Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Marviken, Södermanland

2024-12-20T11:09:55Z

Maundwiki:

{{Expand Swedish|topic=geo|date=October 2011|Marviken, Södermanland}}
{{Infobox lake
|name = Marviken
|image = Marvikarna mot norr juli 2009.jpg
|alt = View of lake
|image_size = 250
|caption =
|pushpin_map = Sweden Södermanland
|pushpin_map_alt = Location of lake
|image_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|coords = {{coord|59|12|00|N|17|09|40|E|type:waterbody_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title,inline}}
|type =
|inflow =
|outflow =
|catchment =
|basin_countries = Sweden
|length =
|width =
|area =
|depth =
|max-depth =
|volume =
|residence_time =
|shore =
|elevation =
|cities =
|reference =
}}
'''Marviken''' is three lakes [[Övre Marviken]], [[Mellan-Marviken]] and [[Nedre Marviken]] in [[Södermanland]], [[Sweden]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marviken, Sodermanland}}
[[Category:Lakes of Södermanland County]]

{{Södermanland-geo-stub}}

Marviken, Södermanland

2024-12-20T11:08:08Z

Maundwiki:

{{Expand Swedish|topic=geo|date=October 2011|Marviken, Södermanland}}
{{Infobox lake
|name = Marviken
|image = Marvikarna mot norr juli 2009.jpg
|alt = View of lake
|image_size = 250
|caption =
|pushpin_map = Sweden Södermanland
|pushpin_map_alt = Location of lake
|image_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|coords = {{coord|59|12|00|N|17|09|40|E|type:waterbody_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title,inline}}
|type =
|inflow =
|outflow =
|catchment =
|basin_countries = Sweden
|length =
|width =
|area =
|depth =
|max-depth =
|volume =
|residence_time =
|shore =
|elevation =
|cities =
|reference =
}}
'''Marviken''' is three lakes in [[Södermanland]], [[Sweden]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marviken, Sodermanland}}
[[Category:Lakes of Södermanland County]]

{{Södermanland-geo-stub}}

Kotili, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2024-09-23T11:55:45Z

Maundwiki: prior coord was for Dulia, Democratic Republic of the Congo

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Kotili
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_relief = y
|coordinates = {{coord|2.85777|24.54681|type:city|display=inline,title}}
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|subdivision_type1 = Province
|subdivision_name1 = [[Bas-Uélé]]
|subdivision_type2 = Territory
|subdivision_name2 = [[Buta Territory]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|unit_pref = Metric


|area_total_ha =
|elevation_m = 420
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
}}
'''Kotili''' is a village in the [[Bas-Uélé]] province of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. It was a station on the defunct [[Vicicongo line]], a railway.

==Location==

Kotili is in the [[Bas-Uélé]] province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the west of the [[Buta Territory]].{{sfn|Carte administrative ... Buta}}
It is on the RN4 road between [[Buta, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Buta]] to the east and [[Dulia, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Dulia]] to the west, and is a few kilometers north of the [[Rubi River]].{{sfn|Node: Kotili (254108411)}}
It is at an elevation of about {{convert|420|m}}.{{sfn|Kotili ... Geonames}}

==Railway==

The main axis of the Vicicongo line built by the ''[[Société des Chemins de Fer Vicinaux du Congo]]'' ran east from ran from [[Aketi (town)|Aketi]] through [[Komba, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Komba]] to Dulia, then through Kotili to Buta.{{sfn|Omasombo Tshonda|2014|p=449}}

==Notes==
{{notes}}{{reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.caid.cd/cartes/downloads/119.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-29
|title=Carte administrative du Territoire de Buta |publisher=CAID |ref={{harvid|Carte administrative ... Buta}} }}
*{{citation |url=http://www.geonames.org/212314/kotili.html |accessdate=2021-03-29
|title=Kotili |work=Geonames |ref={{harvid|Kotili ... Geonames}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/254108411 |accessdate=2021-03-29
|title=Node: Kotili (254108411) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Node: Kotili (254108411)}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.africamuseum.be/sites/default/files/media/docs/research/publications/rmca/online/monographies-provinces/bas-uele_web.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-30
|last=Omasombo Tshonda |first=Jean |title=Bas-Uele Pouvoirs locaux et économie agricole : héritages d’un passé brouillé |language=fr
|ISBN=978-9-4916-1586-3 |publisher=Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale |year=2014}}
{{refend}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:}}
[[Category:Populated places in Bas-Uélé]]

Talk:Kanteba

2024-09-22T21:37:07Z

Maundwiki: /* Location? */ new section

{{WikiProject banner shell|class=Stub|listas=|
{{WikiProject Africa
|Democratic Republic of the Congo=yes
|Democratic Republic of the Congo-importance=Low
|attention=
|needs-infobox=
|needs-photo=
|category=
}}
}}

== Location? ==

In the [https://archive.ph/20130210151812/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php sporce] it is located at 7.33°S 24.62°E. It was moved to 7.30°S 27.46°E however there is no second source that can confirm the loacation. [[User:Maundwiki|Maundwiki]] ([[User talk:Maundwiki|talk]]) 21:37, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

Sam (given name)

2024-02-07T20:19:49Z

Maundwiki: format fix (not content)

'''Sam''' is a given name as well as a nickname, often used by people named [[Samuel (name)|Samuel]], [[Sameer]], [[Samira]], [[Samson (name)|Samson]], and [[Samantha]], [[Samjhana (name)|Samjhana]].

{{compact ToC|refs=yes|custom1=Fictional characters}}

==A==
[[File:Allardyce May 2015.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Sam Allardyce|"Big Sam" Allardyce]] as manager of [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] in 2015]]
*[[Sam Abbas]] (born 1993), Egyptian film producer and director
*[[Sam Adams (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Adekugbe]] (born 1995), Canadian soccer player
*[[Sam Albatros]], Greek writer
*[[Sam Allardyce]] (born 1954), English football manager and player
*[[Sam Altman]] (born 1985), American entrepreneur
*[[Sam Anderson]] (born 1945), American actor
*[[Sam Arday]] (1945–2017), Ghanaian football coach
*[[Sammy Arnold]] (born 1996), English-born, Irish rugby union player

==B==
[[File:Sam Brownback official portrait 3.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Sam Brownback]], United States Senator from Kansas, 1996 to 2011]]
*[[Sam Babcock]] (1901–1970), American football player
*[[Sam Baker (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Balter]] (1909–1998), American basketball player
*[[Sam Bankman-Fried]] (born 1992), American entrepreneur and suspected fraudster
*[[Sam Barkas]] (1909–1989), English football player and manager
*[[Sam Barlow (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Bass (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Beal]] (born 1996), American football player
*[[Sam Beeton]] (born 1988), British singer-songwriter and musician
*[[Sam Bennett (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Bith]] (c. 1933–2008), Cambodian guerrilla commander and convicted murderer
*[[Sam Bohne]] (1896–1977), American Major League Baseball player
*[[Sam Born]] (1891–1959), American businessman, candy-maker and inventor
*[[Sam Bottoms]] (1955–2008), American actor and producer
*[[Sam Boyd]] (1910–1993), American businessman and casino manager and developer
*[[Sam Bradford]] (born 1987), American football player
*[[Sam Brittleton]] (1885–1951), English footballer
*[[Sam Brown (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Brownback]] (born 1956), American politician, governor of Kansas
*[[Sam Brunelli]] (born 1943), American football player
*[[Sam Burgess]] (born 1988), English Rugby League player
*[[Sam Bush]] (born 1952), American bluegrass mandolin player

==C==
[[File:Sam Cooke billboard.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Sam Cooke]] was known as the "King of Soul" for his distinctive vocals]]
*[[Sam Cassell]] (born 1969), American basketball player and assistant coach
*[[Sam Carter (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Carey]] (disappeared 1903), American fugitive
*[[Sam Chisholm]] (1939–2018), New Zealand-born media executive
*[[Sam Clemons]] (born 1978), American football player
*[[Sam Clark]] (born 1987), Australian actor, singer and songwriter
*[[Sam Clay]] (born 1993), American baseball player
*[[Sam Collier]] (1912–1950), American advertising entrepreneur
*[[Sam Collins (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Cooke]] (1931–1964), American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur
*[[Sam Coonrod]] (born 1992), American baseball player
*[[Sam Cooper (American football)]] (1909–1998), American football player
*[[Sam Coslow]] (1902–1982), American songwriter, singer and film producer
*[[Sam Cosmi]] (born 1999), American football player
*[[Sam Crawford]] (1880–1968), American baseball player
*[[Sam Cunningham]] (1950–2021), American football player

==D==
[[File:Senator Sam Dastyari March 2014.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Sam Dastyari]], first Iranian to sit in an Australian parliament]]
*[[Sam Daly]] (born 1984), American actor
*[[Sam Darnold]] (born 1997), American football player
*[[Sam Dastyari]] (born 1983), Iranian-born Australian Senator representing New South Wales
*[[Sam Davies (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Davis]] (1842–1863), Confederate soldier and spy
*[[Sammy Davis Jr.]] (1925-1990), American singer, actor, comedian and dancer
*[[Sam Day (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam De Grasse]] (1875–1953), Canadian actor
*[[Sam Demel]] (born 1985), American baseball pitcher
*[[Sam Denby]] (born 1998), American YouTuber
*[[Sam Donaldson]] (born 1934), American reporter and news anchor
*[[Sam Duncan]], Westmeath Gaelic footballer
*[[Sam Dunell]] (born 1990), Australian rules football player

==E==
[[File:Sam Eyde photographed 1910.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Sam Eyde]], founder of [[Norsk Hydro]] and [[Elkem]]]]
[[File:Sam Fuld running.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Sam Fuld]]]]
*[[Sam Ehlinger]] (born 1998), American football player
*[[Sam Elliott]] (born 1944), American actor
*[[Sam Ermolenko]] (born 1960), American speedway rider
*[[Sam Ervin]] (1896–1985), American politician
*[[Sam Eyde]] (1866–1940), Norwegian engineer and industrialist

==F==
*[[Sam Faber]] (born 1987), American ice hockey player
*[[Sam Farr]] (born 1941), American politician from California
*[[Sam Fatu]] (born 1965), American professional wrestler
*[[Sam Feldt]] (born 1993), Dutch DJ and music producer
*[[Sam Peter Christopher Fernando]] (1909-after 1962), Sri Lankan Sinhala lawyer, diplomat, and politician
*[[Sam Fisher (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Fletcher (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Francis]] (1923–1994), American painter and printmaker
*[[Sam Franklin (American football)]] (born 1996), American football player
*[[Sam Fuld]] (born 1981), American major league baseball outfielder and general manager

==G==
[[File:Sam Giancana.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Mobster Sam Giancana]]
*[[Sam Gagner]] (born 1989), Canadian ice hockey centre
*[[Sam George (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Giammalva]] (born 1934), American tennis player
*[[Sam Giancana]] (1908–1975), Italian-American mobster, boss of the [[Chicago Outfit]]
*[[Sam Gibson (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Samuel Goldwyn]] (1882–1974), Polish-American film producer
*[[Ulysses S. Grant]] (1822–1885), American Civil War general and president of the United States

==H==
[[File:Sam Houston c1850-crop.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Sam Houston]] serving as a United States Senator of Texas, 1850]]
*[[Sam Haggerty]] (born 1994), American baseball player
*[[Sam Hanks]] (1914–1994), American racecar driver
*[[Sam Harding (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Harris]] (born 1967), American author, neuroscientist and philosopher
*[[Sam Harrison (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Hartman]] (born 1999), American football player
*[[Sam Hentges]] (born 1996), American baseball player
*[[Sam Hentges (ice hockey)]] (born 1999), American ice hockey player
*[[Sam Heughan]] (born 1980), Scottish actor
*[[Sam Hill (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Hilliard]] (born 1994), American baseball player
*[[Sam Holmes (sailor)]], American sailor and YouTuber
*[[Sam Hornish Jr.]] (born 1979), American stock car racing driver
*[[Sam Houser]] (born 1971), English-American video game producer and developer
*[[Sam Houston]] (1793–1863), American politician and soldier
*[[Sam Howard]] (born 1993), American baseball player
*[[Sam Howell]] (born 2000), American football player
*[[Sam Hubbard]] (born 1996), American football player
*[[Sam Huff]] (1934–2021), American football player
*[[Sam Huff (baseball)]] (born 1998), American baseball player
*[[Sam Hui]] (born 1948), Hong Kong musician, singer, songwriter and actor
*[[Sam Hunt]] (born 1984), American singer and songwriter

==I==
*[[Sam Irwin-Hill]] (born 1990), American football player

==J==
*[[Sam Jackson (footballer)]] (born 1998), Liberian footballer
*[[Sam Jaffe]] (1891–1984), American actor, teacher and engineer
*[[Sam Jaffe (producer)]] (1901–2000), American film producer, agent and studio executive
*[[Sam Johnson]] (1930–2020), American politician and U.S. Air Force officer and fighter pilot
*[[Sam Johnstone]] (born 1993), English footballer
*[[Sam E. Jonah]] (born 1949), Ghanaian businessman
*[[Sam Jones (disambiguation)]], multiple people

==K==
[[File:Sam Koch 2015.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Sam Koch]], [[punter (football)|punter]] for the [[Baltimore Ravens]] since 2006]]
*[[Sam Kamara]] (born 1997), American football player
*[[Sam Kasiano]] (born 1990), New Zealand Rugby League player
*[[Sam Katz]] (born 1951), Canadian politician, mayor of Winnipeg
*[[Sam Katzman]] (1901–1973), American film producer and director
*[[Sam Keith]] (1921–2003), American author
*[[Sam Kendricks]] (born 1992), American track and field athlete
*[[Sam Kennedy (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Kerr]] (born 1993), Australian football player
*[[Sam Kerr (Scottish footballer)|Sam Kerr]] (born 1999), Scottish football player
*[[Sam Kieth]] (born 1963), American comic book writer and illustrator
*[[Sam Kinison]] (1953–1992), American stand-up comedian and actor
*[[Sam Knox]] (1910–1981), American football player
*[[Sam Kong]], Hawaiian politician
*[[Sam Koch]] (born 1982), American football punter

==L==
[[File:Sam Lloyd at WonderCon 2009.JPG|thumb|right|120px|[[Sam Lloyd]] played lawyer [[Ted Buckland]] on the American [[comedy-drama]] ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'']]
*[[Sam Lanin]] (1891–1977), American jazz bandleader
*[[Sam LaPorta]] (born 2001), American football player
*[[Sam Leach (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Lee (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Little (golfer)]] (born 1975), English professional golfer
*[[Sam Lloyd]] (1963–2020), American character actor and musician
*[[Sam Long (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam LoPresti]] (1917–1984), American ice hockey goaltender
*[[Sam Low]] (born 1970), American businessman and member of the Washington State House of Representatives
*[[Sam Loxton]] (1921–2011), Australian cricketer, footballer and politician

==M==
[[File:SAM MOA.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Sam Moa]], playing for [[Tonga national rugby league team]]]]
*[[Sam Mac]], Australian radio and television personality
*[[Sam Macaroni]] (born 1975), American actor, film director, and writer
*[[Sam Maceo]] (1894–1951), Sicilian-American businessman and organized crime boss
*[[Sam Mackinnon]], Australian basketball player
*[[Sam Manekshaw]] (1914–2008), Field Marshal of the Indian Army
*[[Sam Mangubat]] (born 1990), Filipino singer
*[[Sam Manning (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Match]] (1923–2010), American tennis player
*[[Sam Mayes]] (born 1994), Australian rules footballer
*[[Sam McCullum]] (born 1952), American football player
*[[Sam McDowell]] (born 1943), American baseball pitcher
*[[Sam McIntosh]] (born 1990), Australian parathlete
*[[Sam McKendry]] (born 1989), New Zealand Rugby League player
*[[Sam Mele]] (1922–2017), American baseball right fielder, manager, coach and scout
*[[Sam Mendes]] (born 1965), English stage and film director
*[[Sam Mewis]] (born 1992), American soccer player
*[[Sam Milby]] (born 1984), Filipino-American actor and singer
*[[Sam Mitchell (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Moa]] (born 1986), Tongan-New Zealand Rugby League player
*[[Sam Moll]] (born 1992), American baseball player
*[[Sam Montgomery]] (born 1990), American football player
*[[Sam Moran]] (born 1978), Australian entertainer
*[[Sam Moskowitz]] (1920–1997), American science fiction writer, critic, and historian
*[[Sam Mustipher]] (born 1996), American football player
*[[Sam Myhrman]] (1912–1965), Swedish Air Force major general
*[[Samkelo Mvimbi|Sam Mvimbi]] (born 1999), South African field hockey player

==N==
*[[Sam Neill]] (born 1947), New Zealand actor
*[[Sam Newfield]] (1899–1964), American film director
*[[Sam Newman]] (born 1945), Australian rules football player and television personality
*[[Sam Nixon]] (born 1986), English singer and television presenter
*[[Sam Nogajski]] (born 1979), Australian cricket umpire
*[[Sam Nunn]] (born 1938), American lawyer and politician from Georgia

==O==
*[[Sam Okuayinonu]] (born 1998), Liberian-American football player
*[[Sam Okyere]] (born 1991), Ghanaian television personality

==P==
*[[Sam Paulescu]] (born 1984), American football punter
*[[Sam Pease]], English-born New Zealand author, television presenter, journalist and television host
*[[Sam Peckinpah]] (1925–1984), American filmmaker and screenwriter
*[[Sam Perrett]] (born 1985), New Zealand Rugby League player
*[[Sam Perrin]] (1901–1998), American Emmy Award-winning screenwriter
*[[Sam Phillips]] (1923–2003), American record producer
*[[Sam Pollock]] (1925–2007), Canadian sports executive
*[[Sam Posey]] (born 1944), American racecar driver and sports broadcast journalist
*[[Sam Prekop]] (born 1964), American rock/pop musician
*[[Sam Presti]] (born 1977), general manager of the NBA's Oklahoma City Thunder since 2007
*[[Sam C. Pointer Jr.]] (1934–2008), American attorney and federal judge

==Q==
*[[Sam Qualiana]] (born 1986), American filmmaker and actor
*[[Sam Querrey]] (born 1987), American tennis player

==R==
[[File:Samheadshot.jpeg|thumb|120px|right|[[Sam Roddick]], founder of British lingerie brand Coco de Mer]]
*[[Sam Raben]] (born 1997), American soccer player
*[[Sam Raimi]] (born 1959), American film director, producer, actor and writer
*[[Sam Rayburn]] (1882–1961), American politician from Texas
*[[Sam Register]] (born 1969), American television producer and businessman
*[[Sam Rice]] (1890–1974), American baseball pitcher and right fielder
*[[Sam Riegel]] (born 1976), American voice actor, writer and director
*[[Sam Rivers (jazz musician)]] (1923–2011), American jazz musician and composer
*[[Sam Robards]] (born 1961), American actor
*[[Sam Roberts (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Robertson]] (born 1985), Scottish actor
*[[Sam Rockwell]] (born 1968), American actor
*[[Sam Roddick]] (born 1971), British entrepreneur, founder of ''Coco de Mer''
*[[Sam Rogers (fullback)]] (born 1995), American football player
*[[Sam Rosen (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Rothschild]] (1899–1987), Canadian ice hockey player
*[[Sam Russell (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Ryan]] (born 1969), American sportscaster

==S==
[[File:Sam Snead 1967.JPG|thumb|120px|right|[[Sam Snead]] (1967), professional golfer for four decades]]
*[[Sam Samore]], American artist
*[[Sam Schachter]] (born 1990), Canadian Olympic beach volleyball player
*[[Sam Schwartzstein]] (born 1989), American football player
*[[Sam Sebo]] (1906–1933), American football player
*[[Sam Selman]] (born 1990), American baseball player
*[[Sam Shaw (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Shendi]] Egyptian-born British sculptor
*[[Sam Shepard]] (1943–2017), American playwright, actor, author, screenwriter, and director
*[[Sam Shepherd (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Shilton]] (born 1978), English footballer
*[[Sam S. Shubert]] (1878–1905), American producer and theatre owner and operator
*[[Sam Simmons (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Simon]] (1955–2015), American television producer and writer, developer of ''The Simpsons''
*[[Sam Singer]] (1912–2001), American animator and animation producer
*[[Sam Singer (basketball)]] (born 1995), American-Israeli basketball player for Israeli team [[Bnei Herzliya]]
* [[Sam Sloma]] (born 1982), English football player
*[[Sam Sloman]] (born 1997), American football player
*[[Sam Smith (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Snead]] (1912–2002), American professional golfer
*[[Sam Sneed]] (born 1968), American producer and rapper
*[[Sam Sodje]] (born 1979), Nigerian footballer
*[[Sam Sparro]] (born 1983), Australian singer, songwriter, and producer
*[[Sam Spiegel]] (1901–1985), Austrian-born American independent film producer
*[[Sam Sullivan]] (born 1959), Canadian politician
*[[Sam Sweeney]] (born 1989), English folk musician

==T==
[[File:Sam Thaiday (28 July 2009, Sydney).jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Sam Thaiday]], rugby league footballer for the [[Brisbane Broncos]]]]
*[[Sam Tamburo]] (1926–1998), American football player
*[[Sam Tanenhaus]] (born 1955), American historian, biographer, and journalist
*[[Sam Taylor-Johnson]] (born 1967), English filmmaker, photographer and visual artist
*[[Sam Tecklenburg]] (born 1997), American football player
*[[Sam Thaiday]] (born 1985), Australian rugby league footballer
*[[Sam Thomas (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Tillen]] (born 1985), English footballer
*[[Sam Torrance]] (born 1953), Scottish golfer
*[[Sam Trammell]] (born 1969), American actor

==V==
*[[Sam Vincent (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Virgo]] (born 1985), Australian rules footballer

==W==

[[File:Sam Worthington 4, 2013.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Sam Worthington]] played [[Jake Sully]] in the 2009 film ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'']]
*[[Sam Walton]] (1918–1992), American businessman and entrepreneur
*[[Sam Walton (American football)]] (1943–2002), American football player
*[[Sam Wang (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Warburg]] (born 1983), American tennis player
*[[Sam Warner]] (1887–1927), American film producer, co-founder and chief executive officer of Warner Bros. Studios
*[[Sam Waterston]] (born 1940), American actor, producer and director
*[[Sam Watson (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Watters]] (born 1970), American songwriter and record producer
*[[Sam Weaver]] (1909–1985), English footballer
*[[Sam Weaver (baseball)]] (1855–1914), American baseball player
*[[Sam Webb (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Webster (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Weir (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Weller (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Welsford]] (born 1996), Australian racing cyclist
*[[Sam Whiteman (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Wilder (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Williams (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Winnall]] (born 1991), English footballer
*[[Sam Wood]] (1883–1949), American film director and producer
*[[Sam Worthington]] (born 1976), Australian actor
*[[Sam Wright (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Wyly]] (born 1934), American entrepreneur, businessman, philanthropist, and campaign contributor

==Y==
*[[Sam Yorty]] (1909–1998), American politician from California
*[[Sam Young (disambiguation)]], multiple people
*[[Sam Younger]] (born 1951), British media and charity manager

==Z==
*[[Sam Zell]] (1941–2023), American billionaire businessman and philanthropist
*[[PEN15|Sam Zvibleman]], American television writer

==Fictional characters==
* [[Long Sam]], American comic strip character
* Sam, a character in the 1988 American drama movie ''[[Another Woman (1988 film)#Cast|Another Woman]]''
* Sam, a character in the 1993 American romantic comedy-drama movie ''[[Benny & Joon#Cast|Benny & Joon]]''
* Sam, a character in the 2000 American fantasy-comedy TV movie ''[[Life-Size#Cast|Life-Size]]''
* Sam, one of the two main characters in the 2022 American comedy movie ''[[Sam & Kate#Cast|Sam & Kate]]''
* Sam, a character in the 2023 independent movie ''[[Close to You (2023 film)#Cast|Close to You]]''
* Sam Bains, a character from the movie ''[[List of Back to the Future characters#Sam Baines|Back to the Future]]''
* [[Samantha Carter]], in the TV show ''Stargate SG-1''
* Sam Crenshaw, a character in the 1980s Canadian children's television program ''[[Today's Special#Cast and characters|Today's Special]]''
* [[List of Uncharted characters#Samuel "Sam" Drake|Samuel "Sam" Drake]], from ''Uncharted 4: A Thief's End''
* [[Sam Porter Bridges]], the protagonist of ''[[Death Stranding]]''
* Samuel "Sam", a character from ''[[Total Drama: Revenge of the Island]]''
* [[Sam Eagle]], from ''The Muppet Show''
* Sam Emerson, a character from the film ''[[The Lost Boys]]''
* [[Sam Fisher (Splinter Cell)|Sam Fisher]], protagonist of the ''Splinter Cell'' video game series
* Sam Flusky, protagonist of the novel and film ''[[Under Capricorn]]''
* [[Sam Flynn]], protagonist of the film ''Tron: Legacy''
* [[Samwise Gamgee]], in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
* Samantha "Sam" Giddings, one of eight protagonist in the survival horror game ''[[Until Dawn]]''
* Sam Gideon, the main character in ''[[Vanquish (video game)|Vanquish]]''
* Sam Hell, the main character in the 1988 and 1993 American science fiction action movies ''[[Hell Comes to Frogtown#Plot|Hell Comes to Frogtown]]'' and ''[[Return to Frogtown#Plot|Return to Frogtown]]''
* Samantha "Sam" Kanisky, a character on the American television sitcom ''[[Gimme a Break!#Main characters|Gimme a Break]]''
* Detective Sam Keith, a character from the 1980 New Zealand docu-drama feature movie ''[[Beyond Reasonable Doubt (1980 film)#Cast|Beyond Reasonable Doubt]]''
* Sam Klieber, a character in the 2009 American romantic comedy-drama movie ''[[Adam (2009 film)#Cast|Adam]]''
* Sam Loomis, character in the novel and film ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''
* [[Sam Malone]], character on the American sitcom television series ''[[Cheers]]''
* Samantha "Sam" Manson, cartoon character in the TV series ''[[Danny Phantom]]''
* Sam McKinney, a character in the American television sitcom ''[[List of Diff'rent Strokes characters|Diff'rent Strokes]]''
* Samantha "Sam" Micelli, a character in the TV show ''[[Who's the Boss?]]''
* Samantha "Sam" Milano, a character in the TV sitcom ''[[Step by Step (TV series)#Others|Step by Step]]''
* Samantha "Sam" Montgomery, in the film ''[[A Cinderella Story]]''
* Samantha "Sam" Moore, a character in the 1989 action movie ''[[No Holds Barred (1989 film)#Cast|No Holds Barred]]''
* [[Sam Puckett (iCarly)|Sam Puckett]], in the TV show ''[[iCarly]]'', who is the same [[Sam Puckett (Sam & Cat)|Sam Puckett]] in the TV show ''[[Sam & Cat]]''
* Samuel "Jetstream Sam" Rodrigues, a character in ''[[Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance]]''
* [[Sam Seaborn]], on the TV series ''The West Wing'' portrayed by Rob Lowe
* Sam Sharp, ''[[The Loud House]]'' character
* Sam Smythe, a character played by [[Les Lye#Television|Les Lye]] in the 1983 Nickelodeon production ''UFO Kidnapped''
* Sam Snow, a character in ''[[The Creature Cases]]''
* [[Sam Spade]], protagonist in the novel and film ''The Maltese Falcon''
* Sam Sparks, a character in ''[[Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film)|Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs]]'' and ''[[Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2]]''
* [[Sam Sullivan (The 5th Wave)|Sam Sullivan]], character in ''The 5th Wave''
* [[Samwell Tarly]], in George R. R. Martin's ''A Song of Fire and Ice'' book series, and the TV show ''Game of Thrones'' adapted from the same series
* Sam Tucker, a character in the 1937 British musical movie ''[[Song of the Forge#Cast|Song of the Forge]]''
* [[Sam Uley]], a character in the novel and movie ''[[Twilight (novel series)|Twilight]]''
* [[Sam Vimes]], is a fictional character in [[Terry Pratchett]]'s [[Discworld]] series
* Sam Wilson, Marvel superhero the [[Falcon (comics)|Falcon]]/[[Captain America]]
** [[Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)]], the primary film/television adaptation of the character
* [[Sam Winchester]], one of the two protagonists of the American drama television series ''Supernatural''
* [[Sam Witwicky]], protagonist of the first three ''Transformers'' films; portrayed by Shia LaBeouf
* [[Toucan Sam]], cartoon mascot for Kellogg's Froot Loops breakfast cereal
* [[Uncle Sam]], a personification of the United States government
* Sam, a character in the film ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]''
* Sam, a bartender in the comic book series ''[[Kingsman: The Red Diamond]]''
* Sam, an onion farmer in the novel ''[[Holes (novel)|Holes]]'' and its film adaptation
* Sam, a character in the novel and film ''[[The Magnificent Ambersons (film)|The Magnificent Ambersons]]''
* Sam, of the American comic character duo ''[[Sam & Max]]''
* Sam-I-Am, a character in the Dr. Seuss book ''[[Green Eggs and Ham]]''
* [[Sam (Totally Spies)]], main character in the French animated show ''Totally Spies!''
* Sam, the title character in ''[[Fireman Sam]]''
* Sam Lawton, the protagonist in ''[[Final Destination 5]]''
* [[Pajama Sam]], protagonist of the adventure series "Pajama Sam" by Humongous Entertainment
* Sam, the title character on ''[[Sam and Friends]]''
* SAM or S.A.M., a character from ''[[The Outer Worlds]]''
* [[Yosemite Sam]] and [[Sam Sheepdog]], two ''Looney Tunes'' characters

==See also==
*[[Sam (surname)]]
*[[Sam (disambiguation)]]
*[[Sammy (disambiguation)]]

{{given name}}

[[Category:English-language masculine given names]]
[[Category:English masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:English feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]
[[Category:Unisex given names]]
[[Category:English unisex given names]]
[[Category:English-language unisex given names]]
[[Category:Hypocorisms]]

Furnace (central heating)

2023-12-20T12:01:30Z

Maundwiki: Masung is a Blast furnace

{{short description|Device used for heating buildings}}
{{See also|Boiler (water heating)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2007}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2014}}
{{globalize|article|US|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{for-multi|furnaces used in metallurgy|Metallurgical furnace|furnaces used within industrial applications|Industrial furnace||Furnace (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Home oil furnace.jpg|thumb|An oil furnace]]A '''furnace''' ([[American English]]), referred to as a '''heater''' or '''boiler''' in [[British English]], is an appliance used to generate heat for all or part of a building. Furnaces are mostly used as a major component of a [[Central heating|central heating system]].{{clarify|reason=The only reference, before my current edit, only came after the next sentence; now it is, together w/ that sentence, at "Etymology". Did it cover this too? Book not accessible on Google Books, cannot check.|date=December 2021}} Furnaces are permanently installed to provide heat to an interior space through intermediary fluid movement, which may be [[air]], [[steam]], or hot [[water]]. Heating appliances that use steam or hot water as the fluid are normally referred to as a residential steam boilers or residential hot water boilers. The most common [[fuel]] source for modern furnaces in North America and much of Europe is [[natural gas]]; other common fuel sources include [[liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] (liquefied petroleum gas), [[fuel oil]], [[wood]] and in rare cases [[coal]]. In some areas [[electrical resistance]] heating is used, especially where the cost of electricity is low or the primary purpose is for air conditioning. Modern high-efficiency furnaces can be up to 98% [[Thermal efficiency|efficient]] and operate without a chimney, with a typical gas furnace being about 80% efficient.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Bill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdxw6PLk-msC&q=high+efficiency+furnace+98%25&pg=PA116|title=Practical Heating Technology|last2=Standiford|first2=Kevin|date=2008-08-28|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1418080396|pages=116|language=en}}</ref> Waste gas and heat are mechanically ventilated through either metal [[flue]] pipes or [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) pipes that can be vented through the side or roof of the structure. Fuel efficiency in a gas furnace is measured in [[Annual fuel utilization efficiency|AFUE]] (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency).

==Etymology==
The name derives from [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''fornax'',<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Furnace |volume=11 |page=358}}</ref> which means [[oven]].

==Categories==
Furnaces can be classified into four general categories, based on efficiency and design, natural draft, forced-air, forced draft, and condensing.

===Natural draft===
[[File:Lamneck-central-heating-gas-furnace-cutaway-diagram.png|thumb|alt=A cutaway diagram of a Lamneck central heating gas furnace.|Diagram of natural draft gas furnace, early 20th century.]]The first category of furnaces is natural draft, atmospheric burner furnaces. These furnaces consisted of cast-iron or riveted-steel heat exchangers built within an outer shell of brick, masonry, or steel. The heat exchangers were vented through brick or masonry chimneys. Air circulation depended on large, upwardly pitched pipes constructed of wood or metal. The pipes would channel the warm air into floor or wall vents inside the home. This method of heating worked because [[Natural convection|warm air rises]].

The system was simple, had few controls, a single automatic gas valve, and no blower. These furnaces could be made to work with any fuel simply by adapting the burner area. They have been operated with wood, coke, coal, trash, paper, natural gas, fuel oil as well as whale oil for a brief period at the turn of the century. Furnaces that used solid fuels required daily maintenance to remove ash and [[Clinker (waste)|"clinkers"]] that accumulated in the bottom of the burner area. In later years, these furnaces were adapted with electric blowers to aid air distribution and speed moving heat into the home. Gas and oil-fired systems were usually controlled by a thermostat inside the home, while most wood and coal-fired furnaces had no electrical connection and were controlled by the amount of fuel in the burner and position of the fresh-air damper on the burner access door.

===Forced-air===
The second category of furnace is the forced-air having atmospheric burner style with a cast-iron or sectional steel heat exchanger. Through the 1950s and 1960s, this style of furnace was used to replace the big, natural draft systems, and was sometimes installed on the existing gravity duct work. The heated air was moved by blowers which were belted driven and designed for a wide range of speeds. These furnaces were still big and bulky compared to modern furnaces, and had heavy-steel exteriors with bolt-on removable panels. [[Thermal efficiency|Energy efficiency]] would range anywhere from just over 50% to upward of 65% [[Annual fuel utilization efficiency|AFUE]]. This style furnace still used large, masonry or brick chimneys for flues and was eventually designed to accommodate air-conditioning systems.

===Forced draft===
The third category of furnace is the forced draft, mid-efficiency furnace with a steel [[heat exchanger]] and multi-speed blower. These furnaces were physically much more compact than the previous styles. They were equipped with combustion air blowers that would pull air through the heat exchanger which greatly increased [[fuel efficiency]] while allowing the heat exchangers to become smaller. These furnaces may have multi-speed blowers and were designed to work with central air-conditioning systems.

===Condensing===
[[File:Condensing furnace diagram.png|thumb|A condensing furnace|alt=]]{{Main|Condensing boiler}}
The fourth category of furnace is the high-efficiency condensing gas furnace. High efficiency condensing gas furnaces typically achieve between 90% and 98% AFUE.<ref>{{cite web |last1=US Dept. of Energy |title=Furnaces and Boilers |url=https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/furnaces-and-boilers |website=US Dept. of Energy}}</ref> A condensing gas furnace includes a sealed combustion area, combustion draft inducer and a secondary [[heat exchanger]]. The primary gain in efficiency for a condensing gas furnace, as compared to a mid-efficiency forced-air or forced-draft furnace, is the capture of latent heat from the exhaust gases in the secondary heat exchanger. The secondary heat exchanger removes most of the heat energy from the exhaust gas, actually condensing water vapour and other chemicals (which form a mild acid) as it operates. The vent pipes, also known as the exhaust system, are often installed using PVC pipe instead of metal venting pipe to prevent corrosion, but this will vary based on geographical location of the installation and local regulations. The draft inducer allows for the exhaust piping to be routed vertically or horizontally as it exits the structure. A typical installation arrangement for high-efficiency furnaces includes a fresh air intake (supply) pipe that brings fresh combustion air from outside the home to the furnace combustion unit. Normally the fresh combustion air is routed alongside the exhaust PVC during installation and the pipes exit through a sidewall of the home in the same location. High efficiency furnaces typically deliver a 25% to 35% fuel savings over a 60% [[Annual fuel utilization efficiency|AFUE]] furnace.

==Types of furnace output control==
===Single-stage===
A single-stage furnace has only one stage of operation, it is either on or off. This means that it is relatively noisy, always running at the highest speed, and always pumping out the hottest air at the highest velocity.

One of the benefits to a single-stage furnace is typically the cost for installation. Single-stage furnaces are relatively inexpensive since the technology is rather simple. However, the simplicity of single-stage gas furnaces come at the cost of blower motor noise and mechanical inefficiency. The blower motors on these single-stage furnaces consume more energy overall because, regardless of the heating requirements of the space, the fan and blower motors operate at a fixed-speed. Due to its One-Speed operation, a single-stage furnace is also called a single-speed furnace.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Rifat|date=2020-06-01|title=Handbook on Single, Multi & Variable Speed Furnaces|url=https://www.greenleafair.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Handbook-on-Single-Multi-Variable-Speed-Furnaces.pdf-.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705210513/https://www.greenleafair.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Handbook-on-Single-Multi-Variable-Speed-Furnaces.pdf-.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-05|access-date=2020-08-17|website=Green Leaf Air|publisher=}}</ref>

===Two-stage===
A two-stage furnace has to do two stage full speed and half (or reduced) speed. Depending on the demanded heat, they can run at a lower speed most of the time. They can be quieter, move the air at less velocity, and will better keep the desired temperature in the house.

===Modulating===
A modulating furnace can modulate the heat output and air velocity nearly continuously, depending on the demanded heat and outside temperature. This means that it only works as much as necessary and therefore saves energy.

==Heat distribution==
[[File:Octopus-style-heating-furnace-Snow-Hill-Maryland-USA.jpg|thumb|alt=A photo of an "octopus"-type hot-air furnace in a basement.|"Octopus" furnace with oil burner.]]

The furnace transfers heat to the living space of the building through an intermediary distribution system. If the distribution is through hot water (or other fluid) or through steam, then the furnace is more commonly called a [[Condensing boiler|boiler]]. One advantage of a boiler is that the furnace can provide hot water for bathing and washing dishes, rather than requiring a separate [[water heating|water heater]]. One disadvantage to this type of application is when the boiler breaks down, neither heating nor domestic hot water are available.

Air convection heating systems have been in use for over a century. Older systems rely on a passive air circulation system where the greater density of cooler air causes it to sink into the furnace area below, through air return registers in the floor, and the lesser density of warmed air causes it to rise in the ductwork; the two forces acting together to drive air circulation in a system termed 'gravity-fed'. The layout of these 'octopus’ furnaces and their duct systems is optimized with various diameters of large dampered ducts.

[[File:Gasfurnace.jpg|thumb|alt=A photo of a modern forced-air gas furnace with associated ductwork nearby.|Forced-air gas furnace, design circa 1991.]]By comparison, most modern "warm air" furnaces typically use a [[Fan (mechanical)|fan]] to circulate air to the rooms of house and pull cooler air back to the furnace for reheating; this is called [[forced-air]] heat. Because the fan easily overcomes the [[Friction|resistance]] of the ductwork, the arrangement of ducts can be far more flexible than the octopus of old. In American practice, separate ducts collect cool air to be returned to the furnace. At the furnace, cool air passes into the furnace, usually through an air filter, through the blower, then through the heat exchanger of the furnace, whence it is blown throughout the [[building]]. One major advantage of this type of system is that it also enables easy installation of central [[air conditioning]], simply by adding a cooling coil at the outlet of the furnace.

Air is circulated through [[Duct (HVAC)|ductwork]], which may be made of sheet metal or plastic "flex" duct, and is insulated or uninsulated. Unless the ducts and [[Plenum space|plenum]] have been sealed using mastic or foil duct tape, the ductwork is likely to have a high leakage of conditioned air, possibly into unconditioned spaces. Another cause of wasted energy is the installation of ductwork in unheated areas, such as attics and crawl spaces; or ductwork of air conditioning systems in attics in warm climates.

==See also==
* [[Forced-air gas]]
* [[Jetstream furnace]]
* [[Outdoor wood-fired boiler]]
*[[Masonry heater]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Commons|Furnace}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|author1=Gray, W.A. |author2=Muller, R|title=''Engineering calculations in radiative heat transfer'' |edition=1st|publisher=Pergamon Press Ltd|year=1974|isbn=0-08-017786-7 }}
*{{Cite book|editor-last1=Fiveland|editor-first1=W.A.|editor-last2=Crosbie|editor-first2=A.L.|editor-last3=Smith|editor-first3=A.M.|editor-last4=Smith|editor-first4=T.F.|title=Fundamentals of radiation heat transfer |publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers|year=1991|isbn=0-7918-0729-0}}
*{{Cite book|author=Warring, R. H|title=Handbook of valves, piping and pipelines|edition=1st|publisher=Gulf Publishing Company|year=1982|isbn=0-87201-885-7}}
*{{Cite book|author=Dukelow, Samuel G|title=Improving boiler efficiency|edition=2nd|publisher=Instrument Society of America|year=1985|isbn=0-87664-852-9}}
*{{Cite book|editor-last=Whitehouse|editor-first=R.C.|title=The valve and actuator user's manual|publisher=Mechanical Engineering Publications|year=1993|isbn=0-85298-805-2}}
*{{Cite book|author=Davies, Clive|title=Calculations in furnace technology|edition=1st|publisher=Pergamon Press|year=1970|isbn=0-08-013366-5}}
*{{Cite book|author1=Goldstick, R.|author2=Thumann, A|title=Principles of waste heat recovery|publisher=Fairmont Press|year=1986|isbn=0-88173-015-7}}
*{{Cite book|title=ASHRAE Handbook. Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems and equipment|publisher=ASHRAE|year=1992|isbn=0-910110-80-8|issn=1078-6066}}
*{{Cite book|editor-last1=Perry|editor-first1=R.H.|editor-last2=Green|editor-first2=D.W.|title=[[Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook]]|edition=7th|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1997|isbn=0-07-049841-5}}
*{{Cite book|author1=Lieberman, P. |author2=Lieberman, Elizabeth T|title=Working Guide to Process Equipment |edition=2nd|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2003|isbn=0-07-139087-1}}
{{Refend}}

{{HVAC}}

[[Category:Fireplaces]]
[[Category:Residential heating appliances]]
[[Category:Industrial furnaces| ]]
[[Category:Industrial processes]]
[[Category:Firing techniques]]

[[es:Horno]]
[[es:Estufa (calefacción)]]

OTV-7

2023-12-10T15:58:11Z

Maundwiki:

{{Short description|USA Classified X-37B spaceplane mission 7}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = USA-349
| image =File:Boeing X-37B after landing at Vandenberg AFB, 3 December 2010.jpg
| image_caption = Boeing X-37B 1 on [[Space Shuttle Landing Facility]] after its first mission landing, the spacecraft for this mission
| mission_type = Classified
| operator = [[United States Space Force|U.S. Space Force]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website =
| mission_duration = {{Age in years, months and days|2023|12|10}}
| spacecraft_type = [[Boeing X-37|Boeing X-37B]]
| manufacturer = [[Boeing]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|6350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="GSP">{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/x-37.htm |title=X-37B OTV 1, 2, 3 |work=Gunter's Space Page |first=Gunter D. |last=Krebs |accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref>
| power = Deployable solar array, batteries<ref name="GSP" />
| launch_date = {{Start-date|10 December 2023|timezone=yes}} (planned)<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Erwin|first1=Sandra|url=https://spacenews.com/u-s-air-force-x-37b-spaceplane-to-launch-on-a-spacex-falcon-heavy-rocket/|title=U.S. Air Force X-37B spaceplane to launch on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket|publisher=SpaceNews|date=8 November 2023|access-date=11 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |title=In a surprise move, the military's spaceplane will launch on Falcon Heavy |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/11/in-a-surprise-move-the-militarys-spaceplane-will-launch-on-falcon-heavy/ |publisher=Ars Technica |access-date=11 November 2023 |date=8 November 2023}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Falcon Heavy]] ([[List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters#B1064|B1064.5 (sides)]] [[List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters#B1084|B1084 (core)]], [[List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters#B1065|B1065.5 (sides)]])
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| launch_contractor = [[SpaceX]]
| landing_site = TBD
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] to [[High Earth Orbit]]
| orbit_regime =
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| apsis = gee
| instruments =
| insignia =
| insignia_caption =
| insignia_size =
| programme = '''OTV program'''
| previous_mission = [[USA-299|OTV-6]]
| next_mission = OTV-8
}}'''USA-349''', also referred to as '''Orbital Test Vehicle 7''' ('''OTV-7''')<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/> or '''[[United States Space Force]]-52''' ('''USSF-52'''),<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/> will be the fourth flight of the first [[Boeing]] [[Boeing X-37|X-37B]], an American unmanned [[VTHL|vertical-takeoff, horizontal-landing]] [[spaceplane]]. It will be launched to [[low Earth orbit]] aboard a [[Falcon Heavy]] rocket (for the first time) from [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]] on December 10, 2023. Its mission designation will be part of the [[List of USA satellites|USA series]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/>

The spaceplane is operated by the [[Department of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office]] and [[United States Space Force]], which considers the mission [[Classified information|classified]] and as such has not revealed the objectives. The spaceplane will be sent to orbit with a wide range of test and experimentation objectives. These tests include operating in new orbital regimes, experimenting with space domain awareness technologies and investigating the radiation effects to NASA materials.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/u-s-air-force-x-37b-spaceplane-to-launch-on-a-spacex-falcon-heavy-rocket/|title=U.S. Air Force X-37B spaceplane to launch on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket|date=8 November 2023|access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=United States Space Force Prepares X-37B for Launch |url=https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3599989/united-states-space-force-prepares-x-37b-for-launch/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceforce.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F3599989%2Funited-states-space-force-prepares-x-37b-for-launch%2F |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=United States Space Force |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Department of the Air Force scheduled to launch seventh X-37B mission |url=https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3583347/department-of-the-air-force-scheduled-to-launch-seventh-x-37b-mission/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceforce.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F3583347%2Fdepartment-of-the-air-force-scheduled-to-launch-seventh-x-37b-mission%2F |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=United States Space Force |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Background and Mission ==
OTV-7 will the fourth mission for the first X-37B built, and the seventh X-37B mission overall. It will be flown on a [[Falcon Heavy]] in the expendable centre core-recoverable side cores configuration, and launched from [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A]]. It will be the second classified flight of Falcon Heavy, awarded in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/space-force-x-37b-spacex-falcon-heavy-1st-launch-dec-2023|title=SpaceX will launch the Space Force's mysterious X-37B space plane on a Falcon Heavy rocket Dec. 7|author1=Brett Tingley|date=9 November 2023|website=Space.com}}</ref><ref name="nextsfussf520905">{{Cite web |title=Falcon Heavy {{!}} USSF-52 |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/110 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afspc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1559450/air-force-awards-afspc-52-launch-services-contract-to-spacex/ |title=Air Force Awards AFSPC-52 Launch Services Contract to SpaceX|publisher=Air Force Space Command|date=June 21, 2018|access-date=September 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628050728/https://www.afspc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1559450/air-force-awards-afspc-52-launch-services-contract-to-spacex/|archive-date=June 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=Contracts For Aug. 20, 2021 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2741226/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=defense.gov |quote=Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, has been awarded a $19,226,072 bilateral modification (P00009) to previously awarded Space Force 52 contract FA8811-18-C-0003... ...the total cumulative face value of the contract is $149,226,072. |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720205557/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2741226/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is valued at US$130 million,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-130-million-military-launch-contract-for-falcon-heavy/|title=SpaceX wins $130 million military launch contract for Falcon Heavy|publisher=SpaceNews|first=Sandra|last=Erwin|date=21 June 2018|access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> increased to $149.2 million in August 2021, due to "a change in the contract requirements" and expected to be completed by 14 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2741226/|title=Contracts For Aug. 20, 2021|date=20 August 2021|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> Draft solicitation said the launch was {{cvt|6350|kg}} to GTO.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/06/26/u-s-air-force-certifies-falcon-heavy-rocket-awards-launch-contract/|title=U.S. Air Force certifies Falcon Heavy rocket, awards launch contract |publisher=SpaceNews|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=26 June 2018|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> A month before launch, the Air Force announced that the mission will fly an [[Boeing X-37|X-37B]] spaceplane.<ref name="auto1"/>

OTV-7 will be deployed into an low to high earth orbit.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Payloads and Experiments==

Onboard experiments include NASA's ''Seeds-2'' experiment investigating the effects of space-based radiation on plant seeds during a long-duration spaceflight.<ref name="auto1"/>

== See also ==

* [[USA-212]]
* [[USA-226]]
* [[USA-299]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}{{X-37B flights}}{{Orbital launches in 2023}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2023]]
[[Category:USA satellites]]

Leonor

2023-11-28T19:09:36Z

Maundwiki:

{{wiktionary|Leonor}}
{{About|the given name|the 1975 horror film|Léonor|the Filipino drummer and songwriter|JB Leonor}}
'''Leonor''' or '''Léonor''' is a short form of the given name [[Eleanor]].

People bearing the name include:

*[[Leonor Beleza]] (born 1948), Portuguese politician
*[[Leonor Briones]] (born 1940), Filipino academic and civil servant
*[[Leonor de Cisneros]] (died 1568), Spanish Protestant martyr
*[[Leonor F. Loree]] (1858–1940), American civil engineer, lawyer and railroad executive
*[[Leonor Fini]] (1907–1996), Argentine surrealist painter
*[[Leonor Gonzalez Mina]] (born 1934), vocalist in the cumbia genre of Colombian music
*[[Leonor López de Córdoba]] (1362–1420), advisor and confidant of Queen Catalina of Lancaster
*[[Leonor Maia]] (1926–2010), Portuguese film actress
*[[Leonor Michaelis]] (1875–1949), German-born American biochemist and physician
*[[Leonor Orosa-Goquinco]] (1917–2005), Filipino national artist in creative dance
*[[Leonor Oyarzún]] (1919–2022), First Lady of Chile, wife of former President Patricio Aylwin
*[[Leonor Piuza]] (born 1978), Mozambican 800 metre runner
*[[Leonor Poeiras]] (born 1980), Portuguese television presenter
*[[Leonor Rivera]] (1867–1893), the childhood sweetheart of Philippine national hero José Rizal
*[[Leonor Sullivan]] (1902–1988), American politician
*[[Leonor Telles de Menezes]] (1350–1386), queen consort of Portugal and regent in 1383–1385
*[[Leonor Varela]] (born 1972), Chilean actress, and model
*[[Leonor Watling]] (born 1975), Spanish film actress
*[[Leonor, Princess of Asturias]] (born 2005), heir presumptive to the Spanish throne

==See also==
*[[Leonore (disambiguation)]]

{{given name}}
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

[[et:Leonor]]
[[es:Leonor]]
[[fr:Leonor]]
[[it:Leonor]]
[[oc:Leonor]]
[[pt:Leonor]]Leonor means:god is my strength or god is my light

Talk:Ian Hill

2023-06-02T14:51:44Z

Maundwiki: /* Year of birth */

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Biography|living=yes|class=Start|musician-priority=Low|musician-work-group=yes|listas=Hill, Ian}}
{{WikiProject Metal|class=start|importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject West Midlands}}
| blp=yes
}}

==Step Great Uncle==
He's my step great uncle!!

Awesome [[User:Bagpiper88|Bagpiper88]] ([[User talk:Bagpiper88|talk]]) 15:08, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

==Same Name?==

"They had a daughter with the same name"

Same name as what? This just doesn't make any sense. The only name mentioned is that of his first wife. His 2nd wife and his daughter by her are unnamed in this article.

--- You're right, and I thought the same thing as well, same name as Ian, his wife, or his son...LOL!19:04, 23 February 2018 (UTC)

== Year of birth ==

The cited source on the article claims he was born in 1951, but other sources such as Allmusic state his year of birth as 1952 https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ian-hill-mn0000073839 [[User:Tompinks|Tompinks]] ([[User talk:Tompinks|talk]]) 13:24, 20 January 2023 (UTC)
:{{ping|MikeAllen} You added the source for birth date, however it was published 2023 and give the age as 71. That would make the birth year 1952. [[User:Maundwiki|Maundwiki]] ([[User talk:Maundwiki|talk]]) 14:51, 2 June 2023 (UTC)
}

Muchucux

2023-03-13T18:03:59Z

Maundwiki: coord was for INEGI 310910077 since in Chankom INEGI is 310170083 and these coord

'''Muchucux''' is a community in [[Chankom Municipality]]<ref name="municipios">{{cite web | title = Nuestros municipios - Chankom | url = http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/estado/municipios/31017a.htm | accessdate = 2009-11-12 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090504223923/http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/estado/municipios/31017a.htm | archivedate = 2009-05-04 }}</ref> in the state of [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]], [[Mexico]].<ref>[http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/ GEOnet Names Server (GNS)]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chichen Itza]]
*[[Uayma]]
*[[Valladolid, Yucatán]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|20|28|37|N|088|27|03|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Populated places in Yucatán]]

{{Yucatan-geo-stub}}

Tuzapán

2023-03-05T22:46:41Z

Maundwiki:

'''Tuzapán''' ([[Tuxpan]]) was founded by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] of [[Papantla]], [[Veracruz]].

{{coord|20|23|6|N|97|38|0|W|display=title|region:MX_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuzapan, Veracruz}}
[[Category:Populated places in Veracruz]]
[[Category:Totonac]]

{{mesoamerica-stub}}

Tuzapán

2023-03-05T22:46:07Z

Maundwiki: https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/5794/6638/10985

'''Tuzapán''' ([[Tuxpan]]) was founded by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] of [[Papantla]], [[Veracruz]].

{{coord|20|23|6|N|97|38|W|display=title|region:MX_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuzapan, Veracruz}}
[[Category:Populated places in Veracruz]]
[[Category:Totonac]]

{{mesoamerica-stub}}

El Rincón, Durango

2023-02-05T15:42:28Z

Maundwiki: Changed coordinates. Article changed from village in Herrera, Panama to village in Mexico 18:02, 24 April 2013‎. The village in Panama El Rincón, Herrera was recreaded 0:33, 8 June 2015‎

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = El Rincón
|native_name =
|coordinates =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Mexico]]
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[Durango State|Durango]]
|leader_title = none
|leader_name = none
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of =

|population_density_km2 =
|timezone = Central time zone
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|elevation_m =
|area_code =
|website =
}}

'''El Rincón''' is a [[town]] in the [[municipality of Tepehuanes]] of the [[State of Durango]] of [[Mexico]].

A small town that rests upon the crest of a mountainside. Home to roughly 400 people. The surrounding town, Tepehuanes, is the hub of transport, education, and supplies for El Rincon. Every so often, rodeos are held on top of a hill. It is by the town of Arroyo Chico. The Tepehuanes river runs to the north and west of the pueblo. It is a few hours drive from the city of [[Durango, Durango]].

Some small stores are located within the small town. Supplies are brought in by trucks off the [[interstate]] a few miles away. One store is called "La Peke". No schools are in the town, so the residents go to a school in [[San Jose de la Boca]].
*

{{coord|85.33215|N|105.78265|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:El Rincon}}
[[Category:Populated places in Durango]]

{{Durango-geo-stub}}

Requetemu

2023-01-20T21:37:26Z

Maundwiki: it is not a town, nearest is Jacinto López (Q20148307) with 14 people, it may not be relevant as a weather station

'''Requetemu''' is a [[NOAA]] [[weather station]] in the [[Mexican state]] of [[San Luis Potosí]]. Its coordinates are {{coord|21.93|N|98.90|W|}}. It is 89m (292 feet) above sea level.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N21W098+2100+7654304G1
|title=REQUETEMU, SAN LUIS POTOS, MEXICO Weather History and Climate Data
|publisher=www.worldclimate.com
|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/nacem/mexinv.html|title=North America Climate Extremes Monitoring (NACEM)|publisher=www.ncdc.noaa.gov|accessdate=2008-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013001049/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/nacem/mexinv.html|archive-date=2008-10-13|url-status=dead}}
</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{cite web
|url=http://climexp.knmi.nl/gdcntmin.cgi?someone@somewhere+41400024026+REQUETEMU+
|title=Climate Explorer: Time series|publisher=climexp.knmi.nl|accessdate=2008-07-09}}

{{coord|21.93|N|98.90|W|region:MX_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Meteorological stations]]

San José de los Reynoso

2023-01-11T20:16:50Z

Maundwiki: coord updated freom INEGI

{{Infobox settlement


|name = San José de los Reynoso, Jalisco México
|settlement_type = Town
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map = Ubicacion_SMG.PNG
|mapsize = 200px
|map_caption = Location of the town in Jalisco
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = Mexico 
|pushpin_label_position =above
|pushpin_mapsize =300
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Jalisco]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = 
|established_date = 1783 
|established_title2 = 
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 = 
|established_date3 =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank1_km2 =

|population_as_of = 2020
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = ~1080
|population_density_km2 =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_urban =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_blank1_title =
|population_blank1 =
|population_blank2_title =
|population_blank2 =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =

|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Standard Time]]
|utc_offset = -6
|timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylight Time]]
|utc_offset_DST = -5
|coordinates = {{coord|21|4|21|N|102|17|5|W|region:MX|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =

|postal_code_type = 47150 
|postal_code = 47150
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''San José De Los Reynoso''' is a small town located in the northeast region of [[Los Altos (Jalisco)|Los Altos]], [[Jalisco]], [[Mexico]].

== History==

San Jose de los Reynoso was founded in 1783 by [[Spain|Spanish]] settlers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Before the arrival of the conquistadores, [[Tecuexe]]s lived in that area. The Tecuexes were defeated by the Spanish and then the first Spanish families of [[Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)|hidalgos]] began to settle in the area. The first three families to arrive in San Jose were the Reynoso family, the Lozas and the Muñoz.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The name San Jose was chosen as an honor to [[Saint Joseph]], since it was a Spanish occupied area consisting of devout Catholics. The second part of the name "Reynoso" was added because their family were the first Europeans to arrive, and the founders were also the [[Reynoso family]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The first church began construction in 1837 and was completed in 1887, as it was done in a small religious town this was viewed as important.{{Citation needed|reason=How do we know what date the first church was built on?|date=June 2022}}

San Jose de los Reynoso is a delegation of the [[San Miguel El Alto]] municipality, in the region Altos South, Jalisco. This small colonial town is approximately 1800 meters (~1.12 miles) above sea level and enjoys a semi-dry weather.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Located near the heart of the Altos region, San Jose is within close distance to the tequila region of Los Altos; of which the county of [[Arandas, Jalisco|Arandas]] is the most important. Moreover, the town is approximately a 20-minute drive from [[San Juan de los Lagos]]; a city famous for its venerated [[Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos|Virgin of San Juan]]. Another important place near San Jose is the town of [[Santa Ana de Guadalupe]]; home of [[Toribio Romo González|Saint Toribio Romo]], canonized by Pope [[John Paul II]].<ref name=Corchado>[http://www.banderasnews.com/0607/nr-migrantssaint.htm Corchado, Alfredo. "The Migrant's Saint: Toribio Romo is a Favorite of Mexicans Crossing the Border", ''Dallas Morning News'', July 2006]</ref>

San Jose de los Reynoso may have been involved in the [[Cristero War]] .{{Citation needed|reason=Actual proof of involvement within the war is needed from a reliable source|date=June 2022}}

== Population==


The [[population]] of the town as of 2020 was ~1,080.

During the late 20th century, many of the town's inhabitants emigrated to other cities in Mexico and various regions of the [[United States]], due mainly to economic hardship. This [[diaspora]] is concentrated in [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico, as well as the state of California, and the cities of [[Chicago]] and [[Dallas]] in the [[United States]]. It is estimated that currently over half its population live outside of San José, with the largest concentration in the U.S. city of Chicago and its metropolitan area.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sanjosedelosreynoso.net San José De Los Reynoso Website]
*[http://www.sanchepe.blogspot.com Blog dedicado a San Jose de los Reynoso]

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:San Jose de los Reynoso}}
[[Category:Populated places in Jalisco]]

AN/APQ-164

2023-01-10T23:11:43Z

Maundwiki: Undid revision 1132858723 by Maundwiki (talk)

#REDIRECT [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer#APQ-164]] [[Category:Military electronics of the United States]]

AN/APQ-164

2023-01-10T23:11:20Z

Maundwiki: ←Removed redirect to Rockwell B-1 Lancer#APQ-164

temp to do wikidata

Talk:East Dean, Gloucestershire

2022-12-08T20:13:51Z

Maundwiki: /* Infobox */ new section

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1={{WPEngland|class=stub|importance=low}}
{{WPUKgeo|class=stub|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Gloucestershire|class=start|importance=Low}}}}

==Is this page a joke?==

The information contained on this page appears to be total rubbish. I'm not sure that any of it is factually correct. [[User:Obscurasky|Obscurasky]] ([[User talk:Obscurasky|talk]]) 18:38, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

:'''Sorted!''' [[User:Obscurasky|Obscurasky]] ([[User talk:Obscurasky|talk]]) 17:40, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

==Does it still exist?==
The article implies East Dean has no existence after 1974. Does it still exist? How would it best be described ''today''? The article should start by telling us what it is ''now'' rather than what it was. [[User:MRSC|MRSC]] ([[User talk:MRSC|talk]]) 06:39, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
:East Dean no longer exists - it was abolished in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972. Its sister parish, West Dean, survives, but only as a civil parish.

:I've reinstated the two categories you removed as they are perfectly valid and there's no reason not to include them. I don't understand why you are so keen to move this page? You obviously don't know anything about East Dean (as you wouldn't be asking if it still exists) and there's no point, or benefit, in moving it. [[User:Alun Williamson|Alun Williamson]] ([[User talk:Alun Williamson|talk]]) 08:19, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

::There is no need to attack me. [[East Dean Rural District]] included many more civil parishes than just [[East Dean, Gloucestershire|East Dean]] itself. Just because the RD was abolished does not neccasarily mean the locality does not exist. [[User:MRSC|MRSC]] ([[User talk:MRSC|talk]]) 08:27, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

:::Not attacking you; just confused by your edits. It occurs to me that some readers may be confused by the term 'township'. In this instance the title was not used to refer to a specific 'town' or concentration of dwellings - it was an administrative title, used to define quite a large rural area. The area still exists, obviously, but so far as I am aware, use the term 'East Dean' is now obsolete, even colloquially. It may be helpful to mention this in the article, but I doubt that that a citation can be found for it. [[User:Alun Williamson|Alun Williamson]] ([[User talk:Alun Williamson|talk]]) 08:44, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

::::It appears it was abolished as a civil parish in 1953, being split off to seven parishes, four of which were new. This article should probably deal with the period 1844-1953 and focus on the area of the township/parish. [[User:MRSC|MRSC]] ([[User talk:MRSC|talk]]) 08:54, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

:::Why should it "probably deal with the period 1844-1953 and focus on the area of the township/parish"? wouldn't it be better for the article to cover the whole of it's history - conception to demise? [[User:Alun Williamson|Alun Williamson]] ([[User talk:Alun Williamson|talk]]) 09:15, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

East Dean township/civil parish is not the same thing as [[East Dean Rural District]], which is what this article is currently claiming. The parish was just a component of a much larger district. [[User:MRSC|MRSC]] ([[User talk:MRSC|talk]]) 09:25, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

:: I can see from your extensive edits to this and the other East Dean page, that you're not just tinkering with the article, as I first supposed, and your edits are a big improvement.

:: You're right that East Dean township/civil parish is not the same thing as [[East Dean Rural District]], but the East Dean township and the East Dean civil parish were not the same either. There is an historical evolution, begining with the East Dean township, that needs to be delineated in the article.[[User:Alun Williamson|Alun Williamson]] ([[User talk:Alun Williamson|talk]]) 09:39, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

:::It is best to assume good faith in the first instance. The townships became civil parishes, governed by parish councils, under the [[Local Government Act 1894]]. So there is a continuity between the two. However, there are a number of boundary reforms in the period 1883-1885 that will be worth investigating. [[User:MRSC|MRSC]] ([[User talk:MRSC|talk]]) 09:46, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

::::Oh I never supposed your edits were not in good faith - tinkering is often done in good faith. As I said, I was confused by your initial edits - you inserted a''' ''page to be moved here'' '''template on [[East Dean Rural District]] and within 12 hours (and despite my''' ''hang on'' '''request) you had carried out the changes. And as I also said previously, I am pleased my initial impression was incorrect.[[User:Alun Williamson|Alun Williamson]] ([[User talk:Alun Williamson|talk]]) 20:48, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

== Infobox ==

{{ping|Crouch, Swale}} Shouln't it be for East Dean not West Dean? [[User:Maundwiki|Maundwiki]] ([[User talk:Maundwiki|talk]]) 20:13, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

Bulldog type

2022-09-25T21:24:41Z

Maundwiki: /* Further reading */

[[File:The dogs of Great Britain, America, and other countries. Their breeding, training, and management in health and disease, comprising all the essential parts of the two standard works on the dog (1879) (20989878415).jpg|thumb|Bulldogs, 1879]]

'''Bulldogs''' are a [[Dog type|type]] of [[dog]] that were traditionally used for the [[blood sport]]s of [[Baiting (blood sport)|baiting]] and [[dog fighting]], but today are kept for other purposes, including [[companion dog]]s, [[guard dog]]s and [[catch dog]]s.{{r|Beaufoy|Hancock|Zarley}} Bulldogs are typically stocky, powerful, square-built animals with large, strong, [[brachycephalic]]-type muzzles.{{r|Hancock}} "Bull" is a reference that originated in [[England]] that refers to the sport of [[Bull-baiting|bull baiting]], which was a [[national sport]] in England between the 13th and 18th century. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Niels C. |last2=Pooch |first2=Ashley S. |last3=Liu |first3=Hongwei |date=2016-07-29 |title=A genetic assessment of the English bulldog |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-016-0036-y |journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0036-y |issn=2052-6687 |pmc=4965900 |pmid=27478618}}</ref> It is believed bulldogs were developed during the 16th century in the [[Elizabethan era]] from the larger [[mastiff]]s, as smaller, more compact dogs were better suited for baiting.{{r|Beaufoy|Hancock|Zarley}}

==List of bulldog breeds==

===Extant breeds===
* [[Alano Español]] (Spanish Bulldog){{r|Hancock}}
* [[Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog]]{{r|Fogle}}
* [[American Bulldog]]{{r|Fogle}}
* [[Bulldog]]{{r|Drury}}
* [[Campeiro Bulldog]]{{r|CBKC-Campeiro}}
* [[Continental bulldog|Continental Bulldog]]{{r|VDH-Continental}}
* [[French Bulldog]]{{r|Hancock}}
* [[Olde English Bulldogge]]{{r|Hancock}}
* [[Ca de Bou|Perro de Presa Mallorquin]]{{r|Hancock}}
* [[Serrano Bulldog]]{{r|CBKC-Serrano}}

===Extinct breeds===
* [[Bullenbeisser]] (German Bulldog){{r|Hancock}}
* [[Old English Bulldog]]{{r|Hancock}}
* [[Toy Bulldog]]{{r|Drury}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:02. Old English Bulldog, 1863. Paris, France. 2.png|[[Old English Bulldog]] in Paris, 1863
File:A bull and a bulldog are about to attack each other in an en Wellcome V0020451.jpg|A bull and a bulldog, etching by F. Barlow, circa 17th century A.D..
File:Circle of James Ward (1769-1859) British. A Bull Baiting Scene.jpg|Bull-baiting with dogs, 19th century
File:Goya - Jogam cachorros ao touro.jpg|Spanish Alano dogs, bull-fighting scene by Goya, circa 1815
File:Luis Fernández Noseret - Colección de las Principales Suertes de Una Corrida de Toros 02.jpg|Spanish Alano dogs, bull-fighting scene, circa 1795
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Beaufoy>Beaufoy, James, ''Staffordshire Bull Terriers: a practical guide for owners and breeders'', Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd., 2016, {{ISBN|9781785000973}}.</ref>

<ref name=CBKC-Campeiro>[[Confederação Brasileira de Cinofilia]], "[http://cbkc.org/application/views/docs/padroes/padrao-raca_219.pdf Buldogue Campeiro]" (in Portuguese), ''cbkc.org'', 28 January 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.</ref>

<ref name=CBKC-Serrano>[[Confederação Brasileira de Cinofilia]], "[http://cbkc.org/application/views/docs/padroes/padrao-raca_220.pdf Buldogue Serrano]" (in Portuguese), ''cbkc.org'', 12 August 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2019.</ref>

<ref name=Drury>Drury, W.D., ''[https://archive.org/details/britishdogsthei00drurgoog British dogs, their points, selection, and show preparation]'', London: L.U. Gill, C. Scribner's sons, 1903.</ref>

<ref name=Fogle>{{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fogle|date=2009 |title=The encyclopedia of the dog |location=New York |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-0-7566-6004-8}}</ref>

<ref name=Hancock>Hancock, David, ''The mastiffs: the big game hunters, their history, development & future'', Charwynne Dog Features, 2001, {{ISBN|9780951780114}}.</ref>
<ref name=Zarley>Zarley, B. David, "[https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/7x4ywx/your-yorkie-was-a-killing-machine Your Yorkie Was a Killing Machine]", ''Vice'', 22 November 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2019.</ref>

<ref name=VDH-Continental>[[Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen]], "[https://www.vdh.de/welpen/zuechter/downloadPdf/id/426 Continental bulldog]" (in German), ''vdh.de''. Retrieved 8 November 2019.</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last =Brearley | first =Joan McDonald
| title =The Book of the Bulldog | publisher =TFH Publications
| year =1985 | location =Neptune, NJ | isbn =0-86622-027-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last =Jenkins | first =Robert |author2=Ken Mollett
| title =The Story of the Real Bulldog
| publisher =TFH Publications
| year =1997 | location =Neptune, NJ | isbn =0-7938-0491-4
}}
*{{cite book
| last =Zwettler | first =Marlene
|title =The Great Book of Bulldogs, Bull Terrier and Molosser
| publisher =Amazon Digital Services
|year =2013 | ISBN =9783844239225
}}
{{Refend}}

{{Dog nav}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulldog Breeds}}
[[Category:Bulldog breeds| ]]
[[Category:Dog types]]

[[cs:Buldok]]
[[fr:Bulldog (homonymie)]]
[[he:בולדוג]]
[[hu:Buldog (egyértelműsítő lap)]]
[[tr:Buldok (anlam ayrımı)]]

Taraclia County

2022-03-10T15:23:28Z

Maundwiki:

{{Expand Romanian|Județul Taraclia (Republica Moldova)|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Taraclia County
| native_name = Județul Taraclia
| native_name_lang = ro 
| settlement_type = [[Moldavian counties|County]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag of Taraclia County.gif
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Taraclia judet.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_dot_map =
| dot_mapsize =
| dot_map_base_alt =
| dot_map_alt =
| dot_map_caption =
| dot_x = |dot_y =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Moldova]]
| subdivision_type1 = capital
| subdivision_name1 = [[Taraclia]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1999
| established_title2 = Ceased to exist
| established_date2 = 2003
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type =
| unit_pref =
| area_magnitude =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 674
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 45600
| population_as_of = 2003
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi=
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Taraclia County''' ({{lang-ro|Județul Taraclia}}, {{lang-bg|Тараклия окръг}}) was a [[counties of Moldova|county]] ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''[[județ]]'') in [[Moldova]] from 1999 to 2003. It was established on 22 October 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europalibera.org/content/article/1854531.html |title=22.10.99 - Chișinău: Raionul Taraclia capătă statut de județ (Arhiva istorică Radio Europa Liberă / 1999) |publisher=Europalibera.org |date=2009-10-22 |access-date=2014-08-27}}</ref> It borders [[Ukraine]], [[Lăpușna County (Moldova)|Lăpușna County]] and [[Chișinău County]]. Its capital is the city of [[Taraclia]].

Taraclia County had 26 localities.

==Administrative organization==
The county was divided into nine communes:
#[[Albota de Jos]], which included the villages of Albota de Jos, Balabanu, Hagichioi, and Hîrtop
#[[Albota de Sus]], which included the villages of Albota de Sus, Cealîc, Cortenul Nou, Roșița, Samurza, and Sofievca
#[[Aluatu]], which included the villages of Aluatu and Novosiolovca
#[[Budăi, Taraclia|Budăi]], which included the villages of Budăi, Dermengi, and Musaitu
#[[Cairaclia]], which included the village of Cairaclia
#[[Corten]], which included the village of Corten
#[[Tvardița]], which included the village of Tvardița
#[[Valea Perjei, Taraclia|Valea Perjei]], which included the village of Valea Perjei
#[[Vinogradovca]], which included the villages of Vinogradovca, Chirilovca, Ciumai, Mirnoe, Orehovca, and Salcia

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.statoids.com/umd.html Counties of Moldova], Statoids.com

{{Counties of Moldova}}

{{coord missing|Moldova}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taraclia County}}
[[Category:Counties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Counties of Bessarabia]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Moldova]]
[[Category:2003 disestablishments in Moldova]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1999]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2003]]

{{Taraclia-geo-stub}}

Duke of Uceda

2021-12-15T13:03:08Z

Maundwiki: same info twice

{{Infobox nobility title
| name = Dukedom of Uceda
| image = [[File:COA Duke of Uceda.svg|150px]]
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| creation_date = 16 May 1610
| creation =
| monarch = [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]]
| peerage = [[Spanish nobility|Peerage of Spain]]
| baronetage =
| first_holder = [[Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Uceda|Cristóbal de Gómez de Sandoval y de la Cerda, 1st Duke of Uceda]]
| last_holder =
| present_holder = Pilar Latorre y Téllez-Girón, 15th Duchess of Uceda<ref>[https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1981/10/07/pdfs/A23490-23490.pdf Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) - 7 October 1981]</ref>
| heir_apparent =
| heir_presumptive =
| remainder_to =
| subsidiary_titles =
| status =
| extinction_date =
| family_seat =
| former_seat = [[Palacio del Duque de Uceda (Plaza de Colón)|Palacio del Duque de Uceda]]
| motto =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Duke of Uceda''' ({{lang-es|Duque de Uceda}}) is a hereditary title in the [[Spanish nobility|Peerage of Spain]], accompanied by the dignity of [[Grandee]] and granted in 1610 by [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] to [[Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Uceda|Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval]], who succeeded his father [[Francisco Gomez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma|Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma]] as the king's ''[[favourite]]''.<ref>[https://www.edicioneshidalguia.es/?product=elenco-de-grandezas-y-titulos-nobiliarios-espanoles-2018 Real Asociación de Hidalgos de España, ''Elenco de Grandezas y Títulos Nobiliarios Españoles'', Ediciones Hidalguía, Vol. 50 (Madrid, 2018), p. 915]</ref><ref>[http://www.diputaciondelagrandeza.es/guiadetitulo/ Search of title "Uceda, duque de"]</ref>

The name refers to the town of [[Uceda]] in [[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]], where Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval owned lands.

==Dukes of Uceda==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Holder !! Period
|- bgcolor="#dddddd" |
! colspan="3" | Created by [[Philip III of Spain]]
|-
| I||[[Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda|Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval Rojas y de la Cerda]]||1610–1624
|-
|II||Francisco Gómez de Sandoval Rojas y Padilla||1624–1635
|-
|III||Felicia de Sandoval y Urbino, married [[Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna]]||1635–1671
|-
|IV||Isabel María de Sandoval y Girón, married [[Juan Francisco Pacheco y Téllez-Girón, 4th Consort Duke of Uceda|Juan Francisco Pacheco y Téllez-Girón]]||1671–1711
|-
|V||Manuel Gaspar Gómez de Sandoval Téllez-Girón||1711–1732
|-
|VI||Francisco Javier Pacheco Téllez-Girón ||1732–1750
|-
|VII||Andrés Manuel Alonso Pacheco Téllez-Girón y Toledo||1750–1789
|-
|VIII||[[Diego Pacheco Téllez-Girón Gómez de Sandoval]]||1789–1811
|-
|IX||[[Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 14th Duke of Frías|Bernardino Fernández de Velasco Pacheco y Téllez-Girón]]||1811–1851
|-
|X||Bernardina María Fernández de Velasco Pacheco Téllez-Girón y Roca de Togores||1851–1869
|-
|XI||Francisco de Borja Téllez-Girón y Fernández de Velasco||1869–1897
|-
|XII||Luis María Téllez-Girón y Fernández de Córdoba||1897–1909
|-
|XIII||Mariano Téllez-Girón y Fernández de Córdoba||1909– ?
|-
|XIV||Ángela María Téllez-Girón y Duque de Estrada|| ? – 1982
|-
|XV||Pilar Latorre y Téllez-Girón||1982–present
|-
|}

==See also==
{{commons category|Ducado de Uceda}}
*[[List of dukes in the peerage of Spain]]
*[[List of current Grandees of Spain]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uceda, Duke of}}
[[Category:Dukes of Uceda| ]]
[[Category:Dukedoms of Spain]]

Beaumont, Haiti

2021-10-29T20:12:23Z

Maundwiki: leftover from bot fix

{{About|the commune in Haiti|other uses|Beaumont (disambiguation){{!}}Beaumont}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Beaumont
|native_name = ''Bomon''
|settlement_type = [[List of communes of Haiti|Commune]]
|pushpin_map = Haiti 
|pushpin_relief =
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haiti
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Haiti.svg|25px]] [[Haiti]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Departments of Haiti|Department]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Grand'Anse (department)|Grand'Anse]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Arrondissements of Haiti|Arrondissement]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Corail Arrondissement|Corail]]
|area_total_km2 = 86.0
|population_as_of = 7 August 2003
|population_footnotes = <ref>''Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d'Informatique'' (IHSI)</ref>
|population_total = 12,486
|population_density_km2 = 145.2
|coordinates = {{coord|18|29|0|N|73|58|0|W|region:HT|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m = 647
}}

'''Beaumont''' ({{lang-ht|Bomon}}) is a [[List of communes of Haiti|commune]] in the [[Corail Arrondissement]], in the [[Grand'Anse (department)|Grand'Anse]] [[Departments of Haiti|department]] of [[Haiti]]. It has 12,486 inhabitants.

Locations in Beaumont commune include: [[Beaumont City|Beaumont]], [[Flandre, Beaumont, Haiti|Flandre]] and [[Lacadome, Beaumont, Haiti|Lacadome]].

==External links==
*[http://www.haitisupport.org Haiti Support Foundation for Beaumont]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communes of Haiti}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places in Grand'Anse (department)]]
[[Category:Communes of Haiti]]

{{Haiti-geo-stub}}

Santo Domingo Province

2021-10-27T20:14:39Z

Maundwiki: San Luis is a Distrito municipal, the source for the tabel is dead so hard to fix

{{Short description|Province of the Dominican Republic}}
{{Other uses|Santo Domingo (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Santo Domingo
| official_name =
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of the Dominican Republic|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_shield = Escudo de la Provincia Santo Domingo.png
| motto =
| nickname =
| etymology = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{DOM}}
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 = 
| image_map = Santo Domingo in Dominican Republic.svg
| map_caption = Location of the Santo Domingo Province
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|32|48|N|69|49|31|W}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| leader_title1 = [[Congress of the Dominican Republic|Congress]]persons
| leader_name1 = 1 Senator 36 Deputies
| government_type = Subdivisions
| governing_body = 8 municipalities 7 [[List of municipalities of the Dominican Republic#Administration|municipal districts]]
| seat = [[Santo Domingo Este]]
| seat_type = Capital
| established_title = Province since
| established_date = 2001
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1296.35
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 
| population_as_of = {{Metadata Population Dominican province|YEAR}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = {{Metadata Population Dominican province|Santo Domingo}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_demonym = 
| timezone1 = [[Atlantic Standard Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset1 = -4
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST = 
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| geocode =
| iso_code =
| blank_name = Area code
| blank_info = 1–809 1–829 1–849
| blank1_name = [[ISO 3166-2]]
| blank1_info = DO-32
| blank2_name = Postal Code
| blank2_info = 10700 to 11999
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Santo Domingo''' ({{IPA-es|ˈsanto ðoˈmiŋɡo}}) is a [[Provinces of the Dominican Republic|province]] of the [[Dominican Republic]]. It was split from the [[Distrito Nacional, Dominican Republic|Distrito Nacional]] on October 16, 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informejudicial.com/leyes/Division%20Territorial/Ley%20163-01,%20crea%20Provincia%20Santo%20Domingo%20y%20Modifica%20Articulos%201%20y%202%20Ley%205220.htm|title=Ley No. 163-01 que crea la provincia de Santo Domingo, y modifica los Artículos 1 y 2 de la Ley No. 5220, sobre División Territorial de la República Dominicana.|author=EL CONGRESO NACIONAL|language=es|access-date=2007-03-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070518042944/http://www.informejudicial.com/leyes/Division+Territorial/Ley+163-01,+crea+Provincia+Santo+Domingo+y+Modifica+Articulos+1+y+2+Ley+5220.htm  |archive-date = May 18, 2007}}</ref>

==Municipalities and municipal districts==

As of June 20, 2006, the province is divided into the following [[Municipalities of the Dominican Republic|municipalities]] (''[[municipio]]s'') and municipal districts (''distrito municipal'' – D. M.) within them:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://comunicadorinteractivo.blogspot.com/2006/07/diputados-crean-nueva-provincia-en.html|title=Listado de Codigos de Provincias, Municipio y Distritos Municipales, Actualizada a Junio 20 del 2006|author=Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, Departamento de Cartografia, Division de Limites y Linderos|language=es|access-date=2007-01-24}}</ref>

*[[Boca Chica]]
**[[La Caleta, Dominican Republic|La Caleta]] (D.M.)
*[[Los Alcarrizos]]
**[[Palmarejo-Villa Linda]] (D.M.)
**[[Pantoja, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic|Pantoja]] (D.M.)
*[[Pedro Brand]]
**[[La Cuaba]] (D.M.)
**[[La Guáyiga]] (D.M.)
*[[San Antonio de Guerra]]
**[[Hato Viejo, Dominican Republic|Hato Viejo]] (D.M.)
*[[Santo Domingo Este]]
**[[San Luis, Santo Domingo|San Luis]] (D.M.)
*[[Santo Domingo Norte]]
**[[La Victoria, Santo Domingo|La Victoria]] (D.M.)
*[[Santo Domingo Oeste]]

The following is a sortable table of the municipalities and municipal districts with population figures as of the 2012 census. Urban population are those living in the seats (''cabeceras'' literally heads) of municipalities or of municipal districts. Rural population are those living in the districts (''Secciones'' literally sections) and neighborhoods (''Parajes'' literally places) outside of them.<ref name=censusvol1>{{cite web|url=http://www.conapofa.gov.do/censo.asp|format=PDF|title=Censos y Proyecciones de la Población Dominicana por Regiones, Provincias, Municipios y Distritos Municipales, 2012|author=Consejo Nacional de Población y Familia|language=es|access-date=2012-01-11}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
!width="190px"| Name
! Total population !! Urban population !! Rural population
|-
|align="left"| [[Los Alcarrizos]]
| {{nts|263861}} || {{nts|181175}} || {{nts|82686}}
|-
|align="left"| [[Boca Chica]]
| {{nts|123510}} || {{nts|53326}} || {{nts|70184}}
|-
|align="left"| [[Pedro Brand]]
| {{nts|103685}} || {{nts|72366}} || {{nts|31319}}
|-
|align="left"| [[San Antonio de Guerra]]
| {{nts|102586}} || {{nts|59631}} || {{nts|42955}}
|-
|align="left"| [[San Luis, Santo Domingo|San Luis]]{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}
| {{nts|301062}} || {{nts|203209}} || {{nts|97853}}
|-
|align="left"| [[Santo Domingo Este]]
| {{nts|701269}} || {{nts|402901}} || {{nts|298368}}
|-
|align="left"| [[Santo Domingo Norte]]
| {{nts|705983}} || {{nts|589047}} || {{nts|116936}}
|-
|align="left"| [[Santo Domingo Oeste]]
| {{nts|693255}} || {{nts|557999}} || {{nts|135256}}
|- style="background:white"
|align="left"| '''Santo Domingo province'''
| {{nts|2995211}} || {{nts|2119654}} || {{nts|875557}}
|}
For comparison with the municipalities and municipal districts of other provinces see the [[list of municipalities and municipal districts of the Dominican Republic]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.one.gob.do/ Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Statistics Portal of the Dominican Republic]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314215745/http://www.one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=114 Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Maps with administrative division of the provinces of the Dominican Republic], downloadable in [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] format

{{Portal bar|Dominican Republic}}
{{Provinces of the Dominican Republic}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Santo Domingo Province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in the Dominican Republic]]

Monseñor Nouel Province

2021-10-27T19:39:30Z

Maundwiki: person not provins

{{Short description|Province of the Dominican Republic}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Monseñor Nouel
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of the Dominican Republic|Province]]

| image_skyline = File:Jayaco River in Fula.jpg
| image_caption = Yuna River in Bonao
| image_flag = Bandera_de_la_Provincia_Monseñor_Nouel.svg
| image_shield = Escudo de la Provincia Monseñor Nouel.png
| motto =
| nickname =
| etymology =

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{DOM}}
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =

| image_map = File:Monsenor Nouel in Dominican Republic.svg
| map_caption = Location of the Monseñor Nouel Province
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =

| leader_title1 = [[Congress of the Dominican Republic|Congress]]persons
| leader_name1 = 1 Senator 3 Deputies
| government_type = Subdivisions
| governing_body = 3 [[Municipality|municipalities]] 7 [[List of municipalities of the Dominican Republic#Administration|municipal districts]]

| seat = [[Bonao]]
| seat_type = Capital

| established_title = Province since
| established_date = 1991

| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 992.39
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =

| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =

| population_as_of = {{Metadata Population Dominican province|YEAR}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = {{Metadata Population Dominican province|Monseñor Nouel}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi=
| population_demonym =

| timezone1 = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset1 = -4
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =

| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| geocode =
| iso_code =
| blank_name = Area code
| blank_info = 1-809 1-829 1-849
| blank1_name = [[ISO 3166-2]]
| blank1_info = DO-28
| blank2_name = Postal Code
| blank2_info = 42000

| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Monseñor Nouel''' ({{IPA-es|monseˈɲoɾ noˈwel}}) is a [[Provinces of the Dominican Republic|province]] in the [[Cibao|central region]] of the [[Dominican Republic]]. It was split from [[La Vega Province|La Vega]] province in 1982.

==Name==
The province is named after Monseñor Dr. [[Adolfo Alejandro Nouel y Bobadilla]] (1862-1937), an [[Archbishop]] of [[Santo Domingo]] who was briefly [[President (government title)|President]] of the [[Republic]] from 1912 to 1913.

==History==
Upon the arrival of the Spaniards, the territory of the Monsignor Nouel province belonged to the Taino Maguá chiefdom. In 1495, [[Bartolomé Colón]], during a voyage of exploration across the island, ordered the construction of a fortress in Sonador to combat the resistance of the local Tainos commanded by a chief named Bonao.

It is said that the first fort built in the place was called Bonao Abajo, La Colonia or La Entrada, which was later occupied by the people of Francisco Roldán. The Indians of Rincón de Yuboa or Bonao Arriba, beaten and pressured by the Spaniards, disappeared from the place rising towards the caves of Último Cielo, in the Los Capaces jurisdiction.

In 1497, [[Francisco Roldán]] and 70 rebels, participants in the Roldán Rebellion, and took refuge in the territory of Bonao, rebelling against the authority of the Columbus brothers. The rebellion ended in October 1498. The origins of the town of Bonao are precisely associated with this rebellion, insofar as some of those who participated in it stayed there when it ended.
[[File:KITLV A946 - Loods van de Curaçaosche Handel Maatschappij in Monseñor Nouel op de Dominicaanse Republiek, KITLV 2144448.tiff|thumb|left|Photograph of Monseñor Nouel in 1938.]]
On December 7, 1508, Bonao was officially granted the category of town and was awarded a coat of arms. The main economic activity of this town was gold mining. When the exploitation of gold by the Spanish on the island was exhausted, two sugar mills were installed in Bonao, according to Bachelor Alonso de Parada in a report made to King Carlos V and that appears in the book Santo Domingo in the Manuscripts of Juan Bautista Muñoz transcribed by Roberto Marte:

The name of Monseñor Nouel, associated with Bonao, arose for the first time in 1936 of Santo Domingo in honor of the former president of the Republic. In 1960, the town's name Bonao was restored, the municipality remaining with its name Monseñor Nouel, a designation that was also given to the province when it was created in 1982 under the government of then-President [[Salvador Jorge Blanco]].

==Geography==
[[File:Monseñor Nouel Province, 42000, Dominican Republic - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|right|240px|Entrance in Monseñor Nouel Province.]]
The province has an area of 992.39 km2 (383.16 sq mi) located in the central [[Cibao]] region. It is bordered to the North and West, by the [[La Vega Province]], to the East the [[Sánchez Ramírez]] and [[Monte Plata]] provinces, and to the South by the [[San Cristóbal Province|San Cristóbal]] and [[San José de Ocoa]] provinces. The Central Mountain Range is located to the north and west of the province, while a branch of said mountain range, the Sierra de Yamasá, borders the province to the east. The main river in the province is the Yuna; all other rivers are tributaries of that river. Some of them are the Blanco, Maimon, Juma, Masipedro, Jima rivers. The Rincón dam is also located in this province.

==Economy and development==
The main economic activity of the area is dominated by local businesses, agricultural producers and by the income generated by the mining company (Falcondo), also known as Falconbridge Dominicana. Ferronickel exploitation is located in this province, the main metallic mining activity in the country today. The main agricultural items in the province are rice, coffee and cocoa. There are also important companies that provide jobs such as: Bonao Industrial, Hanesbrands Dos Rios Textiles, Inc.
[[File:Monseñor Nouel Province, 42000, Dominican Republic - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Workers in Monseñor Nouel province.]]
There are several public and private basic and secondary educational establishments in the province, specializing in commerce, informatics, industrial technicians; polytechnics and other fields. The city of Bonao also has a higher education center, a regional headquarters of the state Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (CURCE-UASD).

The province is home to several communication media centers, such as Television, Radio and Digital Media. In the television media, the province has the Telecasa company that offers different television channels for the towns of Bonao and Maimón, among these channels are: Yunavisión Channel 10, Maimón Tv Channel 3 and Bonao Tv Channel 12. In the media of radio are: Latina FM and Novel 93 FM.

==Municipalities and municipal districts==
[[File:Municipalities of Monseñor Nouel Province.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Municipalities of the Province.]]
The province as of June 20, 2006 is divided into the following [[Municipalities of the Dominican Republic|municipalities]] (''[[municipio]]s'') and municipal districts (''distrito municipal'' - D.M.) within them:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=113|title=Listado de Codigos de Provincias, Municipio y Distritos Municipales, Actualizada a Junio 20 del 2006|author=Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, Departamento de Cartografia, Division de Limites y Linderos|language=es|access-date=2007-01-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314215735/http://www.one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=113|archive-date=2007-03-14}}</ref>
*[[Bonao]]
**[[Arroyo Toro-Masipedro]] (D.M.)
**[[Jayaco]] (D.M.)
**[[Juma Bejucal]] (D.M.)
*[[La Salvia-Los Quemados]]
**[[Sabana del Puerto]] (D.M.)
*[[Maimón, Monseñor Nouel|Maimón]]
*[[Piedra Blanca]]
**[[Juan Adrián]] (D.M.)
**[[Villa Sonador]] (D.M.)

The following is a sortable table of the municipalities and municipal districts with population figures as of the 2012 census. [[Urban area|Urban]] population are those living in the seats (''cabeceras'' literally heads) of municipalities or of municipal districts. [[Rural]] population are those living in the [[district]]s (''Secciones'' literally sections) and [[neighborhood]]s (''Parajes'' literally places) outside of them.<ref name=censusvol1>{{cite web|url=http://www.conapofa.gov.do/censo.asp|format=PDF|title=Censos y Proyecciones de la Población Dominicana por Regiones, Provincias, Municipios y Distritos Municipales, 2012|author=Consejo Nacional de Población y Familia|language=es|access-date=2012-01-11}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

For comparison with the municipalities and municipal districts of other provinces see the [[list of municipalities and municipal districts of the Dominican Republic]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
!width="190px"| Name
! Total population !! Urban population !! Rural population
|-
|align="left"| [[Bonao]]
| {{nts|158034}} || {{nts|97990}} || {{nts|60044}}
|-
|align="left"| [[Maimón, Monseñor Nouel|Maimón]]
| {{nts|18655}} || {{nts|14069}} || {{nts|4586}}
|-
|align="left"| [[Piedra Blanca]]
| {{nts|24785}} || {{nts|16090}} || {{nts|8695}}
|- style="background:white"
|align="left"| '''Monseñor Nouel province'''
| {{nts|201474}} || {{nts|120754}} || {{nts|80720}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.one.gob.do/ Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Statistics Portal of the Dominican Republic]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314215745/http://www.one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=114 Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Maps with administrative division of the provinces of the Dominican Republic], downloadable in [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] format

{{Portal bar|Dominican Republic}}
{{Provinces of the Dominican Republic}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monsenor Nouel Province}}

[[Category:Monseñor Nouel Province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1982]]

Santiago de Cuba

2021-10-06T13:52:13Z

Maundwiki: reverting population to prior value

{{About||the American warship|USS Santiago de Cuba (1861)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Santiago de Cuba
| other_name =
| native_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Cuba|City]]
| motto = {{native phrase|es|Rebelde ayer, hospitalaria hoy, heroica siempre}} {{small|("Rebels yesterday, hospitable today, always heroic")}}
| image_skyline = Stgo de Cuba CF9A6089a.jpg
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size = 120x90px
| image_shield =
| shield_size = 120x90px
| city_logo =
| citylogo_size =
| image_map = Santiago de Cuba (Cuban municipal map).png
| map_caption = Santiago municipality (red) within Santiago Province (yellow) and Cuba
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Cuba]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Santiago de Cuba Province|Santiago de Cuba]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1515
| founder = [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar]]
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3 =
| area_magnitude =
| area_footnotes =
| area_blank1_title = Municipality
| area_blank1_km2 = 1023.8
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2012>{{Cite web| url=http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/37_tabla_I_6.pdf | title= Tabla I.6: Población residente en ciudades por sexos y relación de masculinidad |publisher=Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas |date=January 2014 | access-date=October 19, 2017 |language=es}}</ref>
| population_note =
| population_total = 555865
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
| population_demonym = santiaguero/a
| timezone =
| utc_offset =
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|20|01|11.4|N|75|48|50.1|W|region:CU|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 82
| elevation_ft =
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code = +53 22
| blank_name =
| blank_info =
| blank1_name =
| blank1_info =
| website = http://www.santiago.cu/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Santiago de Cuba''' is the second-largest city in [[Cuba]] and the capital city of [[Santiago de Cuba Province]]. It lies in the southeastern area of the island, some {{convert|870|km|abbr=on}} southeast of the Cuban capital of [[Havana]].

The municipality extends over {{convert|1023.8|km2|sp=us}},<ref name=santiagomun>{{Cite web| url=http://www.santiago.cu/nuestrostgo/Municipio/2.htm| title=Municipalities of Santiago de Cuba| author=Santiago.cu| year=2006| access-date=October 5, 2007| language=es| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215121200/http://www.santiago.cu/nuestrostgo/Municipio/2.htm| archive-date=December 15, 2007| df=mdy-all}}</ref> and contains the communities of Antonio Maceo, Bravo, Castillo Duany, [[Daiquirí]], [[El Caney]], [[El Cobre, Cuba|El Cobre]], El Cristo,<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/El_Cristo_(Santiago_de_Cuba) El Cristo] on [[EcuRed]]</ref> Guilera, Leyte Vidal, Moncada and [[Siboney, Cuba|Siboney]].<ref name=guije>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/opalma/index.htm|title=Palma Soriano|author=Guije.com|access-date=October 5, 2007|language=es}}</ref>

Historically Santiago de Cuba has long been the second-most important city on the island after Havana, and still remains the second-largest. It is on a bay connected to the [[Caribbean Sea]] and is an important [[sea port]]. In the 2012 population census, the city of Santiago de Cuba recorded a population of 431,272 people.<ref name=census2012/>

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Santiago de Cuba}}
[[File:Santiago-de-Cuba.jpg|thumb|left|Street in central Santiago in 1974]]

Santiago de Cuba was the fifth village founded by Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar]] on July 25, 1515. The settlement was destroyed by fire in 1516, and was immediately rebuilt. This was the starting point of the expeditions led by [[Juan de Grijalba]] and [[Hernán Cortés]] to the coasts of Mexico in 1518, and in 1538 by [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]]'s expedition to Florida. The first [[cathedral]] was built in the city in 1528. From 1522 until 1589, Santiago was the capital of the Spanish colony of Cuba.

The city was plundered by French forces in 1553, and by English forces [[Raid on Santiago de Cuba (1603)|in 1603]]. More than 50 years later the English raided again in 1662 under [[Christopher Myngs]].

The city had a huge influx of French and British immigrants in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some eighteen thousand refugees, both ethnic French whites and free people of color, and African [[freedmen]], came from [[Saint-Domingue]] in the summer of 1803 during the last days of the [[Haitian Revolution|Haitian slave revolt, which had started in 1791]].<ref name="scott">[https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=book_chapters Rebecca J. Scott and Jean M. Hébrard, "Rosalie of the Poulard Nation"], ''Assumed Identities: The Meanings of Race in the Atlantic World'', ed. by John D. Garrigus, Christopher Charles Morris, Texas A&M University Press, 2010, p. 125</ref> Other refugees had emigrated from Saint-Domingue earlier in the revolution. Haiti declared its independence as a republic in 1804.

The French were withdrawing surviving troops after suffering heavy losses from warfare and [[yellow fever]]. The immigrants, who included freedmen as France had abolished slavery on Saint-Domingue, struggled to maintain their freedom in Cuba, which was still a slave society. Cuba initially allowed only white refugees, women of color, children, and loyal "domestics" to land; French troops and all men of color over the age of thirteen were held off shore, to be rapidly deported to the mainland, as they were considered a revolutionary threat.<ref name="scott"/> Some French soldiers joined other refugees in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], or New York City; others went to [[New Orleans]].

The refugees who stayed added to the city's eclectic cultural mix, already rich with Spanish and African culture. Some of the women and children were impressed into slavery again, although they had been free. In 1809, after [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s forces invaded Spain, French citizens were ordered out of Cuba.<ref name="scott127">Scott and Hébrard (2010), "Rosalie", p. 127</ref> Most went to the United States, and thousands settled in New Orleans, with the freedmen increasing its African culture, as most had been born in Africa. The ethnic French whites and free people of color, generally with longer ties to French culture, added their flavor to the culture of the city as well.

Near the end of the century, during the [[Spanish–American War]], Santiago was the site of the major defeat of Spanish troops at [[San Juan Hill]] on July 1, 1898. After capturing the surrounding hills, United States General [[William Rufus Shafter]] laid siege to the city.<ref name="Nugent. Walter 2008. p 301">Nugent. Walter. ''Habits of Empire, A History of American Expansion''. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2008. p 301</ref> Spain later surrendered to the United States after Admiral [[William T. Sampson]] destroyed the Spanish Atlantic fleet just outside Santiago's harbor on July 3, 1898.<ref name="Nugent. Walter 2008. p 301"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abmc.gov/memorials/memorials/sst.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219004112/http://www.abmc.gov/memorials/memorials/sst.php |archive-date=February 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Cuba had declared independence from Spain but was occupied by US troops for several years. Historians suggest they were there to ensure the sugar economy continued to be productive.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

[[José Martí]], a Cuban poet, writer, and national hero, is buried in [[Santa Ifigenia Cemetery]] in this city.

===Role in the Cuban Revolution===
Santiago was the home of the 20th-century revolutionary hero [[Frank País]]. On July 26, 1953, the [[Cuban Revolution]] began with an ill-prepared armed attack on the [[Moncada Barracks]] by a small contingent of rebels led by [[Fidel Castro]]. Shortly after this disastrous incident, País began talking with students and young working people informally, drawing around him what became an extremely effective urban revolutionary alliance. He and his followers developed highly organized cells, coordinating a large-scale urban resistance that became instrumental in the success of the Cuban Revolution.<ref>{{cite web | last = Cannon| first = Terrance| year = 1981| url = http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/pais.htm| title = Frank País and the Underground Movement in the cities| publisher=historyofcuba.com| access-date = May 21, 2006}}</ref>

País' group prepared carefully, accruing weapons, collecting money, collecting medical supplies. They published a cheap newsletter that reported news critical of the government, attempting to counter Batista's censorship of the mainline press.<ref>{{cite web | year = 1981 | url = http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/pais.htm | title = Who was Frank Pais? | publisher=historyofcuba.com | access-date = May 21, 2006 }}</ref>

In the summer of 1955, País's organization merged with Castro's July 26 Movement. País became the leader of the new organization in [[Oriente province]]. Two years later he was betrayed to the police and was fatally shot after his capture.

On January 1, 1959, [[Fidel Castro]] proclaimed the victory of the [[Cuban Revolution]] from a balcony on Santiago de Cuba's city hall. The ashes of País were interred in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery, where Marti had been buried.

<div class="center">
{|
|-
|valign="top"|
|valign="top"|
|valign="top"|
|}
</div>

==Culture==
[[File:Barbershop in Santiago de Cuba - Cuba.jpg|thumb|Independent, family-owned barbershops are a hallmark of Santiago]]
[[File:Santiago de Cuba, Compay Segundo tomb.jpg|thumb|left|The tomb of Compay Segundo]]
Santiago de Cuba was the hometown of poet [[José María Heredia]]. The Teatro Heredia, which hosts theater and cultural events, is named in his honor. The mural relief portrait on the building façade depicts [[Juan Almeida Bosque]], a commander of insurgent forces in the Cuban Revolution.

It is the birthplace of the world-famous [[Bacardi]] brand, which was started by [[Facundo Bacardi Masso]] in 1862. It now houses a museum that displays the extensive art collection of the [[Emilio Bacardi|Bacardí]] family.

Santiago de Cuba is well known for its cultural life. Some of Cuba's most famous musicians, including [[Compay Segundo]], [[Ibrahim Ferrer]] and [[Eliades Ochoa]] (all of whom participated in the film ''[[Buena Vista Social Club (film)|Buena Vista Social Club]]'') and trova composer [[Ñico Saquito]] (Benito Antonio Fernández Ortiz) were born in the city or in one of the villages surrounding it. They have contributed to the typical, country-like music of the city.

Santiago de Cuba is well known for its traditional dances, most notably [[Son (music)|son]], from which [[Salsa (dance)|salsa]] has been derived. The city celebrates [[Carnival]] in July, although it typically precedes Lent. With the city preoccupied with the holiday, Castro chose July 26 to enter undetected into the city to assault the Moncada Barracks. During Carnival, traditional [[Conga (music)|conga]] music is played in the streets on a traditional pentatonic trumpet, called the [[trompeta china]].
[[File:Children Playing Chess on the Street - Santiago de Cuba - Cuba.jpg|thumb|Boys playing chess]]

A relatively high number of residents of the city adhere to Afro-Cuban religions, most notably [[santería]]. The city hosts an important community of descendants of immigrants from the early 19th century from what is now Haiti. Some aspects of the religious "[[Haitian Voodoo|vodún]]" heritage of the city can be traced back to this community.

The city features several historic architectural styles, from [[Baroque]] to [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]]. Many colonial buildings have huge windows and balconies, where people can enjoy views of the steep streets and wooded hills. Preserved historical treasures include the first Spanish dwelling in the [[Americas]], the first cathedral in Cuba, [[Cobre mine, Cuba|Cobre mine]], the first copper mine opened in the Americas; and the first Cuban museum.

===World Heritage Site===
The local [[citadel]] of [[Castillo de San Pedro de la Roca|San Pedro de la Roca]] is inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] as "the most complete, best-preserved example of Spanish-American military [[architecture]], based on Italian and [[Renaissance]] design principles".<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/841 World Heritage Site]</ref>

===World Heritage Biosphere Reserve===
The [[Baconao]] Park was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Biosphere Reserve List in 1987.<ref>[http://www2.unesco.org/mab/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=CUB+04&mode=all Heritage Biosphere Reserve Site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009210837/http://www2.unesco.org/mab/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=CUB+04&mode=all |date=October 9, 2006 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Santiago de Cuba is located in the southeast of the island at coordinates 20° 01' 17.42" N 75° 49' 45.75" W, some {{convert|870|km|abbr=on}} of the capital, [[Havana]]. Historically Santiago de Cuba has been the second-largest city in Cuba, behind Havana. It features a bay connected to the [[Caribbean Sea]] and is a major [[Seaport|port]]. The municipality of Santiago de Cuba, its capital city, is the most populated municipality of Cuba.

The city has developed at the foot of the bay and is surrounded on land by the [[Sierra Maestra]]. It has a hot and humid climate. The landscapes includes the complexity of urban elements, and natural greenery and marine settings, all at the same time. It has an irregular offset to the bay, which contributed to the development of an urban setting where the avenues and streets are steep or descend.

===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Santiago de Cuba has a [[tropical savanna climate]] with no significant wet and dry periods through the year.
{{Weather box
|location = Santiago de Cuba
|metric first = Y
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 28
|Feb high C = 28
|Mar high C = 28
|Apr high C = 28
|May high C = 28
|Jun high C = 29
|Jul high C = 31
|Aug high C = 31
|Sep high C = 31
|Oct high C = 30
|Nov high C = 30
|Dec high C = 30
|Jan low C = 21
|Feb low C = 21
|Mar low C = 22
|Apr low C = 23
|May low C = 23
|Jun low C = 24
|Jul low C = 25
|Aug low C = 25
|Sep low C = 24
|Oct low C = 24
|Nov low C = 23
|Dec low C = 22
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 73.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 43.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 53.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 58.4
|May precipitation mm = 139.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 101.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 68.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 94
|Sep precipitation mm = 106.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 193
|Nov precipitation mm = 94
|Dec precipitation mm = 81.3
|source 1 = weather.com<ref name=weatherinfo >{{cite web
| url =http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/CUXX0010?from=36hr_bottomnav_business | title =Average Weather for Santiago de Cuba, --Temperature and Precipitation | access-date =June 22, 2008
| publisher=weather.com }}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Street Vendor with Barbecued Pig - Santiago de Cuba - Cuba.jpg|thumb|upright|Street vendor in the Santiago slums]]
In the 2012 population census the city of Santiago de Cuba recorded a population of 431,272 people.<ref name=census2012/>

<center>
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|+ '''Historical population of Santiago de Cuba'''
! 1861 !! 1899 !! 1907 !! 1919 !! 1931 !! 1943 !! 1953
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| align=center| 36,752 || align=center| 43,090 || align=center| 45,470 || align=center| 62,083 || align=center| 101,508 || align=center| 118,266 || align=center| 163,237
|-
! 1970 !! 1981 !! 2002 !! 2012 !! !! !!
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| align=center| 277,600 || align=center| 347,279 || align=center| 423,392 || align=center| 431,272 || align=center| || align=center| || align=center|
|-
| colspan=11 align=center| All figures are census figures. 
|}</center>

==Communications==

Santiago is served by [[Antonio Maceo Airport]]. [[Cubana de Aviación]] connects the city with [[Havana]], [[Port Au Prince]], and [[Santo Domingo]], with other airlines connecting to other cities in the Caribbean and North America.

The public transport in the city, as in Havana, is carried out by two divisions, Omnibus Metropolitanos (OM) and Metrobus.<ref name=Censo_transporte>{{cite web |url=http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/13TRANSPORTE.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-07-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822200546/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/13TRANSPORTE.pdf |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} National Statistics Office - Transportation</ref> The Metrobus serves the inner-city urban area, with a maximum distance of {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Censo_transporte/> Omnibus Metropolitanos (OM) connects the adjacent towns and municipalities in the metropolitan area with the city center, with a maximum distance of {{convert|40|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Censo_transporte/>

[[Ferrocarriles de Cuba]] railways and ASTRO inter-city buses connect the city with Havana's [[Havana Central railway station|Central Railway Station]] and with most other main cities of Cuba. The [[Santiago de Cuba railway station|main railway station]], also known as "General Senén Casas", is an important hub of the national railways. Located in the city centre, near the harbour, this was completely rebuilt in 1997.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Estaci%C3%B3n_Ferroviaria_%28Santiago_de_Cuba%29 Santiago de Cuba railway station] on [[EcuRed]]</ref>

The city of Santiago is also crossed by the [[Carretera Central (Cuba)|Carretera Central]] highway and by the southern section of the [[Autopista A1 (Cuba)|A1 motorway]], largely unbuilt, that will link it with Havana when it is completed.

==Schools==
The main tertiary education institution is the [[University of Santiago de Cuba]] (''Universidad de Oriente - Santiago de Cuba'', UO).

==Natives and residents==
*[[Yordenis Ugas]] - boxer
*[[Desi Arnaz]] - television/film actor, producer and [[bandleader]]
*[[Emilio Bacardí]] - industrialist and philanthropist
*[[Eusebia Cosme]] - ''declamdora negra'', actress
*[[Orestes Destrade]] - professional baseball player
*[[Emilio Estefan]] - music producer and husband of singer [[Gloria Estefan]]
*[[Silvina Fabars]] - National Dance Award recipient of 2014 and principal dancer of the Conjunto Folclórico Nacional
*[[Ibrahim Ferrer]] - musician
*[[Sindo Garay]] - musician
*[[José María Heredia y Heredia]] - poet
*[[Pancho Herrera]]- professional baseball player
*[[Alberto Juantorena]] - Olympic gold medallist, [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Olympics]]
*[[Faizon Love]] - television/film actor, comedian
*[[Konnan]] - professional wrestler
*[[Olga Guillot]] - singer
*[[Paul Lafargue]] - journalist, literary critic, political writer and activist
*[[La Lupe]] - salsa singer
*[[Antonio Maceo Grajales]] - independence hero
*[[Rita Marley]] - singer and wife of [[reggae]] singer [[Bob Marley]]
*[[José Martí]] - independence hero; interred in Santiago de Cuba
*[[Miguel Matamoros]] - musician
*[[Eliades Ochoa]] - musician
*[[Frank Pais]] - revolutionary and urban organizer for the [[26th of July Movement]]
*[[Richard Pérez-Peña]] - New York Times reporter
*[[Carmen Quidiello]] – poet, playwright, [[First Lady of the Dominican Republic]] (1963)<ref name=ld2>{{cite news |first=|last=|title=Ha fallecido, a los 105 años, doña Carmen Quidiello viuda Bosch |url=https://listindiario.com/la-republica/2020/12/19/649038/ha-fallecido-a-los-105-anos-dona-carmen-quidiello-viuda-bosch |work=[[Listín Diario]] |date=2020-12-19 |access-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219143752/https://listindiario.com/la-republica/2020/12/19/649038/ha-fallecido-a-los-105-anos-dona-carmen-quidiello-viuda-bosch |archive-date=2021-02-19 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Jorge Reyes (writer)|Jorge Reyes]] - author
*[[Jorge Mas Canosa]]
*[[Marco Rizo]] - pianist, composer and arranger
*[[Mariblanca Sabas Alomá]] - feminist and journalist
*[[Esteban Salas y Castro]] - Baroque composer
*[[Ñico Saquito]] (Benito Antonio Fernández Ortiz) - musician and trova composer
*[[Compay Segundo]] - musician

<gallery class="center" perrow="4">
File:Antonio Maceo.jpg|[[Antonio Maceo Grajales|Antonio Maceo]] Cuban Independence general (1845–1896)
File:Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz.jpg|[[Desi Arnaz]] Actor (1917–1986)
File:Cropped image of Compay.jpg|[[Compay Segundo]] singer (1907–2003)
</gallery>

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Caribbean#Cuba|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Cuba}}

===Twin towns – Sister cities===
Santiago de Cuba is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diadema, São Paulo]], Brazil
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Naples]], Italy<ref name="Naples twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931|title= Comune di Napoli -Gemellaggi|access-date=2013-08-08|last=Vacca|first=Maria Luisa|work=Comune di Napoli|trans-title=Naples - Twin Towns|language= it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722204102/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931|archive-date=2013-07-22 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Oakland, California]], United States
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]], Argentina<ref name="Rosario twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.rosario.gov.ar/mr/mri/www/city-city-program/town-twinning-agreements |title=Town Twinning Agreements |publisher=Municipalidad de Rosario - Buenos Aires 711 |access-date=2014-10-14 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Cuba}}
*[[Battle of Santiago de Cuba]], 1898
*[[Carnaval of Santiago de Cuba]]
*[[Communidad Hebrea Hatikva]]
*[[List of cities in Cuba]]
*[[List of places in Cuba]]
*[[Oriente Province]]
*[[Santa Ifigenia Cemetery]] - burial place for many important figures of Santiago de Cuba

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Santiago de Cuba#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Santiago de Cuba}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/osantiago/index.htm Municipality webpage] {{in lang|es}}
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/10079/ Map of Santiago Bay] from 1639 {{in lang|nl}}

{{Geographic location 
| Centre = Santiago de Cuba
| North = [[San Luis, Santiago de Cuba|San Luis]], [[Songo – La Maya]]
| East = [[Niceto Pérez]] ([[Guantánamo Province|Guantánamo]])
| South = ''[[Caribbean Sea]]''
| West = [[Guamá, Cuba|Guamá]]
| Northwest = [[Palma Soriano]]
}}
{{Provinces of Cuba|+capitals|province=Santiago de Cuba}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Cuba}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santiago De Cuba}}
[[Category:Santiago de Cuba| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Cuba]]
[[Category:Populated places in Santiago de Cuba Province]]
[[Category:Port cities in Cuba]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1515]]
[[Category:1515 establishments in the Spanish West Indies]]
[[Category:1510s establishments in Cuba]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Cuba]]

Pinar del Río

2021-10-06T13:49:45Z

Maundwiki: reverting population in infobox

{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Pinar del Río
| other_name =
| native_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]]
| motto =
| image_skyline = Carrer José Martí Pinar del Rio 4.JPG
| image_caption = The central avenue "Calle de José Martí"
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield = Coat of arms of the Pinar Del Rio Province.svg
| image_map = Pinar del Río (Cuban municipal map).png
| map_caption = Pinar del Río municipality (red) within Pinar del Río Province (yellow) and Cuba
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Cuba]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pinar del Río Province|Pinar del Río]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = September 10, 1867
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3 =
| area_magnitude =
| area_footnotes = <ref name=statoids/>
| area_total_km2 = 691.12
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 = 70.7
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_footnotes = <ref name=atenas/>
| population_note =
| population_total = 190532
| population_density_km2 = 269.1
| population_urban = 154107
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Pinareños
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|EST]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| coordinates = {{coord|22|24|44|N|83|40|19|W|region:CU|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 61
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 20100-20300
| area_code = +53 48
| registration_plate = P
| blank_name = Highways
| blank_info = [[Carretera Central (Cuba)|Carretera Central]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pinar del Río''' is the capital city of [[Pinar del Río Province]]. With a city population of 139,336 (2004), in a municipality of 190,332, it is the [[List of cities in Cuba|10th largest city in Cuba]]. Inhabitants of the area are called ''Pinareños''.

==History==
Pinar del Río was one of the last major cities in Cuba founded by the Spanish, on September 10, 1867. The city and province was founded as ''Nueva [[Filipino people|Filipinas]]'' (New [[Philippines]]) in regard to influx of Asian laborers coming from the Philippine Islands to work on tobacco plantations.

Pinar del Rio's history begins with the Guanahatabeys, a group of nomadic Indians who lived in caves and procured most of their livelihood from the sea.
Less advanced than the other indigenous natives who lived on the island, the Guanahatabey were a peaceful and passive race whose culture happened more or less independently of the Taino and Siboney cultures further east. Extinct by the time of the Spanish arrived in 1492, little firsthand documentation remains on how the archaic Guanahatabey society was structured and organized although some archeological sites have been found on the Guanahacabibes Peninsula.

Post-Columbus, the conquistadors left rugged Pinar del Rio largely to its own devices, and the area developed lackadaisically only after Canary Islanders started arriving in late the 1500s. These Canarians became the tobacco farmers of the region. It was originally called Nueva Filipina (New Philippines), but the region was renamed Pinar del Rio in 1778, supposedly for the pine forests crowded along the Rio Guama. Tobacco plantations and cattle ranches quickly sprang up in the rich soil and open grazing land that typifies Pinar. Farmers who made a living from the delicate and well-tended crops were colloquially christened Guajiros, a native word that means - literally - 'one of us '. By the mid 1800s, Europeans were hooked on the fragrant weed and the region flourished. Sea routes opened up and the railways was extended to facilitate the shipping of the perishable product. Pinar del Rio is known as the Mecca of Tobacco.

==Geography==
The municipality borders with [[San Luis, Pinar del Río|San Luis]], [[San Juan y Martínez]], [[Viñales]] and [[Consolación del Sur]]. The villages included in the municipality are Briones Montoto, Cayo Conuco,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nona.net/features/map/placedetail.859541/Cayo%20Conuco/ |title=Cayo Conuco (Cuba) map - nona.net |publisher=nona.net |access-date=2011-02-14 }}</ref> [[La Coloma]], La Conchita and Las Ovas.

===Climate===
Pinar del Río has a warm [[tropical climate]], more specifically a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') according to the [[Köppen climate|Köppen climate classification]] scheme.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|location = Pinar del Río
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C = 27.0
|Feb high C = 27.0
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 30.0
|May high C = 31.0
|Jun high C = 31.0
|Jul high C = 32.0
|Aug high C = 32.0
|Sep high C = 32.0
|Oct high C = 30.0
|Nov high C = 29.0
|Dec high C = 27.0
|Jan low C = 17.0
|Feb low C = 17.0
|Mar low C = 18.0
|Apr low C = 20.0
|May low C = 21.0
|Jun low C = 23.0
|Jul low C = 23.0
|Aug low C = 23.0
|Sep low C = 22.0
|Oct low C = 21.0
|Nov low C = 19.0
|Dec low C = 18.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 56.0
|Feb rain mm = 65.0
|Mar rain mm = 74.0
|Apr rain mm = 78.0
|May rain mm = 190.0
|Jun rain mm = 260.0
|Jul rain mm = 161.0
|Aug rain mm = 208.0
|Sep rain mm = 221.0
|Oct rain mm = 129.0
|Nov rain mm = 75.0
|Dec rain mm = 40.0
|Jan rain days = 6.0
|Feb rain days = 6.0
|Mar rain days = 5.0
|Apr rain days = 6.0
|May rain days = 11.0
|Jun rain days = 15.0
|Jul rain days = 13.0
|Aug rain days = 14.0
|Sep rain days = 16.0
|Oct rain days = 12.0
|Nov rain days = 7.0
|Dec rain days = 6.0
|Jan sun = 217.0
|Feb sun = 226.0
|Mar sun = 248.0
|Apr sun = 270.0
|May sun = 248.0
|Jun sun = 210.0
|Jul sun = 248.0
|Aug sun = 248.0
|Sep sun = 210.0
|Oct sun = 217.0
|Nov sun = 210.0
|Dec sun = 217.0
|Jan percentsun = 64
|Feb percentsun = 73
|Mar percentsun = 67
|Apr percentsun = 69
|May percentsun = 62
|Jun percentsun = 54
|Jul percentsun = 62
|Aug percentsun = 62
|Sep percentsun = 58
|Oct percentsun = 58
|Nov percentsun = 64
|Dec percentsun = 64
|source = Weather Atlas <ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/cuba/pinar-del-rio-climate |title=Pinar del Río, Cuba - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=3 July 2019 }}</ref>
}}

==Economy==
The city is located in a major [[tobacco]]-growing area and is a centre of the [[cigar]] industry. The main farming animal in this province is the [[carabao]].

==Demographics==
In the 2002 national census, the following statistics were recorded:
*Area: 70.7 km² (city); 708 km² (municipality)
*Population: 189,221 (total); 152,200 (city); 30,417 (surrounding rural area)
*Density: 270,4 /km²

In 2004, the municipality of Pinar del Río had a population of 190,532.<ref name=atenas>{{Cite web| url=http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm| title=2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality| author= Atenas.cu| year= 2004| access-date=2007-10-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927111826/http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm  |archive-date = 2007-09-27|language=es}}</ref> With a total area of {{convert|708|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=statoids>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ycu.html|title=Municipios of Cuba|author=Statoids|date=July 2003| access-date=2007-10-07}}</ref> it has a population density of {{convert|269.1|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}.

==Education==
The main post-secondary education institution is the [[University of Pinar del Río]].

==Transport==
The city is served by the [[Carretera Central (Cuba)|Carretera Central]] highway and by the [[Autopista A4 (Cuba)|A4 motorway]]. [[Pinar del Río Airport]] is abandoned and [[La Coloma Airport]] {{airport codes|LCL|MULM}} has no scheduled flights. There is a [[Pinar del Río railway station|railway station]] on the line to [[Havana]].

==Sport==
The local baseball club is [[Pinar del Río (baseball)|Pinar del Río]], nicknamed ''Vegueros'', and the association football one is the [[FC Pinar del Río]]. Both the clubs have their home ground in the [[Estadio Capitán San Luis|Capitán San Luis Stadium]]. The "Vegueros" are the Serie del Caribe 2015 champions.

==Notable people==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Danys Báez]] - former [[Major League Baseball]] pitcher
* [[Mario Bencomo]] - an internationally exhibited painter
* [[René Capo]] - [[Olympics|Olympic]] [[Judo]]ka
* [[Willy Chirino]] - singer-songwriter
* [[Sen Dog]] - member of [[Cypress Hill]]
* [[Yunieski Gonzalez]] - boxer
* [[Dagoberto Valdés Hernández]] - religious leader/writer
* [[Carlos Luna (artist)]] – Artist
* [[Mijaín López]] - three-time [[Olympics|Olympic]] [[Greco-Roman Wrestling]] Champion
* [[Yunesky Maya]] - pitcher for the [[Washington Nationals]]
* [[Polo Montañez]] - singer and songwriter.
* [[Dolan Mor]], writer
* [[Pedro Pablo Oliva]] - painter
* [[Tony Oliva]] - former outfielder for the [[Minnesota Twins]]
* [[Rudy Pérez]] - composer
* [[Alexei Ramírez]] - infielder for the [[Chicago White Sox]]
* [[Yoel Romero]] - [[Mixed Martial Artist]], [[Olympics|Olympic]] [[Wrestler]]
* [[Gonzalo Rubalcaba]] - pianist
* [[Eduardo Zamacois]] - was a Spanish novelist

{{colend}}

==Gallery==
<gallery heights=130 mode=packed>
File:Fruti Cuba.JPG|The historical building "Fruti Cuba (Fruit Juices)", located in the city centre
File:Teatro Milanés Pinar del Rio.JPG|Milanés Theatre
File:Catedral Pinar del Rio.JPG|Cathedral
File:Casa de cultura Pedro Junco Pinar del Rio.JPG|Culture house "Pedro Junco"
File:Tobacco field cuba1.jpg|Tobacco plantation
File:Hoyo de monterey.jpg|Cigar factory
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Filipino Cuban]]
* [[List of cities in Cuba]]
* [[Municipalities of Cuba]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060203031924/http://www.pinardelrio.pinar.cu/ Pinar del Río.cu]
*{{in lang|es}} [http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Pinar_del_Río_(Municipio) Pinar del Río] on [[EcuRed]]
*{{in lang|es}} [http://www.guije.com/pueblo/pinar/index.htm Pinar del Río on guije.com] (historical infos)

{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Pinar del Río
| N = [[Viñales]]
| E = [[Consolación del Sur]]
| SE = ''[[Caribbean Sea]]'' [[Isla de la Juventud]]
| S = ''[[Caribbean Sea]]'' [[Canarreos Archipelago|Cayos de San Felipe]]
| W = [[San Juan y Martínez]] [[San Luis, Pinar del Río|San Luis]]
| NW = [[Minas de Matahambre]]
}}
{{Provinces of Cuba|+capitals|province=Pinar del Río}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinar Del Rio}}
[[Category:Pinar del Río| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Cuba]]
[[Category:Populated places in Pinar del Río Province]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Cuba]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1774]]
[[Category:1770s establishments in Cuba]]
[[Category:1774 establishments in the Spanish West Indies]]

Guaviare, Guainía

2021-09-12T13:30:53Z

Maundwiki:

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Guaviare, Guainía
|native_name =
|nickname =
|motto =
|settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Colombia|Municipality]] and town
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map =
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of the municipality and town of Guaviare, Guainía in the Guainía Department of Colombia.
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_mapsize =300
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Colombia
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Colombia}}
|subdivision_type1 =[[Departments of Colombia|Department]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Guainía Department]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_as_of =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban =
|coordinates =
|timezone = Colombia Standard Time
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Guaviare''' is a town and municipality located in the [[Guainía Department]], [[Republic of Colombia]].{{dubious|date=2021-09}}

{{Municipalities guainía department}}

{{coord|3.922|N|67.860|W|display=title|type:city_region:CO_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guaviare, Guainia}}
[[Category:Municipalities of Guainía Department]]
{{Guainía-geo-stub}}

Talk:Guaviare, Guainía

2021-09-12T13:30:47Z

Maundwiki: /* Dubious */ new section

{{WikiProject Colombia|class=stub|importance=low}}

== Dubious ==

Not listed in [[Guainía Department]], maybe based on [[es:Comisaría del Guainía]]. [[User:Maundwiki|Maundwiki]] ([[User talk:Maundwiki|talk]]) 13:30, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

Curio herreanus

2021-04-26T11:57:42Z

Maundwiki: /* Description */

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = String of watermelons
|image = Senecio herreanus 2019-04-16 0741.jpg
|image_caption = Fleshy leaves of ''Curio herreanus''
|genus = Curio
|species = herreanus
|authority = [[Hermann Johannes Heinrich Jacobsen|H.Jacobsen]] & P.V.Heath (1999)
}}

'''''Curio herreanus''''', syn. '''''Senecio herreanus''''', which is also known as '''string of watermelons''', '''string of beads''', '''gooseberry plant''' and '''string of raindrops''', is a [[flowering plant|flowering]] [[succulent plant]] in the daisy family [[Asteraceae]] that is native to [[South Africa]]. It is grown as an [[ornamental plant]] and is very similar in appearance to '[[Curio rowleyanus|string of pearls]]', where the names may be conflated.<ref>[http://grassworld.myspecies.info/sites/grassworld.myspecies.info/files/tdwg_geo2.pdf {{aut|Brummitt, R.K.}} 2001. TDGW – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition]</ref>

==Description==
Features 30 cm (12 in) long trailing stems and [[subglobose]] leaves that are dark green with purple stripes. It looks similar to string of pearls and [[Curio citriformis|string of tears]], but has larger and longer leaves that, in a bright setting, would deepen the purple tones.

Flowers are small and shaped like a disco-ball, typical of [[Curio (plant)|Curio]] species.<ref>[https://worldofsucculents.com/curio-herreanus-string-of-watermelons/ Curio herreanus] by World of Succulents</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 390
| image_style = border:none;

| image1 = Senecio herreianus 002.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Leaf closeup

| image2 = Senecio herreanus 2019-12-13 5841.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Flower closeup
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2570558}}

[[Category:Curio (plant)|herreanus]]
[[Category:Flora of South Africa]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]

User talk:WikiMacaroons

2020-08-04T13:57:50Z

Maundwiki: /* Wikidata */ new section

{{Page tabs
|[[User:WikiMacaroons/Home|Home]]
|[[User:WikiMacaroons/About|About]]
|[[User talk:WikiMacaroons|Talk]]
|[[User:WikiMacaroons/Userboxes|Userboxes]]
|[[User:WikiMacaroons/sandbox|Sandbox]]
|[[User:WikiMacaroons/Scripts|Scripts]]
|[[User:WikiMacaroons/Awards|Awards]]
|This={{{This|3}}}}}
<div class="toccolours" style="float: left;">'''[[#footer|SKIP TO THE BOTTOM]]'''</div>
{{Talkheader}}
{{hidden
|Archives
|'''Click a book to view earlier archives''' {{Overlaid images
| frame_width = 356
| frame_height = 450
| back_height = 450
| back_filename = Archive Library 1-1.png
| front_filename = WP Archive Library 1-2.png]][[File:Archive Library Book 1.png|link=User talk:WikiMacaroons/Archive 1]][[File:WP Archive Library 1-4.png]] [[File:WP Archive Library 1-5.png]]
| front_rightshift = 0
| front_downshift = 13
| caption =
}}
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff
|style=text-align:center;
}}

== Scientist of USA and Developer of Wikipedia visiting and detecting Mt Arayat ==

Hello im a scientist of USA. im here about Mount Arayat because their quarrel about potentially active vs extinct volcano. Yesterday morning at 7am. Me and Wikipedia Developers were went to hiking in Mount Arayat we reach the Northwest crater and we detect it. I say that crater is dead no fumarole and no weak steam. The extinct volcanoes is never become active again if you want to call that potentially active you can try to detect Mt Arayat properly not guessing. But we detect it properly and stop fighting about potentially active and extinct — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/49.150.34.191|49.150.34.191]] ([[User talk:49.150.34.191#top|talk]]) 09:37, 25 July 2020 (UTC) 
:Hi, [[User:49.150.34.191|49.150.34.191]]. On Wikipedia, statements should be backed up by [[WP:RS|Reliable Sources]]. If, as you claim, you observed the extinction of this volcano, then that falls under [[WP:Original Research|Original Research]], which is not permitted. If you can [[WP:VERIFY|verify]] a reliable source, feel free to reinstate the changes. Cheers, [[User:WikiMacaroons|Wiki]][[User:WikiMacaroons|Macaroons]][[User talk:WikiMacaroons|Cinnamon?]] 10:33, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

== Regarding Steven Pinker's Page==
I recieved a message from you. I don't think my contribution to the page is negative. I am merely restoring the page to its previous state by removing statements that are not supported by Wikipedia's policy of reliable sources. Thanks — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/103.250.145.90|103.250.145.90]] ([[User talk:103.250.145.90#top|talk]]) 17:28, 25 July 2020 (UTC) 
:@[[User:103.250.145.90|103.250.145.90]] I see what you're trying to do, but [[WP:EDIT WAR|Edit Warring]] is not permitted on Wikipedia. I would appreciate it if you and Mcnultea would attempt to find common ground, or if you'd rather I could report it.

== Some stroopwafels for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Gaufre biscuit.jpg|135px]]
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | You're doing great job, keep it up. [[User:Sturdyankit|Sturdyankit]] [[User talk:Sturdyankit|(chat)]] 09:02, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
|}
==Your draft article, [[Draft:Paul Welsh (actor)]]==
[[File:Information icon4.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

Hello, WikiMacaroons. It has been over six months since you last edited the [[WP:AFC|Articles for Creation]] submission or [[WP:Drafts|Draft]] page you started, "[[Draft:Paul Welsh (actor)|Paul Welsh]]".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia [[WP:mainspace|mainspace]], the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply {{edit|Draft:Paul Welsh (actor)|edit the submission}} and remove the {{tlc|db-afc}}, {{tlc|db-draft}}, or {{tlc|db-g13}} code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at [[WP:REFUND/G13|this link]]. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia!  [[User:UnitedStatesian|UnitedStatesian]] ([[User talk:UnitedStatesian|talk]]) 21:00, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

==Please check page history==
All the drafts you recently nominated for speedy deletion had recently been edited. Please check the page history before tagging drafts. Thanks, [[User:UnitedStatesian|UnitedStatesian]] ([[User talk:UnitedStatesian|talk]]) 14:07, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
:Sorry {{ping|UnitedStatesian}} MusikBots list hadn’t updated yet. I will check in future. Thanks for catching my mistake :) [[User:WikiMacaroons|Wiki]][[User:WikiMacaroons|Macaroons]][[User talk:WikiMacaroons|Cinnamon?]] 14:17, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

==DYK for Matchbox Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#30 July 2020|30 July 2020]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Matchbox Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in 1960, British [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] researcher [[Donald Michie]] made '''[[Matchbox Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine|a noughts-and-crosses-playing algorithm]]''' out of matchboxes?'' You are welcome to check how many page hits the article got while on the front page ([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [//tools.wmflabs.org/pageviews?start=2020-07-20&end=2020-08-09&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Matchbox_Educable_Noughts_and_Crosses_Engine Matchbox Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine]), and it may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics|the statistics page]] if the total is over 5,000. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} [[User:Cwmhiraeth|Cwmhiraeth]] ([[User talk:Cwmhiraeth|talk]]) 00:04, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

== Draft : Lexicon-grammar ==

Hi Macaroons,
I edited further the page on "lexicon-grammar" and I wish to publish it. I'll keep to work on it, but I am sure some colleagues will do too once they see the page is there. As you see, I added the template "translated page". I hope it helps. Thank you for your work in Wikipedia --[[User:S.vecchiato|S.vecchiato]] ([[User talk:S.vecchiato|talk]]) 14:55, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

== Rollback granted ==

[[Image:Wikipedia Rollbacker.svg|right|130px]]
Hi WikiMacaroons. After reviewing your request for "{{mono|rollbacker}}", I have [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=rights&user=&page=User%3AWikiMacaroons enabled] rollback on your account. Keep in mind these things when going to use rollback:
*Getting rollback is no more momentous than installing [[WP:TW|Twinkle]].
*Rollback should be used to revert ''clear'' cases of [[WP:VAND|''vandalism'']] ''only'', and not [[WP:AGF|good faith edits]].
*Rollback should never be used to [[WP:EDITWAR|edit war]].
*If abused, rollback rights can be revoked.
*Use common sense.
If you no longer want rollback, contact me and I'll remove it. Also, for some more information on how to use rollback, see [[Wikipedia:Administrators' guide/Rollback]] (even though you're not an admin). I'm sure you'll do great with rollback, but feel free to leave me a message on my [[User talk:Cabayi|talk page]] if you run into troubles or have any questions about appropriate/inappropriate use of rollback. Thank you for helping to reduce vandalism. Happy editing! [[User:Cabayi|Cabayi]] ([[User talk:Cabayi|talk]]) 13:04, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

== kim darby tv appearance ==

I saw this in 74 and didn't see it listed. Could you add Kim Darby as a young nurse on Marcus Welby, March 1974, season 5 episode 121 please. When I type in Marcus Welby, it shows up to verify. Thank you so much and I'll try not to do any more editing myself !!! — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/174.131.178.79|174.131.178.79]] ([[User talk:174.131.178.79#top|talk]]) 19:36, 3 August 2020 (UTC) 

== Your reversion of my edit to Unseen Character ==

I actually DID provide an edit summary, which you apparently overlooked. My edit summary said "already discussed elsewhere, in more detail, with references."
The text I deleted was:
''"On the sitcom Frasier, Maris Crane, the first wife of Niles Crane, is often referenced, but never seen."''
I did so because, AS I SAID IN MY EDIT SUMMARY, this information had been given elsewhere in the list, in more detail with references:
''"Vera Peterson from Cheers and Maris Crane from its spin-off Frasier are two of the most widely recognized unseen characters of American television,[33][28][34][35][36][37][25] though Vera's body (with her face obscured by a pie)[31] is seen in one episode, and her voice is heard in other episodes. Her voice was provided by Bernadette Birkett, the real-life wife of George Wendt who portrayed Norm Peterson, leading Wendt to comment that he never personally wondered what Vera looked like.[32] Maris is also seen as a silhouette.[38]"''
The two entries are redundant, and since the second entry provides more detailed information, and is sourced with reliable secondary sources, it should stay, and the first entry should be deleted. I will undo your edit. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:12C8:10:5027:2912:23A8:474F|2600:1700:12C8:10:5027:2912:23A8:474F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:12C8:10:5027:2912:23A8:474F|talk]]) 19:59, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|2600:1700:12C8:10:5027:2912:23A8:474F}} You're correct, sorry, I didn't look at that carefully enough. [[User:WikiMacaroons|Wiki]][[User:WikiMacaroons|Macaroons]][[User talk:WikiMacaroons|Cinnamon?]] 20:03, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

== Congratulations ==

{| style="{{border-radius|8px}} background-color: #F5FAFF; border: 1px solid #ABCDEF;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:CVU Academy.svg|100px|link=Wikipedia:Counter-Vandalism Unit/Academy]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''CVU Academy Graduate'''
|-
| Congratulations from both myself and all of the instructors at the Counter Vandalism Unit Academy on your successful completion of the Counter Vandalism Unit Academy. You completed your final exam with a score of '''93'''%. Well done! Further information on your achievement can be found '''[[User:Girth Summit/CVUA/WikiMacaroons|on this page]]'''.

It has been a pleasure working with you these past few weeks, and thank you for offering to help out in removing vandalism from the project's articles. If you ever need any advice or assistance in the future, you're always welcome on my talk page.

Hope to see you around! [[User:Girth Summit|GirthSummit]][[User talk:Girth Summit| (blether)]] 12:22, 4 August 2020 (UTC)
|}

== Wikidata ==

[https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q24217970&type=revision&diff=1246836825&oldid=1246836406 Reason?] It must be removed prior to being linked to {{Q|818709}}. [[User:Maundwiki|Maundwiki]] ([[User talk:Maundwiki|talk]]) 13:57, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Catalan myths and legends

2020-08-01T23:48:34Z

Maundwiki: /* Mythological figures */

{{Refimprove|date=October 2012}}
{{Expand Catalan|Mitologia catalana|date=January 2012}}
{{Catalan-speaking world|image=[[Image:Home dels Nassos.png|250px]]|caption=Home dels nassos|expanded=Traditions}}

'''Catalan myths and legends''' are the traditional [[mythology|myth]]s and [[legend]]s of the [[Catalan language|Catalan]]-speaking world, especially [[Catalonia]] itself, passed down for generations as part of that region's [[popular culture]].

==Mythological figures==
Among the figures of Catalan mythology are:
*[[Aloja (mythology)|Aloja]] - In Catalan mythology an Aloja, also known as Dona d'aigua, Goja or Paitida, is a feminine being that lives in places with fresh water. This "water-woman" can turn into water blackbirds.
*[[Banyoles monster]]
*[[Bubota]]
*[[Catalan mythology about witches]] - Catalan tradition distinguished between bruixeria ("witchcraft") based on an explicit compact with the Devil, and fetilleria (deriving from a word related to "fetish", and Old Portuguese feitiço), magic worked through charms and fetishes. The former was considered inherently evil, while the latter might include the working of magical cures. In Catalan popular culture, there are a large number of legends about witches. In the popular imagination, a witch is a woman who, by means of a pact with the Devil, has acquired supernatural power, which she uses for her own benefit and for evil purposes.
*[[Carnestoltes]]
*[[Cocollona]]
*[[Comte Arnau]]
*[[Comte Estruch]]
*[[Cucafera]]
*[[Dip (Catalan myth)|Dip]] - In Catalan myth, Dip is an evil, black, hairy dog, an emissary of the Devil, who sucks people's blood.
*[[Dona d'aigua]] - (See Aloja)
*[[Donyet]]
*[[European dragon|Dragons]]
**Drac (a dragon, generally male)
**[[Víbria]] (specifically female)
*[[Encantaria]]
*[[Follet]]
*[[Gambutzí]]
*Goja - (See [[Aloja (mythology)|Aloja]])
*[[Fairy|Fada]] - Hada<ref>Típicas también de zonas orientales del pirineo aragonés</ref>
*[[Home del sac]] (man of the sack)
*[[Home dels nassos]] (man of the noses)
*[[Marraco]]
*[[Martinet]]
*[[Minairó]]
*El Moro Musa
*[[Muladona]]
*[[Negret]]
*[[Nitus]]
*[[Paitida]] - (See Aloja)
*[[Papu]]
*[[Peix Nicolau]] - Peje Nicolao
*[[Pellofa]]
*[[Pesanta]]
*[[Peix Nicolau]]
*[[Puigmal (mythology)|Puigmal]]
*[[Tió de Nadal]]
*The [[Three Wise Men]] or Tres Reis Mags d'Orient
**[[Page Gregory]]
**[[Page Fumera]]
*[[Tombatossals]]
*[[Vella Quaresma]]
*[[Víbria]]

==Generic figures==
In [[Catalonia]] those characters that are invoked to induce fear in children for practical purposes, for example to avoid speaking to strangers or leaving home alone are called ''Espantamainades''. At the anthropological level, sometimes they are manifestations of the fears of the unknown and inexplicable in nature. Some are local representations related to those figures also existing in other cultures, such as witches, Goblin and the bogeyman. Others are purely local variations, such as [[Marraco]] the peasant and the dips.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Catalan Myths And Legends}}
{{Europe topic|Mythology of}}
[[Category:Catalan mythology]]

{{Europe-myth-stub}}

Elma

2020-04-17T22:34:37Z

Maundwiki:

{{wiktionary|Elma}}
'''Elma''' or '''ELMA''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}
== Places ==
=== US ===
* [[Elma, Iowa]], a city in the US
* [[Elma, New York]], a town in the US
** [[Elma Center, New York]]
* [[Elma, Washington]], a city in the US
* [[Elma Township, Richland County, North Dakota]], in [[Richland County, North Dakota]], US
* [[Elma, Virginia]], an unincorporated community in the US
* [[Elma (hamlet), New York]], a hamlet in the US
=== Elsewhere===
* [[Elma, Manitoba]], a community in Canada
** [[Elma railway station]]
* [[Elma (river)]], a river of Poland

== People ==
===Given name===
* [[Elma G. Albert]], Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
* [[Elma Bellini]] (1954–2018), New York Supreme Court Justice
* [[Elma S. Beganovich]] (born 1985)
* [[Elma Campbell]] (1901–1983), Scottish nationalist activist
* [[Elma Danielsson]] (1865–1936), Swedish politician
* [[Elma Tryphosa Dangerfield]] (1907–2006), British journalist and Liberal Party politician
* [[Elma Davis]] (born 1968), South African international lawn bowler
* [[Elma de Vries]] (born 1983), Dutch speed skater
* [[Elma Dienda]] (born 1964), Namibian politician
* [[Elma Salinas Ender]] (born 1953), Texan judge
* [[Elma Francois]] (1897–1944), Trinidadian political activist
*[[Elma González]] (born 1942), Mexican-American biologist
* [[Elma Gove]] (1832–1921), American painter
* [[Elma van Haren]] (born 1954), Dutch poet
* [[Elma Karlowa]] (1932–1994), Yugoslav actress
* [[Elma Lewis]] (1921–2004), American arts educator
* [[Elma Maua]] (1948–2010), New Zealand journalist
* [[Elma Miller]] (born 1954), Canadian musician, composer, writer and educator
* [[Elma Mitchell]] (1919–2000), British poet
* [[Elma Muros]] (born 1967), Filipina track and field athlete
* [[Elma Napier]] (1892–1973), Dominican writer and politician
* [[Elma Sandford-Morgan]] (1890–1983), Australian physician
* [[Elma Sinanović]] (born 1974), Serbian Bosniak singer
* [[Elma Soiron]] (1918–2016), English actress
* [[Elma Steck]] (1923–2014), American professional baseball player
* [[Elma Ström]] (1822–1889), Swedish opera singer
* [[Elma Stuckey]] (1907–1988), African-American poet
* [[Elma Yerburgh]] (1864–1946), owner and chairman of the Thwaites Brewery company
* [[Elma Mary Williams]] (1913–1971), British author

===Surname===
* [[Fikri Elma]] (died 1999), Turkish footballer
* [[Ouidad Elma]], French-Moroccan actress
* {{ill|Yağmur Arzu Elma|WD=Q22277693}} (born 1996), Turkish female water polo player

== Fictional characters ==
* [[Elma Leivonen]], a fictional character from the anime/manga series ''Strike Witches''
*Elma, a fictional character from the video game ''[[Xenoblade Chronicles X]]''
*Elma, a fictional character from the anime/manga series ''[[Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid]]''
*Elma York, a fictional character from the science fiction novel ''[[The Calculating Stars]]''
*Elma Radnor, a fictional character from the 1987 movie ''[[Matewan]]''

==Companies==
* [[Elma Electronic]], a Swiss electronics company
* [[Empresa Líneas Marítimas Argentinas]], a defunct Argentine cargo shipping line
* [[European Languages and Movies in America]]

== Other uses ==
* [[Elma (gastropod)|''Elma'' (gastropod)]], genus of land snails in the family Streptaxidae
* ''[[Elasto Mania]]'', a 2000 2D motorcycle PC-game
* [[European land mammal age]], former name of the European Land Mammal Mega Zone

{{disambiguation|geo|given name}}
[[hu:Elma]]

Bellyache (Billie Eilish song)

2020-04-16T13:53:01Z

Maundwiki: /* Background and composition */

{{short description|2017 single by Billie Eilish}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Bellyache
| cover = Bellyache (Official Single Cover) by Billie Eilish.png
| alt =
| border = yes
| type = single
| artist = [[Billie Eilish]]
| EP = [[Don't Smile at Me]]
| released = {{start date|2017|02|24}}
| format =
* [[Music download|Digital download]]
* [[Streaming media|streaming]]
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Electropop]]
| length = {{duration|m=2|s=59}}
| label =
* Darkroom
* [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
| writer =
* [[Billie Eilish|Billie Eilish O'Connell]]
* [[Finneas O'Connell]]
| producer = Finneas O'Connell
| prev_title = [[Six Feet Under (Billie Eilish song)|Six Feet Under]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Bored (Billie Eilish song)|Bored]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{external music video|{{YouTube|gBRi6aZJGj4|"Bellyache"}}}}
}}
"'''Bellyache'''" is a song by American singer [[Billie Eilish]]. The song was released on February 24, 2017, through Darkroom and [[Interscope Records]]. It was written by Billie Eilish and Finneas O'Connell, with production by O'Connell. "Bellyache" is a midtempo [[electropop]] song. Lyrically, the song is written about a psychopathic murderer, and was inspired by [[Tyler, the Creator]]'s song, "[[Music of Grand Theft Auto V#The Music of Grand Theft Auto V|Garbage]]". The [[Marian Hill]] Remix was released on May 5, 2017.

The song was certified double platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]].

==Background and composition==
"Bellyache" is a midtempo [[electropop]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elizabeth |first1=De |title=Here's Why 15-Year-Old Billie Ellish is THE Next Big Thing |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/billie-ellish-bellyache-music-video |website=Teen Vogue |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> song with [[R&B]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Latin music|Latin]], and [[deep house]] influences.<ref name="fader">{{cite web |last1=Garvey |first1=Meaghan |title=Who’s Billie Eilish? |url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/03/05/billie-eilish-cover-story |website=The FADER |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Noisey" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Weiss |first1=Haley |title=Discovery: Billie Eilish |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/discovery-billie-eilish |website=Interview Magazine |accessdate=6 June 2019 |date=27 February 2017}}</ref> According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by [[Universal Music Publishing Group]], the song is composed in the key of [[E minor]], at a moderate [[tempo]] of 100 [[beats per minute]] and a vocal range of E3 to B4.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connell |first1=Billie |last2=O'Connell |first2=Finneas |last3=Eilish |first3=Billie |title=bellyache |url=https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0190993#ProductDetails |website=Musicnotes.com |accessdate=6 June 2019 |date=16 November 2018}}</ref> The song's verses feature an acoustic guitar,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desk |first1=BWW News |title=Billie Eilish Releases New Single 'Bellyache' Today |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Billie-Eilish-Releases-New-Single-Bellyache-Today-20170224 |website=Broadway World |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> while the chorus is mainly synth-based.

According to Eilish, the song's lyrics were written from an entirely fictional perspective<ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine|url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7736384/billie-eilish-interview-bellyache-debut-album|title = Billie Eilish Is Pop's Most Impressive 15-Year-Old - Billboard|author = Jason Lipshutz|access-date = April 8, 2017|date = March 23, 2017|magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> about a psychopath who kills those close to her, including her friends and lover, but feels remorseful about it. She said that, more generally, the song is about "the concept of guilt".<ref name="Noisey">{{cite magazine|url = https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/billie-eilishs-bellyache-is-totally-psycho-and-perfectly-pop|title = Billie Eilish's 'Bellyache' Is Totally Psycho and Perfectly Pop - Noisey|author = Eve Barlow|access-date = April 8, 2017|date = February 24, 2017|magazine = [[Vice (magazine)|Noisey]]}}</ref> In an interview with Teen Vogue, Eilish stated that "Garbage" by Tyler, the Creator was the biggest inspiration for the song. The song's lyrics also reference the film ''[[V for Vendetta (film)|V for Vendetta]]''.

==Critical reception==
"Bellyache" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Mike Wass of [[Idolator (website)|Idolator]] called it a "sinister synth-anthem that positively seethes fury and frustration".<ref name="Idolator">{{cite web|url = http://www.idolator.com/7659668/billie-eilish-bellyache-video|title = Billie Eilish Seethes In 'bellyache' Video - Idolator|author = Mike Wass|access-date = April 8, 2017|date = March 22, 2017|website = [[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]}}</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s Jason Lipshutz said "she wrapped the macabre lyrics around a delectable pre-chorus hook and a steady acoustic pattern that eventually gives way to a sizzling drum machine."<ref name="Billboard" /> Estelle Tang of ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' labeled it a "banger about bad decisions".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.elle.com/culture/music/news/a44030/watch-bellyache-music-video-billie-eilish/|title = Watch Billie Eilish 'bellyache' Video|author = Estelle Tang|access-date = April 8, 2017|date = March 23, 2017|work = [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> ''[[Pigeons and Planes]]''{{'}}s Jacob Moore stated that the song "shows off an intriguing edge, which is in large part due to the fact that this is a song about murder".<ref name="Pigeons and Planes">{{cite web|url = http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2017/03/billie-eilish-bellyache|title = Billie Eilish is a 15-Year-Old Singer on Track For Pop Stardom - Pigeons and Planes|author = Jacob Moore|access-date = April 8, 2017|date = March 22, 2017|website = [[Pigeons and Planes]]}}</ref>

==Music video==
[[File:Bellyache Music Video.jpg|thumb|right|Eilish pulls a red wagon down an empty road in the music video.]]
The music video, directed by Miles and AJ, was released on March 22, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBRi6aZJGj4|title = Billie Eilish - bellyache - YouTube|access-date = April 8, 2017|date = March 22, 2017|publisher = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> In it, Eilish, dressed in yellow baggy clothes,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tang |first1=Estelle |title=15-Year-Old Singer Billie Eilish Has a Dreamy New Music Video |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/news/a44030/watch-bellyache-music-video-billie-eilish/ |website=ELLE |accessdate=6 June 2019 |date=23 March 2017}}</ref> walks down a long, empty desert road, dragging a red wagon filled with bags, which she eventually reveals to be full of cash, and carrying a yellow flower. Throughout the video, she throws dollar bills in the air and dances along the highway. The video ends with her being stopped by a police officer eating a donut and twirling a [[Police baton|baton]] as she drops the flower on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Russell |first1=Erica |title=Billie Eilish Is On the Run in 'Bellyache': Watch |url=http://popcrush.com/billie-eilish-bellyache-video-watch/ |website=PopCrush |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nylon.com/articles/billie-eilish-bellyache-video|title = Billie Eilish Pirate Baird O'Connell Will Give You A 'bellyache' With Her New Video - NYLON|author = Sydney Gore|access-date = April 8, 2017|date = March 23, 2017|publisher = [[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]]}}</ref>

The song's video has over 350 million views on [[YouTube]] {{as of|February 2020|lc=y}}.

===Critical reception===
[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]'s Mike Wass claimed "she looks suitably pissed off, but there's dark humor at play here in the juxtaposition of bright colors and pitch-black emotions. I particularly like the little dance break."<ref name="Idolator" /> Jacob Moore of ''[[Complex (magazine)#Complex|Pigeons & Planes]]'' said that the video is "bright, mischievous, and captivating."<ref name="Pigeons and Planes" />

==Covers==
In May 2019, the rock band [[Juice (American band)|Juice]] recorded a cover of "Bellyache".<ref>{{cite web |title=JUICE Premiere Cover of BILLIE EILISH’s "Bellyache" |url=https://musicmayhemmagazine.com/juice-premiere-cover-of-billie-eilishs-bellyache/ |website=Music Mayhem Magazine |accessdate=6 June 2019 |date=9 May 2019}}</ref> The band said Eilish inspired them, and called her and O'Connell "honest innovators".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Berard |first1=Oleva |title=EXCLUSIVE PREMIERE - Juice Releases Groovy Cover Of |url=https://celebmix.com/exclusive-premiere-juice-cover-bellyache-billie-eilish/ |website=CelebMix |accessdate=6 June 2019 |date=9 May 2019}}</ref> Also in May 2019, [[Sigrid (singer)|Sigrid]] performed a live rendition of "Bellyache" for [[Sveriges Radio P3]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roth |first1=Madeline |title=Watch Sigrid Beautifully Cover A Billie Eilish Deep Cut: 'What A Tune' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3125012/sigrid-covers-billie-eilish-bellyache/ |website=MTV News |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Of the song, Sigrid wrote on Twitter, "what a tune!"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Skinner |first1=Tom |title=Watch Sigrid's stripped-back cover of Billie Eilish's 'bellyache' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-sigrids-stripped-back-cover-of-billie-eilishs-bellyache-2490730-2490730 |website=NME |accessdate=6 June 2019 |date=21 May 2019}}</ref>. Brazilian singer-songwriter [[Tiago Iorc]] also covered the song on his project ''"MTV Unplugged"''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vilanova|first1=Beatriz |title=Tiago Iorc canta músicas inéditas, recebe Jorge Drexler e faz cover de Billie Eilish no Acústico MTV |url=https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/musica/2019/05/tiago-iorc-canta-musicas-ineditas-recebe-jorge-drexler-e-faz-cover-de-billie-eilish-no-acustico-mtv.shtml |website=Folha de S. Paulo|accessdate=28 December 2019 |date=31 May 2019}}</ref>.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2018–19)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/2/aria-chart-watch-511/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #511|publisher=auspOp|date=February 9, 2019|accessdate=February 9, 2019}}</ref>
| 66
|-
{{single chart|Canada|65|artist=Billie Eilish|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 4, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Ireland3|39|artist=Billie Eilish|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 1, 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|Portugal|69|artist=Billie Eilish|song=Bellyache|rowheader=true|accessdate=April 12, 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Scotland|89|date=20190111|rowheader=true|accessdate=January 12, 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Slovakdigital|85|year=2018|week=48|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 4, 2018}}
|-
! scope="row"| South Korea ([[Gaon Digital Chart|Gaon]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=23&hitYear=2019&termGbn=week|title=Digital Chart – Week 23 of 2019|website=Gaon Chart|language=ko|accessdate=June 13, 2019}}</ref>
| 197
|-
! scope="row"| Sweden Heatseeker ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=215&dfom=20190215|title=Veckolista Heatseeker – Vecka 8, 22 februari 2019|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=February 23, 2019}}</ref>
| 1
|-
{{single chart|UK|79|date=20190208|rowheader=true|accessdate=February 9, 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardbubbling100|3|artist=Billie Eilish|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 4, 2018}}
|-
! scope="row"| US Alternative Digital Song Sales ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/billie-eilish/chart-history/alternative-digital-song-sales|title=Billie Eilish: Chart History - Alternative Digital Song Sales|work=Billboard|accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref>
| 11
|}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2019)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| US Alternative Digital Song Sales (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/alternative-digital-song-sales|title=Alternative Digital Song Sales – Year-End 2019|work=Billboard|accessdate=December 6, 2019}}</ref>
| 23
|}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|artist=Billie Eilish|title=Bellyache|award=Platinum|number=2|type=single|certyear=2019|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/4/aria-chart-watch-522/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #522|publisher=auspOp|date=April 27, 2019|accessdate=April 27, 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Canada|artist=Billie Eilish|title=Bellyache|award=Platinum|relyear=2016|certyear=2019}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Denmark|artist=Billie Eilish|title=Bellyache|award=Gold|id=9114|relyear=2016|certyear=2020|accessdate=April 9, 2020}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Mexico|artist=Billie Eilish|title=Bellyache|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=2016|certyear=2019|accessdate=November 19, 2019}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Billie Eilish|title=Bellyache|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=2016|certyear=2020|accessdate=February 7, 2020}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|artist=Billie Eilish|title=Bellyache|award=Platinum|number=2|type=single|certyear=2018|accessdate=August 14, 2018}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true}}

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| Format
! scope="col"| Label
! scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| Various
| February 24, 2017
| [[Music download|Digital download]]
| {{flatlist|
* Darkroom
* [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
}}
| <ref name="iTunes Store" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="iTunes Store">Worldwide digital release of "Bellyache":
*{{cite web|url = https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bellyache-single/id1207146855|title = Bellyache - Single by Billie Eilish on Apple Music|access-date = April 8, 2017|website = [[iTunes Store]] (US)}}
*{{cite web|url = https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bellyache-single/id1206771912|title = Bellyache - Single by Billie Eilish on Apple Music|access-date = April 8, 2017|website = iTunes Store (UK)}}
*{{cite web|url = https://itunes.apple.com/se/album/bellyache-single/id1206771912|title = Bellyache - Single av Billie Eilish på Apple Music|language = Swedish|access-date = April 8, 2017|website = iTunes Store (SE)}}
*{{cite web|url = https://itunes.apple.com/za/album/bellyache-single/id1206771912|title = Bellyache - Single by Billie Eilish on Apple Music|access-date = April 8, 2017|website = iTunes Store (ZA)}}
*{{cite web|url = https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/bellyache-single/id1206771912|title = Bellyache - Single by Billie Eilish on Apple Music|access-date = April 8, 2017|website = iTunes Store (AU)}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{Discogs master|1350901|Bellyache|type=single}}
* {{YouTube|lVacSI9wTbY|Audio}}

{{Billie Eilish}}

[[Category:2017 singles]]
[[Category:2017 songs]]
[[Category:Electropop songs]]
[[Category:Interscope Records singles]]
[[Category:Billie Eilish songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Finneas O'Connell]]
[[Category:Songs written by Billie Eilish]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Finneas O'Connell]]

Tenet

2020-02-25T13:10:02Z

Maundwiki:

{{wiktionary|tenet}}
A '''tenet''' is one of the principles on which a belief or theory is based.

'''Tenet''' may also refer to:

* Tenet (theological), described under [[Dogma]]
* [[Tenet (band)]], a Canadian heavy metal band
* [[TENET (ensemble)]], an American early music ensemble
* [[Tenet Healthcare]], a hospital holding company
* [[George Tenet]] (born 1953), Former CIA Director
* [[TENET (network)]], the Tertiary Education and Research Network of South Africa, a South African computer network
* The ''tenet'' in the [[Sator Square]]
* [[Tenet (film)|''Tenet'' (film)]], an upcoming 2020 film directed by Christopher Nolan

==See also==
* [[Tennet (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|surname}}

[[de:Grundsatz]]
[[simple:Principle]]

Talk:Luni, Italy

2019-12-28T00:49:38Z

Maundwiki: /* Another article on the same city? */

{{WikiProject Italy|class=Start|importance=Mid}}
{{Classical greece and rome|class=start|importance=low}}
{{merged-from|Luna (Etruria)|date=5 April 2017}}

== Another article on the same city? ==

Isn't http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_%28Etruria%29 the same city as Luni? Are there two articles of the same city? [[Special:Contributions/92.32.219.39|92.32.219.39]] ([[User talk:92.32.219.39|talk]]) 02:43, 7 February 2014 (UTC)
:I think its reasonable to merge them; the pages are short enough, and there is already significant duplication in the Luni history section. {{done}} [[User:Klbrain|Klbrain]] ([[User talk:Klbrain|talk]]) 17:44, 5 April 2017 (UTC)
::The historical village is in WD Q579763. [[User:Maundwiki|Maundwiki]] ([[User talk:Maundwiki|talk]]) 00:49, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

Third

2019-10-28T23:46:46Z

Maundwiki:

{{wiktionary|third|3rd|⅓}}
'''Third''' or '''3rd''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}
==Numbers==
*[[3]]rd, the ordinal form of the cardinal number 3
*[[fraction (mathematics)]], {{frac|3}}, a fraction that is one of three equal parts
*[[Second#Sexagesimal divisions of calendar time and day|{{frac|60}} of a ''second'']], or {{frac|3,600}} of a ''minute''

==Places==
* [[3rd Street (disambiguation)]]
* [[Third Avenue (disambiguation)]]
* [[Highway 3]]

==Music==
===Music theory===
*[[Interval number]] of three in a musical interval
**[[major third]], a third spanning four semitones
**[[minor third]], a third encompassing three half steps, or semitones
**[[neutral third]], wider than a minor third but narrower than a major third
**[[augmented third]], an interval of five semitones
**[[diminished third]], produced by narrowing a minor third by a chromatic semitone
*[[Third (chord)]], chord member a third above the root
*[[Degree (music)]], three away from tonic
**[[mediant]], third degree of the diatonic scale
**[[submediant]], sixth degree of the diatonic scale – three steps below the tonic
**[[chromatic mediant]], chromatic relationship by thirds
*[[Ladder of thirds]], similar to the circle of fifths

===Albums===
*''[[Third/Sister Lovers]]'', a 1974 album by Big Star
*[[Third (Soft Machine album)|''Third'' (Soft Machine album)]], 1970
*[[Third (Portishead album)|''Third'' (Portishead album)]], 2008
*[[Third (Cait Brennan album)|''Third'' (Cait Brennan album)]], a 2017 album by Cait Brennan
*[[3rd (The Rasmus EP)|''3rd'' (The Rasmus EP)]], 1996
*[[3rd (The Baseball Project album)|''3rd'' (The Baseball Project album)]], released by The Baseball Project in 2014
*[[Thirds (album)|''Thirds'' (album)]], a 1971 album by the James Gang

==Other uses==
*[[Third (play)|''Third'' (play)]], a 2005 work by Wendy Wasserstein
*[[Third (curling)]], a curling position
*Thirds, third-born children in the 1985 novel ''[[Ender's Game]]''
*[[Third World]], economically underdeveloped nations
*[[Third-class degree]], a type of British undergraduate degree classification
*[[Third (angle)]], in astronomy and cartography, fraction of a degree
*[[Richard Third]] (1927–2016), Anglican bishop in the Church of England
*[[Third Beach]], located at Ferguson Point in Stanley Park in Vancouver, British Columbia
*[[Third Brook]], flows into West Brook by Walton, New York
*[[Odin|Third Name]], Odin,All Father

==See also==
*[[1/3 (disambiguation)]]
*[[3 (disambiguation)]]
*[[III (disambiguation)]]
*[[Number Three (disambiguation)]]
*[[The Third (disambiguation)]]
*[[Third party (disambiguation)]]
*[[Third person (disambiguation)]]
*[[The Third Album (disambiguation)]]
*[[Triad (disambiguation)]]
*[[Third Fleet (disambiguation)]]

*{{in title}}
*{{look from}}

{{disambiguation}}
[[br:Trede]]
[[es:Tercero]]
[[ja:サード]]
[[pl:Tercja]]

Terre del Reno

2019-10-28T13:15:04Z

Maundwiki:

{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Terre del Reno
| official_name = Comune di Terre del Reno
| native_name =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region = [[Emilia-Romagna]]
| province = [[Province of Ferrara]] (FE)
| frazioni = Mirabello, Sant'Agostino, Dosso, Roversetto, San Carlo
| mayor_party =
| mayor = Roberto Lodi
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 10041
| population_as_of = Jan. 2017
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| saint =
| day =
| postal_code =
| area_code = 051 and 0532
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Terre del Reno''' is a new ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province of Ferrara]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Emilia-Romagna]]. As of 1 January 2017, it has a population of 10.041.<ref>[http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/10/17/news/salvo_il_paese_di_bersani_bettola_boccia_la_fusione-149957519/ Salvo il paese di Bersani: Bettola boccia la fusione ]</ref>.

Casrelgerundo borders the following municipalities: [[Bondeno]], [[Cento]], [[Galliera]], [[Pieve di Cento]] (BO), [[Poggio Renatico]], [[Vigarano Mainarda]].

The new municipality, from 1 January 2017, was made from the union of [[Mirabello, Emilia–Romagna|Mirabello]] and [[Sant'Agostino, Emilia–Romagna|Sant'Agostino]].

==References==
<references/>

{{clear}}
{{Province of Ferrara}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna]]

Talk:Bishop Island (Queensland)

2019-06-20T18:00:00Z

Maundwiki: /* Fisherman Island */ new section

{{WikiProject Australia|QLD=yes|QLD-importance=low|class=start|importance=low}}

== Fisherman Island ==

Based on where it is pointing on the map did it become part of [[Fisherman Island (Australia)]]? [[User:Maundwiki|Maundwiki]] ([[User talk:Maundwiki|talk]]) 18:00, 20 June 2019 (UTC)

Gerald Portal

2019-05-14T10:51:42Z

Maundwiki:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox governor
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Sir Gerald Portal
|honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG|CB}}
|image = Sir Herbert Gerald Portal.jpg
|caption = Portrait of Gerald Herbert Portal by [[Violet Manners, Duchess of Rutland]]
|office1 = Consul General for British East Africa
|term_start1 = 1889
|term_end1 = 1892
|predecessor1 =
|successor1 =
|office2 = Commissioner of Uganda
|term_start2 = 1892
|term_end2 = 30 May 1893
|predecessor2 =
|successor2 = [[James Macdonald (engineer)|James Macdonald]]
|birth_date = 13 March 1858
|birth_place = [[Laverstoke]], Hampshire, England
|death_date = {{d-da|25 January 1894|13 March 1858}}
|death_place = London, England
|party =
|profession = Diplomat
|alma_mater =
|spouse =
|religion =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Sir Gerald Herbert Portal''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCMG|CB}} (13 March 1858 – 25 January 1894) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[diplomacy|diplomat]] who was the [[Consul General]] for [[British East Africa]] and [[Commissioner#British and Commonwealth overseas possessions|British Special Commissioner]] to [[Uganda]], and a main figure in the establishment of the [[Uganda Protectorate]].<ref name=nyt>{{cite web |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/01/26/104106007.pdf |title=The Obituary Record |accessdate=2009-03-15 |work= |publisher=New York Times|date=1894-01-26 | format=PDF}}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==
Gerald Portal was the second son of the politician [[Melville Portal]]. He was educated at [[Eton College]], joined the diplomatic service as an [[attaché]] in 1879, and was posted to [[Rome]] where he was promoted to third secretary of legation in 1881.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=26 July 1881|issue=24999|page=3670}}</ref>

In June 1882 Portal had the good fortune to be temporarily attached to the consulate-general at [[Cairo]], at a critical period in the history of British relations with [[Egypt]]. He was present at the [[bombardment of Alexandria]], and for his services on that occasion received a [[Egypt Medal|medal]] with clasp and the [[Khedive's Star]]. He became a favourite with Sir Evelyn Baring (afterwards [[Lord Cromer]]), the British representative. On 1 April 1885 he was promoted second secretary.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=17 April 1885|issue=25462|page=1739}}</ref> For some weeks in the summers of 1886 and 1887 he took charge of the residency during Lord Cromer's absence, and conducted its affairs with credit.<ref name="dnb">Dictionary of National Biography</ref>

In October 1887 Portal was ordered to attempt a reconciliation between the king of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] and the Italian government. To succeed in such a mission was almost impossible, but he made every effort, and showed rare judgement and coolness in travelling through a disturbed country. He returned on 31 December, without effecting his purpose, but with a considerably enhanced reputation. He was made CB, and in ''My Mission to Abyssinia'' (1888) he gave an account of the expedition.<ref name="dnb" />

Returning to his duties at the Cairo agency, Portal was [[chargé d'affaires]] in the autumn of 1888. From 30 April to 14 November 1889 he acted as Consul-General at [[Zanzibar]], and in 1891 he was appointed there as Consul-General for British East Africa.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=29 May 1891|issue=26166|page=2859}}</ref>

==Mission to Uganda==
In 1892 Portal was appointed British Special Commissioner to East Africa.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=26 February 1892|issue=26262|page=1107}}</ref> He was directed to visit Uganda and to report to the [[Her Majesty's Government|British Government]] on the desirability of setting up a [[Protectorate#British and Commonwealth protectorates|British Protectorate]] to replace the [[Imperial British East Africa Company]]. The British East Africa Company, which was the administrator of [[British East Africa]] (including the territory of Uganda), was becoming increasingly ineffective in its venture as a commercial company with colonial administrative rights – amidst conflicts between rival factions, including the [[Kabaka of Buganda|Kabaka]] (King) of [[Buganda]], French [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], and British [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[missionary|missionaries]].<ref name=apter>{{cite book | first=David Ernest | last=Apter | authorlink=David E. Apter| year=1997 | title=The political kingdom in Uganda: a study of bureaucratic nationalism }}</ref>

Portal established a settlement between the French and British Missionaries in Uganda, and on 1 April 1893, Portal hauled down the flag of the British East Africa Company at [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]] (the Kabaka's residence) and hoisted the [[Union Flag|Union Jack]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Portal | first=Gerald H. | year=1894 | title=The British mission to Uganda in 1893 | url=https://archive.org/stream/britishmissionto00portuoft/britishmissionto00portuoft_djvu.txt | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}
</ref> On 29 May 1893, he signed a treaty with [[Mwanga II of Buganda|Mwanga II]], the Kabaka.

Portal returned to Britain and recommended the declaration of Uganda as a protectorate. He died from [[typhoid fever]] in London on 25 January 1894, at the age of 36. On 18 June 1894, Uganda was declared a British Protectorate.<ref name=nyt /><ref>{{cite book | first=Edward | last=Hertslet | authorlink=Edward Hertslet | year=1896 | title=The map of Africa by treaty | url=https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hertuoft}}</ref> In this case, it is therefore important to note that General Portal never declared Uganda as a British protectorate. The declaration was made by Lord Rosebery five months after Portal's death.

The town of [[Fort Portal]] in western Uganda, where Portal had his base, is named after him.

==Cricket==
Portal was a sound middle order batsman and a fast left arm bowler who played for the [[I Zingari]] club. He played in one first class game, scoring 6 and taking 4 wickets for 55 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/19002.html|title= Gerald Portal|publisher= Cricinfo|accessdate = 21 September 2015}}</ref>

==Family==
In 1890 Gerald Portal married Lady Alice Bertie, daughter of the [[Montagu Bertie, 7th Earl of Abingdon|Earl of Abingdon]]. They had no children.

==Honours==
*Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] (CB) – 1888<ref>{{London Gazette|date=3 February 1888|issue=25783|page=750}}</ref>
*Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (KCMG) – 1892<ref>{{London Gazette|date=5 August 1892|issue=26314|page=4425}}</ref>

==References==
*{{DNB|wstitle=Portal, Gerald Herbert}}
*[http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&tabID=T003&docPage=article&docId=CS52091450&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 Death Of Sir Gerald Portal], ''The Times'', London, 26 January 1894, page 3
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p2473.htm#i24725 Sir Gerald Herbert Portal] – thepeerage.com
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Portal, Gerald Herbert}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:British diplomats]]
[[Category:19th century in Uganda]]
[[Category:Deaths from typhoid fever]]
[[Category:I Zingari cricketers]]

Ajas

2019-03-31T11:52:55Z

Maundwiki:

{{about|the village|the footballer|Christophe Ajas|other uses|AJAS}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''''Ajas''''' is a newly carved Tehsil of [[Bandipora district]], in [[Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Ajas is surrounded by [[Lar, Jammu and Kashmir|Lar]] Tehsil towards East, [[Wakura]] Tehsil towards West, [[Bandipora]] Tehsil towards North and [[Pattan]] Tehsil towards South. [[Sopore]], Bandipore, [[Baramula]] and [[Srinagar]] are the nearby Cities to Ajas.

==Ajas Village==
Ajas, one of the beautiful villages of kashmir is situated on the famous and largest fresh water lake namely Wallur lake.The people of Ajas are known for their broad knowledge & decency. Its circumference is partly bound by huge mountains and dense green forests. A total no of 1908 families are residing in the Ajas village and has a population of 12961 of which 6726 are males while 6235 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Ajas village, the population of children with age 0-6 is 2160 which makes up 16.67% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Ajas village is 927 which is higher than Jammu and Kashmir state average of 889. Child Sex Ratio for the Ajas as per census is 815, lower than Jammu and Kashmir average of 982.

Ajas village has lower literacy rate compared to Jammu and Kashmir. In 2011, literacy rate of Ajas village was 56.88% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. In Ajas Male literacy stands at 68.91% while female literacy rate was 44.24%.

==Ajas Data==
http://bandipore.gov.in/
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses || 1908 || - || -
|-
| Population || 12,961 || 6,726 || 6,235
|-
| Children || 2,160 || 1190 || 970
|-
| Schedule Caste || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Schedule Tribe || 2,483 || 1,293 || 1190
|-
| Literacy || 56.88% || 68.91% || 44.24%
|-
| Total Workers|| 3,966 || 2,857 || 1,109
|-
| Main Workers || 2,172 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal Workers || 1,794 || 870 || 924
|}
http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/2777-ajas-jammu-and-kashmir.html

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Bandipora district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Cubic centimetre

2019-01-15T23:15:36Z

Maundwiki:

{{Infobox unit
| bgcolor =
| name = Cubic centimetre
| image = Messbecher.png
| caption = A measuring cup holding 1000 mL, that is one litre (1 L) or 100 cL
| standard = Prefixed SI derived unit
| quantity = Volume
| symbol = cm3
| symbol2 =
| extralabel =
| extradata =
| units1 = SI base units
| inunits1 = {{convert|1|cm3|m3|disp=out|abbr=on}}
| units2 = Imperial and U.S. customary
| inunits2 = {{convert|1|cm3|in3|sigfig=7|disp=out|abbr=on}}
}}
A '''cubic centimetre''' (or '''cubic centimeter''' [[American and British English spelling differences|in US English]]) (SI unit symbol: '''cm3'''; non-SI abbreviations: '''cc''' and '''ccm''') is a commonly used [[unit of measurement|unit]] of [[volume]] that extends the derived [[International System of Units|SI]]-unit [[cubic metre]], and corresponds to the volume of a [[cube]] that measures 1 [[centimetre|cm]] × 1 cm × 1 cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of {{sfrac|1,000,000}} of a cubic metre, or {{sfrac|1,000}} of a [[litre]], or one [[millilitre]]; thus, 1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL. The mass of one cubic centimetre of [[water]] at 3.98 °C (the temperature at which it attains its [[maximum density]]) is closely equal to one gram. SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of any abbreviations for units.<ref name=BIPM2006>{{SIbrochure8th|page=130}}</ref> Hence '''cm3''' is preferred to '''cc''' or '''ccm'''.

Many [[science|scientific]] disciplines have replaced cubic centimeter measurements with milliliters, but the [[medicine|medical]] and [[automotive industry|automotive]] fields in the United States still use the term cubic centimetre. Much of the automotive industry outside the U.S. has switched to litres. The United Kingdom uses millilitres in preference to cubic centimetres in the medical field, but not the automotive. Most other English-speaking countries follow the UK example.{{Citation Needed|date=September 2014}}

There is currently a movement within the medical field to discontinue the use of cc in prescriptions and on medical documents, as it can be misread as "00". This could cause a hundredfold overdose of medication, which could be dangerous or even lethal. In the United States, such confusion accounts for 12.6% of all errors associated with medical abbreviations.<ref>
{{Cite book|first=Luigi|last=Brunetti|first2=John|last2=Santell|first3=Rodney|last3=Hicks|editor-last=Stevenson|editor-first=James|title=The Impact of Abbreviations on Patient Safety|pages=8|volume=33|issue=9|date=September 2007|journal=The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety|url=http://psnet.ahrq.gov/public/Brunetti_JCJQPS_2007.pdf|format=PDF|postscript=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911041705/http://psnet.ahrq.gov/public/Brunetti_JCJQPS_2007.pdf|archivedate=2008-09-11|df=}}</ref>

[[Image:Displacement.gif|thumb|250px|One complete cycle of a four-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The areas marked in orange represent the displaced volumes.]]In [[Internal Combustion Engine|automobile engines]], "cc" refers to the total volume of its [[engine displacement]] in cubic centimetres. The displacement can be calculated using the formula
:<math>d = {\pi \over 4} \times b^2 \times s \times n</math>
where ''d'' is engine displacement, ''b'' is the bore of the cylinders, ''s'' is length of the stroke and ''n'' is the number of cylinders.

'''Conversions'''

*1 [[litre|millilitre]] = 1 cm3
*1 [[litre]] = 1000 cm3
*1 [[cubic inch]] = 16.387 cm3.

== See also ==
* [[Centimetre]]
* [[Cubic inch]]
* [[Litre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Units of volume]]
[[Category:SI derived units]]
[[Category:Centimetre–gram–second system of units]]

The Life and Loves of a She-Devil

2018-10-20T23:14:22Z

Maundwiki:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox book |
| name = The Life and Loves of a She-Devil
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[Fay Weldon]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = [[Hodder & Stoughton]]
| release_date = 1983
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = Death of a She Devil
}}
'''''The Life and Loves of a She-Devil''''' is a 1983 novel by British [[feminism|feminist]] author [[Fay Weldon]] about a highly unattractive woman who goes to great lengths to take revenge on her husband and his attractive lover. The book, Weldon insists, is about envy, rather than revenge.

==Plot==
Ruth is an abnormally tall and ugly housewife whose husband, Bobbo, considers their relationship an [[open marriage]] based on convenience alone and he only married her because he got her pregnant when they were both teenagers. Bobbo only truly loves his [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]], a famous, wealthy [[romance novel]]ist named Mary Fisher. When Ruth passionately indicates her disapproval for Bobbo’s [[extramarital affair]], he calls her a "she-devil", causing her to reassess her life. She resolves to behave in accordance with the label he has given her.

Bobbo leaves Ruth and their two children: he goes to live with Mary Fisher, to whom he soon proposes. Ruth plots her revenge on them, beginning by burning down her own house, therefore forcing the children to live with their father at Mary Fisher’s mansion. Ruth engages in a string of meaningless sexual relationships in order to emotionally detach herself from sex. In the meantime, she works at the [[retirement home]] which houses Mary’s mother, Pearl. Her actions there cause Pearl to be expelled from the home, thus inconveniencing Mary and Bobbo who must now care for her. At the same time, Bobbo believes that Ruth has disappeared and may be dead, as she has completely abandoned him and their children.

Ruth finds work at a [[psychiatric hospital]] while taking classes in [[accounting]] and [[bookkeeping]]. She uses this knowledge to discreetly steal money from Bobbo’s corporate clientele in a way that will incriminate Bobbo later on. Ruth starts her own [[employment agency]] for female secretaries, under the alias of "Vista Rose". Through her agency, she sends a secretary to Bobbo’s office who begins another affair with him. When the police arrive to arrest Bobbo, Ruth has made it appear as though he and the secretary were going to take the stolen money and leave the country, though Ruth is in possession of the money herself, becoming rich as a result. She nonetheless feels slight sympathy for the secretary and arranges for her to take a new job in [[Australia]] which she gladly takes so she can evade the police.

Under a new alias, Ruth works as a nanny for the children of the judge who presides over Bobbo’s trial, sleeping with him and successfully persuading him to extend Bobbo’s prison sentence if he is convicted. Bobbo is found guilty and imprisoned. While a desperate Mary Fisher turns toward religion for guidance, Ruth manipulates the entire situation and continues to recreate herself with a variety of aliases and love affairs.

Ruth uses her money to change her lifestyle and appearance, undergoing a series of surgeries to completely restructure her body to be identical to Mary Fisher. Mary continues to love Bobbo and wastes away, developing cancer and ultimately dying, and her mansion is subsequently purchased by Ruth. Ruth now lives a life of wealth, extravagance, and control, claiming that she will sexually dominate Bobbo once she secures his release from prison, causing him the misery that he once caused her.

==Editions==
Paperback editions of the novel were issued in 1993 by [[Ballantine Books]], New York ({{ISBN|0-345-32375-0}}) and by Sceptre, London ({{ISBN|0-340-58935-3}}).

==Sequel==

A [[sequel]], ''Death of a She Devil'', was released in the U.K. in Autumn 2017. It will be released in the U.S. in Spring 2018.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/05/death-of-a-she-devil-by-fay-weldon-review Death of a She Devil by Fay Weldon review – a reactionary sequel]</ref>

==In other media==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=90%
! rowspan="2" width="15%" |
!Mini-series
!Movie
!Radio
|-
! align="center" width="25%" | ''[[The Life and Loves of a She-Devil (mini-series)|The Life and Loves of a She-Devil]]''
! align="center" width="25%" | ''[[She-Devil]]''
! align="center" width="25%" | ''The Life and Loves of a She-Devil''
|-
|colspan="1" align="center"| {{small|'''Year of Release'''}}
|colspan="1" align="center"| {{small|'''1986'''}}
|colspan="1" align="center"| {{small|'''1989'''}}
|colspan="1" align="center"| {{small|'''2016'''}}
|-
!Directed by
|[[Philip Saville]]
|[[Susan Seidelman]]
|Abigail le Fleming
|-
!Screenplay by
|Ted Whitehead
|[[Barry Strugatz]]
|Joy Wilkinson
|-
!Length
|4 x 60 mins.
|100 mins.
|106 mins.
|-
| colspan="4" style="background-color:white;" | '''Cast and Characters'''
|-
!Ruth
|[[Julie T. Wallace]]
|[[Roseanne Barr]]
|
|-
!Bobbo / Bob
|[[Dennis Waterman]]
|[[Ed Begley, Jr.]]
|
|-
!Mary Fisher
|[[Patricia Hodge]]
|[[Meryl Streep]]
|
|-
!Nicola / Nicolette
|Caroline Butler
|Elisebeth Peters
|
|-
!Andy / Andrew
|Christopher Mossford
|Bryan Larkin
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{{main|The Life and Loves of a She-Devil (mini-series)}}

The novel was adapted in 1986 as an award-winning [[BBC]] television serial, starring [[Patricia Hodge]] as Mary Fisher, [[Dennis Waterman]] as Bobbo and [[Julie T. Wallace]] as Ruth, with only minor changes from the book.

===Movie===
{{main|She-Devil}}
The novel was adapted less faithfully by Hollywood in 1989 as ''[[She-Devil]]'', starring [[Roseanne Barr]] as the she-devil and [[Meryl Streep]] as her adversary, Mary Fisher.

{{main|Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)}}
The 1995 film ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'' has a very similar plot to 1989's ''She-Devil''.

===Radio===
The BBC Radio 4 adaptation was broadcast as a Classic Serial on 21 and 28 February 2016, total duration 106 minutes.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sounds.bl.uk/Arts-literature-and-performance/ICA-talks/024M-C0095X0090XX-0100V0 Fay Weldon discusses ''The Life and Loves of a She-Devil'' with Geoff Dunlop] – a British Library sound recording

{{DEFAULTSORT:Life and Loves of a She-Devil, The}}
[[Category:1983 British novels]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Adultery in novels]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (television series)]]
[[Category:Novels by Fay Weldon]]
[[Category:Hodder & Stoughton books]]

The Servant (band)

2018-10-12T14:11:30Z

Maundwiki:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{For|bands with similar names|Servant (band)|The Servants}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = The Servant
| image = The Servant 20061014 Fnac 01.jpg
| caption = Autograph session at Fnac Saint-Lazare (Paris, France)
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[indie rock]], [[indie pop]]
| years_active = 1998–2007
| label = [[Prolifica Records|Prolifica]], [[Recall Group]]
| current_members =
| past_members = [[Dan Black]] Matt Fisher Chris Burrows Trevor Sharpe
}}
'''The Servant''' was an [[England|English]] [[alternative rock|alternative]] band, formed in London in 1998. They are popular in [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]] as well as other [[Europe]]an countries.

Black, Fisher and Sharpe were originally guitarist, bassist and drummer in [[Leigh Bowery#Minty|Minty]], the former band of the late [[Leigh Bowery]]. Minty were involved in the [[Romo]] scene in 1995-1996; Sharpe also played drums for another Romo band, Plastic Fantastic.

Their first introduction to an [[United States of America|American]] audience was in the trailer of the film [[Sin City (film)|''Sin City'']] with the instrumental version of their song "Cells". This version of "Cells" is not on the ''Sin City'' soundtrack, but it can be downloaded via their website ("Cells" was also used in the film ''[[The Transporter]] and [[Transporter 2]]'', along with their song, "Body"). Since the ''Sin City'' trailers, there has been significant U.S. interest in their records and demands for live concerts. The band released their fourth album entitled ''How To Destroy A Relationship'' in 2006.

Before achieving commercial success in 2004 with their [[The Servant (album)|self-titled album]], released by [[Prolifica Records]] in the UK and by [[Recall Group]] in France, The Servant released two EP's: ''Mathematics'' in 1999 and ''With the Invisible'' in 2000.

On 26 November 2007, the band announced on their blog at MySpace that they were splitting up "to move on to pastures new".

On 8 September 2014, to mark the 10 years since the release of their first album, The Servant released a 'Best Of' compilation, called "Collection", for digital download world-wide. The compilation album features previously unreleased tracks, such as "Away". The single "Away", recorded with producer Jim Lowe (Stereophonics, The Charlatans) was released on 23 June 2014.

== Members ==
* [[Dan Black]] - [[Singing|vocals]], [[rhythm guitar]]
* Chris Burrows - [[lead guitar]]
* Matt Fisher - [[bass guitar|bass]]
* Trevor Sharpe - [[Drum kit|drums]]

=== Dan Black ===
[[Dan Black]] was the lead singer for the band; he also played guitar and wrote many of the band's songs. He is also known as a guest vocalist for the Italian group [[Planet Funk]]. Black has since begun a solo career releasing Billboard single [[Symphonies (song)|Symphonies]] and touring across the United States.

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
* ''Mathematics'' (1999)
* ''With the Invisible'' (2000)
* ''[[The Servant (album)|The Servant]]'' (2004)
* ''[[How to Destroy a Relationship]]'' (2006)

===Singles===
* "The Apes and the Chimpanzees"
* "In a Public Place"
* "Milk Chocolate" (Promo)
* "Orchestra"
* "Liquefy"
* "Cells"
* "I Can Walk in Your Mind" (Promo)
* "How To Destroy a Relationship"
* "(I Should Be Your) Girlfriend"
* "Hey Lou Reed"

==External links==
{{Commons and category|The Servant|The Servant (band)}}
*[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-servant-p516270 Allmusic biography]
*[http://www.theservant.fr Obviously The Servant]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314110729/http://www.theservantlive.co.uk/home.htm The Servant Live]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Servant, The}}
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1998]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2007]]
[[Category:English indie rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups from London]]
[[Category:English alternative rock groups]]

Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile

2018-09-23T20:50:29Z

Maundwiki:

'''Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile''' (FISA) was the [[sport governing body]] for [[motor racing]] events, in particular [[Formula One]]. The organization's origins dated from 1922, when the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA) delegated the organization of automobile racing to the '''Commission Sportive Internationale''' (CSI)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/april-1976/34/federation-internationale-de-iautomobile-fia|title=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)|work=Motorsport Magazine|date=April 1976}}</ref>, which lasted until 1978 when [[Jean-Marie Balestre]] took over the reins and it was renamed FISA. A restructuring of the FIA in 1993 led to the disappearance of the FISA, putting motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00162.html|title=Why has FISA been abolished?|work=grandprix.com|date=1 September 1993}}</ref>

==Presidents==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! President
! Years as President
! Nationality
|-
|colspan="3" |''Commission Sportive Internationale''
|-
| [[Rene de Knyff]]
| 1922–1946
| {{flagicon|FRA}}
|-
| [[Augustin Perouse]]
| 1946–1961
| {{flagicon|FRA}}
|-
| [[Maurice Baumgartner]]
| 1961–1970
| {{flagicon|SUI}}
|-
| [[Paul Alfons von Metternich-Winneburg]]
| 1970–1976
| {{flagicon|GER}}
|-
| [[Pierre Ugeux]]
| 1976–1978
| {{flagicon|BEL}}
|-
|colspan="3" |''Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile''
|-
| [[Jean-Marie Balestre]]
| 1978–1991
| {{flagicon|FRA}}
|-
| [[Max Mosley]]
| 1991–1993
| {{flagicon|UK}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Formula One}}
*[[FISA–FOCA war]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Federation Internationale Du Sport Automobile}}
[[Category:Auto racing organizations]]
[[Category:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile| ]]
[[Category:Formula One]]
[[Category:Motorsport governing bodies]]

{{Motorsport-stub}}
{{F1-stub}}

Apollo Papathanasio

2018-09-07T19:55:27Z

Maundwiki:

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Apollo Papathanasio
| image = Spiritual Beggars Rockharz 2016 12.jpg
| caption = Apollo performing live with Spiritual Beggars at Rockharz Open Air 2016 in Germany.
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Apostolos Papathanasio
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1969|3|15}}
|birth_place =[[Borås]], [[Sweden]]
| death_date =
| origin =
| instrument = [[Vocals]], [[guitar]]
| genre = [[heavy metal music|Heavy metal]], [[power metal]]
| occupation = Teacher
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Evil Masquerade]], [[Firewind]], [[Spiritual Beggars]], [[Gardenian]] [[Majestic (band)|Majestic]], [[Time Requiem]], [[Bassinvaders]]
| website = Apollo Papathanasio Official Facebook Page
}}
'''Apostolos "Apollo" Papathanasio''' ({{lang-el|Aπόστολος Παπαθανασίου or Απόλλωνας Παπαθανασίου}}) (born 15 March 1969 in [[Borås]], [[Sweden]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ratsit.se/BC/ReportSmall.aspx?ID=awja4GGe_jwCfkZGOZdu5b1b7abCnLCUgHP_1a_hCpk |title=Ratsit - Apostolos Papathanasio |publisher=Ratsit.se |date= |accessdate=2010-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Adam.B och Erik.W |url=http://www.latsta.nu/e-post/artikel.asp?oid=20820 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127124309/http://www.latsta.nu/e-post/artikel.asp?oid=20820 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-01-27 |title=Apollo Papathanasio, vår nya musiklärare |publisher=Latsta.nu |date=2008-11-02 |accessdate=2010-06-07 }}</ref>) is a Swedish [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] [[vocalist]] of [[Greeks|Greek]] descent, who is currently with the band [[Spiritual Beggars]]. He has also sang for [[Firewind]], Meduza, [[Evil Masquerade]], [[Gardenian]], and [[Richard Andersson]]'s projects [[Majestic (band)|Majestic]] and [[Time Requiem]].

In 2007, Papathanasio had to opt out of certain tour dates with Firewind. His position was temporarily filled by Henning Basse of [[Metalium]]. Apollo's last releases with [[Firewind]] was "[[Few Against Many]]" (2012). On 15 January 2013, Firewind announced that the band had parted ways with Apollo. After his departure from Firewind he's continued on with [[Spiritual Beggars]] and released return to zero (2010) Earth Blues, April 15, 2013 and Sunrise to Sundown (2016).
Apollo also works as a music teacher for a school in [[Halmstad]].

==Discography==

===Faith Taboo===
*1997: ''[[Psychopath (album)|Psychopath]]''

===Majestic===
*2000: ''[[Trinity Overture]]''

===Time Requiem===
*2002: ''[[Time Requiem (album)|Time Requiem]]''
*2003: ''[[Unleashed in Japan]]''
*2004: ''[[The Inner Circle of Reality]]''

===Meduza===
*2002: ''[[Now and Forever (Meduza album)|Now and Forever]]''
*2004: ''[[Upon the World]]''

===Sandalinas===
*2005: ''[[Living on the Edge (Sandalinas album)|Living on the Edge]]''

===Evil Masquerade===
*2006: ''[[Third Act]]''
*2009: ''Fade to Black''
*2012: ''Black Ravens Cry'' (single)
*2012: ''A Silhouette'' (single)
*2012: ''Pentagram''
*2014: ''[[10 Years in the Dark]]'' - remastered compilation
*2016: ''[[The Outcast Hall of Fame]]''

===Firewind===
*2006: ''[[Allegiance (Firewind album)|Allegiance]]''
*2008: ''[[The Premonition (album)|The Premonition]]''
*2010: ''[[Days of Defiance]]''
*2012: ''[[Few Against Many]]''

===Bassinvaders===
*2008: ''[[Hellbassbeaters]]''

===Spiritual Beggars===
*2010: ''[[Return to Zero (Spiritual Beggars album)|Return to Zero]]''
*2013: ''[[Earth Blues (Spiritual Beggars album)|Earth Blues]]''
*2016: ''[[Sunrise To Sundown (Spiritual Beggars album)|Sunrise To Sundown]]''

===Other works===
*2005: [[Vitalij Kuprij]] - ''[[Revenge (Vitalij Kuprij album)|Revenge]]''
*2010: [[Sebastien (band)|Sebastien]] - ''[[Tears of white roses|Tears Of White Roses]]''
*2011: [[Nightrage]] - ''[[Insidious (Nightrage album)|Insidious]]''
*2011: [[The MFC Dragon Slayer All Star Project]] - ''Let's Unite in Rock'' (single)
*2012: [[Kamelot]] - ''Grace'' (Bonus track)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://apollomusic6.wix.com/apollomusic Official website] of Apollo Papathanasio
*[http://www.evilmasquerade.com Official website] of [[Evil Masquerade]]
*[http://www.darkminstrelmusic.com Record label] of [[Evil Masquerade]]
*[http://www.firewind.gr Official website] of [[Firewind]]
{{Spiritual Beggars}}
{{Firewind}}
{{Evil Masquerade}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Papathanasio, Apollo}}
[[Category:Firewind members]]
[[Category:Greek male singers]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Greek heavy metal musicians]]
[[Category:Swedish heavy metal musicians]]
[[Category:Swedish male singers]]
[[Category:Swedish rock singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Evil Masquerade members]]
[[Category:Spiritual Beggars members]]

{{Greece-singer-stub}}
{{metal-music-stub}}
{{Sweden-singer-stub}}

Hassan (surname)

2018-06-17T21:19:09Z

Maundwiki:

{{Other uses|Hassan (disambiguation){{!}}Hassan}}
{{Infobox surname
|name = rakhangi
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|pronunciation =
|meaning = Arabic: "handsome", "good", "manly", "strong", "benefactor"; Irish and Scottish: "descendant of Osain", "descendant of Oisín"; Hebrew: "cantor", "singer"''
|region = Arabic, Irish, Scottish, Hebrew
|origin = Arabic, Irish, Scottish, Hebrew
|variant =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Hassan''' (also spelled '''Hasan''', '''Hassane''', '''Hassen''', '''Hasson''', '''Hassin''', '''Hassine''', '''Hacen''', '''Hasen''', '''Hasin''', '''Hass''', '''Hassa''', '''Hasa''', '''Hess''', '''Cassin''', '''Chassan''', '''Chasan''', '''Chasson''', '''Chason''', '''Khassan''', '''Khasan''', '''Cassan''', '''Casan''', '''Hasso''', '''Hassanein''', '''Hasnen''', '''Hassani''', '''Hasani''', '''Alhassan''', '''Al-Hassan''', '''Lassana''', '''Alassane''', '''Lacen''', '''Lasanah''', '''Assan''', '''Asan''', '''Asanov/Asanova''', '''Hasanov/Hasanova''', '''Khasanov/Khasanova''', '''Hasanoff''', '''Jasanoff''', '''Hasanović''', '''Hasanovic''', '''Asanović''', '''Hasanovich''', '''Hasanovski/Hasanovska''', '''Asanovski/Asanovska''', '''O'Hassan''', '''Haasan''', or '''Hasaan''') is an [[Arabic]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], or [[Hebrew]] surname.

{{TOC limit|2}}

==Etymology and spelling==
There are several unrelated origins for this surname:
* In [[Arabic]], Hassan is a transliteration of two names that both derive from the [[triconsonantal]] root [[Ḥ-S-N]]: ''{{transl|ar|Ḥasan}}'' ({{lang|ar|حسن}}), which means "handsome", "manly", "strong", or "good", and ''{{transl|ar|Ḥassān}}'' ({{wikt-lang|ar|حسان}}), which means "benefactor".
* In [[Ireland]]/[[Scotland]], the surname Hassan is one of the anglicized forms of the [[Gaelic language|Gaelic]] ([[Irish language|Irish]]/[[Scottish Gaelic|Scottish]]) form of Ó hOsáin. It is to be distinguished from Ó hOisín and Ó hOiseáin ([[Hession (surname)|Hession]] and [[Hishon]]). In [[County Londonderry]], where it is numerous, it is spelt Hassan, Hassen, Hasson, Hassin and Hessin. In the Monaghan Hearth Money Rolls of 1663, it appears as O'Hassan. There was a Hasson of Wexford among the "principal gentlemen" of that county in 1598, but that family was no doubt of non-Gaelic stock, and a John Hassan was an influential merchant in Wexford fifty years earlier.<ref>{{cite book|title=Surnames of Ireland|author=Edward Neafsey|publisher= Irish Roots Cafe|year=2002|isbn= 978-0-940134-97-3}}</ref><ref>hoganstand.com: [http://www.hoganstand.com/general/Identity/names/h.htm Irish Identity Surnames In Irish] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007011237/http://www.hoganstand.com/general/identity/names/h.htm |date=2008-10-07 }}</ref><ref>ulsterancestry.com: [http://www.ulsterancestry.com/irish-surnames.html Ulster Ancestry Irish Family Names]</ref><ref>surnamedb.com: [http://www.surnamedb.com/surname.aspx?name=Hassan Surname]</ref><ref>medievalscotland.org: [http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/Woulfe/SortedByGaelicSpelling_O4.shtml 16th & 17th Century Anglicized Irish Surnames ]</ref><ref>irishtimes.com: [http://www.irishtimes.com/ancestor/surname/index.cfm?fuseaction=Go.&Surname=Hassan&UserID= Irish Ancestors Surname Hassan]</ref> Another derivation is from "[[Hal]]'s son".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=George F.|title=The Surnames of Scotland|date=1946|publisher=Birlinn|page=346}}</ref>
* In [[Hebrew]], the surname Hassan ({{lang|he|חסן}}) means "[[hazzan|cantor]]", or "good cantor", derived from the Arabic "good" and the Hebrew "cantor".<ref>[http://www.templetulsa.com/pages/cmspage.php?staticpageid=6 Temple Israel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008103856/http://www.templetulsa.com/pages/cmspage.php?staticpageid=6 |date=2008-10-08 }}, Tulsa</ref><ref>avotaynu.com: [http://www.avotaynu.com/books/TaggerKeremNames.htm Guidebook for Sephardic and Oriental Genealogical Sources in Israel]</ref><ref>sephardicgen.com: [http://www.sephardicgen.com/names.htm Sephardic Surnames]</ref><ref>italian-family-history.com: [http://www.italian-family-history.com/jewish/Livorno.html Jewish Genealogy in Italy]</ref> Hassan is normally an Arab first or last name; but, in the Jewish [[Sephardic]] - [[Mizrahi]] tradition, it is a Jewish surname.<ref>independent.co.uk: [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sir-joshua-hassan-1248542.html Obituary: Sir Joshua Hassan]</ref><ref>jpost.com: [http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=182842 French Jews reclaim 'Jewish' names]</ref> The Hassan<ref>italian-family-history.com: [http://www.italian-family-history.com/jewish/Livorno.html Jewish Genealogy in Italy]</ref> or Hasson (see also [[Hassoun]]),<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.sephardicstudies.org/pdf/carasso-salonique-index.pdf|title=Les juifs de Salonique 1492-1943|author=}}</ref> appear to have most likely originated from [[History of the Jews in Spain|Spain]], from where the Jewish family has initially settled in [[Morocco]] <ref>http://artengine.ca/eliany/html/meaningofnames/h/hassan.html</ref> and in [[Livorno]], [[Italy]] following 1492 [[expulsion of the Jews from Spain]], and afterwards following the 16th century has spread throughout the Ottoman Empire (notably to [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]]; [[Istanbul]], Turkey; in 1592 in [[Sidon]], [[Lebanon]]; [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]; [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], Algeria and [[Tunis]], Tunisia).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLVc7-BkgFkC&pg=PA171&dq=famille+hasson+originaire+d'espagne&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gXZiUvyVE-mf0QXzkYDgDA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=famille%20hasson%20originaire%20d'espagne&f=false|title=Vie d'un homme hier , aujourd'hui et un peu plus|author=Christian De Monbrison|language=fr}}</ref>

;Depending on language and region, spelling variations
Hassan is a surname of many independent linguistic and regional origins, including [[Arabic]] (and through the influence of Arabic, languages spoken by [[Muslim]]s such as [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Urdu]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghur]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Berber language|Berber]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], etc.), as well as [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Scottish Gaelic|Scottish]], and [[Hebrew]].

Therefore, depending on language and region, spelling variations include Hasan, Hassen, Hasson, Hassin, Hassine, Hacen, Hasen, Hasin, Hass, Hassa, Hasa, Hess, Cassin, Chassan, Chasan, Chasson, Chason, Khassan, Khasan, Cassan, Casan, Hasso, Hassanein, Hasnen, Hassani, Hasani, Alhassan, Al-Hassan, Lassana, Alassane, Lacen, Lasanah, Assan, Asan, Asanov/Asanova, Hasanov/Hasanova, Khasanov/Khasanova, Hasanoff, Jasanoff, Hasanović, Hasanovic, Asanović, Hasanovich, Hasanovski/Hasanovska, Asanovski/Asanovska, O'Hassan, Haasan, or Hasaan.

; List of variant spellings
* In [[Hebrew]] transcription: {{lang|he|חסן}} (''{{transl|he|Hasan}}'' or ''{{transl|he|Hassan}}'')
* In [[Arabic language|Arabic]] transcription: {{lang|ar|حسان ,حسن}} (''{{transl|ar|Ḥasan}}'')
* In [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Hasan, Asan, Hasanoglu, Asanoglu
* In [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: Hasanović
* In [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: Hasani or Hasan
* In [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Hassanian or Hasanian
* In [[Azerbaijanian language|Azerbaijan]]: Həsən
* In [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: Hesan
* In [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]: Asan or Äsem
* In [[Somali language|Somali]]: Xasan
* In [[West Africa]]: [[Lassana]], [[Alassane]] and Lacen, derived from ''al-Hassan''.
* In [[Finland]]: Hasanen for Hassan, derived from the Arabic ''Hassan'' and the Finnish suffix for surnames ''-en''.<ref>Finland's Population Register Centre: {{cite web |url=http://192.49.222.187/Nimipalvelu/default.asp?L=3 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028114504/http://192.49.222.187/Nimipalvelu/default.asp?L=3 |archivedate=2010-10-28 |df= }} (Select "Surname search" and enter "Hasanen")</ref>
* In [[French language|French]]: Hassan, Hassen, Hasson or Hacen
* In [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: Hassan, Hassán, Hacen, Hacén, Jassan, Jassán, Jasan, Jasán, Hasson or Jasanoff
* In [[Italian language|Italian]]: Cassan, Cassano, Cassani, Hasson, Gazzano, Gazzani, Gassano, Gassani.
* In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] (in [[Cyrillic]]): Хасан, Асанов/Хасанов (masculine), Асанова/Хасанова (feminine)
* In [[Russian language|Russian]] (in Cyrillic): Хасан, Хассан, Хассен, Хэссан, Гасан, Асан, Асанов/Хасанов (masculine), Асанова/Хасанова (feminine)
* In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] (in Cyrillic): Хасан, Хасановски/Асановски (masculine), Хасановска/Асановска (feminine)
* In [[Croatian language|Croatian]]/[[Serbian language|Serbian]]/[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Asanović or Hasanović
* In [[China]], some Muslims believe that [[Hui people#Surnames|their surname]] Ha ({{lang|zh|[[:zh:哈姓|哈]]}}) is abbreviated from Arabic ''Hassan''.

;Popularity of the surname
*The popularity of the name Hassan or its variants Hasson, Hassen, Hassin is not only in the [[Arab world]] (including [[Arab Christian]]s) but also in the [[Muslim world]].
*The [[Ireland|Irish]] last name Hassan or its variants Hasson, Hassen, Hassin is frequently found especially in the area of [[Derry]] in [[Northern Ireland]] and also everywhere where there is a sizable [[Irish diaspora]] like in [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].
*The frequency of the Hebrew last name Hassan – or its variants Hasson, Hassen, Hassin – is mostly among [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic]] and [[Mizrahi Jews]], but it is also popular among [[Ashkenazi Jews]], used as a spelling variant of [[Hazan]].

==People==
*[[Hasan family]], an active Bangladeshi family

===A===
*[[Aaron ben Solomon ben Hasun|Aaron ben Solomon ben Hassun]], a Turkish Jewish Talmudist.
*[[Abbas Hassan]] (born 1985), Lebanese-born Swedish footballer
*[[Abd Al Naser Hasan]] (born 1990), Syrian footballer
*[['Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani]] (1903–1997), Iraqi historian and politician
*[[Abdelhamid Hassan]] (born 1972), Egyptian footballer
*[[Abdelilah Mohammed Hassan]] (born 1934), Iraqi football coach
*[[Abdelkarim Hassan]] (born 1993), Qatari footballer
*[[Abdi Yusuf Hassan]] (born 1958), Somali politician
*[[Abdi Shakur Sheikh Hassan]] (died 2011), Somali politician
*[[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan]] (born 1941), Somali politician - president of Somalia (2001–2004)
*[[Abdirahman Ali Hassan]], Kenyan politician
*[[Abdirahman Mohamud Haji Hassan]], Somali politician
*[[Abdul Hamid Ali Hassan]], Bahraini diplomat
*[[Abdul Hassan (American lawyer)]] (born 1974), born in Guyana
*[[Abdul Hassan (Libyan rebel)]], Libyan rebel commander
*[[Abdul Majid Hassan]] (reigned 1402–1408), Sultan of Brunei
*[[Abdul Naza Alhassan]] (born 1990), Ghanaian football player
*[[Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan]] (born 1928), Sudanese politician
*[[Abdulmumini M. Hassan]], Nigerian politician
*[[Abdulqadir Hassan]] (born 1962), Emirati football figure, grandson of Ali
*[[Abdusalom Khasanov]], Tajikistani boxer
*[[Abid Hasan (diplomat)]], Indian military officer and diplomat
*[[Abrar Hasan]] (born 1935), Pakistani lawyer and constitutional expert
*[[Abu al-Hasan (Mughal painter)]] (1589–c. 1630), Indian painter
*[[Abu Hashim al-Hasan]] (before 1031–1040), Yemeni imam
*[[Abul Hasan (cricketer)]] (born 1992), Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Abul Hasan (poet)]] (1947–1975), Bangladeshi poet and journalist
*[[Adlan Khasanov]] (1970–2004), Russian journalist and photographer
*[[Adnan Abu Hassan]], Malaysian composer and musician
*[[Aftab Hasan]], Pakistani educationist and linguist
*[[Ahmad Ali Hasan]] (1916–2010), Syrian poet
*[[Ahmad Y. al-Hassan]] (1925–2012), historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology
*[[Ahmed Hassan (footballer)|Ahmed Hassan]] (born 1975), Egyptian footballer
*[[Ahmad Hassan]], Syrian politician
*[[Ahmed Hassanein]] (1889–1946), Egyptian courtier, diplomat and fencer
*[[Ahmed Issack Hassan]] (born 1970), Kenyan lawyer
*[[Ahmed M. Hassan]], Somali politician
*[[Ahmed Mohamed Hassan]] (born 1945), Djiboutian politician
*[[Akram Hasson]] (born 1959), Druze Israeli politician
*[[Al-Mansur al-Hasan]] (1199–1271), Yemeni imam
*[[Al-Muntakhab al-Hasan]] (died 936), Yemeni imam
*[[Alberto Hassan]] (born c. 1942), Argentinian singer
*[[Ali Hasan]] (born 1965), Kuwaiti fencer
*[[Ali Hasan (student)]], Bahraini boy arrested for politically protesting at age 11
*[[Ali Hasanov]] (born 1976), Azerbaijani artist, musician and filmmaker
*[[Ali M. Hasanov]] (born 1960), Azerbaijani professor and politician
*[[Ali S. Hasanov]], Azerbaijani politician
*[[Ali Said Hassan]], Somali filmmaker
*[[Aliagha Hasanov]] (1871–1933), Azerbaijani statesman
*[[Aljoša Asanović]] (born 1965), Croatian footballer
*[[Aly Hassan]] (born 1989), American soccer player
*[[Amadou Alassane]] (born 1983), French born Mauritanian football player
*[[Amir Hasan]] (14th century), Chupanid prince of the Ilkhanate
*[[Amir Alexander Hasson]], entrepreneur
*[[Amira Hass]] (born 1956), Israeli journalist and author
*[[Amira Hess]], Israeli poet and artist
*[[Ammar Hassan]] (born 1976), Palestinian singer - placed second in ''Super Star 2''
*[[An-Nasir al-Hasan]] (1457–1523), Yemeni imam
*[[Andi Hasa]] (born 1990), Albanian footballer
*[[Anjum Hasan]], Indian poet and novelist
*[[Anna Hassan]], British educator
*[[Anne Cassin]], Irish journalist and news presenter
*[[Anthony Lacen]] (1950–2004), American jazz tubaist and band leader
*[[Antonio Asanović]] (1991), Croatian footballer
*[[Anu Hasan]] (born 1970), Indian actress and TV anchor in the Tamil language
*[[Arif Hasan]], Pakistani architect, planner, teacher, social researcher and writer
*[[Arshad Hasan]] (born 1980), American political organizer
*[[Asher Hassin]] (1918–1995), Israeli politician
*[[Asim Hassan]] (born 1986), Indian football player
*[[Asma Gull Hasan]], Pakistani-American writer and attorney
*[[Athancode Asan]] (Sangam period), Indian poet
*[[Awal Alhassan]] (born 1980), Ghanaian dancer
*[[Awang Hassan]] (1910–1998), Malaysian politician

===B===
*[[Barbara Cassin]] (born 1947), French philologist and philosopher
*[[Baruch Hassan]] (born 1959), Israeli footballer and manager
*[[Basher Hassan]] (born 1944), Kenyan cricketer
*[[Basma Hassan]] (born 1976), Egyptian actress
*[[Bob Hasan]] (born 1931), Indonesian businessman and politician

===C===
*[[Callum Hassan]] (born 1993), English footballer
*[[Che Hisamuddin Hassan]] (born 1972), Malaysian football player
*[[Chiara Cassin]] (born 1978), Italian synchronized swimmer

===D===
*[[Daisy Hasan]], Indian-English author and teacher
*[[David Ben Hassin]] (1727–1792), Moroccan Jewish poet
*[[David Hassan]] (born 1972), Northern Irish academic, writer, and current Professor of Sport Policy and Management at the University of Ulster
*[[Dinara Asanova]] (1942–1985), a Soviet film director

===E===
*[[Edon Hasani]] (born 1992), Albanian footballer
*[[Emilio Hassan]] (born 1977), Mexican soccer player
*[[Enver Hasani]], Kosovar Albanian academic, university rector and judge
*[[Eric Hass]] (1905–1980), American politician
*[[Esther Hasson]] (1867–1942), American military nurse

===F===
*[[Faeq Hassan]] (born 1914), Iraqi painter
*[[Faiq Hasanov]] (born 1938), Azerbaijani chess arbiter, coach and television presenter
*[[Fairoz Hasan]] (born 1988), Singaporean footballer
*[[Faisal Ali Hassan]] (born 1981), Emarati footballer
*[[Falah Hassan]] (born 1951), Iraqi football player
*[[Farkhonda Hassan]] (born 1930), Egyptian professor of geology
*[[Farris Hassan]] (born 1989), American student journalist who, at age 16, went to Iraq without parental consent
*[[Fathi Hassan]] (born 1957), Egyptian-Italian artist
*[[Fatimah bint al-Hasan]] (7th century), Islamic historical figure, daughter of Hasan ibn Ali
*[[Fekri Hassan]], geoarchaeologist
*[[Ferhan Hasani]] (born 1990), Macedonian footballer
*[[Frank T. Hassa]] (1873–after 1902), American politician from Wisconsin
*[[Fred Hassan]] (born 1946), Pakistani-American business executive
*[[Frederick Hassan]] (1859–1940), Egyptian-born English cricketer
*[[Fuad Hassan]] (1929–2007), Indonesian politician

===G===
*[[Galit Hasan-Rokem]] (born 1945), Israeli professor of [[folklore]]
*[[Gayratjon Hasanov]] (born 1983), Uzbek footballer
*[[Gemma Hasson]], Northern Irish folk singer
*[[Gennady Hazanov]] (born 1945), Russian actor and former stand-up comedian
*[[Gene Hasson]] (1915–2003), American baseball player
*[[Gerry Hassan]] (born 1964), Scottish writer and academic
*[[George Alhassan]] or Jair (born c. 1954), Ghanaian footballer
*[[George Alhassan (footballer born 1941)]] (born 1941), Ghanaian football player
*[[Ghada Hassine]] (born 1993), Tunisian weightlifter
*[[Ghanem Ibrahim al-Hassan]] (died 2011), Syrian military officer
*[[Gholamreza Hassani]] (born 1928), Iranian imam
*[[Giacinto De Cassan]], Italian cross-country skier
*[[Gotfrid Hasanov]] (1900–1965), Russian composer
*[[Guillermo Martínez Casañ]] (born 1955), Spanish politician
*[[Guy Hasson]], Israeli playwright, film maker and science fiction writer

===H===
*[[Hajim al-Hassani]] (born 1954), Iraqi politician
*[[Hamedah Hasan]], American subject of a documentary
*[[Hameed Hassan]] (born 1987), Afghan cricketer
*[[Hamid Hassani]] (born 1968), Iranian Persian language scholar and researcher
*[[Hanan Qassab Hassan]] (born 1952), Syrian writer and academic
*[[Hani al-Hassan]] (1939–2012), Palestinian politician
*[[Hans Hass]] (born 1919), Austrian underwater diver
*[[Harry Hasso]] (1904–1984), German filmmaker
*[[Hasan Hasanov]] (born 1940), Azerbaijani politician and diplomat
*[[Haseeb-ul-Hasan]] (1964–1990), Pakistani cricketer and murder victim
*[[Hashim Khamis Hassan]], Iraqi football player
*[[Hassan Abdallah Hassan]], Somali politician
*[[Hassan Aziz Hassan]] (1924–2000), Egyptian prince of the Muhammad Ali dynasty
*[[Hassan Mohamed Hassan]] (1906–1990), Egyptian artist
*[[Hassan Hassanein]] (1916–1957), Egyptian golfer
*[[Hayder Hassan]], UFC Fighter
*[[Hieronymus Albrecht Hass]] (1689–1752), German harpsichord and clavichord maker
*[[Hossam Hassan]] (born 1966), Egyptian footballer and coach
*[[Hossam Hassan (footballer born 1989)]] (born 1989), Egyptian footballer
*[[Houssein Omar Hassan]] (born 1977), Djiboutian athlete
*[[Humaira Hasan]], Pakistani diplomat
*[[Hussein Hajj Hassan]] (born 1960), Lebanese politician

===I===
*[[Ibragim Khasanov]], (1937–2010), Soviet sprint canoer
*[[Ibrahem Al-Hasan]] (born 1986), Kuwaiti table tennis player
*[[Ibrahim Hassan]] (born 1966), Egyptian footballer
*[[Ibrahim Hassan (athlete)]] (born 1971), Ghanaian runner
*[[Ibrahim Al Hasan]], Syrian football player
*[[Ihab Hassan]] (born 1925), American literary theorist
*[[Iliass Bel Hassani]] (born 1992), Dutch footballer
*[[Irwin Hasen]] (born 1918), American cartoonist
*[[Isaac Hasson]], American musician, songwriter and record producer
*[[Isaac Cleto Hassan]], South Sudanese physician and politician
*[[Ismaël Alassane]] (born 1984), Nigerien footballer
*[[Ismail Ahmed Kadar Hassan]] (born 1987), Djiboutian-French footballer

===J===
*[[JP Hasson]] (born 1977), American musician, comedian and writer
*[[Jabrayil Hasanov]] (born 1990), Azerbaijani freestyle wrestler
*[[Jack Cassin]] (1915–1994), Australian Australian rules footballer
*[[Jacob Hassan]] (1936–2006), Spanish academic, writer, and university Professor in Universidad Complutense de Madrid of Jewish descent
*[[Jakob Meyer zum Hasen]] (1482–1531), bürgermeister of the city of Basel and patron
*[[Jalal Hassan]] (born 1991), Iraqi football player
*[[Jalaluddin Hasan]], 25th Nizāri Ismā‘ilī Imām
*[[Jalaluddin Hassan]] (born 1954), Malaysian actor and television host
*[[James Hasson]] (born 1992), Australian professional rugby league player
*[[Jamil Hassan]] (born 1980), English cricketer
*[[Jamil Hassan (military officer)]] (died 2012), Syrian military officer
*[[Jan Alam Hassani]] (born 1956), Afghan volleyball player
*[[Jared Hassin]] (born 1989), American football player
*[[Jasur Hasanov (footballer, born 1983)]], Uzbek football player
*[[Jasur Hasanov (footballer, born 1989)]], Uzbek football player
*[[Jay Jasanoff]] (born 1942), American linguist and Indo-Europeans
*[[Joel Hass]], American mathematician and professor
*[[Johann Adolph Hass]] (1713–1771), German clavichord and harpsichord maker
*[[John Cassin]] (1813–1869), American ornithologist
*[[John Cassin (footballer)]] (born 1951), Australian Australian rules footballer
*[[Joshua Hassan]] (1915–1997), Gibraltarian politician of Jewish descent - chief minister for 17 years

===K===
*[[K. A. Siddique Hassan]], Indian Islamic scholar
*[[Kalif Alhassan]] (born 1990), Ghanaian footballer
*[[Kamal Haasan]] (born 1954), Indian actor, screenwriter, producer and director
*[[Kamarulzaman Hassan]] (born 1979), Malaysian footballer
*[[Kamil Khasanov]] (born 1993), Russian football striker
*[[Karam Hasanov]] (born 1969), Azerbaijani politician
*[[Karen Hassan]] (born 1981), Northern Irish actress
*[[Karim Alhassan]] (born 1991), Ghanaian footballer
*[[Karl Hass]] (1912–2004), German SS officer
*[[Kazem Hasan]] (born 1961), Kuwaiti fencer
*[[Kenny Hassan]] (born 1966), Scottish-American soccer analyst
*[[Kevin Hasson]], American attorney focused on religious liberty issues
*[[Khaled al-Hassan]] (1928–1994), Palestinian politician and founder of Fatah
*[[Khalid Hasan]] (c. 1935–2009), Pakistani journalist and writer
*[[Khalid Hasan (cricketer)]] (born 1937), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Khalid Hassan]] (died 2007), Iraqi interpreter and reporter
*[[Kobi Hassan]] (born 1978), Israeli football player
*[[Kumaran Asan]] (1873–1924), Indian poet in the Malayalam language

===L===
*[[Lama Hasan]], British journalist
*[[Lina Hawyani al-Hasan]] (born 1975), Syrian novelist, journalist and writer
*[[Lotte Hass]] (born 1928), Austrian underwater diver
*[[Ludwik Hass]] (1918–2008), Polish historian

===M===
*[[M. M. Hassan]] (born 1947), Indian politician
*[[M. M. S. Abul Hassan]], Indian politician
*[[Maddie Hasson]] (born 1995), American actress
*[[Maggie Hassan]] (born 1958), American politician and [[List of United States Senators from New Hampshire|Senator from New Hampshire]]
*[[Maha Hassan]], Syrian-Kurdish journalist and novelist
*[[Mahmoud Hassan (wrestler)|Mahmoud Hassan]] (born 1919), Egyptian Greco-Roman wrestler
*[[Mahmud al-Hasan]] (1851–1920), Indian religious scholar
*[[Mahmudul Hasan]] (born 1990), Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Mairaj-ul-Hasan]], Pakistani cricketer
*[[Malik Dohan al-Hassan]] (born 1919), Iraqi politician
*[[Mamoun Hassan]], Saudi Arabian-British screenwriter, director, editor, producer and teacher
*[[Manor Hassan]] (born 1979), Israeli football player
*[[Mansour Hassan]] (born 1937), Egyptian politician
*[[Margaret Hassan]] (1945–2004), Irish aid worker murdered in Iraq
*[[Maria Hassan]] (born 1952), Swedish politician
*[[Mariam Hasan]] (born 1985), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Mariem Hassan]] (1958–2015), Sahrawi singer and lyricist
*[[Mark Chasan]], entrepreneur, investment banker, lawyer and digital media pioneer
*[[Mark Hass]] (born 1956), American politician
*[[Marlene Hassan Nahon]] (born 1976), Gibraltarian historian and journalist
*[[Masahudu Alhassan]] (born 1992), Ghanaian footballer
*[[Masuma Hasan]], Pakistani scholar and politician
*[[Maurice Hasson]] (born 1934), French-Venezuelan violinist
*[[Maxine Cassin]] (1927–2010), American poet, editor and publisher
*[[Medhi Lacen]] (born 1984), Algerian footballer
*[[Mehdi Hasan]], British journalist
*[[Mehdi Hassan]] (1927–2012), Pakistani ''ghazal'' and playback singer
*[[Mehr Hassan]], Asian-American actress, model and classical dancer
*[[Meisuna Alhassan]] (born 1990), Ghanaian footballer
*[[Mekaal Hasan]] (born 1972), Pakistani musician and record producer
*[[Melissa Hasin]] (born 1954), American cellist
*[[Mirza Hasanović]] (born 1990), Bosnian footballer
*[[Mian Ijaz ul Hassan]], Pakistani painter
*[[Michael Hasani]] (1913–1975), Israeli politician
*[[Mike Hass]] (born 1983), American football player
*[[Mir Emad Hassani]] (1554–1615), Persian calligrapher
*[[Mohamad Hasan (politician)]] (born 1956), Malaysian politician
*[[Mohamad Al Hasan]] (born 1988), Syrian football player
*[[Mohamed Hassani]], Egyptian discus thrower
*[[Mohamed Alhousseini Alhassan]] (born 1978), Nigerien swimmer
*[[Mohamed H.A. Hassan]] (born 1947), Sudanese scientist
*[[Mohammad Hasan (mullah)]], Afghan politician
*[[Mohammad Al Hajj Hassan]] (born 1976), Lebanese cleric
*[[Mohammad Ali Tabatabaei Hassani]] (born 1945), Iraqi ''marja'''
*[[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] (1856–1920), Somali religious and patriotic leader
*[[Mohammed Ali al-Hasani]] (died 2007), Iraqi politician
*[[Mohammed Alhassan]] (born 1984), Ghanaian footballer
*[[Mohammed Hassan Helmy|Mohammed Hassan (footballer)]] (1912–1986), Egyptian footballer
*[[Mohammed Mohammed Hassen]], Yemeni Guantanamo detainee
*[[Mohammed Waheed Hassan]] (born 1953), Maldivian politician - president of the Maldives
*[[Mohd Fareed Shah Hassan]] (born 1979), Malaysian footballer
*[[Mohd Hasmarul Fadzir Hassan]] (born 1986), Malaysian footballer
*[[Mohd Hasmawi Hassan]] (born 1980), Malaysian footballer
*[[Mohd Shoaib Hassan]] (born 1990), Pakistani squash player
*[[Mohd Sidek Hassan]] (born 1951), Malaysian politician
*[[Moinul Hassan]], Indian politician
*[[Mona Hassanein]] (born 1985), Egyptian fencer
*[[Monazir Hassan]] (born 1957), Indian politician
*[[Moria Casán]] (born 1946), Argentine actress, television host and producer
*[[Mosaab Mahmoud Al Hassan]] (born 1983), Sudanese-Qatari footballer
*[[Mouez Hassen]] (born 1995), French-Tunisian footballer
*[[Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco]] (born 2003), Moroccan heir apparent to the throne
*[[Moulay Rachid ben al Hassan]] (born 1970), Moroccan prince and diplomat
*[[Moustapha Alassane]] (born 1942), Nigerien filmmaker
*[[Muamet Asanovski]] (born 1991), Swedish professional footballer
*[[Mubashir Hassan]] (born 1922), Pakistani civil engineer and science administrator
*[[Muhammad Abu Khubza|Muhammad Abu Khubza al-Hassani]] (born 1932), Moroccan cleric
*[[Muhammad Hasan]] (1902–unknown), Afghan prince
*[[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Muhammad Hassan]] (reign 1582–1598 or 1601–1610), ninth Sultan of Brunei
*[[Muhammad Hassan (wrestler)|Muhammad Hassan]] (born 1981), American professional wrestler born Mark Copani
*[[Muhammad Hassanein]], Egyptian government administrator
*[[Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan]], person once on the FBI Seeking Information - War on Terrorism list
*[[Muhammmad Nurridzuan Abu Hassan]] (born 1992), Malaysian footballer
*[[Muley Hacén]] or Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada (before 1464–1485), Iberian Peninsula ruler
*[[Munawwar Hasan]] (1964–2008), Indian politician
*[[Murat Khasanov]] (born 1970), Russian judoka
*[[Murtaza Hassan]] or Mastana (c. 1940/1941–2011), Pakistani comedian
*[[Musa Hassan]] (born 1952), Malaysian inspector-general of police
*[[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]], Omani diplomat and academic
*[[Mushirul Hasan]] (born 1949), Indian historian, author and academic
*[[Mustafa Hassan]] (born 1990), Iraqi-Danish footballer
*[[Muzaffar Hassan]] (1920–2012), Pakistani naval officer
*[[Muzzammil Hassan]] (born 1964), Pakistani-American business executive and convicted murderer

===N===
*[[Killing of Nabra Hassanen|Nabra Hassanen]] (abt. 2000–2017), American student killed during [[Ramadan]]
*[[Naeem U. Hasan]], Pakistani diplomat
*[[Nataša Lačen]] (born 1971), Slovenian cross country skier
*[[Nazia Hassan]] (born 1965), Pakistani pop singer
*[[Nidal Malik Hasan]] (born 1970), American Army officer convicted of the Fort Hood shooting
*[[Nihad Hasanović]] (born 1974), Bosnian writer and translator
*[[Norizam Ali Hassan]] (born 1976), Malaysian footballer
*[[Norman Hassan]] (born 1958), English musician of Yemeni and Welsh descent
*[[Numon Khasanov]] (born 1971), Uzbekistani football player
*[[Nurullah Hasan]] (1867 or 1870–1912), Turkish wrestler

===O===
*[[Olivier Cassan]] (born 1984), French football player
*[[Omar Hasan]] (born 1971), Argentine rugby union footballer
*[[Omar Hassan (skateboarder)]], American skateboarder
*[[Omar Said Al-Hassan]], chairman of the Gulf Centre for Strategic Studies, London
*[[Ömer Asan]] (born 1961), Turkish folklorist, photographer and writer
*[[Osama Hassan]] (born 1979), Egyptian footballer

===P===
*[[Phil Hassan]] (born 1974), English rugby league and rugby union footballer

===Q===
*[[Qasim ibn Hasan]] (c. 666–680), Islamic historical figure, son of Hasan ibn Ali
*[[Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani]] (17th century), Persian physician
*[[Quamrul Hassan]] (1921–1988), Bangladeshi artist

===R===
*[[Radwan Al-Sheikh Hassan]], Syrian football player
*[[Rahma Hassan]] (born 1988), Egyptian actress and model
*[[Rahma bint El Hassan]] (born 1969), Jordanian princess
*[[Raja Hasan]] (born 1979), Indian playback singer
*[[Ramiz Hasanov]] (born 1961), Azerbaijani politician
*[[Rana Naved-ul-Hasan]] (born 1978), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Raqibul Hasan (cricketer, born 1953)]] (born 1953), Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Raqibul Hasan (cricketer, born 1987)]] (born 1987), Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Rashid bin El-Hassan]] (born 1979), Jordanian prince
*[[Rauf Hassan]] (born 1945), Kurdish writer
*[[Ray Hass]] (born 1977), Australian swimmer
*[[Raya Haffar Al Hassan]] (born 1967), Lebanese finance minister
*[[Raza Hasan]] (born 1992), Pakistani cricketer
*[[René Cassin]] (1887–1976), French jurist, law professor and judge
*[[Rezal Hassan]] (born 1974), Singaporean football player
*[[Riaz Hassan]], Australian sociologist and academic
*[[Riccardo Cassin]] (1909–2009), Italian mountaineer, inventor and author
*[[Richard L. Hasen]], American professor of Law
*[[Richard S. Hassan]], American Air Force officer of Irish descent.
*[[Ridzuan Fatah Hasan]] (born 1981), Singaporean soccer player
*[[Riffat Hassan]] (born 1943), Pakistani-American theologian
*[[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan]] (born 1991), Nigerian football player
*[[Rizik Zackaria Hassan]], South Sudanese politician
*[[Rizwana Hasan]] (born 1968), Bangladeshi attorney and environmentalist
*[[Robert Hass]] (born 1941), American poet
*[[Robert Bernard Hass]], American poet, literary critic and professor
*[[Rosa Yaseen Hasan]] (born 1974), Syrian writer
*[[Roy Hasson]], Australian rugby league footballer
*[[Rudolph Hass]] (1892—1952), American developer of the Hass avocado
*[[Ruqaiya Hasan]], Indian professor of linguistics
*[[Rushan Khasanov]] (born 1956), Russian football player
*[[Rushan Khasyanov]] (born 1988), Russian football player

===S===
*[[S. Azmat Hassan]], Pakistani ambassador
*[[Sahib Abbas Hassan]], Iraqi football player
*[[Said Hasan]], Fiji-Indian politician
*[[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]], Indian historian and politician
*[[Sajid Hasan]] (born 1958), Pakistani actor
*[[Sajjadul Hasan]] (1978—2007), Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Salim Al-Hassani]], Iraqi-United Kingdom engineer and professor
*[[Samir Kadhim Hassan]] (born 1969), Iraqi football player
*[[Sardar Hasanov]] (born 1985), Azerbaijani weightlifter
*[[Sarvath El Hassan]] (born 1947), Pakistani princess - wife of the Prince of Jordan
*[[Selim Hassan]] (1887–1961), Egyptian Egyptologist
*[[Selma Hassan]], Eritrean politician
*[[Shahzaib Hasan]] (born 1989), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Shakib Al Hasan]] (born 1987), Bangladeshi cricketer
* [[Shada Hassoun]] (born 1981), [[Iraqi people|Iraqi]]-[[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] singer
*[[Sharaf ad-Din ibn al-Hasan]] (13th century), religious leader
*[[Sheila Jasanoff]], American academic in the field of science and technology studies
*[[Shemsu Hassan]] (born 1968), Ethiopian racewalker
*[[Shpëtim Hasani]] (born 1982), Kosovar footballer
*[[Shruti Haasan]] (born 1986), Indian actress
*[[Sibte Hassan]] (1916–1986), Pakistani scholar, journalist and activist
*[[Sifan Hassan]] (born 1993), Ethiopian-Dutch runner
*[[Signe Hasso]] (1915–2002), Swedish-born American actress, writer and composer
*[[Sinan Hasani]] (1922–2010), Yugoslavian novelist and statesman - president of Yugoslavia
*[[Sreten Asanović]] (1931), Yugoslav and Montenegrin author
*[[Stan Cassin]], Canadian politician from Alberta
*[[Stephen Cassin]] (1783–1857), American naval officer, recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal
*[[Steve Hass]] (born 1975), American drummer
*[[Steven Hassan]] (born 1954), American mental health counselor of Jewish descent
*[[Suhardi Hassan]] (born 1982), Malaysian racing cyclist
*[[Sulayman bin Hassan]] (16th century), Da'i-ul-Mutlaq of the Sulaymanis
*[[Sumaya bint El Hassan]] (born 1971), Jordanian princess
*[[Susanna Al-Hassan]], Ghanaian politician
*[[Syed Ali Hasan]] (before 1902–1962), Indian cricketer and police official
*[[Syed Hamidul Hasan]], Indian ayatullah
*[[Syed Mir Hassan]] (1844–1929), Indian scholar of the Qur'an, Hadith, Sufism and Arabic
*[[Syed Munawar Hasan]] (born 1944), Pakistani politician
*[[Syed Shamsul Hasan]] (1885–1981), Pakistani politician
*[[Syed Wazir Hasan]] (1874–1947), Indian jurist and politician
*[[Syed Zafarul Hasan]] (1885–1949), Pakistani philosopher

===T===
*[[TJ Hassan]] (born 1981), American actor and musician of North African descent.
*[[Tabriz Hasanov]], Azerbaijani footballer
*[[Taim Hasan]] (born 1976), Syrian actor
*[[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]] (1885–1943), Syrian leader and politician
*[[Talha ibn Hasan]] (7th century), imam
*[[Tamer Hassan]] (born 1968), British actor of Turkish Cypriot descent
*[[Tammam Hassan]] (1918–2011), Egyptian expert in Arabic linguistics
*[[Tarek Ali Hassan]] (born 1937), Egyptian professor, physician, composer, musician, painter and philosopher
*[[Tariq Hassan]] (born 1983), Emirati footballer
*[[Tengku Hazman Raja Hassan]] (born 1977), Malaysian footballer
*[[Teuku Muhammad Hasan]] (1906–1997), Indonesian politician - governor of Sumatra
*[[Thomas Hassan]], American educational administrator of Irish descent

===U===
*[[Ulubatlı Hasan]] (1428–1453), Ottoman soldier
*[[Umar Hassan]], Eritrean military officer
*[[Umar Bin Hassan]] (born 1948), American poet
*[[Usama Hasan]], British scientist and cleric
*[[Uzun Hassan]] (1423–1478), sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, or White Sheep Turkmen

===V===
*[[Victor Hassan]], Israeli football player
*[[Victor Hassine]] (1956–2008), American prisoner and author
*[[Victor Hasson]] (1957–2005), Burundian entrepreneur
*[[Victorian of Asan]] (died c. 560), Spanish saint

===W===
*[[Wajid Shamsul Hasan]], Pakistani diplomat
*[[Walid Hassan]] (c. 1959–2006), Iraqi comedian
*[[Walter Hass]] (c. 1911–1987), American football coach and athletic director
*[[Walter Hassan]] (1905–1996), British automobile engineer of Irish descent
*[[Wan Jamak Wan Hassan]] (born 1957), Malaysian footballer and coach
*[[Waqar Hasan]] (born 1932), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Wissam al-Hassan]] (1965–2012), Lebanese military officer

===X===
*[[Xhem Hasa]] (1908–1945), Albanian soldier

===Y===
*[[Yaël Hassan]] (born 1952), French-Israeli author
*[[Yarin Hassan]] (born 1994), Israeli footballer
*[[Yaron Hasson]], Israeli guitar player
*[[Yisrael Hasson]] (born 1955), Israeli politician
*[[Yoel Hasson]] (born 1972), Israeli politician
*[[Yousif Hassan]], Emirati footballer

===Z===
*[[Zahid Hasan]], Bangladeshi actor
*[[Zainal Abidin Hassan]] (born 1963), Malaysian footballer and manager
*[[Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1972)|Zakir Hasan]] (born 1972), Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Zohaib Hassan]] (born 1966), Pakistani pop icon
*[[Zoya Hasan]], Indian academic and political scientist
*[[Zulkifli Hasan]] (born 1962), Indonesian politician

==Fictional characters==
*[[Dr. Lily Hassan]], character in the British soap opera ''Doctors''
*[[Hassani (Sleeper Cell character)]], character in the American television series ''Sleeper Cell''
*[[Omar Hassan (24 character)]], character in the American television series ''24''

==See also==
*[[Hazan (disambiguation)]]
*[[Hassan (given name)]]
*[[Hession (surname)]]
*[[Irish name]]
*[[Osáin]]
*[[Hass (disambiguation)]]
*[[Haas]]
*[[De Haas]]
*[[Lists of most common surnames]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{surname|Hassan}}

[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Irish origin]]
[[Category:Arabic-language surnames]]
[[Category:Hebrew-language surnames]]
[[Category:Irish-language surnames]]
[[Category:Jewish surnames]]
[[Category:Sephardic surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Israeli origin]]
[[Category:Irish genealogy]]
[[Category:Irish families]]
[[Category:Scottish surnames]]

[[bg:Хасан]]
[[de:Hassan]]
[[fr:Hassan]]
[[nl:Hassan (achternaam)]]
[[ja:ハサン]]
[[no:Hassan]]
[[ru:Хасан (имя)]]

Hassan (given name)

2018-06-17T21:17:20Z

Maundwiki:

{{other uses|Hassan (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox given name
| name = Hassan
| image=
| imagesize=
| caption=
| pronunciation= {{IPA-ar|ˈħasan|lang}}
| gender = Male
| meaning = ''handsome, good, benefactor''
| region =
| origin = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| alternative spelling =
| variant forms = al-Ḥasan
| related names = Ḥassān [[Hussein]] [[Alassane]] [[Lassana]] [[Mohsen]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hassan''' (also spelled '''Hasan''', '''Hassane''', '''Hassen''', '''Hasson''', '''Hassin''', '''Hassine''', '''Hacen''', '''Hasen''', '''Hasin''', '''Hassa''', '''Hassann''', '''Hasa''', '''Hasso''', '''Cassin''', '''Chassan''', '''Chasan''', '''Khassan''', '''Khasan''', '''Cassan''', '''Casan''', '''Hasaan''', '''Alassane''', '''Lassana''', '''Lacène''', or '''Lansenou''') ({{lang-ar|حسن}}, {{transl|ar|''Ḥasan''}}) is a masculine [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[given name]].

As a surname, Hassan may be [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (see [[Hassan (surname)]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Surnames of Ireland|author=Edward Neafsey|publisher= Irish Roots Cafe|year=2002|isbn= 978-0-940134-9 7-3}}</ref><ref>avotaynu.com: [http://www.avotaynu.com/books/TaggerKeremNames.htm Guidebook for Sephardic and Oriental Genealogical Sources in Israel]</ref>

== Etymology and spelling ==
The name Hassan in Arabic means 'handsome' or 'good', or 'benefactor'.

There are two different Arabic names that are both [[Romanization of Arabic|romanized]] with the spelling "Hassan". However, they are pronounced differently, and in Arabic script spelled differently.

* The more common name {{wikt-lang|ar|حَسَن}} ''{{transl|ar|Ḥasan}}'' (as in the name of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]]'s grandson [[Hasan ibn Ali]] ), <ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qThvezos8LgC&pg=PA35 |title=Islamic names |first=Annemarie |last=Schimmel |date=1989}}</ref> coming from the [[Arabic language]] [[triconsonantal]] root [[Ḥ-S-N]], has two short vowels and a single {{IPA|/s/}}. Its meaning is 'the good' or 'the handsome'. Its usual form in [[Classical Arabic]] is الحسن ''al-Ḥasan'', incorporating the definite article ''al-'', which may be omitted in modern Arabic names.
* The name {{wikt-lang|ar|حَسَّان}} ''{{transl|ar|Ḥassān}}'', which comes from the same Arabic root, has a long vowel and a doubled {{IPA|/sː/}}. Its meaning is 'doer of good' or 'benefactor'. It is not used with the definite article in Classical Arabic.

In the romanized spelling ''Hassan'', it is not possible to distinguish which of the two names is intended. The ambiguity can be removed by romanizing the former name as ''Hassan'' with a single ''a'', and reserving the spelling with doubled ''a'' for the latter name, or romanizing the former as ''Hasan'' and the latter as ''Hassan''.

King [[Hassan II of Morocco|al-Ḥasan]] of Morocco (officially romanized as ''Hassan'', with a double ''ss'', due to the influence of French orthography) is an example of the former. The early Islamic poet [[Hassan ibn Thabit|Ḥassān ibn Thābit]] is an example of the latter. In the original Arabic, the two different names are easily distinguished.

; List of variant spellings
* In [[Hebrew]]: {{lang|he|חסן}}
* In [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{rtl-lang|ar|حسن}} (''Hasan''), {{rtl-lang|ar|حسان}} (''Hassan'')
* In [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Hasan''
* In [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]: {{rtl-lang|ota|حسن}} (''Hasan'')
* In [[Persian language|Persian]]: {{rtl-lang|fa|حسن}} (''Hasan''), {{rtl-lang|fa|حسان}} (''Hassan'')
* In [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: ''Hasan''
* In [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Hasan''
* In [[Azerbaijanian language|Azerbaijan]]: ''Həsən''
* In [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: ''Hesan''
* In [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]: ''Asan'' or ''Äsem''
* In [[Somali language|Somali]]: ''Xasan''
* In [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]: [[Lassana]], [[Alassane]] and ''Lacen'', derived from ''al-Hassan''.
* In [[French language|French]]: ''Hassan'', ''Hassen'' or ''Hacen''
* In [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Hassan'', ''Hassán'', ''Hacen'', ''Hacén'', ''Jassan'', ''Jassán'', ''Jasan'' or ''Jasán''
* In [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Cassan'', ''Cassano'', ''Cassani'', ''Gazzano'', ''Gazzani'', ''Gassano'', ''Gassani''.
* In [[Russian language|Russian]] (in [[Cyrillic]]): ''Хасан'' (''Hasan''), ''Хассан'' (''Hassan''), ''Хассен'' (''Hassen''), ''Хэссан'' (''Hessan''), ''Гасан'' (''Gasan'')
* In [[Croatian language|Croatian]] or [[Serbian language|Serbian]] or [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: ''Aсан'' (''Asan'') or ''Хасан'' (''Hasan'')
* In [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (in [[Cyrillic]]): (''Asan'') or (''Hasan'')
* In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] (in [[Cyrillic]]): ''Хасан'' (''Hasan'')
* In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] (in [[Cyrillic]]): ''Хасан'' (''Hasan'')
* In [[Finland]]: ''Hasanen'', with the Finnish ending for surnames, ''-en''.<ref>Finland's Population Register
Centre: {{cite web |url=http://192.49.222.187/Nimipalvelu/default.asp?L=3 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028114504/http://192.49.222.187/Nimipalvelu/default.asp?L=3 |archivedate=2010-10-28 |df= }} (Select "Surname search" and enter "Hasanen")</ref>''
* In [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 哈桑/哈山 (''Hā Sāng/Hā Shān'')

==People==

===Hacine===
*[[Hacine Cherifi]], former French boxer

===Hasan===
*[[Hasan ibn Ali]], the fifth caliph of Islam, the first grandson of Muḥammad, son of Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, the fourth caliph of Islam, and the second Imam of Shia Islam.
*[[Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada]], also known as ''Muley Hacén'' in Spanish
*[[Hasan al-Askari]], eleventh Imam of Twelver Shi‘ism
*[[Hasan al-Basri|al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī]], prominent early Islamic scholar
*[[Hasan Čengić]], Bosnian former Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister
*[[Hasan Cetinkaya]], Swedish footballer
*[[Hasan Corso]], an Italian who was part of the army of janissaries in the Turkish army
*[[Hasan Doğan]], Turkish 37th president of the TFF
*[[Hasan Gemici]], Turkish sports wrestler
*[[Hasan Güngör]], Turkish sports wrestler
*[[Hasan Hamdan]], Lebanese actor and voice actor
*[[Hasan Izzet]], Ottoman general
*[[Hasan Kabze]], Turkish footballer
*[[Hasan Minhaj]], American comedian
*[[Hasan Muratović]], former Bosniak rector of the University of Sarajevo and former prime minister
*[[Hasan Bülent Paksoy]], Turkish scientist
*[[Hasan Polatkan]] (1915–1961), executed Turkish politician
*[[Hasan Salihamidžić]], a Bosnian football midfielder
*[[Hasan Sönmez]], Turkish footballer
*[[Hasan Şaş]], Turkish footballer
*[[Hasan Ali Yücel]], Turkish Minister of Education

===Hasson===
*[[Hasson Arbubakrr]], a former NFL and CFL player

===Hassan===
*[[Prince Hassan]], Served as Crown Prince of Jordan under King Hussein's reign
*[[Hassan II of Morocco]], the father of the current King of Morocco
*[[Hassan Adams]], NBA player
*[[Hassan (C&C)]], General Hassan in the Command and Conquer continuity
*[[Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle]], Somali politician and former army General
*[[Hassan Assad]], real name of professional wrestler [[Montel Vontavious Porter]]
*[[Hassan al-Banna|Hasan al-Banna]], founder of the Muslim Brotherhood
*[[Hassan Abdillahi]], Somali journalist and activist
*[[Hassan Abshir Farah]], former Prime Minister of Somalia
*[[Hassan Heshmat]] (born 1920), Egyptian sculptor
*[[Hassan Johnson]], American actor
*[[Hassan Jones]], former professional American football player
*[[Hassan Mohamed (basketball)|Hassan Mohamed]], Qatari basketball player
*[[Hassan Mohammed Abdirahman]], real name of Somali singer-songwriter [[Aar Maanta]]
*[[Hassan Nader]], retired Moroccan footballer
*[[Hassan Nasrullah]], leader of Hezbollah
*[[Hassan Al-Qazwini]], Islamic Center Imam
*[[Hassan Roshdieh]], Iranian teacher, politician, and journalist
*[[Hassan Rowshan]], Iraniamanagerial Hansen all coach, manager, and former player
*[[Hasan Şerefli]], Turkish filmmaker
*[[Hassan Shamsid-Deen]], American football player
*[[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]], President of Somalia
*[[Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah|Hassan Kamel al-Sabbah]], a Lebanese electrical and electronics research engineer
*[[Hassan Whiteside]], American basketball player, NBA player
*[[Salah-Hassan Hanifes]], a Druze Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset
*[[Hassan-i Sabbah]], founder of the Hashshashin, "Assassins"
*[[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Muhammad Hassan]], 9th Sultan of Brunei

===Hassane===
*[[Hassane Alla]] (born 1980), Moroccan footballer
*[[Hassane Azzoun]] (born 1979), Algerian judoka
*[[Hassane Brahim]] (born 1989), Chadian footballer
*[[Hassane Dicko]], Burkina Faso politician
*[[Hassane Hamadi]], Comorian politician
*[[Hassane Kamara]] (born 1994), Gambian footballer
*[[Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki]] (born 1951), Niger politician and Prime Minister
*[[Said Hassane Said Hachim]] (born 1932), Comorian politician

===Hasaan===
*[[Hasaan Ibn Ali]], American jazz pianist and composer, born William Henry Langford, Jr.

===Hassanal===
*[[Hassanal Bolkiah]] (born 1946), the 29th Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei

===Hassen===
*[[Hassen Bejaoui]], Tunisian soccer player
*[[Hassen Gabsi]], a Tunisian soccer player

===Khasan===
*[[Khasan Baroyev]], Russian wrestler of Ossetian origin
*[[Khasan Dzhunidov]], Russian footballer
*[[Khasan Isaev]], Bulgarian freestyle wrestler
*[[Khasan Israilov]], Soviet Chechen journalist and poet
*[[Khasan Mamtov]], Russian footballer
*[[Khasan Yandiyev]], Russian judge

===Khassan===
*[[Khassan Baiev]], Chechen-American trauma surgeon

==Fictional characters==
* Ĥassan, in the film ''[[A Girl Named Maĥmood]]''
* Hassan, from Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies short featuring Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck, ''[[Ali Baba Bunny]]''

==See also==
*[[Abulhasan]]
*[[Hassan (surname)]]
*[[Hussein]]
*[[Alassane]]
*[[Lassana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Given names]]
[[Category:Arabic masculine given names]]
[[Category:Turkish masculine given names]]
[[Category:Iranian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Pakistani masculine given names]]

[[fr:Hassan]]
[[ja:ハサン]]
[[ru:Хасан (имя)]]
[[sl:Hasan]]

Karlie Kloss

2018-06-07T23:27:32Z

Maundwiki: /* 2006–2010: Beginnings and modelling breakthrough */

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Karlie Kloss
| image = Michael Kors Spring-Summer 2014 58.jpg
| caption = Karlie Kloss walks the runway at the Michael Kors Spring/Summer 2014 show at New York Fashion Week, September 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1992|8|3}}{{r|NYMag.com profile}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.{{r|NYMag.com profile}}
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kast |first1=Catherine |title=Karlie Kloss (Who's 6'1") Wears Flats Because She'd 'Look Like a Crazy Woman' on the N.Y.C. Subway |url=https://people.com/style/karlie-kloss-whos-61-wears-flats-because-shed-look-like-a-crazy-woman-on-the-n-y-c-subway/ |website=People |accessdate=June 2, 2018 |date=July 15, 2016}}</ref>
| haircolor = Light brown{{r|FMD Bio}}
| eyecolor = Hazel{{r|IMG Models}}
| occupation = Model
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| agency = {{ubl
| [[IMG Models]] (Worldwide){{r|IMG September 2012}}
| 2pm Model Management (Copenhagen){{r|Models.com profile}}
}}
}}

'''Karlie Kloss''' (born August 3, 1992) is an [[United States|American]] [[fashion model|model]] and entrepreneur. She was a [[Victoria's Secret Angel]] from 2011 to 2014.{{r|Weisman (2015)}}

==Early life and education==
Kloss was born in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].{{r|NYMag.com profile}} She is the daughter of Tracy (née Fares), a freelance director, and Kurt Kloss, an emergency physician.<ref name="GrandmaObit">{{cite web |url=http://www.memorialsolutions.com/sitemaker/sites/Gerber1/obit.cgi?user=188363Fares |title=Florence A. Fares |publisher=Memorial Solutions |work=memorialsolutions.com |access-date=January 14, 2014 |first=Gerber |last=Chapel}}</ref>{{r|Blasberg (2013)}} Her family has [[Danish Americans|Danish]], [[German Americans|German]] and [[Polish Americans|Polish]] roots.<ref name="Blasberg (2013)"/> She has three sisters, Kristine, and twins Kimberly and Kariann.<ref>https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/karlie-kloss-and-family</ref> She moved to [[St. Louis]], with her family, in 1994.{{r|NYMag.com profile}} Kloss has called her classical ballet training "a beautiful thing" that taught her how to move in the modeling world and was a great training ground for her runway walk.<ref name="EOnline July 2011"/> Kloss was "discovered at a local benefit runway show".<ref name="Teen Vogue September 2007"/>

She attended [[Webster Groves High School]] in [[Webster Groves, Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samson |first1=E. J. |title=Meet Karlie Kloss's Classmates |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/meet-karlie-klosss-classmates |website=Teen Vogue |access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name="STLToday May 2011"/>

==Career==

===2006–2010: Beginnings and modelling breakthrough===
In 2006, at the age of 14, Kloss posed for a cover and editorial shoot for the June issue of ''Scene Magazine'' in Chicago with photographer David Leslie Anthony,<ref name="Scene Magazine, June 2006">Scene Magazine, June 2006</ref> in an editorial spread titled "Almost Famous".<ref name="Scene Magazine, June 2006"/> Elite Chicago (now Factor Women) then forwarded these tear sheets to Elite NY, who then brought Kloss to New York.

[[File:Karlie Kloss in Zac Posen, Photographed by Ed Kavishe for Fashion Wire Press.jpg|thumb|left|Kloss on the runway for [[Zac Posen]], fall 2008 in [[New York Fashion Week]]]]

One of her first modelling stints was for [[Abercrombie kids]] when she posed for the brand's photography shot by [[Bruce Weber (photographer)|Bruce Weber]].<ref name="Blasberg (2013)"/> In January 2008 she left Elite and signed with [[NEXT Model Management]]. She ended up walking 31 runways in [[New York Fashion Week]], notably closing for [[Marc Jacobs]], opening [[Carolina Herrera (fashion designer)|Carolina Herrera]], and occupying both spots at [[Doo.Ri]].<ref name="NYMag November 2008"/> After New York, she walked 20 shows in [[Milan Fashion Week|Milan]], and 13 in [[Paris Fashion Week|Paris]] for the fall 2008 collections, with 64 shows in a single season. Kloss found herself in the middle of a legal dispute when her former agency [[Elite Model Management]] sued NEXT Model Management for allegedly stealing its young star by offering her "improper compensation" to sign.<ref name="NYPost April 2008"/> Elite felt they were responsible for launching her career and booked much work for her.<ref name="NYPost April 2008"/> The case was eventually settled out of court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/person/karlie-kloss |title=Karlie Kloss |work=Vogue UK |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref>

After four years of being represented by Next Model Management, Kloss signed with [[IMG Models]]. "Karlie has an immense and loyal following, and we welcome the opportunity to help expand her relationships through endorsements as well as our global network that reaches beyond fashion", said Ivan Bart, IMG Models' senior vice president and managing director.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dana |last=Kruspe |date=September 5, 2012 |url=http://fashionista.com/2012/09/karlie-kloss-signs-with-img-splits-with-next-and-mother-model-management-the-agency-that-first-signed-her/ |work=Fashionista.com |title= Karlie Kloss Leaves Next for IMG--But Did She Also Split From Mother Model Management? }}</ref>

Kloss labeled her famed runway walk a "moody gait". [[Molly Sims]], whom she considers a mentor, told ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' she thinks Kloss will still "do well at 30" because of her "classic look".<ref name="EOnline July 2011"/>

She has been in advertisements for [[Rebecca Taylor]], [[Jean Paul Gaultier]], [[Donna Karan]], [[Nina Ricci (brand)|Nina Ricci]], [[Chloé]], [[Lacoste]], [[Sportmax]], [[Alexander McQueen]], [[Yves Saint Laurent (brand)|Yves Saint Laurent]], [[Elie Saab]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Gap (clothing retailer)|Gap]], [[Bally Shoe]], [[Bergdorf Goodman]], [[Pringle of Scotland]], [[Dior]], [[Hermès]], [[Oscar de la Renta]], [[Sonia Rykiel]], [[Aquascutum]], [[Topshop]], Eryn Brinie, [[Uniqlo]], Omnia Jade, [[Lord & Taylor]], [[Barneys New York]], [[American Eagle Outfitters|American Eagle]], [[Victoria's Secret#Pink|Victoria's Secret PINK]], and [[Adidas]]. Kloss is the face of the Marc Jacobs fragrance ''Lola''. She has walked for numerous designers in New York, London, Milan, and Paris, including [[Shiatzy Chen]], [[Calvin Klein]], [[Karl Lagerfeld]], [[Marc Jacobs]], [[Zac Posen]], [[Givenchy]], [[Gucci]], [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Versace]], and [[Elie Saab]].

Kloss has appeared in editorials for American and Korean ''[[W (magazine)|W]]'', American ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'', ''[[Allure (magazine)|Allure]]'', ''[[i-D]]'', French and Japanese ''[[Numéro]]'', ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', ''[[Dazed & Confused (magazine)|Dazed & Confused]]'', and American, Australian, Italian, French, British, Korean, German, Japanese, Chinese, Turkish, Portuguese, Teen, and Latin American ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazines. Her covers include Italian ''Vogue'' in October 2009, January 2010, December 2011, and October 2014, ''Vogue'' Turkey, ''Vogue'' Portugal, ''Vogue'' China in March, August, and November in 2010, and in December 2012, British ''Vogue'' in September 2012, ''Vogue'' Korea and American ''[[Teen Vogue]]'', alongside [[Chanel Iman]] and [[Ali Michael]] in February 2008 and by herself in May 2010.

She ventured into TV when she appeared in season four, episode 1 of ''[[Gossip Girl (TV series)|Gossip Girl]]'' as herself.<ref name=WetpaintGossipGirl>{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Christopher |title=Model Karlie Kloss to Cameo on Gossip Girl |url=http://www.wetpaint.com/gossip-girl/articles/model-karlie-kloss-to-cameo-on-gossip-girl |work=wetpaint.com |publisher=Wetpaint Entertainment |access-date=January 14, 2014 |date=September 10, 2010}}</ref> She became a muse for fashion designer [[John Galliano]] and has appeared in Dior and John Galliano campaigns and opened both shows, Christian Dior Haute Couture and Dior resort shows from spring/summer 2010. In the spring/summer 2011 season, she opened ten shows and closed eight.<ref name="Teen Vogue June 2008"/>

===2011–present: Recognition and success===
[[File:Karlie Kloss at Anna Sui 2011.jpg|thumb|left|Kloss on the runway for [[Anna Sui]], fall 2011 in [[New York Fashion Week]]]]

Her runway walk, one of the most unusual, is often described as powerful.<ref name="Washington Post February 2011"/> In February 2011, supermodel [[Tyra Banks]] stated that Kloss was one of her favorite models because of her "unique, atypical beauty".<ref name="Banks Twitter February 2011"/>

In 2011, Kloss renewed her contract with [[Christian Dior]] for the third season in a row.<ref name="NYMag April 2011"/> [[Life (magazine)|''Life'']] magazine photographed Kloss for the cover of a special print issue handed out during New York Fashion Week in September 2011.<ref name="stylecasterlifemag">{{cite web |url=http://stylecaster.com/karlie-kloss-photo-essay-life-magazine/ |title=Karlie Kloss: A Photo Essay for Life Magazine |publisher=Stylecaster Media Group |work=stylecaster.com |date=September 12, 2011 |access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="HuffPoLIFEMag">{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/09/karlie-kloss-life-magazine_n_955714.html |title=Karlie Kloss Covers Special Edition Of LIFE (PHOTOS) |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |work=huffingtonpost.com |date=November 14, 2011 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |last=Krupnick |first=Ellie}}</ref> The photo story inside the issue was photographed during the summer of 2011 and shows Kloss at the couture shows in Paris, in New York City, and in Saint Louis, her hometown.<ref name="stylecasterlifemag"/><ref name=WMAGLIFEMAG>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2011/09/karlie-kloss-ss/photos |title=Model Portrait: Karlie Kloss |publisher=W Magazine |work=wmagazine.com |date=September 1, 2011 |access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref> The same year, she made her debut in the [[Victoria's Secret Fashion Show]].<ref name="Fashionista November 2011"/>

In 2012, Kloss was featured on the September covers of ''[[British Vogue]]'', ''Japanese Vogue'', ''[[Harper's Bazaar]] Russia'', and ''[[Numéro]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/celebrity-photos/2012/7/30/karlie-kloss-in-vogue |title=Karlie Kloss in Vogue |work=Vogue UK |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://racked.com/archives/2012/07/24/terry-richardson-club-monaco.php |title=Karlie Kloss for Vogue Japan |first=Kerry |last=Folan |date=July 24, 2012 |work=Racked |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Harper's Bazaar Russia September 2012 Cover |url=http://models.com/work/harpers-bazaar-russia-harpers-bazaar-russia-september-2012-cover |work=Models.com |access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Robson |first=Sarah |title=Karlie Kloss for Harper's Bazaar Russia September 2012 is Play |url=http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/karlie-kloss-for-harpers-bazaar-russia-september-2012 |work=trendhunter.com |publisher=Trend Hunter |access-date=January 14, 2014 |date=August 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://models.com/work/numero-numero-september-2012-cover |title=Numero September 2012 Cover (Numéro) |work=MODELS.com |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref> She appeared in the campaign ads of [[Juicy Couture]], Stefanel, [[Elie Saab]], and Jean Paul Gaultier.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/videos/TMG9483149/Karlie-Kloss-kicks-ass-for-Juicy-Couture.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Victoria's Secret News |date=August 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/karlie-kloss-dazzles-juicy-couture-couture-la-la-fragrance-campaign/ |title=Karlie Kloss Dazzles in the Juicy Couture "Couture La La" Fragrance Campaign |work=Fashion Gone Rogue |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/fash-mob/2012/08/07/karlie-kloss-for-stefanel-aw-2012/ |title=Karlie Kloss for Stefanel |date=August 7, 2012 |work=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2012/07/new-fall-ads-karlie-kloss-for-elie-saab.html |title=New Fall Ads: Karlie Kloss for Elie Saab – The Cut |first=Ally |last=Betker |work=The Cut |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2012/06/karlie-kloss-vamps-for-jean-paul-gaultier.html |title=Karlie Kloss Vamps for Jean Paul Gaultier |first=Ally |last=Betker |work=The Cut |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref> She co-hosted with the revival of the [[MTV]] series ''[[House of Style]]'' with fellow model [[Joan Smalls]].<ref name="EW InsideTV July 2012"/> She also appeared in that year's Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.<ref name="Daily Mail November 2012"/> Just before the Victoria's Secret Fashion in 2012, Karlie cut her long hair into a bob which is famously called the "Karlie".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2013/01/17/fashion/the-karlie-or-chop-is-the-haircut-of-the-moment.html?referrer=&_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first=Marisa |last=Meltzer |date=January 17, 2013 |title=The 'Karlie' Is Turning Heads}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.com/865276/chop-chop-karlie-kloss-gets-the-cut-of-the-moment/ |title=Chop Chop: Karlie Kloss Gets the Haircut of the Moment |work=Vogue |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, Kloss was the face of Donna Karan, Lacoste, and Lanvin campaigns. Kloss worked with Victoria's Secret on their 2013 summer swimwear video.<ref name="Daily Mail January 2013"/> She was also the red carpet host of the [[2013 MTV Movie Awards]] pre-show.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1705668/karlie-kloss-red-carpet-movie-awards.jhtml |title=Karlie Kloss' MTV Movie Awards Red-Carpet Gig, In Her Own Words |publisher=MTV.com |date=April 15, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref> In April, Kloss starred alongside [[Daria Strokous]], [[Monika Jagaciak]] and [[Iris Strubegger]] in Louis Vuitton's Alma bag campaign.<ref name="WWDAlma">{{cite journal |url=http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/a-river-runs-under-it-6877086 |title=Louis Vuitton Launching Campaign for Alma Bag |access-date=January 14, 2014 |last=Socha |first=Miles |issue=April 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.styleite.com/news/louis-vuitton-alma-bridge-campaign/ |title=PHOTOS: Louis Vuitton Nods To NYC Taxis In New Ad |publisher=Styelite |work=Styleite.com |date=April 1, 2013 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |last=George-Parkin |first=Hilary}}</ref>

In 2013, Kloss was named as one of the new ambassadors for Coach, Inc. and stars in the accessory maker's fall 2013 campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/kloss-proud-coach-campaign-010000364.html |title=Kloss proud of Coach campaign |publisher=Cover Media |work=sg.news.yahoo.com |date=December 13, 2013 |access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref>

In 2014, Kloss was the face of [[Jean Paul Gaultier]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Donna Karan]], Lancaster, and the Chanel Coco Noir fragrance<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Daily Mail]] |title=Karlie is Chanel's New Face |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2723947/Karlie-Kloss-profile-set-rocket-Model-joins-Chanel-family-campaign-Coco-Noir-scent.html |location=London |date=August 13, 2014}}{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}</ref> campaigns. She also collaborated with Frame Denim to design the Forever Karlie jeans collection. In summer 2014, Karlie worked with Warby Parker to design the Karlie Kloss x Warby Parker eyewear line, proceeds of which benefited [[Edible Schoolyard#Edible Schoolyard New York|Edible Schoolyard NYC]].<ref name=LuckyMagJune2014>{{cite web |last1=Brannigan |first1=Maura |title=Start 'Smizing'—Karlie Kloss Is Designing Sunglasses For Warby Parker! |url=http://www.luckymag.com/accessories/2014/04/karlie-kloss-warby-parker-sunglasses |website=Lucky Magazine |access-date=June 30, 2014}}</ref> In September 2014, after many speculations, [[L'Oreal Paris]] officially announced that they have signed Karlie to be the newest face.<ref>{{cite web |work=[[Style (magazine)|Style]] |title=Karlie Kloss New Face of Loreal Paris |url=http://www.style.com/beauty/people/2014/karlie-kloss-new-face-of-loreal-paris}}</ref> In the September 2014 issue of American Vogue, she was featured on the cover with [[Joan Smalls]], [[Cara Delevingne]], [[Arizona Muse]], [[Edie Campbell]], [[Imaan Hammam]], [[Fei Fei Sun]], [[Vanessa Axente]], and [[Andreea Diaconu]] as "The Instagirls!"

In 2015, Kloss and one of her best friends, [[Taylor Swift]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.com/9287379/taylor-swift-karlie-kloss-best-friends-march-2015-cover/ |title=On the Road with Best Friends Taylor Swift and Karlie Kloss |work=Vogue |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref> covered the March issue of American Vogue together. Kloss also starred in the music video for [[Chic (band)|Chic]]'s "I'll Be There", which was directed by [[Inez van Lamsweerde]] and [[Vinoodh Matadin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6509287/chic-nile-rodgers-karlie-kloss-video-ill-be-there |title=Watch Nile Rodgers and Karlie Kloss Bring Disco Back in Chic's New Video 'I'll Be There' |publisher=Billboard |work=Billboard |date=March 20, 2015 |access-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref> Kloss also portrayed the role of "Knockout"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/mobile/article/0,,20923092,00.html |title=Meet the A-List Cast Starring in Taylor Swift's New Music Video |access-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref> in the music video for Swift's song "[[Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)|Bad Blood]]" which premiered at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/taylor-swift-debuts-futuristic-neo-noir-bad-blood-video-20150517 |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |title=Taylor Swift Debuts Futuristic Neo Noir Bad Blood Video |date=May 17, 2015}}</ref>

Kloss appeared in several video segments during Taylor Swift's [[The 1989 World Tour|1989 World Tour]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2015/05/taylor-swifts-1989-world-tour-everything-you-need-to-know/ |title=Taylor Swift's 1989 World Tour: Everything You Need to Know |date=May 6, 2015 |publisher=Dick Clark Productions |location=Santa Monica, California}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2151727/taylor-swift-tokyo-1989-world-tour/ |title=Taylor Swift's 1989 World Tour: A Track By Track Breakdown |first=Emilee |last=Linder |date=May 5, 2015 |publisher=MTV News / Viacom |location=New York, Ny}}</ref> and appeared live on stage with Swift at the performance of June 27, 2015 at [[London]]'s [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6612932/taylor-swift-1989-tour-kendall-jenner-cara-delevingne-style-london |title=Taylor Swift's '1989' Tour: Kendall Jenner, Cara Delevingne & More Join Her for 'Style' in London |first=Ashley |last=Iasimone |date=June 27, 2015 |publisher=Billboard.com |location=New York City |quote=Karlie Kloss...joined Swift onstage in Hyde Park, a stop on the pop superstar's 1989 World Tour.}}</ref> as well as on July 11, 2015, at the [[MetLife Stadium]] in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey]].

On July 21, 2015, Kloss started her own [[YouTube]] channel, called ''Klossy'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klossy |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH5Qu8Sd-m-7Zk4xc_J5VzA |website=YouTube |access-date=November 29, 2015}}</ref> which features weekly [[vlog]]s and Q&A videos.

On May 24, 2016, Kloss was named the new face of Swarovski replacing another Victoria's Secret alum [[Miranda Kerr]]. She is contracted to be the face for the next 2 years, as the brand is hoping to reach out to the next generation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karlie Kloss Named New Spokesmodel for Swarovski |url=http://wwd.com/accessories-news/jewelry/karlie-kloss-swarovski-10435845/ |website=WWD |date=May 24, 2016}}</ref>

On April 21, 2017, she appeared as a correspondent on the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Bill Nye Saves the World]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/10/karlie-kloss-bill-nye-netflix-show |title=Karlie Kloss Is Teaming Up with Bill Nye |author=Harwood, Erika |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref>

Kloss was featured in ''Vogue''<nowiki/>'s March 2017 issue.<ref name="Lang (2017)">{{cite magazine |last=Lang |first=Cady |title=The Internet Is Sounding Off About Karlie Kloss's Japan-Themed Vogue Shoot |date=February 15, 2017 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |department=Fashion |url=http://time.com/4671287/karlie-kloss-vogue-backlash/ |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20170217054210/http://time.com/4671287/karlie-kloss-vogue-backlash/ |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref> The spread was criticized by some as a form of [[cultural appropriation]] as Kloss appeared styled as a [[geisha]].{{r|Lang (2017)}}<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Vogue, Karlie Kloss Blasted for Geisha Photo Spread |date=February 15, 2017 |newspaper=[[CBC News]] |department=Entertainment |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/vogue-diversity-issue-woes-1.3984210 |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20170217054319/http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/vogue-diversity-issue-woes-1.3984210 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref> She later posted a public apology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/karlie-kloss-vogue-spread-apology-1201989137/ |title=Karlie Kloss Apologizes for Controversial Geisha Vogue Spread |first=Sarah |last=Ahern |date=February 15, 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>

In Fall 2017, Kloss announced her TV show, ''Movie Night with Karlie Kloss'', coming to [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]] in the winter of 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://instagram.com/p/BaXC1v9FbQV/ |title=Instagram post by Karlie Kloss • Oct 17, 2017 at 6:59pm UTC |website=Instagram}}</ref>

In April 2018, Kloss was announced as Estée Lauder's newest Global spokesmodel and Brand Ambassador<ref>https://www.esteelauder.com.au/estee-stories-article-go-to-work-with-karlie-kloss</ref>. As an entrepreneurial philanthropist, Kloss embodies the Estée Lauder image. The company is committed to supporting her initiative "Kode for Klossy" through scholarships and events.

==Industry perception==
''[[Vogue Paris]]'' declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s.<ref name="Vogue Paris December 2009"/>

Models.com has said that Kloss "represents the gold standard of modelling—a girl with the look, the poise, and the drive to take things to the next level."<ref>{{cite web |title=New Supers—Karlie Kloss |url=https://models.com/rankings/ui/NewSupers/2529#2529 |access-date=November 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20171112185332/https://models.com/rankings/ui/NewSupers/2529%232529#2529 |archive-date=November 12, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kloss is an avid [[computer programmer]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mullany |first=Anjali |title=Behind the Scenes at Karlie Kloss's New Coding Camp for Girls |date=March 30, 2016 |work=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3058403/most-creative-people/behind-the-scenes-at-karlie-klosss-new-coding-camp-for-girls |access-date=August 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20160802043420/http://www.fastcompany.com/3058403/most-creative-people/behind-the-scenes-at-karlie-klosss-new-coding-camp-for-girls |archive-date=August 2, 2016 |dead-url=no}}</ref> in April 2015, she partnered with [[Flatiron School]] and [[Code.org]] to offer a scholarship named ''Kode with Klossy''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kodewithklossy.com/ |title=Kode With Klossy |website=Kode With Klossy}}</ref> for young girls interested in [[computer science]] and [[software engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.flatironschool.com/kode-with-karlie-scholarship/ |title=Announcing the Kode with Karlie Scholarship for High School Girls |work=Flatiron School |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://precollege.flatironschool.com/kode-with-karlie |title=Coding Scholarship for High School Girls – Kode with Karlie Kloss |work=flatironschool.com |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/karlie-kloss-opens-kode-with-klossy-new-york-city-office-2017-9/#rich-who-worked-closely-with-kloss-to-design-the-space-told-business-insider-that-the-models-personal-style-helped-influence-the-final-result-karlie-has-such-great-style-and-taste-and-i-think-we-created-a-space-that-is-a-true-reflection-of-that-the-space-turned-out-sophisticated-but-still-colorful-and-fun-which-is-how-i-came-to-know-karlie-she-said-1|title=Supermodel Karlie Kloss runs a coding program for young women — take a look inside their brand-new office|work=Business Insider|access-date=September 6, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In collaboration with [[Momofuku (restaurants)|Momofuku]] Milk Bar, she created a special recipe called [[Karlie's Kookies]], which she sold in [[DKNY]] Soho during Fashion's Night Out in [[New York City]], with proceeds benefiting hungry children around the world (through [[FEED Projects]]). She called it a "Perfect 10 Kookie" because for every tin of cookies that is sold, 10 meals were donated to starving children all over the world.<ref name="Style September 2012"/>

Kloss is a close friend of [[Taylor Swift]] and appeared as "Knockout" in the singer's [[music video]] for the single "[[Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)|Bad Blood]]" in May 2015. She and Swift appeared together on the March 2015 cover of [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] with an accompanying article and photo spread.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.com/9287379/taylor-swift-karlie-kloss-best-friends-march-2015-cover/ |title=On the Road with Best Friends Taylor Swift and Karlie Kloss |first=Jad |last=Yuan |date=February 13, 2015 |publisher=Vogue |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6472879/taylor-swift-karlie-kloss-cover-vogue |title=Taylor Swift & BFF Karlie Kloss Grace 'Vogue' Cover |date=February 13, 2015 |publisher=Billboard.com |location=New York, New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://time.com/3709674/taylor-swift-karlie-kloss-vogue/ |title=See Taylor Swift and Karlie Kloss on the Cover of Vogue |first=Charlotte |last=Alter |date=February 13, 2015 |publisher=Time |location=New York}}</ref> She is also a close friend of filmmaker [[Casey Neistat]], who assisted her in starting up on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/07/29/from-instagirl-to-youtuber-karlie-kloss-controls-the-message/ |title=From Instagirl to YouTuber, Karlie Kloss controls the message |last=Kaufman |first=Sarah L. |date=July 29, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=September 10, 2016}}</ref>

She has been dating businessman and investor [[Joshua Kushner]] since 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.instagram.com/p/BGZlUbikSu7/ |title=Instagram photo by Karlie Kloss • Jun 8, 2016 at 4:11pm UTC |website=Instagram |language=en |access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/news/a29378/an-exclusive-interview-with-karlie-kloss/ |title=Karlie Kloss on why knowledge is power |date=February 18, 2016 |newspaper=ELLE UK |language=en |access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> He is the brother of [[Donald Trump]]'s son-in-law [[Jared Kushner]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Park|first1=Andrea|title=Karlie Kloss on Why She Keeps Her Relationship With Joshua Kushner So Private|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/karlie-kloss-relationship-joshua-kushner-private|website=W Magazine|accessdate=5 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In September 2015, Kloss enrolled in the [[Gallatin School of Individualized Study]] of [[New York University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amny.com/entertainment/karlie-kloss-enrolling-in-nyu-she-tells-glamour-1.10708055 |title=Karlie Kloss enrolling in NYU, she tells Glamour – am New York |work=am New York |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Banks Twitter February 2011">{{cite web |title=Tyra Banks |url=https://www.twitter.com/tyrabanks/status/40059031728947200 |publisher=[[Twitter]] |last=Banks |first=Tyra |date=February 2011 |access-date=November 9, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Blasberg (2013)">{{cite news |last=Blasberg |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Blasberg |title=The Klosses |date=February 16, 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323375204578272163876557122 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127000925/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323375204578272163876557122 |archive-date=November 27, 2013 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>
<ref name="Daily Mail January 2013">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2270734/Victorias-Secret-girls-Candice-Swanepoel-Karlie-Kloss-perform-cringey-lip-sync-latest-video---ok-wearing-BIKINIS.html |title=Victoria's Secret girls Candice Swanepoel, Karlie Kloss and co. perform a cringey lip sync in their latest video ... but it's ok because they are all wearing BIKINIS! |publisher=[[Associated Newspapers Ltd]] |newspaper=[[Daily Mail]] |last=Jones |first=Toni |date=January 30, 2013 |access-date=March 4, 2013 |location=London}}{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Daily Mail November 2012">{{cite news |title=Victoria's Secret apologises for Karlie Kloss' controversial Native American costume and edits look out of TV broadcast |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2231855/Victorias-Secret-apologises-Karlie-Kloss-controversial-Native-American-costume-edits-look-TV-broadcast.html |publisher=[[Associated Newspapers Ltd]] |newspaper=[[Daily Mail]] |last=Carpenter |first=Cassie |date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=November 23, 2012 |location=London}}{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="EOnline July 2011">{{cite web |title=Five Things to Know About Joe Jonas' New Cuddle Partner Karlie Kloss |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b251750_five_things_know_about_joe_jonas_new.html |publisher=[[E! Online]] |last=Garvey |first=Marianne |date=July 12, 2011 |access-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="EW InsideTV July 2012">{{cite web |title=MTV bringing back 'House of Style' |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/07/24/mtv-bringing-back-house-of-style/?hpt=hp_t3 |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |work=InsideTV |last=Gonzalez |first=Sandra |date=July 24, 2012 |access-date=November 23, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="FMD Bio">{{cite web |title=Karlie Kloss |url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Karlie_Kloss |publisher=[[Fashion Model Directory]] |year=2012 |access-date=November 9, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Fashionista November 2011">{{cite web |title=The Top 10 Moments from the 2011 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show: From Jay-Z's Surprise Performance to Karlie Kloss' Debut |url=http://fashionista.com/2011/11/the-top-10-moments-from-the-2011-victorias-secret-fashion-show-from-jay-zs-surprise-performance-to-karlie-kloss-debut/ |publisher=www.fashionista.com |last=Chernikoff |first=Leah |date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=November 23, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="IMG Models">{{cite web |title=Karlie Kloss |website=IMG Models |url=http://www.imgmodels.com/portfolio/new-york/women/model?mid=19402 |access-date=November 15, 2016 |at=See "STATS" drop-down menu}}</ref>
<ref name="IMG September 2012">{{cite web |title=Karlie Kloss signs with IMG Models |url=http://www.imgworld.com/news/news/2012/september/karlie-kloss-signs-with-img-models.aspx |publisher=[[IMG Models]] |date=September 5, 2012 |access-date=November 9, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Models.com profile">{{cite web |title=Karlie Kloss |website=Models.com |url=https://models.com/models/Karlie-Kloss |access-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20161214135103/https://models.com/models/Karlie-Kloss |archive-date=December 14, 2016 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
<ref name="NYMag April 2011">{{cite web |title=See the New Spring Campaigns for Dior, Prada, Versace, Gucci, and More |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/01/fashion_campaign.html |publisher=[[New York Magazine]] |last=Lim |first=James |date=January 4, 2011 |access-date=February 18, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="NYMag November 2008">{{cite web |title=Karlie Kloss Is Fashion Week's Top Model |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2008/02/all_fashion_week_weve_pitted.html |publisher=[[New York Magazine]] |date=February 11, 2008 |access-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="NYMag.com profile">{{cite news |title=Karlie Kloss: Model Profile |work=[[New York Magazine]] |url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/kkloss/karliekloss/ |access-date=August 8, 2016 |archive-date=July 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708184602/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/kkloss/karliekloss/ |dead-url=no}}</ref>
<ref name="NYPost April 2008">{{cite news |title=Model shop loses star, sues |url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/04182008/gossip/pagesix/model_shop_loses_star__sues_107102.htm |publisher=[[News Corporation]] |work=[[New York Post]] |date=April 18, 2008 |access-date=July 20, 2008 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421185351/http://www.nypost.com/seven/04182008/gossip/pagesix/model_shop_loses_star__sues_107102.htm |archive-date=April 21, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="STLToday May 2011">{{cite news |title=Top fashion model Karlie Kloss goes to the Webster Groves High School prom |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/columns/deb-peterson/top-fashion-model-karlie-kloss-goes-to-the-webster-groves/article_3fb07562-7680-11e0-9b4b-0019bb30f31a.html |publisher=Kevin Mowbray |newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |last=Peterson |first=Deb |date=May 4, 2011 |access-date=September 30, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Style September 2012">{{cite web |title=Karlie's Kookies: A Perfect 10 |url=http://www.style.com/stylefile/2012/09/karlies-kookies-a-perfect-10/ |publisher=www.style.com |date=September 5, 2012 |access-date=November 12, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Teen Vogue June 2008">{{cite web |title=Video of ''Teen Vogue'' cover shoot |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/style/coverlook/video/2008/01/dreamgirls_20080626 |publisher=[[Teen Vogue]] |date=June 26, 2008 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427112412/http://www.teenvogue.com/style/coverlook/video/2008/01/dreamgirls_20080626 |archive-date=April 27, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Teen Vogue September 2007">{{cite web |title=Karlie |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/teamvogue/blogs/castingcall/2007/09/karlie.html |publisher=[[Teen Vogue]] |date=September 17, 2007 |access-date=July 20, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="Vogue Paris December 2009">{{cite web |title=Les 30 mannequins des années 2000 |url=http://www.vogue.fr/mode/en-vogue/diaporama/les-30-mannequins-des-annees-2000/1662#!091218-les-mannequins-des-annees-2000-aspx72577image-jpg |publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications]] |work=[[Vogue Paris]] |language=French |date=December 18, 2009 |access-date=January 20, 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Washington Post February 2011">{{cite news |title=At 18, model Karlie Kloss conquers the runways at New York's Fashion Week |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/15/AR2011021503549.html?sid=ST2011021806864 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |last=Kaufman |first=Sarah |date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=November 9, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Weisman (2015)">{{cite web |last=Weisman |first=Aly |title=Karlie Kloss Leaving Victoria's Secret for NYU |date=February 24, 2015 |work=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/karlie-kloss-leaving-victorias-secret-for-nyu-2015-2 |access-date=November 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150309235525/http://www.businessinsider.com/karlie-kloss-leaving-victorias-secret-for-nyu-2015-2 |archive-date=March 9, 2015 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite news |last=Levitt |first=Aimee |title=The It Girls: The Next Supermodel May Be Coming from a High School Near You |work=[[The Riverfront Times]] |location=St. Louis, Missouri |url=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2008-09-10/news/the-it-girls-the-next-supermodel-may-be-coming-from-a-high-school-near-you/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20171209211340/https://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/the-it-girls-the-next-supermodel-may-be-coming-from-a-high-school-near-you/Content?oid=2453661 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |dead-url=no}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q292749|c=category:Karlie Kloss|b=no|n=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|s=no|wikt=no|q=no}}
* {{official|https://www.karliekloss.com/}}
* {{Fashionmodel}}
* {{IMDb name|4074444}}

{{Victoria's Secret Angels}}
{{2010-2019VSFashion Show}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kloss, Karlie}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:American ballerinas]]
[[Category:American child models]]
[[Category:American people of Danish descent]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:Female models from Illinois]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chicago]]
[[Category:People from Webster Groves, Missouri]]
[[Category:Webster Groves High School alumni]]
[[Category:New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study alumni]]

Indian Armed Forces

2018-05-11T12:33:41Z

Maundwiki:

{{semiprotected|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox national military
|name = Indian Armed Forces
|native_name = Bhāratīya Saśastra Senāeṃ
|image = [[File:Armed_forces_logo.png|150px|Emblem of Indian Armed Forces]]
|caption = Emblem of Indian Armed Forces




|branches = {{nowrap|[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|22px|border|Indian Army seal]] [[Indian Army]]}} {{nowrap|[[File:Air Force Ensign of India.svg|22px|border|Indian Air Force Seal]] [[Indian Air Force]]}} {{nowrap|[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|22px|border|Indian Navy seal]] [[Indian Navy]]}} {{nowrap|[[File:Indian Coast Guard flag.png|22px|border|Indian Coast Guard Seal]] [[Indian Coast Guard]]}}



| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]

|commander-in-chief = [[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|commander-in-chief_title = [[Commander-in-Chief]]
|minister = [[File:Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg|22px|border|Ministry of Defence (India)]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economictimes.com/news/defence/finance-minister-arun-jaitley-has-to-do-balancing-act-with-defence/articleshow/57645018.cms|title=Finance Minister Arun Jaitley has to do balancing act with defence|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/601148/jaitley-gets-charge-defence-ministry.html|title=Jaitley gets charge of Defence Ministry after Parrikar resignsa|website=Deccan Herald|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313123647/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/601148/jaitley-gets-charge-defence-ministry.html|archivedate=13 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|minister_title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
|commander = [[Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/navy-chief-navy-chief-sunil-lanba-takes-over-as-chairman-chiefs-of-staff-committee-3179904.html|title=Navy chief Sunil Lanba takes over as chairman, Chiefs of Staff committee|date=29 December 2016|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102001746/http://www.firstpost.com/india/navy-chief-navy-chief-sunil-lanba-takes-over-as-chairman-chiefs-of-staff-committee-3179904.html|archivedate=2 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|commander_title = Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee

|age = 18<ref name=ia-recruit>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zErLx/kOfcM=&ParentID=G+0mK8DeGyw=|title=Categories of Entry|publisher=Indian Army|accessdate=23 August 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823010101/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zErLx%2FkOfcM%3D&ParentID=G+0mK8DeGyw%3D|archivedate=23 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|conscription = No
|manpower_data =
|manpower_age =
|available =
|available_f =
|fit =
|fit_f =
|reaching =
|reaching_f =
|active = 1,443,921<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/20-sailor-shortage-in-navy-15-officer-posts-vacant-in-army-nirmala-sitharaman-tells-parliament-1616303.html|title=20% Sailor Shortage in Navy, 15% Officer Posts Vacant In Army, Nirmala Sitharaman Tells Parliament|publisher=}}</ref>
|ranked = 2nd
|reserve = 1,155,000<ref name="IISS 2012"/>

|amount = {{USD|63.9 billion|link=yes}}(2017) ([[List of countries by military expenditures|ranked 5th]])<ref>https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/sipri_fs_1805_milex_2017.pdf</ref>
|percent_GDP = 2.5%(2017)<ref>https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/sipri_fs_1805_milex_2017.pdf</ref>

|domestic_suppliers = [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] [[Mazagon Dock Limited|Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited]] [[Goa Shipyard Limited]] [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam]]<ref name="mod.nic.in">http://mod.nic.in/product&supp/welcome.html {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704170459/http://mod.nic.in/product%26supp/welcome.html |date=4 July 2012 }}</ref>
|foreign_suppliers = {{flag|Russia}}<ref name="SIPRI"/> {{flag|France}}<ref name="SIPRI"/> {{flag|Israel}}<ref name="SIPRI"/> {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name="E15.cz">{{cite web |url = http://zpravy.e15.cz/byznys/prumysl-a-energetika/ceska-tatra-se-vraci-do-indicke-armady-1150598 |title = Czech Tatra becoming into Indian Armed Forces |publisher = [[MAFRA]] a.s. |accessdate = 19 February 2015 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150110054802/http://zpravy.e15.cz/byznys/prumysl-a-energetika/ceska-tatra-se-vraci-do-indicke-armady-1150598 |archivedate = 10 January 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> {{flag|United States}}<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php|work=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|title=India / Aircraft / Jianjiji / Fighter|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119012346/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php|archivedate=19 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{flag|Italy}}
|imports = US$42.9 billion (2000–16)<ref name=sipri20f>{{cite web|title=Arms Transfers Database|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php|publisher=SIPRI|accessdate=20 February 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214003447/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php|archivedate=14 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|exports = US$314 million (2000–16)<ref name=sipri20f/>

{{flag|Afghanistan}} {{flag|Maldives}} {{flag|Tajikistan}} {{flag|Nepal}} {{flag|Bhutan}} {{flag|Israel}} {{flag|Oman}} {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|Vietnam}} {{flag|UAE}} {{flag|Iran}} {{flag|Thailand}} {{flag|Kazakhstan}} {{flag|Turkey}} {{flag|Qatar}} {{flag|Uzbekistan}} {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} {{flag|Malaysia}} {{flag|Philippines}} {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} {{flag|Indonesia}}
|history = [[Military history of India]] [[Presidency armies]] [[British Indian Army]] [[Indian National Army]]
|ranks = [[Army ranks and insignia of India|Army]] [[Air Force ranks and insignia of India|Air Force]] [[Naval ranks and insignia of India|Navy]]
}}

The '''Indian Armed Forces''' ([[Hindi]] (in IAST): ''Bhāratīya Saśastra Senāeṃ'') are the [[armed forces|military forces]] of the [[India|Republic of India]]. It consists of three<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Armed Forces |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/myindia/myindia_frame.php?id=6 |website=Know India Portal |publisher=NIC, GoI |accessdate=17 September 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925101556/http://knowindia.gov.in/myindia/myindia_frame.php?id=6 |archivedate=25 September 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CIC Order|url=http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/CIC_LS_A_2010_001190_M_42637.pdf|website=Right to Information|publisher=CIC, GoI|accessdate=17 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104102/http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/CIC_LS_A_2010_001190_M_42637.pdf|archivedate=25 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> professional uniformed services: the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy]], and [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF). Additionally, the Indian Armed Forces are supported by the [[Indian Coast Guard]] and [[Paramilitary Forces of India|paramilitary organisations]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Matters |first=Professional |url=http://reportmysignalpm.blogspot.com/2011/07/central-police-forces-and-state-armed.html |title=Report My Signal- Professional Matters: The Central Police Forces and State Armed Police |publisher=Reportmysignalpm.blogspot.com |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=17 August 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330232403/http://reportmysignalpm.blogspot.com/2011/07/central-police-forces-and-state-armed.html |archivedate=30 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ([[Assam Rifles]], and [[Special Frontier Force]]) and various inter-service commands and institutions such as the [[Strategic Forces Command]], the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] and the [[Ministry of Defence (India)#Integrated Defence Staff (IDS)|Integrated Defence Staff]]. The [[President of India]] is the [[Commander-in-Chief|Supreme Commander]] of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Armed Forces are under the management of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence (MoD)]] of the [[Government of India]]. With strength of over 1.4 million active personnel,<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%2520ID%2520:148814)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=15 September 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915111743/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A148814%29|archivedate=15 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/20-sailor-shortage-in-navy-15-officer-posts-vacant-in-army-nirmala-sitharaman-tells-parliament-1616303.html|title=20% Sailor Shortage in Navy, 15% Officer Posts Vacant In Army, Nirmala Sitharaman Tells Parliament|work=News18|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref> it is the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|world's 2nd largest military force]] and has the world's largest [[volunteer military|volunteer]] army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/army.htm|title=India - Army|author=John Pike|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/army.htm|archivedate=6 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is important to note that the [[Central Armed Police Forces]], which are commonly and incorrectly referred to as 'Paramilitary Forces', are headed by officers from the [[Indian Police Service]] and are under the control of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], not the Ministry of Defence.

The Indian armed forces have been engaged in a number of major military operations, including: the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistani wars of 1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], the [[Portuguese-Indian War]], the [[Sino-Indian War]], the 1967 [[Chola incident]], the [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish]], the [[Kargil War]], and the [[Siachen conflict]] among others. India honours its armed forces and military personnel annually on [[Armed Forces Flag Day]], 7 December. Since 1962, the IAF has maintained close [[India–Russia relations#Military relations|military relations with Russia]], including cooperative development of programmes such as the [[Sukhoi/HAL FGFA|Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft]] (FGFA) and the [[Il-214|Multirole Transport Aircraft]] (MTA). Armed with the [[nuclear triad]],<ref name="India_triad">{{Cite web |title =Now, India has a nuclear triad |url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-india-has-a-nuclear-triad/article9231307.ece |website =The Hindu |access-date =17 October 2016 |deadurl =no |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp |archivedate =24 September 2015 |df =dmy-all }}</ref> the Indian armed forces are steadily undergoing modernisation,<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108144641/http://www.nytimes.com/|archivedate=8 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> with investments in areas such as [[F-INSAS|futuristic soldier systems]] and [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme|missile defence systems]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/18/MNRR11AJK9.DTL&type=science|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|title=India's army seeks military space program|first=Gavin|last=Rabinowitz|date=18 June 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321084758/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F06%2F18%2FMNRR11AJK9.DTL&type=science|archivedate=21 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com"/>

The Department of Defence Production of the Ministry of Defence is responsible for the indigenous production of equipment used by the Indian Armed Forces. It comprises the 41 [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] under the control of the [[Ordnance Factories Board]], and eight [[List of public sector undertakings in India|Defence PSUs]] namely: [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]], [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]], [[Bharat Earth Movers|BEML]], [[Bharat Dynamics|BDL]], [[Mazagon Dock Limited|MDL]], [[Goa Shipyard Limited|GSL]], [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers|GRSE]] and [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam|Midhani]].<ref name="mod.nic.in"/> India was the largest importer of defence equipment in 2014 with Russia, Israel, France and the United States being the top foreign suppliers of military equipment.<ref>{{cite web|title=End of an era: Israel replaces Russia as India's top military supplier|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/me_military0246_03_25.asp|publisher=World Tribune|accessdate=18 March 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813204853/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/me_military0246_03_25.asp|archivedate=13 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia Competing to Remain India's Top Military Supplier|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3750#|publisher=India Defence|accessdate=18 March 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818181155/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3750%23|archivedate=18 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cohen |first=Stephen and Sunil Dasgupta |title=Arms Sales for India |url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2011/03_india_cohen_dasgupta.aspx |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=18 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309074634/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2011/03_india_cohen_dasgupta.aspx |archivedate= 9 March 2011 |df= }}</ref> The Government of India has launched a [[Make in India]] initiative to indigenise manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports, including defence imports and procurement.

==History==
{{Main article|Military history of India}}
India has one of the longest military histories, dating back several millennia. The first reference to armies is found in the [[Vedas]] as well as the epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabaratha]]''. Classical Indian texts on archery in particular, and [[Indian martial arts|martial arts]] in general are known as [[Dhanurveda]].

===Ancient to medieval era===
[[Indian maritime history]] dates back 5,000 years.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php Interesting facts about India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206014250/http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php |date=6 December 2007 }} and [http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/2_5_01.html Maritime trade with the west] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611152017/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/2_5_01.html |date=11 June 2008 }}</ref> The first tidal dock is believed to have been built at [[Lothal]] around 2300 BC during the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] period, near the present day port of [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]] on the Gujarat coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1345150.stm|title=BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Indian seabed hides ancient remains|work=bbc.co.uk|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430013122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1345150.stm|archivedate=30 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Rig Veda]] written around 1500 BC, credits Varuna with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes naval expeditions. There is reference to the side wings of a vessel called ''Plava'', which gives the ship stability in storm conditions. A compass, ''Matsya yantra'' was used for navigation in the fourth and fifth century AD. The earliest known reference to an organisation devoted to ships in ancient India is in the [[Mauryan Empire]] from the 4th century BC. Powerful militaries included those of the: [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]], [[Chola Empire|Chola]], [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[empire]]s.<ref>[http://indiannavy.nic.in/history.htm History of the Indian Navy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310000000/http://indiannavy.nic.in/history.htm |date=10 March 2010 }}</ref> Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]]'s mentor and advisor [[Chanakya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'' devotes a full chapter on the state department of waterways under ''navadhyaksha'' ([[Sanskrit]] for [[Management|Superintendent]] of ships) {{Ref|Kautilya}}. The term, ''nava dvipantaragamanam'' (Sanskrit for "sailing to other lands by ships," i.e. exploration) appears in this book in addition to appearing in the Vedic text, ''Baudhayana Dharmashastra'' as the interpretation of the term, ''Samudrasamyanam''.

Sea lanes between India and neighbouring lands were used for trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian Culture on other societies. The [[Chola]]s excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Maratha and Kerala fleets were expanded, and became the most powerful Naval Forces in the subcontinent, defeating European navies at various times (''See the [[Battle of Colachel]]''). The fleet review of the Maratha navy, at which the ships ''Pal'' and ''Qalbat'' participated, took place at the Ratnagiri fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art24/feb.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027173614/http://geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art24/feb.htm|title=DKPA : Stamp Calendar - Stamps Issued by India in February 2001|archivedate=27 October 2009|work=geocities.com}}</ref> The [[Maratha]] [[Kanhoji Angre]], and [[Kunjali Marakkar]], the Naval chief of [[Saamoothiri]] were two notable naval chiefs of the period.

===British India (1857 to 1947)===
{{Main article|Royal Indian Navy|British Indian Army|Presidency armies}}
[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA17069.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Humber armoured cars of 10th Indian Division move forward in Italy, 22 July 1944.]]

The Royal Indian Navy was first established by the British while much of India was under the control of the [[East India Company]]. In 1892, it became a maritime component as the Royal Indian Marine (RIM).

During [[World War I]] the Indian Army contributed a number of divisions and independent brigades to the European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern theatres of war. One million Indian troops served overseas; 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total, 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war. It fought against the German Empire in German East Africa and on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Indian divisions were also sent to Egypt, [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] and nearly 700,000 served in Mesopotamia against the [[Ottoman Empire]].

Following WWI, the Indian Armed Forces underwent significant transformation. In 1928, Engineer [[Sub-lieutenant]] D. N. Mukherji became the first Indian to receive a commission in the Royal Indian Marine. In 1932, the Indian Air Force was established as an auxiliary air force; two years later, the RIM was upgraded to the status of a naval service as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN).

Though the gradual "Indianisation" of the officer corps began after WWI, at the outbreak of war in 1939, there were no Indian flag, general or air officers in the armed services. The highest-ranking Indian officers were those serving in the non-combatant [[Indian Medical Service]], who held no rank higher than colonel; in the regular Indian Army, there were no Indian officers above the rank of major.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_39">{{cite book|pages=|title=Indian Army List for October 1939|first= |last=|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1939|ISBN=|subject=}}</ref> The [[Royal Indian Navy]] had no Indian senior [[line officer]]s and only a single Indian senior engineer officer,<ref name="The_Navy_List_39">{{cite book|pages=620–621|title=The Navy List for August 1939|first= |last=|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1939|ISBN=|subject=}}</ref> while the Indian Air Force had no Indian senior officers in 1939, with the highest-ranking Indian air force officer a [[flight lieutenant]].<ref name="The_Navy_List_39"/><ref name="The_Air_Force_List_39">{{cite book|pages=870–871|title=The Air Force List for August 1939|first= |last=|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1939|ISBN=|subject=}}</ref>

In [[World War II]], the Indian Army began the war in 1939 with just under 200,000 men. By the end of the war it had become the largest volunteer army in history, rising to over 2.5 million men by August 1945.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|title=Colonies, Colonials and World War Two|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702084539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml|archivedate=2 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Serving in divisions of infantry, armour and a fledgling airborne forces, they fought on three continents in Africa, Europe and Asia. The Indian Army fought in Ethiopia against the Italian Army, in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia against both the Italian and German Army, and, after the Italian surrender, against the German Army in Italy. However, the bulk of the Indian Army was committed to fighting the Japanese Army, first during the British defeats in Malaya and the retreat from Burma to the Indian border; later, after resting and refitting for the victorious advance back into Burma, as part of the largest British Empire army ever formed. These campaigns cost the lives of over 36,000 Indian servicemen, while another 34,354 were wounded; 67,340 became prisoners of war. Their valour was recognised with the award of some 4,000 decorations, and 38 members of the Indian Army were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] or the [[George Cross]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>

The demands of war and increasing recognition that the era of British dominance in the subcontinent was ending increased the pace of "Indianisation." In 1940, Subroto Mukherjee (later the first Indian C-in-C and Chief of the Air Staff) became the first Indian to command an air force squadron and attain the (albeit acting) rank of [[squadron leader]].<ref name="Air_Force_List_Jun40">{{cite book|pages=702|title=The Air Force List: June 1940|first= |last=|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1940|ISBN=|subject=}}</ref> In July 1941, Indian Medical Service officer [[Hiraji Cursetji]] became one of the first Indian officers to be promoted to substantive [[general officer]] rank.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_Jul42">{{cite book|pages=1933|title=Indian Army List for July 1942|first= |last=|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1942|ISBN=|subject=}}</ref> During the war, several Indian Army officers, notably Kodandera M. Cariappa, [[S. M. Shrinagesh]] and [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya]], all of whom would subsequently command the Indian Army, achieved distinction as the first Indian battalion and brigade commanders. In 1946, sailors of the [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny|Royal Indian Navy mutinied]] on board ships and in shore establishments. A total of 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in the rebellion, which had an impact across India.

===Dominion of India (1947–1950)===
The period immediately following Indian independence was a traumatic time for India and her armed services. Along with the newly independent India, the Indian Armed Forces were forcibly divided between India and Pakistan, with ships, divisions and aircraft allocated to the respective Dominions. During this period, the armed forces of India were involved in a number of significant military operations, notably the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] and [[Operation Polo]], the code name of a military operation in September 1948 where the Indian Armed Forces invaded the [[Hyderabad State|State of Hyderabad]] and overthrew its Nizam, annexing the state into the Indian Union. On 15 January 1949, General [[K M Cariappa]] was appointed the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian army.

===Republic of India (1950 to present)===
{{main article|Military operations of India}}
Upon India becoming a sovereign republic on 26 January 1950, some of the last vestiges of British rule - rank badges, imperial crowns, British ensigns and "Royal" monikers - were dropped and replaced with the Indian tricolour and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka]].<ref name="insignia">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archivedate=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> While India had become a republic, British officers seconded from the [[British Armed Forces]] continued to hold senior positions in the Indian Armed Forces into the early 1960s. On 1 April 1954, [[Air Marshal]] [[Subroto Mukherjee]] became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Air Force. Effective from 1 April 1955, a Parliamentary Act, the ''Commanders-In-Chiefs (Change in Designation) Act'', re-designated the office of Commander-in-Chief as the Chief of Staff of each branch. Not until 1958 would the last British chief of staff that of the Indian Navy, be succeeded by an Indian. On 22 April of that year, Vice Admiral [[Ram Dass Katari]] became the first Indian Chief of Naval Staff. The Chiefs of Staff of the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy were upgraded to four-star rank on par with the Chief of Army Staff in 1966 and 1968, respectively.

In 1961 tensions rose between India and Portugal over the Portuguese-occupied territory of Goa, which India claimed for itself. After Portuguese police cracked down violently on a peaceful, unarmed demonstration for union with India, the Indian government decided to invade and initiated [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]]. A lopsided air, sea, and ground campaign resulted in the speedy surrender of Portuguese forces. Within 36 hours, 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule ended, and Goa was annexed by India.
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Pakistan's Lt. Gen. [[A. A. K. Niazi]] signing the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]] in [[Dhaka]] on 16 Dec' 1971, in the presence of India's [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|Lt. Gen. Aurora]]. Standing behind them are officers of India's Army, Navy and Air Force. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 War]] directly involved participation of all three arms of Indian Armed Forces.]]

India fought [[India Pakistan wars and conflicts|four major wars]] with its neighbour [[Pakistan]] in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]] and [[Kargil War|1999]], and with [[China]] in [[Sino-Indian War|1962]]. Indian victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war, helped create the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|free country of Bangladesh]]. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan began organising tourist expeditions to the [[Siachen Glacier]], disputed territory with India. Irked by this development, in April 1984 India initiated the successful [[Operation Meghdoot]] during which it gained control over all of the 70 kilometer (41 mile)-long Siachen Glacier, and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]] immediately west of the glacier—[[Sia La]], [[Bilafond La]], and [[Gyong La]].<ref name=Wirsing>{{cite book |last = Wirsing |first = Robert |title = Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan, 1991 |isbn = 9780312060671}}</ref><ref name=Child>{{cite book |last = Child |first = Greg |title = Thin air: encounters in the Himalayas |publisher = The Mountaineers Books, 1998 |isbn = 9780898865882}}</ref> According to [[TIME magazine|''TIME'' magazine]], India gained more than {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}} of territory as a result of its military operations in Siachen.<ref name=":1">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html | publisher=Time.com | title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World | date=31 July 1989 | first=Edward W. | last=Desmond/Kashmir | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html | archivedate=14 January 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1987 and in 1989 Pakistan to re-take the glacier but was unsuccessful. The conflict ended with Indian Victory.<ref name=Kapur>{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804755504|page=118}}</ref> There has been a ceasefire since 2003.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

The [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) carried out a mission in northern and eastern Sri Lanka in 1987–1990 to disarm the [[LTTE|Tamil Tigers]] under the terms of the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]].<ref name=iclq>[http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0020589300047734 M. L. Marasinghe (1988). Ethnic Politics and Constitutional Reform: The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 37, pp 551–587 ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp |date=24 September 2015 }} {{doi|10.1093/iclqaj/37.3.551}}</ref> It was a difficult battle for the Indian Army, which was not trained for an unconventional war. After losing approximately 1,200 personnel and several [[T-72]] tanks, India ultimately abandoned the mission in consultation with the Sri Lankan government. In what was labelled as [[Operation Pawan]], the Indian Air Force flew about 70,000 sorties to and within Sri Lanka.

The beginning of the 21st century saw a reorientation for India on the global stage from a regional role in the subcontinent to a major role in the Indian Ocean region stretching from the [[Gulf of Aden]] to the [[Malacca Strait]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111004/jsp/nation/story_14586060.jsp|title=Military to expand strategic footprint Rejig to guard India interests|work=telegraphindia.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007031445/http://telegraphindia.com/1111004/jsp/nation/story_14586060.jsp|archivedate=7 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India's sphere of influence needs to encompass not just the South Asian Sub-continent, but also the northern Indian Ocean area, from the eastern seaboard of Africa in the west, to the Malacca Straits in the east, and must include Iran, Afghanistan, the Central Asian Republics (CARs), China and Myanmar. India's credibility, as a regional power will be contingent on institutional stability, economic development and military strength, including nuclear deterrence. The long stretches of disputed borders with China and Pakistan, and sizeable areas under their occupation, continue to be major irritants, in spite of the peace processes under-way with both countries.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

==Current==

===Overview===
The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in [[New Delhi]], the capital city of India. The [[President of India]] serves as the formal Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/about.htm|title=About - The President of India|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405170925/http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/about.htm|archivedate=5 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while actual control lies with the executive headed by the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) is the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|ministry]] charged with the responsibilities of countering insurgency and ensuring external security of India. [[General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] is the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS), [[Admiral Sunil Lanba]] is the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS) and [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] is the [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (CAS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/257178_Gen-Kapoor-is-new-head-of-Armed-Forces-Chiefs-panel|title=Site Under Construction|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{update inline|date=June 2017}} The Indian armed force are split into different groups based on their region of operation. The Indian Army is divided administratively into seven tactical commands, each under the control of different [[Lieutenant General]]s. The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional [[Command (military formation)|commands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Indian Air Force Today|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=13|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921003625/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=13|archivedate=21 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief with the rank of Air Marshal. The Indian Navy operates three [[Command (military formation)|Commands]]. Each Command is headed by a [[Flag Officer|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] with the rank of [[Vice Admiral]]. There are two joint commands whose head can belong to any of the three services. These are the [[Strategic Forces Command]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]. The lack of an overall military commander has helped keep the Indian Armed Forces under civilian control, and has prevented the rise of military dictatorships unlike in [[Military coups in Pakistan|neighbouring Pakistan]].<ref name="Economist">{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21574458-india-poised-become-one-four-largest-military-powers-world-end?spc=scode&spv=xm&ah=9d7f7ab945510a56fa6d37c30b6f1709|title=Know your own strength|work=The Economist|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402083831/http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21574458-india-poised-become-one-four-largest-military-powers-world-end?spc=scode&spv=xm&ah=9d7f7ab945510a56fa6d37c30b6f1709|archivedate=2 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Indian Ministry of Defence-1.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|South Block]] in [[New Delhi]] is the headquarters of the Ministry of Defence.]]

The Armed Forces have four main tasks;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/amitabha.ghosh/redoctrinisation-of-the-indian-armed-forces |title=Redoctrinisation of the Indian Armed Forces |publisher=Slideshare.net |date= |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128214946/http://www.slideshare.net/amitabha.ghosh/redoctrinisation-of-the-indian-armed-forces |archivedate=28 November 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* To assert the territorial integrity of India.
* To defend the country if [[Offensive (military)|attacked]] by a foreign nation.
* To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding).
* To participate in [[United Nations]] peacekeeping operations in consonance with India's commitment to the United Nations Charter.
The code of conduct of the Indian military is detailed in a semi-official book called ''Customs and Etiquette in the Services'', written by retired Major General Ravi Arora, which details how Indian personnel are expected to conduct themselves generally.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=30827| title=Book on Customs & Etiquettes in the Services Released| publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India| date=3 September 2007| accessdate=10 March 2011| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=30827| archivedate=17 January 2016| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Arora is an executive editor of the ''[[Indian Military Review]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.idyb.com/imr/about_us.php| title=About Us| publisher=Indian Military Review| accessdate=10 March 2011| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003215/http://www.idyb.com/imr/about_us.php| archivedate=13 July 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The major deployments of the Indian army constitute the border regions of India, particularly [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Northeast India]], to engage in counter-insurgency and anti-terrorist operations. The major commitments of the Indian Navy constitute patrol missions, [[Piracy in Somalia|anti-piracy operations]] off the coast of [[Somalia]], the
'Singapore Indian Maritime Bilateral Exercise' with the [[Republic of Singapore Navy]] in the [[Straits of Malacca]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=48363|title=Press Information Bureau|work=pib.nic.in|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512173033/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=48363|archivedate=12 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> maintaining a military presence in [[Southeast Asia]]s waters, and joint exercises with other countries, such as: Brasil, South Africa,<ref>[http://www.idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/IndiaBrazilSouthAfricaTangoatSea_GSKhurana_160508 India-Brasil-South Africa ‘Tango’ at Sea | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163150/http://www.idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/IndiaBrazilSouthAfricaTangoatSea_GSKhurana_160508 |date=21 July 2011 }}. Idsa.in (16 May 2008). Retrieved 6 January 2012.</ref> the United States and Japan,<ref>Anil K. Joseph [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014181818/http://tribuneindia.com/2007/20070417/main8.htm Indian Navy holds joint drills with top naval powers]. ''The Tribune''. 17 April 2007</ref> France ([[Varuna naval exercises]]), the People's Republic of China,<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200903201879.htm India to take part in China's International Fleet Review] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116043252/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200903201879.htm |date=16 November 2010 }}. ''The Hindu''. (20 March 2009). Retrieved 6 January 2012.</ref> the [[Russian Navy]] ([[INDRA naval exercises]]), and others.
[[File:Top ten military expenditures in US$ Bn. in 2014, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies.PNG|thumb|left|240px|Top ten military expenditures in US$ Bn. in 2014, according to the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]].]]

Between April 2015 and March 2016, India allocated $40 billion to Defence Services, $10 billion to Defence (Civil Estimates) and another $10 billion to the Home Ministry for [[Paramilitary forces of India|Paramilitary]] and [[Central Armed Police Forces|CAPF]] forces - a total allocation for defence and security of about $60 billion for the financial year 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rupe-india.org/61/rising.html|title=Aspects of India's Economy Remembering Socialist China, 1949-1976|work=rupe-india.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2015-16/eb/stat02.pdf|title=Indian Expenditure Budget Vol. I, 2015–2016|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318162819/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2015-16/eb/stat02.pdf|archivedate=18 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2016-17, the contribution to the Home Ministry has been increased from $10 billion to $11.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/rpELLMPvJG0oVf6bLWnlGN/Union-Budget-201617-MHA-gets-Rs7738312-crore-a-2456-h.html|title=Union Budget 2016-17: MHA gets Rs77,383.12 crore, a 24.56% hike|first=|last=PTI|date=29 February 2016|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719042112/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/rpELLMPvJG0oVf6bLWnlGN/Union-Budget-201617-MHA-gets-Rs7738312-crore-a-2456-h.html|archivedate=19 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Contemporary criticism of the Indian military have drawn attention to several issues, such as lack of political reform,<ref name="Cohen">Cohen, Stephen P. and Sunil Dasgupta, [http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/09_india_cohen_dasgupta.aspx "The Drag on India's Military Growth"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223192202/http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/09_india_cohen_dasgupta.aspx |date=23 December 2010 |__FORMAT__={key}={value} }}, [http://www.brookings.edu/ The Brookings Institution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210001401/https://www.brookings.edu/ |date=10 February 2006 }}, September 2010.</ref> obsolete equipment,<ref name="afp">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gdFSFPrb5Joog62Xna7seGc5h2og?docId=CNG.78ebb96f24b87291c30fc84ff624c48a.8f1|title=India's military weakness|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614130735/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gdFSFPrb5Joog62Xna7seGc5h2og?docId=CNG.78ebb96f24b87291c30fc84ff624c48a.8f1|archivedate=14 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> lack of adequate ammunition,<ref name="afp"/> and inadequate [[research and development]] due to over-reliance on foreign imports.<ref>[http://www.sarkaritel.com/defence-budget-high-on-rhetoric-weak-in-modernising Defence Budget: HIGH ON RHETORIC, WEAK IN MODERNISING] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025221333/http://www.sarkaritel.com/defence-budget-high-on-rhetoric-weak-in-modernising |date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> In addition, the lack of a 'strategic culture' among the [[Politics of India|political class in India]] is claimed to have hindered the effectiveness of the Indian military.<ref name="Economist"/> Critics believe these issues hobble the progress and modernisation of the military. However, analysis by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] indicates that India is projected to have the fourth most capable concentration of power by 2015.<ref>[http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2006/spring/art3-sp06.htm INDIA IN THE INDIAN OCEAN by Donald L. Berlin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212011148/http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2006/spring/art3-sp06.htm |date=12 December 2006 }} Naval War College Review, Spring 2006, Vol. 59, No. 2</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}} According to a report published by the [[US Congress]], India is the developing world's leading arms purchaser.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4237578.stm|work=BBC News|title=India's navy in .8bn sub deal|date=12 September 2005|accessdate=5 May 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127103903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4237578.stm|archivedate=27 January 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is investing {{INRConvert|99.7|b|1}} to build a dedicated and secure [[optical fibre cable]] (OFC) network for exclusive use of the Army, Navy and Air Force. This will be one of the world's largest closed user group (CUG) networks.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shalini Singh |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-22/india/28157805_1_ofc-telecom-network-defence-forces |title=Govt plans Rs 10,000cr dedicated telecom network for armed forces — India — The Times of India |publisher=The Times of India |date=22 August 2009 |accessdate=1 August 2010}}</ref>

===Personnel===
{{Update|section|date=June 2017}}
During 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had a reported strength of 1.4 million active personnel and 2.1 million reserve personnel. In addition, there were approximately 1.3 million paramilitary personnel, making it one of the [[List of countries by size of armed forces|world's largest military forces]].<ref name="IISS 2010, pp. 358">[[#IISS2010|IISS 2010]], pp. 358</ref> A total of 1,567,390 ex- servicemen are registered with the Indian Army, the majority of them hailing from: Uttar Pradesh (271,928), Punjab (191,702), Haryana (165,702), Maharashtra (143,951), Kerala (127,920), Tamil Nadu (103,156), Rajasthan (100,592) and Himachal Pradesh (78,321). Many of them are re-employed in various Central government sectors.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/reports/report01/cap11.pdf|title=Resettlement and welfare of ex-servicemen|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322014718/http://mod.nic.in/reports/report01/cap11.pdf|archivedate=22 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Prior to 1992, women served in auxiliary services. Since then, women have been granted the right to serve as officers in the military and starting 2015, women fighter jet combat pilots were also inducted. As of 2014, the percentage of the women in the Army was 3%, in the Navy was 2.8% and in the Air Force was 8.5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/indian-armys-shameful-treatment-of-women-recruits-706717|title=Indian Army's shameful treatment of women recruits|website=NDTV|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310201754/http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/indian-armys-shameful-treatment-of-women-recruits-706717|archivedate=10 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Recruitment and Training===
The highest wartime gallantry award given by the Military of India is the [[Param Vir Chakra]] (PVC), followed by the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] (MVC) and the [[Vir Chakra]] (VrC). Its peacetime equivalent is the [[Ashoka Chakra Award]]. The highest decoration for meritorious service is the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]].

[[File:Equivalent-ranks-of-the-Indian-Armed-Forces.jpg|thumb|Picture showing equivalent ranks and insignia of Indian Armed Forces (click to enlarge)]]
{{Military of India sidebar}}

{| class="wikitable" border=1 width=550 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
! style="align: center; background: ;" colspan="3" | '''Indian Armed Forces'''<ref name="Press Information Bureau"/><ref name="IISS 2012">[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012]], pp. 243–248</ref><ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ||'''Active'''||'''Reserve'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8-vgAACAAJ&dq=IISS+2017&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUoJDCg-PZAhXNmOAKHddYBiMQ6AEIJzAA|title=The Military Balance 2017|last=(Iiss)|first=The International Institute of Strategic Studies|date=2017-02-14|publisher=Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated|isbn=9781857439007|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|25x25px]] [[Indian Army]] ||1,237,117|| 960,000
|-
|[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|25x25px]] [[Indian Navy]] || 67,228 || 55,000
|-
|[[File:Air Force Ensign of India.svg|25x25px]] [[Indian Air Force]] || 139,576 || 140,000
|-
| || '''1,443,921''' ||'''1,155,000'''
|-
! style="align: center; background: ;" colspan="3" | '''Paramilitary Forces'''<ref name="IISS 2012"/>
|-
| ||'''Active'''||'''Reserve'''
|-

|[[File:Indian Coast Guard Logo.jpg|28x28px]] [[Indian Coast Guard]]
|11,000
|
|-
|[[File:Assam Rifles Logo.jpg|25x25px]] [[Assam Rifles]]
|66,000
|
|-
|[[Special Frontier Force]]
|10,000<ref name=":0"/>
|
|-
| || '''87,000''' || '''N.A.'''
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Central Armed Police Forces and Others''''''<ref name="IISS 2012"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf|title=MHA Annual Report 2016-2017|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|dead-url=no|access-date=|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|313,678
|
|-
|[[File:BSF Logo.svg|26x26px]] [[Border Security Force]]
|257,363
|
|-
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
|89,432
|
|-
|[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|144,418
|
|-
|[[File:Sashastra-Seema-Bal-logo.png|25x25px]] [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
|76,337
|
|-
|[[Railway Protection Force]]
|70,000<ref name=":0"/>
|
|-
|[[National Disaster Response Force]]
|13,000
|
|-
|[[National Security Guard]]
|7,350<ref name=":0"/>
|
|-
|[[Defence Security Corps]]
|31,000<ref name=":0"/>
|
|-
|[[Special Protection Group]]
|3,000<ref name=":0"/>
|
|-
|State Armed Police
|400,000<ref name=":0"/>
|
|-
|Civil Defence
|
|500,000<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|[[Home Guard (India)|Home Guard]]
|
|487,800<ref name=":0"/>
|-
| || '''1,403,700<ref name=":0"/>''' ||'''987,800'''<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|}

{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}

{{Main article|Military academies in India}}

[[File:Sudan Block NDA.JPG|thumb|left|The [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA) at [[Pune]]. NDA serves as the joint services academy for the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.]]

The Indian Armed Forces have set up numerous military academies across India for training personnel. Military schools, [[Sainik School]]s, and the Rashtriya Indian Military College were founded to broaden the recruitment base of the Defence Forces. The three branches of the Indian Armed Forces jointly operate several institutions such as: the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA), the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC), the [[National Defence College, India|National Defence College]] (NDC) and the [[College of Defence Management]] (CDM) for training its officers. The [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune|Armed Forces Medical College]] (AFMC) at [[Pune, Maharashtra|Pune]] is responsible for providing the entire pool of medical staff to the Armed Forces by giving them in-service training.

Officer recruitment is through many military-related academies. Besides the tri-service [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy, Pune]], the three services have their own training institutes for this purpose. These include: the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]], [[Indian Naval Academy]], [[Ezhimala]], [[Air Force Academy, Dundigul|Air Force Academy]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Officers Training Academy]] at [[Chennai]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref name=yn6j>{{cite news|title=Gaya Officers Training Academy poised to conduct maiden passing out parade|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/gaya-officers-training-academy-poised-conduct-maiden-passing-071715440.html|accessdate=10 July 2012|newspaper=Yahoo News|date=6 June 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204134318/http://in.news.yahoo.com/gaya-officers-training-academy-poised-conduct-maiden-passing-071715440.html|archivedate=4 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=toi10f>{{cite news|title=Gaya to get Army's second Officers Training Academy|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-18/india/28144782_1_ssc-officers-navy-and-iaf-officers-training-academy|accessdate=10 July 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=10 February 2010}}</ref> Other notable institutions are the [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College]], at Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, the [[High Altitude Warfare School]] (HAWS), at Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir, the [[Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School]] (CIJW), in Vairengte, Mizoram, and the [[College of Military Engineering, Pune|College of Military Engineering]] (CME), in Pune. After being commissioned, officers are posted and deputed, and are at the helm of affairs not only inside India but also abroad. Officers are appointed and removed only by the [[President of India]].

===Overseas bases and relations===
{{see also | List of countries with overseas military bases#India | label 1 = List of India's overseas military bases and posts}}

[[Farkhor Air Base]] is a military air base located near the town of Farkhor in Tajikistan, {{convert|130|km|mi}} southeast of the capital Dushanbe. It is operated by the Indian Air Force in collaboration with the Tajikistan Air Force. Farkhor is India's first and only military base outside its territory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Making the water boil in Afghanistan|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070955191000.htm|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219040759/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070955191000.htm|archivedate=19 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> There was an unconfirmed report of India building some assets at [[Ayni Air Base|Ayni air base]] in Tajikistan<ref>{{cite web|title=India Reportedly Basing Helicopters, Fighter Jets In Tajikistan|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64694|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002161023/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64694|archivedate=2 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> although the Tajik government has denied this.<ref>{{cite web|title=India air base grounded in Tajikistan|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LL01Df02.html|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, India had deployed its Army and Border Roads Organisation personnel to upgrade Ayni airbase by extending its runway, constructing an air-traffic control tower and perimeter fencing around the base. India provided medium-lift choppers to Tajikistan and a dedicated hospital there as part of efforts to build on the strategic ties between the two countries against the backdrop of US-led troops pulling out from Afghanistan in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=India to provide choppers to Tajikistan|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-to-provide-choppers-to-tajikistan_853360.html|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003203255/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-to-provide-choppers-to-tajikistan_853360.html|archivedate=3 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India is also helping with the development of [[Port of Chabahar|Chah Bahar Seaport]] in southeastern [[Iran]], which is speculated to be done to secure India's Maritime assets and also as a gateway to Afghanistan & Central Asia. However, India and Israel also have a very strong defence relationship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-aug-700.html|title=Indo-Israel Military Cooperation|work=idsa-india.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701215447/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-aug-700.html|archivedate=1 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Парад в честь 70-летия Великой Победы - 39.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Contingent from the Indian Armed Forces at the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Moscow Victory Day Parade]], 2015]]

In the [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship]], India took on the obligation to actively assist Nepal in national defence and military preparedness, and both nations agreed not to tolerate threats to each other's security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020405/edit.htm#5|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Editorial|work=tribuneindia.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420170339/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020405/edit.htm#5|archivedate=20 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/126.htm|title=India - Nepal|work=countrystudies.us|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230090533/http://countrystudies.us/india/126.htm|archivedate=30 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1958, the then-[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited Bhutan and reiterated India's support for Bhutan's independence and later declared in the [[Indian Parliament]] that any aggression against Bhutan would be seen as aggression against India.<ref name="BI">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bt0078)|title=Indo-Bhutanese relations|work=loc.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India started the process to bring the island country Maldives into India's security grid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/India-bringing-Maldives-into-its-security-net/501583 |title=India bringing Maldives into its security net |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=13 August 2009 |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015082349/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-bringing-maldives-into-its-security-net/501583/ |archivedate=15 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> India is also one of three countries with whom Japan has a security pact, the others being Australia and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |work=Reuters |title=India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? |date=25 October 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301213612/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |archivedate=1 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> India and Russia maintain [[Indo–Russia relations|strong military co-operation.]] India has defence pacts with the US focusing on areas including security, joint training, joint development and manufacture of defence equipment and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/whats-behind-the-new-us-india-defense-pact-42944|title=What's behind the new US-India Defense Pact?|author=Ashok Sharma|date=17 June 2015|work=The Conversation|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619133827/http://theconversation.com/whats-behind-the-new-us-india-defense-pact-42944|archivedate=19 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1951, India and Burma signed a Treaty of Friendship in New Delhi. Article II of the treaty stipulates that "There shall be everlasting peace and unalterable friendship between the two States who shall ever strive to strengthen and develop further the cordial relations existing between the peoples of the two countries."<ref>[http://www.idea.int/asia_pacific/burma/upload/chap4.pdf India–Burma relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306094846/http://www.idea.int/asia_pacific/burma/upload/chap4.pdf |date= 6 March 2012 }}</ref> India had signed a pact to develop ports in Myanmar and various bilateral issues, including economic co-operation, connectivity, security and energy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aseanaffairs.com/page/india-myanmar/ties%20india%20to%20sign%20pact%20to%20develop%20myanmar%20port |title=INDIA-MYANMAR/TIES India to sign pact to develop Myanmar port |publisher=Aseanaffairs.com |date= |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707173435/http://www.aseanaffairs.com/page/india-myanmar/ties%20india%20to%20sign%20pact%20to%20develop%20myanmar%20port |archivedate=7 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
India has a "comprehensive strategic partnership" with UAE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-and-uae-announce-strategic-partnership-front-against-terrorism/article7550820.ece|title=India and UAE announce strategic partnership, front against terrorism|author=Nistula Hebbar|work=The Hindu|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183847/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-and-uae-announce-strategic-partnership-front-against-terrorism/article7550820.ece|archivedate=17 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |title=Front Page: Navy foils bid to hijack Indian ship in Gulf of Aden |work=The Hindu |date=12 November 2008 |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020182739/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |archivedate=20 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2008, a landmark defence pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from external threats".<ref>http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/AC643928791FF4F2652574FE00466484?OpenDocument {{Dead link |date=July 2010}}</ref>
On 9 June 2012, the JIMEX 2012 naval exercise took place off the coast of Tamil Nadu in India to Tokyo in Japan. This was the first ever bilateral maritime exercise between the two nations in a long time, reflecting their similar interests, especially those involving spontaneous regional security against common external aggressors. The Indian Navy has berthing rights in Oman and Vietnam.

As part of its two decade-old [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]], India has substantially stepped up military engagement with East Asian and [[ASEAN]] nations. Although never explicitly stated, ASEAN and East Asian nations want New Delhi to be a counterweight to increasing Chinese footprints in the region. Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and, particularly, Vietnam and Myanmar have time and again pressed India to help them both in terms of military training and weapons supply.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Growing Military Diplomacy|url=http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/16/indias-growing-military-diplomacy/|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827025042/http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/16/indias-growing-military-diplomacy/|archivedate=27 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Myanmar's Navy Chief, Vice Admiral Thura Thet Swe during his four-day visit to India in late July 2012 held wide-ranging consultations with top officials from the Indian Ministry of Defence. Apart from increasing the number of training slots of Myanmar officers in Indian military training establishments, India has agreed to build at least four Offshore Patrol Vehicles (OPV) in Indian Shipyards to be used by Myanmar's navy. For more than a decade now, India has assisted Vietnam in beefing up its naval and air capabilities. For instance, India has repaired and upgraded more than 100 [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG 21]] planes of the Vietnam People's Air Force and supplied them with enhanced avionics and radar systems. Indian Air Force pilots have also been training their Vietnamese counterparts. In a first, India has offered a $100-million credit line to Vietnam to purchase military equipment. A bilateral agreement for the use of facilities in India by the Singapore Air Force and Army was signed in October 2007 and August 2008 respectively and has been extended up to 2017. Singapore is the only country to which India is offering such facilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=India, Singapore sign fresh pact on Army training|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-singapore-sign-fresh-pact-on-army-training/article4781728.ece|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012064110/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-singapore-sign-fresh-pact-on-army-training/article4781728.ece|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Indian Army==
{{main article|Indian Army}}
[[File:Arjun Tank.jpg|thumb|right|Indian Army's [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] tank]]
The Indian Army is a voluntary service, the [[military draft]] having never been imposed in India. It is one of the largest standing armies (and the largest standing volunteer army) in the world, with 1,129,900 active troops and 960,000 reserve troops.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The force is headed by the [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]], [[Bipin Rawat|General Bipin Rawat]]. The highest rank in the Indian Army is [[Field Marshal]], but it is a largely ceremonial rank and appointments are made by the [[President of India]], on the advice of the [[Union Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] of Ministers, only in exceptional circumstances. (See [[Field Marshal (India)]]). Late [[Sam Manekshaw|Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw]] and the late [[Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa]] are the only two officers who have attained this rank.

The army has rich combat experience in diverse terrains, due to India's varied geography, and also has a distinguished history of serving in [[United Nations]] [[peacekeeping]] operations. Initially, the army's main objective was to defend the nation's frontiers. However, over the years, the army has also taken up the responsibility of providing internal security, especially in insurgent-hit [[Kashmir]] and the [[Assam|north-east]]. The Indian Army has seen military action during the [[First Kashmir War]], [[Operation Polo]], the [[Sino-Indian War]], the [[Second Kashmir War]], the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] and the [[Kargil War]]. It has dedicated one [[brigade]] of troops to the [[UN]]'s standby arrangements. Through its large, sustained troop commitments India has been praised for taking part in difficult operations for prolonged periods.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The Indian Army has participated in several UN [[peacekeeping]] operations including those in: Cyprus, Lebanon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Cambodia, Vietnam, Namibia, El Salvador, Liberia, Mozambique and Somalia. The army also provided a [[paramedical]] unit to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded in the [[Korean War]].

===Doctrine, corps, field force===
[[File:Pinaka.JPG|thumb|Indian Army [[Pinaka multi barrel rocket launcher]]]]
The current combat doctrine of the Indian Army is based on effectively utilising holding formations and strike formations. In the case of an attack, the holding formations would contain the enemy, and strike formations would counter-attack to neutralise enemy forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cold Start Doctrine|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/cold-start.htm|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222741/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/cold-start.htm|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the case of an Indian attack, the holding formations would pin enemy forces down whilst the strike formations attack at a point of India's choosing. The Indian Army is large enough to devote several corps to the strike role. The army is also looking at enhancing its special forces capabilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army raising new special forces battalion|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-army-raising-new-special-forces-battalion_715382.html|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005034014/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-army-raising-new-special-forces-battalion_715382.html|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> With the role of India increasing, and the need to protect India's interests on far-off shores becoming important, the Indian Army and Indian Navy are jointly planning to set up a marine brigade.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army and Navy Seek Permission to Set Up Marine Brigade|url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/indian-defence/61300-indian-army-navy-seek-permission-set-up-marine-brigade.html|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222646/http://www.defence.pk/forums/indian-defence/61300-indian-army-navy-seek-permission-set-up-marine-brigade.html|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Army's field force comprises thirteen corps, three armoured divisions, four Reorganised Army plains Infantry Divisions (RAPID), eighteen infantry divisions and ten mountain divisions, a number of independent brigades, and requisite combat support and service support formations and units. Among the thirteen, three are "strike" corps — Mathura (I Corps), Ambala (II Corps) and Bhopal (XXI Corps). The main combat and combat support units are 62 armoured regiments, and over 350 infantry battalions and 300 artillery regiments (including two surface-to-surface missile (SSM) units). Amongst major armaments and equipment, there are nearly 4000 main battle tanks, 2000 armoured personnel carriers, 4300 artillery pieces and 200 light helicopters.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

====Mountain Strike Corps====
India is raising a new mountain strike corps to strengthen its defence along its disputed border with China in the high reaches of the Himalayas. However, the entire XVII Corps, with its headquarters at [[Panagarh]] in [[West Bengal]], will only be fully raised with 90,274 troops at a cost of Rs 64,678 crore by 2018–2019. With units spread across the {{convert|4057|km|mi}} Line of Actual Control (LAC) from [[Ladakh]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]], the corps will have two high-altitude infantry divisions (59 Div at Panagarh and 72 Div at Pathankot) with their integral units, two independent infantry brigades, two armoured brigades and the like. It will include 30 new infantry battalions and two Para-Special Forces battalions. In other words, it will have "rapid reaction force" capability to launch a counter-offensive into [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] (TAR) in the event of any Chinese attack.<ref>{{cite web|title=Army chief reviews mountain strike corps|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-chief-reviews-mountain-strike-corps/articleshow/34795843.cms|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=24 August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903000724/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-chief-reviews-mountain-strike-corps/articleshow/34795843.cms|archivedate=3 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Army Aviation Corps===
{{Main|Army Aviation Corps (India)}}
[[File:Hindustan ALH Dhruv, India - Army AN1546730.jpg|thumb|Indian Army's [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopter]]
The [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] is another vital part of the Indian Army formed on 1 November 1986. The army aviation pilots are drawn from other combat arms, including artillery officers, to form a composite third dimensional force for an integrated battle. IAF operates and flies attack Helicopters like the Mil Mi-25/Mi-35 which are owned and administered by the Indian Air Force, but under the operational control of the Army and play a major role to support the armoured columns and infantry. Apart from the attack role, helicopters like the [[HAL Chetak]], [[Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama|HAL Cheetah]], and [[HAL Dhruv]] provide logistical support for the Indian Army in remote and inaccessible areas, especially the Siachen Glacier. To equip Army Aviation Corps, procurement process for 197 light utility helicopters (LUH) is ongoing, of which 64 will be inducted in the Army Aviation to replace the Cheetak and Cheetah Helicopters. [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] has obtained a firm order to deliver 114 HAL [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter|Light Combat Helicopters]] to the Indian Army.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

===Modernisation===

====Mechanised forces====
[[File:Yudh Abhyas-09 T-90.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Indian Army]]'s tanks and infantry vehicles during an exercise.]]
India is re-organising its mechanised forces to achieve strategic mobility and high-volume firepower for rapid thrusts into enemy territory. At present, the Indian army has severe deficiencies in its artillery (particularly self-propelled guns) and ammunition stocks, not to mention the inability of some of its modern tanks to operate in the heat and dust of the desert regions around the international border.<ref name="Ladwig2">Walter C. Ladwig III {{cite web|url= http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402390.2015.1014473 |title= Indian Military Modernization and Conventional Deterrence in South Asia |work= Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=38 |issue=5 |date=2015}}</ref> India proposes to progressively induct as many as 248 [[Arjun MBT]] and to develop and induct the Arjun MK-II variant, 1,657 Russian-origin [[T-90]]S main-battle tanks, apart from the ongoing upgrade of its [[T-72]] fleet. Arjun MK-II trials had already begun in August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun MK-II user trials kicked off in Rajasthan|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-13/india/41371931_1_arjun-mbt-drdo-development-establishment|accessdate=26 September 2013}}</ref> The improved features of the MK-II version of Arjun are night vision capabilities with a thermal imaging system for detecting all kinds of missiles, [[Explosive Reactive Armour]] (ERA), mine ploughs, the ability to fire anti-tank missiles with its 120 mm main gun, an [[Corps of Army Air Defence (India)|Advanced Air Defence]] gun capable of shooting down helicopters with a 360 degree coverage, Automatic Target Tracking (ATT) lending a greater accuracy when it comes to moving targets and superior Laser Warning and Control systems. The Indian Army will upgrade its entire Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty-2 ([[BMP-2]])/2K [[infantry combat vehicle]] (ICV) fleet to enhance their ability to address operational requirements. Upgrades include integration of the latest generation fire control system, twin missile launchers and commander's thermal imaging panoramic sights, anti- tank guided missiles, as well as automatic grenade launchers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army set to upgrade BMP-2/2K infantry fighting vehicle fleet|url=http://www.army-technology.com/news/newsindian-army-upgrade-bmp-22k-infantry-fighting-vehicle-fleet|accessdate=26 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927171220/http://www.army-technology.com/news/newsindian-army-upgrade-bmp-22k-infantry-fighting-vehicle-fleet|archivedate=27 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}{{unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=August 2016}}</ref>

Under the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan, the army plans to procure 3000 to 4000 pieces of artillery at a cost of US$3 billion. This includes purchasing 1580 towed, 814 mounted, 180 self-propelled wheeled, 100 self-propelled tracked and 145 ultra-light 155 mm/52 calibre artillery guns. After three years of searching and negotiations, India ordered [[M777 howitzer|M777]] 155mm howitzers from USA in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dunnigan|first=James|title=India Joins The M-777 Club|url=http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/India-Joins-The-M-777-Club-9-8-2013.asp|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012940/http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/India-Joins-The-M-777-Club-9-8-2013.asp|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

To lend greater firepower support to the mechanised infantry, DRDO has developed the [[Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher|Pinaka]] [[multiple rocket launcher]]. The system has a maximum range of {{convert|39|-|40|km|mi}} and can fire a [[salvo]] of 12 [[Explosive material|HE]] rockets in 44 seconds, neutralising a target area of {{convert|3.9|sqkm|mi2}}. The system is mounted on a [[Tatra cars|Tatra]] truck for mobility. Pinaka saw service during the [[Kargil War]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Pinaka Multibarrel Rocket Launch (MBRL) System, India|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/pinaka-multibarrel-rocket-launch-system-indian-army/|accessdate=4 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215755/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/pinaka-multibarrel-rocket-launch-system-indian-army/|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}{{unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=August 2016}}</ref> where it was successful in neutralising enemy positions on the mountain tops. It has since been inducted into the Indian Army in large numbers.<ref name=st22a13>{{cite news|title=Pinaka rocket system wins DRDO award |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5055142784656506184&SectionId=5171561142064258099SectionName=Pune&NewsTitle=Pinaka%20rocket%20system%20wins%20DRDO%20award |accessdate=24 July 2013 |newspaper=Sakaal Times |date=22 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220531/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5055142784656506184&SectionId=5171561142064258099SectionName%3DPune&NewsTitle=Pinaka%20rocket%20system%20wins%20DRDO%20award |archivedate=4 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=jj25m13>{{cite news|title=Union Government cleared 1500 crore Rupees Proposal for Pinaka Rockets|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-cleared-1500-crore-rupees-proposal-for-pinaka-rockets-1364198034-1|accessdate=24 July 2013|newspaper=Jagran Josh|date=25 March 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808185501/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-cleared-1500-crore-rupees-proposal-for-pinaka-rockets-1364198034-1|archivedate=8 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Infantry====
[[File:Indian Army soldiers with the 2nd Battalion, 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles bound toward an objective during field training with U.S. Soldiers with the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg 130511-A-DK678-021.jpg|thumb|Indian Army soldiers during a military exercise, 2013]]
The Indian Army has also embarked on an infantry modernisation programme known as '''F'''uturistic '''In'''fantry '''S'''oldier '''A'''s a '''S'''ystem ([[F-INSAS]]). The infantry soldiers will be equipped with modular weapon systems that will have multiple functions. The core systems include bullet proof helmet and visor. The bullet proof helmet is an integrated assembly equipped with helmet mounted flashlight, thermal sensors and night vision device, miniature computer with audio headsets. The personal clothing of the soldier of the future would be lightweight with a bullet-proof jacket. The futuristic jacket would be waterproof, yet it would be able to breathe. The new attire will enable the troops to carry extra loads and resist the impact of nuclear, chemical and biological warfare. The new uniform will have vests with sensors to monitor the soldier's health parameters and to provide quick medical relief. The weapons sub-system is built around a multi-calibre individual weapon system with the fourth calibre attached to a grenade launcher. These include a 5.56 mm, a 7.62 mm and a new 6.8 mm under development for the first time in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Katoch|first=Prakash|title=Modernisation of the Indian Infantry|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/modernisation-of-the-indian-infantry/|work=Indian Defense Review|accessdate=3 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014054/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/modernisation-of-the-indian-infantry/|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In November 2013, the Indian Army moved a step closer to the battlefield of the future, where command networks know the precise location of every soldier and weapon, with whom generals can exchange reports, photos, data and verbal and written communications. Army headquarters called in 14 Indian companies and issued them an expression of interest (EoI) for developing a Battlefield Management System (BMS). The BMS will integrate combat units — armoured, artillery and infantry regiments, infantry battalions, helicopter flights, etc. — into a digital network that will link together all components of the future battlefield. While precise costs are still unclear, vendors competing for the contract say the army expects to pay about Rs 40,000 crore for developing and manufacturing the BMS.<ref>{{cite web|title=Army kicks off high-tech 'digital soldier' project|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/army-kicks-off-high-tech-digital-soldier-project-113111100986_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=12 November 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111184819/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/army-kicks-off-high-tech-digital-soldier-project-113111100986_1.html|archivedate=11 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, in 2015, the Indian Army decided to replace the F-INSAS program in favour of two separate projects. The new program will have two components: one arming the modern infantry soldier with the best available assault rifle, carbines and personal equipment such as the helmet and bulletproof vests, the second part is the Battlefield Management Systems (BMS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/11907/Indian_Army_to_Break_up_Future_Soldier_Program_into_Two_Parts|title=Indian Army to Break up Future Soldier Program into Two Parts|work=defenseworld.net|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212014639/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/11907/Indian_Army_to_Break_up_Future_Soldier_Program_into_Two_Parts|archivedate=12 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Exercises===

{{Refimprove section|date=June 2017}}

[[File:Indian army lady officer.jpg|thumb|An [[Indian Army]] officer briefing Russian soldiers during a joint exercise in 2015]]
*''Exercise Yuddh Abhyas'' is part of an ongoing series of joint exercises between the Indian and United States Armies since 2005, agreed upon under the New Framework of India-US Defence Relationship. Commencing at the platoon level, the exercise has graduated to a command post (CPX) and field training exercise (FTX).
*''Exercise Shakti'' is an ongoing series of joint exercises between the Indian and French armies begun in 2011. Exercise Shakti is conducted to practice and validate anti-terrorist operations and drills in snowbound and mountainous areas.
*''Exercise Indra'' is a bi-annual military exercise conducted jointly by India and Russia, which began in 2003.
*''Exercise Nomadic Elephant'' is a series of exercises held by the Indian Army with the Mongolian Army. The aim of the exercises is to enhance counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations, and to conduct peacekeeping operations under the mandate of the United Nation.
*''Exercise Rudra Akrosh'', in May 2012, was an exercise carried out by the Indian Army to test the preparedness level of its units, and to validate new age technology, battle concepts, organisational structures and networked operations. The Western Army Command conducted the exercise in Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir.
*''Exercise Ashwamedha'' was a recent exercise to test the army's network-centric warfare capabilities. It was held in the Thar desert with over 300,000 troops participating. Asymmetric warfare capability was also tested by the Indian Army during the exercise.

==Indian Navy==

{{Refimprove section|date=June 2017}}
{{Main|Indian Navy}}
The Indian Navy is the [[navy|naval branch]] of the Indian armed forces. With 58,350 men and women, including 7,000 personnel of the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]], 1,200 [[MARCOS (India)|Marine Commandos (MARCOS)]] and 1,000 personnel of the [[Sagar Prahari Bal]].<ref name="TOI28089355">{{cite web |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-30/pune/28089355_1_simulators-ins-shivaji-training |title=Special force to get training at INS Shivaji – |first=Prasad |last=Kulkarni |work=[[Times Of India]] |date=30 October 2009 |accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/govt-orders-coastal-security-restructuring/429319/0 |title=Govt orders coastal security restructuring |first=Manu |last=Pubby |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 March 2009|accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref> The Indian Navy is one of the world's largest naval forces and aspires to develop into a [[Blue-water navy|blue water navy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=Dr. David|date=Winter 2007–2008|journal=Journal of Military and Strategic Studies|volume=10|issue=2|title=India's drive for a 'blue water' navy|url=http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528002213/http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf|archivedate=28 May 2008|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Ladwig">Walter C. Ladwig III {{cite web|url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~mert1769/Indian%20Naval%20Expansion.pdf |title=Drivers of Indian Naval Expansion |work=The Rise of the Indian Navy: Internal Vulnerabilities, External Challenges |publisher=Ashgate |date=2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212195021/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~mert1769/Indian%20Naval%20Expansion.pdf |archivedate=12 February 2016 |df= }}</ref> The Indian Navy has a large operational fleet consisting of 2 [[aircraft carriers]], 1 [[amphibious transport dock]], 9 Landing ship tanks, 10 [[destroyers]], 14 [[frigates]], 1 [[Nuclear attack submarine|nuclear-powered attack submarine]], 14 conventionally-powered [[attack submarines]], 24 [[corvettes]], 6 [[mine countermeasure vessel]]s, 25 patrol vessels, 4 [[fleet tanker]]s and various auxiliary vessels.

===Ships===
{{Main article|List of active Indian Navy ships}}

[[File:INS Vikramaditya - 02.jpg|thumb|Indian Navy ships in transit led by aircraft carrier [[INS Vikramaditya]]]]

The Indian navy operates one aircraft carrier, [[INS Vikramaditya]], a modified [[Kiev-class aircraft carrier|Kiev class]] ship.<ref>{{cite web|title=After 5-year delay, Navy gets INS Vikramaditya|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-17/india/44161814_1_ins-vikramaditya-viraat-warship|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref> The navy also operates three [[Delhi-class destroyer|Delhi-class]] and five [[Rajput-class destroyer|Rajput class]] guided-missile destroyers. The Delhi and Rajput class destroyers will be replaced in the near future by the next-generation [[Kolkata-class destroyer|Kolkata class]] (Project 15A destroyers). In addition to destroyers, the navy operates several classes of frigates such as three [[Shivalik-class frigate|Shivalik]] (Project 16 class) and six [[Talwar-class frigate|Talwar class]] frigates. Seven additional Shivalik class frigates (Project 17A class frigates) are on order. The older [[Brahmaputra-class frigate|Brahmaputra class]] and [[Godavari-class frigate|Godavari class]] frigates will be replaced systematically one by one as the new classes of frigates are brought into service over the next decade. Smaller littoral zone combatants in service are in the form of corvettes, of which, the Indian Navy operates the [[Kamorta-class corvette|Kamorta]], [[Kora-class corvette|Kora]], [[Khukri-class corvette|Khukri]], [[Veer-class corvette|Veer]] and [[Abhay-class corvette|Abhay]] classes corvettes. Replenishment tankers such as the Jyoti class tanker, the [[Aditya-class auxiliary ship|Aditya]] and the new [[Deepak-class fleet tanker|Deepak class]] fleet tankers help improve the navy's endurance at sea. These tankers will be the mainstay of the replenishment fleet until the first half of the 21st century.

===Submarines===
[[File:Indian Navy's TROPEX-2014 (6).JPG|thumb|[[INS Chakra]] is India's nuclear-powered [[attack submarine]].]]
The Indian Navy operates a sizeable fleet of [[Sindhughosh-class submarine|Sindhughosh]] (Russian [[Kilo-class submarine|Kilo-class]] design) and [[Shishumar-class submarine|Shishkumar]] (German Type 209/1500 design) class submarines. A nuclear-powered attack submarine [[INS Chakra]] has been leased from Russia. India has started construction of six [[Scorpène-class submarine|Scorpène class]] submarines at Mazagon Dockyards Limited (MDL), in Mumbai under technology transfer from French firm DCNS. The new submarines will feature [[air-independent propulsion]] and are expected to start joining the navy during the second half of 2016. Designed for coastal defence against under-water threats, the 1,750-tonne submarine-submarine-killer (SSK) Scorpene is {{convert|67|m|yds}} in length and can dive to a depth of {{convert|300|m|yds}}. According to French naval officials, the submarine can stay at sea for 45 days with a crew of 31.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Scorpene submarine would be ready by 2014: French envoy|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news/38511459_1_indian-navy-six-scorpene-submarines-french-firm-dcns|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The standard version has six torpedo tubes and anti-shipping missile launchers. Another ambitious project in this regard is the [[Nuclear-powered submarine|nuclear-powered]] [[ballistic missile submarine]] manufacture programme – [[INS Arihant]] class.

===Weapons systems===
{{Main article|Weapon systems of the Indian Navy}}
[[File:Brahmos imds.jpg|thumb|left|The Indian Navy's [[BrahMos]] supersonic anti-ship [[cruise missile]]]]
In the category of weapon systems, the Indian Navy operates [[K Missile family]] submarine launched ballistic missiles, the [[Prithvi-III]] ballistic ship-launched missile, and a number of land-attack cruise/Anti-ship missiles such as [[Brahmos]] Supersonic Cruise Missile, [[3M-54 Klub|3M-54E/3M-14E Klub]] Anti-Ship/Land Attack Cruise Missile (SS-N-27 Sizzler), [[Kh-35]] (SS-N-25 SwitchBlade), P-20 (SS-N-2D Styx), [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] missile and [[Gabriel (missile)|Gabriel]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} [[Nirbhay]] long-range subsonic cruise missile and [[BrahMos-II|Brahmos Hypersonic Cruise Missile]] are in development. India has also fitted its [[P-8I|P-8I Neptune]] reconnaissance aircraft with all-weather, [[Active radar homing|active-rader-homing]], over-the-horizon [[Harpoon (missile)|AGM-84L Harpoon Block II Missiles]] and Mk 54 All-Up-Round Lightweight Torpedoes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy Requests New Patrol Aircraft|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-08-23/indian-navy-requests-new-patrol-aircraft|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002112804/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-08-23/indian-navy-requests-new-patrol-aircraft|archivedate=2 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Indian warships' primary air-defence shield is provided by [[Barak 1 (missile)|Barak-1]] SAM, while an advanced version [[Barak-8]], developed in collaboration with Israel, has entered service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barak Gets Bigger And Better|url=https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/20130807.aspx|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234602/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/20130807.aspx|archivedate=11 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India's next-generation Scorpene class submarines will be armed with the [[Exocet|Exocet anti-ship missile]] system. Among indigenous missiles, a ship-launched version of [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi-II]] is called the [[Dhanush (missile)|Dhanush]], which has a range of {{convert|350|km|mi}} and can carry a nuclear warhead.<ref>{{cite web|first=Y. Mallikarjun|title=Nuclear-capable Dhanush successfully test-fired|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nuclearcapable-dhanush-successfully-testfired/article3968040.ece|accessdate=3 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004625/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nuclearcapable-dhanush-successfully-testfired/article3968040.ece|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Naval Air Arm===
{{Main|Indian Naval Air Arm}}
[[File:Boeing P-8I of the Indian Navy.jpg|thumb|An Indian Navy [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I Neptune]] anti-submarine warfare aircraft]]

The [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] is a branch of Indian Navy which is tasked to provide an aircraft carrier based strike capability, fleet air defence, maritime reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare. Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA) at Goa directs the field operations of the air arm. Naval Air Arm operates eight [[Tu-142]] aircraft, which entered service in 1988. Upgrading of the aircraft is taking place, which helps to extend the service life of the aircraft by sixteen years. The [[BAE Sea Harrier]] operates from the INS Viraat. The BAE Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51 / T Mk.60 fly with the [[INAS 300]] and [[INAS 552]] squadrons of the Indian Navy. The [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]] will be deployed aboard the [[INS Vikramaditya]]. The Indian Navy operates five [[Il-38]] planes. They are being upgraded to use Sea Dragon suite. Used principally for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and search and rescue roles, the helicopter fleet of [[Westland Sea King]] and the Sikorsky [[SH-3 Sea King]] operate from [[INS Garuda]] (Kochi) as well as INS Kunjali-II (Mumbai) air stations.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} 56 more naval utility helicopters are planned to be inducted from 2016. These will be used for surveillance, anti-submarine warfare, electronic intelligence gathering and search and rescue operations. The helicopters will be equipped with 70mm rocket launchers, 12.7 mm guns, lightweight torpedoes and depth charges.<ref>{{cite web|title=Navy to buy 56 utility helicopters for $1bn|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-11/india/33152341_1_utility-helicopters-eurocopter-multi-role-helicopters|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Indian Navy will also continue to procure [[HAL Dhruv]] as a multi-role utility platform. In the long-range maritime reconnaissance (LRMR) role, the navy uses Boeing [[P-8 Poseidon|P-8I Neptune]] and has issued a global tender for nine medium-range maritime reconnaissance (MRMR) aircraft for coastal defence.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Issues Global Tender for Maritime Recon Planes |url=http://www.indiandefence.com/forums/indian-navy/31594-india-issues-global-tender-maritime-recon-planes.html |accessdate=1 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061645/http://www.indiandefence.com/forums/indian-navy/31594-india-issues-global-tender-maritime-recon-planes.html |archivedate=22 February 2014 |df= }}</ref>

===Naval satellite===
India's first exclusive defence satellite [[GSAT-7]] was successfully launched by European space consortium Arianespace's Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou spaceport in [[French Guiana]] in August 2013, giving a major push to the country's maritime security. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band, home-built communication spacecraft, which is operational. GSAT-7 was designed and developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and is expected to operate for seven years in its orbital slot at 74 degrees east, providing [[UHF]], [[S-band]], [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] and [[Ku-band]] relay capacity. Its Ku-band capacity is expected to provide high-density data transmission facility both for voice and video. This satellite has been provided with additional power to communicate with smaller and mobile (not necessarily land-based) terminals. This dedicated satellite is expected to provide the Indian navy with an approximately {{convert|3,500|-| 4,000|km|mi}} footprint over the Indian Ocean region, and over both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal region and enable real-time networking of all its operational assets in the water (and land). It also will help the navy to operate in a network-centric atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lele|first=Ajey|title=GSAT-7: India's Strategic Satellite|url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/opinion/37142gsat-7-india%E2%80%99s-strategic-satellite|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131001142106/http://www.spacenews.com/article/opinion/37142gsat-7-india%E2%80%99s-strategic-satellite|archivedate=1 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Exercises===
[[File:Ships from the Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the United States Navy sail in formation in the Bay of Bengal during exercise Malabar 2017.jpg|thumb|Ships from the Indian navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force during exercise Malabar 2017.]]
India often conducts naval exercises with other friendly countries designed to increase naval interoperability and also to strengthen cooperative security relationships. Some exercises take place annually like: the ''Varuna'' with the French Navy, ''Konkan'' with the Royal Navy, ''Indra'' with Russian Navy, ''[[Exercise Malabar|Malabar]]'' with the US/Japan/Australian navies, ''Simbex'' with the Republic of Singapore Navy and ''[[IBSAMAR]]'' with the Brasil and South African navies. In 2007, Indian Navy conducted naval exercise with the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force and the U.S Navy in the Pacific and also signed an agreement with Japan in October 2008 for joint naval patrolling in the Asia-Pacific region. India has also held naval exercise with Vietnam, the Philippines and New Zealand. In 2007, India and South Korea decided to conduct annual naval exercises and India participated in the South Korean international fleet review. In addition, the Indian Navy will also be increasing naval co-operation with other allies, particularly with Germany, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf including Kuwait, Oman,<ref>{{cite web|title='Naseem Al Bahr', a Naval Exercise between Indian & Oman Navy Held|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/naseem-al-bahr-naval-exercise-between-indian-oman-navy-held|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005023812/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/naseem-al-bahr-naval-exercise-between-indian-oman-navy-held|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web |title=India and Saudi Arabia to Conduct Joint Naval and Military Exercises and Help Eliminate Piracy |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/135/india-and-saudi-arabia-to-conduct-joint-naval-and-military-exercises-and-help-eliminate-piracy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525073445/http://www.defencenow.com/news/135/india-and-saudi-arabia-to-conduct-joint-naval-and-military-exercises-and-help-eliminate-piracy.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 May 2012 |accessdate=2 October 2013 |df= }}</ref> Indian Navy also took part in the world's largest naval exercise/war-game [[Exercise RIMPAC|RIMPAC 2014]] along with 22 other nations<ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta |first=Shishir |title=India to play sea war games with 22 nations |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-play-sea-war-games-with-22-nations/Article1-1119373.aspx |accessdate=3 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010150532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-play-sea-war-games-with-22-nations/Article1-1119373.aspx |archivedate=10 October 2013 |df= }}</ref> and has since taken part in RIMPAC each year.

===Modernisation===
[[File:INS Vikrant being undocked at the Cochin Shipyard Limited in 2015.jpg|thumb|right|[[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']] is the Indian Navy's first indigenous aircraft carrier, shown here in 2015.]]
In recent years, the Indian Navy has undergone [[Indian Navy#Ongoing expansion|modernisation and expansion]] with the intention of countering growing Chinese maritime power in the Indian Ocean and reaching the status of a recognised [[blue-water navy]].<ref>[http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf India's drive for a 'Blue water' Navy by Dr. David Scott, International Relations, Brunel University] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528000000/http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf |date=28 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thomaspmbarnett.com/published/12steps.htm India's 12 Steps to a World-Class Navy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014183557/http://thomaspmbarnett.com/published/12steps.htm |date=14 October 2007 }}</ref> New equipment programmes include: the lease of a nuclear-powered submarine [[INS Chakra]] from Russia, the ex-Soviet carrier [[INS Vikramaditya]] and the first of the indigenously built [[INS Arihant|Arihant class]] ballistic missile submarines by 2016, the first of the Scorpene class submarines by 2016 and the indigenously built aircraft carrier [[Vikrant class aircraft carrier|INS Vikrant]] by 2018. The plan in the near future is to have two aircraft carriers at sea at all times, with a third docked up in maintenance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-08/rest-of-world/27886608_1_carrier-battle-aircraft-carrier-admiral-gorshkov|title=Carrier battle groups will add muscle to Navy power|work=The Times of India|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other programmes include the [[Talwar class frigate|Talwar]] and [[Shivalik class frigate|Shivalik]] frigates and the [[Kolkata class destroyer]]s, all of which will be equipped with the [[BrahMos]] cruise missile. In a significant step towards India's pursuit for self-reliance in indigenous warship building, four anti-submarine [[Kamorta-class corvette|Kamorta-class]] stealth corvettes with features such as an [[Convex hull|X Form Hull]] and inclined sides for low [[Radar cross-section]], [[Infrared signature|Infra-red suppression]], and [[Acoustic quieting]] systems are being built for the Indian Navy.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Delhi class destroyer during "Defence of Gujarat" 2013.jpg|thumb|left|[[Guided missile destroyer]] [[INS Delhi (D61)|INS Delhi]]]]

Recent induction of the attack submarine [[INS Chakra]], and the development of [[INS Arihant]], make the Indian Navy one of six navies worldwide capable of building and operating nuclear-powered submarines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Navy Chief Assures Sea Trials of Homegrown Nuclear Submarine INS Arihant Soon |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/830/navy-chief-assures-sea-trials-of-homegrown-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-soon.html |accessdate=16 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094342/http://www.defencenow.com/news/830/navy-chief-assures-sea-trials-of-homegrown-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-soon.html |archivedate= 2 October 2013 |df= }}</ref> (Others include: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.) India also launched a 37,500-ton indigenous aircraft carrier ''[[INS Vikrant]]'' in August 2013 in its bid to join a select group of nations - the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia and France - capable of building such warships. It will undergo extensive tests in the next few years before it is commissioned into the navy. The ''INS Vikrant'', is expected to carry [[MiG-29K|MiG 29K]] fighters and light combat aircraft such as the [[HAL Tejas]].

India is also set to become the first country to buy a military aircraft from Japan since World War II. India is expected to sign a deal for the purchase of six Utility [[ShinMaywa US-2|Seaplane Mark 2 (US-2)]] amphibian aircraft when Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visits Japan from 31 August – 3 September 2014. The 47-tonne US-2 aircraft does not require a long airstrip to take off or to land. It is capable of taking off from land and water ({{convert|300|m|yd}}-stretch). It can carry loads of up to 18 tonnes and can be engaged in search and rescue operations. With a range of over {{convert|4,500|km|mi}} it can patrol areas {{convert|1800|km|mi}} away and react to an emergency by landing 30 armed troops even in waves as high as {{convert|10|ft|m|}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=First time since WW-II, India to buy amphibious aircraft from Japan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-first-time-since-ww-ii-india-to-buy-amphibious-aircraft-from-japan-2012934|publisher=DNA India|accessdate=25 August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825154430/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-first-time-since-ww-ii-india-to-buy-amphibious-aircraft-from-japan-2012934|archivedate=25 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Indian Air Force==
{{Main|Indian Air Force}}

The Indian Air Force is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. Its primary responsibility is to secure Indian [[airspace]] and to conduct [[aerial warfare]] during a conflict. It was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the [[British Raj]] and the prefix ''Royal'' was added in 1945 in recognition of its services during World War II. After India achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, the Royal Indian Air Force served the [[Dominion of India]], with the prefix being dropped when India became a republic in 1950. The Indian Air Force plays a crucial role in securing Indian airspace and also in India's power projection in South Asia and Indian Ocean. Therefore, modernising and expanding the Indian Air Force is a top priority for the Indian government. Over the years, the IAF has grown from a tactical force to one with transoceanic reach. The strategic reach emerges from induction of Force Multipliers like Flight Refueling Aircraft (FRA), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and credible strategic lift capabilities.

===Aircraft===
{{Main article|List of active Indian military aircraft}}
[[File:SU-30 MKI Idaho.jpg|thumb|India's [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]]]

Historically, the IAF has generally relied on Soviet, British, Israeli and French military craft and technology to support its growth. IAF's primary air superiority fighter with the additional capability to conduct air-ground (strike) missions is [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]. The IAF have placed an order for a total of 272 Su-30MKIs of which 205 are in service as of May 2015.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The Mikoyan [[MiG-29]] is a dedicated air superiority fighter, and constitutes a second line of defence after the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. At present, 66 MiG-29s are in service, all of which are being upgraded to the MiG-29UPG standard. The [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] is the primary multirole fighter in service and the IAF operates 49 Mirage 2000Hs which are being upgraded to the Mirage 2000-5 MK2 standard. As part of the upgrade, the aircraft will also be equipped with MBDA's [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] family of medium-range missiles.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Fighter Upgrades: Mirage 2000s Finally Get a Deal|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/indias-fighter-upgrades-mirage-2000s-next-02891/|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013048/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/indias-fighter-upgrades-mirage-2000s-next-02891/|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> To give the IAF fighters an edge in anti-ship and land attack roles, a smaller version of [[BrahMos]] missile is being developed to be integrated in Sukhoi Su-30MKI<ref>{{cite web|title=Smaller version of BrahMos missile being developed for IAF|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/smaller-version-of-brahmos-missile-being-developed-for-iaf_830168.html|accessdate=30 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003203253/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/smaller-version-of-brahmos-missile-being-developed-for-iaf_830168.html|archivedate=3 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and is expected to be delivered to IAF by 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Force to receive BrahMos by 2015|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/air-force-to-receive-brahmos-by-2015-113112100703_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=22 November 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126003249/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/air-force-to-receive-brahmos-by-2015-113112100703_1.html|archivedate=26 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:IAF Tejas full size (32941198511).jpg|thumb|left|India's [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]] multi-role fighter aircraft]]
In the aerial refuelling (tanker) role, the IAF operates six [[Ilyushin Il-78]]MKIs. For strategic military transport operations the IAF uses the [[Ilyushin Il-76]], and has placed orders for 10 Boeing [[C-17 Globemaster III]], four of which were [[C-17 Globemaster III#Indian Air Force|delivered]] by November 2013. The [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J Super-Hercules]] planes of the IAF is used by special forces for combined Army-Air Force operations. There are six C-130Js in service and six more are planned to be procured.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF looking to induct seven more C-17 aircraft:NAK Browne|author=PTI|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-30/news/42537006_1_iaf-chief-nak-browne-c-17-aircraft|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Antonov An-32]] serves as medium transport aircraft in the IAF.

As an airborne early warning system, the IAF operates the Israeli EL/W-2090 [[EL/M-2075|Phalcon]] Airborne Early Warning and Control System [[AEW&C]]. A total of three such systems are in service, with possible orders for two more.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|title=IAF will add two more Israeli AWACS to its fleet|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/india/30373087_1_fighters-during-combat-operations-360-degree-phalcon-early-warning-radar-air-defence-fighters|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> The [[DRDO AEW&CS]] is a project of India's DRDO to develop an AEW&C system for the Indian Air Force. The DRDO AEWACS programme aims to deliver three radar-equipped surveillance aircraft to the Indian Air Force. The aircraft platform selected was the [[Embraer ERJ 145 family|Embraer ERJ 145]]. Three ERJ 145 were procured from Embraer at a cost of US $300 Million, including the contracted modifications to the airframe. Probable delivery date for the first batch of three is 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=DRDO AWACS first batch delivery by 2015|url=http://uvpcemecharocks.blogspot.in/2012/02/drdo-awacs-first-batch-delivery-by-2015.html|accessdate=3 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215307/http://uvpcemecharocks.blogspot.in/2012/02/drdo-awacs-first-batch-delivery-by-2015.html|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Network-centric warfare===
[[File:DRDO AEW&C Embraer ERJ 145.JPG|thumb|right|[[DRDO AEW&CS]]]]
The Indian Air Force (IAF) made progress towards becoming a truly network-centric air force with the integration of [[Air Force Network|Air Force Network (AFNET)]], a reliable and robust digital information grid that enables accurate and faster response to enemy threats, in 2010.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The modern, state-of-the-art AFNET is a fully secure communication network, providing IAF a critical link among its command and control centre, sensors such as the Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems, and attack platforms such as fighter aircraft and missile launchers. Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS), an automated command and control system for Air Defence (AD) operations will ride the AFNet backbone integrating all ground-based and airborne sensors, AD weapon systems and C2 nodes.
[[File:C-130 J.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130 J]] tactical transport aircraft]]

Subsequent integration with other services networks and civil radars will provide an integrated Air Situation Picture to operators to carry out Air Defence role. AFNet will prove to be an effective [[force multiplier]] for intelligence analysis, mission planning and control, post-mission feedback and related activities like maintenance, logistics and administration. A comprehensive design with multi-layer security precautions for "Defence in Depth" have been planned by incorporating encryption technologies, Intrusion Prevention Systems to ensure the resistance of the IT system against information manipulation and eavesdropping.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF's AFNET NCW Backbone Goes Live Next Week|url=http://www.livefistdefence.com/2010/09/iafs-afnet-goes-live-next-week.html|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235808/http://www.livefistdefence.com/2010/09/iafs-afnet-goes-live-next-week.html|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In October 2013, IAF launched its own stand-alone Rs 300 crore cellular network through which secure video calling and other information exchange facilities will be provided. The IAF also plans to issue around one hundred thousand mobile handsets to its personnel of the rank of sergeant and above to connect and provide secure 'end-point' connectivity to the air warriors deployed across the country. The captive network has been named 'Air Force Cellular'. While Phase I of the project will ensure mobile connectivity to all air warriors in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], its Phase II will cover the rest of the bases.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF launches own 3G cellular network|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/iaf-launches-own-3g-cellular-network-113102500946_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=25 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194713/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/iaf-launches-own-3g-cellular-network-113102500946_1.html|archivedate=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Modernisation===
{{Main article|Future of the Indian Air Force}}
[[File:080301-F-2207D-394.jpg|thumb|India has ordered 15 heavy-lift [[Chinook helicopter]]s from the US.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/here-is-why-apache-and-chinook-helicopters-are-game-changers-for-india/articleshow/49067786.cms|title=Here is why Apache and Chinook helicopters are game changers for India|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924235402/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/here-is-why-apache-and-chinook-helicopters-are-game-changers-for-india/articleshow/49067786.cms|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Photo shows a US Army Chinook.]]
[[File:HAL LCH at Aero india 2013.JPG|thumb|The [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter]] in digital camouflage]]
The [[Indian MRCA competition|Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) competition]], also known as the MRCA tender, was a competition to supply 126 multi-role combat aircraft to the Indian Air Force (IAF). The Defence Ministry has allocated ~ US$13 billion for the purchase of these aircraft, making it India's single largest defence deal. The MRCA tender was floated with the idea of filling the gap between its future Light Combat Aircraft and its in-service Sukhoi Su-30MKI air superiority fighter.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} On 31 January 2012, it was announced that [[Dassault Rafale]] won the competition due to its lower life-cycle cost. However the tender was cancelled in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theindependent.in/modis-make-in-india-eats-into-nations-defense-capabilities/|title=theindependent.in : Modi’s Make in India eats into Nation’s Defense Capabilities|work=theindependent.in|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Indian Air Force (IAF) is also in the final stages of acquiring 22 [[AH-64 Apache|Apache Longbow gunships]], armed with [[Hellfire missile|Hellfire]] and Stinger missiles in a $1.2 billion contract and 15 heavy-lift [[Chinook helicopter|Boeing CH Chinook helicopters]].<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/> The IAF has initiated the process for acquisition of additional [[Mi-17]] IV helicopters, heavy lift helicopters, Advanced Light Helicopter and Light Combat Helicopters. Among trainer aircraft, the [[BAE Systems Hawk|Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer]] has been inducted and the [[HAL HJT-36 Sitara|Intermediate Jet Trainer]] (IJT) would be acquired in the near future.

In recent times, India has also manufactured its own aircraft such as the HAL Tejas, a 4th generation fighter, and the HAL Dhruv, a [[utility helicopter|multi-role]] helicopter, which has been exported to several countries, including Israel, Burma, Nepal and Ecuador. A weaponised version of Dhruv is called the HAL Rudra, which is armed with high-velocity M621 20 mm cannon, long-range 70 mm rockets (8 km), air-to-air missiles (Mistral-II), and MAWS (missile approach warning system).<ref>{{cite web|title=ALH Rudra ready to spit fire|url=http://tarmak007.blogspot.in/2012/02/alh-rudra-ready-to-spit-fire-hal.html|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215307/http://tarmak007.blogspot.in/2012/02/alh-rudra-ready-to-spit-fire-hal.html|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Kargil War|Combat in Kargil]] highlighted the requirement of an attack helicopter specially made for such high-altitude operations. The [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter]] (LCH) is a multi-role combat helicopter being developed in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for use by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army. The LCH is being designed to fit into an anti-infantry and anti-armour role and will be able to operate at high altitudes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/June/2007/20070620_hal.htm|title=domain-b.com : Paris Air Show: First flight of HAL`s light combat helicopter in 2008|work=domain-b.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120014944/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/June/2007/20070620_hal.htm|archivedate=20 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> LCH will be fitted with indigenous anti-tank missile [[Nag (missile)|Helina]].

India also maintains [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] (UAV) squadrons (primarily [[IAI Searcher|Searcher-II]] and [[IAI Heron|Heron]] from Israel) which can be used to carry out ground and aerial surveillance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel sells heron UAVs to India and Australia|url=http://www.strategypage.com/militaryforums/512-20022.aspx#startofcomments|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929011438/http://www.strategypage.com/militaryforums/512-20022.aspx#startofcomments|archivedate=29 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India is also testing its own long-range [[Beyond Visual Range missile]]| (BVR) an air-to-air missile named [[Astra Missile|Astra]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/08/stories/2009050855501300.htm |title=National : Astra missile test-fired |work=The Hindu |date=8 May 2009 |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615003911/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/08/stories/2009050855501300.htm |archivedate=15 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and also building a Medium Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) called [[DRDO Rustom|Rustom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdo.com/dpi/SAsiaDefnStraRev_.pdf |accessdate=25 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102024254/http://drdo.com/dpi/SAsiaDefnStraRev_.pdf |archivedate=2 January 2010 }}</ref>

India is also in an ambitious collaboration programme with Russia to build [[Fifth-generation jet fighter|fifth-generation]] fighter aircraft, called [[FGFA|HAL/Sukhoi FGFA]] which will be based on the Russian [[Sukhoi Su-57]] fighter. Earlier in 2013, the two sides completed the preliminary design of the FGFA and are now negotiating a detailed design contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=India to customise Russia's FGFA planes|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/india-to-customise-russias-fgfa-planes/article5075134.ece|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003180837/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/india-to-customise-russias-fgfa-planes/article5075134.ece|archivedate=3 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although there is no reliable information about the Su-57 and FGFA specifications yet, it is known from interviews with individuals in the Russian Air Force that it will be [[Stealth aircraft|stealthy]], have the ability to [[supercruise]], be outfitted with the next generation of air-to-air, air-to-surface, and air-to-ship missiles, and incorporate an [[AESA radar]].

Joint co-development and co-production of [[UAC/HAL Il-214|Multi-role Transport Aircraft]] (MTA), by Russian partners and HAL, is being launched to meet the requirements of the Russian and Indian Air Forces. The aircraft will be designed for the roles of a 15–20 ton cargo / troop transport, paratrooping / airdrop of supplies including Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System (LAPES) capability. It will be configured such that all types of cargo can be transported, and the aircraft would be capable of operating from semi-prepared runways. The MTA is expected to replace the Indian Air Force's ageing fleet of [[Antonov An-32]] transport aircraft. The aircraft is expected to conduct its first flight by 2017, and to enter service by 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian-Indian Military Transport JV Debuts at Aero India|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-news-live-aeroindia/2013-02-05/russian-indian-military-transport-jv-debuts-aero-india|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213233/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-news-live-aeroindia/2013-02-05/russian-indian-military-transport-jv-debuts-aero-india|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

To protect IAF assets on the ground, there has been a search for short-range surface-to-air missile. India has begun deploying six [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons in the northeast to deter Chinese jets, helicopters and drones against any misadventure in the region. The IAF has started taking delivery of the six Akash missile squadrons, which can "neutralise" multiple targets at a {{convert|25|km|mi}} interception range in all weather conditions, earmarked for the eastern theatre. The IAF has already deployed the first two Akash squadrons at the Mirage-2000 base in Gwalior and the Sukhoi base in Pune.<ref>{{cite web|title=With eye on China, India deploys Akash missiles in northeast|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-eye-on-China-India-deploys-Akash-missiles-in-northeast/articleshow/40645978.cms|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=24 August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824014404/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-eye-on-China-India-deploys-Akash-missiles-in-northeast/articleshow/40645978.cms|archivedate=24 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Paramilitary Forces==
{{main article|Paramilitary forces of India}}

===Indian Coast Guard===
{{main article|Indian Coast Guard}}
[[File:Indian Coast Guard Chetak Helicopter picking up survivors from water during a mock drill during SAREX 2014 (2).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Indian Coast Guard]] (ICG) helicopter takes a survivor to an ICG ship during a mock drill]]
The Indian Coast Guard (Hindi: भारतीय तटरक्षक, Bhāratīya Taṭarakṣaka) (ICG) is the fourth independent armed force of India<ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed History of Indian Coast Guard[ In Detail ] |url=http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/history/morehistory.html |website=Indian Coast Guard |publisher=ICG |accessdate=17 September 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928121157/http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/history/morehistory.html |archivedate=28 September 2015 |df= }}</ref> It protects India's maritime interests and enforces maritime law, over territorial and international waters. The Indian Coast Guard was formally established on 18 August 1978 by ''The Coast Guard Act, 1978'' of the Parliament of India. It operates under the Ministry of Defence.

===Assam Rifles===
{{main|Assam Rifles}}
[[File:Assam rifles.png|thumb|left|[[Assam Rifles]] personnel]]

The Assam Rifles trace their lineage to a paramilitary police force that was formed under the British in 1835 called ''Cachar Levy''. Since then the Assam Rifles have undergone a number of name changes before the name Assam Rifles was finally adopted in 1917.<ref>The Assam Frontier Police (1883), the Assam Military Police (1891) and Eastern Bengal and Assam Military Police (1913), before finally becoming the Assam Rifles in 1917. See Sharma 2008.</ref> Over the course of its history, the Assam Rifles, and its predecessor units, have served in a number of roles, conflicts and theatres including World War I where they served in Europe and the Middle East, and World War II where they served mainly in Burma. In the post-World War II period, the Assam Rifles have expanded greatly as has their role. There are currently 46 battalions<ref name=History>See [http://assamrifles.net/site/aboutus.htm History of the Assam Rifles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310015024/http://assamrifles.net/site/aboutus.htm |date=10 March 2009 }}</ref> of Assam Rifles under the control of the Indian [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA). They perform many roles including: the provision of internal security under the control of the army through the conduct of counter insurgency and border security operations, provision of aid to the civil power in times of emergency, and the provision of communications, medical assistance and education in remote areas.<ref name=Sharma>Sharma 2008.</ref> In times of war they can also be used as a combat force to secure rear areas if needed.

===Special Frontier Force===
{{main|Special Frontier Force}}
The Special Frontier Force (SFF) is India's [[paramilitary]] unit. It was initially conceived in the post [[Sino-Indian war]] period as a guerrilla force composed mainly of [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] [[refugees]] whose main goal was to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in case of another war between the People's Republic of China and India. Later, its composition and roles were expanded.

Based in [[Chakrata]], [[Uttarakhand]], SFF is also known as the ''Establishment 22''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chushigangdruk.org/history/history11.htm |title=Welcome chushigangdruk.org - Hostmonster.com |work=chushigangdruk.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183849/http://www.chushigangdruk.org/history/history11.htm |archivedate=17 January 2016 |df= }}</ref><ref>The SFF became morle famous within the administration as the "Establishment 22" because its first Inspector General (IG) Major Gen. [[Sujan Singh]], a [[Military Cross]] holder and a legendary figure in the [[British India Army]]. Singh commanded the [[22nd Mountain Regiment]] during [[World War II in Europe]] and a [[Long Range Desert Squadron]] (LRDS) in [[north Africa]].</ref> The force is under the direct supervision of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]], India's external [[intelligence agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=2813 |title=Bollywood Sargam – Special: Tibetan faujis in Bluestar |work=bollywoodsargam.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502133625/http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=2813 |archivedate= 2 May 2013 |df= }}</ref>

==Central Armed Police Forces==

[[File:A Senior CoBRA Force Officer.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|A [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] commando with the [[IMI Tavor TAR-21#MTAR21 .28X95.29|Tavor X-95 rifle]]]]
[[File:Women personnel of India's Border Security Force.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Women personnel of [[Border Security Force]]]]
The following are the five police forces termed as [[Central Armed Police Forces]] according to the nomenclature adopted from the year 2011.<ref name="Office Memorandum">{{cite web|title=Office Memorandum|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf|website=mha.nic.in|publisher=MHA, GoI|accessdate=26 August 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf|archivedate=17 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Office Memorandum 1|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM1-020513.pdf|website=mha.nic.in|publisher=MHA, GoI|accessdate=31 August 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM1-020513.pdf|archivedate=17 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph Calcutta">{{cite web|title=For the paramilitary, all’s in a new name|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|website=The Telegrpah|publisher=The Telegraph Calcutta|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Central Reserve Police Force===
This is the largest of the [[Central Armed Police Force]] (CRPF) with 325,000 personnel in 245 [[battalions]].<ref>{{cite web|author=GreaterKashmir.com (Greater Service) |url=http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Apr/18/crpf-all-set-for-image-makeover-17.asp |title=CRPF ALL SET FOR IMAGE MAKEOVER |publisher=Greaterkashmir.com |date=2011-04-18 |accessdate=2014-01-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040715/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Apr/18/crpf-all-set-for-image-makeover-17.asp |archivedate= 6 January 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeenews.com/news588498.html |title=CRPF to induct 38 new battalions in the coming years |publisher=Zeenews.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220035802/http://www.zeenews.com/news588498.html |archivedate=20 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/crpf-to-raise-37-new-battalions-by-2018/590266/ |title=‘CRPF to raise 37 new battalions by 2018’ |publisher=Indian Express |date=2010-03-13 |accessdate=2014-02-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130020331/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/crpf-to-raise-37-new-battalions-by-2018/590266/ |archivedate=30 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{update inline|date=June 2017}}The Central Reserve Police includes the [[Rapid Action Force]] (RAF), a 10 battalion anti-riot force trained to respond to sectarian violence, and the [[Commando Battalion for Resolute Action]] (COBRA), a 10,000 strong anti-[[Naxalite]] force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/COBRA-to-sting-Naxal-virus-new-force-gets-Centre-nod/354579/ |title=COBRA to sting Naxal virus: new force gets Centre nod |publisher=Financial Express |date=2008-08-29 |accessdate=2014-02-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106060638/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/COBRA-to-sting-Naxal-virus-new-force-gets-Centre-nod/354579 |archivedate=6 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}}

===Border Security Force===
The primary role of the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) is to guard the land borders of the country, except the mountains. It has 240,000 personnel in 186 battalions,<ref>{{cite web |author=IBTL |url=http://www.ibtl.in/video/6586/border-security-force-bsf--duty-unto-death-dec-1-1965-foundation-day/ |title=Border Security Force ( BSF ) – Duty unto Death | Dec 1, 1965 Foundation Day — IBTL |publisher=Ibtl.in |date=2012-12-01 |accessdate=2014-01-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042338/http://www.ibtl.in/video/6586/border-security-force-bsf--duty-unto-death-dec-1-1965-foundation-day/ |archivedate=6 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/first-ever-women-bsf-to-man-indian-borders/97425-3.html?from=rssfeed |title=First ever women BSF to guard the Indian borders |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2009-07-18 |accessdate=2014-02-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102204205/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/first-ever-women-bsf-to-man-indian-borders/97425-3.html?from=rssfeed |archivedate=2 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2013/2/23/India-ready-to-deal-with-cross-border-challenge-BSF-chief.aspx |title=::Welcome to |publisher=Newsbharati.com |date=2013-02-23 |accessdate=2014-01-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106050925/http://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2013/2/23/India-ready-to-deal-with-cross-border-challenge-BSF-chief.aspx |archivedate=6 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is headed by an [[Indian Police Service]] Officer.{{update inline|date=June 2017}}

===Indo-Tibetan Border Police===
The [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) is deployed for guard duties on the border with China from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Diphu La in Arunachal Pradesh covering a total distance of {{convert|2488|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/armedforces.php?id=16|title=Indo-Tibetan Border Police|publisher=Archive.india.gov.in|author=|accessdate=2014-02-09|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112174707/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/armedforces.php?id=16|archivedate=12 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It has 77,000 personnel in 55 battalions.<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/ITBP-to-have-90-000-strong-force-by-2015/Article1-950206.aspx |title=ITBP to have 90,000-strong force by 2015 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2012-10-26 |accessdate=2014-01-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111124122/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/ITBP-to-have-90-000-strong-force-by-2015/Article1-950206.aspx |archivedate=11 January 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/itbp-to-get-15-new-battalions/532633/1 |title=ITBP to get 15 new battalions |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-10-24 |accessdate=2014-01-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115151307/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/itbp-to-get-15-new-battalions/532633/1 |archivedate=15 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}}

===Sashastra Seema Bal===
The objective of the [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB) is to guard the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan Borders. It has 82,000 personnel and 48 battalions, as well as some reserve battalions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egov.eletsonline.com/2013/03/guarding-the-nations-frontiers/ |title=Guarding the Nation’s Frontiers | eGov Magazine |publisher=Egov.eletsonline.com |date=2013-03-06 |accessdate=2014-01-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040305/http://egov.eletsonline.com/2013/03/guarding-the-nations-frontiers/ |archivedate=6 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}}

===Central Industrial Security Force===
One of the largest industrial security forces in the world, the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) provides security to various [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector companies]] (PSUs) and other critical infrastructure installations across the country, such as airports. It has a total strength of about 112,000 personnel in 132 battalions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cisf.nic.in/dgmsg.htm |title=About CISF |publisher=Cisf.nic.in |accessdate=2014-02-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209004400/http://cisf.nic.in/dgmsg.htm |archivedate= 9 February 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/govt-to-recruit-20-000-women-in-paramilitary-forces-in-3-years-105279 |title=Govt to recruit 20,000 women in paramilitary forces in 3 years |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2011-05-12 |accessdate=2014-01-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106050049/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/govt-to-recruit-20-000-women-in-paramilitary-forces-in-3-years-105279 |archivedate=6 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}}

==Other forces==
[[File:NSG Commandos Republic day 2015..jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[National Security Guards]]]]

===National Security Guard===

The [[National Security Guard]] (NSG) is an elite counter-terrorist and rapid response force. Its roles include conducting anti-sabotage checks, rescuing hostages, neutralising terrorist threats to vital installations, engaging terrorists, responding to hijacking and piracy and protecting VIPs. It has 8636 personnel (including 1086 personnel for regional hubs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Praveen Swami |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2277386.ece |title=The Indian fine art of faking security |publisher=The Hindu |date=2011-07-21 |accessdate=2014-01-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040347/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2277386.ece |archivedate=6 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>). The NSG also includes the ''Special Ranger Group'' (SRG), whose 3,000 personnel provide protection to India's VVIPs.{{update inline|date=June 2017}}

===Special Protection Group===

The [[Special Protection Group]] (SPG) was formed in 1988 by an act of the Parliament of India to "provid[e] proximate security to the Prime Minister of India and former Prime Minister of India and members of their immediate families (wife, husband, children and parents)". For former Prime Ministers and their dependents, a regular review is held to decide whether the threat to their life is high enough to warrant SPG protection.

===Railway Protection Force===

The [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) was established under the ''Railway Protection Force Act 1957''. The RPF is charged with providing security for Indian Railways.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/RPF.pdf |title=Railway Protection Force |publisher=Indianrailways.gov.in |accessdate=2014-02-09 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015213916/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/RPF.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It has a sanctioned strength of 75,000 personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/budget-2014/railway-budget-2014/RPF-may-find-getting-4000-women-recruits-tough/articleshow/38040374.cms|title=‘RPF may find getting 4,000 women recruits tough’|work=The Times of India|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/budget-2014/railway-budget-2014/RPF-may-find-getting-4000-women-recruits-tough/articleshow/38040374.cms|archivedate=17 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}}
[[File:NDRF Helislithering Training.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]] personnel undergoing training]]

===National Disaster Response Force===

The [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) is a specialised force constituted "for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster". It is manned by persons on deputation from the various [[Central Armed Police Forces]]. At present it has 12 battalions, located in different parts of India.{{update inline|date=June 2017}}{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The control of NDRF lies with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), which is headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].

==Special Forces==
{{main|Special Forces of India|l1=Special Forces}}
The [[Special Forces of India]] are Indian military units<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Commandos Set Free|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htsf/20120423.aspx|accessdate=18 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194410/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htsf/20120423.aspx|archivedate=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> with specialised training in the field of special operations such as" Direct action, [[Hostage rescue]], [[Counter-terrorism]], [[Unconventional warfare]], [[Special reconnaissance]], [[Foreign Internal Defence]], [[Personnel recovery]], [[Asymmetric warfare]] and [[Counter-proliferation]]. The various branches include,

* '''Para (Special Forces)''': Formed in 1966, the [[Para (Indian Special Forces)|Para (SF)]] are the largest and most important part of the Special Forces of India. They are a part of the highly trained Parachute Regiment of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Security aeticle — Parachute Regiment of India|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-para.htm|accessdate=18 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100338/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-para.htm|archivedate=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The main aim of having a Parachute Regiment is for quick deployment of soldiers behind the enemy lines to attack the enemy from behind and destroy their first line of defence. Para (SF) conducted a series of joint exercises with US army special forces called ''Vajra Prahar''.
* '''Ghatak Force''':[[Ghatak Force|Ghatak Platoon]], or Ghatak Commandos, is a special operations capable infantry platoon. There is one platoon in every infantry battalion in the Indian Army. Ghatak is a Hindi word meaning "killer" or "lethal". They act as shock troops and spearhead assaults ahead of the battalion. Their operational role is similar to [[Scout Sniper Platoon]], [[STA platoon]] of the U.S. Marine Corp and the Patrols platoon of the British Army. A Ghatak Platoon is usually 20-men strong, consisting of a commanding Captain, 2 non-commissioned officers and some special teams like marksman and spotter pairs, light machine gunners, a medic, and a radio operator. The remaining soldiers act as assault troopers. Most undergo training at the Commando Training Course in [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], Karnataka. Often, other specialised training like heliborne assault, rock climbing, [[mountain warfare]], demolitions, advanced weapons training, close quarter battle and infantry tactics are also given. Members of the platoon are also sent to the High Altitude Warfare School and Counterinsurgency and Jungle Warfare School.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army pulls in 'Ghatak Commandos' near LOC|url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1763|accessdate=18 September 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130918110452/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1763|archivedate=18 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* '''Marine Commandos (MARCOS)''': [[MARCOS|Marine Commandos (MARCOS)]] is an elite special operations unit of the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Abhimanyu |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/ins-abhimanyu |accessdate=18 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024172117/http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/ins-abhimanyu |archivedate=24 October 2013 |df= }}</ref> It is specially organised, trained and equipped for the conduct of special operations in a maritime environment. The force has gradually acquired experience and a reputation for professionalism over the two decades it has been in existence. Now it is one of the finest Special Forces units in the world and among the few units qualified to jump in the water with a full combat load. The MARCOS are capable of undertaking operations in all types of terrain, but are specialised in maritime operations in Jammu and Kashmir through the [[Jhelum]] River and [[Wular]] Lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=CROCODILES OF WULLAR |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Special/166-Crocodiles-Of-Wullar.html |accessdate=18 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008144813/http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Special/166-Crocodiles-Of-Wullar.html |archivedate=8 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> To strengthen its capabilities to carry out special operations, the Navy is planning to procure advanced Integrated Combat System (ICS) for the MARCOS. The Navy wants the ICS for effective command, control and information sharing to maximise capabilities of individuals and groups of the MARCOS while engaging enemies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who are MARCOS|url=http://joinindianforce.wordpress.com/tag/marcos/|accessdate=18 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303163131/http://joinindianforce.wordpress.com/tag/marcos/|archivedate=3 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}} The individual equipment required by the Navy in the ICS includes light weight helmets, head-mounted displays, tactical and soft ballistic vests along with communication equipment. The group-level gear requirements include command and control and surveillance systems along with high speed communication equipment.
* '''Garud Commando Force''': The [[Garud Commando Force]] is the Special Forces unit of the Indian Air Force. It was formed in September 2004 and has a strength of approximately 2000 personnel.{{update inline|date=June 2017}} The unit derives its name from Garuda, a divine bird-like creature of Hindu Mythology. Garud is tasked with the protection of critical Air Force bases and installations; search and rescue during peace and hostilities and disaster relief during calamities.<ref name="PIB Sep 07">{{cite press release | title = Constitution of Commando Force | publisher = Press Information Bureau, [[Government of India]] | date = 18 December 2003 | url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=262 | accessdate = 25 July 2008 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150904084047/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=262 | archivedate = 4 September 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Garuds are deployed in the Congo as part of the UN peace keeping operations.
<gallery class="centre" heights="150px" widths="200px">
Image:India Para2.jpg|[[Para (Indian Special Forces)|Para (Special Forces)]] of Indian Army
Image:Indian Navy rescue boat belonging to INS Ranvijay (D55) during Exercise INDRA 2014.jpg|[[MARCOS]] Commandos of [[Indian Navy]]
</gallery>

==Weapons of mass destruction==
{{Main article|India and weapons of mass destruction}}

===Chemical and biological weapons===
In 1992 India signed the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]] (CWC), stating that it did not have chemical weapons or the capacity or capability to manufacture them. By so doing, India became one of the original signators of the Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC] in 1993, and ratified it on 2 September 1996. In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons (1,044 tonnes of [[sulphur mustard]]) had been destroyed. By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted an extension to destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/india/chemical/ |title=NTI-India-Chemical |website=nti.org |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |accessdate=2017-06-25 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608225457/http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/india/chemical/ |archivedate=8 June 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame. India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so. This was cross-checked by United Nations' inspectors.

India has also ratified the [[Biological Weapons Convention]] (January 1973) and pledges to abide by its obligations. There is no clear evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that directly points toward an offensive biological weapons programme. India does possess the scientific capability and infrastructure to launch such an offensive programme, but has chosen not to do so.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

===Nuclear weapons===
{{main article|India and weapons of mass destruction|Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Strategic Forces Command}}
[[File:Agni Missile Range comparison.svg|thumb|right|300px|Range comparison of [[Agni (missile)|Agni]] missiles]]
India has been in possession of [[nuclear weapon]]s since 1974. Its most recent nuclear test took place on 11 May 1998, when [[Operation Shakti]] (Pokhran-II) was initiated with the detonation of one [[Fusion bomb|fusion]] and three [[Fission bomb|fission]] bombs. On 13 May 1998, two additional fission devices were detonated. However, India maintains a "no-first use" and a nuclear deterrence policy against nuclear adversaries. Its nuclear doctrine envisages building a credible minimum deterrent for maintaining a "second strike capability" which would be massive and designed to induce unacceptable damage on the enemy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanwal|first=Gurmeet|title=India's Nuclear Doctrine and Policy|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-feb-1.01.htm|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215144/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-feb-1.01.htm|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India is one of only four nations in the world to possess a [[Nuclear triad|Nuclear Triad]]. India's nuclear missiles include the [[Prithvi missile|Prithvi]], the [[Agni missile system|Agni]] the [[Shaurya missile|Shaurya]], the [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika]], the Dhanush, and others. India conducted its first test with the [[Agni-V]] in April 2012 and a second test in September 2013. With its {{convert|5000|km|mi}} range, it can carry a nuclear warhead to the east to include all of China, and to the west deep into Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=None can intercept Agni-V: Chander|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/none-can-intercept-agniv-chander/article5139186.ece?homepage=true|accessdate=18 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212615/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/none-can-intercept-agniv-chander/article5139186.ece?homepage=true|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Agni-VI, with a perceived range of {{convert|6000|km|mi|-|8000|km|mi}} is also under development with features like [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|multiple independently targetable re-entry warheads]] (MIRVs).<ref>{{cite web|title=Advanced Agni-6 missile with multiple warheads likely by 2017|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/advanced-agni-6-missile-with-multiple-warheads-likely-by-2017-113050800034_1.html|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215353/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/advanced-agni-6-missile-with-multiple-warheads-likely-by-2017-113050800034_1.html|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=Agni-VI all set to take shape|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/agnivi-all-set-to-take-shape/article4379416.ece?homepage=true|accessdate=1 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212847/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/agnivi-all-set-to-take-shape/article4379416.ece?homepage=true|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

India also has bomber aircraft such as the [[Tupolev Tu-142]] as well as fighter jets like the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]], the [[Dassault Mirage 2000]], the [[MiG-29]] and the [[HAL Tejas]] capable of being armed with nuclear tipped bombs and missiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/aircraft/index.html |title=India Aircraft Special Weapons Delivery Systems |publisher=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904074343/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/aircraft/index.html |archivedate=4 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Since India does not have a nuclear first use policy against an adversary, it becomes important to protect from a first strike. This protection is being developed in the form of the two layered [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme|Anti-ballistic missile defence]] system.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

India's [[Strategic Nuclear Command]] controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the Navy controls the ship and submarine based missiles and the Air Force the air based warheads. India's nuclear warheads are deployed in five areas:
# Ship based mobile, like the [[Dhanush (missile)|Dhanush]]. (operational)
# Land-based mobile, like the [[Agni missile system|Agni]]. (operational)
# Fixed underground silos (operational)
# Submarine based, like the [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika]]. (operational)<ref name="India_triad"/>
# Air-based warheads of the Indian Air Forces' [[India and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear-capable aircraft|strategic bomber force]] like the [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] and the [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] (operational)
[[File:Agni-II missile (Republic Day Parade 2004).jpeg|thumb|The Indian Army's Agni II medium-range ballistic missile on parade.]]
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2"
|+ style="color:#f116;"| {{bigger|Land-based nuclear armed ballistic missiles}}
|- style="color:#fff;"
!style="background:#f93;"| Name
!style="background:#f93;"| Type
!style="background:#f93;"| Range (km)
!style="background:#f93;"| Status
|-
| '''[[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi-I]]'''{{nbsp|2}} || [[Short-range ballistic missile]] || 150 ||rowspan="6"| Deployed </tr>
| '''[[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi-II]]'''{{nbsp|2}} || Short-range ballistic missile || 250–350 </tr>
| '''[[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi-III]]'''{{nbsp|2}} || Short-range ballistic missile || 350–600 </tr>
| '''[[Agni-I]]''' || Short / [[Medium-range ballistic missile]] || 700–1,250 </tr>
| '''[[Agni-II]]''' || Medium-range ballistic missile || 2,000–3,000 </tr>
| '''[[Agni-III]]''' || [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]]{{nbsp|2}} || 3,500–5,000 </tr>
|-
| '''[[Agni-IV]]''' || Intermediate-range ballistic missile || 4,000 km ||rowspan="2"| Tested successfully </tr>
| '''[[Agni-V]]''' || Intermediate / [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] || 5,000–8,000 </tr>
|-
| '''[[Agni-VI]]''' || Intercontinental ballistic missile & probable MIRV || 8,000–12,000 || Under development </tr>
| '''[[Surya missile|Surya]]''' || Intercontinental ballistic missile & MIRV || 12,000–16,000 || Unconfirmed </tr>
|}

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2"
|+ style="color:#f116;"| {{bigger|Sea-based nuclear armed ballistic missiles}}
|- style="color:#fff;"
!style="background:#f93;"| Name
!style="background:#f93;"| Type
!style="background:#f93;"| Range (km/mi)
!style="background:#f93;"| Status
|-
| '''[[Prithvi missile|Dhanush]]''' || Short-range ballistic missile || {{cvt|350|km|mi}} || Operational
|-
| '''[[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika (K-15)]]''' || [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile]] || {{cvt|700|km|mi}} || Operational<ref name="India_triad"/>
|-
| '''[[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]]''' || Submarine-launched ballistic missile|| {{cvt|3,500|km|mi}} || Tested<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-test-fires-long-range-n-missile-launched-from-under-sea-114032501060_1.html|title=India test fires long range N-missile launched from under sea|author=Press Trust of India|date=25 March 2014|work=business-standard.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141959/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-test-fires-long-range-n-missile-launched-from-under-sea-114032501060_1.html|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

====Nuclear-armed cruise missiles====
'''BrahMos:'''
{{main article|BrahMos}}
[[File:INS Rajput firing a BrahMos missile.jpg|thumb|250px|[[INS Rajput (D51)|INS Rajput]] shown firing a [[BrahMos (missile)]].]]
The BrahMos is a Mach 3 Supersonic Cruise Missile developed in collaboration with Russia. Its land attack and anti-ship variants are in service with the Indian Army and Indian Navy. Sub-Launched and Air Launched variants are under development or testing.

*BrahMos II
{{main article|BrahMos-II}}
The BrahMos II is a Mach 7 Hypersonic Cruise Missile being developed in collaboration with Russia.

'''Nirbhay:'''
{{main article|Nirbhay}}
The Nirbhay is a Long Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile. This Missile has a range of over {{convert|1000|km|mi}}.<ref name=toi19j>{{cite news|title=Nirbhay to be test-fired in February|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/india/36431317_1_v-k-saraswat-long-range-cruise-missile-agni-iv|accessdate=19 January 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 January 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070720/asp/nation/story_8080771.asp|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation|work=telegraphindia.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135149/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070720/asp/nation/story_8080771.asp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Other missiles====

'''Akash:'''
{{main article|Akash (missile)}}
The Aakash is a medium-range, mobile [[surface-to-air missile]] defence system.<ref name=ak>[http://www.akashsam.com/akashmissile.htm AkashSAM.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228145415/http://www.akashsam.com/akashmissile.htm |date=28 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Journal of Electronic Defense Staff |title= International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook |publisher= Artech House |year= 2004 |isbn=1-58053-898-3|chapter=Guided Threat Systems|page=115}}</ref> The missile system can target aircraft up to {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, at altitudes up to {{convert|18,000|m|yd}}<ref>[http://www.asiantribune.com/oldsite/show_news.php?id=12250 Asian tribune: Upgraded version of 'Aakash' test fired; By Hemanta Kumar Rout]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''Nag:'''
{{main article|Nag (missile)}}
The Nag is a third generation "[[Fire-and-forget]]" [[Anti-tank guided missile|anti-tank missile]] developed in India. It is one of five missile systems developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] (IGMDP).

'''Helena:'''
{{main article|Helena (missile)}}
The Helena is a variant of the NAG Missile to be launched from a helicopter.<ref name="drdl-projects">{{cite web
|title=DRDL: Areas of Work
|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/DRDL/English/index.jsp?pg=AreasWork.jsp
|accessdate=31 May 2012
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210114900/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/DRDL/English/index.jsp?pg=AreasWork.jsp
|archivedate=10 February 2012
|df=
}}</ref> It will be structurally different from the Nag.

'''Shaurya:'''

{{main article|Shaurya (missile)}}
The Shaurya is a canister launched [[hypersonic]] [[surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[Tactical ballistic missile|tactical missile]] with a range more than {{convert|750|km|mi}}.<ref name="indiaresearch.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaresearch.org/Shourya_Missile.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817013504/http://indiaresearch.org/Shourya_Missile.pdf |archivedate=17 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It provides the potential to strike an adversary in the short-intermediate range.<ref name=a1>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/India-successfully-test-fires-Shaurya-missile/384746/ |title=India successfully test fires 'Shaurya' missile |publisher=expressindia.com |date=12 November 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916081502/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/India-successfully-test-fires-Shaurya-missile/384746/ |archivedate=16 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="hindu20081114">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/14/stories/2008111456561300.htm|title=News Archives: The Hindu|work=hindu.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113082002/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/14/stories/2008111456561300.htm|archivedate=13 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

'''Prahaar''':
{{main article|Prahaar (missile)}}
The Prahaar is a solid-fuelled surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile.<ref>{{cite web |author=Y. Mallikarjun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2154015.ece |title=India all set to test new short-range tactical missile |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=3 July 2011 |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112211729/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2154015.ece |archivedate=12 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

'''Astra:'''
{{main article|Astra (missile)}}
The Astra is a "Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile" (BVRAAM) developed for the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Astra BVRAAM more complex than Agni missiles
| pages =
| newspaper = Domain-B
| location = Balasore
| date = 31 August 1998
| url = http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/miss_muni/20100112_agni_missiles_oneView.html
| accessdate = 31 May 2012
| deadurl = no
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150612152743/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/miss_muni/20100112_agni_missiles_oneView.html
| archivedate = 12 June 2015
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

===India's nuclear doctrine===

India has a declared nuclear [[No first use|no-first-use]] policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible [[minimum deterrence]]". In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine<ref name=NFU>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/CTBT/nuclear_doctrine_aug_17_1999.html |title=Draft Report of National Security Advisory Board on Indian Nuclear Doctrine |publisher=Indianembassy.org |accessdate=30 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205231912/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/CTBT/nuclear_doctrine_aug_17_1999.html |archivedate=5 December 2009 }}</ref> which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail".<ref name=NFU/>

The fourth [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] of India [[Shivshankar Menon]] signalled a significant shift from "[[no first use]]" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the [[National Defence College, India|National Defence College]] in New Delhi on 21 October 2010, a doctrine Menon said reflected India's "strategic culture, with its emphasis on minimal deterrence".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/798/Speech+by+NSA+Shri+Shivshankar+Menon+at+NDC+on+The+Role+of+Force+in+Strategic+Affairs|title=Speech by NSA Shri Shivshankar Menon at NDC on "The Role of Force in Strategic Affairs"|work=mea.gov.in|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, whether the policy shift actually took place or not is unclear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/DidIndiaChangeitsNuclearDoctrine_vnarang_010311|title=Did India Change its Nuclear Doctrine?: Much Ado about Nothing|work=idsa.in|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618173408/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/DidIndiaChangeitsNuclearDoctrine_vnarang_010311|archivedate=18 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Some argued that this was not a substantive change but "an innocent typographical or lexical error in the text of the speech".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idsa.in/idsacomments/DidIndiaChangeitsNuclearDoctrine_vnarang_010311|title=Did India Change its Nuclear Doctrine?: Much Ado about Nothing|work=idsa.in|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618173408/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/DidIndiaChangeitsNuclearDoctrine_vnarang_010311|archivedate=18 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India's current PM Modi has, in the run up to the recent general elections, reiterated commitment to no first use policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/04/16/uk-india-election-nuclear-idINKBN0D20QB20140416|title=Modi says committed to no first use of nuclear weapons|work=Reuters India|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428054309/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/04/16/uk-india-election-nuclear-idINKBN0D20QB20140416|archivedate=28 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In April 2013 [[Shyam Saran]], convener of the [[National Security Advisory Board]], affirmed that regardless of the size of a nuclear "attack against India," be it a miniaturised version or a "big" missile, India will "retaliate massively to inflict unacceptable damage".<ref>{{cite web|last=Bagchi |first=Indrani |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/even-a-midget-nuke-strike-will-lead-to-massive-retaliation-india-warns-pak/articleshow/19795988.cms |title=Even a midget nuke strike will lead to massive retaliation, India warns Pak – The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |accessdate=30 April 2013}}</ref> Here, the term "attack against India" means attack against the "Union of India" or "Indian forces anywhere".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idsa.in/cbwmagazine/IndiaResponsetoCBWAttack_aahmed_1008.html|title=India's Response to CBW attack|work=idsa.in|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508150427/http://idsa.in/cbwmagazine/IndiaResponsetoCBWAttack_aahmed_1008.html|archivedate=8 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Missile defence programme==
{{main article|Guided missiles of India}}
[[India]]'s missile defence network has two principal components – the Air Defence Ground Environment System (ADGES) and the Base Air Defence Zones (BADZ). The ADGES network provides for wide area radar coverage and permits the detection and interception of most aerial incursions into Indian airspace. The BADZ system is far more concentrated with [[radars]], [[interceptor aircraft|interceptors]], [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAMs) and [[anti-aircraft artillery]] (AAA) units working together to provide an intense and highly effective defensive barrier to attacks on vital targets.<ref name=BR>{{cite web|title=Ballistic Missile Defence for India|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Contemporary/328-BMD.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|accessdate=22 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802193532/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Contemporary/328-BMD.html|archivedate=2 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Ballistic missile defence===
[[File:AAD Test Crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Launching of an advanced air defence (AAD) missile]]
{{main article|Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Program}}

The Ballistic Missile Defence Program is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered [[ballistic missile defence]] system to protect India from [[ballistic missile]] attacks.<ref name="IHT">{{cite web |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/04/asia/AS_GEN_India_Missile_System.php |title=India expects to use missile interception system as a weapon, top scientist says |publisher=International Herald Tribune |date= |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311004546/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/04/asia/AS_GEN_India_Missile_System.php |archivedate=11 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm |title=India developing new missiles Towards destroying hostile missiles |publisher=Hindu.com |date=3 December 2006 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629092610/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm |archivedate=29 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202110808/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20061211/defence.shtml%26SET%3DT The New Guardian]''India unveils an all new anti-ballistic missile expected to be the fore-runner of a sophisticated air defence system to thwart, among other threats, a [[Pakistan]]i nuclear weapons attack''</ref> it is a double-tiered system consisting of two [[Anti-ballistic missile|interceptor missiles]], namely the [[Prithvi Air Defence|Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)]] missile for high-altitude interception, and the [[Advanced Air Defence (AAD)]] Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched {{convert|5,000|km|mi}} away.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |title=India tests interceptor missile |publisher=Google.com |date=6 March 2009 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602000349/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |archivedate=2 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after the [[United States]], [[Russia]] and [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite press release | title = Development of Ballistic Missile Defence System: Year End Review | publisher = [[Ministry of Defence (India)]] | date = 28 December 2007 | url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=34262 | accessdate = 26 January 2008 | quote = | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080105043512/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=34262 | archivedate = 5 January 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> On 6 March 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defence shield, during which an incoming "enemy" missile was intercepted at an altitude of {{convert|75|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php |title=India successfully tests missile interceptor |publisher=International Herald Tribune |date= |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310002406/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php |archivedate=10 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 6 May 2012, it was announced that Phase-I is complete and can be deployed on short notice to protect Indian cities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rajat Pandit, TNN, 26 November 2007, 02:43AM IST |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms |title=India on way to joining exclusive BMD club |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=26 November 2007 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513163850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms |archivedate=13 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web |author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3390404.ece |title=Missile defence shield ready: DRDO chief |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=6 May 2012 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114022736/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3390404.ece |archivedate=14 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[New Delhi]], the national capital, and [[Mumbai]], have been selected for the ballistic missile defence shield.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Mumbai-selected-for-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370157.cms| title= Delhi, Mumbai selected for ballistic missile defence shield| date= 24 June 2012| work= The Times Of India| deadurl= no| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120624214841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Mumbai-selected-for-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370157.cms| archivedate= 24 June 2012| df= dmy-all}}</ref> After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-mumbai-to-get-missile-defence-shield-235328 |title=Delhi, Mumbai to get missile defence shield – NDTV News |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=24 June 2012 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412170400/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-mumbai-to-get-missile-defence-shield-235328 |archivedate=12 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as {{convert|2,500|km|mi}} away. When the Phase II is completed and the PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets up to {{convert|5,000|km|mi}} both at exo and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions. The missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent.<ref name=IBNLive>{{cite news|title=More Teeth to Defence System|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/more-teeth-to-defence-system/230239-60-117.html|accessdate=27 July 2012|newspaper=IBNLive|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/delhi-mumbai-to-be-first-provided-with-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370434.cms |title=Delhi, Mumbai to be first provided with missile defence shield |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=24 June 2012 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519045307/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/delhi-mumbai-to-be-first-provided-with-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370434.cms |archivedate=19 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This system can handle multiple targets simultaneously with multiple interceptors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/aad.htm|title=Ashwin Advanced Air Defence (AAD)|author=John Pike|work=globalsecurity.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503153546/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/aad.htm|archivedate=3 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

India is reported to have procured a squadron of [[S-300VM|S-300V]] systems which are in use as an anti-tactical ballistic missile screen.<ref name=BR-2>{{cite news|title=Strategic Air Defences in a Nuclear South-Asia|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Contemporary/325-SAD.html|accessdate=22 August 2012|newspaper=Bharat-Rakshak|date=2 July 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804052802/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Contemporary/325-SAD.html|archivedate=4 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=DNews>{{cite news|title=India To Boost Airfield Defenses|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120410/DEFREG03/304100001/India-Boost-Airfield-Defenses|accessdate=22 August 2012|newspaper=DefenceNews|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Cruise missile defence===
Defending against an attack by a cruise missile on the other hand is similar to tackling low-flying manned aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system. To ward off the threats of nuclear-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been created with an AAD missile.<ref name=IBNLIVE>{{cite news|title=India discovers methods to face missile wars|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/missile-wars-india-prepares-itself-after-cruise-missile-tests-by-pak/54298-3.html|accessdate=8 August 2012|newspaper=IBNLive|date=16 December 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
DRDO Chief, Dr. [[V K Saraswat]] stated in an interview: "Our studies have indicated that this AAD will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept."<ref name=IBNLIVE/>

Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat.<ref name=IBNLIVE/>

[[Barak-8]] is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system being developed jointly by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) of India.<ref name=NT>{{cite news|title=Naval Barak-8 Missiles, Israel, India|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/naval-barak-8-surface-air-missiles/|accessdate=8 August 2012|newspaper=Naval Technology|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808005150/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/naval-barak-8-surface-air-missiles|archivedate=8 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}{{unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=August 2016}}</ref> The Indian Army is considering the induction of a variant of the Barak 8 missile to meet its requirement for a medium-range [[surface-to-air]] air defence missile. The naval version of this missile has the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea.<ref name=IANS>{{cite news|title=February trial for naval air defence missile|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/february-trial-naval-air-defence-missile-103543198.html|accessdate=8 August 2012|newspaper=Indo-Asian News service|date=16 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614193055/https://in.news.yahoo.com/february-trial-naval-air-defence-missile-103543198.html|archivedate=14 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It would also be inducted into the Indian Air Force, followed by the Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lrsam-flighttested-successfully-in-israel/article6591545.ece|title=LRSAM flight tested successfully in Israel|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126184947/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lrsam-flighttested-successfully-in-israel/article6591545.ece|archivedate=26 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Recently developed, India's [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] missile defence system also has the capability to "neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles".<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/ Akash missile successfully test fired for second day, ''Dated:November 18, 2014''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706133433/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/ |date=6 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|title=India Successfully Test Fires Medium-Range Akash Missile|date=19 June 2014|work=NDTV.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812154859/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|archivedate=12 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Both the Barak-8 and the Akash missile defence systems can engage multiple targets simultaneously during saturation attacks.<ref name="IAI PDF - Barak 8">[http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/FILES/2/35042.pdf IAI PDF – Barak 8] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706174836/http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/FILES/2/35042.pdf |date=6 July 2015 }}, iai.co.il</ref>

On 17 November 2010, in an interview Rafael's vice-president Mr. Lova Drori confirmed that the [[David's Sling]] system has been offered to the Indian Armed Forces.<ref name=IDefence>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4813 |title=Rafael Confirms Offer of Iron Dome, David's Sling to Indian Armed Forces |publisher=India-defence.com |date= |accessdate=19 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514002646/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4813 |archivedate=14 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This system is further designed to distinguish between decoys and the actual warhead of a missile.<ref>[http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/israel_missile.pdf?_=1316466791 Israel Missile Chronology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203025956/http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/israel_missile.pdf?_=1316466791 |date=3 February 2013 }} Nuclear Threat Initiative, 2010</ref>

===S-400 Triumf===
The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Defence Ministry]] approved the purchase of five battalions, along with 6000 missiles, for the [[S-400 Triumf]] missile system in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvzvezda.ru/news/vstrane_i_mire/content/201512171801-qtvc.htm|title=Индия купит у России пять ЗРК С-400 "Триумф"|publisher=|accessdate=28 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050736/http://tvzvezda.ru/news/vstrane_i_mire/content/201512171801-qtvc.htm|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 15 October 2016, on the sidelines of a BRICS Summit, India and Russia signed an inter-governmental agreement (IGA) for the supply of the S400 system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indiarussia-s400-missiles-deal/article9224802.ece|title=India to buy S-400 missiles from Russia|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/news/362880-india-russia-missile-shipment/|title=S-400 anti-aircraft missile systems delivery to India can begin in 2020|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018140629/https://www.rt.com/news/362880-india-russia-missile-shipment/|archivedate=18 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Military intelligence==
The [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) is an [[Intelligence agency|organisation]] responsible for providing and co-ordinating [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] for the Indian armed forces.<ref name="MOD">{{cite web|title=Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India|url=http://mod.nic.in/aboutus/body.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=14 July 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713064303/http://mod.nic.in/aboutus/body.htm|archivedate=13 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="FAS">{{cite web|title=Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/india/dia.htm|publisher=Global Security.org|accessdate=14 July 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723160626/http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/india/dia.htm|archivedate=23 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was created in March 2002 and is administered within the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Union Ministry of Defence]].<ref name="FAS"/> It is headed by a Director General who is also the principal adviser to the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Defence Staff.

Traditionally, the bulk of intelligence work in India has been carried out by the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) and the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB). The various services intelligence directorates namely the Directorate of Military Intelligence (DMI), the Directorate of Air Intelligence (DAI), Directorate of Naval Intelligence (DNI) and some other agencies are also involved but their activity is smaller by comparison. The R&AW and IB agencies are composed largely of civilians. Military personnel are often deputed to these agencies, but the letter of the law and concerns of deniability limit the use of serving military officers in some types of activity (especially collection and action). The creation of an intelligence agency co-ordinating the intelligence arms of the three military services had long been called for by senior Indian military officers.<ref name="FAS"/> It was formally recommended by the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Cabinet Group of Ministers]], headed by the then [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] [[Lal Krishna Advani]]. The Group of Ministers investigated intelligence lapses that occurred during the [[Kargil War]] and recommended a comprehensive reform of [[List of Indian Intelligence agencies|Indian intelligence agencies]].<ref name="FAS"/><ref name="A">{{cite web|title=Defense Intelligence Agency to Start in February 2002|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/india/mod/dia.htm|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]|date=30 January 2002|accessdate=14 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326002603/https://fas.org/irp/world/india/mod/dia.htm|archivedate=26 March 2009}}</ref> The Defence Intelligence Agency was created and became operational in March 2002.<ref name="A"/> As part of expanding bilateral co-operation on gathering intelligence and fighting terrorism, the [[United States military]] also provided advice to Indian military officers on the creation of the DIA.<ref name="A"/>

DIA has control of MoD's prized technical intelligence assets – the Directorate of Signals Intelligence and the Defence Image Processing and Analysis Centre (DIPAC). While the Signals Directorate is responsible for acquiring and decrypting enemy communications, the DIPAC controls India's satellite-based image acquisition capabilities. The DIA also controls the Defence Information Warfare Agency (DIWA) which handles all elements of the information warfare repertoire, including psychological operations, cyber-war, electronic intercepts and the monitoring of sound waves.

==Research and development==
{{Main article|Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Republic of India, responsible for the development of technology for use by the military, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation. DRDO has a network of 52 laboratories which are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronic and computer sciences, human resource development, life sciences, materials, missiles, combat vehicles development and naval research and development. The organisation includes more than 5,000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical and supporting personnel. Annual operating budget of the DRDO is pegged at $1.6 billion (2011–12).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories960.htm|title=..:: India Strategic ::.. Indian Defence News: India's Defence Budget 2011-12|last=|first=|date=|work=indiastrategic.in|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707091416/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories960.htm|archivedate=7 July 2015|deadurl=no|access-date=|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}}

===Electronic-warfare, military hardware===
The DRDO's avionics programme has been a success story with its mission computers, [[radar warning receivers]], high accuracy direction finding pods, [[synthetic aperture radar]], [[Active Phased Array Radar]], airborne jammers and flight instrumentation in use across a wide variety of Indian Air Force aircraft and satellites. DRDO labs have developed many [[electronic warfare]] systems for IAF and the Indian Army and high-performance [[Sonar]] systems for the Navy.

DRDO also developed other critical military hardware, such as the [[Arjun MBT|Arjun]] Main Battle Tank, and is engaged in the development of the future [[Infantry Combat Vehicle]], the "Abhay". The DRDO is also a member of the trials teams for the T-72 upgrade and its fire control systems. [[INSAS]], India's de facto standard small arms family including [[assault rifle]], [[light machine guns]] and [[carbine]], is developed at the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]], a DRDO laboratory. ARDE also worked on the development of [[Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher]], which has a maximum range of {{convert|39|km|mi}} - {{convert|40|km|mi}} and can fire a salvo of 12 high-explosive rockets in 44 seconds, neutralising a target area of 3.9 square km. This project was one of the first major Indian defence projects involving the Private sector.

===Missile development programme===
[[File:Nag with NAMICA Defexpo-2008.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|DRDO-built 3rd-generation [[ATGM]] [[Nag missile]]]]
DRDO executed the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP) to establish the ability to develop and design a missile locally, and manufacture a range of missile systems for the three defence services. The programme has seen significant success in its two most important constituents — the [[Agni (missile)|Agni missiles]] and the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi missiles]], while two other programmes, the [[Akash SAM]] and the anti-tank [[Nag Missile]] have seen significant orders. Another significant project of DRDO has been the [[Astra (missile)|Astra]] [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] air-to-air missile (BVR), for equipping IAF's [[Air superiority fighter|air-superiority fighters]]. The crown jewel of DRDO has been the [[BrahMos]] programme (as a joint venture with Russian NPO), which aims at creating a range of [[Cruise missile|supersonic cruise missiles]] derived from the [[Yakhont]] system. The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on the BrahMos, aspects of its propulsion, airframe and seeker, fire control systems, mobile command posts and the Transporter Erector Launcher.

The US Department of Defence ([[Department of Defense (USA)|Pentagon]]) has written to India's Ministry of Defence (MoD), proposing the two countries collaborate in jointly developing a next-generation version of the [[Javelin anti-tank missile]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|title=US offers to co-develop new Javelin missile with India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/us-offers-to-co-develop-new-javelin-missile-with-india-113091600624_1.html|work=Business Standard|accessdate=3 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005062839/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/us-offers-to-co-develop-new-javelin-missile-with-india-113091600624_1.html|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Unmanned aerial vehicles===
[[File:Rustom RC model1.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|A scaled-down model of the [[DRDO Rustom|Rustom-1]] MALE UAV.]]
The DRDO has also developed many [[unmanned aerial vehicles]]- such as the [[DRDO Nishant|Nishant]] tactical UAV and the [[Lakshya PTA|Lakshya]] Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA). The Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements. Efforts are ongoing to develop the PTA further, with an improved all-digital flight control system, and a better turbojet engine. The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a new class of UAV, referred to by the HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance) and MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) designations. The MALE UAV has been tentatively named the [[DRDO Rustom|Rustom]], and will feature canards and carry a range of payloads, including optronic, radar, laser designators and ESM. The UAV will have conventional landing and take off capability. The HALE UAV will have features such as SATCOM links, allowing it to be commanded beyond line of sight. Other tentative plans speak of converting the LCA into an [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]] (UCAV),<ref>{{cite web|title=India to develop unmanned combat aerial vehicle|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-to-develop-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle/105939-3.html|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010044302/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-to-develop-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle/105939-3.html|archivedate=10 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and weaponising UAVs such as [[DRDO AURA|AURA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India developing unmanned combat aerial vehicle|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-developing-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle/1/100966.html|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233214/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-developing-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle/1/100966.html|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Future programmes===

====Anti-satellite weapon====
{{main article|Anti-satellite weapon}}
In 2010, the defence ministry drafted a 15-year "Technology Perspective and Roadmap", which held development of [[Anti-satellite weapon|ASAT weapons]] "for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both LEO (2,000-km altitude above earth's surface) and the higher geosynchronous orbit" as a thrust area in its long-term integrated perspective plan under the management of DRDO.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rajat Pandit, TNN, 25 May 2010, 02.00am IST |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India-to-gear-up-for-star-wars/articleshow/5970384.cms |title=India to gear up for 'star wars' – India — The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=25 May 2010 |accessdate=31 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527113520/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India-to-gear-up-for-star-wars/articleshow/5970384.cms |archivedate=27 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 10 February 2010, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] Director-General, and Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Dr VK Saraswat stated that India had "all the building blocks necessary" to integrate an anti-satellite weapon to neutralise hostile satellites in [[Low Earth Orbit|low earth]] and [[polar orbit]]s. India is known to have been developing an exo-atmospheric kill vehicle that can be integrated with the missile to engage satellites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/343/india-contemplates-anti-satellite-vehicle-integration-with-agni-iii-ballistic-missile.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-06-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401012035/http://www.defencenow.com/news/343/india-contemplates-anti-satellite-vehicle-integration-with-agni-iii-ballistic-missile.html |archivedate= 1 April 2015 |df= }} date= 12 February 2015</ref>

====Directed-energy weapons====
It is also known that DRDO is working on a slew of [[directed energy weapons]] (DEWs) and has identified DEWs, along with space security, cyber-security, and hypersonic vehicles/missiles as focus areas in the next 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DRDOs-next-Star-Wars-like-weapons/articleshow/6248942.cms?|title=DRDO's next: Star Wars-like weapons|work=The Times of India|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020161307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DRDOs-next-Star-Wars-like-weapons/articleshow/6248942.cms|archivedate=20 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle====
{{main article|Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle}}
The Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehilce (HSTDV) is an unmanned [[scramjet]] demonstration aircraft for [[hypersonic]] flight ([[Mach number|Mach]] 6.5). The HSTDV program is run by the DRDO.<ref name=THEHINDU>{{cite news|last=T. S. Subramanian|title=DRDO developing hypersonic missile|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/09/stories/2008050955301300.htm|accessdate=11 March 2012|date=9 May 2008|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309185602/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/09/stories/2008050955301300.htm|archivedate=9 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Peace keeping, anti-piracy, and exploration missions==

===United Nations peacekeeping===
{{multiple image |direction=vertical
|width1 = 220|image1 = Les Soldats de la Paix du bataillon indien lors d'une patrouille de domination de terrain à travers la forêt de Pitakongo (15143910694).jpg |caption1= Indian soldiers patrol under [[MONUSCO|UN mission in Congo, Africa]]
|width2 = 220 |image2 = The Blue Berets, We Care (15847021980).jpg|caption2= Indian Army doctors attend to a child in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] }}
{{main article|Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions}}

India has been the largest troop contributor to [[UN peacekeeping missions|UN missions]] since their inception.<ref name="Tuteja">{{cite web|last=Tuteja|first=Ashok|title=India largest contributor to UN peace missions|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130603/main4.htm|accessdate=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010438/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130603/main4.htm|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> So far India has taken part in 43 peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed.<ref>[http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/contribution.pdf INDIA's CONTRIBUTION TO UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005023028/http://www.un.int/india/india%20%26%20un/contribution.pdf |date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> {{update inline|date=June 2017}} India has so far, provided one Military Advisor (Lt Gen R K Mehta), one Police Adviser (Ms Kiran Bedi), one Deputy Military Adviser (Lt Gen Abhijit Guha), 14 Force Commanders and numerous Police Commissioners in various UN Missions.{{update inline|date=June 2017}} The Indian Army has also contributed lady officers as Military Observers and Staff Officers apart from them forming part of Medical Units being deployed in UN Missions. The first all women contingent in a peacekeeping mission, was a Formed Police Unit from India, deployed in 2007 to the UN Operation in Liberia(UNMIL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2007/march07_2.pdf|title=Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231151/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2007/march07_2.pdf|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India has suffered 127 soldier deaths while serving on peacekeeping missions.<ref>https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/fatalities/StatsByYear%201.pdf {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326080655/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/fatalities/StatsByYear%201.pdf |date=26 March 2009 }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}} India has also provided army contingents performing a peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990 as the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]. In November 1988, India also helped to restore the government of [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] in the [[Maldives]] under [[Operation Cactus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/india-defence/71886-indian-navy-destroyer-anti-piracy-action-sept-5-a.html|title=Indian Navy Destroyer In Anti-Piracy Action On Sept 5|work=Pakistan Defence|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222020706/http://www.defence.pk/forums/india-defence/71886-indian-navy-destroyer-anti-piracy-action-sept-5-a.html|archivedate=22 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of June 2013, about 8000 Indian UN peacekeepers, both men and women, are deployed in nine missions, including the Congo, South Sudan, Liberia, UNDOF, Haiti, Lebanon, Abeyi, Cyprus and Cote de Ivoire.<ref name="Tuteja"/>{{update inline|date=June 2017}}

===Anti-piracy mission===
India sought to augment its naval force in the Gulf of Aden by deploying the larger [[INS Mysore (D60)|INS ''Mysore'']] to patrol the area. Somalia also added India to its list of states, including the US and France, who are permitted to enter its territorial waters, extending up to {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|lk=in}} from the coastline, in an effort to check piracy.<ref name=ins-hp>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-gets-the-right-of-hot-pursuit-in-somali-waters/78607-3.html?from=rssfeed |title=India gets the right of hot pursuit in Somali waters |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216075642/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-gets-the-right-of-hot-pursuit-in-somali-waters/78607-3.html?from=rssfeed |archivedate=16 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> An Indian naval official confirmed receipt of a letter acceding to India's prerogative to check such piracy. "We had put up a request before the Somali government to play a greater role in suppressing piracy in the Gulf of Aden in view of the United Nations resolution. The TFG government gave its nod recently."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Somalia_seeks_Indias_help_to_quell_piracy/articleshow/3741936.cms |title=Somalia seeks India's help to quell piracy- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=21 November 2008 |accessdate=27 March 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20081216081819/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Somalia_seeks_Indias_help_to_quell_piracy/articleshow/3741936.cms |archivedate=16 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In November 2008, an Indian navy warship destroyed a suspected Somali pirate vessel after it came under attack in the Gulf of Aden. In a report on Somalia submitted to the Security Council, UN Secretary General [[Ban Ki-Moon]] said "I welcome the decision of the governments of India and the Russian Federation to cooperate with the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia to fight piracy and armed robbery against ships." India also expressed the desire to deploy up to four more [[warships]] in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnDEL414570.html |title=Reuters.com |publisher=Africa.reuters.com |date=9 February 2009 |accessdate=27 March 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216075508/http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnDEL414570.html |archivedate=16 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jacksonville.com/news/metro/2009-01-27/story/navy_helo_squadron_helps_fight_pirates |title=Navy helicopter squadron helps fight pirates |accessdate=28 January 2009 |last=Gibbons |first=Timothy J. |coauthors= |date=28 January 2009 |work= |publisher=[[The Florida Times-Union]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131075633/http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2009-01-27/story/navy_helo_squadron_helps_fight_pirates |archivedate=31 January 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 2010-09-06, a team of [[MARCOS|Indian marine commandos]] (MARCOS) boarded MV Jag Arnav and overpowered attacking pirates — seven heavily armed Somalis and one Yemeni national. In the seven year time frame India deployed 52 warships to combat piracy, which resulted in the area up to 65 degrees east being cleared of pirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/of-pirates-navy-and-a-high-risk-area-in-the-arabian-sea-1231324|title=After 7 Years and Deployment of 52 Warships, This Area is Now Pirate-Free|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811090205/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/of-pirates-navy-and-a-high-risk-area-in-the-arabian-sea-1231324|archivedate=11 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Relief operations===
[[File:Indian Air Force Cheetah helicopters rescue op 2015 Chennai Flood.jpg|thumb|An Indian Air Force helicopter rescues stranded people during [[2015 South Indian floods#Chennai|2015 Chennai Floods]].]]
The Indian Air Force provides regular relief operation for food and medical facilities around the world using its [[cargo aircraft]] most notably the [[Ilyushin Il-76]]. The most recent relief operation of the IAF was in [[Kyrgyzstan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/indian-aid-flown-to-kyrgyzstan-news-national-khgruccjede.html |title=Indian aid flown to Kyrgyzstan |publisher=Sify.com |date=6 July 2010 |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709181429/http://sify.com/news/indian-aid-flown-to-kyrgyzstan-news-national-khgruccjede.html |archivedate=9 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-sends-aid-to-Kyrgyzstan/Article1-565986.aspx |title=India sends aid to Kyrgyzstan |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=1 July 2010 |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711024631/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-sends-aid-to-Kyrgyzstan/Article1-565986.aspx |archivedate=11 July 2010 |df= }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2017}}
During the [[2010 Ladakh floods]], two Ilyushin Il-76 and four Antonov-32 aircraft of the IAF carried 30 tonnes of load, which include 125 rescue and relief personnel, medicines, generators, tents, portable X-ray machines and emergency rescue kits. A MI-17 helicopter and Cheetah helicopter were used to increase the effectiveness of the rescue operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=80 foreigners rescued from Leh: IAF|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/aug/10/80-foreigners-rescued-from-leh-iaf-41.asp|accessdate=17 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127184637/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Aug/10/80-foreigners-rescued-from-leh-iaf-41.asp|archivedate=27 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
During the 2013 [[2013 North India floods|Uttrakhand Floods]], the Indian armed forces took part in rescue operations. By 21 June 2013, the Army had deployed 10,000 soldiers and 11 helicopters, the Navy had sent 45 naval divers, and the Air force had deployed 43 aircraft including 36 helicopters. From 17 to 30 June 2013, the IAF airlifted a total of 18,424 people — flying a total of 2,137 sorties and dropping/landing a total of 3,36,930 kg of relief material and equipment. The IAF participated in the rescue operation codenamed [[Operation Raahat]] and evacuated more than 4640 Indian citizens (along with 960 foreign nationals from 41 countries) from [[Yemen]] during the [[2015 military intervention in Yemen|2015 military intervention]] by [[Saudi Arabia]] and its allies in that country during the [[Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)|Yemeni Crisis]].<ref name="Kumar 2015">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Hari | title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen | website=NYTimes.com | date=10 April 2015 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 | accessdate=11 April 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 | archivedate=20 April 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=onein2015>{{cite web | title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen | website=www.oneindia.com | date=10 April 2015 | url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html | accessdate=11 April 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html | archivedate=29 April 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="The Times2015">{{cite web | title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen | website=The Times of India | date=8 April 2015 | url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms | accessdate=8 April 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412192753/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms | archivedate=12 April 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Zee Newsx2015">{{cite web | title=Yemen crisis: Number of Indian evacuees reach 4000 mark | website=Zee News | date=7 April 2015 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/yemen-crisis-number-of-indian-evacuees-reach-4000-mark_1574979.html | accessdate=7 April 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413005552/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/yemen-crisis-number-of-indian-evacuees-reach-4000-mark_1574979.html | archivedate=13 April 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015">{{cite web | title=4,000 Indians rescued so far, Yemen air evacuation op to end on Wed | website=hindustantimes.com | date=7 April 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx | accessdate=7 April 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407190743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx | archivedate=7 April 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India15">{{cite web | title=India evacuates 232 foreigners including Americans, Europeans from Yemen | website=The Times of India | date=7 April 2015 | url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms | accessdate=7 April 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407231603/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms | archivedate=7 April 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===IAF efforts in eclipse study===
The Indian Air Force successfully undertook sorties to help Indian scientists study the total solar eclipse that took place on 23 July 2010. Two separate missions from Agra and Gwalior were flown along the path of the moon's shadow, a mission that was deemed hugely successful by scientists associated with the experiment. While one [[Antonov An-32|AN-32]] transport aircraft carrying scientific equipment, cameras and scientists took off from Agra and landed back after a three-hour flight, a [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage-2000]] trainer from Gwalior took images of the celestial spectacle from {{convert|40,000|ft|m}}. With weather being clear at such altitudes and coordinates planned by the IAF pilots, both the AN-32 and Mirage-2000 pilots were able to accomplish the mission successfully.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=56489 |title=PIB Press Release |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date= |accessdate=1 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211161535/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=56489 |archivedate=11 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Indian Navy exploration===
[[File:Indian Navy at the North Pole.jpg|thumb|The Indian Navy expedition to [[North Pole]], 2008]]
The Indian Navy regularly conducts adventure expeditions. The sailing ship and training vessel INS Tarangini began circumnavigating the world on 23 January 2003, intending to foster good relations with other nations; she returned to India in May of the following year after visiting 36 ports in 18 nations. Lt. Cdr. M.S. Kohli led the Indian Navy's first successful expedition to Mount Everest in 1965. Another Navy team also successfully scaled Everest from the north face, the more technically challenging route.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy on top of the world|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/columns/variety/05navy.asp|archive-url=https://archive.is/20080611154057/http://www.chennaionline.com/columns/variety/05navy.asp|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 June 2008|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> An Indian Navy team comprising 11 members successfully completed an expedition to the [[North Pole]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chilling Out!|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/08/19/stories/2006081902510100.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029075128/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/08/19/stories/2006081902510100.htm|archivedate=29 October 2010|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> The Indian Naval ensign first flew in Antarctica in 1981. The Indian Navy succeeded in Mission Dakshin Dhruv by traversing to the [[South Pole]] on skis in 2006. With this historic expedition, they set the record for being the world's first military team to have successfully completed a ski traverse to the geographic south pole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Navy team becomes first military unit to ski to South Pole|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200701312174.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611211229/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200701312174.htm|archivedate=11 June 2008|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref>

==Misconceptions in nomenclature==
There are number of uniform forces in India apart from the Indian Armed Forces. All such forces are established under the acts of Parliament. They are: the [[Central Reserve Police Force]], the [[Border Security Force]], the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]], the [[Central Industrial Security Force]], the [[Sashastra Seema Bal]], the [[Assam Rifles]], the [[National Security Guard]] under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]], the [[Special Protection Group]] under the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India]], the [[Railway Protection Force]] under [[Ministry of Railways (India)]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard]] under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)]]. These forces are referred to as "Armed Force of the Union" in their respective acts, which means a force with armed capability and not necessarily "Armed Forces" - the term as per international standards and conventionally referred to as Army, Navy and Air Force. The Supreme Court in its judgements reported in ''AIR 1996 SC 1705'' held that the military service is only confined to three principal wings of the armed forces i.e. Army, Navy and Air Force. Further the Honourable Supreme Court of India in a case reported in ''AIR 2000 SC 3948'' clarified that unless it is a service in the three principal wing of the Armed Forces, a force included in the expression "Armed forces of the Union" does not constitute part of the military service/military.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIC order|url=http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/CIC_LS_A_2010_001190_M_42637.pdf|website=Right to Information|publisher=CIC, GoI|accessdate=17 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104102/http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/CIC_LS_A_2010_001190_M_42637.pdf|archivedate=25 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> To differentiate from Armed Forces, Some of other forces were commonly referred to as Central Paramilitary Forces which caused confusion and give the impression of them being part of the military forces.

To remove such confusion, in 2011 the Ministry of Home Affairs adopted the uniform nomenclature of [[Central Armed Police Forces]] for only five of its Primary Police organisations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Office Memorandum|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf|website=MHA|publisher=MHA, GoI|accessdate=26 August 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf|archivedate=17 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=For the paramilitary, all's in a new name|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|website=The Telegrpah|publisher=The Telegraph Calcutta|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> These were formerly called as Paramilitary Forces. [[Central Armed Police Forces]] are still incorrectly referred to as "Paramilitary Forces" in the media and in some correspondences. These forces are headed by officers from the [[Indian Police Service]] and are under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].

Other uniform services are referred to by their names only such as: the Railway Protection Force, the NSG, the SPG, the Indian Coast Guard, the Assam Rifles etc., but not under any collective nomenclature. However, conventionally some forces are referred to as the [[Paramilitary Forces of India]] - for example the Assam Rifles, the SFF and the ICG

The [[Indian Coast Guard]] is often confused incorrectly as being a part of the military forces due to the organisation being under the Ministry of Defence. The Supreme Court in its judgement has held that unless it is a service in the three principal wings of the Armed Forces, a force included in the expression "Armed forces of the Union" does not constitute part of military service/military. The Indian Coast Guard works closely with civilian agencies such as Customs, the Department of Fisheries, the Coastal Police etc. with its primary role being that of a non-military, maritime law enforcement agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mission |url=http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/mission/mission.html |publisher=Indian Coast Guard |accessdate=26 August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827060649/http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/mission/mission.html |archivedate=27 August 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed History of Indian Coast Guard [ In Detail ] |url=http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/history/morehistory.html |website=Indian Coast Guard |publisher=ICG |accessdate=17 September 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928121157/http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/history/morehistory.html |archivedate=28 September 2015 |df= }}</ref> It is independent of the command and control of the Indian Navy. ICG was initially planned to be kept under the Ministry of Home Affairs but has been kept under the Ministry of Defence for better synergy since it is patterned like the Navy.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICG More History |url=http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/history/morehistory.html |website=ICG |publisher=Indian Coast Guard |accessdate=26 August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928121157/http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/history/morehistory.html |archivedate=28 September 2015 |df= }}</ref> The ICG does not take part in any protocol of military forces such as the President's Body Guard, ADCs, the Tri-Services Guard of Honour etc. Their recruitment is also not underthe Combined Defence Services Exam/National Defence Academy Exam which is one of the prime modes of commissioning officers to the Armed Forces. Indian Coast Guard Officers continue to get their training with Indian Navy Officers since the ICG does not have its own training academy. Already a new [[Indian Coast Guard Academy]] for training of their officers is under construction.{{update inline|date=June 2017}} Often ICG loses its credit for being incorrectly recognised as part of Indian military Forces and not as a unique independent force.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Military of India}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Military budget of India]]
* [[National Security Council (India)]]
* [[Ordnance Factories Board]]
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
* [[One Rank, One Pension|One Rank, One Pension Demand]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]
* [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]
* [[Indian Armed forces rank flags]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Clear}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{note|IPS}} Does not include members of the [[Indian Police Service]]

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2010| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| authorlink1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author2=Hackett, James (ed.)| date=3 February 2010| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| isbn=1-85743-557-5| ref=IISS2010}}
* {{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2012| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| authorlink1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author2=Hackett, James (ed.)| date=7 March 2012| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| isbn=1857436423| ref=IISS2012}}
* ''Militarism in India: The Army and Civil Society in Consensus''- by A. Kundu
* Subramaniam, Arjun. ''India's Wars: A Military History, 1947-1971'' (2017), 576 pages. {{ISBN|978-1-68247-241-5}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Military of India}}
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2017}}
{{Z148}}
* [http://indianarmy.nic.in/ Indian Army] – Official website
* [http://indianairforce.nic.in/ Indian Air Force] Official website
* [http://nausena-bharti.nic.in/ Indian Navy] Official website
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ Bharat-Rakshak] – Military & Defence News
* [http://www.defencetalk.com/tag/india/ India Defence News] Indian Defence & Military News


{{Military of India}}
{{Current Indian infantry weapons}}
{{Indian missiles}}
{{Indian Military honours and decorations}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{India topics}}
{{Military of Asia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Armed Forces}}
[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]
[[Category:Military of India| ]]
[[Category:Government of India|Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]

Jesús María Municipality

2018-04-05T23:02:46Z

Maundwiki:

{{Infobox settlement


|name = Jesús María
|settlement_type =[[Municipality (Mexico)|Municipality]]
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield = EscudoJesusmaria.jpg
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map = Jesus Maria en Aguascalientes.svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = Mexico 
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize =280
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]]
|subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat
|subdivision_name2 = [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|established_title2 = 
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 = 
|established_date3 =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 506.32
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank1_km2 =
|area_blank1_sq_mi =

|population_as_of =2015
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =120405
|population_density_km2 =auto
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title =Ethnicities
|population_blank1 =
|population_blank2_title =Religions
|population_blank2 =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =

|timezone =
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|21|58|N|102|21|W|region:MX|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =

|postal_code_type = 
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Jesús María''' is a [[municipalities of Mexico|municipality]] in the [[Mexican state]] of [[Aguascalientes]]. It stands at {{coord|21|58|N|102|21|W|}}. The municipality has an area of 499.18 km² (192.73 sq mi).

==Demographics==

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 99,590.<ref name=SEDESOL>{{cite web|title=Jesús María|url=http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=01&mun=005|work=Catálogo de Localidades|publisher=[[Secretaría de Desarrollo Social]] (SEDESOL)|accessdate=23 April 2014}}</ref>

As of 2010, the city of [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]], the municipal seat, had a population of 43,012.<ref name=SEDESOL/> Other than the city of Jesús María, the municipality had 346 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: [[Jesús Gómez Portugal (Margaritas), Aguascalientes|Jesús Gómez Portugal (Margaritas)]] (11,589), [[Paseos de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Paseos de Aguascalientes]] (4,432), [[Arboledas Paso Blanco, Aguascalientes|Arboledas Paso Blanco]] (3,313), [[Corral de Barrancos, Aguascalientes|Corral de Barrancos]] (3,158), [[El Llano, Jesús María|El Llano]] (2,571), classified as urban, and [[Maravillas, Aguascalientes|Maravillas]] (2,208), [[Paso Blanco, Aguascalientes|Paso Blanco]] (1,709), [[Tepetates, Aguascalientes|Tepetates]] (1,683), [[General Ignacio Zaragoza (Venadero), Aguascalientes|General Ignacio Zaragoza (Venadero)]] (1,630), [[Paseos de las Haciendas, Aguascalientes|Paseos de las Haciendas]] (1,596), [[Valladolid, Aguascalientes|Valladolid]] (1,411), [[San Antonio de los Horcones, Aguascalientes|San Antonio de los Horcones]] (1,254), [[Los Arquitos, Aguascalientes|Los Arquitos]] (1,120), [[Miravalle, Aguascalientes|Miravalle]] (1,071), and [[Ejido la Guayana (Rancho Seco), Aguascalientes|Ejido la Guayana (Rancho Seco)]] (1,028), classified as rural.<ref name=SEDESOL/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://www.webcitation.org/6EjXaEdST?url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

==External links==
*[http://www.jesusmaria.gob.mx/ Municipio de Jesús María] Official website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes] Official website of state of Aguascalientes

{{Municipalities of Aguascalientes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jesus Maria Municipality}}
[[Category:Municipalities of Aguascalientes]]

[[eo:Jesús María (komunumo)]]
[[it:Jesús María]]