing equal work if the pay decision is based on merit, seniority, or quantity or quality of production. The Paycheck Fairness Act allows employers to raise the business necessity defense, which is a concept imported from Title VII and familiar to employers and courts.
* Some courts have interpreted the "factor other than sex" defense under the Equal Pay Act to require only that an employer articulate some ostensibly nondiscriminatory basis for its decision-making, even if the employer's rationale is ultimately a proxy for sex-based pay disparities.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} As one court has noted, requiring that the "factor other than sex" defense rely upon a legitimate business reason prevents employers "from relying on a compensation differential that is merely a pretext for sex discrimination—e.g., determining salaries on the basis of an employee's height or weight, when those factors have no relevance to the job at issue."<ref>Engelmann v. Nat'l Broad. Co., Inc., No. 94 Civ. 5616, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1865, at *20 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 1996).</ref> The Paycheck Fairness Act is intended to provide a means to assess whether employers are setting wages based on an employee's sex or on legitimate rationales tethered to business needs and the particular job in question.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwlc.org/print/resource/closing-factor-other-sex-loophole-equal-pay-act|title=Closing the "Factor Other Than Sex" Loophole in the Equal Pay Act|publisher=National Women's Law Center |date=April 12, 2011}}</ref>

===Criticism===
A 2009 [[CONSAD Research Corporation]] study prepared for the [[US Department of Labor]] cautioned against misinterpretation of census and other wage data, suggesting that the wage gap between the sexes was not due to systematic discrimination:
<blockquote>Although additional research in this area is clearly needed, this study leads to the unambiguous conclusion that the differences in the compensation of men and women are the result of a multitude of factors and that the raw wage gap should not be used as the basis to justify corrective action. Indeed, there may be nothing to correct. The differences in raw wages may be almost entirely the result of the individual choices being made by both male and female workers.<ref>{{cite web|last=CONSAD Research Corporation|title=An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women|url=https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/public-policy/hr-public-policy-issues/Documents/Gender%20Wage%20Gap%20Final%20Report.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor Employment Standards Administration|accessdate=27 December 2017|year=2009}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Christina Hoff Sommers]], a resident scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], criticized the proposed law, citing the study.<ref name=Sommers>[[Christina Hoff Sommers|Sommers, Christina Hoff]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/opinion/22Sommers.html "Fair Pay Isn’t Always Equal Pay"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 21, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref>

Columnist Daniel Fisher criticized the legislation in ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, pointing out that eliminating the "reason other than sex" defense used by employers under existing law would mean that wage differences based on an individual's salary history and negotiating skills would be treated as evidence of discrimination, even if the employer's actions were not based on gender.<ref name="Forbes">Fisher, Daniel. [http://forbes.com/sites/docket/2010/07/21/paycheck-fairness-act-will-be-anything-but/ "Paycheck Fairness Act Will Be Anything But"], ''[[Forbes]]'', July 21, 2010. Accessed September 27, 2015.</ref> According to Fisher, the act "eliminates the 'reason other than sex' defense and substitutes instead a requirement that the employer prove that its pay practices are divorced from any discrimination in its workplace or at the employee's prior workplace, that the pay practice is job related, and that it is consistent with "business necessity."<ref name="Forbes"/>

==See also==
*[[US labor law]]
*[[List of bills in the 113th United States Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 113th United States Congress}}
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.113s2199 Library of Congress - Thomas S. 2199]
*[http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199 beta.congress.gov S. 2199]
*[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s2199 GovTrack.us S. 2199]
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-182 S. 182: Paycheck Fairness Act], [[GovTrack]]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/s2199-113/show OpenCongress.org S. 2199]
*[http://www.washingtonwatch.com/bills/show/113_SN_2199.html WashingtonWatch.com S. 2199]

{{US government sources}}

[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 111th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 112th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 114th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 115th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 116th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Anti-discrimination law in the United States]]

Paycheck Fairness Act

2021-04-08T21:57:08Z

MBWhitney:

{{Infobox United States federal proposed legislation
| name = Paycheck Fairness Act
| fullname = To amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to provide more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of wages on the basis of sex, and for other purposes.
| introduced in the = 117th
| number of co-sponsors = 225
| public law url =
| introducedin = House of Representatives
| leghisturl = https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7/all-actions
| introducedbill = [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7/ H.R. 7]
| introduceddate = January 28, 2021
| introducedby = [[Rosa DeLauro]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Connecticut|CT]])
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Education and Labor |House Education and Labor]]
}}
The '''Paycheck Fairness Act''' ({{USBill|115|S|819}} and {{USBill|115|HR|1869}}) is a proposed [[United States labor law]] that would add procedural protections to the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] and the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] as part of an effort to address the [[gender pay gap in the United States]]. A Census Bureau report published in 2008 stated that women's median annual earnings were 77.5% of men's earnings.<ref name="by state">U.S. Census Bureau. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906090119/https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/acs-09.pdf ''Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey.''] August 2008, p. 14.</ref> However, one study<ref name="Goldin">{{cite journal|last=Goldin |first=Claudia |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/goldin_aeapress_2014_1.pdf |title=A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter |journal=American Economic Review |date=2014 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1119|doi=10.1257/aer.104.4.1091|citeseerx=10.1.1.708.4375 }}</ref> suggest that when the data is controlled for certain variables, the residual gap is around 5-7%; the same study concludes that the residual is because "hours of work in many occupations are worth more when given at particular moments and when the hours are more continuous. That is, in many occupations, earnings have a nonlinear relationship with respect to hours."

The bill "punishes employers for retaliating against workers who share wage information, puts the justification burden on employers as to why someone is paid less and allows workers to sue for punitive damages of wage discrimination."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Another provision of the bill would start programs to train women in ways to better negotiate their wages.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

==Background==
{{See also|Equal Pay Act of 1963}}
Proponents of the Paycheck Fairness Act consider it an extension of the laws established by the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which makes it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who perform substantially equal work. In order to find an employer in violation of the Equal Pay Act, a plaintiff must prove that "(1) the employer pays different wages to employees of the opposite sex; (2) the employees perform equal work on jobs requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility; and (3) the jobs are performed under similar working conditions."[1] Even if the individual makes each of these showings, the defendant employer may avoid liability by proving that the wage disparity is justified by one of four affirmative defenses—that is, that the employer has set the challenged wages pursuant to "(1) a seniority system; (2) a merit system; (3) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (4) a differential based on any other factor other than sex."<ref>29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1) (2006)</ref>

The Equal Pay Act of 1963<ref name="EEOC Equal Pay Act 1963">{{cite web|title=The Equal Pay Act of 1963|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm|publisher=U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref> prevents any discrepancies in pay between people within the same field within the same company, therefore making it illegal to pay a woman more than a man and vice versa.

Fifty years after the law's passage, a median earnings gap still exists between men and women. According to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', the Paycheck Fairness Act is meant to close this gap by:

* "making wages more transparent";
* "requiring that employers prove that wage discrepancies are tied to legitimate business qualifications and not gender";
* and "prohibiting companies from taking retaliatory action against employees who raise concerns about gender-based wage discrimination."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-senate-pass-the-paycheck-fairness-act|title=Should the Senate Pass the Paycheck Fairness Act?|work=usnews.com}}</ref>

==Legislative history==
[[File:Lilly Ledbetter speaks about the Paycheck Fairness Act.jpg|thumb|[[Lilly Ledbetter]] speaking in support of the Paycheck Fairness Act in 2020.]]
The bill was first introduced in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2015/08/26/why-californias-gop-supports-anequal-pay-bill.html|title=Why California's GOP supports an equal pay bill |publisher=Sacramento Business Journal|author=Allen Young|date=26 Aug 2015|accessdate=1 Jan 2016}}</ref> and has been reintroduced to congress many times, including:
{| class="wikitable"
!Congress
!Short title
!Bill number(s)
!Date introduced
!Sponsor(s)
!# of cosponsors
!Latest status
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[105th congress|105th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 1997
|{{USBill|105|HR|2023}}
|June 24, 1997
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|95
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|105|S|71}}
|January 21, 1997
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|23
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[106th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 1999
|{{USBill|106|HR|541}}
|February 3, 1999
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|122
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|106|HR|2397}}
|June 30, 1999
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|170
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|106|S|74}}
|January 19, 1999
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|31
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[107th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2001
|{{USBill|107|HR|781}}
|February 28, 2001
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|196
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|107|S|77}}
|January 22, 2001
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|32
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[108th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2003
|{{USBill|108|HR|1688}}
|April 4, 2003
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|116
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|108|S|76}}
|January 7, 2003
|[[Tom Daschle]]

(D-SD)
|20
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[109th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2005
|{{USBill|109|HR|1687}}
|April 19, 2005
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|111
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|109|S|841}}
|April 19, 2005
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|18
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[110th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2007
|{{USBill|110|HR|1338}}
|March 6, 2007
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|230
|Passed the house. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Washington|first=U. S. Capitol Room H154|last2=p:225-7000|first2=DC 20515-6601|date=2008-07-31|title=Roll Call 556 Roll Call 556, Bill Number: H. R. 1338, 110th Congress, 2nd Session|url=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2008556|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{USBill|110|S|766}}
|March 6, 2007
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|24
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[111th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2009
|{{USBill|111|HR|12}}
|January 6, 2009
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|200
|Passed the house.<ref name="auto">[http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=3317 "Rights groups urge Paycheck Fairness Act passing"], ''[[The Louisiana Weekly]]'', September 20, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927155652/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=3317|date=September 27, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{USBill|111|S|182}}
|January 8, 2009
|[[Hillary Clinton]]

(D-NY)
|42
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|111|S|3772}}
|September 13, 2010
|[[Harry Reid]]

(D-NV)
|33
|Cloture was not invoked.<ref name="auto1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[112th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2011
|{{USBill|112|HR|1519}}
|April 13, 2011
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|197
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|112|S|797}}
|April 12, 2011
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|35
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|112|S|3220}}
|May 22, 2012
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|37
|Cloture was not invoked. <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[113th Congress]]
| rowspan="3" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2013
|{{USBill|113|HR|377}}
|January 23, 2013
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|208
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|113|S|84}}
|January 23, 2013
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|56
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|113|S|2199}}
|April 1, 2014
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|42
|Cloture was not invoked. <ref name="GOPblocks" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[114th congress|114th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2015
|{{USBill|114|HR|1619}}
|March 25, 2015
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|193
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|114|S|862}}
|March 25, 2015
|[[Barbara Mikulski]]

(D-MD)
|44
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[115th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2017
|{{USBill|115|HR|1869}}
|April 7, 2017
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]

(D-CT)
|201
|Died in Committee
|-
|{{USBill|115|S|819}}
|April 4, 2017
|[[Tom Udall|Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|48
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2019
|{{USBill|116|HR|7}}
|January 3, 2019
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]
(D-CT)
|239
|Passed the house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrnes|first=Jesse|date=2019-03-27|title=House passes Paycheck Fairness Act|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/436121-house-passes-paycheck-fairness-act|access-date=2021-02-17|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/270?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Paycheck+Fairness+Act%22%5D%7D&s=5&r=3 S. 270]
|March 28, 2019
|[[Tom Udall|Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|46
|Died in Committee
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Paycheck Fairness Act of 2021
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Paycheck+Fairness+Act%22%5D%7D&s=4&r=1 H.R. 7]
|January 28, 2021
|[[Rosa DeLauro]]
(D-CT)
|225
|Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction.
|-
|[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/205 S.205]
|February 3, 2021
|[[Patty Murray]]
(D-WA)
|49
|Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction.
|}
The [[United States Senate]] failed to move the bill forward in November 2010.<ref name="auto1">[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/11/17/Senate-kills-Paycheck-Fairness-Act/UPI-38001290032394/ "Senate kills Paycheck Fairness Act"] "[[United Press International]]''. November 17, 2010. Accessed February 8, 2010.''</ref> The 2010 bill had no [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] co-sponsors, though a group of four Republican senators had supported an earlier bill to address gender-based wage discrimination, including [[Susan Collins]], [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]], [[Lisa Murkowski]], and [[Olympia Snowe]].<ref>Editorial. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/opinion/20mon3.html "Shortchanging America’s Women"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref> The 2010 Senate version of the bill had the support of the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] and that of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in the Senate. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] supported S.182, citing the 2008 data from the [[United States Census Bureau]] that women's median annual earnings were 77.5% of the male median, African-American women's median annual earnings were 64% of the white male median, and Hispanic women's median annual earnings were 54% of the white male median.<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/equal-pay-equal-work-pass-paycheck-fairness-act "Equal Pay for Equal Work: Pass the Paycheck Fairness Act"], [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref> The [[American Association of University Women]] also supported the bill, citing the organization's 2007 research report, Behind the Pay Gap, which showed that women earn less than their male colleagues just one year out of college. The pay gap has widened 10 years after graduation.<ref>[http://www.aauw.org/act/issue_advocacy/actionpages/payequity.cfm "Position on Pay Equity"], [[American Association of University Women]]. Accessed February 28, 2010.</ref>

President [[Barack Obama]] said in March 2011 that he will continue to fight for the goals in the Paycheck Fairness Act.<ref name="auto2">Associated Press.[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h5DHnROE8WCFcq6fvD4ZVvZmISYg?docId=992161632e88498683514ead2139b229 "Obama keeps focus on fight for women's equality"],''[[Associated Press]]''. March 12, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2011.</ref> The bill was reintroduced in both houses of Congress in April 2011.<ref>Dodge, Garen E.; McFetridge, Jane M. [http://www.martindale.com/labor-employment-law/article_Jackson-Lewis-LLP_1275322.htm/ "Paycheck Fairness Act Reintroduced in Congress"] Martindale.com April 27, 2011. Accessed May 31, 2011.</ref>

On June 5, 2012, the bill fell short of the 60 votes necessary to override a filibuster and did not make it to the Senate floor for debate. The vote went along party lines, excluding a vote against by Democrat [[Harry Reid]]. (Senator Reid changes his vote as a procedural maneuver, which left Democrats the option to call up the bill again at a later time.)<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Bendery|author-link=Jennifer Bendery|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/05/paycheck-fairness-act-senate-vote_n_1571413.html |title=Paycheck Fairness Act Fails Senate Vote |work=Huffington Post |date= June 5, 2012|accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref>

On April 9, 2014, in another straight-party-line vote, the [[Paycheck Fairness Act (S. 2199; 113th Congress)]] was again blocked by a Republican filibuster in the U.S. Senate. Once again, Senator Reid changed his vote from support to oppose, as a tactical maneuver to keep the bill alive. The Paycheck Fairness Act was introduced into the [[United States Senate]] on April 1, 2014 by [[Barbara Mikulski|Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-MD)]].<ref name=2199allactions>{{cite web|title=S. 2199 - All Actions|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199/all-actions/|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref> The bill was not referred to any committees. On April 9, 2014, a vote to end the debate on the bill failed in a 53-44 vote, when 60 votes were needed.<ref name=GOPblocks>{{cite news|title=Senate GOP blocks paycheck bill|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/203064-senate-gop-blocks-paycheck-fairness-bill|accessdate=9 April 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=9 April 2014|author=Ramsey Cox|author2=Alexander Bolton}}</ref> All of the Republicans voted against ending the debate.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> The bill was introduced into the [[United States Senate]] during the [[113th United States Congress]]. On April 9, 2014, it failed an important vote to end debate on the bill.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

==Provisions==
''This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the [[Congressional Research Service]], a [[public domain]] source.''<ref name=2199sum>{{cite web|title=S. 2199 - Summary|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref>

The Paycheck Fairness Act would amend the portion of the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]] (FLSA) known as the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963|Equal Pay Act]] to revise remedies for, enforcement of, and exceptions to prohibitions against sex discrimination in the payment of wages.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would revise the exception to the prohibition for a wage rate differential based on any other factor other than sex. It would limit such factors to bona fide factors, such as education, training, or experience.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would state that the bona fide factor defense shall apply only if the employer demonstrates that such factor: (1) is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential in compensation, (2) is job-related with respect to the position in question, and (3) is consistent with business necessity. Makes such defense inapplicable where the employee demonstrates that: (1) an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing such differential, and (2) the employer has refused to adopt such alternative practice.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would revise the prohibition against employer retaliation for employee complaints. Prohibits retaliation for inquiring about, discussing, or disclosing the wages of the employee or another employee in response to a complaint or charge, or in furtherance of a sex discrimination investigation, proceeding, hearing, or action, or an investigation conducted by the employer.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would make employers who violate sex discrimination prohibitions liable in a civil action for either compensatory or (except for the federal government) punitive damages.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would state that any action brought to enforce the prohibition against sex discrimination may be maintained as a class action in which individuals may be joined as party plaintiffs without their written consent.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would authorize the [[United States Secretary of Labor]] (Secretary) to seek additional compensatory or punitive damages in a sex discrimination action.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would require the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) and the [[Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs]] to train EEOC employees and affected individuals and entities on matters involving wage discrimination.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would authorize the Secretary to make grants to eligible entities for negotiation skills training programs for girls and women. Directs the Secretary and the [[United States Secretary of Education]] to issue regulations or policy guidance to integrate such training into certain programs under their Departments.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct the Secretary to conduct studies and provide information to employers, labor organizations, and the general public regarding the means available to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would establish the Secretary of Labor's National Award for Pay Equity in the Workplace for an employer who has made a substantial effort to eliminate pay disparities between men and women.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would amend the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] to require the EEOC to collect from employers pay information data regarding the sex, race, and national origin of employees for use in the enforcement of federal laws prohibiting pay discrimination.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct: (1) the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics|Commissioner of Labor Statistics]] to continue to collect data on woman workers in the Current Employment Statistics survey, (2) the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs to use specified types of methods in investigating compensation discrimination and in enforcing pay equity, and (3) the Secretary to make accurate information on compensation discrimination readily available to the public.<ref name="2199sum"/>

The bill would direct the Secretary and the Commissioner [sic] of the EEOC jointly to develop technical assistance material to assist small businesses to comply with the requirements of this Act.<ref name="2199sum"/>

==Debate and discussion==
Democrats said they intended to use the votes on this bill and the issue of equal pay as political issues in the 2014 midterm elections.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Senator [[Charles Schumer]] (D-NY) told reporters that "pay equity, that's women, that's 53 percent of the vote."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> In 2012, Democrats did better than Republicans among women voters.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

Senator Mikulski said that "it brings tears to my eyes to know women are working so hard and being paid less" and that "it makes me emotional when I hear that... I get angry, I get outraged and I get volcanic."<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

Republicans gave several different reasons for voting against ending debate. One reason for their opposition, given by Senators [[Susan Collins]] (R-ME) and [[Kelly Ayotte]] (R-NH), was that Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] had refused to allow votes on any of the amendments that Republicans had suggested for the bill.<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Republicans also objected because it would strongly benefit trial lawyers and would "remove caps on punitive damages against businesses found guilty of discrimination."<ref name="GOPblocks"/> Minority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] (R-KY) said that the legislation would "line the pockets of trial lawyers" not help women.<ref name="GOPblocks"/>

===Justification===
The [[National Women's Law Center]] makes the following case for the Paycheck Fairness Act:

* Like [[Title VII]], the Paycheck Fairness Act will direct courts to scrutinize seemingly neutral pay practices to determine whether they actually serve a legitimate business purpose and whether there are comparable alternatives that will not result in gender-based pay disparities.<ref>Under the comparable Title VII "business necessity" standard, an employer must demonstrate that a practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity. The final question in the business necessity analysis is whether the employer rejected an alternative employment practice that would satisfy its legitimate business interest without resulting in a disparate impact. This standard is familiar to employers and courts, as it has been judicially applied since the Supreme Court's decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971), and was expressly codified by the Civil Rights Act of 1991. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 (2006)</ref>
* First, the Act requires that the "factor other than sex" defense be based on a bona fide factor, such as education, training, or experience, that is not based upon or derived from a sex-based differential.
* Second, the "factor other than sex" must be job-related to the position in question.
* Third, the "factor other than sex" must be consistent with business necessity.
* In addition, the defense will not apply if the employee can demonstrate that an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing a pay differential and the employer has refused to adopt the alternative.
* Requiring employers to justify any decision not to pay workers equal wages for doing substantially equal work is reasonable in light of the Equal Pay Act's goal to uncover discrimination and the unspecific nature of the "factor other than sex" defense. Moreover, the Paycheck Fairness Act does not alter the safeguards embedded in the Equal Pay Act that ensure that employers have appropriate discretion in setting compensation in nondiscriminatory ways.

For example:
* The Paycheck Fairness Act, like the Equal Pay Act, still requires employees to meet an exceptionally high burden before an employer need even offer an affirmative defense. An Equal Pay Act plaintiff must identify a comparable male employee who makes more money for performing equal work, requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility under similar working conditions. The Paycheck Fairness Act does not alter the other three of the four affirmative defenses available to employers. Thus, employers may still pay different wages to male and female employees performing equal work if the pay decision is based on merit, seniority, or quantity or quality of production. The Paycheck Fairness Act allows employers to raise the business necessity defense, which is a concept imported from Title VII and familiar to employers and courts.
* Some courts have interpreted the "factor other than sex" defense under the Equal Pay Act to require only that an employer articulate some ostensibly nondiscriminatory basis for its decision-making, even if the employer's rationale is ultimately a proxy for sex-based pay disparities.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} As one court has noted, requiring that the "factor other than sex" defense rely upon a legitimate business reason prevents employers "from relying on a compensation differential that is merely a pretext for sex discrimination—e.g., determining salaries on the basis of an employee's height or weight, when those factors have no relevance to the job at issue."<ref>Engelmann v. Nat'l Broad. Co., Inc., No. 94 Civ. 5616, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1865, at *20 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 1996).</ref> The Paycheck Fairness Act is intended to provide a means to assess whether employers are setting wages based on an employee's sex or on legitimate rationales tethered to business needs and the particular job in question.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwlc.org/print/resource/closing-factor-other-sex-loophole-equal-pay-act|title=Closing the "Factor Other Than Sex" Loophole in the Equal Pay Act|publisher=National Women's Law Center |date=April 12, 2011}}</ref>

===Criticism===
A 2009 [[CONSAD Research Corporation]] study prepared for the [[US Department of Labor]] cautioned against misinterpretation of census and other wage data, suggesting that the wage gap between the sexes was not due to systematic discrimination:
<blockquote>Although additional research in this area is clearly needed, this study leads to the unambiguous conclusion that the differences in the compensation of men and women are the result of a multitude of factors and that the raw wage gap should not be used as the basis to justify corrective action. Indeed, there may be nothing to correct. The differences in raw wages may be almost entirely the result of the individual choices being made by both male and female workers.<ref>{{cite web|last=CONSAD Research Corporation|title=An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women|url=https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/public-policy/hr-public-policy-issues/Documents/Gender%20Wage%20Gap%20Final%20Report.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor Employment Standards Administration|accessdate=27 December 2017|year=2009}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Christina Hoff Sommers]], a resident scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], criticized the proposed law, citing the study.<ref name=Sommers>[[Christina Hoff Sommers|Sommers, Christina Hoff]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/opinion/22Sommers.html "Fair Pay Isn’t Always Equal Pay"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 21, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2010.</ref>

Columnist Daniel Fisher criticized the legislation in ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, pointing out that eliminating the "reason other than sex" defense used by employers under existing law would mean that wage differences based on an individual's salary history and negotiating skills would be treated as evidence of discrimination, even if the employer's actions were not based on gender.<ref name="Forbes">Fisher, Daniel. [http://forbes.com/sites/docket/2010/07/21/paycheck-fairness-act-will-be-anything-but/ "Paycheck Fairness Act Will Be Anything But"], ''[[Forbes]]'', July 21, 2010. Accessed September 27, 2015.</ref> According to Fisher, the act "eliminates the 'reason other than sex' defense and substitutes instead a requirement that the employer prove that its pay practices are divorced from any discrimination in its workplace or at the employee's prior workplace, that the pay practice is job related, and that it is consistent with "business necessity."<ref name="Forbes"/>

==See also==
*[[US labor law]]
*[[List of bills in the 113th United States Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 113th United States Congress}}
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.113s2199 Library of Congress - Thomas S. 2199]
*[http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2199 beta.congress.gov S. 2199]
*[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s2199 GovTrack.us S. 2199]
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-182 S. 182: Paycheck Fairness Act], [[GovTrack]]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/s2199-113/show OpenCongress.org S. 2199]
*[http://www.washingtonwatch.com/bills/show/113_SN_2199.html WashingtonWatch.com S. 2199]

{{US government sources}}

[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 111th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 112th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 114th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 115th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Proposed legislation of the 116th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Anti-discrimination law in the United States]]

Brandon Staley

2020-09-08T14:16:10Z

MBWhitney:

{{short description|American football coach}}
{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = Brandon Staley
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_team = Los Angeles Rams
| position = [[Defensive coordinator]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Perry, Ohio]]
| high_school = [[Perry High School (Perry, Ohio)|Perry (OH)]]
| college = [[Dayton Flyers football|Dayton]], [[Mercyhurst University|Mercyhurst]]
| pastcoaching =
* [[Northern Illinois Huskies football|Northern Illinois]] (2006–2008) Graduate assistant
* [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|St. Thomas (MN)]] (2009) Defensive line coach/special teams coach
* [[Hutchinson Community College|Hutchinson CC]] (2010–2011) Associate head coach/defensive coordinator
* [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee]] (2012) Graduate assistant
* [[John Carroll Blue Streaks football|John Carroll University]] (2013) Defensive coordinator/secondary coach
* [[James Madison Dukes football|James Madison]] (2014) Defensive coordinator/linebackers coach
* [[John Carroll Blue Streaks football|John Carroll University]] (2015–2016) Defensive coordinator/secondary coach
* [[Chicago Bears]] ({{nfly|2017}}–{{nfly|2018}}) Outside linebackers coach
* [[Denver Broncos]] ({{nfly|2019}}) Outside linebackers coach
* [[Los Angeles Rams]] ({{nfly|2020}}–present) Defensive coordinator
| highlights =
| pfrcoach =
}}

'''Brandon Staley''' (born December 10, 1982) is an [[American football]] coach who is the [[defensive coordinator]] for the [[Los Angeles Rams]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He previously served as an assistant coach for the [[Denver Broncos]] and [[Chicago Bears]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denverbroncos.com/team/coaches-roster/brandon-staley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113170451/https://www.denverbroncos.com/team/coaches-roster/brandon-staley |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-01-13 |title=Brandon Staley |publisher=Denverbroncos.com |date= |accessdate=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://broncoswire.usatoday.com/2019/01/15/denver-broncos-hire-brandon-staley-as-outside-linebackers-coach/ |title=Broncos hire Brandon Staley as outside linebackers coach |publisher=Broncoswire.usatoday.com |date=2019-01-15 |accessdate=2020-01-13}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
===College===
Brandon began his coaching career as a [[graduate assistant]] at Northern Illinois from 2006-2008 before working with defensive linemen and special teams at Division III St. Thomas in 2009.
In 2010 and 2011 Staley served as the associate head coach and defensive coordinator at [[Hutchinson Community College]]. He spent the [[2012 Tennessee Volunteers football team|2012]] season at [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee]] as a graduate assistant. Staley would then how on to spend three seasons (2013, 2015, 2016) as the defensive coordinator/secondary coach with [[John Carroll University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brandon Staley - Football Coach|url=https://jcusports.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/brandon-staley/826|website=John Carroll University Athletics|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> 2014 was spent as the defensive coordinator/linebackers coach at [[James Madison University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brandon Staley - Football Coach|url=https://jmusports.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/brandon-staley/33|website=James Madison University Athletics|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

===Chicago Bears===
In [[2017 NFL season|2017]], Staley was hired by the [[Chicago Bears]] as their outside linebackers coach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broncos hire Bears OLB coach Brandon Staley|url=https://247sports.com/nfl/denver-broncos/Article/Broncos-hire-Bears-OLB-coach-Brandon-Staley-127862903/|website=Denver Broncos|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

===Denver Broncos===
On January 15, 2019, Staley was hired by the [[Denver Broncos]] as their outside linebackers coach, reuniting with head coach [[Vic Fangio]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bears OLB coach Staley follows Fangio to Broncos|url=https://www.nbcsports.com/chicago/bears/bears-outside-linebackers-coach-brandon-staley-follows-vic-fangio-broncos|date=2019-01-15|website=NBC Sports Chicago|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

===Los Angeles Rams===
On January 16, 2020, Staley was hired by the [[Los Angeles Rams]] as their defensive coordinator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sean McVay makes bold bet on unproven defensive coordinator Brandon Staley|url=https://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles-rams/post/_/id/41266/rams-coach-sean-mcvay-makes-bold-bet-on-unproven-defensive-coordinator-brandon-staley|date=2020-01-14|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Insight into new Rams defensive coordinator Brandon Staley...|url=https://theathletic.com/1531589/2020/01/13/insight-into-new-rams-defensive-coordinator-brandon-staley-from-the-coach-who-hired-him-three-times/|last=Hammond|first=Rich|website=The Athletic|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{NFL defensive coordinator navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Staley, Brandon}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:People from Perry, Ohio]]
[[Category:Coaches of American football from Ohio]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Ohio]]
[[Category:Dayton Flyers football players]]
[[Category:Mercyhurst Lakers football players]]
[[Category:Northern Illinois Huskies football coaches]]
[[Category:St. Thomas (Minnesota) Tommies football coaches]]
[[Category:Hutchinson Blue Dragons football coaches]]
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[[Category:John Carroll Blue Streaks football coaches]]
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{{Amfoot-bio-stub}}

Donald Cozzens

2020-02-12T14:30:38Z

MBWhitney:

Rev. '''Donald Cozzens''' (May 17, 1939) is an American Roman Catholic priest, author and lecturer. He is a former president-rector and professor of [[pastoral theology]] at [[Saint Mary Seminary and Graduate School of Theology]] in [[Wickliffe, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/cozzens-donald-b-1939|title=Cozzens, Donald B. 1939(?)-|website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

In his writings, he tackles the themes of priestly [[celibacy]], [[homosexuality]] and sexual abuse in the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscatholic.org/church/2010/05/how-build-healthier-church-interview-donald-b-cozzens|title=How to build a healthier church: An interview with Donald B. Cozzens|website=USCatholic.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-01-06-celibacy_x.htm|title=Gadfly priest challenges mandatory celibacy in new book - USATODAY.com|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/grace-margins/familiar-themes-wounded-church-take-fictional-form|title=Familiar themes of a wounded church take fictional form|date=29 April 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* The Spirituality of the Diocesan Priest, 1997
* The Changing Face of the Priesthood, 2000
* Sacred Silence: Denial and the Crisis in the Church, 2002
* Faith That Dares to Speak, 2004
* Freeing Celibacy, 2006
* Master of Ceremonies, 2014 (novel)
* Under Pain of Mortal Sin, 2018 (novel)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RC-clergy-stub}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cozzens, Donald}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic priests]]

Donald Cozzens

2020-02-12T14:29:01Z

MBWhitney: added citation

Rev. '''Donald Cozzens''' (May 17, 1939) is an American Roman Catholic priest, author and lecturer. He is a former president-rector and professor of [[pastoral theology]] at [[Saint Mary Seminary and Graduate School of Theology]] in [[Wickliffe, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/cozzens-donald-b-1939}}</ref>

In his writings, he tackles the themes of priestly [[celibacy]], [[homosexuality]] and sexual abuse in the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscatholic.org/church/2010/05/how-build-healthier-church-interview-donald-b-cozzens|title=How to build a healthier church: An interview with Donald B. Cozzens|website=USCatholic.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-01-06-celibacy_x.htm|title=Gadfly priest challenges mandatory celibacy in new book - USATODAY.com|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/grace-margins/familiar-themes-wounded-church-take-fictional-form|title=Familiar themes of a wounded church take fictional form|date=29 April 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* The Spirituality of the Diocesan Priest, 1997
* The Changing Face of the Priesthood, 2000
* Sacred Silence: Denial and the Crisis in the Church, 2002
* Faith That Dares to Speak, 2004
* Freeing Celibacy, 2006
* Master of Ceremonies, 2014 (novel)
* Under Pain of Mortal Sin, 2018 (novel)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RC-clergy-stub}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cozzens, Donald}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic priests]]

Donald Cozzens

2020-02-12T14:24:26Z

MBWhitney: Added novels

Rev. '''Donald Cozzens''' (May 17, 1939) is an American Roman Catholic priest, author and lecturer. He is a former president-rector and professor of [[pastoral theology]] at [[Saint Mary Seminary and Graduate School of Theology]] in [[Wickliffe, Ohio]].

In his writings, he tackles the themes of priestly [[celibacy]], [[homosexuality]] and sexual abuse in the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscatholic.org/church/2010/05/how-build-healthier-church-interview-donald-b-cozzens|title=How to build a healthier church: An interview with Donald B. Cozzens|website=USCatholic.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-01-06-celibacy_x.htm|title=Gadfly priest challenges mandatory celibacy in new book - USATODAY.com|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/grace-margins/familiar-themes-wounded-church-take-fictional-form|title=Familiar themes of a wounded church take fictional form|date=29 April 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* The Spirituality of the Diocesan Priest, 1997
* The Changing Face of the Priesthood, 2000
* Sacred Silence: Denial and the Crisis in the Church, 2002
* Faith That Dares to Speak, 2004
* Freeing Celibacy, 2006
* Master of Ceremonies, 2014 (novel)
* Under Pain of Mortal Sin, 2018 (novel)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RC-clergy-stub}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cozzens, Donald}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic priests]]

John Carroll University

2018-10-16T21:02:45Z

MBWhitney: /* Rankings and awards */

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox University
| name = John Carroll University
| image = [[Image:Jcu seal small.jpg|150px|Seal of John Carroll University]]
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = ''[[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ({{small|[[Latin]]}})
| mottoeng = ''For the greater glory of God''
| established = 1886
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Nonprofit]] [[Research]] [[Coeducational]]
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])
| president = Michael D. Johnson, Ph.D.
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| campus = [[Suburban]] – {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| free_label = Fight Song
| free = "''Onward, On John Carroll''"
| colors = [[Blue (color)|Blue]] {{Color box|#0A223F|border=darkgray}} and {{Color box|#E9B820|border=darkgray}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
| sports = 23 varsity sports teams<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcusports.com/ |title=John Carroll Athletics |website=Jcusports.com |date= |accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> (11 men's and 10 women's)
| nickname = [http://www.jcusports.com/ Blue Streaks]
| mascot = Lobo
| affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886-1923)
| website = [http://www.jcu.edu/ www.jcu.edu]
}}

'''John Carroll University''' is a private [[Jesuit]] university in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], [[Ohio]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, accompanied by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]-accredited John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=John Carroll University|accessdate=2017-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911210201/http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students. The university has been ranked in the top 10 of Midwest regional universities by [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s annual guide, "America's Best Colleges," for 29 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/newsroom/2017/09/12/jcu-moves-6-midwest-u-s-news-world-reports-2018-best-colleges-guide/| title = JCU Moves Up to #6 in the Rankings| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2017-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |title=U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2014, Regional University Midwest Rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |accessdate=2014-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |archivedate=October 29, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University). now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus.]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesuits under the title of '''St Ignatius College''' as a "college for men". It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923, the college was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, after the first [[archbishop]] of the Catholic Church in the United States and founder of fellow Jesuit institution [[Georgetown University]]. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of [[Cleveland]] to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. However, the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|high school section]] retained the original name and continues to operate on the original site in Cleveland. The city of University Heights had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower.]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |last= |first= |accessdate=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the university made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the university has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the university opened the $66 million, 265,000 ft² (25,000 m²) Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] [[Kulturkampf]]. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and Latin and Greek prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll’s core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

The university announced in December, 2017 that its board of directors had named the school’s first non-Jesuit president, Michael D. Johnson, PhD. Johnson, a provost at Babson College in Wellesley Massachusetts, will begin his tenure on 1 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCafferty|first1=Rachael Abbey|title=John Carroll University names new president|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20171211/news/145251/john-carroll-university-names-new-president|accessdate=20 March 2018|work=Crain's Cleveland Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.|date=11 December 2017|location=Detroit MI}}</ref>

==Academic programs==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler School of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core curriculum===
The university requires a rigorous [[liberal arts]] core for all undergraduate students. Among the requirements are public speaking, English composition, two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, a social justice course, a global course, and a foreign language requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/|title=University Core Curriculum (Integrative) - College of Arts & Sciences|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112033608/http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/|archive-date=January 12, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Core Curriculum in the [[Liberal Arts]] of John Carroll is informed by the principles that issue from the university's mission as a Jesuit liberal arts institution of higher learning. Accordingly, the Core emphasizes the development of whole human persons who are educated in the humanizing arts and sciences; skilled in expression and in scholarly investigation; and aware of the interrelationship of all knowledge and the interdependence of all peoples. Moreover, it promotes the integration of faith and reason by imparting a deeper knowledge of and respect for the students' own cultural and religious traditions as well as those of others. Finally, it highlights the development of intellect, character, and leadership, and the responsible social actions which flow from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/|title=Vision, Mission, Core Values, and Strategic Initiatives Statement|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

As a means to achieve these and other goals significant to the university's mission, the Core has a distributive structure as well as distinctive emphases. The Core thus allows selectivity while also stipulating certain academic experiences which are important for all students.

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler College of Business===
On May 15, 2018, The Boler Family Foundation made a challenge gift of $10 million, kicking off the Inspired Lives Campaign, which was bolstered by an additional $5 million in contributions. The University announced the formation of the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business, which will include two new schools: the School of Accountancy and Information Science, and the School of Leadership and Social Innovation.

The John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The majors are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Supply Chain, Management, Marketing and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate programs===
A partial list of graduate programs that are offered include: accountancy, biology, business (MBA), clinical mental health counseling, education, educational administration, school counseling, school psychology, English, humanities, integrated science, mathematics, nonprofit administration, and theology & religious studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible upperclassman are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad| publisher = John Carroll University| accessdate = 2006-09-18| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903200054/http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| archivedate = September 3, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

John Carroll University's sponsored programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation| publisher = John Carroll University| accessdate = 2006-09-18| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081745/http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| archivedate = September 7, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester| publisher = John Carroll University| accessdate = 2006-09-18| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165752/http://bsob.jcu.edu//about.htm| archivedate = September 1, 2006| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the university's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206201203/http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | archivedate = February 6, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings and awards===
*Selected as the 4th best university in the Midwest in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2018-10-16}}</ref> This was the 30th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|date=|publisher=|accessdate=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 8 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2018 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|date=|work=forbes.com|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174911/http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | archivedate = November 27, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the university has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
{{col-begin|width=96%}}{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Boler School of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
{{col-break|width=48%}}
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]
{{col-end}}

==Student life==

===Student organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112105/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | archivedate = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ)
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ)
*[[Lambda Chi Alpha]] (ΛΧΑ) – <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lambdachi.org/directorieschapter.aspx|title=Chapter Directory {{!}} Lambda Chi Alpha|date=2008-07-31|access-date=2017-09-26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731163545/http://www.lambdachi.org/directorieschapter.aspx|archivedate=July 31, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ)

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228100132/http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | archivedate = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service & Social Action facilitates activities related to social justice as course components, and as voluntary one-time or semester-long experiences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/service/pages/about/mission|title=Mission|website=sites.jcu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
The Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion sponsors campus speakers and entertainment as well as providing training related to issues of diversity.

===Arrupe===
Named for [[Pedro Arrupe]], the Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-10-02 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060904031400/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | archivedate = September 4, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In addition, the university owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the university.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of three freshman residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111059/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | archivedate = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228091203/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | archivedate = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses 306 upperclassmen and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is home to the honors floor with approximately 50 first year students. It is home to three locked sorority suites: Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega, and Gamma Phi Beta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222854/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | archivedate = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222817/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | archivedate = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

The other four residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085947/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | archivedate = December 28, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Two sororites, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Kappa Delta, and two fraternities, Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Phi Epsilon, have locked floors in Hamlin Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222921/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | archivedate = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223005/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | archivedate = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the university and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321074330/http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | archivedate = March 21, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[John Joseph Bernet]] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads"

==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

JCU plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after alumnus and winningest coach in NFL history Don Shula '51. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1974-75, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. In addition, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals in team sporting events: the 2002 football team, the 2003-04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated the [[University of Mount Union]] 31-28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

There have been 22 individual national champions: 16 in wrestling, two in men's outdoor track & field, one in men's indoor track & field, one in women's outdoor track & field, one in women's diving, and one in men's swimming.

The Men's and Women's Swimming and Diving team has won back to back OAC championship titles (2017, 2018), the men's tennis team has won four straight OAC titles (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018), the women's tennis team won three straight OAC titles in 2016, 2017, and 2018, and the men's lacrosse team has won three consecutive titles in the regular season and tournament (2016, 2017, 2018)

The JCU men's basketball team won the OAC reguilar season and tournament titles in 2018. Since joining the OAC in 1989-90, John Carroll has won twice as many regular season titles (11) in men's basketball than any other school (5) over that span of time.

In club sports, the 2017-18 club rugby team qualified for the national championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nscro.org/mens-challenge-cup|website=NSCRO}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cleveland, Ohio|University|Catholicism}}
*[[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
*[[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
*[[WJCU]]
*[[The Carroll News]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcusports.com Official athletics website]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:John Carroll University| ]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:V-12 Navy College Training Program]]

Anticipatory socialization

2018-05-03T13:26:15Z

MBWhitney: fixing citation

'''Anticipatory socialization''' is the process, facilitated by [[social interactions]], in which non-group-members learn to take on the [[values]] and [[Norm (social)|standards]] of [[social groups| groups]] that they aspire to join, so as to ease their entry into the group and help them interact competently once they have been accepted by it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Reginald M.|title=Family Life and School Achievement: Why Poor Black Children Succeed Or Fail|year=1983|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago0|isbn=0-226-10770-1|pages=217|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Family-Life-School-Achievement-Children/dp/0226107701/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321257260&sr=1-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilcoxson|first=Mitsue Alice|title=The socialization of athletic training clinical instructors: A descriptive study|year=2008|publisher=Purdue University Health and Kinesiology|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlXdJJJ-IykC&pg=PA20&dq=anticipatory+socialization+merton&hl=en&ei=J7_ATt30MrHzmAX40dH9Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=anticipatory%20socialization%20merton&f=false}}</ref> It is the process of changing one's [[Attitude_(psychology)| attitudes]] and [[Human_behavior| behaviours]], in preparation for a shift in one's [[role]]. Words commonly associated with anticipatory socialization include [[Social_grooming|grooming]], play-acting, training and rehearsing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballis|first=Peter Harry|title=Leaving the adventist ministry: a study of the process of exiting|year=1999|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=0-275-96229-6|pages=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFhYiuusuLgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

The concept of anticipatory socialization, first defined by [[sociologist]] [[Robert K. Merton]], has its origins in a 1949 study of the [[United States military]] which found that privates who modelled their attitudes and behaviours on those of officers were more likely to be promoted than those who didn't.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lane|first=Shannon Rae|title='Electing the right people': A survey of elected social workers and candidates|year=2008|publisher=University of Connecticut|pages=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNUBtzPkNiQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

When people are blocked from access to a group they might have wanted to join, they reject that group's values and [[Norm (social)|norms]], and instead begin the anticipatory socialization process with groups that are more receptive to them. People doing this, for example economically disadvantaged teenagers who aspire to become drug dealers rather than professionals, are sometimes criticized as lacking motivation, however sociologists say they are simply making a pragmatic adjustment to the opportunities available to them.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holden|first=Matthew|title=The challenge to racial stratification|year=1994|publisher=The National Political Science Review Volume 4, A publication of the national conference of black political scientists (Transaction Publishers)|location=New Jersey|isbn=1-56000-676-5|pages=114}}</ref>

Examples of anticipatory socialization include law school students learning how to behave like lawyers, older people preparing for retirement, and [[Mormons|Mormon]] boys getting ready to become [[Missionary (LDS Church)|missionaries]].<ref>{{cite book |first1= Gordon |last1= Shepherd |first2= Gary |last2= Shepherd |chapter= Sustaining a lay religion in modern society: the Mormon missionary experience |pages= 169 |title= Contemporary Mormonism: Social Science Perspectives |editor1-first= Marie |editor1-last= Cornwall |editor1-link= Marie Cornwall |editor2-first= Tim B. |editor2-link= Tim B. Heaton |editor2-last= Heaton |editor3-first= Lawrence A. |editor3-last= Young |year= 2001 |origyear= 1994 |place= Urbana |publisher= University of Illinois Press |isbn= 0-252-06959-5 |oclc= 28721262 }}</ref>

Recent studies show that anticipatory socialization is prevalent among pregnant mothers who choose to reveal the fetal sex pre-birth. Knowing the gender of the baby will affect the way in with the mother interacts with the baby, as a result of preconceived expectations of gender group norms.<ref>{{Cite journal|url =http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.895.5938&rep=rep1&type=pdf |title = Anticipatory Socialization of Pregnant Women: Learning Fetal Sex and Gendered Interactions|last = Barnes|first = Medora|date = 2015|journal = Sociological Perspectives|doi =10.1177/0731121414564883 |access-date = }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Group processes]]
[[Category:Sociological terminology]]

Anticipatory socialization

2018-05-03T13:21:16Z

MBWhitney: Added url to citation

'''Anticipatory socialization''' is the process, facilitated by [[social interactions]], in which non-group-members learn to take on the [[values]] and [[Norm (social)|standards]] of [[social groups| groups]] that they aspire to join, so as to ease their entry into the group and help them interact competently once they have been accepted by it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Reginald M.|title=Family Life and School Achievement: Why Poor Black Children Succeed Or Fail|year=1983|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago0|isbn=0-226-10770-1|pages=217|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Family-Life-School-Achievement-Children/dp/0226107701/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321257260&sr=1-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilcoxson|first=Mitsue Alice|title=The socialization of athletic training clinical instructors: A descriptive study|year=2008|publisher=Purdue University Health and Kinesiology|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlXdJJJ-IykC&pg=PA20&dq=anticipatory+socialization+merton&hl=en&ei=J7_ATt30MrHzmAX40dH9Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=anticipatory%20socialization%20merton&f=false}}</ref> It is the process of changing one's [[Attitude_(psychology)| attitudes]] and [[Human_behavior| behaviours]], in preparation for a shift in one's [[role]]. Words commonly associated with anticipatory socialization include [[Social_grooming|grooming]], play-acting, training and rehearsing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballis|first=Peter Harry|title=Leaving the adventist ministry: a study of the process of exiting|year=1999|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=0-275-96229-6|pages=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFhYiuusuLgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

The concept of anticipatory socialization, first defined by [[sociologist]] [[Robert K. Merton]], has its origins in a 1949 study of the [[United States military]] which found that privates who modelled their attitudes and behaviours on those of officers were more likely to be promoted than those who didn't.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lane|first=Shannon Rae|title='Electing the right people': A survey of elected social workers and candidates|year=2008|publisher=University of Connecticut|pages=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNUBtzPkNiQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

When people are blocked from access to a group they might have wanted to join, they reject that group's values and [[Norm (social)|norms]], and instead begin the anticipatory socialization process with groups that are more receptive to them. People doing this, for example economically disadvantaged teenagers who aspire to become drug dealers rather than professionals, are sometimes criticized as lacking motivation, however sociologists say they are simply making a pragmatic adjustment to the opportunities available to them.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holden|first=Matthew|title=The challenge to racial stratification|year=1994|publisher=The National Political Science Review Volume 4, A publication of the national conference of black political scientists (Transaction Publishers)|location=New Jersey|isbn=1-56000-676-5|pages=114}}</ref>

Examples of anticipatory socialization include law school students learning how to behave like lawyers, older people preparing for retirement, and [[Mormons|Mormon]] boys getting ready to become [[Missionary (LDS Church)|missionaries]].<ref>{{cite book |first1= Gordon |last1= Shepherd |first2= Gary |last2= Shepherd |chapter= Sustaining a lay religion in modern society: the Mormon missionary experience |pages= 169 |title= Contemporary Mormonism: Social Science Perspectives |editor1-first= Marie |editor1-last= Cornwall |editor1-link= Marie Cornwall |editor2-first= Tim B. |editor2-link= Tim B. Heaton |editor2-last= Heaton |editor3-first= Lawrence A. |editor3-last= Young |year= 2001 |origyear= 1994 |place= Urbana |publisher= University of Illinois Press |isbn= 0-252-06959-5 |oclc= 28721262 }}</ref>

Recent studies show that anticipatory socialization is prevalent among pregnant mothers who choose to reveal the fetal sex pre-birth. Knowing the gender of the baby will affect the way in with the mother interacts with the baby, as a result of preconceived expectations of gender group norms.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0731121414564883 |title = Anticipatory Socialization of Pregnant Women: Learning Fetal Sex and Gendered Interactions|last = Barnes|first = Medora|date = 2015|journal = Sociological Perspectives|doi =10.1177/0731121414564883 |pmid = 58(2): 187–203 |access-date = }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Group processes]]
[[Category:Sociological terminology]]

John Carroll University

2017-09-14T13:10:22Z

MBWhitney:

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox University
| name = John Carroll University
| image = [[Image:Jcu seal small.jpg|150px|Seal of John Carroll University]]
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = ''[[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ({{small|[[Latin]]}})
| mottoeng = ''For the greater glory of God''
| established = 1886
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Nonprofit]] [[Research]] [[Coeducational]]
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])
| president = Jeanne M. Colleran, Ph.D.
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| campus = [[Suburban]] – {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| free_label = Fight Song
| free = "''Onward, On John Carroll''"
| colors = [[Blue (color)|Blue]] {{Color box|#084073|border=darkgray}} and {{Color box|#F1C423|border=darkgray}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
| sports = 21 varsity sports teams<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcusports.com/ |title=John Carroll Athletics |website=Jcusports.com |date= |accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> (11 men's and 10 women's)
| nickname = [http://www.jcusports.com/ Blue Streaks]
| mascot = Lobo the Wolf
| affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886-1923)
| website = [http://www.jcu.edu/ www.jcu.edu]
}}

'''John Carroll University''' (Latin: '''Universitas Joannis Carroll''') is a private, co-educational [[Jesuit]] Catholic university in [[University Heights, Ohio]], United States, a suburb of [[Cleveland]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, accompanied by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]-accredited John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,673 undergraduate and 536 graduate students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=John Carroll University|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2017-09-11}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students. The university has been ranked in the top 10 of Midwest regional universities by [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s annual guide, "America's Best Colleges," for 29 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/newsroom/2017/09/12/jcu-moves-6-midwest-u-s-news-world-reports-2018-best-colleges-guide/| title = JCU Moves Up to #6 in the Rankings| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2017-9-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |title=U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2014, Regional University Midwest Rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |accessdate=2014-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |archivedate=October 29, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University). now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus.]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesuits under the title of '''St Ignatius College''' as a "college for men." It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923, the College was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, after the first [[archbishop]] of the Catholic Church in the United States and founder of fellow Jesuit institution [[Georgetown University]]. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of Cleveland to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. The city had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower.]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |last= |first= |accessdate=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the University made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the University has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the University opened the $66 million, 265,000 ft² (25,000 m²) Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit Tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] [[Kulturkampf]]. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and Latin and Greek prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll’s core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

==Academic Programs==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler School of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core Curriculum===
The university requires a rigorous [[liberal arts]] core for all undergraduate students. Among the requirements are public speaking, English composition, two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, a social justice course, a global course, and a foreign language requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/|title=University Core Curriculum (Integrative) - College of Arts & Sciences|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

The Core Curriculum in the [[Liberal Arts]] of John Carroll is informed by the principles that issue from the University's mission as a Jesuit liberal arts institution of higher learning. Accordingly, the Core emphasizes the development of whole human persons who are educated in the humanizing arts and sciences; skilled in expression and in scholarly investigation; and aware of the interrelationship of all knowledge and the interdependence of all peoples. Moreover, it promotes the integration of faith and reason by imparting a deeper knowledge of and respect for the students' own cultural and religious traditions as well as those of others. Finally, it highlights the development of intellect, character, and leadership, and the responsible social actions which flow from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/|title=Vision, Mission, Core Values, and Strategic Initiatives Statement|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

As a means to achieve these and other goals significant to the University's mission, the Core has a distributive structure as well as distinctive emphases. The Core thus allows selectivity while also stipulating certain academic experiences which are important for all students.

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler School of Business===
The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The majors are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Logistics, Management, Marketing and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate Programs===
A partial list of graduate programs that are offered include: accountancy, biology, business (MBA), communications management, clinical mental health counseling, education, educational administration, school counseling, school psychology, English, history, humanities, integrated science, mathematics, nonprofit administration, and Theology & Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible upperclassman are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref>

John Carroll University's Sponsored Programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the University's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings===
*Selected as the 6th best university in the Midwest in the 2017 [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s ranking of all regional universities in their guide to [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref> This was the 29th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|date=|publisher=|accessdate=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 7 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2017 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Barron's "Best Buys," one of only 280 schools to earn that distinction.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|date=|work=forbes.com|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*The Boler School of Business consistently ranks in the top 10 business schools in the Midwest and is AACSB International (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) accredited a prestigious distinction that is only awarded to the top 10–12% of business schools nationally.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected for the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the University has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
*Boler School of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]

==Student life==

===Student Organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ) – [http://www.jcubetas.org Chapter Website]
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ) – [http://jcudelts.deltsconnect.org/ Chapter Website]
*[[Lambda Chi Alpha]] (ΛΧΑ) – <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080731163545/http://www.lambdachi.org/directorieschapter.aspx ]</ref>
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ) – [http://www.jcusigeps.net/ Chapter Website]

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)- [http://chapters.kappakappagamma.org/etazeta/ Chapter Website]

===Campus Ministry===
Grounded in the Catholic and Ignatian tradition, Campus Ministry serves persons of all faiths by: animating a community of faith through vibrant worship, retreats and small faith communities; promoting a faith that does justice through education, advocacy, service and reflection; fostering the development of whole persons who are servant leaders in their local, global, and faith communities.

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The [[Center for Service & Social Action]] believes that, through service, we can deepen our understanding of and be a conduit for positive change within our local, national, and international community. It aids students in creating a mutual understanding and respect for those in need, and stresses the importance of reflection after service to reinforce the learning experience.

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
Guided by John Carroll University’s mission, vision, and core values, the Center for Student Diversity and Inclusion focuses on supporting the holistic development of historically underrepresented students. The goal of the Center is to nurture a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds, so they can become successful and fully engaged in their learning experiences in and outside the classroom. The Center promotes a welcoming and just university community, they sponsor campus speakers and entertainment, as well as providing training related to issues of diversity.

===Arrupe===
The Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

Fr. [[Pedro Arrupe]] grew in his understanding of the world, its struggles for justice and peace, and the way God continued to call people to be involved in this world. Students in the Arrupe program can find in his life a paradigm for their own growth, to be unafraid to be challenged, to learn from cultures not their own, and to gauge their growth not in terms of how much they possess but in terms of how much they can give.
A commitment to social justice entails the formation of an ethic of social action that embodies Fr. Arrupe's ideal of "a commitment to promote justice and to enter into solidarity with the voiceless and the powerless."

The humanism of today's Jesuit University is not one that removes young men or women from life but one that prepares them to take their place in life with conviction that their talents are not talents until they are directed to help other people, until they have become genuinely men and women for others.

A commitment to social justice is the full, fair and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet the needs of each individual member.

Social justice involves individuals with a deep understanding of their own agency, as well as a personal sense of social responsibility toward and with others and society as a whole.

Social justice includes a vision of society in which the distribution of resources is fair and relatively equitable, and all members are physically, spiritually and psychologically safe and secure.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref> In addition, the University owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the University.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of three freshman residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>

The other five residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses 306 upperclassmen and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is home to the honors floor with approximately 25 first year students as well as upperclassmen students and also home to three locked sorority suites: Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega, and Gamma Phi Beta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Two sororites, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Kappa Delta, and two fraternities, Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Phi Epsilon, have locked floors in Hamlin Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the University and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

JCU plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after alumnus and winningest coach in NFL history Don Shula '51. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1975-76, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. Since then, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals: the 2002 football team, the 2003-04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated Mount Union 31-28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cleveland, Ohio|University|Catholicism}}
*[[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
*[[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
*[[WJCU]]
*[[The Carroll News]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcu.edu John Carroll University official website]
* [http://www.jcusports.com John Carroll University official athletics website]
* [http://library.jcu.edu University Library]
* [http://www.jcunews.com The Carroll News]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
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[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ohio]]
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[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic universities and colleges in the United States]]
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[[Category:V-12 Navy College Training Program]]

John Carroll University

2017-09-14T13:08:07Z

MBWhitney:

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox University
| name = John Carroll University
| image = [[Image:Jcu seal small.jpg|150px|Seal of John Carroll University]]
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = ''[[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ({{small|[[Latin]]}})
| mottoeng = ''For the greater glory of God''
| established = 1886
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Nonprofit]] [[Research]] [[Coeducational]]
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])
| president = Jeanne M. Colleran, Ph.D.
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| campus = [[Suburban]] – {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| free_label = Fight Song
| free = "''Onward, On John Carroll''"
| colors = [[Blue (color)|Blue]] {{Color box|#084073|border=darkgray}} and {{Color box|#F1C423|border=darkgray}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
| sports = 21 varsity sports teams<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcusports.com/ |title=John Carroll Athletics |website=Jcusports.com |date= |accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> (11 men's and 10 women's)
| nickname = [http://www.jcusports.com/ Blue Streaks]
| mascot = Lobo the Wolf
| affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886-1923)
| website = [http://www.jcu.edu/ www.jcu.edu]
}}

'''John Carroll University''' (Latin: '''Universitas Joannis Carroll''') is a private, co-educational [[Jesuit]] Catholic university in [[University Heights, Ohio]], United States, a suburb of [[Cleveland]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, accompanied by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]-accredited John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,673 undergraduate and 536 graduate students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=John Carroll University|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2017-09-11}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students. The university has been ranked in the top 10 of Midwest regional universities by [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s annual guide, "America's Best Colleges," for 29 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/newsroom/2017/09/12/jcu-moves-6-midwest-u-s-news-world-reports-2018-best-colleges-guide/| title = JCU Moves Up to #6 in the Rankings| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2017-9-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |title=U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2014, Regional University Midwest Rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |accessdate=2014-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |archivedate=October 29, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University). now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus.]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesuits under the title of '''St Ignatius College''' as a "college for men." It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923, the College was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, after the first [[archbishop]] of the Catholic Church in the United States and founder of fellow Jesuit institution [[Georgetown University]]. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of Cleveland to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. The city had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower.]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |last= |first= |accessdate=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the University made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the University has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the University opened the $66 million, 265,000 ft² (25,000 m²) Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit Tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] [[Kulturkampf]]. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and Latin and Greek prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll’s core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

==Academic Programs==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler School of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core Curriculum===
The university requires a rigorous [[liberal arts]] core for all undergraduate students. Among the requirements are public speaking, English composition, two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, a social justice course, a global course, and a foreign language requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/|title=University Core Curriculum (Integrative) - College of Arts & Sciences|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

The Core Curriculum in the [[Liberal Arts]] of John Carroll is informed by the principles that issue from the University's mission as a Jesuit liberal arts institution of higher learning. Accordingly, the Core emphasizes the development of whole human persons who are educated in the humanizing arts and sciences; skilled in expression and in scholarly investigation; and aware of the interrelationship of all knowledge and the interdependence of all peoples. Moreover, it promotes the integration of faith and reason by imparting a deeper knowledge of and respect for the students' own cultural and religious traditions as well as those of others. Finally, it highlights the development of intellect, character, and leadership, and the responsible social actions which flow from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/|title=Vision, Mission, Core Values, and Strategic Initiatives Statement|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

As a means to achieve these and other goals significant to the University's mission, the Core has a distributive structure as well as distinctive emphases. The Core thus allows selectivity while also stipulating certain academic experiences which are important for all students.

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler School of Business===
The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The majors are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Logistics, Management, Marketing and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate Programs===
A partial list of graduate programs that are offered include: accountancy, biology, business (MBA), communications management, clinical mental health counseling, education, educational administration, school counseling, school psychology, English, history, humanities, integrated science, mathematics, nonprofit administration, and Theology & Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible upperclassman are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref>

John Carroll University's Sponsored Programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the University's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings===
*Ranked the 6th best university in the Midwest in the 2017 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide of all regional universities [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref> This was the 29th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|date=|publisher=|accessdate=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 7 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2017 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Barron's "Best Buys," one of only 280 schools to earn that distinction.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|date=|work=forbes.com|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*The Boler School of Business consistently ranks in the top 10 business schools in the Midwest and is AACSB International (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) accredited a prestigious distinction that is only awarded to the top 10–12% of business schools nationally.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected for the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the University has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
*Boler School of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]

==Student life==

===Student Organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ) – [http://www.jcubetas.org Chapter Website]
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ) – [http://jcudelts.deltsconnect.org/ Chapter Website]
*[[Lambda Chi Alpha]] (ΛΧΑ) – <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080731163545/http://www.lambdachi.org/directorieschapter.aspx ]</ref>
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ) – [http://www.jcusigeps.net/ Chapter Website]

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)- [http://chapters.kappakappagamma.org/etazeta/ Chapter Website]

===Campus Ministry===
Grounded in the Catholic and Ignatian tradition, Campus Ministry serves persons of all faiths by: animating a community of faith through vibrant worship, retreats and small faith communities; promoting a faith that does justice through education, advocacy, service and reflection; fostering the development of whole persons who are servant leaders in their local, global, and faith communities.

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The [[Center for Service & Social Action]] believes that, through service, we can deepen our understanding of and be a conduit for positive change within our local, national, and international community. It aids students in creating a mutual understanding and respect for those in need, and stresses the importance of reflection after service to reinforce the learning experience.

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
Guided by John Carroll University’s mission, vision, and core values, the Center for Student Diversity and Inclusion focuses on supporting the holistic development of historically underrepresented students. The goal of the Center is to nurture a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds, so they can become successful and fully engaged in their learning experiences in and outside the classroom. The Center promotes a welcoming and just university community, they sponsor campus speakers and entertainment, as well as providing training related to issues of diversity.

===Arrupe===
The Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

Fr. [[Pedro Arrupe]] grew in his understanding of the world, its struggles for justice and peace, and the way God continued to call people to be involved in this world. Students in the Arrupe program can find in his life a paradigm for their own growth, to be unafraid to be challenged, to learn from cultures not their own, and to gauge their growth not in terms of how much they possess but in terms of how much they can give.
A commitment to social justice entails the formation of an ethic of social action that embodies Fr. Arrupe's ideal of "a commitment to promote justice and to enter into solidarity with the voiceless and the powerless."

The humanism of today's Jesuit University is not one that removes young men or women from life but one that prepares them to take their place in life with conviction that their talents are not talents until they are directed to help other people, until they have become genuinely men and women for others.

A commitment to social justice is the full, fair and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet the needs of each individual member.

Social justice involves individuals with a deep understanding of their own agency, as well as a personal sense of social responsibility toward and with others and society as a whole.

Social justice includes a vision of society in which the distribution of resources is fair and relatively equitable, and all members are physically, spiritually and psychologically safe and secure.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref> In addition, the University owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the University.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of three freshman residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>

The other five residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses 306 upperclassmen and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is home to the honors floor with approximately 25 first year students as well as upperclassmen students and also home to three locked sorority suites: Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega, and Gamma Phi Beta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Two sororites, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Kappa Delta, and two fraternities, Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Phi Epsilon, have locked floors in Hamlin Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the University and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

JCU plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after alumnus and winningest coach in NFL history Don Shula '51. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1975-76, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. Since then, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals: the 2002 football team, the 2003-04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated Mount Union 31-28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cleveland, Ohio|University|Catholicism}}
*[[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
*[[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
*[[WJCU]]
*[[The Carroll News]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcu.edu John Carroll University official website]
* [http://www.jcusports.com John Carroll University official athletics website]
* [http://library.jcu.edu University Library]
* [http://www.jcunews.com The Carroll News]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
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[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ohio]]
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[[Category:V-12 Navy College Training Program]]

John Carroll University

2017-09-14T13:07:36Z

MBWhitney:

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox University
| name = John Carroll University
| image = [[Image:Jcu seal small.jpg|150px|Seal of John Carroll University]]
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = ''[[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ({{small|[[Latin]]}})
| mottoeng = ''For the greater glory of God''
| established = 1886
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Nonprofit]] [[Research]] [[Coeducational]]
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])
| president = Jeanne M. Colleran, Ph.D.
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| campus = [[Suburban]] – {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| free_label = Fight Song
| free = "''Onward, On John Carroll''"
| colors = [[Blue (color)|Blue]] {{Color box|#084073|border=darkgray}} and {{Color box|#F1C423|border=darkgray}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
| sports = 21 varsity sports teams<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcusports.com/ |title=John Carroll Athletics |website=Jcusports.com |date= |accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> (11 men's and 10 women's)
| nickname = [http://www.jcusports.com/ Blue Streaks]
| mascot = Lobo the Wolf
| affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886-1923)
| website = [http://www.jcu.edu/ www.jcu.edu]
}}

'''John Carroll University''' (Latin: '''Universitas Joannis Carroll''') is a private, co-educational [[Jesuit]] Catholic university in [[University Heights, Ohio]], United States, a suburb of [[Cleveland]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, accompanied by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]-accredited John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,673 undergraduate and 536 graduate students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=John Carroll University|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2017-09-11}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students. The university has been ranked in the top 10 of Midwest regional universities by [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s annual guide, "America's Best Colleges," for 29 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/newsroom/2017/09/12/jcu-moves-6-midwest-u-s-news-world-reports-2018-best-colleges-guide/| title = JCU Moves Up to #6 in the Rankings| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2017-9-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |title=U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2014, Regional University Midwest Rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |accessdate=2014-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |archivedate=October 29, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University). now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus.]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesuits under the title of '''St Ignatius College''' as a "college for men." It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923, the College was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, after the first [[archbishop]] of the Catholic Church in the United States and founder of fellow Jesuit institution [[Georgetown University]]. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of Cleveland to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. The city had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower.]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |last= |first= |accessdate=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the University made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the University has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the University opened the $66 million, 265,000 ft² (25,000 m²) Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit Tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] [[Kulturkampf]]. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and Latin and Greek prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll’s core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

==Academic Programs==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler School of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core Curriculum===
The university requires a rigorous [[liberal arts]] core for all undergraduate students. Among the requirements are public speaking, English composition, two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, a social justice course, a global course, and a foreign language requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/|title=University Core Curriculum (Integrative) - College of Arts & Sciences|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

The Core Curriculum in the [[Liberal Arts]] of John Carroll is informed by the principles that issue from the University's mission as a Jesuit liberal arts institution of higher learning. Accordingly, the Core emphasizes the development of whole human persons who are educated in the humanizing arts and sciences; skilled in expression and in scholarly investigation; and aware of the interrelationship of all knowledge and the interdependence of all peoples. Moreover, it promotes the integration of faith and reason by imparting a deeper knowledge of and respect for the students' own cultural and religious traditions as well as those of others. Finally, it highlights the development of intellect, character, and leadership, and the responsible social actions which flow from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/|title=Vision, Mission, Core Values, and Strategic Initiatives Statement|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

As a means to achieve these and other goals significant to the University's mission, the Core has a distributive structure as well as distinctive emphases. The Core thus allows selectivity while also stipulating certain academic experiences which are important for all students.

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler School of Business===
The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The majors are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Logistics, Management, Marketing and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate Programs===
A partial list of graduate programs that are offered include: accountancy, biology, business (MBA), communications management, clinical mental health counseling, education, educational administration, school counseling, school psychology, English, history, humanities, integrated science, mathematics, nonprofit administration, and Theology & Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible upperclassman are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref>

John Carroll University's Sponsored Programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the University's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings===
*Ranked the sixth best university in the Midwest in the 2017 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide of all regional universities [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref> This was the 29th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|date=|publisher=|accessdate=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 7 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2017 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Barron's "Best Buys," one of only 280 schools to earn that distinction.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|date=|work=forbes.com|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*The Boler School of Business consistently ranks in the top 10 business schools in the Midwest and is AACSB International (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) accredited a prestigious distinction that is only awarded to the top 10–12% of business schools nationally.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected for the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the University has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
*Boler School of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]

==Student life==

===Student Organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ) – [http://www.jcubetas.org Chapter Website]
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ) – [http://jcudelts.deltsconnect.org/ Chapter Website]
*[[Lambda Chi Alpha]] (ΛΧΑ) – <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080731163545/http://www.lambdachi.org/directorieschapter.aspx ]</ref>
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ) – [http://www.jcusigeps.net/ Chapter Website]

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)- [http://chapters.kappakappagamma.org/etazeta/ Chapter Website]

===Campus Ministry===
Grounded in the Catholic and Ignatian tradition, Campus Ministry serves persons of all faiths by: animating a community of faith through vibrant worship, retreats and small faith communities; promoting a faith that does justice through education, advocacy, service and reflection; fostering the development of whole persons who are servant leaders in their local, global, and faith communities.

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The [[Center for Service & Social Action]] believes that, through service, we can deepen our understanding of and be a conduit for positive change within our local, national, and international community. It aids students in creating a mutual understanding and respect for those in need, and stresses the importance of reflection after service to reinforce the learning experience.

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
Guided by John Carroll University’s mission, vision, and core values, the Center for Student Diversity and Inclusion focuses on supporting the holistic development of historically underrepresented students. The goal of the Center is to nurture a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds, so they can become successful and fully engaged in their learning experiences in and outside the classroom. The Center promotes a welcoming and just university community, they sponsor campus speakers and entertainment, as well as providing training related to issues of diversity.

===Arrupe===
The Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

Fr. [[Pedro Arrupe]] grew in his understanding of the world, its struggles for justice and peace, and the way God continued to call people to be involved in this world. Students in the Arrupe program can find in his life a paradigm for their own growth, to be unafraid to be challenged, to learn from cultures not their own, and to gauge their growth not in terms of how much they possess but in terms of how much they can give.
A commitment to social justice entails the formation of an ethic of social action that embodies Fr. Arrupe's ideal of "a commitment to promote justice and to enter into solidarity with the voiceless and the powerless."

The humanism of today's Jesuit University is not one that removes young men or women from life but one that prepares them to take their place in life with conviction that their talents are not talents until they are directed to help other people, until they have become genuinely men and women for others.

A commitment to social justice is the full, fair and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet the needs of each individual member.

Social justice involves individuals with a deep understanding of their own agency, as well as a personal sense of social responsibility toward and with others and society as a whole.

Social justice includes a vision of society in which the distribution of resources is fair and relatively equitable, and all members are physically, spiritually and psychologically safe and secure.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref> In addition, the University owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the University.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of three freshman residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>

The other five residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses 306 upperclassmen and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is home to the honors floor with approximately 25 first year students as well as upperclassmen students and also home to three locked sorority suites: Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega, and Gamma Phi Beta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Two sororites, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Kappa Delta, and two fraternities, Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Phi Epsilon, have locked floors in Hamlin Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the University and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

JCU plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after alumnus and winningest coach in NFL history Don Shula '51. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1975-76, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. Since then, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals: the 2002 football team, the 2003-04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated Mount Union 31-28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cleveland, Ohio|University|Catholicism}}
*[[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
*[[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
*[[WJCU]]
*[[The Carroll News]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcu.edu John Carroll University official website]
* [http://www.jcusports.com John Carroll University official athletics website]
* [http://library.jcu.edu University Library]
* [http://www.jcunews.com The Carroll News]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
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[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ohio]]
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[[Category:V-12 Navy College Training Program]]

John Carroll University

2017-09-14T13:03:54Z

MBWhitney:

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox University
| name = John Carroll University
| image = [[Image:Jcu seal small.jpg|150px|Seal of John Carroll University]]
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = ''[[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ({{small|[[Latin]]}})
| mottoeng = ''For the greater glory of God''
| established = 1886
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Nonprofit]] [[Research]] [[Coeducational]]
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])
| president = Jeanne M. Colleran, Ph.D.
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,673
| undergrad = 3,137
| postgrad = 536
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| campus = [[Suburban]] – {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| free_label = Fight Song
| free = "''Onward, On John Carroll''"
| colors = [[Blue (color)|Blue]] {{Color box|#084073|border=darkgray}} and {{Color box|#F1C423|border=darkgray}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
| sports = 21 varsity sports teams<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcusports.com/ |title=John Carroll Athletics |website=Jcusports.com |date= |accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref> (11 men's and 10 women's)
| nickname = [http://www.jcusports.com/ Blue Streaks]
| mascot = Lobo the Wolf
| affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886-1923)
| website = [http://www.jcu.edu/ www.jcu.edu]
}}

'''John Carroll University''' (Latin: '''Universitas Joannis Carroll''') is a private, co-educational [[Jesuit]] Catholic university in [[University Heights, Ohio]], United States, a suburb of [[Cleveland]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, accompanied by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]-accredited John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,673 undergraduate and 536 graduate students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/admission/pages/about/quick-facts/|title=JCU Quick Facts|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=John Carroll University|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2017-09-11}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students. The university has been ranked in the top 10 of Midwest regional universities by [[U.S. News & World Report]]'s annual guide, "America's Best Colleges," for 29 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/newsroom/2017/09/12/jcu-moves-6-midwest-u-s-news-world-reports-2018-best-colleges-guide/| title = JCU Moves Up to #6 in the Rankings| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2017-9-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |title=U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2014, Regional University Midwest Rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |accessdate=2014-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |archivedate=October 29, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University). now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus.]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesuits under the title of '''St Ignatius College''' as a "college for men." It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923, the College was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, after the first [[archbishop]] of the Catholic Church in the United States and founder of fellow Jesuit institution [[Georgetown University]]. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of Cleveland to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. The city had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower.]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |last= |first= |accessdate=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the University made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the University has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the University opened the $66 million, 265,000 ft² (25,000 m²) Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the Bohannon Science building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

===Jesuit Tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] [[Kulturkampf]]. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and Latin and Greek prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll’s core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

==Academic Programs==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler School of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core Curriculum===
The university requires a rigorous [[liberal arts]] core for all undergraduate students. Among the requirements are public speaking, English composition, two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, a social justice course, a global course, and a foreign language requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/|title=University Core Curriculum (Integrative) - College of Arts & Sciences|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

The Core Curriculum in the [[Liberal Arts]] of John Carroll is informed by the principles that issue from the University's mission as a Jesuit liberal arts institution of higher learning. Accordingly, the Core emphasizes the development of whole human persons who are educated in the humanizing arts and sciences; skilled in expression and in scholarly investigation; and aware of the interrelationship of all knowledge and the interdependence of all peoples. Moreover, it promotes the integration of faith and reason by imparting a deeper knowledge of and respect for the students' own cultural and religious traditions as well as those of others. Finally, it highlights the development of intellect, character, and leadership, and the responsible social actions which flow from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/|title=Vision, Mission, Core Values, and Strategic Initiatives Statement|author=|date=|work=jcu.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>

As a means to achieve these and other goals significant to the University's mission, the Core has a distributive structure as well as distinctive emphases. The Core thus allows selectivity while also stipulating certain academic experiences which are important for all students.

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler School of Business===
The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The majors are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Logistics, Management, Marketing and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate Programs===
A partial list of graduate programs that are offered include: accountancy, biology, business (MBA), communications management, clinical mental health counseling, education, educational administration, school counseling, school psychology, English, history, humanities, integrated science, mathematics, nonprofit administration, and Theology & Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible upperclassman are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref>

John Carroll University's Sponsored Programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the University's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcu.edu/global/study|title=Center for Global Education|publisher=John Carroll University|accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings===
*Ranked sixth among Midwest (Master's) Universities in the 2017 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News & World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050|title=hn Carroll University|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref> This was the 29th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the nation in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]’s 2016 “Best Undergraduate Business Schools” Employer Survey for the graduates best prepared for work in their fields. The Boler School is ranked #30 overall in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=These Are the Best Undergraduate Business Schools of 2016|first1=Francesca|last1=Levy|first2=Jonathan Rodkin|last2=from|date=|publisher=|accessdate=February 2, 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 7 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2017 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value|title=Best Value Schools Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref>
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching Programs Regional Universities (Midwest)|website=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Barron's "Best Buys," one of only 280 schools to earn that distinction.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2|title=The Full List Of Forbes' Best Value Schools 2016|first=Chase|last=Peterson-Withorn|date=|work=forbes.com|accessdate=February 2, 2017}}</ref>
*The Boler School of Business consistently ranks in the top 10 business schools in the Midwest and is AACSB International (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) accredited a prestigious distinction that is only awarded to the top 10–12% of business schools nationally.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected for the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

In recent years, the University has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza to enhance the student and community experience.

Other major facilities include:
*Boler School of Business
*D.J. Lombardo Student Center
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Don Shula Stadium complex
*Grasselli Library
*O'Malley Center for Communications and Language Arts
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Saint Francis Chapel
*Tony DeCarlo Varsity Center
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]

==Student life==

===Student Organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (ΒΘΠ) – [http://www.jcubetas.org Chapter Website]
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ) – [http://jcudelts.deltsconnect.org/ Chapter Website]
*[[Lambda Chi Alpha]] (ΛΧΑ) – <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080731163545/http://www.lambdachi.org/directorieschapter.aspx ]</ref>
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ) – [http://www.jcusigeps.net/ Chapter Website]

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)- [http://chapters.kappakappagamma.org/etazeta/ Chapter Website]

===Campus Ministry===
Grounded in the Catholic and Ignatian tradition, Campus Ministry serves persons of all faiths by: animating a community of faith through vibrant worship, retreats and small faith communities; promoting a faith that does justice through education, advocacy, service and reflection; fostering the development of whole persons who are servant leaders in their local, global, and faith communities.

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The [[Center for Service & Social Action]] believes that, through service, we can deepen our understanding of and be a conduit for positive change within our local, national, and international community. It aids students in creating a mutual understanding and respect for those in need, and stresses the importance of reflection after service to reinforce the learning experience.

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
Guided by John Carroll University’s mission, vision, and core values, the Center for Student Diversity and Inclusion focuses on supporting the holistic development of historically underrepresented students. The goal of the Center is to nurture a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds, so they can become successful and fully engaged in their learning experiences in and outside the classroom. The Center promotes a welcoming and just university community, they sponsor campus speakers and entertainment, as well as providing training related to issues of diversity.

===Arrupe===
The Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

Fr. [[Pedro Arrupe]] grew in his understanding of the world, its struggles for justice and peace, and the way God continued to call people to be involved in this world. Students in the Arrupe program can find in his life a paradigm for their own growth, to be unafraid to be challenged, to learn from cultures not their own, and to gauge their growth not in terms of how much they possess but in terms of how much they can give.
A commitment to social justice entails the formation of an ethic of social action that embodies Fr. Arrupe's ideal of "a commitment to promote justice and to enter into solidarity with the voiceless and the powerless."

The humanism of today's Jesuit University is not one that removes young men or women from life but one that prepares them to take their place in life with conviction that their talents are not talents until they are directed to help other people, until they have become genuinely men and women for others.

A commitment to social justice is the full, fair and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet the needs of each individual member.

Social justice involves individuals with a deep understanding of their own agency, as well as a personal sense of social responsibility toward and with others and society as a whole.

Social justice includes a vision of society in which the distribution of resources is fair and relatively equitable, and all members are physically, spiritually and psychologically safe and secure.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref> In addition, the University owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the University.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of three freshman residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
*'''Murphy Hall''' houses 408 students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>

The other five residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses 306 upperclassmen and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is home to the honors floor with approximately 25 first year students as well as upperclassmen students and also home to three locked sorority suites: Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega, and Gamma Phi Beta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Two sororites, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Kappa Delta, and two fraternities, Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Phi Epsilon, have locked floors in Hamlin Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the University and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
==Athletics==
{{see also|John Carroll Blue Streaks football}}
John Carroll fields 23 varsity sports teams. The official colors are blue and gold, and teams compete under the nickname Blue Streaks. John Carroll teams compete in [[NCAA]] Division III. The university has been a member institution of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] since 1989.

JCU plays football, lacrosse and soccer in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after alumnus and winningest coach in NFL history Don Shula '51. Shula contributed to the stadium's construction, as did former [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 1975-76, the wrestling team won the NCAA Division III national championship. Since then, three teams have qualified for the national semifinals: the 2002 football team, the 2003-04 men's basketball team, and the 2016 football team. On November 12, 2016, John Carroll defeated Mount Union 31-28, snapping the program's college football record of 112 straight regular season wins.

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cleveland, Ohio|University|Catholicism}}
*[[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
*[[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
*[[WJCU]]
*[[The Carroll News]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* {{official}}
* [http://www.jcu.edu John Carroll University official website]
* [http://www.jcusports.com John Carroll University official athletics website]
* [http://library.jcu.edu University Library]
* [http://www.jcunews.com The Carroll News]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{John Carroll University}}{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
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[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ohio]]
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John Carroll University

2016-04-05T14:45:52Z

MBWhitney: /* Core Curriculum */

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox University
| name = John Carroll University
| image = [[Image:Jcu seal small.jpg|150px|Seal of John Carroll University]]
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = ''[[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ({{small|[[Latin]]}})
| mottoeng = ''For the greater glory of God''
| established = 1886
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Nonprofit]] [[Research]] [[Coeducational]]
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])
| endowment = US $181.0 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2013NCSEEndowmentMarket%20ValuesRevisedFeb142014.pdf |title=NCSE Public Tables Endowment Market Values|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-04-15}}</ref>
| president = Rev. [[Robert L. Niehoff]], S.J.
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,709
| undergrad = 3,001
| postgrad = 708
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| campus = [[Suburban]] – {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| free_label = Fight Song
| free = "''Onward, On John Carroll''"
| colors = [[Blue (color)|Blue]] {{colorbox|#084073}} and {{colorbox|#F1C423}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
| sports = 23 varsity sports teams<ref>{{cite web|title=John Carroll University Sports|url= http://www.jcusports.com/}}</ref> (11 men's and 12 women's)
| nickname = [http://www.jcusports.com/ Blue Streaks]
| mascot = Lobo the Wolf
| affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886-1923)
| website = [http://www.jcu.edu/ www.jcu.edu]
}}

'''John Carroll University''' (Latin: '''Universitas Joannis Carroll''') is a private, co-educational [[Jesuit]] Catholic university in [[University Heights, Ohio]], United States, a suburb of [[Cleveland]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, accompanied by the AACSB-accredited John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3009 undergraduate and 717 graduate students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web | url = http://webmedia.jcu.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/JCUAR.pdf | title = 2011 Annual Report| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2012-07-02}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. Recently, the university has expanded its offerings of majors, minors, and graduate degrees, as well as its international programs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/magazine/2010/09/30/a-global-perspective/ | title = A Global Perspective| publisher = John Carroll Magazine | accessdate = 2011-11-22}}</ref><ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/study | title = Center for Global Education| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-11-22}}</ref> The university has been ranked in the top 10 of Midwest regional universities by U.S. News & World Report's annual guide, "America's Best Colleges," for twenty-five consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/newsroom/2011/09/13/john-carroll-university-earns-top-college-rankings-u-s-news-world-report/ | title = John Carroll University Earns Top College Ranking| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest | title = U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2014, Regional University Midwest Rankings| publisher = U.S. News & World Report | accessdate = 2014-05-06}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University). now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus.]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesuits under the title of '''St Ignatius College''' as a "college for men." It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923, the College was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, after the first [[archbishop]] of the Catholic Church in the United States and founder of fellow Jesuit institution [[Georgetown University]]. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of Cleveland to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. The city had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower.]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |last= |first= |accessdate=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the University made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the University has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the University opened the $66 million, 265,000 ft² (25,000 m²) Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the (older) Bohannon Science building and Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

The current president, Rev. Robert Niehoff was inaugurated the 24th president of John Carroll University in October 2005.

===Jesuit Tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] [[Kulturkampf]]. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and Latin and Greek prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll’s core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

==Academic Programs==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler School of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core Curriculum===
The university requires a rigorous [[liberal arts]] core for all undergraduate students. Among the requirements are public speaking, English composition, two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, a social justice course, a global course, and a foreign language requirement.<ref>http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/</ref>

The Core Curriculum in the [[Liberal Arts]] of John Carroll is informed by the principles that issue from the University's mission as a Jesuit liberal arts institution of higher learning. Accordingly, the Core emphasizes the development of whole human persons who are educated in the humanizing arts and sciences; skilled in expression and in scholarly investigation; and aware of the interrelationship of all knowledge and the interdependence of all peoples. Moreover, it promotes the integration of faith and reason by imparting a deeper knowledge of and respect for the students' own cultural and religious traditions as well as those of others. Finally, it highlights the development of intellect, character, and leadership, and the responsible social actions which flow from them.<ref>http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/</ref>

As a means to achieve these and other goals significant to the University's mission, the Core has a distributive structure as well as distinctive emphases. The Core thus allows selectivity while also stipulating certain academic experiences which are important for all students.

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler School of Business===
The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The majors are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Logistics, Management, Marketing and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate Programs===
A partial list of graduate programs that are offered include: accountancy, biology, business (MBA), communications management, clinical mental health counseling, education, educational administration, school counseling, school psychology, English, history, humanities, integrated science, mathematics, nonprofit administration, and Theology & Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible upperclassman are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref>

John Carroll University's Sponsored Programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the University's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education"/>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings===
*Ranked seventh among Midwest (Master's) Universities in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News .26 World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050</ref> This was the 25th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching</ref>
*Ranked No. 7 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value</ref>
*Chosen as one of Barron's "Best Buys," one of only 280 schools to earn that distinction. .<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016 <ref>http://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2</ref>
*The Boler School of Business consistently ranks in the top 10 business schools in the Midwest and is AACSB International (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) accredited a prestigious distinction that is only awarded to the top 10–12% of business schools nationally.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected for the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The red-brick Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

Thorne Acres, a {{convert|38|acre|m2|adj=on}} property in nearby [[Chardon, OH|Chardon]], provides additional recreational and educational facilities.

Major buildings include the Grasselli Library and its John G. and Mary Jane Breen Learning Center, the Thomas P. O'Malley, SJ Center for Communications and Language Arts, and the D.J. Lombardo Student Center. This center includes the Little Theatre, the Harold C. Schott Dining Hall, the Inn Between, the Underground, recreational facilities, public conference rooms, and offices for student organizations; it is also the location of the Fritzsche Religious Center containing the campus ministry offices and the Saint Francis Chapel. In recent years, the University has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza which abut the campus in order to both provide for additional office and housing space, but also to help preserve the look of the neighborhood around the campus which has become landlocked since the University was one of the original developments in what was once part of neighboring [[Shaker Heights, Ohio|Shaker Heights]].

The [[Don Shula]] Sports Center includes the William H. Johnson Natatorium and the Ralph Vince Fitness Center. Other major facilities include:
*Jeanne Colleran Administration Complex
*Boler School of Business
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Wasmer and Schweickert fields for outdoor athletic events.
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]

==Student life==

===Student Organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large. A list of these organizations can be found on the [http://www.jcu.edu/campuslife/organizations/alpha.htm JCU Campus Life Organizations] page.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (BΘΠ) – [http://www.jcubetas.org Chapter Website]
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ) – [http://jcudelts.deltsconnect.org/ Chapter Website]
*[[Lambda Chi Alpha]] (ΛXA) – [http://www.lambdachi.org/directorieschapter.aspx]
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ) – [http://www.jcusigeps.net/ Chapter Website]

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)- [http://chapters.kappakappagamma.org/etazeta/ Chapter Website]

===Campus Ministry===
Grounded in the Catholic and Ignatian tradition, Campus Ministry serves persons of all faiths by: animating a community of faith through vibrant worship, retreats and small faith communities; promoting a faith that does justice through education, advocacy, service and reflection; fostering the development of whole persons who are servant leaders in their local, global, and faith communities.

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service and Social Action believes that, through service, we can deepen our understanding of and be a conduit for positive change within our local, national, and international community.

and instruction from their organizing staff members in the service and social action department to aid students in creating a mutual understanding and respect for those in need servicing. The Center for Service and Social Action stress the importance of reflection after service to further reinforce their mission statement to the contributing participants.

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
Guided by John Carroll University’s mission, vision, and core values, the Center for Student Diversity and Inclusion focuses on supporting the holistic development of historically underrepresented students. The goal of the Center is to nurture a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds, so they can become successful and fully engaged in their learning experiences in and outside the classroom. The Center promotes a welcoming and just university community, they sponsor campus speakers and entertainment, as well as providing training related to issues of diversity.

===Arrupe===
The Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

Fr. [[Pedro Arrupe]] grew in his understanding of the world, its struggles for justice and peace, and the way God continued to call people to be involved in this world. Students in the Arrupe program can find in his life a paradigm for their own growth, to be unafraid to be challenged, to learn from cultures not their own, and to gauge their growth not in terms of how much they possess but in terms of how much they can give.
A commitment to social justice entails the formation of an ethic of social action that embodies Fr. Arrupe's ideal of "a commitment to promote justice and to enter into solidarity with the voiceless and the powerless."

The humanism of today's Jesuit University is not one that removes young men or women from life but one that prepares them to take their place in life with conviction that their talents are not talents until they are directed to help other people, until they have become genuinely men and women for others.

A commitment to social justice is the full, fair and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet the needs of each individual member.

Social justice involves individuals with a deep understanding of their own agency, as well as a personal sense of social responsibility toward and with others and society as a whole.

Social justice includes a vision of society in which the distribution of resources is fair and relatively equitable, and all members are physically, spiritually and psychologically safe and secure.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref> In addition, the University owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the University. John Carroll is the only school in Ohio to utilize random refrigerator inspections to police consumption of alcohol in its dormitories.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of three freshman residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a first year co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
*'''Murphy Hall''' '''(Dirty Murph''') houses 408 freshman students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>

The other five residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses 306 upperclassmen and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is home to the honors floor with approximately 25 first year students as well as upperclassmen students and also home to three locked sorority suites: Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega, and Gamma Phi Beta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Two sororites, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Kappa Delta, and two fraternities, Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Phi Epsilon, have locked floors in Hamlin Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the University and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
John Joseph Bernet (February 9, 1868 – July 5, 1935)[1][2] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads".[1]

==Athletics==
JCU has 23 varsity sports teams and are known as the ''Blue Streaks''. The teams mostly play in the [[NCAA]]'s Division III [[Ohio Athletic Conference]].

The school's football team plays in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after one of the school's most famous alumni. The stadium opened in 2003. Its namesake contributed to the stadium's construction, as did [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 2008, the Women's Varsity Swimming Team won the Ohio Athletic Conference title.

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cleveland, Ohio|University|Catholicism}}
*[[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
*[[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
*[[WJCU]]
*[[The Carroll News]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* [http://www.jcu.edu John Carroll University official website]
* [http://www.jcusports.com John Carroll University official athletics website]
* [http://library.jcu.edu University Library]
* [http://www.jcunews.com The Carroll News]
{{coord|41.491|-81.530|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{Ohio Athletic Conference navbox}}
{{Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities}}
{{CHMA}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1886]]
[[Category:John Carroll University|*]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:V-12 Navy College Training Program]]

John Carroll University

2016-04-05T14:40:24Z

MBWhitney: /* Rankings */

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox University
| name = John Carroll University
| image = [[Image:Jcu seal small.jpg|150px|Seal of John Carroll University]]
| latin_name = Universitas Joannis Carroll
| motto = ''[[Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ({{small|[[Latin]]}})
| mottoeng = ''For the greater glory of God''
| established = 1886
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Nonprofit]] [[Research]] [[Coeducational]]
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])
| endowment = US $181.0 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2013NCSEEndowmentMarket%20ValuesRevisedFeb142014.pdf |title=NCSE Public Tables Endowment Market Values|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-04-15}}</ref>
| president = Rev. [[Robert L. Niehoff]], S.J.
| faculty = 635
| students = 3,709
| undergrad = 3,001
| postgrad = 708
| city = [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]]
| state = [[Ohio]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| campus = [[Suburban]] – {{convert|63|acre|ha|1}}
| free_label = Fight Song
| free = "''Onward, On John Carroll''"
| colors = [[Blue (color)|Blue]] {{colorbox|#084073}} and {{colorbox|#F1C423}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA Division III]] – [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]
| sports = 23 varsity sports teams<ref>{{cite web|title=John Carroll University Sports|url= http://www.jcusports.com/}}</ref> (11 men's and 12 women's)
| nickname = [http://www.jcusports.com/ Blue Streaks]
| mascot = Lobo the Wolf
| affiliations = [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|AJCU]] [[Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities|ACCU]] [[Council of Independent Colleges|CIC]]
| former_names = St. Ignatius College (1886-1923)
| website = [http://www.jcu.edu/ www.jcu.edu]
}}

'''John Carroll University''' (Latin: '''Universitas Joannis Carroll''') is a private, co-educational [[Jesuit]] Catholic university in [[University Heights, Ohio]], United States, a suburb of [[Cleveland]]. It is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, accompanied by the AACSB-accredited John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business. John Carroll has an enrollment of 3009 undergraduate and 717 graduate students.<ref name="At a Glance">{{cite web | url = http://webmedia.jcu.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/JCUAR.pdf | title = 2011 Annual Report| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2012-07-02}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, and business, and in selected areas at the master's level. Recently, the university has expanded its offerings of majors, minors, and graduate degrees, as well as its international programs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/magazine/2010/09/30/a-global-perspective/ | title = A Global Perspective| publisher = John Carroll Magazine | accessdate = 2011-11-22}}</ref><ref name="Center for Global Education">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/study | title = Center for Global Education| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-11-22}}</ref> The university has been ranked in the top 10 of Midwest regional universities by U.S. News & World Report's annual guide, "America's Best Colleges," for twenty-five consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/newsroom/2011/09/13/john-carroll-university-earns-top-college-rankings-u-s-news-world-report/ | title = John Carroll University Earns Top College Ranking| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest | title = U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2014, Regional University Midwest Rankings| publisher = U.S. News & World Report | accessdate = 2014-05-06}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MainBldgFullView.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The main building of St. Ignatius College (renamed John Carroll University). now part of the [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|Saint Ignatius High School]] campus.]]

===Founding===
John Carroll University was founded in 1886 by the Society of Jesuits under the title of '''St Ignatius College''' as a "college for men." It has been in continuous operation as a degree-granting institution since that time. Founded as the 19th of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, it is a member of the [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]].<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science">{{cite web | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23130/1/V086N3_051 | title = History of the Biology Department of John Carroll University | publisher = Ohio Journal of Science | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref> It was founded 97 years after [[Georgetown University]], the first Catholic Jesuit University in the United States.

In 1923, the College was renamed [[John Carroll (priest)|John Carroll]] University, after the first [[archbishop]] of the Catholic Church in the United States and founder of fellow Jesuit institution [[Georgetown University]]. In 1935, it was moved from its original location on the west side of Cleveland to its present site in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], a [[suburb]] {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of downtown Cleveland. The city had been renamed from "Idlewood" during the construction of the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cleveland.about.com/od/education/p/johncarroll.htm | title = John Carroll University | publisher = About, Inc. | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref>
[[Image:Jcu tower.jpg|thumb|180px|right|John Carroll University administration building tower.]]

During [[World War II]], John Carroll was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="jc-v-12">{{cite web|url=http://sites.jcu.edu/veterans/ |title=Veterans Program |publisher=[[University Heights, Ohio]]: John Carroll University |last= |first= |accessdate=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>

===Expansion===
In September 1968, the University made the transition from full-time male enrollment to a fully [[coeducation]]al institution, admitting women to the College of Arts and Sciences for the first time.

In recent years, the University has undergone extensive reconstruction and expansion. In 2003, the University opened the $66 million, 265,000 ft² (25,000 m²) Dolan Center for Science and Technology, named after alumnus [[Charles Dolan]], founder of [[Cablevision]] and [[HBO]], and his wife Helen Dolan. The couple met while attending John Carroll. In 2011, the university completed the removal of the (older) Bohannon Science building and Hamlin Quad enhancement project.

The current president, Rev. Robert Niehoff was inaugurated the 24th president of John Carroll University in October 2005.

===Jesuit Tradition===
The [[Jesuits]] who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck's]] [[Kulturkampf]]. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of classical literature and Latin and Greek prose and poetry, and to developing the ability to express one's self in these languages, as well as in the vernacular, orally and in writing. The final year was devoted to philosophy. There were also electives in the sciences, history, and geography, as well as other subjects. If the student completed only six years, a certificate was given. Completion of the year of philosophy made the student eligible for the baccalaureate degree, which the college was empowered to grant when it was chartered in 1890. The first two degrees were awarded in 1895.<ref name="Ohio Journal of Science"/>

John Carroll’s core value and mission emphasizes social justice and service to the community and the broader world. The university also follows Jesuit traditions by focusing on educating the “whole” student, or the intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development of each student. Although its curriculum and community are shaped by its Jesuit and Catholic nature, it welcomes faculty, staff, and students of all faiths and of no faith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sites.jcu.edu/mission/pages/vision-mission-core-values-and-strategic-initiatives-statement/ | title = Core Values and Strategic Initiatives Statement | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>

==Academic Programs==
John Carroll University is organized into two schools: the College of Arts and Sciences and the AACSB-accredited Boler School of Business, each defining its own academic programs under the auspices of the Academic Vice President. All students need to fulfill the requirements in the core curriculum, as well as those required by their major field of study.

===Core Curriculum===
The university requires a rigorous [[liberal arts]] core for all undergraduate students. Among the requirements are public speaking, English composition, two [[philosophy]] courses, two [[religious studies]] courses, a social justice course, a global course, and a foreign language requirement.<ref>http://sites.jcu.edu/cas/pages/core-curriculum/new-core-fall-2015/</ref>

The Core Curriculum in the [[Liberal Arts]] of John Carroll is informed by the principles that issue from the University's mission as a Catholic and Jesuit liberal arts institution of higher learning. Accordingly, the Core emphasizes the development of whole human persons who are educated in the humanizing arts and sciences; skilled in expression and in scholarly investigation; and aware of the interrelationship of all knowledge and the interdependence of all peoples. Moreover, it promotes the integration of faith and reason by imparting a deeper knowledge of and respect for the students' own cultural and religious traditions as well as those of others. Finally, it highlights intellectual, moral and spiritual principles, and the responsible social actions which flow from them.

As a means to achieve these and other goals significant to the University's mission, the Core has a distributive structure as well as distinctive emphases. The Core thus allows selectivity while also stipulating certain academic experiences which are important for all students.

===College of Arts and Sciences===
John Carroll University's College of Arts and Sciences offers its students 31 majors and 28 minors. Some of the most popular majors are communications, education, political science, biology, and psychology.

===Boler School of Business===
The John M. and Mary Jo Boler School of Business offers seven majors, as well as several minors. The majors are Accountancy, Economics, Finance, Logistics, Management, Marketing and International Business with Language and Culture.

===Graduate Programs===
A partial list of graduate programs that are offered include: accountancy, biology, business (MBA), communications management, clinical mental health counseling, education, educational administration, school counseling, school psychology, English, history, humanities, integrated science, mathematics, nonprofit administration, and Theology & Religious Studies.<ref name="At a Glance"/>

===International programs===
John Carroll has several [[Study abroad|international programs]] in which eligible upperclassman are able to participate. The university operates several of their own programs and cooperates with other Jesuit universities in operating other programs. John Carroll University's Exchange Programs include the International Student Exchange Program, and programs at [[Kansai Gaidai University]], [[Nanzan University]] and [[Sophia University]], all in Japan as well as the [[Dortmund University of Technology]], Germany and [[University of Hull]], England.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/global/studyabroad.htm| title = The Center for Global Education – Studying Abroad | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref>

John Carroll University's Sponsored Programs are either administered by John Carroll University or by another Jesuit University. In certain cases, John Carroll University faculty accompany and remain abroad with the students the entire semester. These programs include the [[Belfast]] Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/belfastinstitute/index.htm| title = Belfast Institute in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> the Boler School of Business Semester in [[London]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bsob.jcu.edu/about.htm#| title = The Boler London Semester | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref> Italian Studies at Vatican City, the London Liberal Arts Semester, the Jesuit Beijing Center, as well as Casa de la Solidaridad in El Salvador.

All international programs, including those for international students who study at John Carroll, are managed by the University's Center for Global Education.<ref name="Center for Global Education"/>

===Scholarships===
The university has four merit scholarships including the Presidential Honors Award, the Presidential Leadership Award, the [http://www.jcu.edu/arrupe Arrupe Scholars Award], and the Magis Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/aidjcu/scholarships/merit.htm | title = Merit-Based Awards | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> Department scholarships are offered by individual departments and include the Castellano Scholarship, usually awarded yearly to one or two freshman applicants who will major in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). This award covers full tuition for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/language/castellano_scholarship.htm | title = Castellano Scholarship | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref>

===Rankings===
*Ranked seventh among Midwest (Master's) Universities in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide [[College and university rankings#The U.S. News .26 World Report rankings of US universities|"America's Best Colleges,"]].<ref>http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/john-carroll-university-3050</ref> This was the 25th consecutive year that John Carroll had ranked in the top 10 on this list.
*Ranked No. 3 on “Best Undergraduate Teaching" within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/undergraduate-teaching</ref>
*Ranked No. 7 on as a “Best Value” school within its category in the 2016 [[U.S. News & World Report]] annual guide.<ref>http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest/best-value</ref>
*Chosen as one of Barron's "Best Buys," one of only 280 schools to earn that distinction. .<ref name="JCU Points of Pride">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/about/pride.htm | title = JCU Points of Pride | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2011-12-04}}</ref>
*Chosen as one of Forbes Best Value Schools of 2016 <ref>http://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/29/the-full-list-of-forbes-best-value-schools-2016/#34b41ab54ec2</ref>
*The Boler School of Business consistently ranks in the top 10 business schools in the Midwest and is AACSB International (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) accredited a prestigious distinction that is only awarded to the top 10–12% of business schools nationally.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected for the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>
*Selected as a Presidential Award Finalist for the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, the highest federal recognition a university can receive for its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. This year, John Carroll is one of only 14 colleges and universities nationwide to receive recognition as a finalist. This is the sixth consecutive year that the university has been named to the honor role.<ref name="JCU Points of Pride"/>

==Campus==
More than twenty major buildings, predominantly [[Collegiate Gothic]] in architecture (not to be confused with the common Tudor Revival style found in much of Cleveland Heights), and sixty landscaped acres make up the John Carroll campus. The red-brick Administration Building, surmounted by the university's landmark Grasselli Tower, bears clear resemblance to the English royal palace [[Hampton Court]].

Thorne Acres, a {{convert|38|acre|m2|adj=on}} property in nearby [[Chardon, OH|Chardon]], provides additional recreational and educational facilities.

Major buildings include the Grasselli Library and its John G. and Mary Jane Breen Learning Center, the Thomas P. O'Malley, SJ Center for Communications and Language Arts, and the D.J. Lombardo Student Center. This center includes the Little Theatre, the Harold C. Schott Dining Hall, the Inn Between, the Underground, recreational facilities, public conference rooms, and offices for student organizations; it is also the location of the Fritzsche Religious Center containing the campus ministry offices and the Saint Francis Chapel. In recent years, the University has purchased several homes as well as a nearby shopping plaza which abut the campus in order to both provide for additional office and housing space, but also to help preserve the look of the neighborhood around the campus which has become landlocked since the University was one of the original developments in what was once part of neighboring [[Shaker Heights, Ohio|Shaker Heights]].

The [[Don Shula]] Sports Center includes the William H. Johnson Natatorium and the Ralph Vince Fitness Center. Other major facilities include:
*Jeanne Colleran Administration Complex
*Boler School of Business
*Dolan Center for Science and Technology
*Kulas Auditorium
*Rodman Hall
*Wasmer and Schweickert fields for outdoor athletic events.
*Eight [[#Housing|student residence halls.]]

==Student life==

===Student Organizations===
There are over 100 student-led organizations at John Carroll, many of which have the underlying goal of providing service to the community – be it the community of the local Cleveland area or the global community at large. A list of these organizations can be found on the [http://www.jcu.edu/campuslife/organizations/alpha.htm JCU Campus Life Organizations] page.

====Greek life====
John Carroll University's fraternities and sororities are approved by the John Carroll University Office of Student Activities and are governed by the rules of the Interfraternity and Panhellenic Councils, respectively.<ref name="John Carroll University">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/fraternities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Fraternities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>

The following four [[fraternities]] have chapters or colonies at John Carroll University:<ref name="John Carroll University"/>
*[[Beta Theta Pi]] (BΘΠ) – [http://www.jcubetas.org Chapter Website]
*[[Delta Tau Delta]] (ΔΤΔ) – [http://jcudelts.deltsconnect.org/ Chapter Website]
*[[Lambda Chi Alpha]] (ΛXA) – [http://www.lambdachi.org/directorieschapter.aspx]
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] (ΣΦΕ) – [http://www.jcusigeps.net/ Chapter Website]

The following five [[sororities]] have chapters at John Carroll University:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/greeks/sororities.htm | title = JCU Campus Life – Fraternity & Sorority Life: Sororities | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-09-26}}</ref>
*[[Chi Omega]] (ΧΩ)
*[[Gamma Phi Beta]] (ΓΦΒ)
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]] (ΚΑΘ)
*[[Kappa Delta]] (ΚΔ)
*[[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] (ΚΚΓ)- [http://chapters.kappakappagamma.org/etazeta/ Chapter Website]

===Campus Ministry===
Grounded in the Catholic and Ignatian tradition, Campus Ministry serves persons of all faiths by: animating a community of faith through vibrant worship, retreats and small faith communities; promoting a faith that does justice through education, advocacy, service and reflection; fostering the development of whole persons who are servant leaders in their local, global, and faith communities.

===Center for Service & Social Action===
The Center for Service and Social Action believes that, through service, we can deepen our understanding of and be a conduit for positive change within our local, national, and international community.

and instruction from their organizing staff members in the service and social action department to aid students in creating a mutual understanding and respect for those in need servicing. The Center for Service and Social Action stress the importance of reflection after service to further reinforce their mission statement to the contributing participants.

===Center for Student Diversity & Inclusion===
Guided by John Carroll University’s mission, vision, and core values, the Center for Student Diversity and Inclusion focuses on supporting the holistic development of historically underrepresented students. The goal of the Center is to nurture a sense of belonging for students from diverse backgrounds, so they can become successful and fully engaged in their learning experiences in and outside the classroom. The Center promotes a welcoming and just university community, they sponsor campus speakers and entertainment, as well as providing training related to issues of diversity.

===Arrupe===
The Arrupe Scholars Program recognizes John Carroll students for their significant commitment to two interrelated values of John Carroll's mission: intellectual inquiry that demands critical thinking, and engaging in social justice and community service that leads to social action.

Fr. [[Pedro Arrupe]] grew in his understanding of the world, its struggles for justice and peace, and the way God continued to call people to be involved in this world. Students in the Arrupe program can find in his life a paradigm for their own growth, to be unafraid to be challenged, to learn from cultures not their own, and to gauge their growth not in terms of how much they possess but in terms of how much they can give.
A commitment to social justice entails the formation of an ethic of social action that embodies Fr. Arrupe's ideal of "a commitment to promote justice and to enter into solidarity with the voiceless and the powerless."

The humanism of today's Jesuit University is not one that removes young men or women from life but one that prepares them to take their place in life with conviction that their talents are not talents until they are directed to help other people, until they have become genuinely men and women for others.

A commitment to social justice is the full, fair and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet the needs of each individual member.

Social justice involves individuals with a deep understanding of their own agency, as well as a personal sense of social responsibility toward and with others and society as a whole.

Social justice includes a vision of society in which the distribution of resources is fair and relatively equitable, and all members are physically, spiritually and psychologically safe and secure.

===Housing===
John Carroll is a primarily residential campus, with over 60% of all students living on campus in one of eight residence halls; 90% of freshmen and sophomores live on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/firstyear/halls.htm | title = John Student Affairs – Residence Life for First Year Students| publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref> In addition, the University owns various apartment buildings and townhouses nearby campus that become additional options for juniors and seniors in their final two years at the University. John Carroll is the only school in Ohio to utilize random refrigerator inspections to police consumption of alcohol in its dormitories.

===Residence halls===
There are eight residence halls on John Carroll's campus. During a student's first year, they are placed in one of three freshman residence halls:
* '''Pacelli Hall''', named after [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII)]], is a first year co-ed residence hall and has a capacity of 216.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/pacelli.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Pacelli Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
* '''Sutowski Hall''' has a capacity of 171 students. Depending on the gender proportions of each freshman class, the hall assignments vary. For the 2011–2012 Academic Year, Sutowski Hall houses male and female residents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/sutowski.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Sutowski Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
*'''Murphy Hall''' '''(Dirty Murph''') houses 408 freshman students. Murphy Hall is co-ed, with both male and female residents sharing the same building although not the same wings of the building. Murphy Hall rooms are designed in a Suite-style layout. Residents of Murphy Hall shares a room with one other person, and share a common living area with the adjacent room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/murphy.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Murphy Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>

The other five residence halls house upperclassmen. All are coed but rooms are separated by gender in different wings of each hall.
*'''Campion Hall''' is the newest residence hall. It was built in 1990 as "Gnu Hall" but was dedicated to [[Edmund Campion|St. Edmund Campion]] and the defunct [[Campion High School|Campion Jesuit High School]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on November 13, 1993. It houses 306 upperclassmen and has standard dormitory style rooms. Each of the residents of Campion Hall has access to a full kitchen and dining area. Campion Hall is home to the honors floor with approximately 25 first year students as well as upperclassmen students and also home to three locked sorority suites: Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega, and Gamma Phi Beta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/campion.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Campion Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Dolan Hall''' was completed in 1955 and is dedicated to Thomas F. Dolan. From 1994 to 2006, Dolan Hall was an all female dormitory but in 2007 it was changed to a co-ed, "Super-Single" style dorm with 214 students living in individual rooms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/dolan.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Dolan Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Hamlin Hall''' was built in 1988 and is dedicated to Richard M. Hamlin, a John Carroll University [[alumnus]]. 294 students reside within its walls, in standard dormitory style rooms. Hamlin Hall is also furnished with a complete kitchen, available for use by any of its residents. Two sororites, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Kappa Delta, and two fraternities, Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Phi Epsilon, have locked floors in Hamlin Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/hamlin.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Hamlin Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Millor Hall''' was finished in 1981. Given its location toward the south end of campus, this building was temporarily "South Hall" but was later changed as a dedication to Rev. William J. Millor in October of that year. 242 students reside in Millor Hall which is home to the Delta Tau Delta fraternity floor.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/millor.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Millor Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
*'''Bernet Hall''' was the first dormitory erected on campus in 1935. It was built at the recommendation of a major supporter of the University and its namesake, John J. Bernet, who called for a place to house those "boys from Greater Cleveland who will be forced to go home every night." It was remodeled from its original design and is now the home of 100 upperclassmen, each of whom has an apartment style dormitory with either 2, 4 or 6 students per apartment. Residency in Bernet Hall is competitive and the only residence hall on John Carroll's campus requiring an application.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jcu.edu/studentl/reslife/halls/bernet.htm | title = JCU Student Affairs – Residence Halls: Bernet Hall | publisher = John Carroll University | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>
John Joseph Bernet (February 9, 1868 – July 5, 1935)[1][2] was president of the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railroad in the United States. He was known for bringing railroad companies back from bankruptcy to solvency, earning him the nickname "Doctor of Sick Railroads".[1]

==Athletics==
JCU has 23 varsity sports teams and are known as the ''Blue Streaks''. The teams mostly play in the [[NCAA]]'s Division III [[Ohio Athletic Conference]].

The school's football team plays in [[Don Shula]] Stadium, named after one of the school's most famous alumni. The stadium opened in 2003. Its namesake contributed to the stadium's construction, as did [[Washington Redskins]] star and JCU alumnus [[London Fletcher]] '98.

In 2008, the Women's Varsity Swimming Team won the Ohio Athletic Conference title.

==Notable people==
{{main|List of John Carroll University people}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cleveland, Ohio|University|Catholicism}}
*[[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities]]
*[[Ohio Athletic Conference]]
*[[WJCU]]
*[[The Carroll News]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Carroll University}}
* [http://www.jcu.edu John Carroll University official website]
* [http://www.jcusports.com John Carroll University official athletics website]
* [http://library.jcu.edu University Library]
* [http://www.jcunews.com The Carroll News]
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