Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia

2024-05-31T12:28:45Z

Mr anonymous username: fixed link to Dagmar of denmark- changed to Maria feodorovna 1847-1928 rather than previous Dagmar of Denmark 1890-1961

{{Short description|Third son of Alexander III (1871–1899)}}
{{tone|date=April 2016}}
{{family name hatnote|Alexandrovich||lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Grand Duke George Alexandrovich
| title =
| image = George Alexandrovich of Russia by V.P.Mischenko (1892).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| house = [[House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov|Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]]
| father = [[Alexander III of Russia]]
| mother = [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dagmar of Denmark]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|5|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Alexander Palace]], [[Tsarskoye Selo]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1899|7|10|1871|5|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Abastumani]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Russian Empire
| burial_place= [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Peter and Paul Cathedral]], [[St. Petersburg]], Russian Empire
}}
'''Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia''' ({{OldStyleDateNY|9 May|27 April}} 1871 – {{OldStyleDateNY|10 July|28 June}} 1899) was the third son of [[Alexander III of Russia|Emperor Alexander III]] and [[Maria Fyodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Empress Maria of Russia]] and brother of Emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]].

==Childhood==
[[File:1878. Император Александр III с женой и детьми.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Grand Duke George as a child with his parents, brother Nicholas and sister Xenia.]] George was named after his uncle, King [[George I of Greece]].<ref>Lerche, Mandal, p.174</ref> He was brought up in a spartan fashion with his siblings in the English manner. They slept on camp beds, rose at six and usually took cold baths (being occasionally allowed a warm bath in their mother's bathroom). Breakfast usually consisted of porridge and black bread, mutton cutlets or roast beef with peas. Baked potatoes were served for lunch and bread, butter and jam at teatime. George and [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas]], his brother and later emperor, had a sitting-room, dining room, playroom and bedroom, all simply furnished. The only trace of ostentation was an icon surrounded by pearls and precious stones.<ref name=Hall61>Hall, p.61</ref> Because of his parents' happy marriage he was brought up in an atmosphere of love and security that was missing in many royal households at the time.<ref name=Hall61 />

On 27 May 1883, George's parents were crowned in a ceremony in the [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Uspensky Cathedral]] at the [[Kremlin]] in [[Moscow]]. The Emperor and Empress received the homage of the Imperial Family, including their sons, Nicholas and George.<ref>Hall, p.103</ref> The family lived mostly in the security of the [[Gatchina Palace|palace at Gatchina]].

==Education, career and health==
George was considered to be the most clever of the Imperial children and outgoing like his mother.<ref name=Hall94>Hall, p.94</ref> George and Nicholas shared the same tutors but studied in adjoining rooms. They followed the course of the Academy of the Russian General Staff, their tutors being distinguished professors. Their English teacher, Charles Heath, had once been tutor to their uncles, Grand Dukes [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia|Sergei]] and [[Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia|Pavel]]. Both brothers spoke and wrote perfect [[English language|English]]. From Mr. Heath they acquired a love of sport, particularly shooting and fly-fishing. They also spoke fluent [[French language|French]] and passable [[German language|German]] and [[Danish language|Danish]].<ref name=Hall94 /> George displayed signs of a promising career in the Navy before falling ill with [[tuberculosis]] in 1890.<ref>Lerche, Mandal, p.181</ref>

The Emperor and Empress decided to send both Nicholas and George on a nine-month-long trip to [[Japan]] in 1890. George would go as a naval cadet and Nicholas to complete his education by seeing the world. They left Gatchina on 4 November 1890. Nicholas and George first went by warship to [[Athens]] where they were joined by their cousin, [[Prince George of Greece]]. From there, they traveled to [[Egypt]], then to India. From [[Bombay]] in [[India]], Nicholas telegraphed that his brother George had to remain on the ship because he had trouble with his leg. George's family was informed that he had a fever and would have to return home. George was diagnosed with acute bronchitis and was sent back to Athens where he could be examined by Imperial doctors. The Empress was distressed for both her sons: George, whose sickness affected her deeply, and Nicholas, who was now deprived of his brother's company.<ref name="Hall145">Hall, p.145</ref> Nicholas also later returned home early following a failed assassination attempt on his life by [[Tsuda Sanzō]], known as the [[Ōtsu incident]].

== Tsesarevich ==
[[File:Сын императора Александра III великий князь Георгий Александрови.jpg|right|150px|thumbnail|Grand Duke George Alexandrovitch.]] In November 1894 [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] died and Nicholas became Emperor. At the time, Nicholas had no children, thus, according to the laws of succession of the Russian Empire, the Grand Duke George became ''[[Tsesarevich]]'', the [[heir presumptive]] to the throne.<ref>Sometimes the non-Russian world rendered this as ''[[Tsarevich]]''. This was an older title commonly used in Russia before Peter the Great's 1721 reforms for any son of a Tsar, including non-Russian Tsars. After 1721, sons of the Russian Tsar were titled ''Grand Duke''.</ref><ref>Barkovets, Tenikhina, p.97</ref> George's ill-health had forced him to relocate to [[Likani]], making it impossible for him to return to St. Petersburg for the funeral of his father.<ref>Hall, p.165</ref> Nicholas wrote to his brother, "Constantly pray to God to send you a full and speedy recovery, and to comfort you because it is so much more difficult to be alone after such great sorrow than it is for us who are at least together!" <ref>Maylunas, Mironenko, p.108</ref> George also missed the christenings of Nicholas' elder daughters, [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Olga]] and [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Tatiana]]. Shortly after the birth of Nicholas' third daughter, [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1899–1918)|Maria]], in June 1899, George wrote to his brother, "I am terribly sad that I have not yet been able to see your daughters and get to know them; but what can I do? It means it's not my fate, and everything is the will of God."<ref>Maylunas, Mironenko, p.172</ref>

George was visited by his mother in Likani. In 1895, George and his mother visited Denmark and nearby Danish relatives.

Suddenly, his health started to deteriorate. "Yesterday, in the garden, he expectorated some blood...that frightened me more than I can tell – the surprise of it was shocking because he had been so well of late...I am quite desperate that this should have happened here''.''" <ref>Maylunas, Mironenko, p.176</ref> As a result, George was forbidden to smoke and was confined to his bed until he was fit enough to return to [[Likani]]. Writing to Nicholas back home once again, George said about his trip to Denmark, "Of course, it was good to see the family after 4 years, but it did not really do me any good, as I lost more than 5 pounds which I had put on with such difficulty in May and June. I also get out of breath more easily. So these are the results of my trip. Very annoying."<ref>Maylunas, Mironenko, p.119</ref>

==Death==
[[File: George Alexandrovich by S.Levitskiy (1889).png|left|thumbnail|upright|Grand Duke George Alexandrovich in 1889]] George died suddenly in [[Abastumani]] on 10 July 1899 at the age of 28. He had been out alone on his motorcycle and some hours later, when he failed to return, his worried staff sent out a search party. By the time they found him, a peasant woman had already discovered him collapsed at the side of the road, blood oozing from his mouth as he struggled to breathe. She supported him in her arms until he died.<ref name=Hall186>Hall, p.186</ref>
[[File: Georgy alexandrovich.jpg|thumb|George and his brother Nicholas]]
[[File: George Alexandrovich Romanov deathplace.jpg|thumb|Death place of George Alexandrovich in Abastumani, Georgia]]

The news reached Nicholas by telegram, who had the difficult task of telling their family. [[Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia|Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich]] wrote, "Everyone was struck, as if by lightning, by this sad and unexpected news.<ref name=Hall173>Hall, p.173</ref> [[Queen Victoria]] wrote to Nicholas II, "Pray to accept the expression of my sincerest sympathy in this great sorrow, for I know the affection you had for your poor brother Georgy, whose life was so sad and lonely."<ref name=Hall173 /> The Dowager Empress telegraphed Queen Victoria, "Thank you so much for kind sympathy in this terrible sudden bereavement... My poor dearest son died quite alone. Am heartbroken."<ref name=Hall186 />

On 14 July 1899 George was laid to rest in the [[Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg|St. Peter and Paul Cathedral]] in Saint Petersburg, not far from his late father, Alexander III. When the coffin was lowered into the tomb, Maria Feodorovna stood next to [[Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia|Xenia]] holding her arm-in-arm, but quickly left the service as a result of her grief. Maria retrieved George's hat and took it with her as she left in-carriage.<ref>''Diary of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna for 1899'', State Archives of the Russian Federation f.662, op.1, d.13, 1,97-97v</ref>

==Legacy==

George's title as heir presumptive was passed to his younger brother [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia|Michael]] until the birth of Nicholas' son [[Tsarevich Alexei of Russia|Alexei]] in 1904. In 1910 Michael named his newborn son [[George, Count Brasov|George]] after his late brother.

==DNA evidence==
Decades later, George's body was disinterred from the grave in the [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul]] so that a sample of DNA could be taken from his remains to determine whether some unidentified skeletal remains belonged to his older brother, Nicholas II. The DNA sample obtained from the Grand Duke's remains indicated that he was closely related to the DNA sample from the other remains, confirming their identity. After the completion of DNA testing, the remains of Grand Duke George Alexandrovich were once again laid to rest not far from those of his older brother and family.<ref>Hall, p.356</ref>

==Honours==
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}: [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]]<ref name="p94">Justus Perthes, ''Almanach de Gotha 1899'' (1899) [https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha00unse_78/page/94 p. 94]</ref>
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}: [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Grand Cross of St. Stephen]], ''1885''<ref>[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Denmark}}:<ref name="DanskStatskalender">{{cite book |year=1894 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1894 |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1894 |url=https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918036.pdf#page=35 |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |page=5 |access-date=16 September 2019 |via=[[:da:DIS Danmark]]}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''9 October 1889''
** Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, ''1892''
* {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''14 May 1891''<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja|page=149}}</ref>
* {{flag|German Empire}}: [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''16 September 1884''<ref>{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|volume=1|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=17&skin=2021 9]|lang=German|chapter=Schwarzer Adler-orden|location=Berlin|year=1886}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg}} [[Hesse and by Rhine]]: Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''10 March 1889''<ref name="ordensliste">{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Ludewigs-orden|page=8|lang=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1898|publisher=Staatsverlag|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''22 April 1896''<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000971359&search=&lang=es|chapter=Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1898|access-date=21 March 2019|page=160|language=es}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{See also|Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark}}

{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia'''
|2= 2. [[Alexander III of Russia]]
|3= 3. [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Princess Dagmar of Denmark]]
|4= 4. [[Alexander II of Russia]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine]]
|6= 6. [[Christian IX of Denmark]]
|7= 7. [[Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel]]
|8= 8. [[Nicholas I of Russia]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Charlotte of Prussia]]
|10= 10. [[Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]]
|11= 11. [[Princess Wilhelmine of Baden]]
|12= 12. [[Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]]
|13= 13. [[Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel]]
|14= 14. [[Prince William of Hesse-Kassel]]
|15= 15. [[Princess Charlotte of Denmark]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Barkovets |first=A. I. |author2=V. M. Tenikhina |title=Empress Maria Fiodorovna |publisher=Abris Publishers |year=2006 |location=St. Petersburg |language=Russian |isbn=0-85683-177-8}}
*{{cite book
| last = Hall
| first = Coryne
| title = Little Mother of Russia - A Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna
| publisher = Shepheard-Walwyn (Publishers) Ltd
| year= 1999
| location = London
| url =http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/little-mother-of-russia/
| isbn = 978-0-85683-229-1 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Korneva |first1=Galina |last2=Cheboksarova |first2=Tatiana |title=Empress Maria Feodorovna's Favourite Residences in Russia and Denmark |publisher=Liki Rossi |year=2006 |isbn=978-5-87417-331-9 |location=St. Petersburg |language=Russian}}
*{{cite book
| last1 = Lerche
| first1 = Anna
| last2 = Mandal
| first2 = Marcus
| title = A Royal Family : The Story Of Christian IX And His European Descendants
| publisher = Egmont Lademann A/S Denmark
|year= 2003
| isbn = 87-15-10957-7 }}
*{{cite book
| last1 = Maylunas
| first1 = Andrei
| last2 = Mironenko
| first2 = Sergei
| title = A Lifelong Passion : Nicholas and Alexandra - Their Own Story
| publisher = Phoenix
|year= 1997
| location = London
| isbn = 0-7538-0044-6 }}
*{{cite book |last=Romanova |first=Xenia Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess |author-link=Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia |title=Diary of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna for 1899 |year=1899 |location=Russian State Archives, Moscow |language=Russian}}

{{Russian tsareviches}}
{{Russian grand dukes}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George Alexandrovich Of Russia}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:Grand dukes of Russia]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]]
[[Category:Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:19th-century people from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Tsesarevichs of Russia]]
[[Category:Sons of Russian emperors]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Children of Alexander III of Russia]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Georgia (country)]]

Wassail

2024-01-19T21:20:24Z

Mr anonymous username: fixed link to twelfth night (holiday) rather than play

{{Short description|Hot mulled cider, ale or wine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2021}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Wassail (4221293123).jpg|thumb|A pot of [[simmering]] wassail, infused with [[citrus]] fruit slices and [[cinnamon stick]]s]]
[[File:Shirehampton wassail music.jpg|thumb|Wassailers in [[Shirehampton]], Bristol]]

'''Wassail''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɒ|s|əl}}, {{IPAc-en|-|eɪ|l}} {{respell|WOSS-əl, -ayl}}, most likely from [[Old Norse]] ''"ves heill"'') is a beverage made from hot [[mulling spices|mulled]] [[cider]], ale, or wine and spices, drunk traditionally as an integral part of [[wassailing]], an ancient English [[Yuletide]] drinking ritual and [[salutation]] either involved in door-to-door charity-giving or used to ensure a good harvest the following year.<ref name="Martin2014">{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Scott C.|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives|date=16 December 2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|language=en|isbn=9781483374383|page=1804|quote=A wassail can be performed on any date between Christmas Eve and Old Twelfth Night (January 17).}}</ref><ref name="Ifans2022">{{cite book |last1=Ifans |first1=Rhiannon |title=Stars and Ribbons: Winter Wassailing in Wales |date=15 February 2022 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-1-78683-826-1 |language=en|quote=At Christmastide too, a second group of celebrants sang their own carols--wassail carols.}}</ref>

==Etymology==

According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the word "wassail" originated as a borrowing from the [[Old Norse]] salutation ''ves heill,'' corresponding to [[Old English]] ''hál wes þú or wes hál'' – literally meaning 'be in good health' or 'be fortunate'. It was initially used in the sense of 'hail' or 'farewell', without any drinking connotation.<ref name="OED1">{{Cite OED|wassail}}</ref> The English interjection "{{wikten|hail}}" is a [[cognate]] of the [[etymon]] of the second part of "wassail", and was probably influenced by the Old English phrase.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harper|first=Douglas R.|title=hail (interjection, etc.)|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/hail|access-date=January 3, 2021|website=Online Etymological Dictionary}}</ref>

The expression later became part of the [[Toast (honor)|drinking formula]] ''"''wassail...drinkhail" which, the OED suggests, initially arose in England among the [[Anglo-Danes]], and from there spread to the native population, being considered a specifically [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo Saxon]] characteristic by the 12th century. The earliest record is of around 1140, in [[Geoffrey of Monmouth|Geoffrey of Monmouth's]] telling of the [[Rowena|Rowena story]], which has ''wes heil..drinc heil'' (or, in a variant reading, ''was heil''). Later [[Middle English]] manuscripts have a variety of spellings, including {{lang|enm|wæs hæil, wæshail, wessail, washayl, washail, wesseyl, wassayl, wassaile, wassaylle, wessayle, whatsaile}} and {{lang|enm|whatsaill}}.<ref name="OED1" />

The second expression, "drinkhail", may derive either from Old Norse or Old English, again with a variety of spellings including {{lang|non|drinkel, drincheheil, drechehel, drincheheil, drinceseil, drinqueheil, drinkeil}} and {{lang|non|dringail}}.<ref name="OED2">{{Cite OED|drink-hail}}</ref>

The earliest example of the drinking phrases in a specifically English context comes from a manuscript of 1275, preserving a 12th-century text which has {{lang-ang|Þat freond sæiðe to freonde...Leofue freond wæs hail Þe oðer sæið Drinc hail}}.<ref name="OED1" /> [That friend said to [the other] friend...,"beloved friend, wassail!"; the other said, "drinkhail!"]

By {{c.}} 1300, the sense had extended from a toast to the drink itself, especially to the spiced [[ale]] used in [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth-night]] and [[Christmas Eve]] celebrations. By 1598 it was being applied to the custom of drinking healths on those nights. [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] 1603 use of "Keep wassel" in [[Hamlet]] i. iv. 10 was the first record of the term's use in a more general sense of "[[carousal]]" or "revelling".<ref name="OED1" />

==Beverage==
[[File:Old Christmas, Illustrated London News 24 Dec 1842.jpg|thumb|A [[Christmas Eve]] 1842 issue of the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'', depicting [[Father Christmas]] in a wassail bowl.]]

Wassail is a hot, mulled [[punch (drink)|punch]] often associated with Yuletide, often drunk from a '[[Wassailing#Wassail bowls|wassail bowl]]'. The earliest versions were warmed [[mead]] into which roasted [[Malus|crab apples]] were dropped and burst to create a drink called 'lambswool' drunk on [[Lammas]] day, still known in [[Shakespeare]]'s time.<ref>BBC Early Music Show, Here We Come a-Wassailing, broadcast 28 December 2014</ref> Later, the drink evolved to become a mulled cider made with sugar, [[cinnamon]], [[ginger root|ginger]] and [[nutmeg]], topped with slices of [[Toast (food)|toast]] as [[sop]]s and drunk from a large [[communal bowl]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/happiness/the-communal-origins-of-a-festive-new-years-drinking-tradition-20181227|title=The Communal Origins of a Festive New Year's Drinking Tradition|first=Jereme|last=Zimmerman|via=www.yesmagazine.org}}</ref> Modern recipes begin with a base of [[wine]], [[fruit juice]] or mulled ale, sometimes with [[brandy]] or [[sherry]] added. [[Apple]]s or [[orange (fruit)|oranges]] are often added to the mix, and some recipes also call for beaten [[egg (food)|egg]]s to be [[tempering (spices)|tempered]] into the drink. Great bowls turned from wood, pottery or [[tin]] often had many handles for shared drinking and highly decorated lids; antique examples can still be found in traditional pubs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Alton|author-link1=Alton Brown|title=Good Eats: Twas' The Night Before Good Eats|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/alton-brown/wassail-recipe.html|website=foodnetwork.com|publisher=[[Good Eats]]|access-date=10 December 2014|date=2009}}</ref> Hence the first [[stanza]] of the traditional carol [[Gloucestershire Wassail]]; variations of which were known to have been sung as far back as the 1700s,<ref>Husk, William Henry. Songs of the Nativity, London: John Camden Hotten, Chiswick Press, 1884, p. 150 https://archive.org/details/songsofnativityb00husk/page/150</ref> and possibly earlier:<ref name="Wilks">{{cite web|last=Wilks|first=Jon|title=Wassail All Over the World|url=http://www.thegrizzlyfolk.com/2013/11/13/wassail-all-over-the-world/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113143236/http://www.thegrizzlyfolk.com/2013/11/13/wassail-all-over-the-world/|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2013|work=The Grizzly Folk|access-date=13 November 2013}}</ref>

{{poemquote|Wassail! Wassail! All over the town,
Our toast it is white and our ale it is brown;
Our bowl it is made of the white [[maple]] tree;
With the wassailing bowl, we'll drink unto thee.}}

At [[Carhampton]], near [[Minehead]], the Apple Orchard Wassailing is held on [[Old Twelfth Night]] (17 January) as a ritual to ask the gods{{who|date=January 2021}} for a good apple harvest.{{cn|date=January 2021}} The villagers form a circle around the largest apple tree, hang pieces of toast soaked in cider in the branches for the [[European robin|robin]]s, who represent the 'good spirits' of the tree. A [[shotgun]] is fired overhead to scare away evil spirits, and the group sings the following being the (last verse):

{{poemquote|Old Apple tree, old apple tree;
We've come to wassail thee;
To bear and to bow apples {{wikten|enow}};
Hats full, caps full, three bushel bags full;
Barn floors full and a little heap under the stairs.<ref name="Christian">Christian, Roy (1972). ''Old English Customs''. Pub. David & Charles. {{ISBN|0-7153-5741-7}}. P.113.</ref>}}

===Lamb's wool===
"Lamb's wool" or "lambswool" is an early variety of wassail, brewed from ale, baked apples, sugar and various spices.<ref>http://recipewise.co.uk/lambswool Authentic Wassail Drink Recipe – RecipeWISE.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wovember.com/2011/11/04/wool-related-fact-of-the-day/|title=drinking lambs-wool|date=4 November 2011|website=Wovember}}</ref>

{{poemquote|Next crowne the bowle full of
With gentle Lambs [[wool|wooll]]{{sic}},

Adde sugar, nutmeg, and ginger,
With {{wikten|store}} of ale too,
And thus ye must doe,

To make the Wassaile a {{wikten|swinger}}.|source=''[[Oxford Night Caps]]'', 1835|sign=Richard Cook}}

British-Irish antiquarian [[Charles Vallancey]] proposed that the term "lambswool" is a [[corruption (linguistics)|corruption]] of the name of a [[Celtic paganism|pagan Irish]] festival, ''"Lamas Ubhal"'', during which a similar drink was had.<ref>''Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicus, Vol. III'', by Charles Vallencey, Published 1786</ref> Alternatively, the name may derive from the drink's similar appearance to the wool of [[Sheep|lambs]].<ref>Robert Nare's Glossary of the Works of English Authors, Published 1859</ref> Ale is occasionally replaced by [[ginger ale]] for children, especially around [[Halloween]] and [[New Year]].

==Culture==
===Wassailing===
{{Main|Wassailing}}
{{Quote box
|width = 25en

|border = 1px
|align = right
|fontsize = 85%
|salign = right
|quote =
<poem>Here's to thee, old apple tree,
That blooms well, bears well.
Hats full, caps full,
Three bushel bags full,
An' all under one tree. Hurrah! Hurrah!
</poem>
}}

{{Quote box
|width = 25em
|border = 1px
|align = right
|fontsize = 85%
|salign = right
|quote =
<poem>Here's to thee, old apple-tree,
Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow,
And whence thou mayst bear apples enow! [enough]
Hats-full! Caps-full!
Bushel, bushel sacks-full!
And my pockets full, too! Hurra!<ref>{{cite web|last=Bellinger|first=Robin|title=Wassailing|date=22 December 2011|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2011/12/22/wassailing/|publisher=the Paris Review Daily|access-date=23 December 2011}}</ref>
</poem>
}}
In the cider-producing counties in the South West of England (primarily Cornwall,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cornishculture.co.uk/warzail.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141024043233/http://www.cornishculture.co.uk/warzail.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2014-10-24 | title = Cornish Wassailing}}</ref> Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Gloucestershire, and Herefordshire) or South East England (Kent, Sussex, Essex, and Suffolk), as well as Jersey, [[wassailing]] refers to a traditional ceremony that involves singing and drinking to the health of trees on [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]] in the hopes that they might better thrive. The purpose of wassailing is to awaken the cider apple trees and to scare away evil spirits to ensure a good harvest of fruit in the Autumn.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wassailing |url=http://www.england-in-particular.info/new/n-wass.html |work=England in Particular |publisher=Common Ground |access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref> The ceremonies of each wassail vary from village to village but they generally all have the same core elements. A wassail King and Queen lead the song or a processional tune to be played/sung from one orchard to the next; the wassail Queen is then lifted into the boughs of the tree where she places toast soaked in wassail from the clayen cup as a gift to the tree spirits (and to show the fruits created the previous year). In some counties, the youngest boy or "Tom Tit" will stand in for the Queen and hang the cider-soaked toast in the tree. Then an incantation is usually recited.

A folktale from Somerset reflecting this custom tells of the [[Apple Tree Man]], the spirit of the oldest apple tree in an orchard, and in whom the fertility of the orchard is thought to reside. In the tale a man offers his last mug of mulled cider to the trees in his orchard and is rewarded by the Apple Tree Man who reveals to him the location of buried gold.<ref name=Briggs>{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Katharine|date=1976|title=An Encyclopedia of Fairies|publisher=Pantheon Books|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffa00brig/page/9 9–10]|isbn=978-0394409184|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffa00brig/page/9}}</ref><ref name=briggs-tongue>{{cite book | last1=Briggs|first1= Katharine|last2=Tongue|first2=Ruth |date=1965|title=Folktales of England| publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=44–46|isbn=978-0226074948}}</ref>
[[File:Chepstow-wassail butler.jpg|thumb|The "Wassail Butler" of [[Chepstow]] holding a wassail bowl in [[blackface]].]]
===Popular culture===
====Modern music====
British folk rock band [[Steeleye Span]] opened their third album ''[[Ten Man Mop, or Mr. Reservoir Butler Rides Again]]'' (1971) with an extended, minor-key version of "[[Gower Wassail]]", Tim Hart singing the traditional verses and the others joining the chorus.

The British rock band [[Blur (band)|Blur]] released a song titled "The Wassailing Song", with each member taking a verse. The release was limited to 500 7-inch pressings, given out at a concert in 1992. The version of "The Wassailing Song" performed by Blur was later adapted in a recording by [[The Grizzly Folk]], who have stated that the arrangement bears a close resemblance to the "Gloucestershire Wassail".<ref name="Wilks"/>

In her song "Oh England My Lionheart", on the 1978 album ''[[Lionheart (Kate Bush album)|Lionheart]]'', [[Kate Bush]] sings, "Give me one wish, and I'd be wassailing in the orchard, my English rose."

The alternative rock band [[Half Man Half Biscuit]] from [[Tranmere, Merseyside|Tranmere]], England, included a song named "Uffington Wassail" on their 2000 album ''Trouble over Bridgwater''. With its references to the Israeli Eurovision contestant [[Dana International]], the [[The Sealed Knot (reenactment)|Sealed Knot]] English Civil War re-enactment society, and also to the skier [[Vreni Schneider]], the meaning of the song's title in this context is a little obscure.

In 2013 Folk Rock musician Wojtek Godzisz created an arrangement of the traditional Gloucestershire Wassail words with original music for the Pentacle Drummers' first Annual Wassail festival (2013), called "Wassail".<ref>{{cite web | last=Godzisz | first=Wojtek | title=Wassail | url=http://www.soundcloud.com/wojtek-godzisz/wassail | date=January 2013}}</ref>

For the Pentacle Drummers' second Wassail festival (2014), the pagan rock band [[Roxircle]] also wrote a Wassail song especially for the event called "Wassail (Give Thanks to the Earth)". The Pentacle Drummers encourage their headline acts to write a song centered around wassailing, a way to keep the tradition alive.

The English progressive rock band [[Big Big Train]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bigbigtrain.com/|title=Home page|website=Big Big Train}}</ref> released an EP entitled "Wassail" in 2015, named for the title track.

[[Yorkshire]]-based folk singer [[Kate Rusby]] included the track "Cornish Wassail" on her 2015 album, ''[[The Frost Is All Over]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theartsdesk.com/new-music/cd-kate-rusby-frost-all-over|title=CD: Kate Rusby - The Frost Is All Over |work=The Arts Desk|date=9 December 2015 }}</ref>

====Television====
Wassail was mentioned in the television show ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''. Crow T. Robot and Tom Servo ask Mike Nelson to provide some. When asked to explain further what exactly wassail is, they admit to having no idea. However, they offer a guess that it might be an "anti-inflammatory". Upon actually getting some, they describe it as "skunky", discovering it to be a 500-year-old batch.

It was mentioned and explained to [[Bing Crosby]] by [[Frank Sinatra]] in a special episode of the ''Frank Sinatra Show'' entitled "Happy Holidays with Bing and Frank" released 20 December 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1330767/|title=Happy Holidays with Bing and Frank|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/82117908|title=Happy Holidays With Bing and Frank (Classic)|website=Vimeo}}</ref>

In 2004, the [[alternative Christmas message]] was presented by ''[[The Simpsons]]'' who close out with a cup of "traditional British wassail". When the director cuts, they spit it out in disgust, with Bart remarking that it tasted "like hurl".

Wassail was featured on the BBC Two special ''Oz and Hugh Drink to Christmas'', aired in December 2009. [[Oz Clarke]] and [[Hugh Dennis]] sampled the drink and the wassailing party in Southwest England as part of their challenge to find Britain's best Christmas drinks.

During the episode "We Two Kings" on the NBC sitcom ''[[Frasier]]'', the title character's brother Niles asks to borrow his wassail bowl; when Frasier's father Martin asks why they can't just use a punch bowl, Niles retorts, "Then it wouldn't be Wassail then would it?" In response, Martin looks up 'wassail' in the dictionary, defined as 'a Christmas punch'.

In the ''[[Good Eats]]'' holiday special episode "The Night Before Good Eats", [[Alton Brown]] is given a wassail recipe by [[St. Nicholas]] which he then must make to appease a mob of angry carolers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/videos/the-night-before-good-eats-0152466.html | title = The Night Before Good Eats|website= www.foodnetwork.com}}</ref>

In Will Vinton's Claymation Christmas Celebration, which originally aired December 21, 1987, the main characters of the special Rex and Herb talk about the term "wassail" regarding a specific Christmas carol, which is comically mis-sung by varying groups that show up throughout the show.

==See also==
* [[Apple Day]]
* [[Apple Wassail]]
* [[Here We Come A-wassailing]]
* [[List of hot beverages]]
* [[Mari Lwyd]] (a related tradition in Wales)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Bladey, Conrad Jay (2002). ''Do the Wassail: A Short Guide to Wassail, Songs, Customs, Recipes and Traditions: How to Have a Fine Geegaw of a Wassail!'', Hutman Productions, {{ISBN|0-9702386-7-3}}.
* Gayre, Robert (1948). ''Wassail! In Mazers of Mead: an account of mead, metheglin, sack and other ancient liquors, and of the mazer cups out of which they were drunk, with some comment upon the drinking customs of our forebears'', Phillimore & Co. Ltd., London.

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Wassail}}
* [http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/alton-brown/wassail-recipe/index.html Authentic Lambswool Recipe]
* [http://www.stephaniedray.com/2011/12/20/celebrating-with-spirits-ritual-wines-and-ales-of-the-dark-ages-tastytuesday/ Quick Lambswool Recipe]
* [http://www.whimple.org/wassail.htm The Whimple Wassail (Whimple History Society)]
* [https://stuartking.co.uk/making-a-wassail-bowl/ Making a wassail bowl]
* [http://piereligion.org/yulesongs.html#wassail Wassailing history and examples]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Wassail |volume= 28 | page= 361}}

{{Christmas}}
{{portalbar|Drink}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mixed drinks]]
[[Category:Christmas food]]
[[Category:Drinking culture]]
[[Category:Hot drinks]]
[[Category:Cider]]

Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh

2022-11-10T17:07:58Z

Mr anonymous username: Removed suspected vandalism

{{short description|Spouse of the Supreme Leader of Iran}}
{{BLP more sources|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| imagesize =
| native_name = {{كس كش منصوره خجسته باقرزاده}}
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1947}}
| birth_place = [[Mashhad]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]
| nationality = [[Iranian nationality law|Iranian]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ali Khamenei]]|1964}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Mostafa Khamenei|Mostafa]]|[[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba]]|[[Masoud Khamenei|Masoud]] (aka Mohsen)|Meysam|Hoda|Boshra}}
| office = Spouse of the Supreme Leader of Iran جنده زمان و خانم رييس كل جندههاى فاطى كاماندو
| 1blankname = {{nowrap|Supreme Leader}}
| 1namedata = [[Ali Khamenei]]
| term_label = Assumed role
| term_start = 4 June 1989
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Khadijeh Saqafi]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Spouse of the president of Iran]]
| president2 = Ali Khamenei koskesh
| term_label2 = In role
| term_start2 = 9 October 1981
| term_end2 = 16 August 1989
| predecessor2 = [[Ateghe Sediqi]]
| successor2 = [[Effat Marashi]]
| profession =
| known_for = Spouse of the Supreme Leader of Iran (since 1989) [[Spouse of the President of Iran]] {{small|(1981–1989)}}<ref>[http://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران + تصاویر]</ref>
}}
'''Mansoureh Khojaste Bagherzadeh''' koskesh({{lang-fa|منصوره خجسته باقرزاده كس كش}}, born 1947) is the wife of [[Ali Khamenei]], the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]].

She was born in a religious family in [[Mashhad]]. Her father was Mohammad Esmaeil Khojaste Bagherzadeh, a famous businessman in Mashhad. She is also the sister of Hassan Khojaste Bagherzadeh, former deputy director of [[IRIB]].<ref>[http://www.khojasteh.ir/cv حسن خجسته]</ref> She first met [[Ali Khamenei]] in a private ceremony in 1964. They were married in the following year. Their marriage sermon was read by Ayatollah [[Mohammad Hadi Milani]].<ref>[http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/172679/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه كسي خواند؟ ]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ateghe Sediqi]]|as=Wife of [[Mohammad-Ali Rajai]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Spouse of the President of Iran]]|years=1981–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Effat Marashi]]|as=Wife of [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khadijeh Saqafi]]|as=Wife of [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Spouse of the Supreme Leader of Iran|years=1989–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Ali Khamenei}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagherzadeh, Mansoureh Khojaste}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mashhad]]
[[Category:Ali Khamenei]]
[[Category:Wives of Supreme Leaders of Iran]]
[[Category:Wives of presidents of Iran]]

Talk:Acid Brass

2022-10-28T13:44:47Z

Mr anonymous username:

==Track listing==

Although this article is about the musical collaboration, ''Acid Brass'' is also an album. Could we please include this track listing (copied from [http://www.faireyband.com/acidbrass.html the Fairey Band website])? Thanks. '''[[Special:Contributions/Nagualdesign|nagual]][[User talk:nagualdesign|design]]''' 06:14, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

{{tracklist
| headline =
| total_length =
| all_writing =

| title1 = Can U Dance?
| note1 = DJ Fast Eddie
| length1 =

| title2 = Jibaro
| note2 = Electra
| length2 =

| title3 = Voodoo Ray
| note3 = A Guy Called Gerald
| length3 =

| title4 = Pacific 202
| note4 = 808 State
| length4 =

| title5 = Strings Of Life
| note5 = Rhythim is Rhythim
| length5 =

| title6 = The Groove That Won't Stop
| note6 = Kevin Saunderson
| length6 =

| title7 = Let's Get Brutal
| note7 = Nitro Deluxe
| length7 =

| title8 = Cubik
| note8 = 808 State
| length8 =

| title9 = Day In The Life/Can U Party?
| note9 = Medley) (Black Riot/Royal House
| length9 =

| title10 = What Time Is Love?
| note10 = KLF
| length10 =
}}

== External links ==

Could someone modify the external link for the official acid brass website, as it leads instead to an unrelated page with explicit content? [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 13:36, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Now modified [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 13:44, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Acid Brass

2022-10-28T13:44:17Z

Mr anonymous username: Changed external link- seemed to take me to a website with unrelated and explicit content

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=August 2015}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2015}}
}}

'''Acid Brass''' is a musical collaboration between [[Turner Prize|Turner-Prize-winning]] artist [[Jeremy Deller]] and the [[Fairey Band|Williams Fairey Brass Band]]. The project is based on fusing the music of a traditional [[brass band]] with [[acid house]] and [[Detroit techno]].

==History==
Acid Brass began in 1997 as a collaboration between Deller, the [[Stockport]]-based Fairey Brass Band and [[Rodney Newton]] who created all the brass arrangements. Deller saw a connection between the two apparently disparate genres, viewing them as "two authentic forms of folk art rooted in specific communities". The music has since been taken all over the world, and was performed by the Fairey Band before a London crowd of 25,000 in July 2005.

In 1997, [[The KLF]] co-founder [[Bill Drummond]] heard Acid Brass performing The KLF's "[[What Time Is Love?]]" as part of their encore. Consequently, Acid Brass collaborated with The KLF (appearing in their alternative personae as The Justified Ancients of Mu-Mu) on a track titled "[[Fuck the Millennium]]", incorporating Acid Brass' cover of "What Time Is Love?". The track was released as a single under the moniker [[2K (band)|2K]].

The track "The Groove that won't stop" was played over the end titles to the 2010 movie "[[Four Lions]]".

The Fairey Band still plays regular Acid Brass gigs at major music festivals in the UK and abroad, and in 2011 issued a new Acid Brass CD.

==Albums==
The original ''Acid Brass'' album was released on 3 November on the [[Blast First]] label and featured versions of dance classics such as [[A Guy Called Gerald]]'s "[[Voodoo Ray]]", [[Derrick May (musician)|Rhythm Is Rhythm]]'s "[[Strings of Life]]" and [[808 State]]'s "Pacific 202". The original studio album was recorded at the [[BBC North]]'s sound studios on Oxford Road in [[Manchester]], whilst a live version was recorded on 1 March 1997 at the [[Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts]].

A new collection entitled ''Acid Brass 2 - In Yer Face!'' was recorded in January 2011. It consists of 10 arrangements by Richard Rock of acid house hits such as "[[Infinity (Guru Josh song)|Infinity]]", "[[Jack to the Sound of the Underground]]", "[[Acid Thunder]]", "[[Theme from S-Express]]" and "[[We Call It Acieed]]".

==Critical reception==
''Acid Brass'' was released to generally favourable reviews. Steve Huey of [[Allmusic]] was mixed in his assessment, who said "the somewhat dodgy (and condescending) concept for this record, by artist Jeremy Deller, is that both brass bands and raves are staples of British working-class life, so a fusion of the two styles of music is natural. While the results are certainly well played, it's extremely difficult to figure out exactly who Acid Brass is supposed to appeal to, except maybe the kitsch audience."<ref>{{allmusic|last=Huey|first=Steve|title=Acid Brass - Williams Fairey Brass Band|accessdate=24 March 2020|id=mw0000034501}}</ref> Joshua Klein of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' was favourable, saying: "If the musicians weren't so serious about the endeavor, it wouldn't quite work, and as it stands, A Guy Called Gerald's 'Voodoo Ray' sounds pretty silly when played by a marching band. But the arrangements retain much of the simple hookiness of the originals."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Klein|first1=Joshua|title=Music Review: The William Fairey Brass Band: Acid Brass|url=http://www.avclub.com/review/the-william-fairey-brass-band-emacid-brassem-21616|website=A.V. Club|accessdate=9 January 2017|date=29 March 2002}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://faireyband.com/home-acid-brass/|''Acid Brass - A Musical Excursion of the Fairey Band''}} – official site
*{{official website|http://www.jeremy-deller.co.uk|Jeremy Deller}} – official site
{{Fairey Aviation Company}}

[[Category:Acid house groups]]
[[Category:Blast First artists]]
[[Category:British brass bands]]

{{UK-band-stub}}

Talk:Acid Brass

2022-10-28T13:36:58Z

Mr anonymous username: /* External links */ new section

List of political parties in Hungary

2022-02-26T22:40:23Z

Mr anonymous username: Fixed typo- "centret" to "centre"

{{Short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Politics of Hungary}}
This article lists '''political parties in Hungary'''. Since the [[Revolutions of 1989]], Hungary has a [[multi-party system]]. Currently, the political landscape of [[Hungary]] is dominated by the [[Fidesz|Fidesz (Hungarian Civic Union)]], which has an [[absolute majority]], while the largest party of the opposition is [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|DK]].

==Active parties==


===Parties represented in the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] or the [[European Parliament]]===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! colspan=3 | Name
! Abbr.
! Leader
! Ideology
! [[National Assembly of Hungary|MPs]]
! [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]]
! Political position
! EP group
|-
! colspan=10 | [[Fidesz–KDNP]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union}}" |
| <center>[[File:Fidesz_2015.svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Fidesz|Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance]] ''Fidesz - Magyar Polgári Szövetség''
| Fidesz
| [[Viktor Orbán]]
| [[National conservatism]] [[Christian democracy]] [[Euroscepticism|Soft Euroscepticism]]
| {{Composition bar|117|199|{{party color|Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union}}}}
| {{Composition bar|12|21|{{party color|Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union}}}}
| [[Right-wing]]
| [[Non-Inscrits|NI]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}}" |
|
| [[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|Christian Democratic People's Party]] ''Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt''
| KDNP
| [[Zsolt Semjén]]
| [[Christian democracy]] [[Social conservatism]]
| {{Composition bar|16|199|{{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}}}}
| {{Composition bar|1|21|{{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}}}}
| [[Right-wing]]
| [[European People's Party group|EPP]]
|-
! colspan=10 | [[United for Hungary]]
|-
! style="background: {{party color|Jobbik (2020)}};" |
| <center>[[File:Jobbik.svg|50px]]</center>
| [[Jobbik|Movement for a Better Hungary]] ''Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom''
| Jobbik
| [[Péter Jakab]]
| [[Hungarian nationalism]] [[Conservatism]]
| {{Composition bar|17|199|{{party color|Jobbik (2020)}}}}
| {{Composition bar|1|21|{{party color|Jobbik (2020)}}}}
| [[Centre-right]] to [[right-wing]]
| [[Non-Inscrits|NI]]
|-
! style="background: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}" |
| <center>[[File:Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Socialist_Party.svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Socialist Party]] ''Magyar Szocialista Párt''
| MSZP
| [[Bertalan Tóth]] [[Ágnes Kunhalmi]]
| [[Social democracy]] [[Pro-Europeanism]]
| {{Composition bar|15|199|{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}}}
| {{Composition bar|1|21|{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}}}
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
| [[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats|S&D]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}}" |
| <center>[[File:Logo of the Democratic Coalition (Hungary).svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition]] ''Demokratikus Koalíció''
| DK
| [[Ferenc Gyurcsány]]
| [[Social liberalism]] [[Federalisation of the European Union|European federalism]] [[Pro-Europeanism]] [[Classical liberalism]]
| {{Composition bar|9|199|{{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}}}}
| {{Composition bar|4|21|{{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}}}}
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]], [[Centrism|Centre]]
| [[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats|S&D]], [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group|ALDE]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Politics Can Be Different}}" |
| <center>[[File:Lehet Más a Politika logó.svg|60px]]</center>
| [[LMP – Hungary's Green Party]] ''LMP – Magyarország Zöld Pártja''
| LMP
| [[Máté Kanász-Nagy]] [[Erzsébet Schmuck]]
| [[Green politics]] [[Syncretic politics]]
| {{Composition bar|6|199|{{party color|Politics Can Be Different}}}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Politics Can Be Different}}}}
| [[far-left|Centre-left]]
| [[Greens–European Free Alliance|Greens/EFA]]
|-
! style="background: #32a640;" |
| <center>[[File:Logo of the Dialogue for Hungary.svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Dialogue for Hungary]] ''Párbeszéd Magyarországért''
| Párbeszéd
| [[Gergely Karácsony]] [[Tímea Szabó]]
| [[Green left]] [[Feminism]]
| {{Composition bar|5|199|#32A640}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|#32A640}}
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
| [[Greens–European Free Alliance|Greens/EFA]]
|-
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Momentum Movement}}" |
| <center>[[File:Logo of the Momentum Movement.svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Momentum Movement]] ''Momentum Mozgalom''
| Momentum
| [[Anna Júlia Donáth]]
| [[Radical centrism]] [[Liberalism]]
| {{Composition bar|0|199|{{party color|Momentum Movement}}}}
| {{Composition bar|2|21|{{party color|Momentum Movement}}}}
| [[Centrism|Centre]]
| [[Renew Europe|RE]]
|-
! colspan=10 | Parties present in parliament but not having their own faction
|-
! style="background: #688d1b;" |
| <center>[[File:MiHazank.jpg|70px]]</center>
| [[Our Homeland Movement]] ''Mi Hazánk Mozgalom''
| Mi Hazánk
| [[László Toroczkai]]
| [[Hungarian irredentism]] [[Euroscepticism|Hard Euroscepticism]]
| {{Composition bar|2|199|hex=#688d1b}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|hex=#688d1b}}
| [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]
| none
|-
! style="background: #af413c;" |
| <center>[[File:PolgariValasz.jpg|70px]]</center>
| [[Civic Response]] ''Polgári Válasz''
| PV
| [[János Bencsik, politican 1985|János Bencsik]]
| [[Conservatism]]
| {{Composition bar|2|199|hex=#af413c}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|hex=#af413c}}
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]] to [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]
| none
|-
! style="background-color:#FFDF00;" |
|
| [[ReforMers (Hungarian political party)|ReforMers]] ''ReforMerek''
| ReforMerek
| [[Andrea Varga-Damm]]
| [[Christian democracy]] [[Conservative liberalism]]
| {{Composition bar|1|199|hex=#FFDF00}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|hex=#FFDF00}}
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]] to [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]
| none
|-
! style="background: #d30200;" |
|
| [[Yes Solidarity for Hungary Movement]] ''Igen Szolidaritás Magyarországért Mozgalom''
| ISZOMM
| [[Andrea Huszti]]
| [[Anti-capitalism]] [[Goulash Communism|Kádárism]] [[Democratic socialism]]
| {{Composition bar|1|199|hex=#af413c}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|hex=#af413c}}
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]
| none
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Liberal Party}}" |
| <center>[[File:Magyar Liberális Párt logo.svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Liberal Party]] ''Magyar Liberális Párt''
| Liberálisok
| [[Anett Bősz]]([[:hu:Bősz Anett|hu]])
| [[Liberalism]] [[Pro-Europeanism]]
| {{Composition bar|1|199|{{party color|Hungarian Liberal Party}}}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Hungarian Liberal Party}}}}
| [[Centrism|Centre]] to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]
| [[Renew Europe|RE]]
|-
! style="background-color:blue" |
| <center>[[File:Új_Kezdet_logo.jpg|60px]]</center>
| [[New Start (Hungary)|New Start]] ''Új Kezdet''
| ÚK
| [[Krisztina Hohn]]([[:hu:Hohn Krisztina|hu]])
| [[Third way]] [[Liberal conservatism]]
| {{Composition bar|1|199|hex=#0000ff}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|hex=#0000ff}}
| [[Centre-right]]
| [[European Democratic Party|EDP]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Volner Party}}" |
|
| [[Volner Party]] ''Volner Párt''
| VP
| [[János Volner]]
| [[National conservatism]] [[Euroscepticism]]
| {{Composition bar|1|199|{{party color|Volner Party}}}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Volner Party}}}}
| [[Right-wing]]
| none
|-
! colspan=10 | Ethnic advocacy organizations present in parliament
|-
! style="background-color: #19226B" |
| <center>[[File:Das Wappen der Ungarndeutschen.png|70px]]</center>
| [[National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary]] ''Magyarországi Németek Országos Önkormányzata''
| MNOÖ
| [[Ibolya Hock-Englender]]
| [[Germans of Hungary|German-Hungarian]] interests
| {{Composition bar|1|199|#19226B}}
| {{Composition bar|0|21|#19226B}}
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]
| none
|-
|}

=== Parties not represented in the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] or the [[European Parliament]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! colspan=3 | Name
! Abbr.
! Leader
! Ideology
! Political position
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party}}" |
| <center>[[File:FKgP.png|70px]]</center>
| [[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|Independent Smallholders' Party]] ''Független Kisgazdapárt''
| FKgP
| [[Károly Balogh (politician)|Károly Balogh]]
| [[Social conservatism]] [[Agrarianism]] [[National conservatism]]
| [[Right-wing]]
|-
! style="background:red" |
|
| [[Hungarian Workers' Party]] ''Magyar Munkáspárt''
| Munkáspárt
| [[Gyula Thürmer]]
| [[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Goulash Communism|Kádárism]] [[Euroscepticism]]
| [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Social Democratic Party of Hungary}}" |
|
| [[Social Democratic Party of Hungary]] ''Magyarországi Szociáldemokrata Párt''
| MSZDP
| [[László Andráska]]
| [[Social democracy]]
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]
|-
! style="background:#808080" |
| <center>[[File:Magyar Kétfarkú Kutyapárt logó.svg|65px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party]] ''Magyar Kétfarkú Kutyapárt''
| MKKP
| Gergely Kovács
| [[Joke party]] [[Absurdism]] [[Satire]]
| [[Centrism|Centre]]
|-
! style="background:#80BB3D |
| <center>[[File:Flag of the Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom.svg|90px]]</center>
| [[Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom]] ''Jólét és Szabadság Demokrata Közösség''
| JESZ
| [[László Sass]]
| [[Liberal conservatism]] [[Christian democracy]]
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]
|-
! style="background:red |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|70px]]</center>
| [[Workers' Party of Hungary 2006 - European Left|Workers' Party of Hungary 2006]] ''Magyarországi Munkáspárt 2006''
| Európai Baloldal
| [[Attila Vajnai]]
| [[Marxism]] [[Eurocommunism]]
| [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|-
! style="background:black |
|
| [[Motherland Party (Hungary)|Motherland Party]] ''A Haza Pártja''
| HP
| [[Árpád Kásler]]
| [[Social conservatism]] [[Euroscepticism|Soft Euroscepticism]]
| [[Centrism|Centre]]
|-
! style="background:#002147 |
| <center>[[File:A Polgári Konzervatív Párt (PKP) logója..png|65px]]</center>
| [[Civic Conservative Party (Hungary)|Civic Conservative Party]] ''Polgári Konzervatív Párt''
| PKP
| [[Peter Béndek]]
| [[Liberal conservatism]] [[Economic liberalism]] [[Pro-Europeanism]]
| [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
|-
! style="background:#f8362a |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|70px]]</center>
| [[Táncsics – Radical Left Party]] ''Táncsics – Radikális Balpárt''
| Táncsics
|
| [[Democratic socialism]]
| [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|-
! style="background:#80BB3D |
|
| [[Civil Movement]] ''Civil Mozgalom''
| CM
| [[Mária Seres]]([[:hu:Seres Mária|hu]])
| [[Third Way (centrism)|Third Way]]
| [[Centre-right]]
|-
! style="background:#e50081 |
| <center>[[File:ÚVNP logo.png|60px]]</center>
| [[New World People's Party]] ''Új Világ Néppárt''
| CVN
| [[József Pálinkás]]
| [[Liberal conservatism]] [[Economic liberalism]] [[Pro-Europeanism]]
| [[Centre-right]]
|-
! style="background: #58AB27 |
|
| [[Hungarian Environmentalists' Party]] ''Magyar Környezetvédők Pártja''
| ZÖLDEK
| Zoltán Medveczki
| [[Green conservatism]]
| [[Right-wing]]
|-
|}

== Historical parties ==
===Before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; text-align:center;"
|+ List of political parties in Hungary before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
|-
!English name
!Hungarian name
!Active
!Ideology
|-
| [[Centralists (Hungary)|Centralists]] || ''Centralisták'' || (1843-1849) || [[Centralism]] [[Classical liberalism]]
|-
| [[Conservative Party (Hungary)|Conservative Party]] || ''Konzervatív Párt'' || (1846-1849) || [[Conservatism]] [[Liberal conservatism]]
|-
| [[Opposition Party (Hungary)|Opposition Party]] || ''Ellenzéki Párt'' || (1847-1849) || [[Classical liberalism]] [[National liberalism]]
|-
| [[Peace Party (Hungary, 1848)|Peace Party]] || ''Békepárt'' || (1848-1849) || Peace with Austria
|}

===Between the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Ausgleich (1867)===
After the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Revolution of 1848]] three different political directions were created - [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|'47ers, '48ers and '49ers]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; text-align:center;"
|+ List of political parties in Hungary between the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Ausgleich (1867)
|-
!English name
!Hungarian name
!Active
!Ideology
|-
| [[Address Party]] || ''Felirati párt'' || (1861-1865) || [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|Ideology of the '48ers]] [[National liberalism]]
|-
| [[Resolution Party]] || ''Határozati párt'' || (1861) || [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|Ideology of the '49ers]] [[Radicalism (historical)|Radical liberalism]]
|-
| [[Left Centre]] || ''Balközép'' || (1865-1875) || [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|Ideology of the '48ers]] (before the [[Ausgleich]] (1867)) [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|Ideology of the '49ers]] (after the [[Ausgleich]] (1867))
|}

===During the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867-1918)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; text-align:center;"
|+ List of political parties in Hungary during the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867-1918)
|-
!English name
!Hungarian name
!Active
!Ideology
|-
| [[Principled Left Centre]] || ''Elvhű Balközép'' || (1873-1874) || [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|'48 ideology]]
|-
| [[Far-Left (Hungary)|Far-Left]] || ''Szélsőbal'' || (1861-1874) || [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|'49 ideology]] (before the [[Ausgleich]] (1867)) [[Ausgleich|'67 ideology]] (after the [[Ausgleich]] (1867)))
|-
| [[Deák Party]] || ''Deák Párt'' || (1865-1875) || [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|'48 ideology]] (before the [[Ausgleich]] (1867)) [[Ausgleich|'67 ideology]] (after the [[Ausgleich]] (1867))
|-
| [[Liberal Party (Hungary)|Liberal Party]] || ''Liberális Párt'' / ''Szabadelvű Párt'' || (1875-1906) || [[classical liberalism]] [[Ausgleich|'67 ideology]]
|-
| [[Independence Party (Hungary)|Independence Party]] || ''Függetlenségi Párt'' || (1874-1884) || [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|'48 ideology]]
|-
| [[Independence Party of 1848]] || ''Negyvennyolcas Függetlenségi Párt'' || (1874–1884) || [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|'48 ideology]]
|-
| [[National Antisemitic Party]] || ''Országos Antiszemita Párt'' || (1883-1892) || [[Antisemitism]]
|-
| [[Party of Independence and '48]] || ''Függetlenségi és 48-as Párt'' || (1884–1945) || [[Classical liberalism]] [[Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67|'48 ideology]]
|-
| [[MSZDP]] || ''Magyar Szociáldemokrata Párt'' || (1890-?) || [[Social democracy]]
|-
| [[Catholic People's Party (Hungary)|Catholic People's Party]] || ''Katolikus Néppárt'' || (1894-1918) || [[Christian socialism]]
|-
| [[National Constitution Party]] || ''Országos Alkotmánypárt'' || (1905–1918) || [[Classical liberalism]] [[Ausgleich|'67 ideology]]
|-
| [[National Party of Work]] || ''Nemzeti Munkapárt'' || (1910-1918) || [[Classical liberalism]] [[Ausgleich|'67 ideology]]
|-
| [[Radical Civic Party]] || ''Polgári Radikális Párt'' || (1914-1919) || [[Civic radicalism]]
|-
| [[48-er Constitution Party]] || ''48-as Alkotmánypárt'' || (1918) || [[Ausgleich|'48 ideology]] [[Classical liberalism]]
|-
| [[Independent Socialist Party (Hungary)|Independent Socialist Party]] || ''Független Szocialista Párt'' || (1897-1905) || [[Socialism]] [[Agrarian socialism]]
|}

===During the First Hungarian Republic (1918-1919, 1919-1920)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! colspan=3 | Name
! Abbr.
!Active
!Ideology
!Political position
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Communist Party}}" |
| <center>[[File:Logo of the Hungarian Communist Party.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Communist Party]] ''Magyar Kommunista Párt''
| MKP
| (1918-1948)
| [[Marxism]] [[Communism]]
| [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
|-
|}

===During the Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1945)===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; text-align:center;"
|-
!English name
!Hungarian name
!Active
!Ideology
|-
| [[Christian National Party (Hungary)|Christian National Party]] || ''Keresztény Nemzeti Párt'' || (1919-1920) || [[Legitimism]] [[Christian right|Christian conservatism]] [[National conservatism]]
|-
| [[Christian Social and Economic Party]] || ''Keresztény Szociális és Gazdasági Párt'' || (1919-1920) || [[Social conservatism]] [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[Christian Socialist Party (Hungary)|Christian Socialist Party]] || ''Keresztényszocialista Párt'' || (1920-?) || [[Christian socialism]]
|-
| [[National Democratic Party (Hungary)|National Democratic Party]] || ''Nemzeti Demokrata Párt'' || (1920-?) || [[Liberalism]]
|-
| [[Civic Freedom Party]] || ''Polgári Szabadságpárt'' || (1921-1944) || [[Liberalism]]
|-
| [['48 Smallholders Party]] || ''48-as Kisgazda Párt'' || (1922-?) || [[Agrarianism]] [[National conservatism]]
|-
| [[Alliance of Christian Unity]] || ''Keresztény Egység Tábora'' || (1922-?) || [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[Andrássy-Friedrich Party|Christian National Agricultural Workers' and Civic Party]] || ''Keresztény Nemzeti Földmíves és Polgári Párt'' || (1922-?) || [[Agrarianism]] [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[Christian Agricultural Workers and Craftsmen Party]] || ''Keresztény Földmíves és Iparos Párt'' || (1922-?) || [[Agrarianism]] [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[Christian Women's League]] || ''Keresztény Női Tábor'' || (1918-1922) || [[Christian democracy]] [[Christian feminism]]
|-
| [[Christian National Economic Party]] || ''Keresztény Nemzeti Gazdasági Párt'' || (1925-1926) || [[Christian democracy]] [[Royalism]]
|-
| [[Christian Economic and Social Party]] || ''Keresztény Gazdasági és Szociális Párt'' || (1926-1937) || [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[Christian Opposition]] || ''Keresztény Ellenzék'' || (1922-1939) || [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[Hungarian National Socialist Party]] || ''Magyar Nemzeti Szocialista Párt'' || (1920s-1944) || [[Nazism]] [[Anti-semitism]] [[Hungarian Turanism]]
|-
| [[Unity Party (Hungary)|Unity Party]] || ''Egységes Párt'' || (1922-1944) || [[Szeged Idea]]
|-
| [[Agrarian Party (Hungary)|Agrarian Party]] || ''Agrár Párt'' || (1926-?) || [[Agrarianism]] [[National conservatism]]
|-
| [[Christian National Opposition Party]] || ''Keresztény Nemzeti Ellenzéki Párt'' || (1931-?) || [[Christian democracy]] [[National conservatism]]
|-
| [[United Opposition]] || ''Egyesült Ellenzék'' || (1931-?) ||
|-
| [[Christian Economic Opposition Party]] || ''Keresztény Gazdasági Ellenzéki Párt'' || (1931-?) || [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[United Hungarian National Socialist Party]] || ''Egyesült Magyar Nemzeti Szocialista Párt'' || (1933-1940) || [[National socialism]]
|-
| [[National Legitimist Party]] || ''Nemzeti Legitimista Néppárt'' || (1935-1937) || [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[Arrow Cross Party]] || ''Nyilaskeresztes Párt'' || (1935-1945) || [[Hungarian Turanism]] [[Fascism]] [[Nazism]]
|-
| [[Christian National Front]] || ''Keresztény Nemzeti Front'' || (1935-?) || [[Christian democracy]]
|-
| [[Reform Generation]] || ''Reformnemzedék'' || (1935-?) ||
|-
| [[Christian National Socialist Front]] || ''Keresztény Nemzeti Szocialista Front'' || (1937-1940) || [[National socialism]]
|}

===During the Second Hungarian Republic (1946-1949)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! colspan=3 | Name
! Abbr.
!Active
!Ideology
!Political position
|-
! style="background: #96825A |
| <center>[[File:Logo of the Civic Democratic Party (Hungary).svg|55px]]</center>
| [[Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)|Civic Democratic Party]] ''Polgári Demokrata Párt''
| PDP
| (1944-1949)
| [[Liberalism]] [[National liberalism]]
| [[Centre-right]]
|-
! style="background: #E30B5C |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|55px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Radical Party]] ''Magyar Radikális Párt''
| MRP
| (1945-1949 1989-1998)
| [[Social liberalism]] [[Anti-communism]]
| [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|-
! style="background: purple |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|55px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Freedom Party]] ''Magyar Szabadság Párt''
| Szabadság párt
| (1946-1947 1956 1989-1999)
| [[National conservatism]] [[Anti-Communism]]
| [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
|-
! style="background: black |
| <center>[[File:Hungarian Independence Party logo, 1947.svg|65px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Independence Party]] ''Magyar Függetlenségi Párt''
| MFP
| (1947 1956 1989-1990)
| [[National conservatism]] [[Anti-Communism]]
| [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
|-
! style="background: #50C878 |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|55px]]</center>
| [[Independent Hungarian Democratic Party]] ''Független Magyar Demokrata Párt''
| FMDP
| (1947-1949 1989-2011)v
| [[Liberalism]]
| [[Centrism|Centre]]
|-
! style="background: lightblue |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|55px]]</center>
| [[Christian Women's League]] ''Keresztény Női Tábor''
| KNT
| (1947-1949)
| [[Christian democracy]] [[Christian feminism]]
| [[Centre-right]]
|-
|}

===During the Hungarian People's Republic (1949-1989)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! colspan=3 | Name
! Abbr.
!Active
!Ideology
!Political position
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Working People's Party}}" |
| <center>[[File:Logo of the Hungarian Working People's Party.svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] ''Magyar Dolgozók Pártja''
| MDP
| (1948-1956)
| [[Marxism]] [[Stalinism]] [[Communism]]
| [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Working People's Party}}" |
| <center>[[File:Logo of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1989-1993).svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]] ''Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt''
| MSZMP
| (1956-1989)
| [[Goulash Communism|Kádárism]] [[Marxism]] [[Leninism]]
| [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
|}

===During the Third Republic (since 1989)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! colspan=3 | Name
! Abbr.
!Active
!Ideology
!Political position
|-
! style="background: #58AB27 |
|
| [[Green Party of Hungary]] ''Magyarországi Zöld Párt''
| MZP
| (1989–2011)
| [[Green conservatism]]
| [[Right-wing]]
|-
! style="background: #FA8072 |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|60px]]</center>
| [[Democratic Coalition Party (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition Party]] ''Demokrata Koalíció Párt''
| DKP
| (1990-2001)
| [[Christian socialism]]
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
|-
! style="background: #1560BD |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|60px]]</center>
| [[Democratic Party (Hungary)|Democratic Party]] ''Demokrata Párt''
| DEMP
| (1993-1994)
| [[Democratic liberalism]]
| [[Centre politics|Centre]]
|-
! style="background: #00FF7F |
|
| [[Green Alternative (Hungary)|Green Alternative]] ''Zöld Alternatíva''
| ZA
| (1993–2000)
| [[Green politics]]
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Hungarian Justice and Life Party}} |
| <center>[[File:Insignia Hungary Political Party MIÉP.svg|50px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Justice and Life Party]] ''Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja''
| MIÉP
| (1993-2021)
| [[Hungarian nationalism]] [[National conservatism]] [[Hard Euroscepticism]]
| [[Right-wing]] to [[far-right]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}}" |
| <center>[[File:MDF logo.gif|70px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Democratic Forum]] ''Magyar Demokrata Fórum''
| MDF
| (1987-2011)
| [[Conservatism]]
| [[Centre-right]]
|-
! style="background: blue |
| <center>[[File:Insignia Hungary Political Party SZDSZ.svg|50px]]</center>
| [[Alliance of Free Democrats]] ''Szabad Demokraták Szövetsége''
| SZDSZ
| (1988-2013)
| [[Social liberalism]] [[Economic Liberalism]]
| [[Centrism|Centre]]
|-
! style="background: #DAA520 |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|50px]]</center>
| [[Holy Crown Society]] ''Szent Korona Társaság''
| SZKT
| (1989-1990) as Party
| [[Monarchism]]
| [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
|-
! style="background: green |
| <center>[[File:MDNP logo.jpg|60px]]</center>
| [[Hungarian Democratic People's Party]] ''Magyar Demokrata Néppárt''
| MDNP
| (1996-2006)
| [[Conservatism]] [[Christian democracy]]
| [[Centre-right]]
|-
! style="background: Orange |
| <center>[[File:No image.png|60px]]</center>
| [[Humanist Party (Hungary)|Humanist Party]] ''Humanista Párt''
| HP
| (1993-2003-2012)
| [[anti-globalization movement|Anti-globalization]] [[Neohumanism]]
| [[Centre-left]]
|-
! style="background: #00FF7F |
|
| [[Alliance of Green Democrats]] ''Zöld Demokraták Szövetsége''
| ZDSZ
| (2000–2009)
| [[Green politics]]
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
|-
! style="background: #ED1B34 |
|
| [[4K! – Fourth Republic!]] ''4K! - Negyedik Köztársaság''
| 4K!
| (2012-2016)
| [[Social Democracy]] [[Left-wing Nationalism]]
| [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|-
! style="background: #80BB3D |
|
| [[Unity Party (Hungary, 2009)|Unity Party]] ''Összefogás Párt''
| ÖP
| (2009–2018)
| [[Centrism]] [[Third Way]]
| [[Centre-right]]
|-
! style="background: #008301 |
|
| [[Green Left (Hungary)|Green Left]] ''Zöld Baloldal''
| ZB
| (2009–2018)
| [[Eco-socialism]]
| [[Left-wing]]
|-
! style="background: #FED500 |
| <center>[[File:Együtt_2018_logo.svg|60px]]</center>
| [[Together (Hungary)]] ''Együtt - A korszakváltók pártja''
| Együtt
| (2013–2018)
| [[Social democracy|Social Democracy]] [[Social liberalism|Social Liberalism]]
| [[Centrism|Centre]]
|-
! style="background: #007DC0 |
| <center>[[File:MoMa Logo.svg|55px]]</center>
| [[Modern Hungary Movement]] ''Modern Magyarország Mozgalom''
| MoMa
| (2013–2019)
| [[Liberal conservatism]] [[Pro-Europeanism]]
| [[Centre-right]]
|-
! style="background:red |
| <center>[[File:Logo_standard.gif|75px]]</center>
| [[People's Front (Hungary)|People's Front]] ''Népi Front Párt''
| Népi Front
| (2012–2021) as Party
| [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]] [[Goulash Communism|Kádárism]]
| [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Politics of Hungary]]
* [[List of political parties by country]]
* [[Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hungarian political parties}}
{{Hungary topics}}
{{List of political parties in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Political Parties In Hungary}}
[[Category:Hungary politics-related lists|Political parties]]
[[Category:Lists of political parties by country|Hungary]]
[[Category:Political parties in Hungary| ]]
[[Category:Lists of organisations based in Hungary|Political parties]]
[[Category:Lists of political parties in Europe|Hungary]]

Talk:Romanichal

2022-02-14T22:08:16Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject Romani people|class=C|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject United Kingdom|class= C|importance= Low }}
{{WikiProject Ethnic groups|class=C|importance=Low}}
}}
{| class="messagebox standard-talk" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| width="50px" | [[Image:Evolution-tasks2.png|50px|Articles for deletion]]
|| This article was nominated for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] on 22/2/2006. The result of the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Romnichal|discussion]] was {{{result|'''keep'''}}}.
|}

== Misleading information removed ==
Two facts caught my attention and made me remove a misleading and unproven information on this article (regarding Elvis Presley supposed Romanichal background):

- The provided reference concerns to Michael Caine ancestry and not Elvis ancestry. 
- There was no valid and well-accepted reference supporting the claim of Elvis Romanichal ancestry in the article.

Since the citation failed to meet validity criteria to be taken into account, I removed Elvis Presley name from the section that mentions people with Romanichal ancestry.

Please, don't undo the modification unless clear and valid references surfaces. --[[User:Mr. Nighttime|Δ Mr. Nighttime Δ]] ([[User talk:Mr. Nighttime|talk]]) 17:00, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

== . ==

Are Romnichal ethnic Gypsies or simply considered Gypsies because of their way of life. I have seen images of Romnichal, never met one in person, and they do not look of Indian origin as do the Gypsies of Spain and the Balkans.--[[User:Burgas00|Burgas00]] 11:55, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Yes, british-born Rom are genetically Rom, altho typically, visually leaning heavily towards fair-skinned. It may be worth pointing out that Romnichal (Romani Chal - Romany fellow) is Masculine, and Romnichel (Romani Chi/Chel - Romany girl) is feminine. Along which thread, I'm curious as to the source of the term 'Romnichal'? I've only ever heard/used the name Rom, or Sons & Daughters of Rome (Romany Chals and Romany Chies). As far as my (very limited) grasp of romanes, rom'ni chel is phonetic rather than a title. --[[User:ShaunONeil|Shaun]] 01:15, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

A Good reference for the family names (ancesterally 'tribes', current-day 'families' - please, not 'clan') is Romano Lavo-Lil, by George Borrow, 1844 (the 1905 edition of which is freely available from project gutenberg).
It gives Hearne (lit. 'hairy fellow'), Stanley (from Stony Lea, geographical), Lovel (lit. 'amiable'), Boswell, Lee (lit. 'leek' or 'onion'), and Carter/Cartwright/Cooper - literally a Cart Fixer. The later, along with Miller (flour-fellow) and Smith (horseshoe-fellow) aren't anecdotal as the English also adopted professions as surnames at a similar stage.
However; Stanley, Smith, Boswell, Cooper and Lee were very prominent families within the history of English Rom (and all outlined within same said source).
----
This page is full of half truths. Many Rroms do not "look" like they came from India, we have been gone for 1,000 years. Elvis Presley was not Rominichal, he was Sinti, he was Rromani. I know some of his cousins who are also Sinti. Just because you don't know you have met a Rromani doesn't mean you haven't. Many of us don't discuss our ancestory or wear a sign around our necks announcing our presence. Rromani's are the "original" gypsy, however, there are many nomadic groups, all over the world, who are called gypsy, who are often denied basic human rights because of their life style. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/98.246.102.242|98.246.102.242]] ([[User talk:98.246.102.242|talk]]) 08:02, 18 October 2012 (UTC) 

== Romanichal ==

Many true Romanichal from the families such as Lee, Cooper and Boswell are very dark in appearance but nowadays what tends to happen is many other British travelling groups try and go under the Romani banner and give a false impression. The other problem is with the title 'Gypsy' as every travelling people gets branded as gypsy and it disguises the distinction betweens the different groups. The proper word should be "travellers" such as Irish traveller or showground traveller or Romani traveller. Not all Romanichal travel and Romani is a racial type and not a word to be associated to all travelling people.

True Roms know who is Romani by their Nav (pronounced Nahv which is Romani for name). The real truth it seems is that most travellers in the UK are actually of a European origin such as Irish and Scottish travellers, Show people, circus people and a large number come from the east end of London who took to living in caravans and tents during the summer to supply the much needed work force required for the farms of Kent and Sussex that fed London. The many different origins can be seen in the differences in appearance to some of the families.

At the turn of the 1900's it becoming very much harder to travel and the British councils forced all travelling groups to stay on council sites putting the many different groups together. There is now a majorly mixed breed travelling people who speak a mixed language.

Some families such as some Lees, Coopers and Boswells have been stricter with their laws of marrying out the Romani group and are still dark in appearance where as some others have not been so strict and can be quite fair. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/82.34.227.166|82.34.227.166]] ([[User talk:82.34.227.166|talk]]) 17:08, 17 September 2007 (UTC) 

== Word for thought ==

Romnichals are considered gypsies because they are of gypsy descent that emigrated to The British Isles expecially England , Ireland, & some in Scotland and do use the gypsy language Romnes ok just telling you

[[chav]]

: Since Wikipedia itself states that Romanichals and what you must call "regular gypsies" are the same (see [[romanichal]]), there's no need to redeclare it. And yes, Romanichals and "gypsies" are the same people and they call themselves [[Roma|Roma people]] and not "gypsies". --[[User:Mr. Nighttime|Δ Mr. Nighttime Δ]] ([[User talk:Mr. Nighttime|talk]]) 16:47, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

== History ==

I made a History section with info from [http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm here]. For the first part, I used the word Romani(es), as in the acception of Ian Hancock, that is politically correct for naming any Romani groups (since all use this as adjective when describing the personal culture, be they Roma, Romnichals, Kale, Sinte) and after the crystalization of the Romnichal group I used this name.[[User:Desiphral|Desiphral-देसीफ्राल]] 10:37, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

:Good stuff... I thought this entry could do with a bit of work, particularly when I saw that it had been recommended for deletion as a potential hoax(!), but I've been pretty busy in real life. [[User:Dinlo juk|Dinlo juk]] 12:28, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

== Was Charlie Chaplin's mother a Romnichal? ==

It says so [http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/charlie_chaplin/index.shtml here]. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/213.196.245.218|213.196.245.218]] ([[User talk:213.196.245.218|talk]]) 00:39, 25 December 2007 (UTC) 
:Yes, she was a member of the Romanichal Smiths. In fact, Charlie Chaplin himself tried to spend time with Romanichals, and his affinity towards them influenced his acting career, too. For example, it was out of sympathy for the Romani people that he mocked Hitler in ''The Great Dictator''. --[[User:Kuaichik|Kuaichik]] ([[User talk:Kuaichik|talk]]) 00:13, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

::Oh, I love Charlie very much! The mad dictator Adenoid Hynkel and Jewish barber...
::*https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/feb/17/charlie-chaplin-gypsy-heritage
::*http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2117714/Was-Charlie-Chaplin-born-gypsy-caravan-West-Midlands-Letter-locked-away-decades-hold-answer-mystery-MI5-CIA-solve.html, 21 March 2012:
::"A letter Charlie Chaplin kept hidden in a locked draw for decades could finally solve the mystery of where the iconic film pioneer was born. The letter, written to Chaplin in the Seventies, claims he was born on the '[[Black Patch Park|Black Patch]]' near Birmingham rather than in London as he had publicly claimed. ... The faded document was sent by Jack Hill, who lived in Tamworth, Staffordshire, and was '''only discovered in 1991''' after the star's daughter inherited the desk it was concealed in. In the letter, Mr Hill told Chaplin that he had been born in a caravan, in a gypsy community in Smethwick, West Midlands, which was ruled by a gypsy queen. Now researcher [[Edward Ellis (researcher)|Edward Ellis]], from Manchester, is attempting to track down the history of Mr Hill to determine whether or not his claims have any basis. ... The film pioneer’s son, Michael, first revealed the existence of the letter in a BBC radio documentary broadcast last year [2011]. ... He has since researched the Black Patch and discovered that it was indeed home to a gypsy community led by a gypsy queen, [[Sentenia 'Henty' Smith]], who died in 1907. In the letter, Mr Hill told Chaplin that his own father, whom he called 'Captain' J J Hill, had been a lion tamer in the Pat Collins circus which toured West Midlands towns. He wrote that he remembered seeing his father in cages with lions and tigers on the Serpentine grounds, near where Premiership football ground Villa Park now stands, just a few miles from the Black Patch. In the letter he told Chaplin that he was 'the only man alive' who knew the secret of his birth. Chaplin’s father, he explained, had worked alongside his own father in the Pat Collins troupe. ... Mr Ellis added: 'If we can find out anything about the Hills, or his father, the lion tamer, it would add to the weight of evidence." --[[Special:Contributions/87.156.238.111|87.156.238.111]] ([[User talk:87.156.238.111|talk]]) 05:21, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

== The term 'sedentary'? ==

Is used throughout to distinguish a contrast from a life on the move. Surely static or settled would be better as I believe sedentary to mean sitting rather than standing?
[[User:Jatrius|Jatrius]] ([[User talk:Jatrius|talk]]) 10:56, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

== Neutral point of view==

I've tagged the legislation section as it could do with a bit more on the government's POV of legislation - right now it seems very anti-gov. [[User:Paulbrock|Paulbrock]] ([[User talk:Paulbrock|talk]]) 13:19, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

== Anglocentrism ==

Is this article about English Romanies or not? It can't make up its mind on this matter as it occasionally mentions Scotland and Wales too.--[[User:MacRusgail|MacRusgail]] ([[User talk:MacRusgail|talk]]) 14:56, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
:Well, it should be! The Romanichals are exclusively English, as far as I know. "Scottish Romanichal" and "Welsh Romanichal" sound like oxymorons, at least to me :) In Scotland the Roma are not called Travellers or Gypsies. They are known colloquially as Tinkers.
:I'm not sure what's up with the references to Scotland and Wales... --[[User:Kuaichik|Kuaichik]] ([[User talk:Kuaichik|talk]]) 00:09, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
:: I don't know much about the subject, but I've hear the term romanichal used alonside manouche in France... —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Hrcolyer|Hrcolyer]] ([[User talk:Hrcolyer|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Hrcolyer|contribs]]) 16:53, 4 September 2008 (UTC) 

== Explaining the words Didikai & Pikey ==

I am from a Romani family and I was shocked to come on Wikipedia and notice Gaje / Gorja (non-Romani) writers presenting incorrect facts about our heritage.

Under the title 'diddkoi' it says that this is a word we use for non-Romani travellers which all true Romanichals will know is wrong.

Didikai (as we now usually spell it) is a word meaning mix bloods and Pikey is a word we use for either non-Romani travellers or Romanis that have been expelled from the tribe.

**My family always used the word diddikoi to mean a friend who wasn't gypsy. But word meanings get changed up depending on region and generation. Pikey is just what we call non romani travelers, but Pikey is its own subgroup of non roma travelers. [[Special:Contributions/63.133.134.18|63.133.134.18]] ([[User talk:63.133.134.18|talk]]) 22:56, 27 November 2010 (UTC) Zach

== Move to Romanichal ==

I think this page should be moved to Romanichal, which is more popular and probably more accurate.[[User:AKoan|AKoan]] ([[User talk:AKoan|talk]]) 13:07, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

quick googling confirms this. This probably isn't a big deal. --[[User:Dbachmann|dab]] [[User_talk:Dbachmann|(𒁳)]] 09:46, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

:it turns out that, as by the article's own admission, "Romanichal" is a neologism, and per [[WP:NAME]] the article should probably reside at [[English Romanies]] instead. --[[User:Dbachmann|dab]] [[User_talk:Dbachmann|(𒁳)]] 09:53, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
::I don't think that is that new. It completely replaced "Kale", which was the designation that they historical used. [[User:AKoan|AKoan]] ([[User talk:AKoan|talk]]) 10:39, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

==Misleading infobox==
The claims that famous celebrities are English Romanies (in the strict sense of the term) have already been criticized by professional journalists (the next best thing to academics) and especially by David Altheer (researcher on gypsy culture) as misleading: see [http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/printable/5416/ Spiked-Online] & [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1033770/Elvis-gipsy-King-says-traveller-magazine.html Dailymail]. Ignoring this serious criticism in the article is blatantly POV. In my opinion, encyclopedias must be purely descriptive and should not be related to any kind of ethnic pride or role-model promotion. But even in the case that one is to seek those goals via WP, the propagation of [[Anecdotal evidence|anecdotes]] is not a legitimate way to do it. Here is a suitable quote by Altheer: "There are plenty of potential role models for gipsies who are quite happy to put themselves up as such. I object to these myths being propagated among schoolchildren when the idea is to be educating them about gipsies." --[[User:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] ([[User talk:Omnipaedista|talk]]) 08:36, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
:I didn't had the time to pay much attention to this article, but as far as I know only Elvis Presley's ancestry is anecdotally. You can remove him if you want. [[User:Kenshin|Kenshin]] ([[User talk:Kenshin|talk]]) 10:04, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
::Opre Rom, I dont think the article is bias and actually most of the famous people listed are in a cited source from the book We are the Romany people [[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA127&dq=elvis+romany#PPA131,M1]] ok it says unless a person comes out with their descent its not 100% but it also says most famous people with Romany heritage are reluctant to say such things as they are scared what the non Romany people might do. Also Dr. Ian Hancock who wrote the book is himself a Romany, has done some reserch on the genaeology of Elvis and does conclude that he was of Romany descent. On the point made above in the articles by the Daily Mail. Really when has this paper with its middle English conservative views had anything good to say about my people? The answer is never! I take anything they say with a pinch of salt. Also when the gypsyologist David Altheer says comments like talking about those people ie Michael Caine's family with no traditional gypsy trades. Well my familly 100 years ago were full blooded English Romany who were fishmongers so your trade doesnt mean your ethnic background. Thank you[[User:Sunset through the clouds|Sunset through the clouds]] ([[User talk:Sunset through the clouds|talk]]) 00:00, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

::: People, to being labeled Roma, must reach certain conditions such as mother and father or a serious and well-proven ancestry. Elvis Presley "ancestry" simply is not factual, there's no proof of it, so it must be removed until someone bring something solid to here. --[[User:Mr. Nighttime|Δ Mr. Nighttime Δ]] ([[User talk:Mr. Nighttime|talk]]) 14:44, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

== Prejudicial images of Romanichals being spread abroad ==

I nearly choked when I read this intro to an [http://www.russiatoday.com/Top_News/2009-06-23/It_s_a_cushy_ole_life_for_a_British_gypsy_.html article] from [[Russia Today]]'s website: ''"Love them or loathe them, travelers in Britain are thriving, lapping up laws there to be exploited. With their population increasing dramatically, gypsies in the UK cannot be ignored."'' And RT prides itself on "quality" journalism... Do such stories count as manifestations of anti-Romanichal, antiziganistic stereotypes? —[[User:Zalktis|Zalktis]] ([[User talk:Zalktis|talk]]) 13:25, 23 June 2009 (UTC)
:Poorly written, self-publicising, patronising, populist drivel! (lest there be a misunderstanding I am referring to the journalist concerned; I wouldn't take it as seriously as she would like) [[User:RashersTierney|RashersTierney]] ([[User talk:RashersTierney|talk]]) 14:10, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

== How do Gypsies and travelers make a living? ==

How do people with no qualifications or permanent residence make an honest living? Can someone find out where they get money from? The odds seem to be stacked against them functioning in society. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Fatcud|Fatcud]] ([[User talk:Fatcud|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatcud|contribs]]) 23:02, 18 February 2010 (UTC) 
: Usually by small trading and by providing various services for the people besides they live. [[User:Kenshin|Kenshin]] ([[User talk:Kenshin|talk]]) 10:48, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Thats a good theory Kenshin, however I notice your from Romania - I was thinking about how gypsies made a living in first world countries. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Fatcud|Fatcud]] ([[User talk:Fatcud|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fatcud|contribs]]) 09:44, 11 May 2010 (UTC) 

:: By chance you're suggesting that "wandering" is the same as "stealing"? Of course Roma people earns a living in the same honest way other peoples do! What do you think, that wandering Roma can't do anything to score honest money? The subject is a little off limits to the article proposal, also, since this isn't a forum.

:: You wrote "honest living" instead of simply "living", so you're indirectly suggesting "dishonest living" in opposition to simply "do nothing" as result of Roma having no fixed residence or "qualifications". What you mean with "qualifications"? I smell prejudice here too. Read about dr. [[Ian Hancock]] and other gypsies with schooling and about the various arts mastered by the Roma people. --[[User:Mr. Nighttime|Δ Mr. Nighttime Δ]] ([[User talk:Mr. Nighttime|talk]]) 16:42, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

:Hey I just came across this convo now while researching Charlie Chaplin. I noticed Fatcud's comment: "Thats a good theory Kenshin, however I notice your from Romania - I was thinking about how gypsies made a living in first world countries."---Romania during the communist era was apparently included by the U.S. and others in the [[Second World]] along with Russia/The U.S.S.R, Hungary, etc.. That was the fault of the communist Russians. Anyway, this convo about "how do gypsies make a living in bla bla countries like cheesy England"---well I don't know how many gypsies in England or wherever are still living in a more traditional gypsy fashion, or how many are working in an office building. [[Special:Contributions/76.208.184.200|76.208.184.200]] ([[User talk:76.208.184.200|talk]]) 07:50, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

*They make it the same way illegal immigrants do. Most in the US do blacktop paving, roofing, construction, tow truck driving, painting, they work for the carnival, etc. These are not hard conclusions to reach and if you're claiming to be Rumneychal, I don't know why this was so hard to answer. [[Special:Contributions/63.133.134.18|63.133.134.18]] ([[User talk:63.133.134.18|talk]]) 23:04, 27 November 2010 (UTC) Zach

I can tell how I make my living - I'm Romanichal, from the Smiths, and can tell you my Romany ancestry back through a couple of hundred years. Raised as a traveller too. Anyway, I'm a University Professor, I have a PhD. I write books and articles, I teach nearly a thousand people every academic year. I give research lectures at Universities around the world. My brother is a builder. My sister teaches horse riding (she's qualified up to the eyeballs). My Dad worked in a garage. My Grandad was a scrap metal merchant. My great grandad was a basket weaver and made the collection baskets for his local church amongst other things. I guess what I'm saying is, we make our living the same way gadjes do. All kinds of ways. We are Drs and teachers and lawyers and manual workers and public servants. Your question is loaded with assumptions, but the answer, if you care to look, might just confound your expectations. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/103.6.189.89|103.6.189.89]] ([[User talk:103.6.189.89|talk]]) 13:46, 27 September 2013 (UTC) 

== Jumping the broom ==

"Jumping the broom" was practiced among English [[Romanichal]] Gypsies and the Welsh [[Kale]] Gypsies until the 1900s. However, the [[Jumping the broom]] article neglects the Romani origins of this custom, and deals with it as an African American and/or USA topic. I felt that this is inaccurate and misleading. Drawing from the original article, I created an independent article entitled [[Jumping the broom (Romani people]]. There is now a discussion about this Romanichal and Welsh Kale practice at the discussion page on the [[Jumping the broom]] article. Please go there, and participate in the discussion to help ensure that the article will be fair, accurate and true to historical reality. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:George Peterson|George Peterson]] ([[User talk:George Peterson|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Peterson|contribs]]) 20:23, 3 February 2011 (UTC) 

== No mention or links to the Romanisæl & Erromintxela ==

How come there is no mention of the Romanisæl of Scandinavia or the Erromintxela of the Basque lands (Erromintxela is spelt with Basque grammar and is therefore misleading as when it is spoken its sounds as "Eromanishala")

It is obvious by name and also language that these two are originally of the same group as the Romanishal / Romanichal.
Romanisæl
Erromintxela (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromintxela_language)

[[User:Tsigano|Tsigano]] ([[User talk:Tsigano|talk]]) 10:24, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

=='Appearance'==
A [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&diff=505847148&oldid=505799327 series of new edits] appears to amount to [[WP:SYNTH]]. I have already [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&diff=prev&oldid=505890086 marked one claim] as 'failed verification' and intend marking the entire section as [[WP:OR|original research]]. [[User:RashersTierney|RashersTierney]] ([[User talk:RashersTierney|talk]]) 12:23, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

:I've got a two pence worth to say about this please if you will bear with me. I am romanichal, and I've got the book this article talks about but I thought it was actually called 'We are the Romani people' but I suppose it could be writ either way?. Either way I just went got the book to check, on page 19 it does have picture of two children side by side, one Hungarian and one Romanichal, with the writing underneath "These two young Romani children, one from Hungary and one from Britain, reflect the wide range of physical type among our population". The English child is clearly more, I suppose you would say fairer and English features even though he does have dark brown hair. I think he looks like one of the Brazil family myself maybe he is a relation. It reads on later in chapters to say about fair romanies and dark romanies, particularly in England. I'm sure the same book also has a bit what talks about romanichals being accused of being fake romanies in favour of what gorgers call true romanies, as an example of antigipsyism. I know that is true because I have put many a gorger straight about this meself. But my memory could be mistaken as I have also read the same Patrin article before which says very much same thing. As far as what the section bit has to say for itself, I will admit I agree with most of it and I have known plenty of travellers and Welsh and English romanies, in my lifetime, but I wouldn't like to say either way because I wouldn't know how to write a proper article myself. The problem is you can't prove nothing like what is writ because many travellers didn't register births, especially we romanies as years ago we all had our own children and there was a very strict way about it, no men around no doctors and plenty was burnt afterwards, and child was named after the woman what helped the mother have the child or her husband. so it hard to say for sure who is mixed with who, there are no official papers to prove it. I know plenty families is definitely partly Irish, very few of them are not and them what is not we call kalo rarte, black families, because they are so dark, but even they look like English people, not like Indian people. I mean their faces shapes, all can be very dark people but always have English shape faces do you know? If my opinion is worth anything, I think if to do anything at all you should email them what writ this and then re do it properly yourself or someone else. I've got blonde grandchildren meself and they are definitely Romanichal, both parents Romanichal as well we are Mitchells, Saunders and Smiths and Coopers, so it does have very good points here that would be good to keep - Mrs. Saunders 9:19pm 05/08/20012 — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Latchoroma|Latchoroma]] ([[User talk:Latchoroma|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Latchoroma|contribs]]) 21:19, 5 August 2012 (UTC) 
::I found the photographs you are referring to. They are in the introduction at xix, not page 19, so I suppose we have at least made a start at resolving this. The point that Hancock is making, as I see it, is that the ''stereotypical'' image of what a Gypsy ''should'' look like is false. 'Our population' is diverse, and belonging to the group is not dependant on appearances. I think that is the essence of the point that you are also trying to make. Let me spend a bit more time on the book to see if we can find a way to summarise Hancock's ideas on this. [[User:RashersTierney|RashersTierney]] ([[User talk:RashersTierney|talk]]) 01:07, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

:::Yes I think you have got the best idea of it, you seem very well spoken that is I think how it should be done if it’s to be done at all. I’m sorry I asked someone to read the page number to me because it was in letters, and they said 19 I must have not properly understood. Yes either way it’s very important that young people know who they are, and even more so the people what read about Romanichals is properly educated to who we are and all different things you can be, why some are more fair skinned, and not be mislead by like you say a stereotype. I have been to Wikipedia many times to read and never really thought about it, but for something so important to not be on the proper Romanichal page seems very silly as different skin colours is a very important issue our community these days and should that should be reflected. When I was young they were saying the same thing about us, but most of us were dark then even if it was just all the hours we spent out in the sun, so back then it was that we had moved into trailers from vardos, and then people said the same thing that we are not real Romanichals and we was only dark because it was dirt. History repeats itself doesn’t it! Please do let me know what you come up with as I would very much like to hear your ideas - Mrs Saunders 3:14 06/08/2012

:::: I made a series of edits today after reading the article and hadn't seen the talk page as of yet to see your discussion here. I'm a Romani gypsy too and can say Mrs Saunders I have had to put a few people straight on this matter as well. I've read the Hancock book and will say he's 100% correct we are a diverse lot and people who only focus on colour as an indication miss the point. There are also members of the Roma population going back to 1776 in Moldavia that are light skinned and dont look as some would say like an authentic Gypsy. I also found multiple references on light skinned Roma and a picture of a Roma boy on wikipedia that clearly shows him as having white skin. I have fair skin myself and my English gypsy heritage is darker skinned in fact my g. grandmother was so dark skinned she was mistaken for an Indian servant at the turn of the century. For people to assume all Romanichels are fair and all Roma are dark would be innacurate. Its also deeply offensive as right-wing groups, and people who have an axe to grind in our rights and equality state we are British and not Romanies just on skin colour. Some people assume we're just Irish Pavee pretending to be Romani but that isnt the case. Also some families in recent times have married into Pavee, Showmen and Scottish Travellers (some who are Romanies as well), but it doesnt mean to say all white heritage we have comes from Ireland. Shows like My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding paints the picture we are either Irish or not authentic Romanies. That isn't the case whether the light tones came in recent times or a couple of centuries ago some publications state the Roma have light skinned Roma as well. Off hand I remember reading the Slovakian gypsies have the highest Romani DNA in Europe at 80% but some of them still look white. So all groups regardless of how dark they look will have some white heritage. Obama looks black but his mother and the majority of his DNA is white. It borders on bigotry for people to think we are no less Romani. We are a diverse group and always have been.

:::::I even left the following edit in talk:WikiProject Romani people on the 5 November 2010

:::::'''Not all Romanies are of a stereotypical dark appearance should this be addressed?''' here -[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Romani_people#Not_all_Romanies_are_of_a_stereotypical_dark_apperance_should_this_be_addressed.3F]]

:::::If we are to keep the article on the diverse skin tones it should go on the main page as well as light skin just isn't a romanichal colouring.[[User:Uthican|Uthican]] ([[User talk:Uthican|talk]]) 08:19, 8 August 2012 (UTC)
:I've tagged this section as unfocussed, as it talks more about Romani outside the UK than the British Romanichal - who this article is about. [[User:Fences and windows|Fences]]&[[User talk:Fences and windows|Windows]] 19:21, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

== Are "English Gypsies" the same people as the subject of this article? ==

At least in common speech, "English Gypsies" seems to be a relatively well understood concept, but typing that into the search box doesn't lead anywhere. This article seems to be talking about the same people - is that right? Or, if it's a different concept, where should it go? I can't believe that there is no article about the concept, so surely there should be a redirect somewhere? Also, is "Romanichal" a Britishism? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/62.189.73.197|62.189.73.197]] ([[User talk:62.189.73.197|talk]]) 17:20, 9 June 2015 (UTC) 

The Romanichal are not just English Gypsies they are a tribe / vista of Romany. They live mainly in the UK, Northern Europe, Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:MelsPartner|MelsPartner]] ([[User talk:MelsPartner#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/MelsPartner|contribs]]) 07:59, 24 September 2018 (UTC) 

== Moldavia or Moravia? ==

"''...by Constantine, Prince of Moldavia in 1776: "In some parts Gypsies have married Moravian women, and also Moravian men have taken in marriage Gypsy girls...''"
Are you speaking about Moldavia or about Moravia (from Czechia)? [[Special:Contributions/84.250.158.224|84.250.158.224]] ([[User talk:84.250.158.224|talk]]) 18:30, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
:Fixed after [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22some+parts+Gypsies+have+married+Moravian+women%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a#q=%22some+parts+Gypsies+have+married+Moldavian+women%22+-wikipedia&tbm=bks checking the sources]. Thanks. Unfortunately wikipedia managed to spread this blunder over the internets. [[User:Staszek Lem|Staszek Lem]] ([[User talk:Staszek Lem|talk]]) 23:09, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

== Romania part of England?? ==

According to the infobox, there are 620,000 Romanichals in Romania. On the other hand, the article says that Romanichals live in UK and the English speaking world. Umm .... something is obviously wrong there, having visited Romania, I know all too well that this is not a part of the English speaking world at all :P [[User:Lebatsnok|Lebatsnok]] ([[User talk:Lebatsnok|talk]]) 18:17, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

:It was an inept edit of 73.95.137.50. Reverted. Thanks for noticing. In the future, if you see something really suspicious, you may want to check the article history whether this was vandalism. [[User:Staszek Lem|Staszek Lem]] ([[User talk:Staszek Lem|talk]]) 02:38, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

==York Executions 1596??==
'106 men & women were condemned to death & 9 were executed' in 1596. I'm wondering if the date is wrong for this? The website this info was gleaned from, states the 'men' were executed as they were not born in England. However, there was one execution in York in that year & subsequent years don't 'fit' either? In 1573 there were exactly 'nine' men executed for 'High Treason?' could that be them?

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on [[Romanichal]]. Please take a moment to review [[special:diff/820774045|my edit]]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://archive.is/20070218153756/http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/Research/Projects/romani/files/21_angloromani.shtml to http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/Research/Projects/romani/files/21_angloromani.shtml
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212743/http://www.irishtraveller.org.uk/images/providing_traveller_sites.pdf to http://www.irishtraveller.org.uk/images/providing_traveller_sites.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071011112335/http://cre.gov.uk/gdpract/g_and_t_facts.html to http://www.cre.gov.uk/gdpract/g_and_t_facts.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 14:59, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

== Crime ==

It has [https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/cambridge-news/romany-gypsy-irish-traveller-facts-15292304 been reported] that an unusually high percentage of English Travelers are incarcerated, yet there is no discussion of this or of crime (or injustice). Why not? [[User:Nicmart|Nicmart]] ([[User talk:Nicmart|talk]]) 02:52, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

The crime varies, though I've seen from various sources that it means that there is institutional racism against the Romani, which I think is what is implied by this [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 22:08, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Talk:Cia-Cia language

2022-02-02T19:49:48Z

Mr anonymous username: /* The first picture */ new section

{{WikiProject Languages|class=C|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Indonesia|class=C|importance=Low}}

== Orthography ==
It would appear that the simple hangul consonants are used for voiced stops ("bahasa" for ''bahasa''), doubled hangul for tenuis stops ("jjiajjia" for ''ci'aci'a,'' "ttellefisi" for ''telefisi''), doubled rieul for /l/ and single rieul for /r/. Not clear how /l/ and /r/ are distinguished word-initially. It would also appear that ieung is being used for glottal stop. The aspirate consonant series is also used. The compound vowel letter ''e'' is common, but I can't find simple ''eo,'' and I've only found ''eu'' before and after ''r,'' so I assume this is for Cr sequences like ''sri'' and coda ''r'' as opposed to coda ''l.''[http://fomos.kr/gnuboard4/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=1127755&page=3] [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 00:32, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

This blog[http://cafe.chosun.com/club.menu.bbs.read.screen?p_club_id=dreamview&p_menu_id=47&message_id=555239] suggests that ㅸ is [v], and that for [f] ㆄ would be needed. But that may be OR; he appears to be assuming that the Middle Korean values hold. "Television" could be either ''telefisi'' or ''televisi,'' so that does not decide the issue, though assuming a Malay loan would suggest ''televisi.''

:One of the video interviews shows a page from the textbook listing the iotated vowels "ya", "ye", "yo", "yu". and also "wa", spelt as 야, 예, 요, 유 and 화 respectively. Also, if word initial "ng" occurs, it would more than likely be spelt "응아", indeed the textbook shows that word initial prenasalised stops are also spelt this way, with 은다무 "ndamu" given as an example. [[User:Runic code|Runic code]] ([[User talk:Runic code|talk]]) 13:28, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

== Population ==
[http://www.lambusango.com/cnt_ethnic(2).html This source] gives a population statistic radically different from Ethnologue's. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 07:12, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

:Is there any reason to think they're more reliable? [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 07:17, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

::On inspection it seems likely that there was some plagiarism of [http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=102228&rog3=ID Joshua Project on Cia-Cia]. It's possible that that number is the copier's typo, assuming the borrowing was in that direction. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 07:22, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

::However, note [http://www.idrap.or.id/en/ethno_ciacia.htm IDRAP : Cia-Cia People], which repeats the 17,000 statistic along with tons of other shared material. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 07:24, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

:::Cia-Cia is strong enough locally that it is pushing smaller languages to extinction, and it's the language of a town, so the larger figure would seem reasonable. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 10:12, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

::::That seems likely, assuming you buy Ethnologue's description of the language's use as "vigorous". (By the way, do you have a source backing up the claim that it's pushing smaller languages to extinction? That would be a good detail for the article.) But adding to the confusion, I would imagine Wolio would have at least as many speakers given its local dominance (though perhaps excluding L2 speakers weakens this argument), and while [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=wlo Ethnologue] gives it a L1 population of 65,000, which I guess is basically consistent with the Cia-Cia statistic off 65,000, [http://www.everyculture.com/East-Southeast-Asia/Butonese-Orientation.html this source] states that "the total number of Wolio speakers does not surpass 25,000." It's possible that this just is another case of a language becoming a common second language but a less common first language, but this seems indicative of a bigger problem with population statistics on Buton. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 20:09, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

== Pronunciation? ==

Anyone know how "Cia-Cia" is pronounced? Judging by the comment on August 6, 2009, 8:46 pm[http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1641 here] <s>(saying that in some books it was written "Ssia-Ssia"), I would imagine it's something like [sja sja]</s>...but anyway, if anyone can find a reliable source on this, it would be a useful addition. [[User:Rjanag|rʨanaɢ]] [[User talk:Rjanag|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Rjanag|contribs]] 19:15, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
:Oops...below that comment is "찌아찌아, so 'Jjiajjia'?". [[User:Rjanag|rʨanaɢ]] [[User talk:Rjanag|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Rjanag|contribs]] 19:16, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
::Well without actually looking at a real source for Cia-Cia, the closest related language which Wikipedia appears to give phonological info on seems to be [[Tukang Besi]]. The article is unclear on whether /dʒ/ is a phoneme, but [http://books.google.com/books?id=0RW0uSfFMzYC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=tukang+besi+phonology&source=bl&ots=yJx68Bag09&sig=b_VK2MzyHDEAPPVikpqqsY5oRck&hl=en&ei=LH-ASrG0MYv8sQPZr63vCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=tukang%20besi%20phonology&f=false this source] says that /tʃ, dʒ/ are found only in loanwords. I don't know if this sheds any light on the issue. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 20:14, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
::Plus, I highly doubt that Cia-Cia has anything like the "fortis" consonants of Korean. However, I have no idea how Malayo-Polynesian languages use gemination, if at all. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 20:18, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
::Seeing what [[User:Kwamikagami|Kwamikagami]] suggests above, the "doubled" consonants are probably being used for tenuis stops. This might imply that Cia-Cia has a voiceless-voiced-aspirated distinction. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 20:26, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

::I imagine ''Cia-Cia'' is either {{IPA|[ˈtʃi.aˈtʃi.a]}} or {{IPA|[ˈtʃiʔaˈtʃiʔa]}}, but that's just a guess. It's quite possible that the hangul orthography is defective: there may (I'm just guessing) not be an /l/-/r/ distinction word-initially, and perhaps not a hiatus–glottal stop distinction medially. Also, if Cia-Cia has word-initial /ŋ/, that would also pose a problem. All of these could be solved by resurrecting more obsolete jamo, of course, but they aren't supported by many hangul fonts or word processors, which would make typography a problem. For example, it looks like ''sri'' is spelled ''seuri''; although hangul is perfectly capable of being written with an ''sr'' initial, that wouldn't be supported by computer fonts or by unicode. The solution in my mind would be to do away with the unicode syllabic blocks and encode everything alphabetically, and leave it to the font to assemble the string into blocks. Then you would just need a Cia-Cia OTF, without needing any modifications to unicode. It wouldn't be difficult to pull off, but it looks like the actual Cia-Cia orthography might be more faithful to Korean than to Cia-Cia. (An efficient use of hangul would utilize ㅓ for /e/, for example, but they went the koreophone route of ㅔ.) [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 01:04, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

::Hey look, there is an ᄰ initial for /sr/, and also an ᄙ for /l/, as well as ㆆ for /ʔ/ and ㆁ for initial /ŋ/. But they're useless, of course, without unicode blocks that contain them, unless the encoding goes alphabetic.

::I've written to the institute to ask what the orthography is, but they haven't replied. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 01:12, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

:::Do you know if the institute has a website? If so, it might make sense to consider suggesting to them that they make the information publicly available, assuming you succeed in contacting them. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 03:05, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

::::It's the 훈민정음학회. I haven't found a website, but did run across this interview,[http://video.aol.fr/video-detail/-/2118160463] which suggests there may be implosives. (I don't speak Korean.) [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 13:39, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

== Word structure section ==

I understand deleting the Hangeul since it was unsourced, but the entire section is unsourced, so I don't see why it was more worthy of deletion. Also note that the transliteration was inferred from the deleted material itself, and is even farther removed from the source (in this case, the Korean Wikipedia apparently). [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 03:09, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

:No, the romanized numerals come from a site on numerals around the world. I'll see if I can dig it up. Not terribly reliable, perhaps, but not suspicious. AFAICTell, the hangul was just made up to match, and so is most likely incorrect. The three verbs, however, come from the Korean news reports. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 13:23, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

:::(Now that it's established, I've been fighting to get the hangul numerals removed from Spanish and Mandarin WP.) [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]])

::I've added the source for both, but removed the transliterated ''buri, poga'u, baca'an'' since they were not present in the Korean report. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 17:10, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

== sourcing ==

If anyone is near the following libraries,[http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/9794591181] you could check out "Struktur bahasa Cia-cia". Even if you don't read Malay, there's bound to be a list or chart of phonemes, or at least a romanized orthography, that would help with this article, at least with things like knowing whether there is a voiced-tenuis-asp. distinction. However, the chapter in ''Excursies in Celebes'' is more widely available,[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24794430&referer=brief_results] (plus a couple in Germany: [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246403304&referer=brief_results]) and is perhaps adequate. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 05:42, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

There are implosives ("bh" and "dh") which are more frequent than plain voiced /b/, /d/. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 06:04, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

This article[http://univ.joins.com/portal/news/article.asp?Total_ID=3714932] gives the beginning of the text as 가까나다타따라마바… Now, there's an 'aspirate' t but no 'aspirate' k, suggesting that 'aspiration' might be used for implosion? Perhaps a transliteration of Roman ''dh''? Unfortunately the p series is incomplete. But these are supposed to be more common than the voiced plosives, whereas in the text they're rare, so it could be the reverse. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 22:12, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

:In the video in the WSJ article, the teacher transcribes ㅌ as Malay ''d.'' That makes sense, since ㅌ is uncommon in Cia-Cia texts, and /d/ is uncommon in the Cia-Cia language. The common ㄷ, then, would be the common implosive /ɗ/. Also, the teacher consistently uses ㅐ for /e/, but that contradicts the text. Since ㅐ and ㅔ are nearly identical in Korean, maybe he just mixed them up. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 06:47, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

== Numbers ==
I've alerady said this in a response to Kwami's question regarding Hangul number spellings, but I feel it's important enough to be repeated here. Kwami asked where did I source the Hangul spelling's of the numbers. The Answer is basically, I didn't as such, but rather I deduced them from the Alphabet given in the main article, the transliteration of the numbers in the article, and that one of the pages from the [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125261759118600981.html#articleTabs_slideshow%26articleTabs%3Dslideshow textbooks] shown in the photo slideshow (picture 3/8), shows the consonsants listed. The number five (lima 을리마) written as an example of the spelling of "l". Given the alphabet as listed in the article, and seen in one of the [http://video.aol.fr/video-detail/-/2118160463 videos], I worked out that the numbers would be spelled thusly:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Numerals 1–10
| '''[[English language|English]]'''
| one || two || three || four || five || six || seven || eight || nine || ten
|-
| '''Cia-cia'''
| 디세 || 루아 || 똘루 || 빠아 || 을리마 || 노오 || 삐쭈 || 활루 || 시우아 || 옴뿔루
|-
| '''[[Romanization]]'''
| dise || rua || tolu || pa'a || lima || no'o || picu || walu || siua || ompulu
|}
[[User:Runic code|Runic code]] ([[User talk:Runic code|talk]]) 13:28, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

:I fear that if this were included it would qualify as original research. [[User:Mo-Al|Mo-Al]] ([[User talk:Mo-Al|talk]]) 20:21, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

:Yes, unfortunately, the phonetic values of the alphabet are already partially original research. We need something in Latin, as it is inappropriate to use untransliterated material for an English-speaking audience, but it's risky to further extrapolate to new words. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 03:28, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

== weird ==

Okay, this is weird: Abidin, the Cia-Cia teacher whose 3rd-grade class is the pilot project for hangul, has asked the hangul society to send a native Korean teacher to teach hangul, as his Korean isn't good enough. Why would you need to know Korean to teach hangul in your native tongue, any more than you'd need to know Latin to teach the Roman alphabet? Perhaps they have a Korean-language program as well, and the reports just got mixed up. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 20:58, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Actually, you can see from this slideshow[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125261759118600981.html#articleTabs%3Dslideshow] that Abidin is teaching Korean as well, evidently at the local high school. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 21:02, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

== Decision-making? ==

I wonder who exactly made the decision to use hangul script. The references given (from Agence France Presse and the New York Times) seem to indicate that the purpose is primarily to export the Korean script, rather than to empower the local community. In the Indonesian context where only Roman-based (and sometimes Arabic-based) scripts are used, it is difficult to believe that a local community would choose to adopt the Korean script, unless that community was encouraged to do so through foreign-based educational materials, expertise, and funds. It sounds a bit like an instance of modern-day "cultural colonialism"; does anybody have information that would show this not to be the case? --[[User:Molare|Molare]] ([[User talk:Molare|talk]]) 01:34, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

:That's clearly the case. Several Cia have said that they hope this will lead to employment opportunities in Korea, the program includes instruction in Korean in the upper grades, and the hangul society has said they're targeting ethnicities with a significant presence in Korea, as such people are more likely to have that motivation. But the use of the roman alphabet isn't neutral either: it's part of a push by Jakarta to unify the country against potential moves for independence. Not an issue in Sulawesi at present, but it's always a concern of the govt. [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 01:56, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Sounds like some [[Hangul supremacy]] propaganda. --[[User:Givesaved|Givesaved]] ([[User talk:Givesaved|talk]]) 02:23, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

== Korean Hangul? ==

The piece states that they will adopt Korean hangul. How many types of hangul are there? Why is the adjective required? This is sort of goofy...and certainly not encyclopedic. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.220.193.142|66.220.193.142]] ([[User talk:66.220.193.142|talk]]) 01:04, 22 December 2009 (UTC) 
::In fact, this is ''NOT'' Korean hangul. This is Indonesian hangul. [[Special:Contributions/99.38.149.251|99.38.149.251]] ([[User talk:99.38.149.251|talk]]) 02:24, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

== Update ==

[[Victor Mair]] has written an update on the Hangul orthography thing:
*{{cite web | url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1993 | title=Hangeul for Cia-Cia, Part II | last=Mair | first=Victor | authorlink=Victor Mair | work=[[Language Log]] | date=24 December 2009 | accessdate=25 December 2009}}
It also has links to a few recent news articles. [[User:Rjanag|rʨanaɢ]] [[User talk:Rjanag|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Rjanag|contribs]] 03:58, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

And another update:
*{{cite web | url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2691 | title=Hangeul for Cia-Cia, part III | last=Mair | first=Victor | authorlink=Victor Mair | work=[[Language Log]] | date=7 October 2010 | accessdate=7 October 2010}}
-- [[User:Pne|pne]] [[User talk:Pne|(talk)]] 13:30, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

== Hangul removal ==

Since Hangul was never adopted or even standardized, it is completely false to list it as the writing system, and there is no point in giving examples written in Hangul. So I took the stuff out.

[[User:Benwing|Benwing]] ([[User talk:Benwing|talk]]) 23:03, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

:Use of Hangul is not official, and the central government has refused to allow the use of a non-Latin script. Stating that Hangul is an official writing system would be completely [[WP:OR]]. I've reverted a few problematic IP edits for this reason. --[[User:benlisquare|''' 李博杰 ''']] | —[[User talk:benlisquare|Talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Benlisquare|contribs]] [[Special:EmailUser/User:Benlisquare|email]] 09:34, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

== is this for real? ==

I read over the example in the orthography section, and is "뗄레ᄫᅵ시" really how to spell "televisi"? This isn't even properly formed Hangeul. If Cia-cia uses Hangeul letters but with different syllable formation rules, this is worth noting in the text. [[User:True|True]] ([[User talk:True|talk]]) 17:48, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
:I'd assume "ᄫᅵ" is one hangul block. It's just there is either a unicode limitation, a problem with displaying it on a computer, or the incorrect unicode codepoint is used. Per [[Origin of Hangul]], back in the old days the (b+ng) jamo and a few other obselete jamo were initially used to represent sounds present in Chinese, but not present in Korean. --[[User:benlisquare|''' 李博杰 ''']] | —[[User talk:benlisquare|Talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Benlisquare|contribs]] [[Special:EmailUser/User:Benlisquare|email]] 17:54, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
:Upon having a closer look at [[Origin of hangul]], it seems that "ㅸ" makes a *[f] sound, akin to the initial consonant of 非 in [[Middle Chinese]]. Perhaps in our case here, ㅸ is used to represent a "v" sound (which is close enough). --[[User:benlisquare|''' 李博杰 ''']] | —[[User talk:benlisquare|Talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Benlisquare|contribs]] [[Special:EmailUser/User:Benlisquare|email]] 18:00, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

::Yes, since Korean hangul doesn't have anything like an /f/ or /v/, they resurrected this letter. Just follow the link. I found a road sign which uses it. — [[User:Kwamikagami|kwami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]]) 19:35, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified {{plural:1|one external link|1 external links}} on [[Cia-Cia language]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=751323798 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090812024714/http://www.france24.com/en/20090806-indonesian-tribe-use-korean-alphabet-scholar to http://www.france24.com/en/20090806-indonesian-tribe-use-korean-alphabet-scholar

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the ''checked'' parameter below to '''true''' or '''failed''' to let others know (documentation at {{tlx|Sourcecheck}}).

{{sourcecheck|checked=false}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 22:14, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on [[Cia-Cia language]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=779287923 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090810183934/http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/southeast-sulawesi-tribe-using-korean-alphabet-to-preserve-native-tongue/322636 to http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/southeast-sulawesi-tribe-using-korean-alphabet-to-preserve-native-tongue/322636
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090829102149/http://video.aol.fr/video-detail/-/2118160463 to http://video.aol.fr/video-detail/-/2118160463

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 02:09, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

== File:State Elementary School Karya Baru.jpg ==

This picture does not have anything to do with the Cia-Cia language. The hangul text is in Korean, it says [[:ko:국립]] (national) [[:ko:초등학교]] (primary school). You can see those are Korean words not Cia-Cia words. It should be removed from this page for irrelevance. [[Special:Contributions/59.149.124.29|59.149.124.29]] ([[User talk:59.149.124.29|talk]]) 03:37, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

== The first picture ==

What? I know they're both written in hangul, but it is rather odd having a picture captioned "Korean". I do not know how to speak either language, and so cannot tell it is a or b, but shouldnt this be sorted? [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 19:49, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Talk:Justin Stebbing

2022-01-26T20:47:58Z

Mr anonymous username: /* Self promotion and bias */ new section

{{WikiProject Biography|living=yes|listas=Stebbing, Justin|s&a-work-group=y|class=stub}}
{{WikiProject Medicine|class=stub|importance=low}}

== Self promotion and bias ==

This article is comical. The amount of unnecessary statements, weak sources, and qualifications included in this article make it laughably poor. It is in major need of a rewrite, or possibly even deletion as I fail to see the necessity of having an article dedicated to the CV of an oncologist. Wikipedia is not LinkedIn, nor a monument to every single person's life's achievements, it is an encyclopedia. [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 20:47, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

User talk:Mr anonymous username

2022-01-26T20:26:05Z

Mr anonymous username: /* February 2021 */

== Welcome! ==
{| style="background-color:#F5FFFA; padding:0;"
|class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid lightgrey; background-color:lightgrey; vertical-align:top; color:#000000; font-size:85%"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:lavender; padding:0;"
! <div style="margin:0; background-color:white; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:normal; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Hello, Mr anonymous username! '''Welcome to Wikipedia!''' Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Mr anonymous username|your contributions]]. You may benefit from following some of the links below, which will help you get the most out of Wikipedia. If you have any questions you can ask me on my talk page, or place '''<code>{{helpme}}</code>''' on your [[Help:Talk pages|talk page]] and ask your question there. Please remember to [[Wikipedia:Signatures|sign your name]] on talk pages by clicking [[File:OOUI JS signature icon LTR.png|22px|link=Wikipedia:How to sign your posts|alt=]] or by typing four tildes "~~~~"; this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you are already excited about Wikipedia, you might want to consider being "[[Wikipedia:Adopt-a-user|adopted]]" by a more experienced editor or joining a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] to collaborate with others in creating and improving articles of your interest. Click [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Directory|here]] for a directory of all the WikiProjects. Finally, please do your best to always fill in the [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]] field when making edits to pages. Happy editing! [[User:Peaceray|Peaceray]] ([[User talk:Peaceray|talk]]) 20:40, 7 December 2020 (UTC)</div>
|}
{| width="100%" style="background-color:white;"
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid white; background-color:lightgrey; vertical-align:top"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:Lavender"
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Getting Started</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* '''[[Help:Introduction|Introduction]]''' • [[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|Contributing to Wikipedia]] • [[Help:Your first article|Your first article]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] • [[Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset|Simplified ruleset]]
* How to: [[Help:Editing|edit a page]] • [[Wikipedia:Uploading images|upload an image]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Getting Help</div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|

* '''[[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Get help at the Teahouse]]'''
* [[Wikipedia:FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]
* [[Wikipedia:Questions|Where to ask questions]]
* [[Wikipedia:Department directory|Department directory]]
* [[Wikipedia:Requests for administrator attention|Request administrator attention]]

|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Policies and Guidelines</div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] • [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] • [[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|Reliable sources]] • [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] • [[Wikipedia:List of guidelines#Content guide|Content guidelines]]
* [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]] • [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|Biographies of living persons]]
----
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] ([[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Simplified]]) • [[Wikipedia:Edit warring#The three-revert rule|Three-revert rule]]
* [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]] • [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|Non-free content]] • [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|Image use policy]]
* [[Wikipedia:External links|External links]] • [[Wikipedia:Spam|Spam]] • [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalism]] • [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|Sock puppetry]]
* [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]] • [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|Conflict of interest]] • [[Wikipedia:Notability|Notability]]
|-
|}
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid lightgrey; background-color:Seashell; vertical-align:top"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:Seashell"
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">The Community</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* '''[[Wikipedia:Community portal|Community Portal]]''' • [[Wikipedia:Adopt-a-user|Adopt-a-user program]]
* [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|Assume good faith]] • [[Wikipedia:Civility|Civility]] • [[Wikipedia:Etiquette|Etiquette]]
* [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|No personal attacks]] • [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|Resolving disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:Consensus|Build consensus]] • [[Wikipedia:Village pump|Village pump]]
* [[Wikipedia:IRC|IRC channels]] • [[Wikipedia:Mailing lists|Mailing lists]]
* [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|''The Signpost'' (Wikipedia's newspaper)]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Things to do</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* '''[[Wikipedia:Task Center|Task Center]]''' • [[Wikipedia:Be bold|Be bold in editing]]
* [[Wikipedia:Maintenance|Maintenance]] • [[Wikipedia:Peer review|Peer review]] • [[Wikipedia:Requested articles|Requested articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|Join a WikiProject]] • [[Wikipedia:Translation|Translating articles]]
* Cleaning up: [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|General]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors|Copy editing]] • [[Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism|Vandalism]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Miscellaneous</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:Categorization|Categories]] • [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation|Disambiguation]] • [[Wikipedia:Stub|Stubs]]
* [[Wikipedia:User pages|User pages]] • [[Help:Talk pages|Talk pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template index|Useful templates]] • [[Wikipedia:Tools|Tools]] • [[Wikipedia:User scripts|User scripts]]
|}
|}
|}

User talk:Mr anonymous username

2022-01-26T20:25:31Z

Mr anonymous username: /* Concern regarding Draft:Alex Lockhart */

Gákti

2022-01-22T18:25:50Z

Mr anonymous username: /* In other Sámi languages */I sort of reverted an edit that removed the section on Finnish appropriation of Sami culture

[[File:Sami female traditional costume collar with silver.jpg|thumb|A [[goldwork (embroidery)|goldwork]] [[collar (clothing)|collar]] of a traditional [[Sami people|Sámi]] woman's gákti. This gákti has a metal [[embroidery]] collar with [[pewter]] or [[silver]] thread and traditional Sámi silver [[buckle]]s.]]
[[File:Sami Metal Embroidery Male Collar Aasele Sweden 1920.jpg|thumb|A pattern of a [[goldwork (embroidery)|metal embroidered]] collar for a traditional male Sámi gákti from Åsele, [[Västerbotten]], [[Sweden]]. The metal thread most commonly used for the embroidery is [[Pewter]].]]
[[File:Costumes Saami.jpg|thumb|Two Finns dressed up in fake [[gakti|gákti]] outside of [[Rovaniemi]], [[Finland]]. Though at first glance authentic, the patterns on these gáktis are not traditional anywhere in [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]]]]

'''Gákti''' is a piece of traditional [[clothing]] worn by the [[Sami people|Sámi]] in northern areas of [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]] in [[Russia]]. The gákti is worn both in [[ceremony|ceremonial]] contexts and while working, particularly when herding [[reindeer]]. The traditional Sami outfit is characterized by a dominant color adorned with bands of contrasting colours, [[Braid|plaits]], [[pewter]] embroidery, [[tin]] art, and often a high [[collar (clothing)|collar]]. In the [[Norwegian language]] the garment is called a 'kofte', and in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] it is called 'kolt'.

==Characteristics==
The colours, patterns and decorations of the costume can signify a person's marital status and geographical origin. There are different gákti for women and men; men's gáktis are shorter at the hem than women's. Traditionally the gákti was made from reindeer skin, but in modern times, wool, cotton or silk are more common. The gákti can be worn with a belt (pleated, quilted or with silver buttons), silver jewellery, traditional leather footwear and a silk scarf. Traditionally, if the buttons on the belt are square, it shows the wearer is married. If they are round, the person is unmarried. If a married couple divorce, and the ex-husband still continues to use the Sami costume made by his ex-wife, he states by this that he wants her back. {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

== In other Sámi languages ==
"Gákti" is the [[Northern Sami language|Northern Sámi]] term for the clothing. Other terms are also used in other Sami languages:

'''[[Southern Sami language|South Sámi:]]''' gaeptie<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gtweb.uit.no/cgi-bin/smi/smi.cgi?text=gaeptie&pos=N&mode=full&action=paradigm&lang=sma&plang=sma|title=Åarjelsaemien baakoesojjehtimmieh|website=gtweb.uit.no|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>/gapta/gåptoe

'''[[Ume Sami language|Ume Sámi:]]''' gápttie

'''[[Pite Sami language|Pite Sámi:]]''' gáppte, gåppto

'''[[Lule Sami language|Lule Sámi:]]''' gáppte/gábdde

'''[[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi:]]''' mááccuh<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://sanosesaameksi.yle.fi/pikaopas-saamelaiskulttuuriin/|title=Pikaopas saamelaiskulttuuriin|website=Sano se saameksi|language=fi|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>

==Fake gákti==
The Finnish tourist industry is notorious for displaying fake "sami culture" for tourists.{{editorializing|date=August 2016}} Ethnically [[Finns|Finnish]] actors dress up in fake "gáktis" and perform fake "traditional rituals". This activity has been met with fierce protests<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=3374&giella1=eng |title=SÁPMI: No Fake Samis, Stop the Misuse of Our Culture |publisher=Galdu.org |date=2008-10-31 |accessdate=2012-10-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217221046/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=3374&giella1=eng |archivedate=2012-02-17 |df= }}</ref> from ethnic Sámi since it creates a false image of Sámi culture, diverts tourist industry money from ethnic Sámi to ethnic Finns (thereby [[exploiting]] the Sámi presence in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lappland]] without giving anything back to the Sámi) and is dishonest towards tourists.

==See also==
* [[Four winds hat]]
* [[Luhkka]]
* [[Beaska]]

==References==
*[http://ndla.no/nb/node/114083 Fra hverdagsplagg til kulturelt kjennetegn] [[Norwegian Digital Learning Arena]] / [[Norwegian News Agency]] {{in lang|no}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline|Sami clothing}}
{{Folk costume}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gakti}}
[[Category:Sámi clothing]]
[[Category:Sámi-language terms]]
[[Category:Norwegian clothing]]
[[Category:Finnish clothing]]
[[Category:Russian clothing]]

Talk:Bollocks

2022-01-20T22:32:08Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{Talkheader}}
{{Old AfD multi |date=14 February 2010 (UTC) |result='''keep''' |page=Bollocks |date2=8 October 2017 |result2='''Keep''' |page2=Bollocks (2nd nomination)}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject United Kingdom|class=B|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject English Language|class=B|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Ireland|class=B|importance=Low}}
}}

==Hyperbole==
It's seems likely that bollocks in the sense of talking rubbish or nonsense derives from or is related to the term [[Hyperbole]], Hyperbolics, Hyperbolical which means to make a point by gross exaggeration. You can easily replace the word bollocks with hyperbolics in any phrase or sentence without loosing it's meaning. I haven't found a reference yet but so won't amend the article but will keep looking until I find a reliable source, unless I'm talking bollox? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/94.9.186.46|94.9.186.46]] ([[User talk:94.9.186.46|talk]]) 17:58, 4 May 2012 (UTC) 

==Sex Pistols==
So what does "Never mind the bollocks" mean? Thanks, I'm italian. Marco 15 Feb 2012 — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/93.40.128.238|93.40.128.238]] ([[User talk:93.40.128.238|talk]]) 03:35, 15 February 2012 (UTC) 

I've always assumed it's supposed to mean "never mind all that other bollocks; here's the Sex Pistols" (who are implied to be worth listening to, i.e. not bollocks).[[Special:Contributions/90.204.252.15|90.204.252.15]] ([[User talk:90.204.252.15|talk]]) 08:35, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

:Answered [[Never_Mind_the_Bollocks,_Here's_the_Sex_Pistols#Packaging.2C_title.2C_and_obscenity_case|here]] (first pars). [[User:Mutt Lunker|Mutt Lunker]] ([[User talk:Mutt Lunker|talk]]) 14:03, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

==Wiktionary?==
Move to Wiktionary.org, or is there even enough here? [[User:Jwrosenzweig|Jwrosenzweig]] 19:34, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

There is now.:) [[User:Jamesday|Jamesday]] 23:25, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

==Earliest usage as festival meme==
I do distinctly remember "bollocks" being shouted by a small group of people at Isle of Wight 69 and by practically everyone at IOW 70, at one point or another. I saw this the other day but now it's been deleted - why? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/91.106.127.155|91.106.127.155]] ([[User talk:91.106.127.155|talk]]) 02:25, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 

==Inaccuracy==
There is so much inaccuracy in the bollocks page. A lot of the sample phrases read like hooray henries trying to put on working class speech and failing.

I have two points regarding this:
A) that is Wikipedia for you, it's very nature is the pedantic bourgeois, not the working man, and thus those editing this article will be out of touch with genuine use
B) does the posh boy rebels getting it wrong not add to the allure of this article? It is very much correct that the majority of this article is, as titled bollocks and unencyclopædic, however don't fix what ain't broke. It is rather entertaining watching a red old man desperately try to look rebellious and fail miserably [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 22:32, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

==Alternative spellings==
Regarding the "Alternative Spelling" paragraph it is bollocks to assume that people who use the word "bollix" are bollixes who do not understand the meaning of bollocks. Finally, a term of Irish origin is "me bollix" as said by Brad Pitt's character "Mickey", the gypo, in the movie "Snatch". It is used when some bollix states something that you think is total bollocks. To this statement you reply "Ah me bollix!!!" [[User:Squawk1er|Squawk1er]] 20:43, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

: What about "Yer ballax", as in "You're talking shite".[[User:Jonathan3|Jonathan3]] 22:28, 17 August 2006 (UTC) P.S. I'm not saying that's the correct spelling - it's just how it sounds!

When I was a young electronics engineer I was told that a "Bollix" was a device that scrambled electronics, like an EMP, or a degausser. What happened to that definition?

Along with "screwed up" we also say that people have "ballsed it up" which is probably more relevant to this article? [[Special:Contributions/213.31.180.126|213.31.180.126]] ([[User talk:213.31.180.126|talk]]) 09:55, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

==Game==
Perhaps we should mention the "bollocks game" where school children compete to shout "bollocks" the loudest in the presence of a teacher - Chris Owen

: I agree. I will now do so. I'm drunk. I think that's somehow appropriate. [[User:PeteVerdon|PeteVerdon]] 01:30, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

::I think some parallels should be drawn with [[Dick and Dom in da Bungalow]], a kids TV show whereby they shout "[[booger|bogies]]". [[User:Violetriga|violet/riga]] [[User_talk:violetriga|(t)]] 11:04, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

:::I agree. I'm 22, and I love that game :-)

Would it be obvious to point out that we're all talking bollocks?

== Fantastic ==

Check the title bar of your web browser. -RadioElectric

== lovely page ==

This entry really is the canines gonads. It is such a relief to read this after dealing with wiki inventions such as 'disambiguificationisation page'
when this page gets relegated elsewhere by some stiff necked US neocon then I will know that wiki has finaly got its pedia stuck up its jacksy.

Hear, hear. It is informative and funny, and all the more brilliant for being unexpectedly so. [[User:TobyJ|TobyJ]] 15:21, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Hear Hear again... see my entry below. Some yankee twerp will no doubt end up accusing me of plagiarism !! [[User:Peterkirchem|Peterkirchem]] 23:26, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

* BOLLOX!!!!!

Phew, just finished laughing! Funniest wiki article I've ever read.
--[[User:PaulWicks|PaulWicks]] 11:41, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Believe it or not, the worst wikinazis are CANADIAN (fanboys) or EAST INDIAN (grammar, spelling, and definition). Us Yanks aint as stiff as you might imagine. Most Americans cant even spell. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/70.113.81.76|70.113.81.76]] ([[User talk:70.113.81.76|talk]]) 04:30, 2 September 2008 (UTC) 

== objectivity? ==

Perhaps this page is intended to be more of a humorous thing than a serious article, but shouldn't sentences like "An excellent ska band from Atlanta, Georgia uses the Dog's Bollocks as a name for their band" be revised [or, in the case of this particular sentence, perhaps completely removed] to be more objective? --[[User:PryItOpen|PryItOpen]] 22:47, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree that the eulogy to the ska band is out of place and I'll tone down the reference. If people find this article entertaining, that's fine, but note that this page is now the best resource on the web for one of the most popular (and most versatile) British slang terms. -- Xollob 14 October 2005

Amen to that, and all power to my (I'm sure British) Wiki colleagues for this item. [[User:Peter Maggs|Peter Maggs]] 22:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Wondering if anyone knows who put up the reference to the atlanta ska band? It was noone from the band as none of us know who did it. Just post in the talk page, as I'm wondering. --[[User:Xshare|Xshare]] 00:21, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

== Dog's Bollox ==
According to ''[[QI]]'' this term came about from "Box Deluxe", with "Box Standard" converting to "Bog Standard". [[User:Violetriga|violet/riga]] [[User_talk:violetriga|(t)]] 11:04, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

:If I may, that sounds like [http://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_board/43/messages/1022.html bollocks]. -- [[User:ALoan|ALoan]] [[User talk:ALoan|(Talk)]] 20:01, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
::QI is hardly an authoritative source. To quote from the QI article: "Most of the questions are extremely obscure, making it unlikely that the correct answer will be given. To compensate, points are awarded not only for right answers, but also for interesting ones, regardless of whether they are right or even relate to the original question." Anyhow I had a whole series of Meccano sets all the way through to No.9 in the 1950's, and never came across any such thing as Box Standard or Box Deluxe.[[Special:Contributions/96.54.53.165|96.54.53.165]] ([[User talk:96.54.53.165|talk]]) 04:28, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

It was mentioned on UK Channel 4's ''[[8 Out 10 Cats Does Countdown]]''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Out_of_10_Cats_Does_Countdown</ref> by lexicographer and etymologist ''[[Susie Dent]]''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Dent</ref> but as far as I'm aware it never came up on QI. [[User:EvieBoleyn|EvieBoleyn]] ([[User talk:EvieBoleyn|talk]]) 11:49, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

== Reorg ==
Did some badly needed reorg on this page today - hope I haven't upset anyone. -- Xollob 31 October 2005

== the dog's bollocks ==

How about a link to [http://www.viz.co.uk/]Viz?

==Cleanup? Surely not!==

I see this article has been tagged as needing a cleanup. I think it is one of the best I have found on Wikipedia and am at a loss to see what needs cleaning up. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] 18:22, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
:I've just removed the cleanup tag. The article has had a lot of work done on it since the tag was added (Oct 05). Any objections? [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] 08:59, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

==Euphemisms==

I offer the following critique of the euphemisms section. I am tempted to delete large parts of it but wanted to get other opinions first:

'''Balderdash''': I don't think it belongs here. It is a great word in its own right, but it is not a euphemism for bollocks. It has no anatomical connotations; it can only be substituted for one very specific use of bollocks; when someone says "balderdash" it doesn't sound like they really meant "bollocks".

'''Horlicks''': This is genuinely a euphemism and certainly deserves a place in the article. I have also heard words like "Hollyhocks" but can't cite an exact source (Ronnie Barker possibly?)

'''Nadgers''': Another great word and it does have anatomical connotations but, again, its not really a euphemism for bollocks: it's just an alternative, milder, word for testicles. Also I'm not sure how widely it is used, apart from Rambling Syd.

:Perhaps not strictly a euphemism but I think it deserves a mention if only for the phrase 'the badger's nadgers', which is clearly based on 'the dog's bollocks'. [[User:Bombot|Bombot]] 00:02, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

'''B6s''': I've never heard this. Is there a reference?

What do the experts amongst you think? [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] 09:39, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

:"Badger's nadgers" is certainly a well-known bollocks euphemism, might it be worth adding "mutt's nuts" or "poodle's plums" aswell? as for "B6s", I've never heard that and my gut feel is that it's made up. There's always a temptation on a page called [[bollocks]] to fill it with the same.

B6s is certainly used in internal emails in the (German) company I work for, obviously mainly by the British ex-pats.--[[User:Xollob|Xollob]] 21:16, 5 July 2006 (UTC)Xollob

'''The Bee's Knees''': The suggestion that this is a euphemism for The Dog's Bollocks is, frankly, bollocks. Euphemisms follow the original, but TBK pre-dates TDB as it was certainly in use a long time before TDB ... around 1900 and likely earlier, "The Bee's Knees" comes from the same place as "The Cat's Pyjamas". The only connection between TBK and TDB is the similar meaning. So I've removed it from the list of euphemisms. [[User:Twistlethrop|Twistlethrop]] ([[User talk:Twistlethrop|talk]]) 18:13, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

==Bollocks: They Make a Lovely Stew==
Am I alone in remembering this? [[User:Ben-w|Ben-w]] 12:58, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

== Another usage: ==

As a descriptive synonym for a "lesser of two evils" type situation, as in "It beats a boot up the bollocks." -- to which phrase may be added: "--although not by much." I heard a "clean" variant on this one the other day: "It beats a toe in the ovals." --[[User:Grundlepod|Grundlepod]] 18:03, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

==[[Wilma Flintstone]] nand [[John Wayne]]==
Somewhere in the archives of the [[Wikipedia:Reference Desk]] there is a discussion about the use of the word by Wilma and John Wayne. It appears that a form of the word (sounding more like "Bollixed") was in use in the USA at some point, meaning messed-up, havn't been able to dig this out. [[User:Jooler|Jooler]] 18:20, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
I have seen a clip of The Flintstones (an early one in black and white) , where Wilma says to Fred something like "Fred , don't talk bollocks" ??? [[User:Darwin-rover|Darwin-rover]] ([[User talk:Darwin-rover|talk]]) 20:26, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

== Someone please rewrite this ==
The article doesn't make sense to me . . . "bollock" used as an adjective to mean both good quality and poor quality? It's not logically possible. [[User:Chailai|Chailai]] 14:09, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

:: The distinction is really very clear. Let's say, for example, you go to the theatre and afterwards a friend asks you what the play was like. "It was bollocks" indicates that you didn't like it. "It was the bollocks" shows that you enjoyed it very much. The key is the insertion of the definite article, "the". It's fair to say that you hear the former construction more than the latter in the UK, but both are common.[[User:Bedesboy|Bedesboy]] 18:06, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuCbrPzPLAc FTR] [[Special:Contributions/81.129.101.109|81.129.101.109]] ([[User talk:81.129.101.109|talk]]) 23:18, 18 April 2010 (UTC)J

==References/citations==
This article includes a wealth of nuances of meaning - even to the point that some people don't believe that it is true (see above). I think it would make it more encyclopedic if we could find references that included actual usage, rather than some of the sometimes contrived examples in the text. I'll certainly look out for sightings of bollock usage in books etc. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] 17:50, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

I've added the historic first usage of the word in the journal Nature (1998), something I am inordinately proud of. [[User: Magnus Johnson]] 10:07 July 2011

==Brilliant==

This is quite the most brilliant entry on Wikipedia!! To have achieved what so many try and fail.... and that is to get an amusing, informative and slightly tongue in cheek article in under the radar of the faceless Wikipedia Gestapo - seemingly most based in the US - who seem to think "Encyclopedic" means little more than Pedantic, Self-serving and Humourless is very refreshing indeed. [[User:Peterkirchem|Peterkirchem]] 17:25, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

As I have noted above, the worst wikinazia are CANADIANS with "US envy" You can generally make a case with an American editor, but I guess Canadians are snowed in or their beaches arent that much fun since they're iced over all the time or something up there makes them humor-/humour- less —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/70.113.81.76|70.113.81.76]] ([[User talk:70.113.81.76|talk]]) 04:36, 2 September 2008 (UTC) 

== could we have another entry? ==

how about: "putting one's bollocks on the anvil" to denote taking a big gamble on a forthcoming event: "I know I'm putting my bollocks on the anvil here..." —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/81.156.187.113|81.156.187.113]] ([[User talk:81.156.187.113|talk]]) 17:36, 10 February 2007 (UTC).

== Where's the Lobster song? ==

You know... the one about never letting them dangle in the dust? —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Poglad|Poglad]] ([[User talk:Poglad|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Poglad|contribs]]) 13:27, 23 February 2007 (UTC).

Here. [[User:Paul Magnussen|Paul Magnussen]] 21:32, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

http://www.grunt.com/scuttlebutt/corps-stories/humorous/lobster.asp

== the Irish usage? ==

Ask me bollix! From a minor survey of locals in Dublin it appears that this particular usage means at this point in time my testicles will hold a more valid opinion than myself. A parody considering that ones testicles can't hold any opinion therefore indicating that the subject of the question has no opinion or is highly negative of the suggestion put to them. However I don't believe this usage is unique to the Irish, as recently a Scottish man told me to ask his bollix after I asked him what he was wearing under his kilt. Naturally I declined.

==Similarity to bullshit==

Someone has added a few phrases to the introduction, referring to "bullshit" and "the shit", apparently to help "Americans trying to figure out what it means". A few problems with this: firstly "[[the shit]]" is a redlink so is probably less helpful than simply reading the "bollocks" article. Secondly, the sentence implies that "bullshit", like "bollocks", can be used in a number of ways including to mean "top quality" or "perfection" (which I don't think is true). Thirdly, it does not do justice to the perceived severity of "bollocks" (number 8 in the survey referred to in the article) compared with "shit" (number 17 in the same survey). The article already references "bullshit" when decribing the negative uses of "bollocks" so I suggest we don't need it in the intro. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] 09:58, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

As an American who lived in London, the English-English is a richer language, like a heavy meal with a fine wine. Americans use English as a device to get things done, like eating a burger with a cheap lager. Still feeds you, but not quite the same. Thus bollocks = bullshit in America and means more than that in a country where the "Citizens" are referred to as "Subjects". In what country are the people referred to as "participles" ? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/70.113.81.76|70.113.81.76]] ([[User talk:70.113.81.76|talk]]) 04:42, 2 September 2008 (UTC) 

== Management bollocks ==

We should push the envelope of this paradigm and include '''Management bollocks.''' There's even a ''Little Book of Management Bollocks.'' [[User:Totnesmartin|Totnesmartin]] 22:15, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

== Missing the point? ==

This is well written and nicely captures British/Irish/Australian/etc humour. Let's not be too serious. --[[User:Kjb|Kjb]] 23:49, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

== Not a serious page ==

You have to laugh at most of the above discussions about "bollcocks". If you all have not noticed I don't think this page is too serious and does not require in-depth discussions about the word, if it should be here, usage....... yawn [[User:Linux is god|Linux is god]] ([[User talk:Linux is god|talk]]) 13:24, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

== US Censorship ==

Would the word bollocks be censored on American television? --[[User:Son|Son]] ([[User talk:Son|talk]]) 02:22, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

No. [[User:Travis Cleveland|Travis T. Cleveland]] ([[User talk:Travis Cleveland|talk]]) 06:02, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

I think the article would benefit by some mention that the word is inoffensive in America by virtue of being utterly unknown, unlike "bloody", which is also inoffensive but well known and without which no American stereotype of an Englishman is complete. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/75.54.85.218|75.54.85.218]] ([[User talk:75.54.85.218|talk]]) 00:47, 19 July 2011 (UTC) 

==Tone?==

A template has been added suggesting that the tone of the article is inappropriate. Although there are certainly improvements that could be made to the article, and sections that could probably be deleted (what have nadgers got to do with bollocks, for instance?), I can't immediately see what's wrong with the tone. Any suggestions for the kind of thing that needs re-toning? [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] ([[User talk:Bluewave|talk]]) 14:35, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

:The tone of most of the article is too informal. And it seems to consist largely of examples of speech. [[User:Lurker|Lurker]] ([[User talk:Lurker|said]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Lurker|done]]) 18:18, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

::There are a lot of examples of speech but I think that is reasonable. The word has many shades of meaning (some contradictory) and I think that examples from literature and the media are the best way of providing citations for those meanings. I, for one, have certainly provided quite a few of those citable quotations, with the belief that these were making the article more encyclopaedic. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] ([[User talk:Bluewave|talk]]) 17:07, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

::: I'm right with you, Bluewave. I regularly cite this article to sceptical academic colleagues as evidence that Wikipedia has real value. They are invariably impressed, and at least one crusty old English professor of my acquaintance has described it as "outstandingly good". Lurker, if by "informal" you mean "readable and witty" you should get over yourself. The humour doesn't get in the way of any of the scrupulously referenced information. If only more of WP were this good. [[User:Bedesboy|Bedesboy]] ([[User talk:Bedesboy|talk]]) 13:34, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

:::: Good on you, Bedesboy, you big bollocks. If he doesn't like it, Lurker can stick it up his bollocks. Besides, anyone who highlights their name immediately arouses my suspicions. --[[User:OhNoPeedyPeebles|OhNoPeedyPeebles]] ([[User talk:OhNoPeedyPeebles|talk]]) 18:42, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

== Bollocks.com.au ==

I have removed the following short paragraph from the opening:

:examples of its usage in this context can be found on the website [hhtp://www.bollocks.com.au bollocks.com.au]. Here, phrases such as "Whaling For Research? Bollocks" express the global belief that the 'scientific' reasoning given by Japanese whalers in defence of their whaling activities is, in fact, nonsense. Similarly, the phrase "Scientology? Bollocks" illustrates the commonly-held view of this pseudo-religion.

I'm not sure what other people think but it just seem too much like a neologistic form of usage. [[User:Bpeps|BpEps]] - [[User_talk:Bpeps|t@lk]] 06:44, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

== Perfection? ==

The intro suggests that "bollocks" can mean "top quality" or "perfection". Can it? How? The word "bollocks" either refers to testicles or means a mess, botch, muddle, nonsense, etc. All negative. The only exception I'm aware of is "the dog's bollocks" (an idiomatic extension of the literal "testicles" meaning), and possibly one or two very specific elliptic uses of the same (e.g., "wow, that's the bollocks, that is!"). Apart from "the dog's bollocks", and possibly "the bollocks", how else can this word mean "top quality" or "perfection"? [[User:Mooncow|Mooncow]] ([[User talk:Mooncow|talk]]) 03:14, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

: Oh, and "top bollock", as described in section 5. However, "the dog's bollocks", "the bollocks" and "top bollock" are very specific usages with very specific meanings. To indicate in the introduction that "bollocks" might mean "top quality" or "perfection" seems to me to be quite misleading, no? [[User:Mooncow|Mooncow]] ([[User talk:Mooncow|talk]]) 03:20, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

:: Hello, Mooncow. Your talk page indicates that you hail from Yorkshire. In order to establish the frequency of the particular locution you mention in common discourse, I suggest that you conduct an experiment. The next time you're back in God's Own Country, take yourself to a pub and buy a pint. When someone asks you if it's OK, reply thus: "bai 'eck, lad/lass, tha' Old Peculier is the best any bugger'll get this side o' Pontefract. It's ''top bollock'', or my name's not Eli Heptonthwaite!" Your interlocutor will understand you perfectly.[[User:Bedesboy|Bedesboy]] ([[User talk:Bedesboy|talk]]) 19:37, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

::: You're more likely to get a punch in the gob if you try that. However, the use of ''top bollock'' you describe is perfectly correct, and I did not object to this. My point is that it is only *very specific idioms* containing 'bollock' or 'bollocks' that mean goodness, and to suggest that 'bollocks' in general can mean goodness is misleading. I adjusted the intro to make this clear, and am quite content with it now. Ta. [[User:Mooncow|Mooncow]] ([[User talk:Mooncow|talk]]) 16:38, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

:::: And splendidly done, too - that reads very well now. By the way, I'm from Lincolnshire, and I'm trying to remember the last time a Yorkshireman punched a Yellowbelly in the gob and got away with it. Sometime during the Pilgrimage of Grace, I expect. Or the first siege of Hull, at the latest.[[User:Bedesboy|Bedesboy]] ([[User talk:Bedesboy|talk]]) 23:01, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

== Clean-up? ==

An anonymous user has added a cleanup-rewrite tag to this page, apparently without any additional comments here on the discussion page explaining what is wrong with the page. What needs rewriting and why? What is thought to be below standard about this article? [[User:Mooncow|Mooncow]] ([[User talk:Mooncow|talk]]) 16:56, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

== "bullshit!" instead or besides "oh shit!" ? ==

till I read this article I always assumed that "bollocks" was used to mean "oh shit!" (or a swearing version of "oh well"), instead of as an equivalent of "bullshit!", was I wrong all this time or this is another meaning? and I can't remember who, but there was a famous character that commonly said "balls" in this same sense, so balls can also means "oh crap!", or is it only a replacement for "bullshit"? --[[User:TiagoTiago|TiagoTiago]] ([[User talk:TiagoTiago|talk]]) 05:36, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

== why is there no reference to AC/DC? ==

In 1976, AC/DC recorded and released a song called "big balls", in which the band chants: "bollocks, knackers". The song was released on their "dirty deeds done dirt cheap" album, which sold many more copies than anything the sex pistols ever released. In fact, thats the only reason I looked up this article. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Livewire1012|Livewire1012]] ([[User talk:Livewire1012|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Livewire1012|contribs]]) 02:31, 3 April 2009 (UTC) 
:Your welcome to add one if you think it is notable and verifiable. I doubt it sold more than ''[[Anarchy in the UK]]'' or ''[[God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)|God Save the Queen]]'', mind, as I've never heard of it. [[User:Jubileeclipman|Jubilee♫]][[User talk:Jubileeclipman|clipman]] 01:43, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

This page is full of bollocks

I looked for this page in jest and am pleasantly surprised at the content! Good work. [[User:Jubileeclipman|Jubilee♫]][[User talk:Jubileeclipman|clipman]] 01:38, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

== "As an obscenity" section ==

The information contained in the "As an obscenity" section is relevant to the article: however, the title of the section is inaccurate. Although the word is essentially '''course slang''', it was actually ruled by the court in the Virgin / Sex Pistols / John Mortimer case ''not'' to be obscene.
Whether something is obscene or not is often subjective. For example, a billionaire may spend £20m a yacht: he may see this as the fulfillment of some kind of ambition, but others may see this kind of spending as "obscene". A trainee surgeon may have to encounter photos of a naked corpse as part of some kind of medical training: the ''same photos'' may be considered "obscene" if broadcast on the nightly news. If it was ''unclear'' at the time of the case whether the word "bollocks" was obscene or not, this clearly illustrates that
the word is what one would consider to be ''mild'' (but still ''course'') slang, or a mild "swear-word". It is not a ''vulgar'' word, according to the [[Shorter Oxford English Dictionary]]. So sometimes when there is a word that is on the apparent cusp between being "officially" (by the Police / [[Obscene Publications Acts]]) classed or considered vulgar or obscene, it requires a test case in the courts to decide this. Well there was a case (the one mentioned above with John Mortimer as defence counsel), and the court ruled that the word was '''''not obscene'''''. Therefore the section could perhaps be alternatively titled
'''''"Obscenity" court ruling.''''' And the sentence that reads:

''Testimony in a resulting prosecution over the "obscene" term demonstrated that in Old English, the word referred to a priest, and could also be used to mean "nonsense"''

could be changed (by removing the word "obscene") to:

''Testimony in a resulting prosecution over the term demonstrated that in Old English, the word referred to a priest, and could also be used to mean "nonsense". The court ruled that the word was not obscene.''

In regard to the Leicestershire trader Tony Wright, he should have challenged the fine, as there's obviously been a test case, and legal precedent has been set. Perhaps he did, but this is irrelevant: the fact is the word is '''not obscene'''. In an encyclopedia article on a word like this, this should be made clear. Subsequently have made some small changes to the section.
[[Special:Contributions/86.177.176.12|86.177.176.12]] ([[User talk:86.177.176.12|talk]]) 01:45, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
::[[wp:sofixit|Edit the article then!]] But I think you mean 'coarse'.  [[User:Pablo X| pablo]][[User talk:Pablo X|hablo]]. 01:52, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

:::As I said in conclusion, I have done. However, I stand corrected on my spelling. Lucky it's just the talk page, eh? [[Special:Contributions/86.177.176.12|86.177.176.12]] ([[User talk:86.177.176.12|talk]]) 02:06, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

::::You can argue that, because of the court case, it's "officially" not an obscenity. However, it is still quite an offensive word to many people. In terms of severity, it was ranked (10 years ago) between "prick" and "arsehole" and considered unsuitable for broadcasting before the watershed, so I think the evidence is rather against your assertion that it is "mild". Arguably, the Tony Wright case has also set a legal precedent, also. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] ([[User talk:Bluewave|talk]]) 16:57, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

:::::There was no real court case with Tony Wright, so no legal precedent or "recorded case". Offensive to many people - yes, but not an obscenity. That survey 10 years ago sounds hilarious - would love to see it.... —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/90.213.188.163|90.213.188.163]] ([[User talk:90.213.188.163|talk]]) 21:58, 13 January 2010 (UTC) 
::::::Well, personally, I find any "serious" discussion of obscenities and offensive words to be hilarious...but then I've probably got a very childish sense of humour. The link to the report doesn't seem to work any more but I think [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:gaCB29x65pUJ:www.asa.org.uk/Resource-Centre/~/media/Files/ASA/Reports/ASA_Delete_Expletives_Dec_2000.ashx+%22delete+expletives%22&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi9b-RTLmFet_IIBdNv4J51NWehIi32URwf31SuYVogC6Nm-ROry5G-ZGiGKSWIfDmlDiD9Uc2OOxJZP3ahkMEjawRVa9xXsCJgdTjFk-P90k_OMgUt5AP8kTvKetghD2Dah89s&sig=AHIEtbTAJf926xfdF_it5trejMnowoZWtw this cached version ] still works at the moment. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] ([[User talk:Bluewave|talk]]) 22:32, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
::::::: Read it and loved "perceived severity" graph and "top three" swear words chart (down two places this week etc.) . Also have childish sense of humour. [[Special:Contributions/86.180.43.233|86.180.43.233]] ([[User talk:86.180.43.233|talk]]) 23:37, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
{{Outdent|:::::::}}Actually '''slang''' is definitely the wrong word. Bollocks dates back to the Anglo-Saxon language and was at one time a perfectly acceptable word for testicles (as used in the first translation of the Bible into English). I see the argument for saying that the law has ruled that it is not an obscenity, so I dunno what it is. An "offensive word" maybe? Anyway I'll delete "slang" which is misleading. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] ([[User talk:Bluewave|talk]]) 18:14, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

== Russell Brand? ==

According to this article, "ballbag" was popularised by Russell Brand? That's definitely bollocks. Search Youtube for Chewin' The Fat (a brilliant Scottish comedy which was around well before Brand started on Big Brother) and you'll find loads of clips (particularly of "The Big Man") that involve one person calling another person a "bawbag". --[[Special:Contributions/81.154.108.47|81.154.108.47]] ([[User talk:81.154.108.47|talk]]) 07:45, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
:The Concise Scots Dictionary dates ba'/baw/bawcod to the 15th/16th centuries. "Bawbag" was already in use in some programmes on Scottish radio and television before Chewin the Fat. Perhaps a student of modern Scottish literature or films might be able to begin a backward trail of usage ?
--[[User:MBRZ48|MBRZ48]] ([[User talk:MBRZ48|talk]]) 05:16, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

==Deletion template==

Somebody (unregistered) added a deletion template with no explanation beyond stating that the article is unencyclopedic. I have similarly deleted the template on the basis that the article '''is''' encyclopaedic. I suggest that any further proposals for deletion should involve some debate. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] ([[User talk:Bluewave|talk]]) 10:09, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

== Improvements ==

The article recently survived a nomination for deletion. There was a general view that it needs improving. My suggestions are as follows:
*Over time, the article has suffered a sort of "content creep", where people have added their own favourite usages, in the wrong place, and without noticing that their usage already has a section describing it.
*Some of the etymology looks a bit dubious and needs checking, and referencing.
*There's a lot of stuff such as alternative words for testicles and other interesting expletives that has nothing to do with the article and really should be removed. Examples are ball-bag and balderdash, neither of which are directly relevant.
*Usages should be illustrated with examples taken from printed sources, not ones made up by editors (currently there are some of each).
*Perhaps it's worth grouping together the stuff about perceived severity with the court cases and give more of a historical perspective on how the perceived severity has changed over time.
*In the AfD discussion, Eebahgum talked about some sociological aspects of the word and the way it "establishes a kind of informal freemasonry or subculture of the heartier types across all classes". This would certainly be worth expanding if we can find any sources.
Well, the above is a start. Do people agreee, or have other views? [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] ([[User talk:Bluewave|talk]]) 10:00, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
:Whilst looking around for sources, I came upon a book called ''President George W. Bush's Greatest Achievements'' by someone supposedly called Seymour Bollocks. It was published by eReads.com, 2009 ({{ISBN|0759244693}}, 9780759244696). It actually consists of 144 pages which are completely blank. I dunno if it's worth a mention. [[User:Bluewave|Bluewave]] ([[User talk:Bluewave|talk]]) 15:46, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

== BOLLOCKS DOES IT! ==

When someone is hammering above you’re bedroom at 12am you tell them it all the noise it doesn’t sink in.

They reply it does sink in.

BOLLOCKS DOES IT! STOP HAMMERING ABOVE MY BEDROOM AT 12am! — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:JBListening|JBListening]] ([[User talk:JBListening|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/JBListening|contribs]]) 18:47, 15 February 2011 (UTC) 

== IT’S THE CATS BOLLOOCKS! ==

LOL — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:JBListening|JBListening]] ([[User talk:JBListening|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/JBListening|contribs]]) 18:50, 15 February 2011 (UTC) 

==Testiculate==
Is the source really reliable here? It could just be a joke. The source is primary (a fiction book, with an obvious sense of humour) and doesn't interpret the issue in a reliable way. See [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/testiculate here] for a better definition of testiculate. [[User:Malick78|Malick78]] ([[User talk:Malick78|talk]]) 19:25, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

:My thoughts exactly. I didn't find any other sources to back up the claim, nor have I ever heard it used in speech by anyone. Since it was, in fact, bollocks, I deleted it. [[User:Cucumber Mike|Cucumber Mike]] ([[User talk:Cucumber Mike|talk]]) 20:14, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

::I have no knowledge of the source and cannot provide an alternative. But I don't agree that the entry was a joke or unreliable bollocks. Other entries on WP do not disparage fiction books as a source; the English language is a fluid evolving thing, and has been for centuries. ''Testiculate'' might have an established scientific usage, but it's not the only one; I wouldn't rate either usage as superior or inferior to the other. I don't believe we can reasonably disqualify a word purely because we've not heard of it before.
::For my sins, I have used the word, exactly in the sense that it was described here, on occasions over the last few decades, and I'm certain that I was neither the first nor the last person to do so. From its usage, I and others naturally understood its obvious and punning derivation from the words ''testicles'' and ''gesticulate'', with an obvious connection to ''bollocks''.
::It's a pity that the entry wasn't left in. If I stumbled across a source that I regard as reliable, I'd certainly reinstate ''testiculate''. But for now, I'll make this point and leave the article as it is, without testiculating. [[User:Twistlethrop|Twistlethrop]] ([[User talk:Twistlethrop|talk]]) 06:06, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

=="Bollocks" is ballocks ? ==
The Shorter Oxford Dictionary (1933, 1962 reprint) gives the spellimg as "ballock" with no mention of "bollock" or fictional characters, attributing the wotd to "Old English probably Teutonic, ball-" meaning "the testicle" suggesting that much of this article is er... incorrect.--[[User:MBRZ48|MBRZ48]] ([[User talk:MBRZ48|talk]]) 04:59, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

:Perhaps, but I doubt it. Although my experience doesn't reach as far back as the 1933 edition, the pronunciation of the first syllable word has always been, in my experience, "''boll-''" and never "''ball-''". In fact, the first time I spotted the word spelled "''ballocks''" was in an American novel.
:The Concise OED 11th edition has both words, but identifies ''bollocks'' as 18th century and a variant of the earlier ''ballock'', but there are no alternative spellings of, e.g., ''bollocking''. [[User:Twistlethrop|Twistlethrop]] ([[User talk:Twistlethrop|talk]]) 19:52, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Considering the English have mangled their own language.... Derby is pronounced "dArby" Clerk is pronounced "clArk" Leicester is pronounced "lEster", etc. who gives a flying rat's bollocks how it's spelled? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/75.43.18.19|75.43.18.19]] ([[User talk:75.43.18.19|talk]]) 18:59, 2 December 2012 (UTC) 

Hmm. Speech came before writing; pronunciation prior to spelling. Indeed, the spelling of English words did not begin to be standardized until Samuel Johnson compiled his dictionary, published in the latter half of the 18th century. But even with this beginning, standardised spelling took some little time longer, helped along by grammarians. So Bollocks, Bollix, Ballocks, Bollox and so on more likely reflect different dialect pronunciations and the attempt to reproduce the sound in writing.

== Bollocks in the Domesday Book ==

Reference for bollocks in the Domesday Book, 1086:

Humphrey Golden Bollocks: Tenant-in-chief,
Plesingho, Dunmow, Essex.

http://domesdaymap.co.uk/name/299750/humphrey-goldenbollocks/

alternatively:

http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/essex4.html

Just saying.

Jazzlord — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/77.103.147.204|77.103.147.204]] ([[User talk:77.103.147.204|talk]]) 01:11, 28 August 2013 (UTC) 

== Rowlock, Rollock ==

I don't think it is necessary to suggest that "rollock" might refer to some kind of sliding knife. It is more likely an alternative spelling of "rowlock," the part of a boat in which an oar is locked so that it hinges when you are rowing. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/82.37.163.124|82.37.163.124]] ([[User talk:82.37.163.124|talk]]) 19:03, 4 March 2014 (UTC) 

== Dropping a Bollock / Hernia ==

The term Dropping a Bollock can also refer to getting a Scrotal Hernia. [[User:Brian.L.Myers|Brian.L.Myers]] ([[User talk:Brian.L.Myers|talk]]) 23:32, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

:According to which [[WP:RS|reliable source]]? [[User:Mutt Lunker|Mutt Lunker]] ([[User talk:Mutt Lunker|talk]]) 00:00, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified {{plural:1|one external link|1 external links}} on [[Bollocks]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=747970667 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100314131854/http://www.asa.org.uk:80/Resource-Centre/Reports-and-surveys.aspx to http://www.asa.org.uk/Resource-Centre/Reports-and-surveys.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the ''checked'' parameter below to '''true''' or '''failed''' to let others know (documentation at {{tlx|Sourcecheck}}).

{{sourcecheck|checked=false}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 15:07, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Talk:Ainu people

2022-01-12T07:53:42Z

Mr anonymous username: /* Usage of Ainu language by Officials */ new section

{{Talk header}}
{{Old AfD multi|date=July 16, 2005|result=unanimous keep. The discussion is archived [[Talk:Ainu people/VFD nomination on July 16 2005|here]]}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Japan|class=b|b1=yes|b2=yes|b3=yes|b4=yes|b5=yes|b6=yes|importance=Top|person-photo=|ainu=yes|ainu-importance=top}}
{{WikiProject Human Genetic History|class=B|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Russia|class=B|importance=Low|ethno=yes}}
{{WikiProject East Asia|class=c|importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject Ethnic groups|class=B|importance=High}}
}}

{{Translated|ja|アイヌ文化#.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99}}
{{Archivebox|search=yes|auto=yes}}

==Regions with significant populations==
It seems odd to me that Kamchatka Krai population is listed separately since it is part of Russia, should the Russia entry include "(excluding Kamchatka Kai)"? [[User:Kevink707|Kevink707]] ([[User talk:Kevink707|talk]]) 17:48, 25 October 2018 (UTC)

==Ainu Genetics==

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135232

http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v49/n4/abs/jhg200432a.html

http://jspsusa.org/FORUM2012/presentation/3-2_Shinoda.pdf

http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201211010059

https://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201211010059

http://www.asianscientist.com/in-the-lab/ryukyuan-ainu-people-genetically-similar-2012/

http://japandailypress.com/research-shows-ainu-and-okinawans-more-genetically-related-0217724/

http://goldsea.com/Text/index.php?id=13814

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/japanorigin.htm

http://www.soken.ac.jp/news_all/2719.html

:Thanks. We should stick with the academic sources. We can't use the pdf at the jspsusa forum, nor Watkins page, and news sources are never as good as the original papers they report but they often lead to the sources we need. [[User:Dougweller|Dougweller]] ([[User talk:Dougweller|talk]]) 09:45, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

==sources on Ainu history ==

http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ48593.pdf

Ainu wars against Japan

Koshamain revolt

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x8FO9evlIyoC&pg=PA27&dq=koshamain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=roS5UayoHJKO7AbnqIDgBg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=koshamain&f=false

[[Shakushain's Revolt]]

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-octogenarian-who-took-on-the-shoguns-1307033/

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110004689021

http://www.historical-geography.net/volume_36_2008/jacobson.pdf

http://academic.evergreen.edu/curricular/decolonization/Education%20About%20Asia%20Dubreuil.pdf

http://www.anthropology.wisc.edu/Ohnuki-Tierney/files/1993-ainu-ency.pdf

[[Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion]]

Other

http://library.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/abz.pdf

http://library.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/the_pits.pdf

Modern history

http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF56.htm

http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/21976/v1i1_02okada.pdf
http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/21976/v1i1_02okada.pdf?sequence=1

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ainu-people-lay-ancient-claim-to-kurile-islands-the-hunters-and-fishers-who-lost-their-land-to-the-russians-and-japanese-are-gaining-the-confidence-to-demand-their-rights-reports-terry-mccarthy-1552879.html

http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10892182

ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0370e/i0370e08.pdf

[[User:Rajmaan|Rajmaan]] ([[User talk:Rajmaan|talk]]) 06:54, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

== Ainu Australoid? ==

Hello, this section is a response to Sturmgewehr88's request. I didn't find an authoritative source for the claim that the Ainu are genetically Australoid. According to one study, the Ainu, despite miscegenation, don't cluster as closely with ancestral Northeast Asians as the latter do with one another.[http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v57/n12/full/jhg2012114a.html][http://robertlindsay.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/screen-shot-2012-11-08-at-5-47-49-pm.png][http://www.ahnenkult.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Screen-Shot-2012-11-08-at-10.07.15-PM.png] By the way, notice that the title of the category says "type," not race, and the Ainu do exhibit a rather Australoid morphology. [[User:Everything Is Numbers|'''EIN''']] ([[User talk:Everything Is Numbers|talk]]) 14:38, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
:The sources you provided only proved that the Ainu are distinct from other peoples, which is already a given fact, and nothing more. I agree that the Ainu are awkwardly placed, but you can't just [[WP:OR|infer]] that they're "Austroloid-type". '''[[User:Sturmgewehr88|ミーラー強斗武]]''' ([[User_talk:Sturmgewehr88|talk]]) 18:22, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
[[File:C=M130-Migration.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Haplogroup C migration]]
::Yes. I'll leave this to someone who ''may'' find indications for it in the future. But just to be clear, even though this would probably qualify as [[Wikipedia:No original research#Synthesis of published material that advances a position|improper synthesis]], it can be inferred by omission that the Ainu are Australoid from the premise that each of the presently existing humans can be categorized under at least one of the four macro-races. It's the most common hypothesis today that the Ainu originated from a merger of the [[Satsumon culture|Okhotsk]] and [[Satsumon]] people, who inhabited the Japanese Archipelago before the Yamato and could have been part Australoid for all we know. It makes sense that the Ainu are Australoid if, considering the genetic and archaeological clues, it's true that before the Mongoloids and Caucasoids came, the Australoids occupied a much wider area than just Australia and Melanesia - from Africa via the Arabian Peninsula, an area spanning as far westward as the Indian subcontinent, as far northward as the The Japanese Archipelago or farther, and maybe even as far eastward as the Americas (see [[Pericúes]] and [[Fuegians]]). Also see [[Haplogroup C-M130]]. [[User:Everything Is Numbers|'''EIN''']] ([[User talk:Everything Is Numbers|talk]]) 11:52, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
:::Ok, well if you find a few sources that support this, then you can re-add the category (or find a better one) and add the information to the article. '''[[User:Sturmgewehr88|ミーラー強斗武]]''' ([[User_talk:Sturmgewehr88|talk]]) 13:57, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

== Ainu in Tokyo ==

In March 2014, [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415687539/ a new volume] was published looking at the Ainu community in Tokyo, which may be worth drawing from in terms of fleshing out the section here dealing with this sub-set of the Ainu diaspora beyond Hokkaido. However, I wasn't sure how best to draw from this source in order to further inform the article. Has anyone else here taken a look at this volume yet, to see what kind of information might be worth referencing? --[[User:Nerroth|Nerroth]] ([[User talk:Nerroth|talk]]) 16:16, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

== Questionable magazine quotation misleadingly attributed to a reprint in a source that doesn't ADMIT to being bad at fact-checking... ==

I removed

<blockquote>" [http://www.japantoday.com/category/lifestyle/view/tokyo%E2%80%99s-thriving-ainu-community-keeps-traditional-culture-alive Tokyo's thriving Ainu community keeps traditional culture alive]," '' [[Japan Today]]'', March 1, 2009.</blockquote>

as a source for the claim

<blockquote>In a 2009 news story, ''Japan Today'' reported, "Many Ainu were forced t o work, essentially as slaves, for [[Yamato people|Wajin]] (ethnic Japanese), resulting i n the breakup of families and the introduct ion of [[smallpox]], [[measles]], cholera and [[tuberculosis]] into their community. In 1869, the new Meiji government renamed Ez o as Hokkaido and unilaterally incorporate d it into Japan. It banned the Ainu languag e, took Ainu land away, and prohibited sal mon fishing and deer hunting."</blockquote>

Let alone the fact that, per the source cited , it is not a 2009 news story reported by ''Ja pan Today'' but rather "originally appeared in Metropolis magazine", but ... how can ''J apan Today'' be considered a reliable news source (much less a source for difficult sch olarly/historical issues) when they have bo rrowed [https://www.google.co.jp/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=UnG3VO7jCeOT8QfQxoCwDg&gws_rd=ssl#q=%22originally+appeared+in+Metropolis+magazine%22+site:www.japantoday.com&start=421&filter=0 over 400] stories wholesale from [[Metropolis (free magazine)|''Metropolis'']], a popular free magazine whose publisher, according to [http://metropolisjapan.com/disclaimer/ its own websit e], ''makes no representations about the accuracy of the information, data, advertise ments, graphics, or other content contained in any Japan Partnership website, e-mail newsletter, or print publication, including but not limited to the Japan Partnership prin t and online magazine, blogs, and other e mail newsletters, and any other media cha nnel owned or produced by Japan Partners hip''? The story in question is attributed to Andy Sharp [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-22/fukushima-clouds-abe-s-bid-to-revive-nukes-to-power-recovery.html apparently] a decent reporter for Bloomberg, but unless he's a renowned scholar of Ainu studies (and per [[WP:BURDEN]] we must assume he isn't) then material he writes for ''Metropolis'' must be taken as his opinion and his opinion only. [[User:Hijiri88|Hijiri 88]] ([[User talk:Hijiri88|聖]][[Special:Contributions/Hijiri88|やや]]) 09:40, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

== Trouble archiving links on the article ==

Hello. I am finding myself repeatedly archiving links on this page. This usually happens when the archive doesn't recognize the archive to be good.

This could be because the link is either a redirect, or I am unknowingly archiving a dead link. Please check the following links to see if it's redirecting, or in anyway bad, and fix them, if possible.

* http://ssrn.com/abstract=1635447
* http://ssrn.com/abstract=1635451
In any event this will be the only notification in regards to these links, and I will discontinue my attempts to archive these pages.

Cheers.—[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]][[User talk:Cyberbot II|Talk to my owner]]:Online 19:08, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to {{plural:5|one external link|5 external links}} on [[Ainu people]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=671294299 my edit]. If necessary, add {{tlx|cbignore}} after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add {{tlx|nobots|deny{{=}}InternetArchiveBot}} to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080429080550/http://www.pbs.org:80/wgbh/nova/hokkaido/ainu.html to http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hokkaido/ainu.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130710182919/http://www.ainu-org.jp:80/english/index.html to http://www.ainu-org.jp/english/index.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120427092145/http://www.japantimes.co.jp:80/text/nn20111031a5.html to http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20111031a5.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120709010224/http://www.asahi.com/national/update/1029/TKY201110290538.html to http://www.asahi.com/national/update/1029/TKY201110290538.html
*Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110722071748/http://www.juen.ac.jp/shakai/kawanisi/research/touhoku/touhoku_6.html to http://www.juen.ac.jp/shakai/kawanisi/research/touhoku/touhoku_6.html

Cheers.—[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]][[User talk:Cyberbot II|Talk to my owner]]:Online 19:08, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

== Removal of data ==

<s>There was a huge removal of missing data by [[Krakkos]] so I reverted it back to it's normal state.

If there is any mistakes on the page than it should be removed immediately but I see not one problem since they are all sourced properly.</s>

:It's the responsibility of an editor restoring sock puppet edits to ensure they are satisfactory. That includes checking the sources, which I doubt this editor did. One obvious sock has already been blocked for restoring material by another WorldCreatorFighter sock puppet. [[User:Doug Weller|Doug Weller]] [[User talk:Doug Weller|talk]] 21:57, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to {{plural:2|one external link|2 external links}} on [[Ainu people]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=707174294 my edit]. If necessary, add {{tlx|cbignore}} after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add {{tlx|nobots|deny{{=}}InternetArchiveBot}} to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
*Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20111102172310/http://www.japantimes.co.jp:80/text/nn20111031a5.html to http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20111031a5.html
*Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120922001126/http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_01.1_hitchingham_masako.pdf to http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_01.1_hitchingham_masako.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the ''checked'' parameter below to '''true''' to let others know.

For the first link: {{sourcecheck|checked=true}}
For the second link: {{sourcecheck|checked=failed}}

Cheers.—[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]][[User talk:Cyberbot II|Talk to my owner]]:Online 07:05, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

== Pronunciation ==

I don't know which of these is the correct pronunciation of "Ainu", but whichever it is should be placed toward the beginning of the page to help clarify the matter.

{{IPAc-en|'|eɪ|n|uː}} {{Respell|AY|noo}}

{{IPAc-en|'|aɪ|n|uː}} {{Respell|EYE|noo}}
:IPA is generally not needed for Japanese as the pronunciation is consistent. Additionally, only about 1% of the world's English population even understands how to pronounce something in IPA. It's practically useless for anyone outside of linguists. ···[[User:Nihonjoe|日本穣]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nihonjoe|投稿]] · [[User talk:Nihonjoe|Talk to Nihonjoe]] · [[WP:JA|Join WP Japan]]! 19:57, 5 August 2016 (UTC)
::What does it mean to say that the pronunciation is consistent? And how does this help an English speaker who doesn't know how the word is pronounced in Japanese? Lots of pages on Wikipedia give IPA transcriptions, including the page for Japan itself. Anyone who can hover their mouse over an IPA transicription on Wikipedia can understand how to read it, as the hover text explains the pronunciation for each phoneme. I also gave the "pronunciation respelling key", not just the IPA. The fact that I still have no clue which way the word is pronounced is evidence that you're wrong and that some sort of clarification is needed. And clarification of pronunciation on Wikipedia comes in the form of the sorts of transcriptions I offered above. This is standard procedure, all across this site.
:::Just noticed that the page for the Ainu language has an IPA transcription. Now I know which way it's pronounced (/ˈaɪnuː/). More evidence that this should be added to this page. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Kester Nethlo|Kester Nethlo]] ([[User talk:Kester Nethlo|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kester Nethlo|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 August 2016 (UTC) 

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified {{plural:3|one external link|3 external links}} on [[Ainu people]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=742848435 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.blm.gov/education/00_resources/articles/Columbia_river_basin/posterback.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080705115024/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm to http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_01.1_hitchingham_masako.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the ''checked'' parameter below to '''true''' or '''failed''' to let others know (documentation at {{tlx|Sourcecheck}}).

{{sourcecheck|checked=true}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 05:11, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

== Another potential representation in popular culture ==

It's been awhile since I've seen the movie, and I'm not sure how accurate this is, but apparently the main character of the movie Princess Mononoke, Ashitaka, and the tribe he's from are meant to be Ainu. The actual way they're portrayed and their appearance skews more towards Japanese. They make mention in the movie, albeit in passing, that they consider themselves distinct from the other Japanese people who live in the area. I don't feel comfortable adding this to the article since I'm not 100% sure if it truly is a representation of the Ainu people or not, but I just thought I'd bring it up so someone more knowledgeable could look into it. [[Special:Contributions/69.178.89.139|69.178.89.139]] ([[User talk:69.178.89.139|talk]]) 07:51, 17 November 2016 (UTC)
:They're actually Emishi, and Miyazaki specifically said they were not Ainu. ···[[User:Nihonjoe|日本穣]] · [[Special:Contributions/Nihonjoe|投稿]] · [[User talk:Nihonjoe|Talk to Nihonjoe]] · [[WP:JA|Join WP Japan]]! 18:50, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on [[Ainu people]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=776068283 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120424000000/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls to http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110122114722/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n7_v151/ai_19143382/ to http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n7_v151/ai_19143382/
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070217070612/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls to http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233704/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 to http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=true|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 19:56, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on [[Ainu people]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=781932332 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://kamchatka-etno.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85&Itemid=95
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120623191226/http://www.kamchatka-etno.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85&Itemid=95 to http://www.kamchatka-etno.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85&Itemid=95
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120305074855/http://english.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/2249159/49638669.html to http://english.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/2249159/49638669.html
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_01.1_hitchingham_masako.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=true|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 01:51, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on [[Ainu people]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=787954382 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721151652/http://www.city.asahikawa.hokkaido.jp/files/hakubutsukagaku/museum/syuzo/59-tatakai/59-tatakai.html to http://www.city.asahikawa.hokkaido.jp/files/hakubutsukagaku/museum/syuzo/59-tatakai/59-tatakai.html
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://www.molli.org.uk/explorers/the_regions/north_america.asp
*Added {{tlx|dead link}} tag to http://www.ainu-museum.or.jp/en/study/eng08.html%2C

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=true|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 15:48, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

== A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion ==
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion:
* [[commons:File:Hokkaido Ainu.jpg|Hokkaido Ainu.jpg]]
Participate in the deletion discussion at the [[commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Hokkaido Ainu.jpg|nomination page]]. —[[User:Community Tech bot|Community Tech bot]] ([[User talk:Community Tech bot|talk]]) 02:24, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

== Samurai ==

The section claimed "several historians" without naming any. Obviously [[C. Loring Brace]] isn't one and isn't decribed.as one. I can't find anyone who agrees and thus this is [[WP:UNDUE]]. A quick search turns up these sources about the relationship between them.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tePeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA122&dq=Samurai+Ainu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidiPDuyr7iAhVFSBUIHS2BBiEQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=Samurai%20Ainu&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MBaeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT200&dq=Samurai+Ainu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidiPDuyr7iAhVFSBUIHS2BBiEQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=Samurai%20Ainu&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W5DKfJsPv2sC&pg=PT53&dq=Samurai+Ainu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5ubDdyr7iAhUSUhUIHTiHCoUQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=Samurai%20Ainu&f=false] [[User:Doug Weller|Doug Weller]] [[User talk:Doug Weller|talk]] 16:02, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

== Back and forth editing ==

I want to urge both {{u|DerekHistorian}} and {{u|Gyatso1}} to bring their arguments to this talk page, instead of doing wild back and forth edits which will make it hard for other editors to re-check the recent edits. I share {{u|DerekHistorian}}'s concern about claims not backed up by sources, including claims inserted in edits by {{u|Gyatso1}}. But the speed of deletes and insertions comes close to edit warring, and both of you should come to a calm discussion '''here''' and not heat up flames on personal talk pages. {{u|Doug Weller}}, probably you can come in too and help to moderate please. –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 20:29, 9 August 2019 (UTC)

== List of Ainu People ==
Wasn't there a "List of Ainu" people page or at least a list of "Notable Ainu", just like most ethnicities have on Wikipedia? For example, here's the [[List of Tatars|Tatar's page]] and the [[Nivkh people#Notable Nivkhs]]. I think there should be one. Many important Ainu are listed in the article, but finding this information takes time. Hopefully, there isn't a safety or discriminatory factor that must be considered here.
Also, Chisato ("Kitty") O. Dubreuil should be on the list. She is of Ainu ancestry and is likely the most famous academic researcher in Ainu studies. Her books are referenced throughout most Ainu pages on Wikipedia. [[User:Hookandloop|MXMLLN]] ([[User talk:Hookandloop|talk]]) 11:01, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

== Another pop culture reference to Ainu ==

Kanna Kamui, a character from Kobayashi's Dragon Maid is heavily inspired by Ainu culture. Her clothing, described by Kobayashi as "gothic lolita with tribal theme" has similar geometric patterns as Ainu clothes and uses similar beads as an accesory. Even her name and the ability to control electricity is a reference to Kanna kamuy, god of thunder. [[User:Misztra|Misztra]] ([[User talk:Misztra|talk]]) 02:45, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

== A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion ==
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
* [[commons:File:Hokkaido Ainu.jpg|Hokkaido Ainu.jpg]]
Participate in the deletion discussion at the [[commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Hokkaido Ainu.jpg|nomination page]]. —[[User:Community Tech bot|Community Tech bot]] ([[User talk:Community Tech bot|talk]]) 18:47, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

== A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion ==
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
* [[commons:File:Historical expanse of Ainu.png|Historical expanse of Ainu.png]]
Participate in the deletion discussion at the [[commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Historical expanse of Ainu.png|nomination page]]. —[[User:Community Tech bot|Community Tech bot]] ([[User talk:Community Tech bot|talk]]) 09:07, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

== Modern scientific racism ==

The image [[:File:Mongoloid Australoid Negrito Asia Distribution of Asian peoples Sinodont Sundadont.GIF]] has been removed from the origins section. This is a recent user created map which promotes "Mongoloid" as if it were a term currently in use. As the article itself points out, this word is no longer used to describe the Ainu people as it is part of the race theories of the human race being genetically divided into a white race, yellow race, black race etc. which may be valid to discuss in a historical context using contemporary images making it clear the theories are debunked, but is inappropriate to promote as if they were current science. Thanks --[[User:Fæ|Fæ]] ([[User talk:Fæ|talk]]) 04:25, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

== Jared Diamond hypothesis on Ainu and Jomon people ==

Prof. Jared Diamond in a 1998 article discusses the origin of the Ainu people, the Jomon people and the even more complex issue of the origin of the Yamato Japanese main population of Japan.

In Search of Japanese Roots
Where did the ancestors of the modern Japanese come from?
The answers is shrouded in a mystery not everyone wants solved.
https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/in-search-of-japanese-roots

A quote: "Genetic studies of the past three years have also at last resolved the controversy about the origins of the Ainu: they are the descendants of Japan’s ancient Jomon inhabitants, mixed with Korean genes of Yayoi colonists and of the modern Japanese." — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/72.83.145.17|72.83.145.17]] ([[User talk:72.83.145.17#top|talk]]) 21:56, 12 November 2020 (UTC) 

== They are not the Jomon ==

The idea of the Aniu descending from the Jomon has been debunked.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/History#ref23120 [[User:CycoMa|CycoMa]] ([[User talk:CycoMa|talk]]) 01:30, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|USER:CycoMa}} That link is not a scientific source/[[WP:RS]] source, and the claim it makes does not seem to link to one (to a recent scientific source) supporting that statement. Nor can the Jomon be called "proto-Japanese" as the website claims (according to the sources, the Japanese are mostly descended from the later-arriving Yayoi people, have only a little Jomon ancestry on average, and are quite distict from the Jomon). Recent genetic studies (some analyzing Jomon remains) agree that the Japanese are mostly Yayoi (with a little Jomon) and the Ainu (who are native to northern Japan) are mostly of Jomon descent (with some minority admixture from other Siberian groups and also presumably from the Japanese and/or Yayoi). [[User:Skllagyook|Skllagyook]] ([[User talk:Skllagyook|talk]]) 02:15, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
::FWIW, [[Encyclopædia Britannica|EB]] is a RS which can be employed with extra care (cf. [[WP:BRITANNICA]]) and due weight against more specialized sources. In this case, the simplistic statements in EB ("scholars have claimed that the bearers of the Jōmon culture were ancestors of the Ainu [...] Scientific investigation of the bones of Jōmon people carried out since the beginning of the 20th century, however, has disproved this theory"; "[the Jomon people] seem to have constituted a single ethnic stock with more or less consistent characteristics") are in stark contrast the findings in specialized sources, especially genetic studies. In such a case, scientific sources, especially research overviews such as [http://www.jjarchaeology.jp/contents/pdf/vol002/2-1_034-059.pdf this one] by Schmidt & Seguchi (very valuable, but often misquoted), are preferred over EB.
:::{{ping|USER:Austronesier}} I see; my mistake (EB can be [[WP:RS]]). However, in this case, its statement seems to be unsourced from scientific research (or perhaps a misinterpretation of it), should not take precedence over genetic studies (to which it is, as you mention, in stark contrast), and seems to be undue here. Schmidt & Seguchi (2015) does not seem so much to conflict with or challenge the finding that the Ainu descend from the Jomon, but rather suggests that the Jomon many not have been an entirely homogenous group (and may have descended from more than one population originating from Paleolithic/early Mesolithic Siberia), and their study seems to reinforce/be consistent with other findings that there are affinities between the Ainu and Jomon groups (and to a lesser extent between the Jomon and Ryukyans/Japanese). The recent sources I was referring to above are Gahukari et al. 2019 (third page [[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/03/15/579177.full.pdf]]) and Kanazawa-Kiriyama et al 2019 (page 19 [[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/advpub/0/advpub_190415/_pdf/-char/en]]), which both find evidence of a substantial amount of Jomon ancestry in the Ainu using ancient DNA from Hokkaido Jomon samples. [[User:Skllagyook|Skllagyook]] ([[User talk:Skllagyook|talk]]) 15:02, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
::::{{re|Skllagyook}} I am just as baffled as you how the authors[https://www.britannica.com/contributor/Taro-Sakamoto/2567][https://www.britannica.com/contributor/G-Cameron-Hurst/4274] of the first part of the EB article can come to such odd conclusions. Wordings like "scientific investigation of the bones" ring a bell: is this an attempt to dumb down the lingo for the sake of the common reader who might not be familiar with "craniometry" and "skeletal DNA", or is this indicative that paleogenetics lies outside of their actual expertise? Just a thought. –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 15:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

== Photo in Infobox is probably not Ainu ==
This photo " AinuSan.jpg [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AinuSan.jpg] is described on the [[:ja:アイヌ|Japanese page]] as = "Staff members of the National Ainu Museum in Shiraoi, Hokkaido. They wear traditional costumes (Ruumpe = cotton clothing) from the coastal area of [[Uchiura Bay]]." So they are most likely Japanese people dressed in Ainu clothing. Maybe they are mixed, part Ainu, but it's not a good representation of the original Ainu people. So it shouldn't be used as a photo in the infobox. This is what ethnic Ainu look like = AinuGroup.JPG [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AinuGroup.JPG] which is notably different. - [[User:Artanisen|Artanisen]] ([[User talk:Artanisen|talk]]) 20:14, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

: That photo is good, and you're right, the difference is there, but it would be better to may find a higher-quality, in-colour photo if possible. One of the big problems facing this article at the minute is that many of the sources are over a century old - and so there's more of a tendency to think of the Ainu people as a minority that 'did' exist, rather than a minority that ''still'' exists. I'd really like to find a modern photo, if possible; I've already found a number of modern sources I might buy to do up this article. As for the infobox photo at the minute; it should probably go somewhere further down the article. -- [[User:Ineffablebookkeeper|Ineffablebookkeeper]] ([[User talk:Ineffablebookkeeper|talk]]) 12:12, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

::I have replaced the image with another modern image of a traditional Ainu marriage. This should be better and shows more Ainu. I also think that it would be a good idea to include more recent information about the Ainu and the current situation, culture and daily life of the Ainu people. They are a living ethnic group and not a museum exhibit.--[[User:RobertoY20|RobertoY20]] ([[User talk:RobertoY20|talk]]) 14:26, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
:::@Ineffablebookkeeper well there are very few Ainu left. The amount of practitioners of their culture and language decreases every few years. The Ainu culture, way of life and language are moribund. It could disappear in a couple of decades to a century (save for Museums and festivals). Many of the Ainu who still exist are mixed and/or don't live the traditional lifestyle anymore. So old photographs better represent the original Ainu people. I agree that the infobox photo should be high quality. A recent photograph would be good if it's available on Wikimedia Commons. It should be verified that the people in the photo are Ainu (not people cosplaying and acting). Old sources aren't bad due to their age. If there is a new source (study etc) with a better explanation of something then it can be used. - [[User:Artanisen|Artanisen]] ([[User talk:Artanisen|talk]]) 19:07, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

== Japanese agenda in the article ==

Why on Earth are the ''Ainu'' in all these photos majority Japanese mix? when there was photos here previously of pure Ainu. They have been removed. There are plenty of copyright free vintage photos of actual Ainu out there for use. This is misleading and will make people believe the Ainu are just a subgroup of Japanese people, similar to how Irish travelers are ethnically Irish but are a sub-cultural group. The actual ainu look nothing like these people. Wikipedia strikes again with it's regional government meddling. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2001:BB6:6871:B658:EC2B:F578:FDFE:E3D|2001:BB6:6871:B658:EC2B:F578:FDFE:E3D]] ([[User talk:2001:BB6:6871:B658:EC2B:F578:FDFE:E3D#top|talk]]) 12:34, 26 January 2021 (UTC) 

:Wikipedia doesn't have a regional government agenda. It should be noted that "appearing" Ainu may not actually be a good reflection of a person's ethnicity or family history, at all; the idea that someone has to "look" Ainu to "be" Ainu is, to put it very mildly, problematic and inaccurate. The statement that "Irish Travellers are ethnically Irish but a sub-cultural group" is also one - and I am guessing here, I'm not learned on Traveller issues but I think I'm in the right ballpark - that doesn't feel like it rings true. They're not a sub-group, so much as a group with their own entire culture and identity. If your idea is that Ainu people are a small, sequestered people with a set appearance that's only clear in a black-and-white image from the 1900s, then I don't think you're here to build the project at all.
:As for the date of the picture - the picture isn't a good one, I agree with that. It isn't clear; none of the people are front-and-centre in the shot. However, for an article where an entire section is taken from a source from '''''the early 1900s''''', the emphasis has to be that the Ainu people ''still'' exist, and are not antiquated; these are people with real ethnicities and ethnic histories, whose identity was, for the longest of times, suppressed - see [[Japanese dialects]] for details on the suppression of, for instance, the [[Ainu language]]. Thus, a modern image, not one taken in the 1900s, is the better choice, ''even if'' it isn't the best image we have. --[[User:Ineffablebookkeeper|Ineffablebookkeeper]] ([[User talk:Ineffablebookkeeper|talk]]) 23:01, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

:Most pictures seem to be of historical Ainu with three of modern Ainu. I see no problem with that. The article even mentions that not all historical Ainu did look like the ones you have in mind. I do not see what this have to do with a Japanese agenda. The article clearly mentions the difference, both ethno-linguistic and cultural. [[Zainichi]] or [[Ryukyuans]] look even less different and there is no doubt that they are different ethno-linguistic groups. Also calling them "majority Japanese mix" sounds more then strange and anyway without any basis. But that is my opinion.[[Special:Contributions/46.125.250.99|46.125.250.99]] ([[User talk:46.125.250.99|talk]]) 18:43, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
:: I do agree a lot of the pictures here are misleading. I also felt there was a agenda in the article. It was basically removing everything about them relating their connection to west eurasian/caucasian although I do believe they are Mongoloid population with pseudo-Caucasian appearance.[[User:Vamlos|Vamlos]] ([[User talk:Vamlos|talk]]) 11:41, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

== Kotan ==

A village is called a ''kotan'' in the Ainu language. In Albanian language village is called katun. [[User:Mazarin07|Mazarin07]] ([[User talk:Mazarin07|talk]]) 10:16, 7 March 2021 (UTC)

== Usage of Ainu language by Officials ==

In the second paragraph of language, it states that the Ainu language was used by Officials. It was not sourced and is contrary to the fact of the matter that it was banned along with their culture. It does somewhat feel like it is there to diminish the crimes of colonial Japan. [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 07:53, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Cardiocrinum cordatum

2022-01-11T22:02:22Z

Mr anonymous username: Added source

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cardiocrinum cordatum.jpg
|image_caption = '''''Cardiocrinum cordatum'''''<ref>illustration circa 1880 by Walter Hood Fitch (1817 - 1892), published in: Henry John Elwes: A monograph of the genus ''Lilium''. Taylor and Francis, London 1880</ref>
|genus = Cardiocrinum
|species = cordatum
|authority = (Thunb.) Makino
|synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=Synonymy
|''Hemerocallis cordata'' Thunb.
|''Libertia heteroclita'' Dumort.
|''Lilium cordatum'' (Thunb.) Koidz. & Airy Shaw
|''Lilium cordifolium]]'' Thunb.
|''Hemerocallis cordifolia'' (Thunb.) Salisb.
|''Saussurea cordifolia'' (Thunb.) Salisb.
|''Lilium glehnii'' F.Schmidt
|''Cardiocrinum glehnii'' (F.Schmidt) Makino
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=kiao>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=301918 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
}}

'''''Cardiocrinum cordatum'',''' also known as Turep in the Ainu Languages, is a [[Northeast Asia]]n species of plants in the [[Liliaceae|lily family]]. It is native to [[Japan]] and to certain [[Russia]]n islands in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] ([[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands]]).<ref name=kiao/><ref>Makino, Tomitarô 1932. Journal of Japanese Botany 8: 6.</ref><ref>Czerepanov, S.K. (1995). Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR): 1-516. Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Makino, Tomitarô 1913. Shokubutsu-gaku zasshi 27:124</ref>

Because of its large, showy flowers, ''Cardiocrinum cordatum'' is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental in regions outside its native range, though not as frequently as the related [[Cardiocrinum giganteum|C. giganteum]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20150419134025/http://rareplants.co.uk/product.asp?P_ID=763&strPageHistory=related Rare Plants UK]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20150419134029/http://www.plant-world-seeds.com/store/view_seed_item/3211 Plant World Seeds]</ref>

The Ainu, an group indigenous to Hokkaido, harvested the bulbs. Starch was extracted and used to create a form of dumpling<ref>{{Cite book|last=萩中美枝|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28495951|title=Kikigaki Ainu no shokuji|date=1992|publisher=Nō-san-gyoson Bunka Kyōkai|others=Haginaka. Mie, 萩中美枝.|isbn=4-540-92004-9|location=Tōkyō|oclc=28495951}}</ref>.

The plant has reportedly become naturalized in the [[Maryland|State of Maryland]] in the eastern [[United States]].<ref name=kiao/><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Cardiocrinum%20cordatum.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbo738_tLkQ Youtube video, ''Cardiocrinum cordatum'' in a Maryland woodland 2/2]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2938076}}

[[Category:Liliaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Russian Far East]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1925]]

{{Liliales-stub}}

Cardiocrinum cordatum

2022-01-11T22:00:13Z

Mr anonymous username: Added brief use by the ainu

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cardiocrinum cordatum.jpg
|image_caption = '''''Cardiocrinum cordatum'''''<ref>illustration circa 1880 by Walter Hood Fitch (1817 - 1892), published in: Henry John Elwes: A monograph of the genus ''Lilium''. Taylor and Francis, London 1880</ref>
|genus = Cardiocrinum
|species = cordatum
|authority = (Thunb.) Makino
|synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=Synonymy
|''Hemerocallis cordata'' Thunb.
|''Libertia heteroclita'' Dumort.
|''Lilium cordatum'' (Thunb.) Koidz. & Airy Shaw
|''Lilium cordifolium]]'' Thunb.
|''Hemerocallis cordifolia'' (Thunb.) Salisb.
|''Saussurea cordifolia'' (Thunb.) Salisb.
|''Lilium glehnii'' F.Schmidt
|''Cardiocrinum glehnii'' (F.Schmidt) Makino
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=kiao>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=301918 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
}}

'''''Cardiocrinum cordatum'',''' also known as Turep in the Ainu Languages, is a [[Northeast Asia]]n species of plants in the [[Liliaceae|lily family]]. It is native to [[Japan]] and to certain [[Russia]]n islands in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] ([[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands]]).<ref name=kiao/><ref>Makino, Tomitarô 1932. Journal of Japanese Botany 8: 6.</ref><ref>Czerepanov, S.K. (1995). Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR): 1-516. Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Makino, Tomitarô 1913. Shokubutsu-gaku zasshi 27:124</ref>

Because of its large, showy flowers, ''Cardiocrinum cordatum'' is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental in regions outside its native range, though not as frequently as the related [[Cardiocrinum giganteum|C. giganteum]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20150419134025/http://rareplants.co.uk/product.asp?P_ID=763&strPageHistory=related Rare Plants UK]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20150419134029/http://www.plant-world-seeds.com/store/view_seed_item/3211 Plant World Seeds]</ref>

The Ainu, an group indigenous to Hokkaido, harvested the bulbs. Starch was extracted and used to create a form of dumpling.

The plant has reportedly become naturalized in the [[Maryland|State of Maryland]] in the eastern [[United States]].<ref name=kiao/><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Cardiocrinum%20cordatum.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbo738_tLkQ Youtube video, ''Cardiocrinum cordatum'' in a Maryland woodland 2/2]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2938076}}

[[Category:Liliaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Russian Far East]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1925]]

{{Liliales-stub}}

Cardiocrinum cordatum

2022-01-11T21:55:13Z

Mr anonymous username: Ainu name

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cardiocrinum cordatum.jpg
|image_caption = '''''Cardiocrinum cordatum'''''<ref>illustration circa 1880 by Walter Hood Fitch (1817 - 1892), published in: Henry John Elwes: A monograph of the genus ''Lilium''. Taylor and Francis, London 1880</ref>
|genus = Cardiocrinum
|species = cordatum
|authority = (Thunb.) Makino
|synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=Synonymy
|''Hemerocallis cordata'' Thunb.
|''Libertia heteroclita'' Dumort.
|''Lilium cordatum'' (Thunb.) Koidz. & Airy Shaw
|''Lilium cordifolium]]'' Thunb.
|''Hemerocallis cordifolia'' (Thunb.) Salisb.
|''Saussurea cordifolia'' (Thunb.) Salisb.
|''Lilium glehnii'' F.Schmidt
|''Cardiocrinum glehnii'' (F.Schmidt) Makino
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=kiao>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=301918 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
}}

'''''Cardiocrinum cordatum'',''' also known as Turep in the Ainu Languages, is a [[Northeast Asia]]n species of plants in the [[Liliaceae|lily family]]. It is native to [[Japan]] and to certain [[Russia]]n islands in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] ([[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands]]).<ref name=kiao/><ref>Makino, Tomitarô 1932. Journal of Japanese Botany 8: 6.</ref><ref>Czerepanov, S.K. (1995). Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR): 1-516. Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Makino, Tomitarô 1913. Shokubutsu-gaku zasshi 27:124</ref>

Because of its large, showy flowers, ''Cardiocrinum cordatum'' is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental in regions outside its native range, though not as frequently as the related [[Cardiocrinum giganteum|C. giganteum]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20150419134025/http://rareplants.co.uk/product.asp?P_ID=763&strPageHistory=related Rare Plants UK]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20150419134029/http://www.plant-world-seeds.com/store/view_seed_item/3211 Plant World Seeds]</ref>

The plant has reportedly become naturalized in the [[Maryland|State of Maryland]] in the eastern [[United States]].<ref name=kiao/><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Cardiocrinum%20cordatum.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbo738_tLkQ Youtube video, ''Cardiocrinum cordatum'' in a Maryland woodland 2/2]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2938076}}

[[Category:Liliaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Russian Far East]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1925]]

{{Liliales-stub}}

Dwarfism

2022-01-10T21:22:41Z

Mr anonymous username: Removed link as it seemed totally unrelated- a chess defense

{{short description|Small size of an organism, caused by growth deficiency or genetic mutations}}
{{About|the medical condition|the legendary creature|Dwarf (mythology)|other uses|Dwarf (disambiguation){{!}}Dwarf}}

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Dwarfism
| image = Ethan Crough, male dwarf.jpg
| caption = A man in [[Columbus, Indiana]], with dwarfism caused by [[achondroplasia]]
| field = [[Endocrinology]], [[medical genetics]]
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|w|ɔːr|f|ɪ|z|əm}}
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes = Hyposecretion of [[growth hormone]] from [[pituitary gland]] ([[growth hormone deficiency]]), [[genetic disorders]]
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency =
| deaths =
}}


'''Dwarfism''' occurs when an [[organism]] is exceptionally small.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dwarfism|title=Definition of DWARFISM|website=Merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref> In humans, it is sometimes defined as [[Short stature|an adult height of less than {{convert|4|ft|10|in|cm|order=flip}}]], regardless of sex; the average adult height among people with dwarfism is {{convert|4|ft|0|in|cm|order=flip}}, although some individuals with dwarfism are slightly taller.<ref name=NLM2008>{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html |title=MedlinePlus: Dwarfism |date=2008-08-04|publisher=National Institute of Health|work=MedlinePlus |access-date=2008-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lpaonline.org/faq-#Definition|title=FAQ|website=Lpaonline.org|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref name="mayo-symptoms"/> ''Disproportionate dwarfism'' is characterized by either [[Rhizomelia|short limbs]] or a short torso. In cases of ''proportionate dwarfism'', both the limbs and torso are unusually small. Intelligence is usually normal, and most have a nearly normal life expectancy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/Pages/Introduction.aspx|title=Restricted growth (dwarfism) – NHS Choices|website=Nhs.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref name="Pau2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pauli|first1=RM|last2=Adam|first2=MP|last3=Ardinger|first3=HH|last4=Pagon|first4=RA|last5=Wallace|first5=SE|last6=Bean|first6=LJH|last7=Mefford|first7=HC|last8=Stephens|first8=K|last9=Amemiya|first9=A|date=2012|title=Achondroplasia|journal=GeneReviews|pmid=20301331|last10=Ledbetter|first10=N}}</ref> People with dwarfism can usually [[bear children]], though there are [[Achondroplasia#Adults|additional]] [[Pregnancy risks|risks to the mother and child]] dependent upon the underlying condition.


The most common and recognisable form of dwarfism in humans (comprising 70% of cases) is the [[genetic disorder]] [[achondroplasia]], whereby the limbs are diminutive.<ref name=":0"/> [[Growth hormone deficiency]] is responsible for most other cases.<ref name="urlDwarfism"/> Treatment depends on the underlying cause. [[Osteochondrodysplasia|Those with genetic disorders]] can sometimes be treated with surgery or physical therapy. [[Hormone disorders]] can also be treated with [[growth hormone therapy]] before the child's [[growth plate]]s fuse. Individual accommodations, such as specialized furniture, are often used by people with dwarfism.<ref name="pmid14671400">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hagenäs L, Hertel T |title=Skeletal dysplasia, growth hormone treatment and body proportion: comparison with other syndromic and non-syndromic short children |journal=Horm. Res. |volume=60 Suppl 3 |issue= 3|pages=65–70 |year=2003 |pmid=14671400 |doi=10.1159/000074504 |s2cid=29174195 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=HRE2003060S03065 |access-date=2008-11-17}}</ref> Many [[support groups]] provide services to aid individuals and the [[discrimination]] they may face.<ref name="mayo-treatment">{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs |title=Dwarfism: Treatment and drugs |access-date=2008-11-18 |date=2007-09-27 |work=MayoClinic.com |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research }}</ref>


In addition to the medical aspect of the condition, there are also social aspects. For a person with dwarfism, [[height discrimination]] can lead to ridicule in childhood and discrimination in adulthood.<ref name="UPenn">[http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/~persico/research/Papers/short.pdf University of Pennsylvania, Arts and Sciences: "The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710052009/http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/~persico/research/Papers/short.pdf |date=2007-07-10 }}.</ref><ref name="ScienceBlog">{{Cite web|url=http://www3.scienceblog.com/community/older/2000/A/200000988.html|title=Science Blog – Short children more likely to be bullied at school|website=3.scienceblog.com}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, and other [[English-speaking countries]], labels that some people with dwarfism accept include ''dwarf'' (plural: ''dwarfs''), ''little person'' (LP), or ''person of short stature'' (See [[Dwarfism#Terminology|Terminology]]).<ref name="LPA">{{cite web |title=Dwarfism Resources: Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Little People of America |date=2006-07-09 |url=http://www.lpaonline.org/resources_faq.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516011550/http://www.lpaonline.org/resources_faq.html |archive-date=2006-05-16 |access-date=2006-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LittlePeople UK |url=http://www.littlepeopleuk.org/ |access-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> Historically, the term "[[midget]]" was used to describe dwarfs (primarily proportionate); however, this term is now often regarded as offensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/midget|title=Definition of MIDGET |website=Merriam-webster.com}}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Dackelpferd.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Dwarfism occurs in animals as well as humans; horses can have [[achondroplastic]] symptoms, as shown here next to a person with dwarfism.]]
A defining characteristic of dwarfism is an adult height less than the 2.3rd percentile of the CDC standard growth charts.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm CDC standard growth charts]</ref> There is a wide range of physical characteristics. Variations in individuals are identified by diagnosing and monitoring the underlying disorders. There may not be any complications outside adapting to their size.

Short stature is a common replacement of the term 'dwarfism', especially in a medical context. Short stature is clinically defined as a height within the lowest 2.3% of those in the general population. However, those with mild skeletal [[dysplasia]]s may not be affected by dwarfism. In some cases of untreated [[hypochondroplasia]], males grow up to {{convert|5|ft|5|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}}. Though that is short in a relative context, it does not fall into the extreme ranges of the growth charts.

Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by shortened limbs or a shortened torso. In [[achondroplasia]] one has an average-sized trunk with short limbs and a larger forehead.<ref name="dwarfism-pbshome"/> Facial features are often affected and individual body parts may have problems associated with them. [[Spinal stenosis]], [[ear infection]], and [[hydrocephalus]] are common. In case of spinal [[dysostosis]], one has a small trunk, with average-sized limbs.

Proportionate dwarfism is marked by a short torso with short limbs,<ref name="mayo-symptoms">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=symptoms |title=Dwarfism: Symptoms |access-date=2009-01-29 |work=MayoClinic.com |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research }}</ref> thus leading to a height that is significantly below average. There may be long periods without any significant growth. [[Sexual development]] is often delayed or impaired into adulthood. This dwarfism type is caused by an [[endocrine disorder]] and not a skeletal dysplasia.

Physical effects of malformed bones vary according to the specific disease. Many involve joint pain caused by abnormal bone alignment, or from [[nerve]] compression.<ref name="LPA"/> Early degenerative joint disease, exaggerated [[lordosis]] or [[scoliosis]], and constriction of [[spinal cord]] or nerve roots can cause pain and disability.<ref name="seattle-dysplasia">{{cite web |url=http://orthopedics.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/dwarfism_and_bone_dysplasias.asp |title=Dwarfism and Bone Dysplasias |access-date=2008-11-18 |publisher=Seattle Children's Hospital, Research & Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504091309/http://orthopedics.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/dwarfism_and_bone_dysplasias.asp |archive-date=2007-05-04 }}</ref> Reduced [[thorax|thoracic]] size can restrict lung growth and reduce pulmonary function. Some forms of dwarfism are associated with disordered function of other organs, such as the [[brain]] or [[liver]], sometimes severely enough to be more of an impairment than the unusual bone growth.<ref name="mayo-complications">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=complications |title=Dwarfism: Complications |access-date=2008-11-18 |work=MayoClinic.com |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research }}</ref><ref name="pmid5946547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Escamilla RF, Hutchings JJ, Li CH, Forsham P |title=Achondroplastic dwarfism. Effects of treatment with human growth hormone |journal=Calif Med |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=104–10 |date=August 1966 |pmid=5946547 |pmc=1516352 }}</ref>

Mental effects also vary according to the specific underlying syndrome. In most cases of skeletal dysplasia, such as achondroplasia, mental function is not impaired.<ref name="mayo-symptoms"/> However, there are syndromes which can affect the cranial structure and growth of the brain, severely impairing mental capacity. Unless the brain is directly affected by the underlying disorder, there is little to no chance of mental impairment that can be attributed to dwarfism.<ref name="urlThe Pituitary Gland & Growth Disorders: An Overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.hormone.org/Growth/overview.cfm |title=The Pituitary Gland & Growth Disorders: An Overview |access-date=2009-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025422/http://www.hormone.org/Growth/overview.cfm |archive-date=2013-02-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The psycho-social limitations of society may be more disabling than the physical symptoms, especially in childhood and adolescence, but people with dwarfism vary greatly in the degree to which social participation and emotional health are affected.
* Social prejudice against extreme shortness may reduce social and marital opportunities.<ref name="{{ISBN|0-8018-8121-8}}">{{cite book |author1=Hall, Judith A. |author2=Adelson, Betty M. |title=Dwarfism: medical and psychosocial aspects of profound short stature |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=2005 |isbn=0-8018-8121-8 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12884421">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gollust SE, Thompson RE, Gooding HC, Biesecker BB |title=Living with achondroplasia in an average-sized world: an assessment of quality of life |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=120A |issue=4 |pages=447–58 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12884421 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.20127|s2cid=38614817 }}</ref> {{See also|Heightism}}
* Numerous studies have demonstrated reduced employment opportunities. Severe shortness is associated with lower income.<ref name="pmid12884421"/>
* [[Self-esteem]] may suffer and family relationships may be affected.
* Extreme shortness (in the {{convert|60|-|90|cm|ft|0|abbr=in|disp=or}} range) can, if not accommodated for, interfere with [[activities of daily living]], like driving or using countertops built for taller people. Other common attributes of dwarfism such as bowed knees and unusually short fingers can lead to back problems and difficulty in walking and handling objects.
* Children with dwarfism are particularly vulnerable to teasing and ridicule from classmates. Because dwarfism is relatively uncommon, children may feel isolated from their peers.<ref name="mayo-complications"/>

==Causes==
[[File:Seneb and wife statue.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Seneb]], court official and priest for the [[Ancient Egypt]]ian rulers [[Khufu]] and [[Djedefre]], with his wife Senetites and their children<ref>''Ancient Egypt: Kingdom of the Pharaohs'', R. Hamilton, p. 47, Paragon, 2006, {{ISBN|1-4054-8288-5}}</ref>]]
Dwarfism can result from many medical conditions, each with its own separate symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as [[Growth hormone deficiency|growth-hormone deficiency]], once called ''pituitary dwarfism''.<ref name="LPA"/><ref name="dwarfism-pbshome">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html |title=P.O.V. – Big Enough. What is Dwarfism? |access-date=2008-11-18 |last=Kennedy |first=Dan |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service }}</ref> Achondroplasia is responsible for the majority of human dwarfism cases, followed by [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]] and [[diastrophic dysplasia]].<ref name="urlDwarfism">{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/growth/dwarfism.html|title=Dwarfism|publisher=[[KidsHealth]]|access-date=2015-06-30}}</ref>

===Achondroplasia===
{{further|Achondroplasia}}
The most recognizable and most common form of dwarfism in humans is achondroplasia, which accounts for 70% of dwarfism cases, and occurs in 4 to 15 out of 100,000 live births.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Çevik|first1=Banu|last2=Çolakoğlu|first2=Serhan|url=http://www.meja.aub.edu.lb/downloads/20_6/907.pdf|title=Anesthetic management of achondroplastic dwarf undergoing cesarean section|journal=M.E.J. Anesth.|volume=20|issue=6|year=2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713022612/http://www.meja.aub.edu.lb/downloads/20_6/907.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref>

It produces rhizomelic short limbs, increased spinal curvature, and distortion of skull growth. In achondroplasia the body's limbs are proportionately shorter than the trunk (abdominal area), with a larger head than average and characteristic facial features. Achondroplasia is an [[autosomal dominant]] disorder caused by the presence of an altered [[allele]] in the genome. If a pair of achondroplasia alleles are present, the result is fatal. Achondroplasia is a mutation in the [[fibroblast growth factor receptor 3]].<ref>{{Gene|FGFR3}}</ref> In the context of achondroplasia, this mutation causes FGFR3 to become constitutively active, inhibiting bone growth.<ref name="urlAchondroplasia - Genetics Home Reference">{{cite web |url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=achondroplasia |title=Achondroplasia – Genetics Home Reference |date=2008-09-26|work=Genetics Home Reference|publisher=National Institute of Health |access-date=2008-10-01}}</ref>

===Growth hormone deficiency===
{{further|Growth hormone deficiency}}
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition in which the body produces insufficient [[growth hormone]]. Growth hormone, also called [[somatotropin]], is a [[polypeptide]] [[hormone]] which stimulates [[Human development (biology)|growth]] and cell reproduction. If this hormone is lacking, stunted or even halted growth may become apparent. Children with this disorder may grow slowly and puberty may be delayed by several years or indefinitely. Growth hormone deficiency has no single definite cause. It can be caused by mutations of specific genes, damage to the pituitary gland, [[Turner's syndrome]], poor nutrition,<ref name="ghdeficiency">{{cite web | publisher = UK Child Growth Foundation | title = Growth Hormone Deficiency | url = http://www.childgrowthfoundation.org/ghd.htm | access-date = 2009-01-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116030454/http://www.childgrowthfoundation.org/ghd.htm | archive-date = 2009-01-16 | url-status = dead }}</ref> or even stress (leading to [[psychogenic dwarfism]]). [[Laron syndrome]] (growth hormone insensitivity) is another cause. Those with growth hormone issues tend to be proportionate.

===Other===
Other causes of dwarfism are [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita]], [[diastrophic dysplasia]], [[pseudoachondroplasia]], [[hypochondroplasia]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[primordial dwarfism]], [[Cockayne syndrome]], [[Turner syndrome]], [[osteogenesis imperfecta]] (OI), and [[hypothyroidism]]. Severe shortness with skeletal distortion also occurs in several of the [[Mucopolysaccharidosis|Mucopolysaccharidoses]] and other [[lysosomal storage disease|storage disorders]].<ref name="urlCauses of Dwarfism - WrongDiagnosis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/d/dwarfism/causes.htm |title=Causes of Dwarfism |website=WrongDiagnosis.com |access-date=2009-03-23}}</ref> Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may cause proportionate, yet temporary, dwarfism. [[NPR2]] disproportionate dwarfism was discovered recently and is caused by a mutant gene.<ref>A Loss-of-Function Mutation in Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 2 (Npr2) Gene Is Responsible for Disproportionate Dwarfism in cn/cn Mouse* (https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(19)60512-0/pdf)</ref>

Serious chronic illnesses may produce dwarfism as a side effect. Harsh environmental conditions, such as malnutrition, may also produce dwarfism. These types of dwarfism are indirect consequences of the generally unhealthy or malnourished condition of the individual, and not of any specific disease. The dwarfism often takes the form of simple short stature, without any deformities, thus leading to proportionate dwarfism. In societies where poor nutrition is widespread, the average height of the population may be reduced below its genetic potential by the lack of proper nutrition. Sometimes there is no definitive cause of short stature.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Diagnosis==
Dwarfism is often diagnosed in childhood on the basis of visible symptoms. A physical examination can usually suffice to diagnose certain types of dwarfism, but [[genetic testing]] and diagnostic imaging may be used to determine the exact condition.<ref name="urlDWARFISM (Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs) - WrongDiagnosis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/d/dwarfism/book-diseases-1a.htm |title=DWARFISM (Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs) - WrongDiagnosis.com |access-date=2009-02-22}}</ref> In a person's youth, growth charts that track height can be used to diagnose subtle forms of dwarfism that have no other striking physical characteristics.<ref name="urlDwarfism"/>

Short stature or stunted growth during youth is usually what brings the condition to medical attention. Skeletal [[dysplasia]] is usually suspected because of obvious physical features (e.g., unusual configuration of face or shape of skull), because of an obviously affected parent, or because body measurements (arm span, upper to lower segment ratio) indicate disproportion.<ref name="urlDWARFISM (Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs) - WrongDiagnosis.com"/> Bone X-rays are often key to diagnosing a specific skeletal dysplasia, but are not the sole diagnostic tool. Most children with suspected skeletal dysplasias are referred to a genetics clinic for diagnostic confirmation and [[genetic counseling]]. Since about the year 2000, genetic tests for some of the specific disorders have become available.<ref name="mayo-diagnosis">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis |title=Dwarfism: Tests and diagnosis |access-date=2008-11-18 |date=2007-08-27 |work=Mayo Clinic |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research }}</ref>

During an initial medical evaluation of shortness, the absence of disproportion and other clues listed above usually indicates causes other than bone dysplasias.

===Classification===
[[File:Lavinia Warren - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lavinia Warren]], an actress with [[pituitary dwarfism]] (growth hormone deficiency)]]
In men and women, the sole requirement for being considered a dwarf is having an adult height under {{cvt|147|cm|ftin}} and it is almost always sub-classified with respect to the underlying condition that is the cause of the short stature. Dwarfism is usually caused by a genetic variant; achondroplasia is caused by a mutation on [[chromosome 4]]. If dwarfism is caused by a medical disorder, the person is referred to by the underlying diagnosed disorder. Disorders causing dwarfism are often classified by proportionality. Disproportionate dwarfism describes disorders that cause unusual proportions of the body parts, while proportionate dwarfism results in a generally uniform stunting of the body.

Disorders that cause dwarfism may be classified according to one of hundreds of names, which are usually permutations of the following roots:
* location
** [[Rhizomelia|rhizomelic]] = root, i.e., bones of the upper arm or thigh
** mesomelic = middle, i.e., bones of the forearm or lower leg
** acromelic = end, i.e., bones of hands and feet.
** micromelic = entire limbs are shortened
* source
** chondro = of cartilage
** osteo = of bone
** spondylo = of the vertebrae
** plasia = form
** trophy = growth

Examples include achondroplasia and [[chondrodystrophy]].

==Prevention==
Many types of dwarfism are currently impossible to prevent because they are genetically caused. Genetic conditions that cause dwarfism may be identified with [[genetic testing]], by screening for the specific variations that result in the condition. However, due to the number of causes of dwarfism, it may be impossible to determine definitively if a child will be born with dwarfism.

Dwarfism resulting from malnutrition or a hormonal abnormality may be treated with an appropriate diet or hormonal therapy. Growth hormone deficiency may be remedied via injections of [[Growth hormone therapy|human growth hormone (HGH)]] during early life.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Jørgensen|first1=Jens O.L.|title=Clinical Aspects of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults|date=2005|work=Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults|pages=1–20|publisher=KARGER|isbn=3-8055-7992-6|last2=Christiansen|first2=Jens S.|volume=33|doi=10.1159/000088338|pmid=16166752}}</ref>

==Management==
Genetic mutations of most forms of dwarfism caused by bone dysplasia cannot be altered yet, so therapeutic interventions are typically aimed at preventing or reducing pain or physical disability, increasing adult height, or mitigating psychosocial stresses and enhancing social adaptation.<ref name="mayo-treatment"/>

Forms of dwarfism associated with the endocrine system may be treated using [[hormonal therapy]]. If the cause is prepubescent hyposecretion of growth hormone, supplemental growth hormone may correct the abnormality. If the receptor for growth hormone is itself affected, the condition may prove harder to treat. [[Hypothyroidism]] is another possible cause of dwarfism that can be treated through hormonal therapy. Injections of thyroid hormone can mitigate the effects of the condition, but lack of proportion may be permanent.

Pain and disability may be ameliorated by physical therapy, braces or other orthotic devices, or by surgical procedures.<ref name="mayo-treatment"/> The only simple interventions that increase perceived adult height are dress enhancements, such as shoe lifts or hairstyle. Growth hormone is rarely used for shortness caused by bone dysplasias, since the height benefit is typically small (less than {{cvt|5|cm|round=0.5|disp=sqbr}}) and the cost high.<ref name="pmid14671400"/> The most effective means of increasing adult height by several inches is [[distraction osteogenesis]], though availability is limited and the cost is high in terms of money, discomfort, and disruption of life. Most people with dwarfism do not choose this option, and it remains controversial.<ref name="LPA"/> For other types of dwarfism, surgical treatment is not possible.

==Society and culture==

===Terminology===
[[File:Two Völuspá Dwarves by Frølich.jpg|thumb|Two [[Norse mythology|Norse]] [[Dwarf (mythology)|dwarfs]] as depicted in a 19th-century edition of the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'' poem ''[[Völuspá]]'' (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]]]]
The appropriate term for describing a person of particularly short stature (or with the genetic condition [[achondroplasia]]) has developed euphemistically.

The noun ''dwarf'' stems from [[Old English]] ''dweorg'', originally referring to a being from [[Germanic mythology]]—a [[dwarf (Germanic mythology)|dwarf]]—that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. The [[etymology]] of the word ''dwarf'' is contested, and scholars have proposed varying theories about the origins of the being, including that dwarfs may have originated as nature spirits or as beings associated with death, or as a mixture of concepts. Competing etymologies include a basis in the [[Proto-Indo-European root|Indo-European]] root ''*dheur-'' (meaning 'damage'), the Indo-European root ''*dhreugh'' (whence modern German ''Traum'' 'dream' and ''Trug'' 'deception'), and comparisons have been made with the Old Indian ''[[Dharavi|dhvaras]]'' (a type of demonic being). The being may not have gained associations with small stature until a later period.<ref name="SIMEK67-68">[[Rudolf Simek|Simek, Rudolf]] (2007) translated by Angela Hall. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zni8GwAACAAJ Dictionary of Northern Mythology]'', pp. 67–68. [[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]] {{ISBN|0-85991-513-1}}</ref>

The terms "dwarf", "little person", "LP", and "person of short stature" are now generally considered acceptable by most people affected by these disorders.<ref name="dwarfism-pbshome"/> However, the plural "dwarfs" as opposed to "dwarves" is generally preferred in the medical context, possibly because the plural "dwarves" was popularized by author [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], describing a race of characters in his ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' books resembling [[Norse mythology|Norse]] [[Dwarf (mythology)|dwarfs]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Tolkien|first=John Ronald Reuel|title=The Return of the King|year=1955|publisher=George Allen & Unwin|pages=Appendix F|url=http://valarguild.org/varda/Tolkien/encyc/articles/d/dwarves/dwarfpluralof.htm}}</ref>

"[[Midget]]", whose etymology indicates a "tiny biting insect",<ref name="midget-def">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/midget |title=midget |access-date=2008-11-18 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Dictionary.com }}</ref> came into prominence in the mid-19th century after [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] used it in her novels ''Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands'' and ''[[Oldtown Folks]]'' where she described children and an extremely short man, respectively.<ref name="dwarfism-pbshome"/> Later some people of short stature considered the word to be offensive because it was the descriptive term applied to [[P. T. Barnum]]'s dwarfs used for public amusement during the [[freak show]] era.<ref name="LPA"/><ref name="Adelson2005">{{cite book|last=Adelson|first=Betty M.|title=The Lives Of Dwarfs: Their Journey From Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295|access-date=8 December 2012|year=2005|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813535487|page=295}}</ref> It is also not considered accurate as it is not a medical term or diagnosis, though it is sometimes used as a slang term to describe those who are particularly short, whether or not they have dwarfism.<ref name="midget-med">{{cite web|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=22596 |title=Midget definition |access-date=2008-11-18 |date=9 March 2003 |work=MedicineNet |publisher=MedicineNet, Inc.}}</ref>

===Dwarf sports===
Dwarfs are supported to compete in sport by a number of [[List of dwarfism organisations|organisations]] nationally and internationally.

Dwarfs are included in some events in the [[Athletics at the Summer Paralympics]].

The [[Dwarf Athletic Association of America]] and the [[Dwarf Sports Association UK]] provide opportunities for dwarfs to compete nationally and internationally in the Americas and Europe, respectively.

The Dwarf Sports Association UK organises between 5 and 20 events per month for athletes with restricted growth conditions in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.dsauk.org/events/?daterange=2&region_ID=0| title = DSAuk Events| website =Dsauk.org| access-date = 2016-02-27}}</ref>

For instance, swimming and bicycling are often recommended for people with skeletal dysplasias, since those activities put minimal pressure on the spine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/skeletal-dysplasias|title=Skeletal Dysplasias|first=The Children's Hospital of|last=Philadelphia|date=25 March 2014|website=Chop.edu}}</ref>

Since its early days, [[professional wrestling]] has had the involvement of dwarf athletes. "[[Midget wrestling]]" had its heyday in the 1950s–'70s, when wrestlers such as [[Little Beaver (wrestler)|Little Beaver]], [[Lord Littlebrook]], and [[Fuzzy Cupid]] toured North America, and [[Sky Low Low]] was the first holder of the [[National Wrestling Alliance]]'s [[NWA World Midget's Championship|World Midget Championship]]. In the following couple of decades, more wrestlers became prominent in North America, including foreign wrestlers like Japan's [[Little Tokyo (wrestler)|Little Tokyo]]. Although the term is seen by some as pejorative, many past and current midget wrestlers, including [[Hornswoggle]], have said they take pride in the term due to its history in the industry and its marketability.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Art and media depictions===
{{See also|Cultural depictions of dwarfism|List of people with dwarfism|Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt}}
[[File:Ivory statuette of a woman with dwarfism-IMG 4539-white.jpg|thumb|upright|Ivory statuette of a woman with dwarfism, [[Gerzeh culture]] (Naqada II), [[Prehistoric Egypt]]]]
In art, literature, and movies, dwarfs are rarely depicted as ordinary people who are very short but rather as a species apart. [[Novelist]]s, [[artist]]s, and [[filmmaking|moviemakers]] may attach special moral or aesthetic significance to their "apartness" or misshapenness.

Artistic representations of dwarfism can be found on [[ancient Greece|Greek]] vases and other ancient artifacts, including [[ancient Egypt]]ian art in which dwarfs are likely to have been seen as a divine manifestation, with records indicating they could reach high positions in society.<ref name="nunn">''Ancient Egyptian Medicine'', John F. Nunn, University of Oklahoma Press, 2002, pp. 78–79, {{ISBN|0-8061-3504-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051227102614.htm|title=Dwarfs Commanded Respect In Ancient Egypt|website=Sciencedaily.com}}</ref>

The [[Bhagavat Purana]] [[Hindu]] text devotes nine chapters to the adventures of [[Vamana]], a dwarf avatar of Lord Vishnu.
[[File:Velázquez – Bufón don Sebastián de Morra (Museo del Prado, c. 1645).jpg|upright|left|thumb|''[[Portrait of Sebastián de Morra|The Dwarf Don Sebastián de Morra]]'', by [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]]]]

Depictions of dwarfism are also found in European paintings and many illustrations. Many European paintings (especially [[Spain|Spanish]]) of the 16th–19th centuries depict dwarfs by themselves or with others. In the [[Talmud]], it is said that the second born son of the [[Egypt]]ian [[Pharaoh]] of the [[Bible]] was a dwarf.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/pol/pol09.htm The Talmud – Chapter VI. Death Of Jacob And His Sons – Moses – The Deliverance From Egypt.] URL accessed April 23, 2007.</ref> Recent scholarship has suggested that ancient Egyptians held dwarfs in high esteem.<ref name="dwarfism-egypt">{{cite journal|title=Dwarfs in ancient Egypt|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics|date=2005-12-27|first=Chahira|last=Kozma|volume=140A|issue=4|pages=303–11|doi= 10.1002/ajmg.a.31068|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112222883/abstract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105124935/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112222883/abstract|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-05|access-date=2008-11-12|pmid=16380966|s2cid=797288}}</ref> Several important mythological figures of the North American [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]] nation are portrayed as dwarfs.<ref>Trigger, Bruce G., ''The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987 {{ISBN|0-7735-0627-6}}, p. 529.</ref>

As popular media have become more widespread, the number of works depicting dwarfs have increased dramatically. Dwarfism is depicted in many books, films, and TV series such as ''[[Willow (film)|Willow]]'', ''[[The Wild Wild West]]'', ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' (and later parodied in'' [[Austin Powers (film series)|Austin Powers]]''), ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' by [[Jonathan Swift]],<ref>''Gulliver's Travels: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts'', Palgrave Macmillan 1995 (p. 21). The quote has been misattributed to [[Alexander Pope]], who wrote to Swift in praise of the book just a day earlier.</ref> ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|The Wizard of Oz]]'', ''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'', ''[[Bad Santa]]'', ''[[A Son of the Circus]]'', ''[[Little People, Big World]]'', ''[[The Little Couple]]'', ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' (and its TV adaptation ''[[Game of Thrones]]''), ''[[Seinfeld]]'', ''[[The Orator (film)|The Orator]]'', ''[[In Bruges]]'', ''[[The Tin Drum]]'' by [[Günter Grass]], the short-lived reality show ''[[The Littlest Groom]]'', and the films ''[[The Station Agent]]'' and ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''.

The [[Animal Planet]] TV series ''[[Pit Boss (TV series)|Pit Boss]]'' features dwarf actor [[Shorty Rossi]] and his talent agency, "Shortywood Productions", which Rossi uses to provide funding for his pit bull rescue operation, "Shorty's Rescue". Rossi's three full-time employees, featured in the series, are all little people and aspiring actors.

In September 2014, Creative Business House, along with Donnons Leur Une Chance, created the [[International Dwarf Fashion Show]] to raise awareness and boost self-confidence of people living with dwarfism.<ref name=GLAM>{{cite news|last1=Stark|first1=Stephanie|title=The Dwarf Fashion Show Debuts in New York City|url=http://www.glammonitor.com/2015/dwarf-fashion-show-debut-2580/|access-date=22 July 2015|publisher=Glammonitor}}</ref>

A number of reality television series on [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]], beginning with ''[[Little Women: LA]]'' in 2014, focused on showing the lives of women living with dwarfism in various cities around the United States.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt]]
* [[Dwarf-tossing]]
* [[Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome]]
* [[Gigantism]]
* [[Human height]]
* [[Kingdom of the Little People]]
* [[Laron syndrome]]
* [[List of people with dwarfism]]
* [[List of dwarfism organisations]]
* [[List of shortest people]]
* [[Midget]]
* [[Mulibrey nanism]]
* ''[[Our Little Life]]'' (reality television show)
* [[Phyletic dwarfism]]
* [[Short stature]]
* [[Pygmy peoples]]
* [[Dwarf hamster (disambiguation)]]
* [[Dwarf rabbit]]
{{div col end}}
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB = 80
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|23|0|e|20}}, {{ICD10|E|34|2|e|20}}, {{ICD10|E|45|0|e|40}}, {{ICD10|Q|77|4|q|65}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|253.3}}, {{ICD9|259.4}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 001176
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D004392
}}
{{Commons category|Dwarfism}}
{{Wiktionary|dwarf}}
* [https://www.littlepeopleoftheworld.org/ Little People of the World Organization] [Hub for all International Organizations; services/advocacy/know your rights/support]
* [http://www.lpaonline.org/ Little People of America] (Includes a list of International support groups)
* [http://www.littlepeopleofcanada.com/ Little People of Canada] (Includes a list of Canadian Provincial support groups)
* [https://littlepeopleuk.org/ Little People UK]
* [http://www.dsauk.org/ Dwarf Sports Association UK]
* [https://rgauk.org/ Restricted Growth Association UK]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dwarfism| ]]
[[Category:Growth disorders]]
[[Category:Human height]]

Amanat (political party)

2022-01-05T21:46:39Z

Mr anonymous username: "Islamic words" to "Arabic words"

{{Infobox political party
| name = Radiant Fatherland <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=190859002&Country=Kazakhstan&topic=Summary&subtopic=Political+forces+at+a+glance&subsubtopic=Political+stability|title=Political stability}}</ref>
| logo = Nur Otan logo (2019-).png
| colorcode = #1CA9C9
| foundation = {{Nowrap|12 February 1999 (as Otan)}} {{Nowrap|22 December 2006 (as Nur Otan)}}
| ideology = [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] [[nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Kazakhstan in the Making: Legitimacy, Symbols, and Social Changes|first=Marlene|last=Laruelle|page=173|year=2016|publisher=Lexington Books}}</ref> [[Centrism]]<ref name="strategy2050.kz">{{Cite web|date=2013-12-08|title='Nur Otan' Party's policy consolidates society – KISS senior fellow|url=https://strategy2050.kz/en/news/4673/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Strategy2050.kz|language=en}}</ref> [[Eurasianism#Pragmatic Eurasianism|Pragmatic eurasianism]] [[Authoritarianism]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3KrAgAAQBAJ&q=nur+otan+ideology&pg=PA123|title=Party System Formation in Kazakhstan|author=Isaacs, Rico|publisher=Routledge|pages=224|date=2011|isbn=9781136791086}}</ref> [[Social conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=OSCE Yearbook 2019|journal=Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE)|publication-place=University of Hamburg|volume=25|pages=81|via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref><ref name="kazpravda.kz">{{Cite web|date=2013-02-05|title=BAUYRZHAN BAIBEK: "WE WANT A BROAD DISCUSSION INSIDE THE "NUR OTAN" PARTY|url=https://kazpravda.kz/en/news/spiritual-enlightenment/bauyrzhan-baibek-we-want-a-broad-discussion-inside-the-nur-otan-party|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=kazpravda.kz|language=en}}</ref> [[Economic liberalism]]<ref name="kazpravda.kz">{{Cite web|date=2013-02-05|title=BAUYRZHAN BAIBEK: "WE WANT A BROAD DISCUSSION INSIDE THE "NUR OTAN" PARTY|url=https://kazpravda.kz/en/news/spiritual-enlightenment/bauyrzhan-baibek-we-want-a-broad-discussion-inside-the-nur-otan-party|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=kazpravda.kz|language=en}}</ref> [[Secularism]]
| position = [[Big tent|Catch-all]]
| headquarters = [[Nur-Sultan]]
| website = {{URL|https://nurotan.kz}}
| country = Kazakhstan
| native_name = Nur Otan
| founder = [[Sergey Tereshchenko]]
| chairman = [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]
| leader1_title = First Deputy
| leader1_name = [[Bauyrjan Baibek]]
| leader2_title = Parliamentary Leader
| leader2_name = [[Nurlan Nigmatulin]]
| merger = [[People's Union of Kazakhstan Unity]] [[Asar Party|Asar]] [[Democratic Party (Kazakhstan, 1995)|Democratic Party]] [[Civic Party of Kazakhstan|Civic Party]] [[Agrarian Party of Kazakhstan|Agrarian Party]] [[People's Cooperative Party of Kazakhstan|People's Cooperative Party]]
| youth_wing = [[Zhas Otan]]
| membership_year = 2007
| membership = 762,000
| colours = {{Color box|#1CA9C9|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} [[Cyan]], [[gold (color)|gold]]
| seats1_title = Seats in [[Mazhilis]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|76|107|hex=#1CA9C9}}
| seats2_title = [[January 2021 Kazakh local elections|Regional mäslihats]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|399|489|hex={{party color|Nur Otan}}}}
| seats3_title = [[January 2021 Kazakh local elections|Municipal mäslihats]]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|2286|2757|hex={{party color|Nur Otan}}}}
}}

The '''Nur Otan''' ({{Lang-kk|Нұр Отан|lit=Radiant Fatherland|translit=Nūr Otan}} or 'Light of the Fatherland', '''NO''') is a [[big tent]] [[political party]] in [[Kazakhstan]]. Being the largest to date, it has been the [[ruling party]] of the country since 1999, with a membership claiming to be of over 762,000 people in 2007.<ref name="STATS">[http://www.rferl.com/featuresarticle/2006/12/FF86BCEC-4D63-4861-8C8E-D0C317AC4017.html Kazakhstan: Ruling Party Gets Even Bigger] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref> Under leadership of former president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the Nur Otan has constantly won Kazakhstan's [[President of Kazakhstan|presidential]] and [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|national parliamentary]] elections, more often in recent history with a [[supermajority]] number of votes amidst claims of rigging and lack of viable opposition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kucera|first=Joshua|date=2011-04-05|title=No One Rigs an Election Quite Like Kazakhstan|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/04/no-one-rigs-an-election-quite-like-kazakhstan/236817/|access-date=2021-06-05|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dozens Detained As Kazakhs Vote With No Opposition On Ballot And Little Hope Of Change|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-parliamentary-elections-2021/31040109.html|access-date=2021-06-05|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en}}</ref>

Originally founded on 12 February 1999 as simply '''Otan''' ({{Lang-kk|Отан|lit=Fatherland|translit=}}) by former Prime Minister [[Sergey Tereshchenko]], after the merger of several previously independent pro-presidential parties, including the People's Union of Kazakhstan Unity, the Liberal Movement of Kazakhstan, and the "For Kazakhstan — 2030" Movement. From there, the Otan eventually absorbed other parties such as the [[Democratic Party (Kazakhstan, 1995)|Democratic Party]], [[People's Cooperative Party of Kazakhstan|People's Cooperative Party]], [[Asar (party)|Asar]], and more recently the [[Civic Party of Kazakhstan|Civic]] and [[Agrarian Party of Kazakhstan|Agrarian]] parties in 2006 to become the biggest, gaining status of the [[party of power]]. In the [[2007 Kazakh legislative election|2007 legislative elections]], the Nur Otan swept all the contested seats in the lower-house [[Mazhilis]], leaving no other parties to have representation until [[2012 Kazakh legislative election|2012]], though leaving its [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] control of the [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Nazarbayev resigned as party chairman in November 2021 and is succeed by current President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.<ref name="chair">{{cite news |title=Nazarbayev steps down as leader of Kazakhstan’s ruling party |url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/nazarbayev-steps-down-as-leader-of-kazakhstans-ruling-party/ |agency=LaPrensaLatina}}</ref>

The Nur Otan has been viewed as a [[Secularism|secular]], [[Conservatism|conservative]],<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=OSCE Yearbook 2019|journal=Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE)|publication-place=University of Hamburg|volume=25|pages=81|via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> [[Big tent|catch-all party]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=RAKHIMZHANOVA|first=GALIYA|url=https://nur.nu.edu.kz/bitstream/handle/123456789/2391/Rakhimzhanova%20Thesis%20NUR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=MODERNIZATION AND POLITICAL PARTY DEVELOPMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN|publisher=Nazarbayev University|year=2017|location=Astana}}</ref> with an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] form of governance that functions by its branches throughout the country and presence within nationwide institutional resources and maintains offices in all 16 of Kazakhstan’s administrative divisions, as well as 241 local offices which greatly contribute to the party's existence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Del Sordi|first=A.|date=2016|title=Legitimation and the Party of Power in Kazakhstan|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2580750/167783_A_Del_Sordi_Legitimation_and_the_party_of_power_in_Kazakhstan.pdf|journal=Politics and Legitimacy in Post-Soviet Eurasia|publisher=Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan|publication-place=University of Amsterdam|pages=14}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sholk|first=Dena|date=2015-05-05|title=Understanding Kazakhstan's Politics|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/understanding-kazakhstans-internal-politics/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-06|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The Nur Otan itself views as a party of promoting agendas for future reforms in [[civil service]], [[economic diversity]], [[open government]], [[rule of law]], and [[nationalism]].<ref name=":0" />

==History==

=== 1998–1999: Origins and foundation ===
The Nur Otan traces back to its origins in October 1998, when a public association in support of President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]'s re-election campaign bid in the [[1999 Kazakh presidential election|1999 election]] was formed, to which former Prime Minister [[Sergey Tereshchenko]] became the head of. The party derives its name from the Arabic words ''nūr'' (light) and ''vatan'' (fatherland), the latter of which is spelled as ''otan'' in the Kazakh language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Партия "Нұр Отан" - этапы большого пути|url=https://www.caravan.kz/news/partiya-nur-otan-ehtapy-bolshogo-puti-521743/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-08|website=www.caravan.kz|language=ru}}</ref> At the meeting held on 19 January 1999, a decision was made to convert the campaign staff into a political party to which became registered on 12 February 1999.<ref name=":1" />

In its [[1st Congress of the Otan|1st Congress]], held on 1 March 1999 in [[Almaty]] which was attended by about 400 delegates from all regions, cities and districts of the country. Amongst them were representatives of 17 nationalities, 104 entrepreneurs and businessmen, 67 public sector workers, 122 civil servants.<ref name=":1" /> The party outlined a program largely supportive of [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], whom was elected by the delegates as the Otan Chairman.<ref name="UNION">[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/election/kazakhstan/bbk101219.html Information on Political Parties Participating on the Basis of Party Slates in Elections to Majilis of Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan]</ref> However Nazarbayev declined to take over the chairmanship on a constitutional basis, resulting in Tereshchenko taking the role as the acting chairman while Nazarbayev himself would serve as the ''de facto'' party leader.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lansford|first=Tom|title=Political Handbook of the World 2018-2019|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2019|isbn=9781544327136|pages=830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lansford|first=Tom|title=Political Handbook of the World 2015|publisher=Congressional Quarterly Inc.|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4833-7157-3|location=New York}}</ref> Speaking at the congress, the Nazarbayev stated that:<blockquote>"The country can relatively painlessly survive the modern world challenges, only strengthening the internal economy, internal political stability, only demonstrating civil consolidation and solidarity. And in this regard, I have special hopes for the political party being created today, which we decided to call the word 'Otan' (Fatherland). The main thing is that the party is created from below, at the initiative of those thousands of volunteers who supported my candidacy for the Presidency in all the settlements of our country."<ref name=":1" /> – President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], speaking at the 1st Congress, 1 March 1999</blockquote>

At the congress, several pro-presidential parties: the [[People's Union of Kazakhstan Unity]], [[Liberal Movement of Kazakhstan]], [[Democratic Party (Kazakhstan, 1995)|Democratic Party]], and [[For Kazakhstan-2030]] were merged with Otan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Партия "Nur Otan"|url=https://elbasy.kz/ru/partiya-nur-otan|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=elbasy.kz|language=ru}}</ref>

On 23 April 1999, the party was re-registered in the [[Ministry of Justice (Kazakhstan)|Ministry of Justice]].

=== 1999–2006: Growth ===
In the run-up to previous elections, Otan usually received a majority of domestic media coverage. Before the 1999 legislative elections, for example, it was reported that Otan was the main focus in almost 60% of the coverage.<ref name="COVER">[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091604.shtml Media Bias Mars Kazakhstan's Election Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234109/https://eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091604.shtml|date=2018-07-26}} EurasiaNet</ref>

On 20 April 2001, at the 3rd Ordinary Congress, Nazarbayev summarised the results of the party's work telling that "the party has gained good work experience and over the past years has shown that it lives up to its name and can work to strengthen statehood, to consolidate society, to protect the interests of citizens."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title="Нұр Отан": этапы большого пути - Новости Казахстана - свежие, актуальные, последние новости об о всем|url=https://kazpravda.kz/articles/view/nur-otan-etapi-bolshogo-puti|access-date=2021-06-08|website=kazpravda.kz|language=ru}}</ref>

At the 4th Extraordinary Congress held on 9 November 2002, the amendments and additions were made to the Otan's party charter, program for the development of small and medium-sized businesses for 2003–2005 was approved.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Не эпохальный, но рубежный {{!}} Номад {{!}} 11.11.2002|url=https://nomad.su/?a=3-200211110012|access-date=2021-06-08|website=nomad.su}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Nazarbayev proclaimed three main themes of the congress agenda of which were: problems of political modernization, improvement of the political system–issues of further development of the economy and, accordingly, the solution of social programs–issues of security of the individual, society, the state.<ref name=":3" /> Nazarbayev proposed that the Otan should be a [[Centrism|centrist]] party with [[Social democracy|social democratic]] platform to which he praised it as a "creative potential, advocating a state with a socially oriented market economy, with high social stability and a developed social infrastructure." From there, the [[People's Cooperative Party of Kazakhstan]] and [[Republican Political Party of Labour]] merged with Otan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> By that time, the Otan had already 7,000 primary party organizations in all 206 district and city offices and 16 branches. 1,660 party members became members of regional, city and district [[mäslihat]]s ''(local assemblies)''.<ref name=":2" />

On 9 September 2005, the 8th Otan Extraordinary Congress was held with the participation of the party leader and head of state [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. For the first time, the delegates nominated Nazarbayev as a candidate for presidency. The party intended to unite all the constructive civic forces within the country on the platform of support for Nazarbayev and provide him with new opportunities to complete political reforms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=В Алматы прошел внеочередной 8-й съезд партии Отан {{!}} Номад {{!}} 12.09.2005|url=https://nomad.su/?a=3-200509120038|access-date=2021-06-08|website=nomad.su}}</ref> The Otan pledged to implement the initiatives set by Nazarbayev of which were reviving the rural villages, developing agricultural production, domestic industry, small and medium-sized businesses.<ref name=":2" />[[File:Nur Otan Astana.JPG|thumb|252x252px|Nur Otan headquarters in [[Nur-Sultan]]]]
The Otan merged with [[Dariga Nazarbayeva]]'s [[Asar (Kazakhstan)|Asar]] on 4 July 2006, increasing the party's seats by 4 to 46 out of 77.<ref name="STATS" /> After the merged party was formed, Nazarbayev remarked to his daughter "Tell your Asar members that... you are returning to your father."<ref name="RETURN">[http://townhall.com/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ContentGuid=995b83f0-7158-4f2c-adec-b4522f0a5114 Parties of Kazakh Leader, Daughter Merge] Townhall</ref> Dariga, on 19 June 2006, said that all pro-presidential parties should combine to create a grouping "with which no other party will be able to compete in the next 50 years."<ref name="RETURNING">[http://www.metimes.com/print.php?StoryID=20060711-084500-5583r Analysis: Kazakh premier takes over daughter's party] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095639/http://www.metimes.com/print.php?StoryID=20060711-084500-5583r|date=2007-09-29}} Middle East Times</ref>

In November 2006, it was announced that the [[Civic Party of Kazakhstan|Civic Party]] and the [[Agrarian Party of Kazakhstan|Agrarian Party]] would follow in Asar's path and also merge with Otan to increase the party's share of MP's from 46 to 57 seats out of 77. Nazarbayev said he expected other parties to merge with Otan. Nazarbayev said there should be fewer, stronger parties that "efficiently defend the interests of the population."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/11/9A77C7E5-6984-40EF-8DA1-686EC24E5BD8.html "Pro-Nazarbaev Party Merges With President's Power Base"]</ref> At the subsequent party congress on 22 December 2006, delegates voted to rename Otan into the '''Nur Otan People's Democratic Party'''.

=== 2006–2013 ===
On 4 July 2007, at the 11th Nur Otan Extraordinary Congress, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] was re-elected as the party Chairman. This came after [[2007 amendment to the Constitution of Kazakhstan|amendments to the Constitution of Kazakhstan]], which removed limit on president's activities with political parties during his term of office.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-07-04|title=Назарбаев возглавил партию "Нур Отан"|url=https://vz.ru/news/2007/7/4/92088.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=ВЗГЛЯД.РУ|language=ru}}</ref> At the congress, [[Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov|Baqytjan Jumagulov]] became the First Deputy Chairman while [[Kairat Kelimbetov]] and [[Sergey Gromov]] were elected as deputy chairmen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=В состав Политсовета партии "Нур Отан" избраны 14 новых членов|url=https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30110387|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Информационная система ПАРАГРАФ}}</ref>

In 2008, the Nur Otan formed its [[youth wing]] named [[Zhas Otan]] and that same year in February, the party signed a cooperation agreement with the Agency of Combating Economic and Corruption Crime to which according to First Deputy Chairman [[Adilbek Zhaksybekov]]: "The public councils will influence through the media, through methods of public influence, so that cases brought for corruption offences are brought to an end."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-02-14|title=Агентство по борьбе с коррупцией и партия Нур Отан подписали меморандум о сотрудничестве {{!}} Номад {{!}} 14.02.2008|url=https://nomad.su/?a=3-200802140121|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-13|website=nomad.su|language=ru}}</ref> Just month later on 3 March 2008, the Nur Otan Republican Public Anti-Corruption Council was formed, which was an advisory body under the party aimed at fighting corruption.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Положение о Республиканском Общественном Совете по борьбе с коррупцией при Народно-Демократической партии «Нур Отан» (утверждено постановлением Первого заместителя Председателя НДП «Нур Отан» от 3 марта 2008 года № 12)|url=https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31347762|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Информационная система ПАРАГРАФ|language=ru}}</ref>

At the Nur Otan Anti-Corruption Forum held on 6 November 2008, Nazarbayev proposed the creation of the Committee of Party Control which would provide public support and help the Nur Otan fight the corruption. He also called for the party to cooperate with non-government organisations (NGOs) and that the Nur Otan should keep issues of corruption in the health and justice system on the stand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-11-06|title=Выступление Президента РК Н.А.Назарбаева на Антикоррупционном форуме НДП "Нур Отан"|url=https://www.akorda.kz/ru/speeches/internal_political_affairs/in_speeches_and_addresses/vystuplenie-prezidenta-rk-nanazarbaeva-na-antikorrupcionnom-forume-ndp-nur-otan|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Akorda.kz|language=ru}}</ref> That same day, changes took place within the party. [[Boran Raqymbekov]] was appointed as the chairman of the party control committee, while new Secretary posts were formed for the Nur Otan organisational and mass work with [[Sergey Gromov]] and [[Erlan Karin]] being appointed as the secretaries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Самархан|first=Курмат|date=2008-11-06|title=В структуре НДП "Нур Отан" произошли кадровые преобразования – Д. Калетаев|url=https://www.zakon.kz/125248-v-strukture-ndp-nur-otan-proizoshli.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Zakon.kz|publisher=Kazinform|language=ru}}</ref>

On 15 May 2009, the 12th Nur Otan Extraordinary Congress was held, from there Nazarbayev presented a plan for the nation to recover from the [[Great Recession]] and urged for the party members to develop Innovative development, raise the standard of living, and stability in society. He also called for a [[Diversification (finance)|diversification]] within the economy, claiming that the agricultural sector would make great contributation to the cause. The congress also addressed the issues of improving the system of government, combating corruption and improving the efficiency of the party itself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=XII съезд партии Нур Отан {{!}} Номад {{!}} 18.05.2009|url=https://nomad.su/?a=3-200905180140|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=nomad.su|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Выступление Президента РК, Председателя НДП «Hyp Отан» Нурсултана Назарбаева на внеочередном XII съезде партии. 15 мая 2009 года.|url=https://www.ktzh-gp.kz/nurotan.php|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.ktzh-gp.kz|language=ru}}</ref>

In May 2010, a Higher Party School was formed under the party, which aimed at improving the party's political studies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=INFORM.KZ|date=2010-03-31|title=Высшая партийная школа НДП "Нур Отан" будет центром формирования партийно-политической элиты страны - Н.Нигматулин|url=https://www.inform.kz/ru/article/2253396|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.inform.kz|language=ru}}</ref>

At the 14th Extraordinary Congress held on 25 November 2011, the party unveiled its electoral platform called the "Kazakhstan 2017 Goals National Plan of Action". At the congress, Nazarbayev stated that "in the 21st century only strong states can develop successfully. As the political leadership party Nur Otan, it takes responsibility for the future of the country, the stability of society and the continuity of the political course in the coming decades."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-25|title=Выступление Президента Республики Казахстан, Председателя НДП "Нур Отан" Н.А. Назарбаева на XIV съезде партии.25.11.2011г.|url=https://www.akorda.kz/ru/speeches/internal_political_affairs/in_speeches_and_addresses/vystuplenie-prezidenta-respubliki-kazahstan-predsedatelya-ndp-nur-otan-na-nazarbaeva-na-xiv-sezde-partii25112011g|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Akorda.kz|language=kk}}</ref>

=== 2013–present ===
On 17–18 October 2013, at the 15th Nur Otan Extraordinary Congress in [[Astana]] of which was attended by 1,200 delegates representing all regional branches of the party and more than a 1,000 guests.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Косенов|first=Алдияр|date=2013-10-12|title=Более 2 тысяч человек примет участие в XV съезде "Нур Отан" в Астане|url=https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/2-tyisyach-primet-uchastie-xv-syezde-nur-otan-astane-243511/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Tengrinews.kz|language=ru}}</ref> The Nur Otan presented its doctrine to which called for evolutionary development and to build a democratic, prosperous, competitive and socially oriented state where every motivated, law-abiding and hard-working citizen would benefit himself and society.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-18|title=В Астане на съезде НДП "Нур Отан" принята новая политическая доктрина партии|url=https://strategy2050.kz/ru/news/2291/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Strategy2050.kz|language=ru}}</ref> At the congress, a decision was made to adopt a new full name for the party as simply '''"Nur Otan"''', removing the "People's Democratic" wording in which First Deputy Chairman [[Bauyrjan Baibek]] argued that political parties do not put "ideological affiliation" in their name as basis for "international practice".<ref>{{Cite web|title=НДП "Нур Отан" переименована в партию "Нур Отан" {{!}} Kazakhstan Today|url=https://www.kt.kz/rus/state/ndp_nur_otan_pereimenovana_v_partiju_nur_otan_1153579144.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.kt.kz|language=ru}}</ref>

On November 23, 2021, Kazakhstan’s First President Nursultan Nazarbayev’s spokesperson, Aidos Ukibay, announced that the former President will hand over the powers of the Nur Otan party chair to current President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.<ref>{{Cite web|last=November 2021|first=Staff Report in Nation on 23|date=2021-11-23|title=Nazarbayev Transfers Powers of Nur Otan Party Chair to President Tokayev|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/11/nazarbayev-transfers-powers-of-nur-otan-party-chair-to-president-tokayev/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=The Astana Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Elections ===

==== 1999 Mazhilis elections ====
The Otan for the first time participated in the [[1999 Kazakh legislative election|1999 legislative elections]], with 54 candidates from [[single-member district]]s and 18 from the [[Party-list proportional representation|party-list]] for the [[Mazhilis]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1999-08-20|title=Kazakh Report: August 20, 1999|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1343511.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-08|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en}}</ref> The party won a minority of 23 out of 77 seats with 30.90% of the vote with a majority of [[Independent politician|independents]] and [[Political organisation|political associates]] whom were affiliated with the party's [[parliamentary group]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Röder|first=Tilmann|title=Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity|publisher=OUP USA|year=2012|isbn=9780199759880|pages=443}}</ref>

On 14 December 1999, the Bureau of the Mazhilis registered the Otan parliamentary group with 39 MP's, which included 13 Senators, 26 Mazhilis members. By the decree of the party's Bureau of the Political Council, [[Quanyşbek Böltaev]] was approved as the head of the faction, and Urazalinov Sh.A. as the deputy.

==== 2003 local elections ====
In 2003, 2,240 members of the Otan were elected to mäslihats (local assemblies) of all levels. Having an overwhelming majority in the representative bodies of power at all levels, the party gained its opportunity to influence the socio-economic policy of the state by region.

==== 2004 Mazhilis elections ====
At the party's congress held on 15 June 2004, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] proclaimed that the "unity is the main condition for prosperity of our people and state." and with the Otan claiming that the party representatives made up only six percent of the total 1,755 candidates that were nominated for the [[2004 Kazakh legislative election|2004 legislative elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alibekov|first=Ibragim|date=2004-06-23|title=Nazarbayev Pushes Democratic Change for Elections, But with Limits {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/nazarbayev-pushes-democratic-change-for-elections-but-with-limits|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-08|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2004 Kazakh legislative election]], the party won 60.6% of the popular vote and 42 out of 77 seats with 35 being from [[single-member district]]s, becoming a majority in the [[Mazhilis]]. [[Zharmakhan Tuyakbay]], [[Chair of the Mazhilis|Chairman of the Mazhilis]] and a party loyalist renounced his Otan membership and resigned from post as the Mazhilis Chairman after criticising the government of rigging the elections in favour of the party.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blua|first=Antoine|date=2004-10-15|title=Kazakhstan: Parliamentary Speaker Bluntly Criticizes Elections, But For What Purpose?|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1055356.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-08|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alibekov|first=Ibragim|date=2004-10-19|title=Renegade Politician in Kazakhstan Tries to Push President into Political Corner {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/renegade-politician-in-kazakhstan-tries-to-push-president-into-political-corner|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-08|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref> Tuyakbay eventually joined the opposition and would lead [[For a Just Kazakhstan]] [[Political alliance|alliance]] by running against Nazarbayev in the [[2005 Kazakh presidential election|2005 presidential election]].

==== 2007 elections ====
Following the dissolution of the [[3rd Mazhilis]] in June 2007 and the [[2007 amendment to the Constitution of Kazakhstan|amendments to the Constitution]] which changed Kazakhstan's electoral system, the Nur Otan presented 127 persons in the party-list which were scheduled to be elected for the first time through [[Party-list proportional representation|proportional representation]].

In the [[2007 Kazakh legislative election]], the Nur Otan won 88.1% of the vote and all the contested seats, making it the highest share for the party in history while other parties were unable pass the 7% [[electoral threshold]], thus leaving the Nur Otan to have a sole party representation in the [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-08-20|title=Nazarbayev's party claim all seats|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/68403-nazarbayev’s-party-claim-all-seats|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref> This made the party become a central factor in the political decision-making process within the government, being compared to the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] by the opposition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-08-19|title=Ruling Party Sweeps Kazakh Parliamentary Polls|url=https://eurasianet.org/ruling-party-sweeps-kazakh-parliamentary-polls|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref>

==== 2012 elections ====
After the 2007 elections, the Nur Otan received backlash amongst opposition and international organisations.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2011-11-10|title=Drive To Dissolve Kazakh Parliament|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh_mps_ask_president_dissolve_parliament/24386732.html|access-date=2020-11-17|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kassymova|first1=Didar|title=Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan|last2=Kundakbaeva|first2=Zhanat|last3=Markus|first3=Ustina|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2012|isbn=9780810867826|pages=178}}</ref> This eventually led to the [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]], in which the Nur Otan had controlled, to pass an amendment that would guarantee for the opposing party to have a mandate in the [[Mazhilis]] whether it reaches the required 7% [[electoral threshold]] or not, with lawmakers from the Nur Otan itself whom called for a [[multi-party system]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dave|first=Bhavna|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/NIT-2011-Kazakhstan.pdf|title=Nations in Transit 2011|year=2011|pages=269–270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-16|title=Kazakh Assembly To Get New Members|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan_voting_parliamentary_elections_multiparty_rule/24452125.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en}}</ref>

The Nur Otan at the [[2012 Kazakh legislative election|2012 legislative election]] swept 80.9% of the vote, winning a [[supermajority]] of 83 out of 98 seats, although suffering its worst loss of 15 seats in comparison to [[2007 Kazakh legislative election|2007]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=2012-01-17|title=TABLE-Kazakh parliamentary election final results|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kazakhstan-election-results-idAFL6E8CH2Z420120117|access-date=2021-06-09}}</ref> Two parties: the [[Ak Zhol Democratic Party]] and [[Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan]] gained its presence in the [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]], although they were viewed as loyal to the government.<ref name=":4" />

==== 2016 elections ====

== Organisation ==

=== International partnership ===
Despite not being affiliated with any [[political international]], the Nur Otan has signed and renewed numerous cooperation agreement with other political parties worldwide. In October 2011 a was signed in [[Nur-Sultan]] between Nur Otan and the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Party of Regions]],<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/regions-party-to-cooperate-with-ruling-party-in-ka-117518.html Regions Party to cooperate with ruling party in Kazakhstan], [[Kyiv Post]] (24 November 2011)</ref> and another in 2015 with [[United Russia]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Party
!Country
!Date of established cooperation
|-
|[[United Russia]]
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|12 June 2004<ref>{{Cite web|title=В Алматы встретились представители двух ведущих политических партий Казахстана и России {{!}} Номад {{!}} 14.06.2004|url=https://nomad.su/?a=3-200406140022|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=nomad.su|language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chinese Communist Party]]
|{{Flag|China}}
|22 June 2009<ref>{{Cite web|title=Школа Политического Менеджмента|url=https://spm.nurotan.kz/rus/shpm/mezhdunarodnoe_sotrudnichestvo/?cid=0&rid=8|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=spm.nurotan.kz|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-06-22|title=НДП "Нур Отан" и Коммунистическая партия Китая подписали Меморандум о сотрудничестве|url=https://www.zakon.kz/141451-ndp-nur-otan-i-kommunisticheskaja.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Zakon.kz|publisher=Kazinform|language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]]
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|21 October 2009<ref>{{Cite web|last=INFORM.KZ|date=2009-10-22|title=НДП "Нур Отан" и партия Справедливости и развития Турции подписали меморандум о взаимопонимании|url=https://www.inform.kz/ru/article/2206604|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.inform.kz|language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[Party of Regions]]
|{{Flag|Ukraine}}
|24 November 2011<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-24|title=Партия регионов будет сотрудничать с правящей партией Казахстана|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/political/86639.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Интерфакс-Украина|language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan|People's Democratic Party]]
|{{Flag|Tajikistan}}
|22 April 2014<ref>{{Cite web|last=INFORM.KZ|date=2014-04-22|title=Меморандум о сотрудничестве подписали "Нұр Отан" и Народная Демократическая партия Таджикистана|url=https://www.inform.kz/ru/article/2651446|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.inform.kz|language=ru}}</ref>
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chairman ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Portrait
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Acting Chairman
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''1.'''}}
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Nursultan Nazarbayev (2020-03-10) (cropped 2).jpg|120x120px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
| rowspan="3" |1 March 1999
| rowspan="3" |Present
|[[Sergey Tereshchenko]] (1 March 1999 – 21 October 2002)
|-
|[[Amangeldı Ermegiaev]] (21 October 2002 – 12 March 2004)
|-
|[[Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov|Baqytjan Jūmagulov]] (18 April 2005 – 4 July 2007)
|}

=== First Deputy Chairman ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Portrait
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Chairman
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''1.'''}}
|[[File:Bakytzhan Zhumagulov (cropped).jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov|Baqytjan Jūmagulov]]
|4 July 2007
|23 January 2008
| rowspan="10" |[[File:Nursultan_Nazarbayev_(2020-03-10)_(cropped_2).jpg|center|120x120px]]
----[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''2.'''}}
|[[File:Adilbek Dzhaksybekov (2013).jpg|130x130px]]
|[[Adilbek Zhaksybekov|Ädılbek Jaqsybekov]]
|23 January 2008
|13 October 2008
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''3.'''}}
|[[File:Darhan Kaletaev (2018).jpg|122x122px]]
|[[Darhan Kaletaev]]
|13 October 2008
|19 November 2009
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''4.'''}}
|[[File:Nurlan Nigmatulin 09 (cropped).jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Nurlan Nigmatulin|Nūrlan Nyğmatulin]]
|19 November 2009
|24 September 2012
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''5.'''}}
|[[File:Sagintayev 2016.jpg|117x117px]]
|[[Bakhytzhan Sagintayev|Baqytjan Sağyntayev]]
|24 September 2012
|16 January 2013
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''6.'''}}
|[[File:Bauyrzhan Baibek (cropped).jpg|119x119px]]
|[[Bauyrjan Baibek]]
|16 January 2013
|8 August 2015
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''7.'''}}
|[[File:Askar Myrzakhmetov.jpg|124x124px]]
|[[Askar Myrzakhmetov|Asqar Myrzahmetov]]
|8 August 2015
|6 May 2016
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''8.'''}}
|[[File:Mukhtar Kul-Mukhammed (cropped).jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Mukhtar Kul-Mukhammed|Muqtar Qul-Muhammed]]
|6 May 2016
|1 February 2018
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''9.'''}}
|[[File:Maulen Ashimbaev, 2013 (cropped).JPG|111x111px]]
|[[Mäulen Äşimbaev]]
|1 February 2018
|29 June 2019
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Nur Otan}};" |{{font color|white|'''10.'''}}
|[[File:Bauyrzhan Baibek (cropped).jpg|119x119px]]
|[[Bauyrjan Baibek]]
|29 June 2019
|Present
|}

==Electoral history==

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!'''Election'''
! Party canditate
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
! Result
|-
|[[2005 Kazakh presidential election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
|6,147,517
|91.15%
|'''Elected {{Y}}'''
|-
|[[2011 Kazakh presidential election|2011]]
| 7,850,958
| 95.55%
|'''Elected {{Y}}'''
|-
|[[2015 Kazakh presidential election|2015]]
| 8,833,250
| 97.75%
| '''Elected {{Y}}'''
|-
|[[2019 Kazakh presidential election|2019]]
|[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]
| 6,504,024
| 70.76%
| '''Elected {{Y}}'''
|}

=== Mazhilis elections ===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!'''Election'''
! Party leader
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!'''Seats'''
! +/–
!'''Position'''
!'''Result'''
|-
|[[1999 Kazakh legislative election|1999]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
|1,622,895
|30.90%
|{{Composition bar|23|77|hex=#1CA9C9}}
|{{increase}} 23
|{{increase}} 1st
| style="background-color:#CCCCFF" |Minority government
|-
|[[2004 Kazakh legislative election|2004]]
|5,621,436
|60.60%
|{{Composition bar|42|77|hex=#1CA9C9}}
|{{increase}} 19
|{{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Majority government}}
|-
|[[2007 Kazakh legislative election|2007]]
| 5,247,720
| 88.40%
| {{Composition bar|98|98|hex=#00AFCA}}
| {{increase}} 41
|{{increase}} 1st
| {{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[2012 Kazakh legislative election|2012]]
| 5,621,436
| 80.99%
| {{Composition bar|83|98|hex=#00AFCA}}
| {{decrease}} 15
|{{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[2016 Kazakh legislative election|2016]]
| 6,183,757
| 82.20%
| {{Composition bar|84|98|hex=#00AFCA}}
| {{increase}} 1
|{{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|-
|[[2021 Kazakh legislative election|2021]]
| 5,148,074
| 71.09%
| {{Composition bar|76|98|hex=#00AFCA}}
| {{decrease}} 8
|{{steady}} 1st
| {{yes2|Supermajority government}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[Zhas Otan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://nurotan.kz Official website] (Kazakh, Russian, English)

{{Kazakhstani political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Kazakhstan]]

Sámi peoples

2022-01-04T19:07:44Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{Short description|Indigenous Finno-Ugric people}}
{{Other uses|Sami (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Suomi (disambiguation){{!}}Suomi|Samoyedic peoples|Semitic people}}
{{Redirect|Samis|the Samis Foundation|Sam Israel}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sámi people
| native_name = ''Sámit'' ([[Northern Sami]])
| flag = [[File:Sami flag.svg|border|250px]]
| flag_caption = [[Sámi flag]]
| image = Nordic Sami people Lavvu 1900-1920.jpg
| caption = Sámi people outside [[Lavvu]], c. 1910
| population = Estimated 80,000–100,000 or more<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se}}</ref>
| popplace = Sápmi 63,831–107,341
| region1 = {{Flag|Norway}}
| pop1 = 37,890–60,000{{efn|In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.}}
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |title=Focus on Sámi in Norway |website=[[Statistics Norway]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309115644/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |archive-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Naten/>
| region2 = {{Flag|Sweden}}
| pop2 = 14,600–36,000
| ref2 = <ref name="Naten">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/samer |title=Samer |last1=Thomasson |first1=Lars |last2=Sköld |first2=Peter |website=[[Nationalencyklopedin]] |language=sv |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>
| region3 = {{Flag|Finland}}
| pop3 = 9,350
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/kk_20_2009_p.shtml |title=Eduskunta — Kirjallinen kysymys 20/2009 |website=[[Parliament of Finland]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201021/http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/kk_20_2009_p.shtml |archive-date=June 2, 2014}}</ref>
| region4 = {{Flag|Russia}}
| pop4 = 1,991
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |title=Russian census of 2002 |website=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=2010-02-17 |archive-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107183358/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region5 = {{Flag|United States}}
| pop5 = 480 (first ancestry) 945 (first and second)
| ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls |title=Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000 |date=22 January 2007 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |format=XLS |access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| region6 = {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| pop6 = 136
| ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=75&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=4 |title=National composition of population, 2001 census |website=[[State Statistics Service of Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref>
| languages = '''[[Sámi languages]]''' ([[Akkala Sami|Akkala]], [[Inari Sami|Inari]], [[Kildin Sami|Kildin]], [[Kemi Sami|Kemi]], [[Lule Sami|Lule]], [[Northern Sami|Northern]], [[Pite Sami|Pite]], [[Skolt Sami|Skolt]], [[Ter Sami|Ter]], [[Southern Sami|Southern]], [[Ume Sami|Ume]]) [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| religions = [[Christianity]] ([[Lutheranism]] (including [[Laestadianism]]), [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]]) [[Sámi shamanism|Shamanism]]
| related = Other [[Finno-Ugric languages#Speakers|Finno-Ugric people]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Sámi people''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɑː|m|i}} {{respell|SAH|mee}}; also spelled '''Sami''' or '''Saami''') are an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Finno-Ugric languages#Speakers|Finno-Ugric-speaking people]] inhabiting the region of [[Sápmi]] (formerly known as Lapland), which today encompasses large northern parts of [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], and of the [[Murmansk Oblast]], [[Russia]], most of the [[Kola Peninsula]] in particular. The Sámi have historically been known in English as '''Lapps''' or '''Laplanders''', but these terms are regarded as offensive by some Sámi people, who prefer the area's name in their own languages, e.g. Northern Sami {{lang|se|Sápmi}}.<ref name="Rapp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |title=Samis don't want to be 'Lapps' |last1=Rapp |first1=Ole Magnus |last2=Stein |first2=Catherine |date=8 Feb 2008 |website=Aftenposten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125441/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=3 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ordet lapp var i fokus första rättegångsdagen|language=sv|trans-title=The word ''lapp'' was in focus for the first day of the trial|last1=Sternlund|first1=Hans|last2=Haupt|first2=Inger|date=6 November 2017|work=SVT Nyhetter Norrbotten|location=Norrbotten, Sweden|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/ordet-lapp-var-var-i-fokus-forsta-rattegangsdagen|access-date=March 30, 2021}}</ref> Their traditional languages are the [[Sámi languages]], which are classified as a branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] [[language family]].

Traditionally, the Sámi have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and [[Shepherd|sheep herding]]. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-[[nomad]]ic [[reindeer herding]]. Currently about 10% of the Sámi are connected to reindeer herding, which provides them with meat, fur, and transportation. 2,800 Sámi people are actively involved in reindeer herding on a full-time basis in Norway.<ref name="galdu.org">{{Cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|title=Reindeer husbandry – an exclusive Sámi livelihood in Norway|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172745/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=www.galdu.org}}</ref> For traditional, environmental, cultural, and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved for only Sámi people in some regions of the Nordic countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conrad|first=Jo Ann|date=Winter 2000|title=Sami reindeer-herders today: Image or reality?|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279|url-status=dead|journal=[[The American-Scandinavian Foundation|Scandinavian Review]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218111552/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279|archive-date=2008-12-18|access-date=2008-09-25|via=[[BNET]]}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|4}}

==Etymologies==
{{Further|Sápmi}}
[[File:François-Auguste Biard - Un Lapon.jpg|thumb|A Sámi depicted in art, painting by [[François-Auguste Biard]].]]

===Sámi===
Speakers of Northern Sámi refer to themselves as {{lang|se|Sámit}} (the Sámis) or {{lang|se|Sápmelaš}} (of Sámi kin), the word {{lang|se|Sápmi}} being [[grammatical inflection|inflected]] into various grammatical forms. Other Sámi languages use [[cognate]] words. As of around 2014, the current consensus among specialists was that the word ''Sámi'' was borrowed from the [[Baltic languages|Proto-Baltic]] word {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}, meaning 'land' ([[cognate]] with [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] {{lang|sla-Latn|zemlja}} ({{lang|ru|земля}}), of the same meaning).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Grünthal|first=Riho|date=29 February 2008|title=The Finnic Ethnonyms|url=http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708174734/http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html|archive-date=8 July 2004|access-date=22 June 2013|website=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|publisher=[[Finno-Ugrian Society]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Derksen |first=Rick |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2007 |location=Leiden |page=542}}</ref><ref>Hansen & Olsen, p. 36.</ref>

The word ''Sámi'' has at least one cognate word in Finnish: Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*žēmē}} was also borrowed into [[Finnic languages|Proto-Finnic]], as {{lang|fiu|*šämä}}. This word became modern Finnish {{lang|fiu|Häme}} (Finnish for the region of [[Tavastia (historical province)|Tavastia]]; the second ''ä'' of {{lang|fiu|*šämä}} is still found in the adjective {{lang|fi|Häm'''ä'''läinen}}). The Finnish word for Finland, {{lang|fiu|Suomi}}, is also thought probably to derive ultimately from Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}, though the precise route is debated and proposals usually involve complex processes of borrowing and reborrowing. {{lang|fiu|Suomi}} and its adjectival form {{lang|fi|suom'''a'''lainen}} must come from ''{{lang|fiu|*sōme-}}''/''{{lang|fiu|sōma-}}''. In one proposal, this Finnish word comes from a [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word {{lang|gem|*sōma-}}, itself from [[Baltic languages|Proto-Baltic]] {{lang|bat|*sāma-}}, in turn borrowed from Proto-Finnic {{lang|fiu|*šämä}}, which was borrowed from {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}.<ref name=":2" />

The Sámi institutions — notably the [[Sámi parliaments|parliaments]], radio and TV stations, theatres, etc. — all use the term ''Sámi'', including when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, or English. In Norwegian and Swedish, the Sámi are today referred to by the localized form {{lang|no|Same}}.

===''Finn''===

The first probable historical mention of the Sámi, naming them {{lang|la|Fenni}}, was by [[Tacitus]], about AD 98.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tacitus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xLVEPR-ax8C&q=Germania:+by+Cornelius+Tacitus+rives |title=Germania: Translated with Introduction and Commentary |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815050-3 |editor-last=Rives |editor-first=Archibald Black |pages=96, 322, 326, 327 |author-link=Tacitus |orig-year=c. 98 AD}}</ref> Variants of ''Finn'' or {{lang|la|Fenni}} were in wide use in ancient times, judging from the names {{lang|la|[[Fenni]]}} and {{lang|grc|Φίννοι}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[Phinnoi]]}}) in classical [[Latin literature|Roman]] and [[Ancient Greek literature|Greek works]]. ''Finn'' (or variants, such as {{lang|non|skridfinn}}, 'striding Finn') was the name originally used by Norse speakers (and their proto-Norse speaking ancestors) to refer to the Sámi, as attested in the Icelandic [[Eddas]] and [[Norse sagas]] (11th to 14th centuries).

The etymology is somewhat uncertain,<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Vries|first=Jan|title=Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|publisher=Brill|year=1962|edition=2nd|location=Leiden|language=de|chapter=Finnr.|oclc=685115}}</ref> but the consensus seems to be that it is related to [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|finna}}, from proto-Germanic {{lang|gem|*finþanan}} ('to find'), the logic being that the Sámi, as [[hunter-gatherers]] "found" their food, rather than grew it.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Collinder|first=Björn|title=An Introduction to the Uralic Languages|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1965|isbn=9780520329881|location=Berkeley|pages=8}}</ref> This etymology has superseded older speculations that the word might be related to ''fen''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2021|title=Finn, n|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/70478?|access-date=3 July 2020|website=[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]]}}</ref>

As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using ''Finn'' to refer to inhabitants of what is now Finland, while the Sámi came to be called ''Lapps''. In Norway, however, Sámi were still called ''Finns'' at least until the modern era (reflected in toponyms like {{lang|no|[[Finnmark]]}}, {{lang|no|[[Finnsnes]]}}, {{lang|no|Finnfjord}} and {{lang|no|Finnøy}}), and some northern Norwegians will still occasionally use ''Finn'' to refer to Sámi people, although the Sámi themselves now consider this to be an inappropriate term. Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries were referred to as [[Kven people|Kvens]] to distinguish them from the Sámi "Finns". Ethnic [[Finns]] ({{lang|fi|suomalaiset}}) are a distinct group from Sámi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Uralilaiset kansat: tietoa suomen sukukielistä ja niiden puhujista|publisher=WSOY|year=1992|editor-last=Laakso|editor-first=Johanna|location=Juva|pages=39–40|language=fi}}</ref>

===''Lapp''===
[[File:Laureus, Lappalaisia nuotiolla (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Aleksander Lauréus]]'s painting of the Sámi by the fire]]
The word ''Lapp'' can be traced to [[Old Swedish]] {{lang|non|lapper}}, Icelandic {{lang|is|lappir}} (plural) perhaps of Finnish origin;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellquist |first=Elof |url=http://runeberg.org/svetym/0485.html |title=Svensk etymologisk ordbok |date=1922 |publisher=C. W. K. Gleerups förlag |location=Lund |page=397 |language=sv |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> compare Finnish {{lang|fi|lappalainen}} "Lapp", {{lang|fi|Lappi}} "Lapland" (possibly meaning "wilderness in the north"), the original meaning being unknown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1939|title=Lapp|url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=L_0225-0073.57q2&pz=3|access-date=16 May 2021|website=[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]]|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellquist |first=Elof |url=http://runeberg.org/svetym/0485.html |title=Svensk etymologisk ordbok |date=1922 |publisher=C. W. K. Gleerups förlag |location=Lund |page=397 |language=sv |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=De Vries|first=Jan|title=Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1962|location=Leiden|pages=s.v. lappir|language=de|oclc=555216596}}</ref> It is unknown how the word ''Lapp'' came into the [[Old Norse|Norse language]], but one of the first written mentions of the term is in the {{lang|la|[[Gesta Danorum]]}} by the twelfth-century Danish historian {{lang|la|[[Saxo Grammaticus]]|italic=no}}, who referred to 'the two Lappias', although he still referred to the Sámi as {{lang|non|(Skrid-)Finn}}s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simms|first=Doug|title=The Early Period of Sámi History, from the Beginnings to the 16th Century|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/hist/early.htm|website=Sami Culture|publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grammaticus|first=Saxo|url=http://mcllibrary.org/DanishHistory/book5II.html|title=The Danish History: Book Five, Part II|editor-last=Killings|editor-first=Douglas B.|translator-last=Elton|translator-first=Oliver}}</ref> In fact, Saxo never explicitly connects the Sámi with the "two Laplands". The term "Lapp" was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of {{lang|la|[[Johannes Schefferus]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|la|[[Lapponia (book)|Acta Lapponica]]}} (1673).

The Sámi are often known in other languages by the [[exonym]]s ''Lap'', ''Lapp'', or ''Laplanders'', although these are considered derogatory terms,<ref name="Paine57">{{Cite journal|last=Paine|first=Robert|date=1957|title=Coast Lapp society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hlmAAAAIAAJ|journal=|publisher=[[Tromsø University Museum]]|volume=4|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grimes |first1=Barbara F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2liAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lapp+is+derogatory%22 |title=Ethnologue |last2=Grimes |first2=Joseph Evans |publisher=SIL International |others=Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55671-103-9 |pages=54, 688, 695}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Commission on Nomadic Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&q=%22is%20simply%20no%20longer%20used%20in%20Fennoscandia%2C%20at%20least%20not%20in%20public%20contexts%20where%20it%20might%20be%20taken%20to%20be%20derogatory.%20English%20has%20been%20slow%20to%20follow%22&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp |title=Nomadic Peoples |publisher=Commission on Nomadic Peoples |year=1983}}</ref> while others accept at least the name ''Lappland''.<ref name="Sámis don’t want to be Lapps">{{Cite news |last1=Rapp |first1=Ole Magnus |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |title=Sámis don't want to be 'Lapps' |date=8 February 2008 |work=[[Aftenposten]] |access-date=2008-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929001926/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |archive-date=September 29, 2008 |last2=Stein |first2=Catherine}}</ref> Variants of the name ''Lapp'' were originally used in Sweden and Finland and, through Swedish, adopted by many major European languages: {{lang-en|Lapps}}; German, {{lang-nl|Lappen}}; {{lang-fr|Lapons}}; {{lang-el|Λάπωνες}} ({{lang|el-Latn|Lápōnes}}); {{lang-hu|lappok}}; {{lang-it|Lapponi}}; {{lang-pl|Lapończycy}}; {{lang-pt|Lapões}}; {{lang-es|Lapones}}; {{lang-ro|laponi}}; {{Lang-tr|Lapon}}. In Russian the corresponding term is {{lang|ru|лопари́}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|lopari}}) and in Ukrainian {{lang|uk|лопарі́}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|lopari}}).

In Finland and Sweden, ''Lapp'' is common in place names, such as {{lang|fi|Lappi}} ({{lang|fi|[[Satakunta]]|italic=no}}), {{lang|fi|Lappeenranta}} ([[South Karelia]]) and {{lang|fi|Lapinlahti}} ([[North Savo]]) in Finland; and {{lang|sv|Lapp}} ([[Stockholm County]]), {{lang|sv|Lappe}} ({{lang|sv|[[Södermanland]]|italic=no}}) and {{lang|sv|Lappabo}} ({{lang|sv|[[Småland]]|italic=no}}) in Sweden. As already mentioned, ''Finn'' is a common element in Norwegian (particularly Northern Norwegian) place names, whereas ''Lapp'' is exceedingly rare.

Terminological issues in Finnish are somewhat different. Finns living in [[Finnish Lapland]] generally call themselves {{lang|fi|lapp'''i'''lainen}}, whereas the similar word for the Sámi people is {{lang|fi|lapp'''a'''lainen}}. This can be confusing for foreign visitors because of the similar lives Finns and Sámi people live today in Lapland. {{lang|fi|Lappalainen}} is also a common family name in Finland. In Finnish, {{lang|fi|saamelainen}} is the most commonly used word nowadays, especially in official contexts.

==History==
{{Main|Sámi history}}
[[File:LocationSapmi.png|thumb|Homeland of the Sámi people at present.]]
[[File:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|A Sámi family in Norway around 1900]]
The languages of the Sámi, like other [[Uralic languages#History|Uralic languages]], are believed to originate from the region along the [[Volga]], which is the [[List of rivers of Europe#Rivers of Europe by length|longest river]] in Europe.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Valter|title=Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria|publisher=Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura|year=2020|isbn=978-951-858-130-0|location=Helsinki|pages=104|language=fi}}</ref> The Sámi have their roots in the middle and upper [[Volga River|Volga]] region in the [[Corded Ware culture]]. These groups presumably started to move to the northwest from the early home region of the Uralic peoples in the second and third quarters of the second millennium BC. On their journey, they used the ancient river routes of northern Russia that had been in use for millennia. Some of these peoples, who may have originally spoken the same western Uralic language, stopped and stayed in the regions between [[Karelia]], [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Ilmen]], and even further to the east and to the southeast. The groups of these peoples that ended up in the [[Finnish Lakeland]] from 1600 to 1500 BC later "became" the Sámi.<ref name=":3" /> The Sámi people arrived in their current homeland some time after the beginning of the [[Common Era]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahkonen|first=Pauli|date=2021|title=Suomeen suuntautuneiden nimistövirtausten monimuotoisuus|journal=Muinaistutkija|language=fi|publisher=Suomen arkeologinen seura|volume=1|pages=21}}</ref>

The Sámi language first developed on the southern side of [[Lake Onega]] and [[Lake Ladoga]] and spread from there. When the speakers of this language extended to the area of modern day Finland, they encountered groups of peoples who spoke a number of smaller ancient languages, which later became extinct. However, these languages left traces in the Sámi language. As the language spread further, it became segmented into dialects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalmistopiiri|first=Tekijä|date=2020-02-06|title=Saamen kielten leviäminen Suomeen ja Skandinaviaan|url=https://kalmistopiiri.fi/2020/02/06/saamelaiskielten-leviaminen-suomeen-ja-skandinaviaan/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=KALMISTOPIIRI|language=fi}}</ref> The geographical distribution of the Sámi has evolved over the course of history. From the [[Bronze Age]], the Sámi occupied the area along the coast of [[Finnmark]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Schiffels|first1=Stephan|last2=Krause|first2=Johannes|last3=Haak|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Onkamo|first4=Päivi|last5=Pääbo|first5=Svante|last6=Kelso|first6=Janet|last7=Sajantila|first7=Antti|last8=Weihmann|first8=Antje|last9=Ongyerth|first9=Matthias|date=2018-11-27|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5018|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5|issn=2041-1723|pmc=6258758|pmid=30479341}}</ref> This coincides with the arrival of the Siberian genome to [[Estonia]] and Finland, which may correspond with the introduction of the [[Finno-Ugric languages]] in the region.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Tambets|first1=Kristiina|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Lang|first3=Valter|last4=Villems|first4=Richard|last5=Kivisild|first5=Toomas|last6=Kriiska|first6=Aivar|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|last8=Díez-del-Molino|first8=David|last9=Crema|first9=Enrico Ryunosuke|date=2019-05-20|title=The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East|url= |journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=10|pages=1701–1711.e16|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026|issn=0960-9822|pmc=6544527|pmid=31080083}}</ref>

[[Petroglyph]]s and archeological findings such as settlements, dating from about 10,000 BC can be found in Lapland and [[Finnmark]], although these have not been demonstrated to be related to the Sámi people.<ref name="http">{{cite web|title=The ski-going people|url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122031153/http://galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng|archive-date=2010-11-22|website=Galdu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref> These [[hunter-gatherers]] of the late [[Paleolithic]] and early [[Mesolithic]] were named [[Komsa]] by the researchers.

===Relationship between the Sámi and the Scandinavians===
The Sámi have a complex relationship with the Scandinavians (known as Norse people in the medieval era), the dominant peoples of Scandinavia, who speak [[Scandinavian languages]] and who founded and thus dominated the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden in which most Sámi people live. While the Sámi have lived in [[Fennoscandia]] for around 3,500 years, Sámi settlement of Scandinavia does not predate Norse/Scandinavian settlement of Scandinavia, as sometimes popularly assumed. The migration of Germanic-speaking peoples to Southern Scandinavia happened independently and separate from the later Sami migrations into the northern regions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Theron Douglas |author-link=T. Douglas Price |year=2015 |title=Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780190231972}}</ref> For centuries, the Sámi and the Scandinavians had relatively little contact; the Sámi primarily lived in the inland of northern Fennoscandia, while Scandinavians lived in southern Scandinavia and gradually colonised the Norwegian coast; from the 18th and especially the 19th century, the governments of Norway and Sweden started to assert sovereignty more aggressively in the north, and targeted the Sámi with Scandinavization policies aimed at [[forced assimilation]] from the 19th century. Before the era of forced Scandinavization policies, the Norwegian and Swedish authorities had largely ignored the Sámi and did not interfere much in their way of life. While Norwegians moved north to gradually colonise the coast of modern-day Troms and Finnmark to engage in an export-driven fisheries industry prior to the 19th century, they showed little interest in the harsh and non-arable inland populated by reindeer-herding Sámi. Unlike the Norwegians on the coast who were strongly dependent on their trade with the south, the Sámi in the inland lived off the land. From the 19th century Norwegian and Swedish authorities started to regard the Sámi as a "backward" and "primitive" people in need of being "civilized", imposing the Scandinavian languages as the only valid languages of the kingdoms and effectively banning Sámi language and culture in many contexts, particularly schools.<ref>Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. "Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sámi Ethnic Heritage". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevänen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic.</ref><ref>Birgitta Jahreskog, ''The Sami national minority in Sweden'', Rättsfonden, 2009, {{ISBN|9780391026872}}</ref>

===Southern limits of Sámi settlement in the past===
[[File:Lapper og Reinsdyr.jpg|thumb|A Sámi man and child in Finnmark, Norway, circa 1900]]
How far south the Sámi extended in the past has been debated among historians and archeologists for many years. The Norwegian historian [[Yngvar Nielsen]], commissioned by the Norwegian government in 1889 to determine this question in order to settle contemporary questions of Sámi land rights, concluded that the Sámi had lived no farther south than [[Lierne]] in [[Nord-Trøndelag]] county until around 1500, when they started moving south, reaching the area around Lake [[Femund]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|author= Yngvar Nielsen|author-link= Yngvar Nielsen|year=1891 |title= Lappernes fremrykning mot syd i Trondhjems stift og Hedemarkens amt |trans-title=The incursion of Lapps southwards in the see of Trondhjem and county of Hedemarken |journal=Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs årbog |volume=1 |issue=1889–1890 |pages=18–52 |language=no}}</ref> This hypothesis is still accepted among many historians, but has been the subject of scholarly debate in the 21st century. In recent years, several archaeological finds indicate a Sámi presence in southern Norway in the Middle Ages, and in southern Sweden,<ref name="Broadbent">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lappslabyrinthss82010broa/page/304|title=Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami Prehistory, Colonization, and Cultural Resilience|last=Broadbent|first=Noel|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press|isbn=978-0-9788460-6-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/lappslabyrinthss82010broa/page/304 304]}}</ref> including finds in [[Lesja]], in [[Vang, Oppland|Vang]], in [[Valdres]] and in [[Hol]] and [[Ål]] in [[Hallingdal]].<ref name="Gjerde">{{Cite journal|author= Hege Skalleberg Gjerde|year=2009 |title=Samiske tufter i Hallingdal? |trans-title=Sami foundations in Hallingdal? |journal=Viking |volume=72 |issue=2009 |pages=197–210 |language=no}}</ref> Proponents of the Sámi interpretations of these finds assume a mixed population of Norse and Sámi people in the mountainous areas of southern Norway in the Middle Ages.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{rp|208}}</ref>

===Origins of the Norwegian Sea Sámi===
[[File:Three Sámi Lapp women, c1890s.jpg|thumb|Three Sámi women]]

====Bubonic plague====
[[File:1928 Lyngen Troms Norway group Mountain Sami people Photo pcard.jpg|thumb|right|Sámi people in Norway, 1928]]
Until the arrival of [[bubonic plague]] in northern Norway in 1349, the Sámi and the Norwegians occupied very separate economic [[Ecological niche|niches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavvu.com/geno/SamiArtical.html |title=Pursuing Sami Genealogy|first= Christopher|last= Pesklo|publisher=Lavvu.com |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> The Sámi hunted reindeer and fished for their livelihood. The Norwegians, who were concentrated on the outer islands and near the mouths of the [[fjords]], had access to the major European trade routes so that, in addition to marginal farming in the [[Nordland]], [[Troms]], and [[Finnmark]] counties, they were able to establish commerce, trading fish for products from the south.<ref> Urbańczyk, pp. 255.</ref> According to old Nordic texts, the Sea Sámi and the Mountain Sámi are two classes of the same people and not two different ethnic groups, as had been erroneously believed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Troels-Lund|first=Fredrik|url=http://runeberg.org/dagligt/1/0182.html|title=In Northern Mists: Dagligt Liv i Norden i det sekstende Aarhundrede|publisher=[[Gyldendal]]|year=1914|location=Copenhagen|pages=129–130|language=da|via=[[Projekt Runeberg]]}}</ref>

This socioeconomic balance greatly changed when [[bubonic plague]] came to northern Norway in December 1349. The Norwegians were closely connected to the greater European trade routes, along which the plague traveled; consequently, they were infected and died at a far higher rate than Sámi in the interior. Of all the states in the region, Norway suffered the most from this [[Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandnes|first=Jørn|url=https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/desertion-and-land-colonization-in-the-nordic-countries-c-13001600--comparative-report-from-the-scandinavian-research-project-on-deserted-farms-and-villages(a4182d3c-4577-42c1-ae7a-dc58c509adaa).html#Overview|title=Desertion and Land Colonization in the Nordic Countries c. 1300–1600: comparative report from the Scandinavian research project on deserted farms and villages|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell|year=1981|isbn=9122004319|location=Stockholm|chapter=Settlement and Development in the Late Middle Ages c. 1300–1540}}</ref> Depending on the [[parish]], 60 to 76 percent of northern Norwegian farms were abandoned following the plague,<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 242–244.</ref> while land-rents, another measure of population, dropped to nine to 28% of pre-plague levels.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 250.</ref> Although the population of northern Norway is sparse compared to southern Europe, the disease spread just as fast. The spread of the plague-carrying [[flea]] (''[[Xenopsylla cheopsis]]'') from the south was facilitated by the transport of wooden [[barrels]] holding wheat, rye, or wool, where the fleas were able to live, and even reproduce, for several months at a time.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 256.</ref> The Sámi lived on fish and reindeer meat, and did not eat wheat or rye. They lived in communities detached from the Norwegians; being only loosely connected to the European trade routes, they fared far better than the Norwegians.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 245.</ref>

====Fishing industry====
[[File:Sjøsamisk Mann Finnmark Norge Ivar Samuelsen 1884 av Bonaparte.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Sea Sámi man from [[Norway]] by [[Prince Roland Bonaparte]] in 1884]]
[[File:Sea sami man.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Sea Sámi man from Norway by [[Prince Roland Bonaparte]] in 1884]]
Fishing has always been the main livelihood for the many Sámi living permanently in coastal areas.<ref name="un.org">{{Cite report|title=Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway |date=19–30 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |location=New York |page=15 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E.C.19.2010.2EN.pdf}}</ref> Archeological research shows that the Sámi have lived along the coast and once lived much farther south in the past, and they were also involved in work other than reindeer herding (e.g., fishing, agriculture, iron work).<ref name="Broadbent"/> The fishing along the north Norwegian coast, especially in the Lofoten and Vesterålen islands, is quite productive, with a variety of fish; during medieval times, it was a major source of income for both the fishermen and the [[Norwegian monarchy]].<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 29–34.</ref> With such massive population drops caused by the [[Black Death]], the tax revenues from this industry greatly diminished. Because of the huge profits that could be had from these fisheries, the local authorities offered incentives to the Sámi—faced with their own population pressures—to settle on the newly vacant farms.<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 255–256.</ref> This started the economic division between the Sea Sámi (''sjøsamene''), who fished extensively off the coast, and the Mountain Sámi (''fjellsamene, innlandssamene''), who continued to hunt reindeer and small-game animals. They later herded reindeer. Even as late as the early 18th century, there were many Sámi who were still settling on these farms left abandoned from the 1350s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kirkebøker, Kvæfjord Sogn, Godfjord Botten|year=1758|volume=1–2: 1751–1822|language=no|trans-title=Church record, Kvæfjord Parish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Folketelling av Kvæfjord|year=1769|language=no|trans-title=Kvæfjord Census}}</ref> After many years of continuous migration, these Sea Sámi became far more numerous than the reindeer-herding mountain Sámi, who today only make up 10% of all Sámi. In contemporary times, there are also ongoing consultations between the Government of Norway and the [[Sámi Parliament]] regarding the right of the coastal Sámi to fish in the seas on the basis of historical use and international law.<ref>{{Cite report|title=Report of UNPFII – Ninth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |year=2010 |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/session_ninth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021011444/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/session_ninth.html |archive-date=2010-10-21 }}</ref> State regulation of sea fisheries underwent drastic change in the late 1980s. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of charge to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sámi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree.<ref name="un.org"/><ref name="Johansen 2010">{{Cite journal|title=Kasta på land (Forced Ashore) |author1=Harry Johansen |author2=Torill Olsen |year=2010 |publisher=SIL International |location=Norway }}</ref>

====Mountain Sámi====
As the Sea Sámi settled along Norway's fjords and inland waterways, pursuing a combination of farming, cattle raising, trapping and fishing, the minority Mountain Sámi continued to hunt wild [[reindeer]]. Around 1500, they started to tame these animals into herding groups, becoming the well-known reindeer nomads, often portrayed by outsiders as following the traditional Sámi lifestyle. The Mountain Sámi had to pay taxes to three states, [[Kalmar Union|Norway]], [[Early Vasa era|Sweden]] and [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Russia]], as they crossed each border while following the annual reindeer migrations; this caused much resentment over the years.<ref name="Kuiper 1990s">{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/diehtu/siida/christian/nationstate.htm |title=Christianity and the Emerging Nation States |last=Kuiper |first=Andrea (Elle) |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref> Between 1635 and 1659, the Swedish crown forced Swedish [[conscription|conscripts]] and Sámi cart drivers to work in the [[Nasa silver mine]], causing many Sámis to emigrate from the area to avoid forced labour. As a result, the population of [[Pite Sámi|Pite]]- and [[Lule Sámi|Lule]]-speaking Sámi decreased greatly.<ref name="Kuiper 1990s"/>

===Post-1800s===
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2011}}
[[File:Sami family Finland 1936.jpg|thumb|Sámi family in 1936]]
For long periods of time, the Sámi lifestyle thrived because of its adaptation to the [[Arctic]] environment. Indeed, throughout the 18th century, as Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Sámi cultural element was strengthened, since the Sámi were mostly independent of supplies from Southern Norway.

During the 19th century, the pressure of [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianization]] of the Sámi increased, with some Sámi adopting [[Laestadianism]]. With the introduction of seven compulsory years of school in 1889, the Sámi language and traditional way of life came increasingly under pressure from forced cultural normalization. Strong economic development of the north also ensued, giving Norwegian culture and language higher status.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

On the Swedish and Finnish sides, the authorities were less militant, although the Sámi language was forbidden in schools and strong economic development in the north led to weakened cultural and economic status for the Sámi. From 1913 to 1920, the Swedish race-segregation political movement created a race-based biological institute that collected research material from living people and graves. Throughout history, Swedish settlers were encouraged to move to the northern regions through incentives such as land and water rights, tax allowances, and military exemptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/hist/sami-west.htm |title=The Sami vs. Outsiders |last= Woodard |first=Káre (Kimmi) |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>

The strongest pressure took place from around 1900 to 1940, when Norway invested considerable money and effort to wipe out Sámi culture. Anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in [[Finnmark]] had to prove knowledge of the Norwegian language and had to register with a Norwegian name. This caused the [[dislocation of Sámi people]] in the 1920s, which increased the gap between local Sámi groups (something still present today) that sometimes has the character of an internal Sámi ethnic conflict. In 1913, the Norwegian parliament passed a bill on "native act land" to allocate the best and most useful lands to Norwegian settlers. Another factor was the [[scorched earth]] policy conducted by the German army, resulting in heavy [[Lapland War|war destruction]] in northern Finland and northern Norway in 1944–45, destroying all existing houses, or ''kota'', and visible traces of Sámi culture. After [[World War II]], the pressure was relaxed, though the legacy was evident into recent times, such as the 1970s law limiting the size of any house Sámi people were allowed to build. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The [[Alta controversy|controversy]] over the construction of the hydro-electric power station in [[Alta, Norway|Alta]] in 1979 brought Sámi rights onto the political agenda. In August 1986, the national anthem ("[[Sámi soga lávlla]]") and flag ([[Sámi flag]]) of the Sámi people were created. In 1989, the first Sámi parliament in Norway was elected. In 2005, the [[Finnmark Act]] was passed in the [[Storting|Norwegian parliament]] giving the Sámi parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. These areas (96% of the provincial area), which have always been used primarily by the Sámi, now belong officially to the people of the province, whether Sámi or Norwegian, and not to the Norwegian state.

===Contemporary issues===
The indigenous Sámi population is a mostly urbanised demographic, but a substantial number live in villages in the high arctic. The Sámi are still coping with the cultural consequences of language and culture loss caused by generations of Sámi children being taken to missionary and/or state-run boarding schools and the legacy of laws that were created to deny the Sámi rights (e.g., to their beliefs, language, land and to the practice of traditional livelihoods). The Sámi are experiencing cultural and environmental threats, including: oil exploration, mining, dam building, logging, climate change, military bombing ranges, tourism and commercial development.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009">{{Cite news|last=Korpijaakko-Mikkel|first=Sara|date=22 March 2009|title=Siida and traditional Sámi reindeer herding knowledge|publisher=Northern Review|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Syterskalet.jpg|thumb|Vindelfjällen]]

====Natural resource extraction====
Sápmi is rich in precious metals, oil, and natural gas.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Mining activities and prospecting to extract these resources from the region often interfere with reindeer grazing and calving areas and other aspects of traditional Sámi life. Some active mining locations include ancient Sámi spaces that are designated as ecologically protected areas, such as the [[Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Blackstone to Mine Reindeer Pastures, Sweden|url=http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=34&video_id=73&lang=en|website=International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry|publisher=EALAT}}</ref> The Sámi Parliament has opposed and rejected mining projects in the Finnmark area, and demanded that resources and mineral exploration benefit local Sámi communities and populations, as the proposed mines are in Sámi lands and will affect their ability to maintain their traditional livelihood.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goll|first=Sven|date=23 April 2010|title=Mining prospects in arctic Norway also causing controversy|url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2010/04/23/prospects-bright-for-arctic-mining/|website=Views and News from Norway|publisher=NRK}}</ref> In [[Kallak mine|Kallak]] (Sámi: ''Gállok'') a group of indigenous and non-indigenous activists protested against the UK-based mining company [[Beowulf Mining|Beowulf]] which operated a drilling program in lands used for grazing reindeer during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ahni Schertow|first=John|date=5 August 2013|title=Sweden: Ongoing Road Blockade Against Mining in Saami Territory|url=http://intercontinentalcry.org/sweden-ongoing-road-blockade-against-mining-in-saami-territory-19953/|website=Intercontinental Cry}}</ref> There is often local opposition to new mining projects where environmental impacts are perceived to be very large, as very few plans for [[mine reclamation]] have been made. In Sweden, taxes on minerals are intentionally low in an effort to increase mineral exploration for economic benefit, though this policy is at the expense of Sámi populations. ILO Convention No. 169 would grant rights to the Sámi people to their land and give them power in matters that affect their future.<ref>{{cite web|last=Karlsson|first=Kenneth|date=25 May 2014|title=Finnish colonization: Irish invasion|url=http://savethebaltic.wordpress.com/2014/05/25/finnish-colonization-irish-invasion/|work=Save the Baltic Salmon}}</ref>

In Russia's Kola Peninsula, vast areas have already been destroyed by mining and smelting activities, and further development is imminent. This includes oil and natural gas exploration in the [[Barents Sea]]. Oil spills affect fishing and the construction of roads. There is a gas pipeline that stretches across the Kola Peninsula, and power lines cut off access to reindeer calving grounds and sacred sites.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Shtokman Natural Gas Project, Barents Sea, Russia|url=http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/shtokman_gas_project/|website=Hydrocarbons Technology|publisher=Verdict Media}}</ref>{{fv|reason=source outlines the project but doesn't mention any of these threats|date=April 2021}}

In northern Finland, there has been a longstanding dispute over the destruction of forests, which prevents reindeer from migrating between seasonal feeding grounds and destroys supplies of lichen that grow on the upper branches of older trees. This lichen is the reindeer's only source of sustenance during the winter months, when snow is deep. The logging has been under the control of the state-run forest system.<ref>{{cite web|year=2007|title=Last Yoik of Saami Forests?|url=http://www.der.org/films/last-yoik.html|website=[[Documentary Educational Resources]]}}</ref> [[Greenpeace]], reindeer herders, and Sámi organisations carried out a historic joint campaign, and in 2010, Sámi reindeer herders won some time as a result of these court cases. Industrial logging has now been pushed back from the most important forest areas either permanently or for the next 20 years, though there are still threats, such as mining and construction plans of holiday resorts on the protected shorelines of Lake Inari.<ref>{{cite web|title=Campaign for Northern Forests by Indigenous Sami Ended Successfully in Finland |last=Ove Varsi |first=Magne |year=2010 |publisher=Gáldu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4995&giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113644/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4995&giella1=eng |archive-date=2011-05-11 }}</ref>

====Land rights====
[[File:Suorvajaure in stora sjofallet park.jpg|thumb|[[Suorvajaure]] near [[Piteå]]]]
The Swedish government has allowed the world's largest onshore wind farm to be built in Piteå, in the Arctic region where the Eastern Kikkejaure village has its winter reindeer pastures. The wind farm will consist of more than 1,000 wind turbines and an extensive road infrastructure, which means that the feasibility of using the area for winter grazing in practice is impossible. Sweden has received strong international criticism, including by the UN Racial Discrimination Committee and the Human Rights Committee, that Sweden violates Sámi ''landrättigheter'' (land rights), including by not regulating industry. In Norway some Sámi politicians (for example – Aili Keskitalo) suggest giving the Sámi Parliament a special veto right on planned mining projects.<ref name="barents">{{Cite web|date=2012-11-08|title=Sami parliament wants veto on mineral issues|url=https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/sami-parliament-wants-veto-mineral-issues-08-11|url-status=dead|website=[[Barents Observer]]|access-date=2021-05-17|archive-date=2019-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112142/https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/sami-parliament-wants-veto-mineral-issues-08-11}}</ref>

Government authorities and NATO have built bombing-practice ranges in Sámi areas in northern Norway and Sweden. These regions have served as reindeer calving and summer grounds for thousands of years, and contain many ancient Sámi sacred sites.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Christian Nellemann|author2=Ingunn Vistnes|date=October 2003|title=New bombing ranges and their impact on Saami traditions|url=https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/254/original/poltimesp1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822011717/https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/254/original/poltimesp1.pdf|archive-date=August 22, 2020|access-date=August 22, 2020|publisher=The Environment Times/Polar Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2008|title=Aigi (Time)|publisher=[[Riho Västrik]]/Vesilind Studios, Uldis Cekulis/Vides Filmu Studija}}</ref>

====Water rights====
State regulation of sea fisheries underwent drastic change in the late 1980s. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of cost to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sámi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree.

The Sámi recently stopped a water-prospecting venture that threatened to turn an ancient sacred site and natural spring called Suttesaja into a large-scale water-bottling plant for the world market—without notification or consultation with the local Sámi people, who make up 70 percent of the population. The Finnish National Board of Antiquities has registered the area as a heritage site of cultural and historical significance, and the stream itself is part of the Deatnu/Tana watershed, which is home to Europe's largest salmon river, an important source of Sámi livelihood.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suttesaja: from a sacred Sámi site and natural spring to a water bottling plant? The effects of colonization in Northern Europe. |author1=Rauna Kuokkanen |author2=Marja K. Bulmer |year=2006 |publisher=In Echoes from the Poisoned Well: Global Memories of Environmental Justice, Lexington Books }}</ref>

In Norway, government plans for the construction of a hydroelectric power plant in the Alta river in Finnmark in northern Norway led to a political controversy and the rallying of the Sámi popular movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s. As a result, the opposition in the [[Alta controversy]] brought attention to not only environmental issues but also the issue of Sámi rights.

====Climate change and the environment====
[[File:Nordkappsami.jpg|thumb|Sámi man from Norway]]
Reindeer have major cultural and economic significance for indigenous peoples of the North. The human-ecological systems in the North, like reindeer pastoralism, are sensitive to change, perhaps more than in virtually any other region of the globe, due in part to the variability of the Arctic climate and ecosystem and the characteristic ways of life of indigenous Arctic peoples.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=About EALÁT|url=http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=245&Itemid=86&lang=en|website=International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry|publisher=EALÁT}}</ref>

The 1986 [[Chernobyl nuclear disaster]] caused nuclear fallout in the sensitive Arctic ecosystems and poisoned fish, meat<ref name="Skuerud">{{cite journal|last1=Skuterud|first1=Lavrans|last2=Gaare|first2=Eldar|last3=Eikelmann|first3=Inger|last4=Hove|first4=Knut|last5=Steinnes|first5=Eilive|title=Chernobyl Radioactivity Persists in Reindeer|journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity|date=2005|volume=83|issue=2|pages=231–52|doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.04.008|pmid=15939511}}</ref> and berries. Lichens and mosses are two of the main forms of vegetation in the Arctic and are highly susceptible to airborne pollutants and heavy metals. Since many do not have roots, they absorb nutrients, and toxic compounds, through their leaves. The lichens accumulated airborne radiation, and 73,000 reindeer had to be killed as "unfit" for human consumption in Sweden alone. The government promised Sámi indemnification, which was not acted upon by government.

Radioactive wastes and spent nuclear fuel have been stored in the waters off the Kola Peninsula, including locations that are only "two kilometers" from places where Sámi live. There are a minimum of five "dumps" where spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste are being deposited in the Kola Peninsula, often with little concern for the surrounding environment or population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stoletie.ru/obschestvo/my_zhivem_na_jadernoj_pomojke_2010-04-21.htm |script-title=ru:Мы живем на ядерной помойке: Почему вымирают коренные народы Севера |last=Rykov |first=Sergey |date=April 21, 2010 |website=Stoletie |language=ru |trans-title=We live in a nuclear dumpster: Why the indigenous people of the North are dying out}}</ref>

====Tourism====
The tourism industry in Finland has been criticized for turning Sámi culture into a marketing tool by promoting opportunities to experience "authentic" Sámi ceremonies and lifestyle. At many tourist locales, non-Sámi dress in inaccurate replicas of Sámi traditional clothing, and gift shops sell crude reproductions of Sámi handicraft. One popular "ceremony", crossing the Arctic Circle, actually has no significance in Sámi spirituality. To some Sámi, this is an insulting display of cultural exploitation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Protests against the exploitation of Sámi culture |publisher=Suoma Sami Nuorat |url=http://boreale.konto.itv.se/rovaniemi.htm}}</ref>

==Discrimination against the Sámi==
The Sámi have for centuries, even today, been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in the nations they have historically inhabited.<ref>{{cite book|title=Civil Society in the Baltic Sea Region |author=Reetta Toivanen (ed. Norbert Götz|year=2003 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-3317-4|pages=205–216|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They have never been a single community in a single region of Lapland, which until recently was considered only a cultural region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sami of Northern Europe: one people, four countries|url=https://unric.org/en/indigenous-people/27307-the-sami-of-northern-europe--one-people-four-countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405130041/https://www.unric.org/en/indigenous-people/27307-the-sami-of-northern-europe--one-people-four-countries|archive-date=2019-04-05|access-date=16 January 2014|website=[[United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe]]}}</ref>

Norway has been criticized internationally for the politics of [[Norwegianization]] of and discrimination against the Sámi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Minde|first=Henry|date=2005|editor-last=Ove Varsi|editor-first=Magne|title=Assimilation of the Sami: Implementation and Consequences|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/mindeengelsk.pdf|journal=Gáldu Čála: Journal of Indigenous People Rights|volume=3|isbn=8281440120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212030751/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/mindeengelsk.pdf|archive-date=2015-02-12|access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> On 8 April 2011, the UN Racial Discrimination Committee recommendations were handed over to Norway; these addressed many issues, including the position of students needing bilingual education in Sámi. One committee recommendation was that no language be allowed to be a basis for discrimination in the Norwegian anti-discrimination laws, and it recommended wording of Racial Discrimination Convention Article 1 contained in the Act.{{Citation needed|reason=Give details of what Act – is this a Norwegian act or a reference to a United Nations provision? Add link|date=December 2018}} Further points of recommendation concerning the Sámi population in Norway included the incorporation of the racial Convention through the Human Rights Act, improving the availability and quality of interpreter services, and equality of the civil Ombudsman's recommendations for action. A new present status report was to have been ready by the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-03-21|title=Sami Parliamentary Council|url=http://suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru/2013/03/sami-parliamentary-council-wills-is.html|access-date=2013-06-22|publisher=Suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru}}</ref> In 2018, The [[Storting]] commissioned [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Norway)|The Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] to lay the foundation for recognition of the experiences of the Sámi subject to Norwegianization and the subsequent consequences.

Sweden has faced similar criticism for its [[Swedification#Swedification of Sámi and Tornedalians|Swedification]] policies, which began in the 1800s and lasted until the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal|title="Lapps, Finns, Gypsies, Jews, and idiots"? Modernity and the use of statistical categories in Sweden|first1=John|last1=Rogers|first2=Marie C.|last2=Nelson|journal=Annales de démographie historique|date=2003|volume=1|number=105|pages=61–79|doi=10.3917/adh.105.79}}</ref> In 2020, Sweden funded the establishment of an independent truth commission to examine and document past abuse of Sámi by the Swedish state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sweden's Sami People to Set up Commission on Discrimination|agency=Associated Press|date=12 June 2020|work=U.S. News & World Reports|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-06-12/swedens-sami-people-to-set-up-commission-on-discrimination|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

In Finland, where Sámi children, like all Finnish children, are entitled to day care and language instruction in their own language, the Finnish government has denied funding for these rights in most of the country, including in Rovaniemi, the largest municipality in Finnish Lapland. Sámi activists have pushed for nationwide application of these basic rights.<ref>{{cite book|title=European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination |author=Anna Lawson, Dagmar Schiek |year=2001 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-9750-9|page=152}}</ref>

As in the other countries claiming sovereignty over Sámi lands, Sámi activists' efforts in Finland in the 20th century achieved limited government recognition of the Sámis' rights as a recognized minority, but the Finnish government has maintained its legally enforced premise that the Sámi must prove their land ownership, an idea incompatible with and antithetical to the traditional reindeer-herding Sámi way of life. This has effectively allowed the Finnish government to take without compensation, motivated by economic gain, land occupied by the Sámi for centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indigenous Peoples: Self-determination, Knowledge, Indigeneity |author=Henry Minde |year=2008 |publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V |isbn=978-90-5972-204-0|pages=100–102}}</ref>

==Official Sámi policies==

===Norway===
[[File:Samediggi03.jpg|thumb|[[Sámi Parliament of Norway]]]]
The Sámi have been recognized as an [[indigenous people]] in Norway (1990 according to [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989|ILO convention 169]] as described below), and therefore, according to international law, the Sámi people in Norway are entitled special protection and rights. The legal foundation of the Sámi policy is:<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=The foundation for Norwegian Sámi policy|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172804/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* Article 110a of the [[Norwegian Constitution]].
* The Sámi Act (12 June 1987, No. 56.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=12 June 1987|title=Sameloven: LOV 1987-06-12 nr 56: Lov om Sametinget og andre samiske rettsforhold|trans-title=The Sámi Act: Act 1987-06-12 no. 56: Act on the Sámi Parliament and other Sámi legal matters|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/sameloven---samel/id449701/|website=[[Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation]]|language=no}}</ref>

The constitutional amendment states: "It is the responsibility of the authorities of the State to create conditions enabling the Sámi people to preserve and develop its language, culture and way of life." This provides a legal and political protection of the Sámi language, culture and society. In addition the "amendment implies a legal, political and moral obligation for Norwegian authorities to create an environment conducive to the Sámis themselves influencing on the development of the Sámi community".<ref name=":4" />

The Sámi Act provides special rights for the Sámi people:<ref name=":4" />
* "... the Sámis shall have their own national [[Sámi Parliament of Norway|Sámi Parliament]] elected by and amongst the Sámis" (Chapter 1–2).
* The Sámi people shall decide the area of activity of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament.
* The Sámi and Norwegian languages have equal standing in Norway (section 15; Chapter 3 contains details with regards to the use of the Sámi language).
[[File:View from Bárrás.jpg|thumb|Mountain landscape in [[Kvalsund]] near [[Hammerfest]]]]

The Norwegian Sámi Parliament also elects 50% of the members to the board of the [[Finnmark Estate]], which controls 95% of the land in the county of [[Finnmark]].

In addition, the Sámi have special rights to reindeer husbandry. In 2007, the Norwegian Parliament passed the new Reindeer Herding Act acknowledging [[siida]] as the basic institution regarding land rights, organization, and daily herding management.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009" />

Norway has also accepted international conventions, declarations and agreements applicable to the Sámi as a minority and indigenous people including:<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=Norway's international obligations|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314181304/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-14|access-date=2013-06-22|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* The International Covenant on Civil and Political Right (1966). Article 27 protects minorities, and indigenous peoples, against discrimination: "In those states in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities, shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or use their own language."
* ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989). The convention states that rights for the indigenous peoples to land and natural resources are recognized as central for their material and cultural survival. In addition, indigenous peoples should be entitled to exercise control over, and manage, their own institutions, ways of life and economic development in order to maintain and develop their identities, languages and religions, within the framework of the states in which they live.
* The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965).
* The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
* The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979).
* The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995).
* The Council of Europe's Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (1992).
* The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2007|title=General Assembly adopts declaration on rights of indigenous peoples|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=7 June 2008|website=[[United Nations]]|archive-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925040218/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm}}</ref>

===Sweden===
[[File:Sametinget - Sami Parliament of Sweden.JPG|thumb|[[Sámi Parliament]] in Sweden]]
Sweden recognised the existence of the "Sámi nation" in 1989, but the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169 has not been adopted. The Sametingslag was established as the [[Sámi Parliament of Sweden|Swedish Sámi Parliament]] on 1 January 1993. In 1998, Sweden formally apologized for the wrongs committed against the Sámi.

Sámi is one of five national minority languages recognized by Swedish law.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 June 2009|title=Svensk författningssamling: SFS 2009:600|url=http://www.lagboken.se/Views/Pages/GetFile.ashx?portalId=56&cat=37605&docId=362202&propId=5|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=[[Sveriges riksdag]]|language=sv}}</ref> The Compulsory School Ordinance states that Sámi pupils are entitled to be taught in their native language; however, a municipality is only obliged to arrange mother-tongue teaching in Sámi if a suitable teacher is available and the pupil has a basic knowledge of Sámi.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In 2010, after 15 years of negotiation, Laponiatjuottjudus, an association with Sámi majority control, will govern the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] [[Laponian area|Laponia]]. The reindeer-herding law will apply in the area as well.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-06-03|title=Swedish Sami National Association (SSR)|url=http://www.nsd.se//nyheter/artikel.aspx?ArticleID=5408663|url-status=dead|website=[[Norrländska Socialdemokraten]]|language=sv|access-date=2010-10-31|archive-date=2011-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430025403/http://www.nsd.se//nyheter/artikel.aspx?ArticleID=5408663}}</ref>

===Finland===
[[File:Yllastunturi Finland.jpg|left|thumb|Land near [[Ylläs]]]]
The act establishing the Finnish Sámi Parliament (Finnish: Saamelaiskäräjät) was passed on November 9, 1973. Sámi people have had very little representation in Finnish national politics. In fact, as of 2007, [[Janne Seurujärvi]], a [[Centre Party (Finland)|Finnish Centre Party]] representative, was the first Sámi ever to be elected to the Finnish Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|author=NordicStorm|date=5 November 2007|title=Minority MEPs?|url=http://www.eurotrib.com/story/2007/11/5/8342/36983|access-date=14 March 2012|work=The European Tribune}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Lapland, Finland-fi.svg|thumb|[[Lapland (Finland)|Finnish Lapland]]. The three northernmost municipalities Utsjoki, Inari and Enontekiö and part of Sodankylä are officially considered the Sámi area.]]

Finland ratified the 1966 [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] though several cases have been brought before the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|U.N. Human Rights Committee]]. Of those, 36 cases involved a determination of the rights of individual Sámi in Finland and Sweden. The committee decisions clarify that Sámi are members of a minority within the meaning of Article 27 and that deprivation or erosion of their rights to practice traditional activities that are an essential element of their culture do come within the scope of Article 27.<ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nations Human Rights Committee|title=Jouni E. Länsman et al. v. Finland, Communication No. 671/1995, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/58/D/671/1995 (1996).|url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/html/VWS67158.htm|website=[[University of Minnesota]] Human Rights Library}}</ref> Finland recognized the Sámi as a "people" in 1995, but they have yet to ratify ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.

Sámi in Finland have had access to Sámi language instruction in some schools since the 1970s, and language rights were established in 1992. There are three Sámi languages spoken in Finland: North Sámi, Skolt Sámi and Inari Sámi. Of these languages, Inari Sámi, which is spoken by about 350 speakers, is the only one that is used entirely within the borders of Finland, mainly in the municipality of Inari.

The case of J. Lansman versus Finland concerned a challenge by Sámi reindeer herders in northern Finland to the Finnish Central Forestry Board's plans to approve logging and construction of roads in an area used by the herdsmen as winter pasture and spring calving grounds.<ref name="Osherenko">{{cite web|last=Osherenko|first=Gail|date=1 April 2001|title=Indigenous rights in Russia: Is title to land essential for cultural survival?|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104207/http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html|archive-date=11 May 2011|work=Georgetown International Environmental Law Review}}</ref> Finland has denied any aboriginal rights or land rights to the Sámi people;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Banting|first1=Keith|last2=Kymlicka|first2=Will|title=Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies: Finland|url=http://www.queensu.ca/mcp/indigenouspeople/evidence-1/Finland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616140234/http://www.queensu.ca/mcp/indigenouspeople/evidence-1/Finland.html|archive-date=2012-06-16|website=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]]}}</ref> in Finland, non-Sámi can herd reindeer.

===Russia===
[[File:Kildin Saami map.JPG|thumb|Kildin Sami Map (green). {{lang|ru|СААМИ}} is "Sámi" in Cyrillic]]
[[File:Lovozero Center.JPG|thumb|National Culture Centre in [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]].]]

The 1822 Statute of Administration of Non-Russians in Siberia asserted state ownership over all the land in Siberia and then "granted" possessory rights to the natives.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Siberian Survival: The Nenets and their story 8 |author1=Andrei V. Golovnev |author2=Gail Osherenko |year=1999}}</ref> Governance of indigenous groups, and especially collection of taxes from them, necessitated protection of indigenous peoples against exploitation by traders and settlers.<ref name="Osherenko" /> During the Soviet era, the inhabitants of the Kola tundra were forcibly relocated to [[Kolkhoz|kolkhoz'es]] (collective communities) by the state;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sara|first=Mikkel|date=22 March 2009|title=Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|journal=Northern Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-date=2011-05-01}}</ref> most Sámi were settled at Lujávri ([[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]]).

The 1993 Constitution, Article 69 states, "The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally accepted principles and standards of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation."<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Land Reform in Russia: Legal Theory and Practice|last=Bystrov |first=G.E. |year=2000 |publisher=4 GosuDARSTvo I PRAvo |pages=46–58}}</ref> For the first time in Russia, the rights of indigenous minorities were established in the 1993 Constitution.<ref name="Osherenko" />

The Russian Federation ratified the 1966 U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Section 2 explicitly forbids depriving a people of "its own means of subsistence." The Russian parliament (Duma) has adopted partial measures to implement it.<ref name="Osherenko" /> The Russian Federation lists distinct indigenous peoples as having special rights and protections under the Constitution and federal laws and decrees.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern peoples of Russia on the path to the new millennium |author=PV. Sulyandziga & O.A. Murashko eds. |year=2000}}</ref> These rights are linked to the category known since Soviet times as the ''malochislennye narody'' ("small-numbered peoples"), a term that is often translated as "indigenous minorities", which include Arctic peoples such as the Sámi, [[Nenets people|Nenets]], [[Evenks|Evenki]], and [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]].<ref name="Osherenko" />

In April 1999, the Russian Duma passed a law that guarantees socio-economic and cultural development to all indigenous minorities, protecting traditional living places and acknowledging some form of limited ownership of territories that have traditionally been used for hunting, herding, fishing, and gathering activities. The law, however, does not anticipate the transfer of title in fee simply to indigenous minorities. The law does not recognize development rights, some proprietary rights including compensation for damage to the property, and limited exclusionary rights. It is not clear, however, whether protection of nature in the traditional places of inhabitation implies a right to exclude conflicting uses that are destructive to nature or whether they have the right to veto development.<ref name="Osherenko" />[[File:Chibini massif and lake imandra.jpg|left|thumb|Chibini massif, [[Kola Peninsula]]]]

The Russian Federation's Land Code reinforces the rights of numerically small peoples ("indigenous minorities") to use places they inhabit and to continue traditional economic activities without being charged rent.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern peoples of Russia on the path to the new millennium |author=PV. Sulyandziga & O.A. Murashko eds. |date=April 1, 2000}}</ref> Such lands cannot be allocated for unrelated activities (which might include oil, gas, and mineral development or tourism) without the consent of the indigenous peoples. Furthermore, indigenous minorities and ethnic groups are allowed to use environmentally protected lands and lands set aside as nature preserves to engage in their traditional modes of land use.<ref name="Osherenko" />

Regional law, Code of the [[Murmansk Oblast]], calls on the organs of state power of the oblast to facilitate the native peoples of the Kola North, specifically naming the Sámi, "in realization of their rights for preservation and development of their native language, national culture, traditions and customs." The third section of Article 21 states: "In historically established areas of habitation, Sámi enjoy the rights for traditional use of nature and [traditional] activities."<ref name="Osherenko" />
[[File:Мурманская гавань.jpg|left|thumb|The [[port of Murmansk]] in the Kola Bay]]

Throughout the Russian North, indigenous and local people have difficulties with exercising control over resources upon which they and their ancestors have depended for centuries. The failure to protect indigenous ways, however, stems not from inadequacy of the written law, but rather from the failure to implement existing laws. Violations of the rights of indigenous peoples continue, and oil, gas, and mineral development and other activities, (mining, timber cutting, commercial fishing, and tourism) that bring foreign currency into the Russian economy.<ref name="Osherenko" /> The life ways and economy of indigenous peoples of the Russian North are based upon reindeer herding, fishing, terrestrial and sea mammal hunting, and trapping. Many groups in the Russian Arctic are semi-nomadic, moving seasonally to different hunting and fishing camps. These groups depend upon different types of environment at differing times of the year, rather than upon exploiting a single commodity to exhaustion.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: Indian, Metis and Inuit rights in Canada|publisher=Bradford W. Morse ed|year=1985}}</ref> Throughout northwestern Siberia, oil and gas development has disturbed pastureland and undermined the ability of indigenous peoples to continue hunting, fishing, trapping, and herding activities. Roads constructed in connection with oil and gas exploration and development destroy and degrade pastureland,<ref>{{cite book|title=Tundra Disturbance Studies, III: Short-term Effects of Aeolian Sand and Dust, Yamal Region, Northwest Siberia|publisher=22 ENVTL. CONS.|year=1995|location=Copenhagen|pages=335–44}}</ref> ancestral burial grounds, and sacred sites and increase hunting by oil workers on the territory used by indigenous peoples.<ref>{{cite book|title=Not by Oil Alone|publisher=Moscow News Weekly No. 2, reprinted in IWGIA Newsletter|year=1989|location=Copenhagen}}</ref>
[[File:Краснощелье.jpg|thumb|[[Krasnoshchelye]] village on the Ponoi River]]

In the Sámi homeland on the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia, regional authorities closed a fifty-mile (eighty-kilometer) stretch of the Ponoi River (and other rivers) to local fishing and granted exclusive fishing rights to a commercial company offering catch-and-release fishing to sport fishers largely from abroad.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Osherenko|first=G.|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/-arctic/articles/ponoi-eng.htm|title=The Ponoi River Report: Sport Fishing in the Kola Peninsula|publisher=Circumpolar Conservation Union|year=1985}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This deprived the local Sámi (see Article 21 of the Code of the Murmansk Oblast) of food for their families and community and of their traditional economic livelihood. Thus, closing the fishery to locals may have violated the test articulated by the U.N. Human Rights Committee and disregarded the Land Code, other legislative acts, and the 1992 Presidential decree. Sámi are not only forbidden to fish in the eighty-kilometer stretch leased to the Ponoi River Company but are also required by regional laws to pay for licenses to catch a limited number of fish outside the lease area. Residents of remote communities have neither the power nor the resources to demand enforcement of their rights. Here and elsewhere in the circumpolar north, the failure to apply laws for the protection of indigenous peoples leads to "criminalization" of local indigenous populations who cannot survive without "poaching" resources that should be accessible to them legally.<ref name="Osherenko" />

Although indigenous leaders in Russia have occasionally asserted indigenous rights to land and resources, to date there has been no serious or sustained discussion of indigenous group rights to ownership of land.<ref name="Osherenko" /> Russia has not adopted the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169.

===Nordic Sámi Convention===
On 16 November 2005 in [[Helsinki]], a group of experts, led by former [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway]] Professor [[Carsten Smith]], submitted a proposal for a Nordic Sámi Convention to the annual joint meeting of the ministers responsible for Sámi affairs in Finland, Norway and Sweden and the presidents of the three Sámi Parliaments from the respective countries. This convention recognizes the Sámi as one indigenous people residing across national borders in all three countries. A set of minimum standards is proposed for the rights of developing the Sámi language and culture and rights to land and water, livelihoods and society.<ref>{{cite report|title=Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway |date=19–30 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |location=New York |page=19 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E.C.19.2010.2EN.pdf}}</ref> The convention has not yet been ratified in the Nordic countries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=The Nordic Sámi Convention|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172755/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>

==Culture==
To make up for past suppression, the authorities of Norway, Sweden and Finland now make an effort to build up Sámi cultural institutions and promote Sámi culture and language.

===Duodji (craft)===
{{Main|Duodji}}
[[File:Sami knives - Arctic Museum.jpg|thumb|Sámi knives]]
[[File:Sami belt and needle cases.JPG|thumb|Beaded belt, knife, and antler needlecase]]
[[File:Sami woman with white reindeer.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sámi woman from [[Sweden]]]]
Duodji, the Sámi handicraft, originates from the time when the Sámis were self-supporting nomads, believing therefore that an object should first and foremost serve a purpose rather than being primarily decorative. Men mostly use wood, bone, and antlers to make items such as antler-handled [[scrimshaw]]ed [[sami knife|sami knives]], [[sami drum|drums]], and [[guksi]] (burl cups). Women used leather and roots to make items such as [[gákti]] (clothing), and birch- and spruce-root woven baskets.

===Clothing===
{{Main|Gákti}}
{{See also|Four Winds hat|Beaska|Luhkka|Nutukas}}
[[File:Sami clothing 3.JPG|thumb|Sámi hats]]
Gákti are the traditional clothing worn by the Sámi people. The gákti is worn both in ceremonial contexts and while working, particularly when herding reindeer.

Traditionally, the gákti was made from reindeer leather and sinews, but nowadays, it is more common to use wool, cotton, or silk. Women's gákti typically consist of a dress, a fringed shawl that is fastened with 1–3 silver brooches, and boots/shoes made of reindeer fur or leather. Sámi boots (or ''[[nutukas]]'') can have pointed or curled toes and often have band-woven ankle wraps. Eastern Sámi boots have a rounded toe on reindeer-fur boots, lined with felt and with beaded details. There are different gákti for women and men; men's gákti have a shorter "jacket-skirt" than a women's long dress. Traditional gákti are most commonly in variations of red, blue, green, white, medium-brown tanned leather, or reindeer fur. In winter, there is the addition of a reindeer fur coat and leggings, and sometimes a poncho (luhkka) and rope/lasso.

The colours, patterns and the jewellery of the gákti indicate where a person is from, if a person is single or married, and sometimes can even be specific to their family. The collar, sleeves and hem usually have appliqués in the form of geometric shapes. Some regions have ribbonwork, others have tin embroidery, and some Eastern Sámi have beading on clothing or collar. Hats vary by sex, season, and region. They can be wool, leather, or fur. They can be embroidered, or in the East, they are more like a beaded cloth crown with a shawl. Some traditional shamanic headgear had animal hides, plaits, and feathers, particularly in East Sápmi.

The gákti can be worn with a belt; these are sometimes band-woven belts, woven, or beaded. Leather belts can have scrimshawed antler buttons, silver concho-like buttons, tassels, or brass/copper details such as rings. Belts can also have beaded leather pouches, antler needle cases, accessories for a fire, copper rings, amulets, and often a carved and/or scrimshawed antler handled knife. Some Eastern Sámi also have a hooded jumper (малиц) from reindeer skins with wool inside and above the knee boots.

===Media and literature===
{{Main|Sámi media}}
[[File:Johan Turi, Muitalus sámiid birra.jpg|thumb|[[Johan Turi]]'s illustration of reindeer herding from his 1910 book ''Muitalus sámiid birra'' (An Account of the Sámi), the first book published in a Sámi language.]]
* There are short daily news bulletins in Northern Sámi on national TV in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]]. [[Children's television]] shows in Sámi are also frequently made. There is also a radio station for Northern Sámi, which has some news programs in the other [[Sámi languages]].
* A single daily newspaper is published in Northern Sámi, ''[[Ávvir]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Aviissat ja bládit|url=http://lotta.yle.fi/srwebanar.nsf/sivut/samimediat?opendocument&pageid=Content65D79-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918033439/http://lotta.yle.fi/srwebanar.nsf/sivut/samimediat?opendocument&pageid=Content65D79-5|archive-date=18 September 2008|access-date=9 April 2010|publisher=YLE Sámi Radio|language=se}}</ref> along with a few magazines.
* There is a Sámi theatre, [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre|Beaivvaš]], in Kautokeino on the Norwegian side, as well as in Kiruna on the Swedish side. Both tour the entire Sámi area with drama written by Sámi authors or international translations.
* A number of novels and poetry collections are published every year in Northern Sámi, and sometimes in the other Sámi languages as well. The largest Sámi publishing house is Davvi Girji.
* The first secular book published in a Sámi language was [[Johan Turi]]'s ''Muitalus sámiid birra'' (An Account of the Sámi), released in 1910 with text in Northern Sámi and Danish.<ref name="Turi2012">{{cite book|last=Turi|first=Johan Olafsson|title=An Account of the Sámi: A Translation of Muitalus Sámiid Birra, Based on the Sámi Original|translator-last=DuBois|translator-first=Thomas A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rPNlwEACAAJ|access-date=30 April 2020|year=2012|publisher=ČálliidLágádus|location=Kárášjohka, Norway|isbn=978-82-8263-063-4|chapter=Preface}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Sámi music}}
[[File:Riddu Riđđu (9).jpg|left|thumb|upright|Sara Marielle Gaup at [[Riddu Riđđu]]]]
A characteristic feature of Sámi musical tradition is the singing of ''[[joik]]''. Joiks are song-chants and are traditionally sung ''[[a cappella]]'', usually sung slowly and deep in the throat with apparent emotional content of sorrow or anger. Joiks can be dedicated to animals and birds in nature, special people or special occasions, and they can be joyous, sad or melancholic. They often are based on syllablic improvisation. In recent years, musical instruments frequently accompany joiks. The only traditional Sámi instruments that were sometimes used to accompany joik are the "fadno" flute (made from reed-like ''[[Garden Angelica|Angelica archangelica]]'' stems) and hand drums (frame drums and bowl drums).

===Education===
* Education with Sámi as the first language is available in all four countries, and also outside the Sámi area.
* [[Sámi University College]] is located in Kautokeino. Sámi language is studied in several universities in all countries, most notably the [[University of Tromsø]], which considers Sámi a mother tongue, not a foreign language.

===Festivals===
* Numerous Sámi festivals throughout the Sápmi area celebrate different aspects of the Sámi culture. The best known on the Norwegian side is [[Riddu Riđđu]], though there are others, such as {{ill|Ijahis Idja|fi|Ijahis Idja}} in [[Inari, Finland|Inari]]. Among the most festive are the Easter festivals taking place in [[Kautokeino]] and [[Karasjok]] before the springtime reindeer migration to the coast. These festivals combine traditional culture with modern phenomena such as snowmobile races. They celebrated the new year known as Ođđajagemánnu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Redding|first=Stephanie|title=The Sami Concept of Time|url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/anthro/concept-time.htm|website=Sámi Culture|publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]]}}</ref>

===Visual arts===
In addition to Duodji (Sámi handicraft), there is a developing area of contemporary Sámi visual art. Galleries such as Sámi Dáiddaguovddáš (Sami Center for Contemporary Art)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kunst, bedrift og samfunnsinformasjon|url=https://www.samiskkunstnersenter.no/|website=Samisk Kunstner Senter|language=no}}</ref> are being established.

===Dance===
Unlike many other Indigenous peoples, traditional dance is generally not a visible manifestation of Sámi identity. This has led to a common misconception that Sámi, at least in western Sápmi, have no traditional dance culture.<ref name="Hoppu2016">{{cite journal|title=Dancing Multiple Identities: Preserving and Revitalizing Dances of the Skolt Sámi|last=Hoppu|first=Petri|editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-last=Shay|editor2-first=Barbara|editor2-last=Sellers-Young|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity|date=June 2016|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199754281.013.027}}</ref>

The Sámi modern dance company Kompani Nomad looked to old descriptions of shamnistic rituals and behaviors to identify "lost" Sámi dances and reimagine them through contemporary dance.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stinnerbom|first1=Ola|last2=Stålnert|first2=Birgitta|year=2013|title=Kompani Nomad|url=http://www.kompaninomad.se/storage/FINAL%20Kompani_Nomad_presentation%20ENG.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214052/http://www.kompaninomad.se/storage/FINAL%20Kompani_Nomad_presentation%20ENG.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stålnert|first=Bigitta|title=Kompani Nomad: Nyskapande samisk dans|url=http://www.kompaninomad.se|access-date=22 June 2013|website=Kompani Nomad|language=sv}}</ref> An example is the ''lihkadus'' (ecstasy dance) described in sources from the 16th and 17th centuries, but which was adapted by Swedish–Sámi priest [[Lars Levi Laestadius]], who brought it and other Sámi traditions into the [[Church of Sweden]] as part of the [[Laestadianism]] movement.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 March 2012|title=Jakten på den försvunna samiska dansen|language=sv|trans-title=The Hunt for the Missing Sami Dance|publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]]|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/4992218|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref>

Partner and group dancing have been a part of Skolt Sámi culture and among Sámi on the Kola Peninsula since at least the second half of the 1800s.<ref name="Hoppu2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hoppu|first1=Petri|title=Rewriting Skolt Sámi Dance History|journal=Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings|volume=2015|year=2015|pages=77–82|issn=2049-1255|doi=10.1017/cor.2015.14}}</ref> These square dances, couple dances, circle dances, and singing games are influenced by [[Karelians|Karelian]] and Northern Russian dance cultures, likely under the influence of Russian traders, military service under the tsar, and the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref name="Hoppu2016" /> This eastern Sápmi dance tradition has been more continuous and has been adapted by modern Sámi dance companies such as Johtti Kompani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johtti Kompani|url=http://www.johtti.com/|url-status=dead|access-date=22 June 2013|publisher=Johtti.com|archive-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507091029/http://www.johtti.com/}}</ref>

===Reindeer husbandry===
{{Main|Reindeer#Reindeer husbandry}}
[[File:Reindeer herding.jpg|thumb|Reindeer [[herding]]]]
[[File:Ljungris July 2013.jpg|thumb|Building in [[Berg Municipality|Ljungris]], owned by the Sámi community and used especially for [[reindeer]] calf marking in the summer.]]
Reindeer husbandry has been and still is an important aspect of Sámi culture. Traditionally the Sámi lived and worked in reindeer herding groups called ''[[siida|siidat]]'', which consist of several families and their herds. Members of the ''siida'' helped each other with the management and husbandry of the herds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reindeer, People, Pastures|url=https://reindeerherding.org/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921183535/https://reindeerherding.org/|archive-date=2019-09-21|access-date=2019-09-21|website=reindeerherding.org}}</ref> During the years of [[forced assimilation]], the areas in which reindeer herding was an important livelihood were among the few where the Sámi culture and language survived.

Today in Norway and Sweden, reindeer husbandry is legally protected as an exclusive Sámi livelihood, such that only persons of Sámi descent with a linkage to a reindeer herding family can own, and hence make a living off, reindeer. Presently, about 2,800 people are engaged in reindeer herding in Norway.<ref name="galdu.org" /> In Finland, reindeer husbandry is not exclusive and is also practiced to a limited degree by ethnic Finns. Legally, it is restricted to [[European Union|EU]]/[[European Economic Area|EEA]] nationals resident in the area. In the north (Lapland), it plays a major role in the local economy, while its economic impact is lesser in the southern parts of the area ([[Province of Oulu]]).

Among the reindeer herders in Sámi villages, the women usually have a higher level of formal education in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:416689/FULLTEXT01|format=PDF|title=Mental health problems among the Swedish reindeer-herding Sami population|author=Niclas Kaiser|journal=Umeå University Medical Dissertations|series=New Series|volume=1430|year=2011|access-date=2012-10-02}}</ref>

===Games===
The Sámi have traditionally played both card games and board games, but few Sámi games have survived, because Christian missionaries and [[Laestadianism|Laestadianists]] considered such games sinful.<ref>Borvo, Alan (2001), ''Sáhkku, The "Devil's Game"'', Board Games Studies 4: 33–52, p. 33</ref> Only the rules of three Sámi board games have been preserved into modern times. ''[[Sáhkku]]'' is a [[running-fight game|running-fight]] [[board games|board game]] where each player controls a set of soldiers (referred to as "women" and "men") that race across a board in a loop, attempting to eliminate the other player's soldiers. The game is related to South Scandinavian [[daldøs]], Arabian [[tâb]] and Indian tablan.<ref>Borvo 2001, p. 33; Depaulis, Thierry (2001), ''An Arab Game in the North Pole?'', Board Games Studies 4: 77–82</ref> Sáhkku differs from these games in several respects, most notably the addition of a piece – "the king" – that changes gameplay radically. [[Tafl games#Tablut|''Tablut'']] is a pure [[strategy game]] in the [[tafl games|tafl]] family. The game features "Swedes" and a "Swedish king" whose goal is to escape, and an army of "Muscovites" whose goal is to capture the king. Tablut is the only tafl game where a relatively intact set of rules have survived into our time. Hence, all modern versions of tafl (commonly called "Hnefatafl" and marketed exclusively as "Norse" or "Viking" games) are based on the Sámi game of tablut.<ref>Murray, H. J. R. (1951). ''A History of Board-Games Other than Chess.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 61; Bell, R. C. (1979). ''Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations'' (Revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications, p. 77; Helmfrid, S. (2005).''Hnefatafl: The Strategic Board Game of the Vikings'', p. 1–5.</ref> ''[[Dablot Prejjesne]]'' is a game related to [[alquerque]] which differs from most such games (e.g. [[draughts]]) by having pieces of three different ranks. The game's two sides are referred to as "Sámi" (king, prince, warriors) and "Finlenders" (landowners, landowner's son, farmers).<ref>Wilkins, Sally (2002). ''Sports and games of medieval cultures.'' Greenwood publishing group. pp. 101–102; Keyland, Nils (1921). ''Dablot prejjesne och dablot duoljesne. Tvänne lappska spel från Frostviken, förklarade och avbildade.'' Etnologiska Studier tillägnade Nils Edvard Hammarsted 3/3 (Göteborg). pp. 35–47</ref>

==Cultural region==
{{Main|Sápmi}}
Sápmi is located in Northern Europe, includes the northern parts of [[Fennoscandia]] and spans four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Non-Sámi and many regional maps have often called this same region ''Lapland'' as there is considerable regional overlap between Sápmi and the provinces of [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lappland]] in Sweden and [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] in Finland. Much of Sápmi falls outside of those provinces. Despite the terms use in tourism, ''Lapland'' can be either misleading or offensive, or both, to Sámi, depending on the context and where this word is used.<ref name="Rapp" /> Among the Sámi people, ''Sápmi'' is strictly used and acceptable.

===Extent===
[[File:Sami people in Härjedalen, Sweden (8539250322).jpg|thumb|Sámi people in [[Härjedalen]] (1790–1800), far south in the Sápmi area]]
[[File:Sapmi Lappland.jpg|thumb|[[Laponian area]] in [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]], [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
There is no official geographic definition for the boundaries of Sápmi. However, the following counties and provinces are usually included:
* [[Finnmark]] county in Norway
* [[Jämtland County|Jämtland county]] in Sweden
* [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland region]] in Finland
* [[Murmansk Oblast|Murmansk oblast]] in Russia
* [[Nord-Trøndelag]] county in Norway
* [[Nordland]] county in Norway
* [[Norrbotten County|Norrbotten county]] in Sweden
* [[Troms]] county in Norway
* [[Västerbotten County|Västerbotten county]] in Sweden

The municipalities of [[Gällivare]], [[Jokkmokk]] and [[Arjeplog]] in Swedish Lappland were designated a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 1996 as a "Laponian Area".

The [[Sami Domicile Area]] in Finland consists of the municipalities of [[Enontekiö]], [[Utsjoki]] and [[Inari, Finland|Inari]] as well as a part of the municipality of [[Sodankylä]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Saamelaisuus | url = http://oppiminen.yle.fi/saamelaisuus | work= [[YLE]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605160505/http://oppiminen.yle.fi/saamelaisuus | access-date=September 14, 2021 | archive-date = 2009-06-05 | language = fi}}</ref> About 3,000 of Finland's about 10,000 people speak Sámi as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.samediggi.fi/saamelaiset-info/ |title=Samediggi {{!}} Saamelaiset info|work=Samediggi|access-date=September 14, 2021 }}</ref> Today, a considerable part of the Finnish Sámi live outside the Sápmi region, for example in [[Helsinki]] there is a relatively large and active Sámi minority.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hs.fi/kirjat/artikkeli/Koskaan+et+muuttua+saa+saamelainen/HS20010710SI1KU01mjt | title=Koskaan et muuttua saa, saamelainen | last=Tahkolahti |first= Jaakko | work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]] | date=July 10, 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011064858/http://www.hs.fi/kirjat/artikkeli/Koskaan+et+muuttua+saa+saamelainen/HS20010710SI1KU01mjt | access-date=September 14, 2021 | archive-date=2011-10-11 | language = fi}}</ref> According to the [[Sámi Parliament]], the Sámi live in 230 municipalities out of a total of 336 [[Municipalities of Finland|municipalities in Finland]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://avoinyle.fi/www/fi/?we_objectID=337 | title = Saamelaiskäräjät vaatii Ylelle lisää saamenkielistä tarjontaa. | last = Hilden | first= Kaisa | date = March 15, 2011| work = [[YLE]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175626/http://avoinyle.fi/www/fi/?we_objectID=337 | access-date=September 14, 2021 | archive-date = 2011-07-20 | language = fi}}</ref> 75% of Sámi under the age of 10 live outside the Sápmi region.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.kansanuutiset.fi/artikkeli/3219779-kinatkin-kaydaan-saamen-kielella |title=Kinatkin käydään saamen kielellä|work=Kansan Uutiset|date=August 26, 2014|access-date=September 14, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref>

===Important Sámi towns===
[[File:Каневка на Поное.jpg|thumb|[[Kanevka]], [[Ponoy River]], Russia's [[Lovozersky District]]]]
The following towns and villages have a significant Sámi population or host Sámi institutions (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or Russian name in parentheses):
* [[Inari, Finland|Aanaar, Anár, or Aanar]] (Inari), is the location of the [[Sámi Parliament of Finland|Finnish Sámi Parliament]], [[Sajos|Sajos Sámi Cultural Centre]], SAKK – {{Interlanguage link multi|Saamelaisalueen koulutuskeskus|fi}} (Sámi Education Institute), [[Anarâškielâ servi]] (Inari Sámi Language Association), and the [[Siida (museum)|Inari Sámi Siida Museum]].
* [[Hattfjelldal|Aarborte]] (Hattfjelldal) is a southern Sámi center with a Southern Sámi-language school and a Sámi culture center.
* [[Arjeplog|Árjepluovve]] (Arjeplog) is the Pite Saami center in Sweden.
* [[Deatnu Tana|Deatnu]] (Tana) has a significant Sámi population.
* [[Tysfjord|Divtasvuodna]] (Tysfjord) is a center for the Lule-Sámi population. The [[Árran]] Lule-Sámi center is located here.
* [[Gáivuotna]] (Kåfjord, Troms) is an important center for the Sea-Sámi culture. Each summer the [[Riddu Riđđu]] festival is held in Gáivuotna. The municipality has a Sámi-language center and hosts the [[Ája Sámi Center]]. The opposition against Sámi language and culture revitalization in Gáivuotna was infamous in the late 1990s and included Sámi-language road signs being shot to pieces repeatedly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/troms/programmer_nrk_troms/784905.html |title=Samisk skyteskive |access-date=2007-10-11 |work=NRK |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013094921/http://nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/troms/programmer_nrk_troms/784905.html  |archive-date = 2007-10-13}}</ref>
* [[Kiruna|Giron]] (Kiruna), proposed seat of the Swedish Sámi Parliament.
* [[Kautokeino (village)|Guovdageaidnu]] (Kautokeino) is perhaps the cultural capital of the Sámi. About 90% of the population speaks Sámi. Several Sámi institutions are located in Kautokeino including: [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre]], a Sámi secondary school and reindeer-herding School, the [[Sámi University College]], the [[Nordic Sami Institute|Nordic Sámi Research Institute]], the Sámi Language Board, the Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous People, and the International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry. In addition, several Sámi media are located in Kautokeino including the Sámi-language ''[[Áššu]]'' newspaper, and the DAT Sámi publishing house and record company. Kautokeino also hosts the, which includes the Sámi Grand Prix 2010 (Sámi Musicfestival) and the Reindeer Racing World Cup. The [[Kautokeino rebellion]] in 1852 is one of the few Sámi rebellions against the Norwegian government's oppression against the Sámi.
* [[Enontekiö|Iänudâh, or Eanodat]] (Enontekiö).
* [[Gällivare|Jiellevárri, or Váhčir]] (Gällivare)
[[File:Attje Museum Jokkmokk-exhibition.jpg|thumb|Ájtte Museum of the Sámi people, Jokkmokk]]
[[File:Utsjoki Mantojarvi.jpg|thumb|Log cabin in Utsjoki]]
* [[Jokkmokk|Jåhkåmåhkke]] (Jokkmokk) holds a Sámi market on the first weekend of every February and has a Sámi school for language and traditional knowledge called [http://www.samernas.se/nord/ Samij Åhpadusguovdásj].
* [[Karasjok (village)|Kárášjohka]] (Karasjok) is the seat of the [[Sami Parliaments|Norwegian Sámi Parliament]]. Other important Sámi institutions are located in Kárášjohka, including [[NRK Sámi Radio]], the [[Sámi Collections]] museum, the Sámi Art Centre, the [[Sámi Specialist Library]], the Mid-Finnmark legal office, a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic – one of few on a national level approved for providing full specialist training. Other significant institutions include a Sámi Specialist Medical Centre, and the Sámi Health Research Institute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karasjok Kommune: Facts|url=http://english.karasjok.kommune.no/document.aspx?uid=40&title=Facts|url-status=dead|website=Karasjok kommune|access-date=2007-05-10|archive-date=2007-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070719223106/http://english.karasjok.kommune.no/document.aspx?uid=40&title=Facts}}</ref> In addition, the Sápmi cultural park is in the township, and the Sámi-language ''[[Min Áigi]]'' newspaper is published here.
* [[Lakselv|Leavdnja]] (Lakselv) in [[Porsanger|Porsáŋgu]] (Porsanger) municipality is the location of the [[Finnmark Estate]] and the ''[[Ságat]]'' Sámi newspaper. The Finnmarkseiendommen organization owns and manages about 95% of the land in Finnmark, and 50% of its board members are elected by the Norwegian Sámi Parliament.
* [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Луя̄ввьр]] (Lovozero)
* [[Östersund|Staare]] (Östersund) is the center for the [[Southern Sami language|Southern Sámi]] people living in Sweden. It is the site for [[Gaaltije]] – centre for South Sámi culture – a living source of knowledge for South Sámi culture, history and business. Staare also hosts the [[Sámi Information Centre]] and one of the offices to the [[Sámi Parliament]] in Sweden.
* [[Neiden, Norway|Njauddâm]] is the center for the Skolt Sámi of Norway, which have their own museum [[Äʹvv]] in the town.
* [[Utsjoki|Ohcejohka]] (Utsjoki).
* [[Snåsa|Snåase]] (Snåsa) is a center for the Southern Sámi language and the only municipality in Norway where Southern Sámi is an official language. The [[Saemien Sijte]] Southern Sámi museum is located in Snåase.
* [[Unjárga Nesseby|Unjárga]] (Nesseby) is an important center for the Sea Sámi culture. It is also the site for the [[Várjjat Sámi Museum]] and the Norwegian Sámi Parliament's department of culture and environment. The first Sámi to be elected into the [[Storting|Norwegian Parliament]], [[Isak Saba]], was born there.
* [[Arvidsjaur|Árviesjávrrie]] (Arvidsjaur). New settlers from the south of Sweden didn't arrive until the second half of the 18th century. Because of that, Sámi tradition and culture has been well preserved. Sámi people living in the south of Norrbotten, Sweden, use the city for Reindeer herding during the summer. During winter they move the Reindeers to the coast, to Piteå.

==Demographics==
[[File:Sami child.jpg|thumb|Sámi child, 1923]]
[[File:Sami family-easter.jpg|thumb|Sámi family at spring celebration]]
In the geographical area of Sápmi, the Sámi are a small population. According to some, the estimated total Sámi population is about 70,000.{{efn|According to the Swedish Sámi parliament.}} One problem when attempting to count the population of the Sámi is that there are few common criteria of what "being a Sámi" constitutes. In addition, there are several Sámi languages and additional dialects, and there are several areas in [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] where few of the Sámi speak their [[Sami languages|native language]] due to the forced cultural assimilation, but still consider themselves Sámi. Other identity markers are [[kinship]] (which can be said to, at some level or other, be of high importance for all Sámi), the geographical region of Sápmi where their family came from, and/or protecting or preserving certain aspects of [[Sámi culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sámi|url=https://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/sami/an/i2/i2.html|url-status=dead|access-date=4 January 2009|website=Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana|language=ca|archive-date=27 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227101518/http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/sami/an/i2/i2.html}}</ref>

All the Nordic Sámi Parliaments have included as the "core" criterion for registering as a Sámi the [[Cultural identity|identity]] in itself—one must declare that one truly considers oneself a Sámi. Objective criteria vary, but are generally related to kinship and/or language.

Still, due to the [[cultural assimilation]] of the Sámi people that had occurred in the four countries over the centuries, population estimates are difficult to measure precisely.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Korpela|first=Salla|date=September 2006|title=The Saami: An ancient population on the northern edge of Europe|url=http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25786|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210090300/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25786|archive-date=January 2014|access-date=4 January 2009|website=Virtual Finland}}</ref> The population has been estimated to be between 80,000 and 135,000<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook: Norway|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/|access-date=2013-06-22|website=[[CIA]]}}</ref><ref name="norway.org.uk">{{Cite web|last=Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development|title=The Sámi people|url=http://www.norway.org.uk/facts/sami/sami/sami.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524233923/http://www.norway.org.uk/facts/sami/sami/sami.htm|archive-date=24 May 2006|website=Norway.org}}</ref> across the whole Nordic region, including urban areas such as [[Oslo]], Norway, traditionally considered outside Sápmi. The Norwegian state recognizes any Norwegian as Sámi if he or she has one great-grandparent whose home language was Sámi, but there is not, and has never been, any registration of the home language spoken by Norwegian people.

Roughly half of all Sámi live in Norway, but many live in Sweden, with smaller groups living in the far north of Finland and the [[Kola Peninsula]] of Russia. The Sámi in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]]/Lujávri, in the central part of the Kola Peninsula.

===Language===
{{Main|Sámi languages}}
[[File:E.W. Borg alphabet 1859.jpg|left|thumb|E.W. Borg alphabet book, published in 1859 in Finnish-[[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi]]]]
There is no single Sámi language, but a group of ten distinct [[Sámi languages]]. Six of these languages have their own written standards. The Sámi languages are relatively closely related, but not mutually intelligible; for instance, speakers of Southern Sámi cannot understand Northern Sámi. Especially earlier, these distinct languages were referred to as "dialects", but today, this is considered misleading due to the deep differences between the varieties. Most Sámi languages are spoken in several countries, because linguistic borders do not correspond to national borders.

All Sámi languages are at some [[degree of endangerment]], ranging from what [[Unesco|UNESCO]] defines as "definitely endangered" to "extinct".<ref name="F. Moseley 2010">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |last=F. Moseley |first=Christopher |others= A large and geographically diverse group of regional editors and contributors, some of whom had already been involved in the previous two editions, worked with Christopher Moseley to provide and validate languages data and write essays.|year=2010 |publisher=UNESCO |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php}}</ref> This is due in part to historic laws prohibiting the use of Sámi languages in schools and at home in Sweden and Norway. Sámi languages, and Sámi song-chants, called joiks, were illegal in Norway from 1773 until 1958. Then, access to Sámi instruction as part of schooling was not available until 1988. Special residential schools that would assimilate the Sámi into the dominant culture were established. These were originally run by missionaries, but later, controlled by the government. For example, in Russia, Sámi children were taken away when aged 1–2 and returned when aged 15–17 with no knowledge of their language and traditional communities. Not all Sámi viewed the schools negatively, and not all of the schools were brutal. However, being taken from home and prohibited from speaking Sámi has resulted in cultural alienation, loss of language, and lowered self-esteem.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Survivance in Sami and First Nations Boarding School Narratives |last=Kuokkanen |first=Rauna |year=2003 |publisher=[[American Indian Quarterly]] |volume=27 |pages=697–726}}</ref>

The Sámi languages belong to the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family, linguistically related to [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. Due to prolonged contact and import of items foreign to Sámi culture from neighboring Scandinavians, there are a number of [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] loanwords in Sámi, particularly for "urban" objects. The majority of the Sámi now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e., Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. Efforts are being made to further the use of Sámi languages among Sámi and persons of Sámi origin. Despite these changes, the legacy of cultural repression still exists. Many older Sámi still refuse to speak Sámi. In addition, Sámi parents still feel alienated from schools and hence do not participate as much as they could in shaping school curricula and policy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Norway's Sami Language Act': Emancipatory Implications for the World's Aboriginal Peoples. |last=Corson |first=David |year=1995|publisher=Language in Society 24 |pages=493–513 }}</ref>

In Norway, the name of the language is ''samisk'', and the name of the people is ''Same''; in Finland, the name of the language is spelled ''saame'' and the name of the people ''saamelainen''.

American scientist [[Michael E. Krauss]] published in 1997 an estimate of Sámi population and their languages.<ref name="Krauss97">Krauss, M. E. 1997. The indigenous languages of the North: A report on their present state. In H. Shoji and J. Janhunen (eds.), ''Northern minority languages: Problems of survival'', pp. 1–34. Osaka and Fairbanks: National Museum of Ethnology and Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://camel.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1049/1/SES66_027.pdf |title=Language Proficiency and Ethnicity: The Sami Case by Håkan Rydving. In Senri Ethnological Studies (SES) No.66 Circumpolar Ethnicity and Identity. |date=February 20, 2004 |editor1-last=Irimoto |editor1-first=Takashi |editor2-last=Yamada |editor2-first=Takako}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign=top
!colspan="1"|Group
!data-sort-type="number"|Population
!colspan="1"|Language group
!colspan="1"|Language
!data-sort-type="number"|Speakers (1997)<ref name="Krauss97"/>
!data-sort-type="number"|%
!data-sort-type="number"|Speakers (2010)<ref name="F. Moseley 2010"/>
!Status<ref name="F. Moseley 2010"/>
!colspan="1"|Most important territory
!colspan="1"|Other traditional territories
|----

|[[Northern Sami people|Northern Sámi]]
|42 500
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Northern Sámi language]]
|21 700
|51%
|30,000
|definitely endangered
|[[Norway]]
|[[Sweden]], [[Finland]]
|----

|Lule Sámi
|8 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Lule Sámi language]]
|2 300
|29%
|650<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johansen|first=Kevin|date=6 December 2015|title=Fant hemmelighetene i lulesamenes språk|url=https://forskning.no/partner-sprak-nord-universitet/fant-hemmelighetene-i-lulesamenes-sprak/453480|website=forskning.no|language=no}}</ref>
|severely endangered
|[[Sweden]]
||[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Pite Sami people|Pite Sámi]]
|2 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Pite Sámi language]]
|60
|3%
|20
|critically endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Southern Sami people|Southern Sámi]]
|1 200
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Southern Sámi language]]
|600
|50%
|500
|severely endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Ume Sami people|Ume Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Ume Sámi language]]
|50
|5%
|20
|critically endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Skolts|Skolt Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Skolt Sámi language]]
|430
|43%
|300
|severely endangered
|[[Finland]]
|[[Russia]], [[Norway]]
|----

|[[Kildin Sami people|Kildin Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Kildin Sámi language]]
|650
|65%
|787
|severely endangered
|[[Russia]]
|
|----

|[[Inari Sami people|Inari Sámi]]
|900
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Inari Sámi language]]
|300
|33%
|400
|severely endangered
|[[Finland]]
|
|----

|[[Ter Sami people|Ter Sámi]]
|400
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Ter Sámi language]]
|8
|2%
|2
|critically endangered
|[[Russia]]
|
|----

|[[Akkala Sami people|Akkala Sámi]]
|100
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Akkala Sámi language]]
|7
|7%
|0
|extinct
|[[Russia]]
|
|----
|}

[[File:Corrected sami map 4.PNG|thumb|Geographic distribution of the Sámi languages: {{ordered list
|1=Southern Sámi
|2=Ume Sámi
|3=Pite Sámi
|4=Lule Sámi
|5=Northern Sámi
|6=Skolt Sámi
|7=Inari Sámi
|8=Kildin Sámi
|9=Ter Sámi
}} Darkened area represents municipalities that recognize Sámi as an official language.]]

[[Kemi Sámi language]] became extinct in the 19th century.

Many Sámi do not speak any of the Sámi languages any more due to historical assimilation policies, so the number of Sámi living in each area is much higher.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

[[Intelligence]] studies of Sámi have found them to score similarly to other Nordic populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=Elijah L.|last2=Woodley|first2=Michael A.|last3=Lynn|first3=Richard|date=2014-09-01|title=Cognitive abilities amongst the Sámi population|journal=Intelligence|volume=46|pages=35–39|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.009|issn=0160-2896}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Edward|date=2014-09-01|title=Cognitive abilities among the Sami: A comment|journal=Intelligence|volume=46|pages=188–191|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.06.004|issn=0160-2896}}</ref>

===Division by geography===
Sápmi is traditionally divided into:
* Eastern Sápmi (Inari, Skolt, Akkala, Kildin and Teri Sámi in Kola peninsula (Russia) and Inari (Finland, formerly also in eastern Norway)
* Northern Sápmi (Northern, Lule and Pite Sámi in most of northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland)
* Southern Sápmi (Ume and Southern Sámi in central parts of Sweden and Norway)

It should also be noted that many Sámi now live outside Sápmi, in large cities such as [[Oslo]] in Norway.

===Division by occupation===
A division often used in Northern Sámi is based on occupation and the area of living. This division is also used in many historical texts:<ref>{{cite web|last=Lehtola|first=Veli-Pekka|title=The Multi-Faceted Land of the Sámi|url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?sladja=25&vuolitsladja=11&giella1=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092405/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?sladja=25&vuolitsladja=11&giella1=eng|archive-date=2007-09-28|access-date=2013-06-22|website=Gáldu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* Reindeer Sámi or Mountain Sámi (in Northern Sámi boazosapmelash or badjeolmmosh). Previously nomadic Sámi living as reindeer herders. Now most have a permanent residence in the Sámi core areas. Some 10% of Sámi practice reindeer herding, which is seen as a fundamental part of a Sámi culture and, in some parts of the Nordic countries, can be practiced by Sámis only.
* Sea Sámi (in Northern Sámi" ''mearasapmelash''). These lived traditionally by combining fishing and small-scale farming. Today, often used for all Sámi from the coast regardless of their occupation.
* [[Skogssamer|Forest Sámi]] who traditionally lived by combining fishing in inland rivers and lakes with small-scale reindeer-herding.
* City Sámi who are now probably the largest group of Sámi.

===Division by country===
[[File:Sámi presentation in the cultural Centre in Lovozero, Kola Peninsula, Russia.jpg|thumb|right|Sámi traditional presentation in [[Lovozero]], [[Kola Peninsula]], Russia]]
According to the Norwegian Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population of Norway is 40,000. If all people who speak Sámi or have a parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent who speaks or spoke Sámi are included, the number reaches 70,000. As of 2005, 12,538 people were registered to vote in the election for the Sámi Parliament in Norway.{{citation needed|reason=Needs valid source|date=May 2015}} The bulk of the Sámi live in Finnmark and Northern [[Troms]], but there are also Sámi populations in Southern Troms, [[Nordland]] and [[Trøndelag]]. Due to recent migration, it has also been claimed that [[Oslo]] is the municipality with the largest Sámi population. The Sámi are in a majority only in the municipalities of [[Kautokeino|Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino]], [[Karasjok|Karasjohka-Karasjok]], [[Porsanger]], [[Tana, Norway|Deatnu-Tana]] and [[Nesseby|Unjargga-Nesseby]] in Finnmark, and [[Gáivuotna]] (Kåfjord) in Northern Troms. This area is also known as the Sámi core area. Sámi and Norwegian are equal as administrative languages in this area.

In Norway, Sweden and Finland Sámi are primarily Lutheran; Skolt Sámi of Finland and Sámi of Russia are primarily orthodox Christians.

According to the Swedish Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population of Sweden is about 20,000.

According to the Finnish Population Registry Center and the Finnish Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Saamelaisten lukumäärä vuoden 2003 Saamelaiskäräjävaaleissa|trans-title=Regional division of Sámi people in Finland by age in 2003|url=http://www.samediggi.fi/vanha/suomi/toimieli/vaali/lukumaara_vuoden_2003_vaaleissa.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220233/http://www.samediggi.fi/vanha/suomi/toimieli/vaali/lukumaara_vuoden_2003_vaaleissa.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2007|website=Sámediggi Sämitigge Sää'mte'ǧǧ Saamelaiskäräjät|language=fi}}</ref> As of 31 December 2006, only 1776 of them had registered to speak one of the Sámi languages as the mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2007|title=Suomen väestö 2006|trans-title=Finnish Population 2006|url=https://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tie_001.html|website=Tilastokeskus|language=fi}}</ref>

According to the 2002 census, the Sámi population of Russia was 1,991.

Since 1926, the number of identified Sámi in Russia has gradually increased:

*''Census 1926'': 1,720 (this number refers to the entire Soviet Union)
*''Census 1939'': 1,829
*''Census 1959'': 1,760
*''Census 1970'': 1,836
*''Census 1979'': 1,775
*''Census 1989'': 1,835
*''Census 2002'': 1,991

===Sámi diaspora outside of Sápmi===
[[File:RoundupNunivak1964FWS.jpg|thumb|Reindeer in [[Alaska]]]]
There are an estimated 30,000 people living in North America who are either Sámi, or descendants of Sámi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Báiki|url=http://www.baiki.org/content/about.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810025907/http://baiki.org/content/about.htm|archive-date=2015-08-10|access-date=22 February 2008|website=[[Báiki]]}}</ref> Most have settled in areas that are known to have Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish immigrants. Some of these concentrated areas are [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Iowa]], [[Wisconsin]], the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]], [[Illinois]], [[California]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Utah]] and Alaska; and throughout Canada, including [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]] and [[Northern Ontario]], and the Canadian territories of the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Yukon]] and [[Nunavut]].

Descendants of these Sámi immigrants typically know little of their heritage because their ancestors purposely hid their indigenous culture to avoid discrimination from the dominating Scandinavian or Nordic culture. Some of these Sámi are part of a diaspora that moved to North America in order to escape assimilation policies in their home countries. There were also several Sámi families that were brought to North America with herds of reindeer by the U.S. and Canadian governments as part of the "Reindeer Project" designed to teach the Inuit about reindeer herding.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Faith Fjeld|author2=Nathan Muus|title=Following the Reindeer: an Inuit-Sami Chronology in Alaska|journal=[[Báiki]]}}</ref> There is a long history of [[Sámi in Alaska]].

Some of these Sámi immigrants and descendants of immigrants are members of the [[Sami Siida of North America]].

==Organization==
Sápmi demonstrates a distinct semi-national identity that transcends the borders between Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. There is no movement for sovereign state, but they do seek greater autonomy in respective nation states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/sapmi | title=Sápmi | access-date=26 June 2019 | pages=1}}</ref>

===Sámi Parliaments===
{{Main|Sámi politics}}
[[File:3NorwSamiPresidents.jpg|thumb|[[Sven-Roald Nystø]], [[Aili Keskitalo]] and [[Ole Henrik Magga]], the three first presidents of the [[Sámi Parliament of Norway]].]]
The Sámi Parliaments (''Sámediggi'' in [[Northern Sámi]], ''Sämitigge'' in [[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi]], ''Sää'mte'ǧǧ'' in [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sámi]]) founded in Finland (1973), Norway (1989) and Sweden (1993) are the representative bodies for peoples of Sámi heritage. Russia has not recognized the Sámi as a minority and, as a result, recognizes no Sámi parliament, even if the Sámi people there have formed an unrecognised [[Sámi Parliament of Russia]]. There is no single, unified Sámi parliament that spans across the Nordic countries. Rather, each of the aforementioned three countries has set up its own separate legislatures for Sámi people, even though the three Sámi Parliaments often work together on cross-border issues. In all three countries, they act as an institution of cultural autonomy for the indigenous Sámi people. The parliaments have very weak political influence, far from autonomy. They are formally public authorities, ruled by the Scandinavian governments, but have democratically elected parliamentarians, whose mission is to work for the Sámi people and culture. Candidates' election promises often get into conflict with the institutions' submission under their governments, but as authorities, they have some influence over the government.

===Norwegian organizations===
The main organisations for Sámi representation in Norway are the ''siidas''. They cover northern and central Norway.

===Swedish organizations===
The main organisations for Sámi representation in Sweden are the ''siidas''. They cover northern and central Sweden.

===Finnish organizations===
In contrast to Norway and Sweden, in Finland, a ''siida'' (''paliskunta'' in Finnish) is a reindeer-herding corporation that is not restricted by ethnicity. There are indeed some ethnic Finns who practice reindeer herding, and in principle, all residents of the reindeer herding area (most of Finnish Lapland and parts of Oulu province) who are citizens of [[European Economic Area|EEA]] countries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1990/19900848 |title=FINLEX ® – Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: 14.9.1990/848 |publisher=Finlex.fi |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> i.e., the [[European Union]] and Norway, [[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]], are allowed to join a ''paliskunta''.

===Russian organizations===
In 2010, the Sámi Council supported the establishment of a cultural center in Russia for Arctic peoples. The Center for Northern Peoples aims to promote artistic and cultural cooperation between the Arctic peoples of Russia and the Nordic countries, with particular focus on indigenous peoples and minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senterfornordligefolk.no/frontpage.146031.en.html|title=Frontpage – Senter for Nordlige Folk AS|publisher = senterfornordligefolk.no}}</ref>

===Border conflicts===
[[File:Glen1 Sweden.jpg|thumb|Land rights for grazing [[reindeer]]]]
Sápmi, the Sámi traditional lands, cross four national borders. Traditional summer and winter pastures sometimes lie on different sides of the borders of the nation-states. In addition to that, there is a border drawn for modern-day [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]]. Some state that the rights (for reindeer herding and, in some parts, even for fishing and hunting) include not only modern Sápmi but areas that are beyond today's Sápmi that reflect older territories. Today's "borders" originate from the 14th to 16th centuries when land-owning conflicts occurred. The establishment of more stable dwelling places and larger towns originates from the 16th century and was performed for strategic defence and economic reasons, both by peoples from Sámi groups themselves and more southern immigrants.

Owning land within the borders or being a member of a ''[[siida]]'' (Sámi corporation) gives rights. A different law enacted in Sweden in the mid-1990s gave the right to anyone to fish and hunt in the region, something that was met with skepticism and anger amongst the ''siidas''.

Court proceedings have been common throughout history, and the aim from the Sámi viewpoint is to reclaim territories used earlier in history. Due to a major defeat in 1996, one ''siida'' has introduced a sponsorship "Reindeer Godfather" concept to raise funds for further battles in courts. These "internal conflicts" are usually conflicts between non-Sámi land owners and reindeer owners. Cases question the Sámi ancient rights to reindeer pastures. In 2010, Sweden was criticized for its relations with the Sámi in the Universal Periodic Review conducted by the Working Group of the Human Rights Council.<ref name="lib.ohchr.org">{{cite report |title=Draft report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review |date=May 14, 2010 |publisher=[[Universal Periodic Review|The Working Group on the UPR]] |location=Geneva |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session8/SE/A_HRC_WG.6_8_L.10_Sweden.pdf}}</ref>

The question whether the [[fjeld]]'s territory is owned by the governments (crown land) or by the Sámi population is not answered.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arctic-sami-idUSL0320809920070108|title=Sweden's Sami struggle over land rights|date=2007-01-08|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-23|language=en}}</ref>

From an indigenous perspective, people "belong to the land", the land does not belong to people, but this does not mean that hunters, herders, and fishing people do not know where the borders of their territories are located as well as those of their neighbors.<ref name="Osherenko"/>

==Sámi identity symbols==
Although the Sámi have considered themselves to be one people throughout history,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirchner|first=Stefan|date=2020|chapter=Cross-Border Forms of Animal Use by Indigenous Peoples|editor-last=Peters|editor-first=Anne|title=Studies in Global Animal Law|series=Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht|volume=290|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin & Heidelberg, Germany|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-60756-5_6|pages=57–69|isbn=978-3-662-60755-8|s2cid=242333230}}</ref> the idea of Sápmi, a Sámi [[nation]], first gained acceptance among the Sámi in the 1970s, and even later among the majority population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Rise of Indigenous (Pluri-)Nationalism: The Case of the Sámi People|last=Oksanen|first=Aslak-Antti|date=2020|journal=Sociology|volume=54|issue=6|pages=1141–1158|doi=10.1177/0038038520943105|s2cid=229320356|doi-access=free}}</ref> During the 1980s and 1990s, a Sámi flag was created, a Sámi anthem was written, and the date of a national day was established.

===The Sámi Flag===
{{Main|Sámi flag}}
[[File:Sami flag.svg|thumb|Sámi flag]]
The Sámi flag was inaugurated during the Sámi Conference in [[Åre]], Sweden, on 15 August 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saamen lipun liputuspäivät|url=https://www.samediggi.fi/saamelaiset-info/saamen-lipun-liputuspaivat/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Samediggi|language=fi}}</ref> It was the result of a competition for which many suggestions were entered. The winning design was submitted by the artist [[Astrid Båhl]] from [[Skibotn]], Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyvää saamen lipun päivää! Tiedätkö mitä värikäs lippu kuvastaa?|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9775918|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}</ref>

The motif (shown right) was derived from the shaman's drum and the poem "Päiven Pārne'" ("Sons of the Sun") by the South Sámi [[Anders Fjellner]] describing the Sámi as sons and daughters of the sun. The flag has the Sámi colours, red, green, yellow and blue, and the circle represents the sun (red) and the moon (blue).

===The Sámi People's Day===
{{Main|Sámi National Day}}
The Sámi National Day falls on February 6 as this date was when the [[Sámi Assembly of 1917|first Sámi congress]] was held in 1917 in [[Trondheim]], Norway. This congress was the first time that Norwegian and Swedish Sámi came together across their national borders to work together to find solutions for common problems. The resolution for celebrating on 6 February was passed in 1992 at the 15th Sámi congress in Helsinki. Since 1993, Norway, Sweden and Finland have recognized February 6 as Sámi National Day.

==="Song of the Sámi People"===
{{Main|Sámi soga lávlla}}
"{{lang|se|Sámi soga lávlla|italics=no}}" ("Song of the Sámi People", lit. "Song of the Sámi Family") was originally a poem written by [[Isak Saba]] that was published in the newspaper ''[[Saǥai Muittalægje]]'' for the first time on 1 April 1906. In August 1986, it became the Sámi anthem. Arne Sørli set the poem to music, which was then approved at the 15th Sámi Conference in [[Helsinki]] in 1992. "{{lang|se|Sámi soga lávlla|italics=no}}" has been translated into all of the [[Sámi languages]].

==Religion==
{{Main|Sámi religion}}
[[File:Shaman.jpg|thumb|Copper etching (1767) by O.H. von Lode showing a [[noaidi]] with his meavrresgárri [[drum]]]]
Many Sámi people continued to practice their religion up until the 18th century. Most Sámi today belong to the state-run [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Some Sámi in Russia belong to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], and similarly, some Skolt Sámi resettled in Finland are also part of an [[Eastern Orthodox]] congregation, with an additional small population in Norway.

===Indigenous Sámi religion===
Indigenous<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sami {{!}} People, History, & Lifestyle {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sami|access-date=2022-01-04|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Sámi religion was a type of [[polytheism]]. (See [[Sami shamanism#List of deities|Sámi deities]].) There was some diversity due to the wide area that is [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]], allowing for the evolution of variations in beliefs and practices between tribes. The old beliefs are closely connected to the land, [[animism]], and the [[supernatural]]. [[Sámi shamanism|Sámi spirituality]] is often characterized by [[pantheism]], a strong emphasis on the importance of personal spirituality and its interconnectivity with one's own daily life, and a deep connection between the natural and spiritual "worlds".<ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Shamanism |last=DuBois |first=Thomas |date=June 2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-69536-7}}</ref> Among other roles, the [[Sámi shamanism|Sámi shaman]], or [[noaidi]], enabled ritual communication with the supernatural<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kasten|first=Erich|date=1989|editor-last=Hoppál|editor-first=M.|editor2-last=von Sadovszky|editor2-first=O.J.|title=Sami Shamanism from a Diachronic Point of View|url=https://dh-north.org/siberian_studies/publications/kasten1989.pdf|journal=Shamanism: Past and Present|pages=115–124}}</ref> through the use of tools such as drums, chants, sacred objects and [[Amanita muscaria|fly agaric]].<ref name="Gusto">{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/diehtu/giella/music/noaidi.htm |title=Sámi Drums – Then and Now |last=Gusto |first=Ken Emerson Jr. |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2009|title=Magic mushrooms & Reindeer – Weird Nature – BBC animals|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkCS9ePWuLU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/MkCS9ePWuLU| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-23|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=BBC Studios}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some practices within the Old Sámi religion included natural sacred sites such as mountains, springs, land formations, as well as man-made ones such as [[petroglyph]]s and [[labyrinth]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sami potatoes: living with reindeer and perestroika |author1=Michael Robinson|author2= Karim-Aly S. Kassam |year=1998 |publisher=Bayeux Arts |page=73 | isbn=978-1-896209-21-0}}</ref>

The Sámi cosmology divides the universe into three worlds. The upper world is related to the South, warmth, life, and the color white. It is also the dwelling of the gods. The middle world is like the Norse [[Midgard]], it is the dwelling of humans and it is associated with the color red. The third world is the underworld and it is associated with the color black, it represents the north, the cold and it is inhabited by otters, loons, and seals and mythical animals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TavAI27rL04C&q=the+three+worlds+of+the+sami+people&pg=PA45|title=Finland in Pictures|last=DiPiazza|first=Francesca Davis|date=2010-07-01|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9780761363804|language=en}}</ref>

Sámi religion shared some elements with [[Norse mythology]], possibly from early contacts with trading Vikings (or vice versa). They were the last worshippers of Thor, as late as the 18th century according to contemporary ethnographers. Through a mainly French initiative from [[Joseph Paul Gaimard]] as part of his [[La Recherche Expedition (1838–1840)|La Recherche Expedition]], [[Lars Levi Læstadius]] began research on Sámi mythology. His work resulted in ''[[Fragments of Lappish Mythology]]'', since by his own admission, they contained only a small percentage of what had existed. The fragments were termed ''Theory of Gods'', ''Theory of Sacrifice'', ''Theory of Prophecy, or short reports about rumorous Sami magic'' and ''Sami sagas''. Generally, he claims to have filtered out the Norse influence and derived common elements between the South, North, and Eastern Sámi groups.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} The mythology has common elements with other indigenous religions as well—such as those of indigenous peoples in [[Siberia]] and North America.

===Christian mission===
{{Main|Christianization of the Sámi people}}
[[File:Tore Johnsen, samiske kirkedager.JPG|thumb|A sermon at the 2004 ''Samiske kirkedager'']]
The term ''Sámi religion'' usually refers to the traditional religion, practiced by most Sámi until approximately the 18th century. [[Christianity]] was introduced by [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] missionaries as early as the 13th century. Increased pressure came after the [[Protestant Reformation]], and [[rune drum]]s were burned or sent to museums abroad. In this period, many Sámi practiced their traditional religion at home, while going to church on Sunday. Since the Sámi were considered to possess "witchcraft" powers, they were often accused of sorcery during the 17th century and were the subjects of witchcraft trials and burnings.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Witches of the high north: The Finnmark witchcraft trials in the seventeenth century |journal=Scandinavian Journal of History |volume=22 |issue=3 |last=Willumsen |first=L.H. |year=1997 |pages=199–221|doi=10.1080/03468759708579352 }}</ref>

In Norway, a major effort to convert the Sámi was made around 1720, when [[Thomas von Westen]], the "Apostle of the Sámi", burned drums, burned sacred objects, and converted people.<ref name="Holloway">{{cite web|title=The Decline of the Sámi People's Indigenous Religion |last= Holloway|first= Alan "Ivvár"|publisher= TexasU|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/diehtu/siida/christian/decline.htm}}</ref> Out of the estimated thousands of drums before this period, only about 70 are known to remain today, scattered in museums around Europe.<ref name="Gusto"/> Sacred sites were destroyed, such as sieidi (stones in natural or human-built formations), álda and sáivu (sacred hills), springs, caves and other natural formations where offerings were made.

In the far east of the Sámi area, the Russian monk Trifon converted the Sámi in the 16th century. Today, St. George's chapel in [[Neiden, Finnmark|Neiden]], Norway (1565), testifies to this effort.

===Laestadius===
{{Main|Lars Levi Laestadius|Laestadianism}}
[[File:Rune drum Sápmi MEK.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Noaidi]] drum]]
Around 1840 Swedish Sámi [[Church of Sweden|Lutheran]] pastor and administrator [[Lars Levi Laestadius]] initiated among the Sámi a puritanical [[pietism|pietist]] movement emphasizing [[Abstinence#Alcohol|complete abstinence from alcohol]]. This movement is still very dominant in Sámi-speaking areas. Laestadius spoke many languages, and he became fluent and preached in Finnish and [[Northern Sámi language|Northern Sámi]] in addition to his native [[Southern Sámi language|Southern Sámi]] and Swedish,<ref name="Trans. Börje Vähämäki 2002 p.24">[[Laestadius|L. Laestadius]], '' [[Fragments of Lappish Mythology]] '', Trans. Börje Vähämäki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p.24 (introduction by Juha Pentikäinen).</ref> the language he used for scholarly publications.<ref name="Holloway"/>

Two great challenges Laestadius had faced since his early days as a church minister were the indifference of his Sámi parishioners, who had been forced by the [[Government of Sweden|Swedish government]] to convert from their [[Sami shamanism|shamanistic]] religion to Lutheranism, and the misery caused them by alcoholism. The spiritual understanding Laestadius acquired and shared in his new sermons "filled with vivid metaphors from the lives of the Sámi that they could understand, ... about a God who cared about the lives of the people" had a profound positive effect on both problems. One account from a Sámi cultural perspective recalls a new desire among the Sámi to learn to read and a "bustle and energy in the church, with people confessing their sins, crying and praying for forgiveness ... [Alcohol abuse] and the theft of [the Sámis'] reindeer diminished, which had a positive influence on the Sámi's relationships, finances and family life."<ref name="Sapmi - Religion - Laestadianism - Nils Gustav Labba, Editor">{{cite web|date=August 6, 2006|title=Lars Levi Laestadius and the Sami|url=http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1208|url-status=dead|access-date=July 7, 2013|archive-date=June 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623091746/http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1208}}</ref>

===Neo-shamanism and traditional healing===
Today there are a number of Sámi who seek to return to the traditional [[Paganism|Pagan]] values of their ancestors. There are also some Sámi who claim to be ''noaidi'' and offer their services through newspaper advertisements, in [[New Age]] arrangements, or for tourist groups. While they practice a religion based on that of their ancestors, widespread anti-pagan [[discrimination against Neopagans|prejudice]] has caused these shamans to be generally not viewed as part of an unbroken Sámi religious tradition.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} Traditional Sámi beliefs are composed of three intertwining elements: animism, shamanism, and polytheism. Sámi animism is manifested in the Sámi's belief that all significant natural objects (such as animals, plants, rocks, etc.) possess a soul; and from a polytheistic perspective, traditional Sámi beliefs include a multitude of spirits.<ref name="Holloway"/> Many contemporary practitioners are compared to practitioners of [[neo-paganism]], as a number of neopagan religions likewise combine elements of ancient pagan religions with more recent revisions or innovations, but others feel they are attempting to revive or reconstruct indigenous Sámi religions as found in historic, folkloric sources and oral traditions.

In 2012, County Governor of Troms approved Shamanic Association of Tromsø as a new religion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shamanism Approved as a Religion in Norway|work=The Nordic Page|url=https://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/2792-shamanism-approved-as-a-religion-in-norway}}</ref>

A very different religious idea is represented by the numerous "wise men" and "wise women" found throughout the Sámi area. They often offer to heal the sick through rituals and traditional medicines and may also combine traditional elements, such as older Sámi teachings, with newer monotheistic inventions that Christian missionaries taught their ancestors, such as readings from the Bible.

==Genetic studies==
{{Main|Genetic studies on Sami}}
[[File:Lapland Mother NGM-v31-p556.jpg|thumb|left|Sámi mother with her children]]
[[Anthropologist]]s have been studying the Sámi people for hundreds of years for their assumed physical and cultural differences from the rest of the Europeans. Recent [[genetics|genetic studies]] have indicated that the two most frequent [[Mitochondrial DNA|maternal lineage]]s of the Sámi people are the haplogroups [[haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]] (neolithic in Europe and not found in Finland 1500 years ago<ref>{{cite journal|date=27 November 2018|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe: Table 1 Sample information|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/tables/1|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=9|via=www.nature.com}}</ref>) and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U5b]] (ancient in Europe). "The Y-chromosomal variety in the Saami is also consistent with their European ancestry. It suggests that the large genetic separation of the Saami from other Europeans is best explained by assuming that the Saami are descendants of a narrow, distinctive subset of Europeans."<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Kristiina Tambets, Siiri Rootsi, Toomas Kivisild, Hela Help, Piia Serk| title=The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes| journal=American Journal of Human Genetics| volume= 74 | issue = 4| pages=661–682 | doi=10.1086/383203|display-authors=etal | pmc=1181943 | pmid=15024688| year=2004}}</ref> Y-chromosome haplogroup N-VL29 makes up 20%, came from Siberia 3500 years ago or more likely much later. Y-chromosome N-Z1936 makes up 20%, likely came from Siberia with Sámi language later. This tallies with archeological evidence suggesting that several different cultural groups made their way to the core area of Sámi from 8000 to 6000 BC,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ennen, muinoin|publisher=[[Finnish Literature Society|SKS]]|year=2002|location=Helsinki|language=fi|chapter=Esihistorian vuosiluvut, ajoitukset ja kronologia, Carpelan}}</ref> presumably including some of the ancestors of present-day Sámi. The "[[Nganasan people|Nganassan]]" autosomic component now makes up more than 25% in the Sámi, but was 50% in the 3500-year old Kola population.<ref>{{cite journal|date=27 November 2018|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe: Fig. 4|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/figures/4|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=9|via=www.nature.com}}</ref> The Mesolithic "[[Western European Hunter-Gatherer]]" (WHG) component is close to 15%, while that of the Neolithic "European early farmer" (LBK) is 10%. 50% is the Bronze Age "[[Yamna culture|Yamna]]" component, the earliest trace of which is observed in the [[Pit–Comb Ware culture]] in [[Estonia]], but in a 2.5-fold lower percentage.

The Sámi have been found to be genetically unrelated to people of the [[Pitted Ware culture]].{{Efn|"Population continuity between the PWC and modern Saami can be rejected under all assumed ancestral population size combinations."{{sfn|Malmström|2009}} }} The Pitted Ware culture are in turn genetically continuous with the original [[Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer]]s.{{Efn|"Our data support that the Neolithic PWC foragers are largely genetically continuous to SHG."{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}} }}

===History of scientific research carried out on the Sámi===
[[File:Friedländer.plakat.7.jpg|thumb|upright|Ad for an 1893/1894 ethnological exposition of Sámi in [[Hamburg]]-Saint Paul]]
The genetic makeup of Sámi people has been extensively studied for as long as such research has been in existence. Ethnographic photography of the Sámi began with the invention of the camera in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Individual and type: Early ethnographic photography |last=Larsen |first=Peter |publisher=University of Bergen |location=Norway |page= 54 }}</ref> This continued on into the 1920s and 1930s, when Sámi were photographed naked and anatomically measured by scientists, with the help of the local police—sometimes at gunpoint—to collect data that would justify their own racial theories.<ref name="GiveUs">{{Cite documentary|title=[[Give Us Our Skeletons]]|last=Simma|first=Paul-Anders|language=en|year=2000}}</ref> Thus, there is a degree of distrust by some in the Sámi community towards genetic research.<ref name="GiveUs" />

Examples of discriminatory actions include the [[Statens institut för rasbiologi|Statens Institut for Rasbiologi]] compulsory sterilization project on the basis of race, which continued until 1975,<ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Mahony|first=Paul|date=January 9, 2007|title=Sweden's 'dark legacy' draws crowds to museum|work=The Local|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20070109/6041/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lennerhed|first=Lena|date=1997-01-01|title=Sterilisation on eugenic grounds in Europe in the 1930s: news in 1997 but why?|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(97)90098-7|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|volume=5|issue=10|pages=156–161|doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(97)90098-7|issn=0968-8080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 23, 2011|title=Sweden admits to racial purification|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/sweden-admits-racial-purification-1247261.html}}</ref> and Sámi graves being plundered to provide research materials,<ref>{{Cite news|title=University in quest to return Sami bones |last=Savage |first=James |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=The Local: Sweden's News in English |url=http://www.thelocal.se/26954/20100531/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818181436/https://www.thelocal.se/26954/20100531/ |archive-date=18 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sami jaw bones found in display case |date=22 February 2007 |work=The Local: Sweden's News in English |url=http://www.thelocal.se/6487/20070222/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427073507/http://www.thelocal.se/6487/20070222/ |archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=Norway returns skulls of Lappish dead |date=December 15, 1997 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/39626.stm}}</ref> of which their remains and artifacts from this period from across Sápmi can still be found in various state collections.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|title= Discrimination of the Sami – the rights of the Sami from a discrimination perspective |year=2008 |isbn=978-91-973654-4-4 |last1=Pikkarainen |first1=Heidi }}</ref><ref name="BBC News"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Skeletal Remains of Norwegian Saami |last=Sellevold |first=Berit |year=2002 |publisher= Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Samis Want Bones Returned from Swedish Museums |last=Savage |first=James |date=20 March 2009 |publisher=Radio Sweden |url=http://mobil.sr.se/site/index.aspx?artikel=2713215&unitid=2054&offset=0 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the late 19th century, colonial fascination with Arctic peoples led to human beings exhibited in [[human zoos]]. Sámi people were exhibited with their traditional [[lavvu]] tents, weapons, and sleds, beside a group of reindeer at [[Tierpark Hagenbeck]]<ref>{{Cite book|title= Human Zoos |author1=Nicolas Bancel |author2=Pascal Blanchard |author3= Sandrine Lemaire|year=2000 |publisher=Le Monde diplomatique }}</ref> and other zoos across the globe.

==Notable people of Sámi descent==

===Science===

* [[Ante Aikio]] (born 1977), in [[Northern Sámi]] ''Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte'', Finnish-Sámi linguist specializing in [[Uralic languages]], [[historical linguistics]], Sámi languages and Sámi prehistory at the [[Sámi University of Applied Sciences]] in [[Kautokeino (village)|Kautokeino]], Norway.
* {{ill|Louise Bäckman|no}} (1926–present) Born in Tärnaby, Ume sami speaker. Professor emeritus. She has carried out several studies that have given insights into the pre-Christian religion and has made important contributions in several other related fields.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

* [[Israel Ruong]] (1903–1986) Born in Arjeplog. A Swedish-Sámi linguist, politician and professor of Sámi languages and culture at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. Israel Ruong spoke Pite Sámi as his mother tongue.
* [[Ande Somby]] (1958–present) Born in Buolbmat. A University Researcher, artist, cofounder of DAT.

===Explorers and adventurers===

* [[Samuel Balto]] (1861–1921), Arctic explorer—one of the first people to cross Greenland on skis (together with Nansen)—and gold miner. The very famous dog [[Balto]] was named after Samuel Balto.
* [[Lars Monsen]] (1963–present) adventurer, explorer, journalist and author.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629102620/http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sami_radio/1.3583287 NRK.no] {{in lang|no}} Retrieved from Internet Archive January 12, 2014.</ref>

===Literature===
[[File:Nils-Aslak-Valkeapaa.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]], a Sámi writer, musician and artist from Finland]]

* [[Ella Holm Bull]] (1929–2006), author, musician, schoolteacher.
* [[Anders Fjellner]] (1795–1876), [[Protestant]] priest and poet. Wrote down the mythological [[joik]] that inspired the Sámi flag.
* [[Ailo Gaup (author)|Ailo Gaup]] (1944–2014), an author and neo-[[shaman]] who participated in founding the [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre]].

* [[Isak Saba|Isak Mikal Saba]] (1875–1925), politician and writer. Was the first Sámi parliamentarian (Norwegian Labour Party) and wrote the Sámi national anthem.
* [[Olaus Sirma]] (1655–1719), the first Sámi poet known by name.
* [[Johan Turi]] (1854–1936), wrote first secular book in Sámi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Svonni |first1=Mikael |title=Johan Turi: First Author of the Sámi |journal=Scandinavian Studies |date=2011 |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=483–490 |jstor=23343096 |doi=10.1353/scd.2011.0018 |s2cid=161737016 }}</ref>
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Music===
[[File:Agnete Johnsen, ESC2016 01.jpg|thumb|[[Agnete Johnsen]]]]

* [[Øystein Aarseth]], [[black metal]] musician.
* [[Adjagas]], musical group.
* [[The Blacksheeps]], [[punk rock]] band.
* [[Mari Boine]] (1956–present), musician.
* [[Ane Brun]], singer and songwriter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pluss.vg.no/2013/09/07/1352/1gL31kP |title=Vender hjem til røttene – VG |publisher=Pluss.vg.no |access-date=2013-11-15 |language=no }}</ref>
* [[Fred Buljo]] (1988–present), rapper, singer, joik. Member of [[KEiiNO]] and Duolva Duottar.
* [[Frode Fjellheim]], [[joik]] musician.
* [[Ingor Ánte Áilo Gaup]] (1960–present), actor, composer, and folk musician.
* [[Jonne Järvelä]] (1974–present), musician and songwriter.
* [[Sofia Jannok]] (1982–present), performer, musician and radio host.
* [[Agnete Johnsen]] (1994–present), singer and songwriter.
* [[Inga Juuso]] (1945–2014), singer and actress.
* [[Gustav Kappfjell]] (1913–1999), Sámi joiker and artist. Also noted for being part of the resistance movement during WW2.
* [[Joni Mitchell]] (1943–present), musician and painter.<ref name="nrk.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/troms_og_finnmark/1.4610180 |title=Joni Mitchell er same – Troms og Finnmark – NRK Nyheter |publisher=Nrk.no |date=2008-01-23 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref><ref name="Aikins 2005">{{cite magazine|url=http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=1317|title=Heart of a Prairie Girl|last=Aikins|first=Mary|date=July 2005|magazine=Reader's Digest|access-date=2008-05-19}}</ref>
* [[Amoc (rapper)|Mikkâl Morottaja]] (1984–present), rap musician.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210091112/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=55407 Virtual Finland: Amoc is rapping the Sámi language onto the map] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>

* [[Jaco Pastorius]] (1951–1987), influential American jazz musician, composer and electric bass player.
* [[John Persen]] (1941–2014), composer.
* [[Ulla Pirttijärvi]] (1971–present), [[joik]] singer.
* [[Roger Pontare]] (1951–present), musician.
* [[Wimme Saari]] (1959–present), musician.
* [[Ánde Somby]], Sámi musician and law professor.
* [[Lisa Cecilia Thomasson-Bosiö]], or Lapp-Lisa (1878–1932), singer.
* [[Vajas]], musical group.
* [[Niko Valkeapää]] (1968–present), musician and songwriter.
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Film and theatre===
{{See also|Beaivváš Sámi Theatre}}
[[File:NilsGaup.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nils Gaup]], a Sámi film director from Norway]]

* [[Mikkel Gaup]], actor.
* [[Nils Gaup]] (1955–present), film director. Well-known films include ''[[Ofelaš]]'' (''Pathfinder''), which was nominated for an Academy Award, and the 2008 film ''[[Kautokeino-opprøret (2008)|Kautokeino-Opprøret]]'', based on the [[Sami revolt in Guovdageaidnu|Kautokeino Rebellion]].
* [[Jalmari Helander]] (1976), Finnish screenwriter and film director.
* [[Lance Henriksen]] (1940), actor of Norwegian parentage; his grandmother was Sámi.
* [[Anni-Kristiina Juuso]] (1979–present), actress.
* [[Sara Margrethe Oskal]] (born 1970), actress, film director
* [[Lene Cecilia Sparrok]] (1997), Norwegian actress of Sámi descent.
* [[Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers]], Canadian filmmaker, Indigenous rights activist, and actress of Sámi and [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]] heritage, on her father's and mother's sides, respectively.<ref name="ReferenceB">Tailfeathers, Elle Máijá. "Biography & Filmography". Elle Máijá Tailfeathers.</ref> Works in multiple genres including experimental, documentary, drama, and action.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
* [[Onni Tommila]] (1999), Finnish actor.
* [[Tommy Wirkola]] (1979), Norwegian filmmaker of Finnish Sámi descent.
* [[Renée Zellweger]] (1969), Oscar-winning actress whose Norwegian mother is of partial Sámi descent.

===Politics and society===


* [[Lars Levi Laestadius]] (1800–61), religious reformer, botanist and ethnologist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkivverket.no/kautokeino-opproret/no/laestadianisme.html |title=Kautokeino-opprøret 1852: Læstadianisme |publisher=Arkivverket.no |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* [[Ole Henrik Magga]] (1947–present), politician. The first President of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament (NSR) and first Chairman of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
* [[Helga Pedersen (Norway)|Helga Pedersen]] (1973–present) politician. The first Sámi member of Government (Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, Norwegian Labour Party).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316194922/http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sami_radio/1.2281616 Ikke halvt, men helt samisk – NRK Sámi Radio – NRK] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* [[Elsa Laula Renberg]] (1877–1931), politician and activist. Organized the first international Sámi conference and wrote a rhetorically powerful pamphlet of resistance to colonization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buhre|first1=Frida|last2=Bjork|first2=Collin|date=2021-05-27|title=Braiding Time: Sami Temporalities for Indigenous Justice|journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly|volume=51|issue=3|pages=227–236|doi=10.1080/02773945.2021.1918515|issn=0277-3945|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Isak Saba|Isak Mikal Saba]] (1875–1925), politician and writer. Was the first Sámi parliamentarian (Norwegian Labour Party) and wrote the Sámi national anthem.
* [[Janne Seurujärvi]] (1975–present), politician. The first Sámi member of [[Parliament of Finland]].
* [[Irja Seurujärvi-Kari]] (born 1947), politician and academic; member of the Finnish Sámi Parliament.
* [[Laila Susanne Vars]] (1976–present), former Vice-President of the Sámi Parliament in Norway, first Sámi woman with a PhD in law, member of the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP), rector of the Sámi University of Applied Sciences.

===Visual arts===


* [[Simen Johan]] (1973–present), Visual Artist. Born in [[Kirkenes]], [[Norway]], lives and works in [[New York City]]
* {{Ill|Hans Ragnar Mathisen|no}}, artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut000630/nvt20630_17.html |title=Nunatsiaq News |publisher=Nunatsiaq.com |date=2000-06-30 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* [[Joni Mitchell]] (1943–present) musician and painter. Unconfirmed.<ref name="nrk.no"/><ref name="Aikins 2005"/>
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Sports===
{{See also|Sápmi national football team}}
[[File:Anja Pärson Semmering 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Anja Pärson]] a Sámi skier from Sweden]]
[[File:Bsalming.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Börje Salming]], a retired ice hockey defenceman.]]

* [[Ailo Gaup (motocross rider)|Ailo Gaup]] (1980–present), a motorcross sportsman who invented the "underflip".
* [[John Halvorsen]], athletics.
* [[Leo Komarov]] (1987–present), [[Finnish people|Finnish]] [[ice hockey]] player for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]. Born in [[Estonia]] and raised in [[Finland]] and is of [[Russians|Russian]]-Sámi parentage.
* [[Anja Pärson]] (1981–present) and [[Jens Byggmark]] (1985–present), alpine skiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samer.se/2063 |title=VM med samer i centrum |publisher=www.samer.se |date=2007-02-26 |access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref>
* [[Morten Gamst Pedersen]] (1981–present), [[Association football|Soccer]] player (former player for [[Blackburn Rovers FC|Blackburn Rovers]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090529040923/http://www.radiotromso.no/les/6120.html Vil ha Lene Marlin som samisk rollemodell – Radio Tromsø] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* [[Jon Rønningen]], wrestler. Olympic gold medalist.
* [[Lars Rønningen]], wrestler.
* [[Börje Salming]] (1951–present), legendary [[NHL]] defenseman, member of [[Hockey Hall of Fame]], voted to the [[IIHF]] all-century team.

===Other===

* {{ill|Graan|sv}}, the single noble family of Sámi descent ([[Swedish nobility]]).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* {{ill|Svein-Eirik Utsi|no}} Famous criminal.

==See also==
* [[Environmental racism in Europe]]
* [[Hamburg culture]]
* [[List of indigenous peoples]]
* [[Reindeer in Russia]]
*''[[Sampo Lappelill]]''

===Sámi culture===
* [[Fourth World]]
* [[Inari (village)|Inari]]
* [[Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]
* [[Knud Leem]]
* [[Sami cuisine]]
* Sápmi Park – Located Karasjok, Norway, Sápmi Park<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nordnorgesguiden.no/Finnmark/karasjok/sapmipark.htm|title= Sapmi Park |work=NordnorgesGuiden|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225143645/http://www.nordnorgesguiden.no/Finnmark/karasjok/sapmipark.htm|archive-date=25 February 2017 }}</ref> and visitor center presents the Sámi culture and its history through exhibits and a special effect theater presentation, entitled "The Magic Theater"<ref name="Sapmi Magic Theater">{{cite web|title=Sapmi-Magic Theater |url=http://brcweb.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Sapmi-Magic-Theater.pdf |publisher=BRC Imagination Arts}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> designed originally by award-winning experience designer [[Bob Rogers (designer)]] and the design team BRC Imagination Arts.<ref name="Sapmi Magic Theater" />
* [[Ume Sámi language]]

===Sámi films===
* ''[[The White Reindeer]]'' (''Valkoinen peura'') (1952), a Finnish horror drama film set in [[Lapland (Finland)|Finnish Lapland]], among the Sámi people.
* ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' (''Ofelaš'') (1988), film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film; filmed in Norway featuring Sámi actors speaking in Sámi
* ''[[Give Us Our Skeletons]]'', a 1999 documentary about the scientific racism and racial classification movement carried out on the Sámi
* ''[[The Cuckoo (film)|The Cuckoo]]'' (''Kukushka'') (2002), film set during World War II with a Sámi woman as one of the main characters
* ''[[Last Yoik in Saami Forests?]]'' (2007), made for the United Nations, a documentary about land rights disputes in Finnish Lapland{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''The Sami'' (''Saamelainen'') (2007), a Mushkeg Media documentary about the state of aboriginal languages{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Wolf (2008 film)|Wolf]]'' (2008), an examination of how the traditions of the Sámi villagers in northern Sweden are confronted with modern-day society{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Herdswoman (film)|Herdswoman]]'' (2008), a documentary about land rights disputes in reindeer grazing areas{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[The Kautokeino Rebellion]]'' (2008), feature film that concerns the ethnic-religious Sámi revolt in Guovdageaidnu of 1852
* ''Magic Mushrooms and Reindeer: Weird Nature'' (2009), short video on the use of ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' mushrooms by the Sámi people and their [[reindeer]], produced by the [[BBC]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html |title=Drugs Magic Mushrooms & Reindeer |publisher=Forbiddenknowledgetv.com |access-date=2012-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102165749/http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html |archive-date=2013-01-02 }}</ref>
* ''Suddenly Sami'' (2009), in which the filmmaker finds out that her mother has been hiding her Arctic indigenous Sámi heritage from her{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''Midnight Sun'' (2016), crime series which revolves around Sámi culture and conflicts of Sámi culture with modern Swedish society{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Sami Blood]]'' (2016), a movie chronicling the life of a Sámi girl taken into a Swedish boarding school to be assimilated as a Swede<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.levelk.dk/films/sami-blood/3029|title=Sami Blood|website=LevelK ApS Film Sales}}</ref>
* ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]'' (2013), features a major character named Kristoff who wears clothing resembling Sámi attire and has a pet reindeer.
* ''[[Frozen II]]'' (2019), features the forest tribe known as the Northuldra, which is based on the Sámi people, and the theme song ''Vuelie'', written by Norwegian [[joik]]er [[Frode Fjellheim]] and performed by Norwegian female [[choir|choral group]] [[Cantus (Norwegian female choir)|Cantus]], is based on [[Sámi music]]; there is a [[Sámi language]] dubbing of the film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/frozen-2-will-get-sami-language-version/|title='Frozen 2' Will Get Sámi Language Version|first=Mercedes|last=Milligan|date=July 19, 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Klaus (film)|Klaus]]'' (2019), animated film about "a postman stationed in a town to the North who befriends a reclusive toy-maker" featuring Sámi characters

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Hansen, Lars Ivar & Bjørnar Olsen (2014) ''[[Hunters in Transition: An Outline of Early Sámi History]]'', The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures, 63 (Leiden: Brill). {{ISBN|978-90-04-25254-7}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=Helena |date=September 24, 2009 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians |journal=[[Current Biology]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |volume=19 |issue=20 |pages=1758–1762 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 |pmc=4275881 |pmid=19781941 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages= 442|bibcode= 2018NatCo...9..442M|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Urbanczyk|first=Przemysław |author-link=Przemysław Urbańczyk |title=Medieval Arctic Norway|publisher=[[Semper (publisher)|Semper]]|year=1992|isbn=9788390021300|location=Warsaw|department=Institute of the History of Material Culture, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Coast Lapp Society I |first=Robert |last=Paine |author-link=Robert Paine (anthropologist) |year=1957}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08003831.2010.527540 Robert Paine (1926–2010)]
* {{cite book |title=Coast Lapp Society II |first=Robert |last=Paine |author-link=Robert Paine (anthropologist) |year=1965}}

===Sámi books===
* The ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by [[Tacitus]] (the chapter on [[Fenni]])
* ''Vigilant Ancestor: A World of Secrets Whispered in My Ear'', by H. D. Rennerfeldt. {{ISBN|978-1-62675-021-0}}.
* ''The Sami Peoples of the North: A Social and Cultural History'', by Neil Kent. {{ISBN|978-1-84904-257-4}}.
* ''The Sámi People: Traditions in Transitions'', by Veli-Pekka Lehtola. {{ISBN|978-1-889963-75-4}}.
* ''God Wears Many Skins: Myth and Folklore of the Sami People'', by Jabez L. Van Cleef. {{ISBN|978-1-4382-2189-2}}.
* ''Liberating Sápmi: Indigenous Resistance in Europe's Far North'', by [[Gabriel Kuhn]]. {{ISBN|978-1-62963-712-9}}.

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}

* [http://www.saamicouncil.net/?deptid=1116 Saami Council]
* {{curlie|Society/Ethnicity/Sami/}}
* [http://senc.hum.helsinki.fi/wiki/Sis%C3%A4llysluettelo#tab=English Encyclopaedia of Saami Culture]

{{Uralic peoples}}
{{Sami navigator}}
{{Indigenous peoples of Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sami People}}
[[Category:Sámi people| ]]
[[Category:Sámi|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Finland]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sweden]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Norway]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Finnic peoples]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe]]
[[Category:Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Pastoralists]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:White Sea]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in the Arctic]]
[[Category:Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]

Sámi peoples

2022-01-04T19:05:04Z

Mr anonymous username: Changed "traditional religion" back to "indigenous" as it is widely accepted that the Saami are indigenous to northern fennoscandia (see second paragraph of citation)

{{Short description|Indigenous Finno-Ugric people}}
{{Other uses|Sami (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Suomi (disambiguation){{!}}Suomi|Samoyedic peoples|Semitic people}}
{{Redirect|Samis|the Samis Foundation|Sam Israel}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sámi people
| native_name = ''Sámit'' ([[Northern Sami]])
| flag = [[File:Sami flag.svg|border|250px]]
| flag_caption = [[Sámi flag]]
| image = Nordic Sami people Lavvu 1900-1920.jpg
| caption = Sámi people outside [[Lavvu]], c. 1910
| population = Estimated 80,000–100,000 or more<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se}}</ref>
| popplace = Sápmi 63,831–107,341
| region1 = {{Flag|Norway}}
| pop1 = 37,890–60,000{{efn|In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.}}
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |title=Focus on Sámi in Norway |website=[[Statistics Norway]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309115644/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |archive-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Naten/>
| region2 = {{Flag|Sweden}}
| pop2 = 14,600–36,000
| ref2 = <ref name="Naten">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/samer |title=Samer |last1=Thomasson |first1=Lars |last2=Sköld |first2=Peter |website=[[Nationalencyklopedin]] |language=sv |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>
| region3 = {{Flag|Finland}}
| pop3 = 9,350
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/kk_20_2009_p.shtml |title=Eduskunta — Kirjallinen kysymys 20/2009 |website=[[Parliament of Finland]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201021/http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/kk_20_2009_p.shtml |archive-date=June 2, 2014}}</ref>
| region4 = {{Flag|Russia}}
| pop4 = 1,991
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |title=Russian census of 2002 |website=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=2010-02-17 |archive-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107183358/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region5 = {{Flag|United States}}
| pop5 = 480 (first ancestry) 945 (first and second)
| ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls |title=Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000 |date=22 January 2007 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |format=XLS |access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| region6 = {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| pop6 = 136
| ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=75&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=4 |title=National composition of population, 2001 census |website=[[State Statistics Service of Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref>
| languages = '''[[Sámi languages]]''' ([[Akkala Sami|Akkala]], [[Inari Sami|Inari]], [[Kildin Sami|Kildin]], [[Kemi Sami|Kemi]], [[Lule Sami|Lule]], [[Northern Sami|Northern]], [[Pite Sami|Pite]], [[Skolt Sami|Skolt]], [[Ter Sami|Ter]], [[Southern Sami|Southern]], [[Ume Sami|Ume]]) [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| religions = [[Christianity]] ([[Lutheranism]] (including [[Laestadianism]]), [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]]) [[Sámi shamanism|Shamanism]]
| related = Other [[Finno-Ugric languages#Speakers|Finno-Ugric people]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Sámi people''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɑː|m|i}} {{respell|SAH|mee}}; also spelled '''Sami''' or '''Saami''') are an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Finno-Ugric languages#Speakers|Finno-Ugric-speaking people]] inhabiting the region of [[Sápmi]] (formerly known as Lapland), which today encompasses large northern parts of [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], and of the [[Murmansk Oblast]], [[Russia]], most of the [[Kola Peninsula]] in particular. The Sámi have historically been known in English as '''Lapps''' or '''Laplanders''', but these terms are regarded as offensive by some Sámi people, who prefer the area's name in their own languages, e.g. Northern Sami {{lang|se|Sápmi}}.<ref name="Rapp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |title=Samis don't want to be 'Lapps' |last1=Rapp |first1=Ole Magnus |last2=Stein |first2=Catherine |date=8 Feb 2008 |website=Aftenposten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125441/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=3 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ordet lapp var i fokus första rättegångsdagen|language=sv|trans-title=The word ''lapp'' was in focus for the first day of the trial|last1=Sternlund|first1=Hans|last2=Haupt|first2=Inger|date=6 November 2017|work=SVT Nyhetter Norrbotten|location=Norrbotten, Sweden|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/ordet-lapp-var-var-i-fokus-forsta-rattegangsdagen|access-date=March 30, 2021}}</ref> Their traditional languages are the [[Sámi languages]], which are classified as a branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] [[language family]].

Traditionally, the Sámi have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and [[Shepherd|sheep herding]]. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-[[nomad]]ic [[reindeer herding]]. Currently about 10% of the Sámi are connected to reindeer herding, which provides them with meat, fur, and transportation. 2,800 Sámi people are actively involved in reindeer herding on a full-time basis in Norway.<ref name="galdu.org">{{Cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|title=Reindeer husbandry – an exclusive Sámi livelihood in Norway|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172745/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=www.galdu.org}}</ref> For traditional, environmental, cultural, and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved for only Sámi people in some regions of the Nordic countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conrad|first=Jo Ann|date=Winter 2000|title=Sami reindeer-herders today: Image or reality?|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279|url-status=dead|journal=[[The American-Scandinavian Foundation|Scandinavian Review]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218111552/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279|archive-date=2008-12-18|access-date=2008-09-25|via=[[BNET]]}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|4}}

==Etymologies==
{{Further|Sápmi}}
[[File:François-Auguste Biard - Un Lapon.jpg|thumb|A Sámi depicted in art, painting by [[François-Auguste Biard]].]]

===Sámi===
Speakers of Northern Sámi refer to themselves as {{lang|se|Sámit}} (the Sámis) or {{lang|se|Sápmelaš}} (of Sámi kin), the word {{lang|se|Sápmi}} being [[grammatical inflection|inflected]] into various grammatical forms. Other Sámi languages use [[cognate]] words. As of around 2014, the current consensus among specialists was that the word ''Sámi'' was borrowed from the [[Baltic languages|Proto-Baltic]] word {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}, meaning 'land' ([[cognate]] with [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] {{lang|sla-Latn|zemlja}} ({{lang|ru|земля}}), of the same meaning).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Grünthal|first=Riho|date=29 February 2008|title=The Finnic Ethnonyms|url=http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708174734/http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html|archive-date=8 July 2004|access-date=22 June 2013|website=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|publisher=[[Finno-Ugrian Society]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Derksen |first=Rick |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2007 |location=Leiden |page=542}}</ref><ref>Hansen & Olsen, p. 36.</ref>

The word ''Sámi'' has at least one cognate word in Finnish: Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*žēmē}} was also borrowed into [[Finnic languages|Proto-Finnic]], as {{lang|fiu|*šämä}}. This word became modern Finnish {{lang|fiu|Häme}} (Finnish for the region of [[Tavastia (historical province)|Tavastia]]; the second ''ä'' of {{lang|fiu|*šämä}} is still found in the adjective {{lang|fi|Häm'''ä'''läinen}}). The Finnish word for Finland, {{lang|fiu|Suomi}}, is also thought probably to derive ultimately from Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}, though the precise route is debated and proposals usually involve complex processes of borrowing and reborrowing. {{lang|fiu|Suomi}} and its adjectival form {{lang|fi|suom'''a'''lainen}} must come from ''{{lang|fiu|*sōme-}}''/''{{lang|fiu|sōma-}}''. In one proposal, this Finnish word comes from a [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word {{lang|gem|*sōma-}}, itself from [[Baltic languages|Proto-Baltic]] {{lang|bat|*sāma-}}, in turn borrowed from Proto-Finnic {{lang|fiu|*šämä}}, which was borrowed from {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}.<ref name=":2" />

The Sámi institutions — notably the [[Sámi parliaments|parliaments]], radio and TV stations, theatres, etc. — all use the term ''Sámi'', including when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, or English. In Norwegian and Swedish, the Sámi are today referred to by the localized form {{lang|no|Same}}.

===''Finn''===

The first probable historical mention of the Sámi, naming them {{lang|la|Fenni}}, was by [[Tacitus]], about AD 98.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tacitus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xLVEPR-ax8C&q=Germania:+by+Cornelius+Tacitus+rives |title=Germania: Translated with Introduction and Commentary |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815050-3 |editor-last=Rives |editor-first=Archibald Black |pages=96, 322, 326, 327 |author-link=Tacitus |orig-year=c. 98 AD}}</ref> Variants of ''Finn'' or {{lang|la|Fenni}} were in wide use in ancient times, judging from the names {{lang|la|[[Fenni]]}} and {{lang|grc|Φίννοι}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[Phinnoi]]}}) in classical [[Latin literature|Roman]] and [[Ancient Greek literature|Greek works]]. ''Finn'' (or variants, such as {{lang|non|skridfinn}}, 'striding Finn') was the name originally used by Norse speakers (and their proto-Norse speaking ancestors) to refer to the Sámi, as attested in the Icelandic [[Eddas]] and [[Norse sagas]] (11th to 14th centuries).

The etymology is somewhat uncertain,<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Vries|first=Jan|title=Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|publisher=Brill|year=1962|edition=2nd|location=Leiden|language=de|chapter=Finnr.|oclc=685115}}</ref> but the consensus seems to be that it is related to [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|finna}}, from proto-Germanic {{lang|gem|*finþanan}} ('to find'), the logic being that the Sámi, as [[hunter-gatherers]] "found" their food, rather than grew it.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Collinder|first=Björn|title=An Introduction to the Uralic Languages|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1965|isbn=9780520329881|location=Berkeley|pages=8}}</ref> This etymology has superseded older speculations that the word might be related to ''fen''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2021|title=Finn, n|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/70478?|access-date=3 July 2020|website=[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]]}}</ref>

As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using ''Finn'' to refer to inhabitants of what is now Finland, while the Sámi came to be called ''Lapps''. In Norway, however, Sámi were still called ''Finns'' at least until the modern era (reflected in toponyms like {{lang|no|[[Finnmark]]}}, {{lang|no|[[Finnsnes]]}}, {{lang|no|Finnfjord}} and {{lang|no|Finnøy}}), and some northern Norwegians will still occasionally use ''Finn'' to refer to Sámi people, although the Sámi themselves now consider this to be an inappropriate term. Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries were referred to as [[Kven people|Kvens]] to distinguish them from the Sámi "Finns". Ethnic [[Finns]] ({{lang|fi|suomalaiset}}) are a distinct group from Sámi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Uralilaiset kansat: tietoa suomen sukukielistä ja niiden puhujista|publisher=WSOY|year=1992|editor-last=Laakso|editor-first=Johanna|location=Juva|pages=39–40|language=fi}}</ref>

===''Lapp''===
[[File:Laureus, Lappalaisia nuotiolla (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Aleksander Lauréus]]'s painting of the Sámi by the fire]]
The word ''Lapp'' can be traced to [[Old Swedish]] {{lang|non|lapper}}, Icelandic {{lang|is|lappir}} (plural) perhaps of Finnish origin;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellquist |first=Elof |url=http://runeberg.org/svetym/0485.html |title=Svensk etymologisk ordbok |date=1922 |publisher=C. W. K. Gleerups förlag |location=Lund |page=397 |language=sv |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> compare Finnish {{lang|fi|lappalainen}} "Lapp", {{lang|fi|Lappi}} "Lapland" (possibly meaning "wilderness in the north"), the original meaning being unknown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1939|title=Lapp|url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=L_0225-0073.57q2&pz=3|access-date=16 May 2021|website=[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]]|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellquist |first=Elof |url=http://runeberg.org/svetym/0485.html |title=Svensk etymologisk ordbok |date=1922 |publisher=C. W. K. Gleerups förlag |location=Lund |page=397 |language=sv |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=De Vries|first=Jan|title=Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1962|location=Leiden|pages=s.v. lappir|language=de|oclc=555216596}}</ref> It is unknown how the word ''Lapp'' came into the [[Old Norse|Norse language]], but one of the first written mentions of the term is in the {{lang|la|[[Gesta Danorum]]}} by the twelfth-century Danish historian {{lang|la|[[Saxo Grammaticus]]|italic=no}}, who referred to 'the two Lappias', although he still referred to the Sámi as {{lang|non|(Skrid-)Finn}}s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simms|first=Doug|title=The Early Period of Sámi History, from the Beginnings to the 16th Century|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/hist/early.htm|website=Sami Culture|publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grammaticus|first=Saxo|url=http://mcllibrary.org/DanishHistory/book5II.html|title=The Danish History: Book Five, Part II|editor-last=Killings|editor-first=Douglas B.|translator-last=Elton|translator-first=Oliver}}</ref> In fact, Saxo never explicitly connects the Sámi with the "two Laplands". The term "Lapp" was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of {{lang|la|[[Johannes Schefferus]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|la|[[Lapponia (book)|Acta Lapponica]]}} (1673).

The Sámi are often known in other languages by the [[exonym]]s ''Lap'', ''Lapp'', or ''Laplanders'', although these are considered derogatory terms,<ref name="Paine57">{{Cite journal|last=Paine|first=Robert|date=1957|title=Coast Lapp society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hlmAAAAIAAJ|journal=|publisher=[[Tromsø University Museum]]|volume=4|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grimes |first1=Barbara F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2liAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lapp+is+derogatory%22 |title=Ethnologue |last2=Grimes |first2=Joseph Evans |publisher=SIL International |others=Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55671-103-9 |pages=54, 688, 695}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Commission on Nomadic Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&q=%22is%20simply%20no%20longer%20used%20in%20Fennoscandia%2C%20at%20least%20not%20in%20public%20contexts%20where%20it%20might%20be%20taken%20to%20be%20derogatory.%20English%20has%20been%20slow%20to%20follow%22&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp |title=Nomadic Peoples |publisher=Commission on Nomadic Peoples |year=1983}}</ref> while others accept at least the name ''Lappland''.<ref name="Sámis don’t want to be Lapps">{{Cite news |last1=Rapp |first1=Ole Magnus |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |title=Sámis don't want to be 'Lapps' |date=8 February 2008 |work=[[Aftenposten]] |access-date=2008-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929001926/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |archive-date=September 29, 2008 |last2=Stein |first2=Catherine}}</ref> Variants of the name ''Lapp'' were originally used in Sweden and Finland and, through Swedish, adopted by many major European languages: {{lang-en|Lapps}}; German, {{lang-nl|Lappen}}; {{lang-fr|Lapons}}; {{lang-el|Λάπωνες}} ({{lang|el-Latn|Lápōnes}}); {{lang-hu|lappok}}; {{lang-it|Lapponi}}; {{lang-pl|Lapończycy}}; {{lang-pt|Lapões}}; {{lang-es|Lapones}}; {{lang-ro|laponi}}; {{Lang-tr|Lapon}}. In Russian the corresponding term is {{lang|ru|лопари́}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|lopari}}) and in Ukrainian {{lang|uk|лопарі́}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|lopari}}).

In Finland and Sweden, ''Lapp'' is common in place names, such as {{lang|fi|Lappi}} ({{lang|fi|[[Satakunta]]|italic=no}}), {{lang|fi|Lappeenranta}} ([[South Karelia]]) and {{lang|fi|Lapinlahti}} ([[North Savo]]) in Finland; and {{lang|sv|Lapp}} ([[Stockholm County]]), {{lang|sv|Lappe}} ({{lang|sv|[[Södermanland]]|italic=no}}) and {{lang|sv|Lappabo}} ({{lang|sv|[[Småland]]|italic=no}}) in Sweden. As already mentioned, ''Finn'' is a common element in Norwegian (particularly Northern Norwegian) place names, whereas ''Lapp'' is exceedingly rare.

Terminological issues in Finnish are somewhat different. Finns living in [[Finnish Lapland]] generally call themselves {{lang|fi|lapp'''i'''lainen}}, whereas the similar word for the Sámi people is {{lang|fi|lapp'''a'''lainen}}. This can be confusing for foreign visitors because of the similar lives Finns and Sámi people live today in Lapland. {{lang|fi|Lappalainen}} is also a common family name in Finland. In Finnish, {{lang|fi|saamelainen}} is the most commonly used word nowadays, especially in official contexts.

==History==
{{Main|Sámi history}}
[[File:LocationSapmi.png|thumb|Homeland of the Sámi people at present.]]
[[File:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|A Sámi family in Norway around 1900]]
The languages of the Sámi, like other [[Uralic languages#History|Uralic languages]], are believed to originate from the region along the [[Volga]], which is the [[List of rivers of Europe#Rivers of Europe by length|longest river]] in Europe.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Valter|title=Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria|publisher=Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura|year=2020|isbn=978-951-858-130-0|location=Helsinki|pages=104|language=fi}}</ref> The Sámi have their roots in the middle and upper [[Volga River|Volga]] region in the [[Corded Ware culture]]. These groups presumably started to move to the northwest from the early home region of the Uralic peoples in the second and third quarters of the second millennium BC. On their journey, they used the ancient river routes of northern Russia that had been in use for millennia. Some of these peoples, who may have originally spoken the same western Uralic language, stopped and stayed in the regions between [[Karelia]], [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Ilmen]], and even further to the east and to the southeast. The groups of these peoples that ended up in the [[Finnish Lakeland]] from 1600 to 1500 BC later "became" the Sámi.<ref name=":3" /> The Sámi people arrived in their current homeland some time after the beginning of the [[Common Era]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahkonen|first=Pauli|date=2021|title=Suomeen suuntautuneiden nimistövirtausten monimuotoisuus|journal=Muinaistutkija|language=fi|publisher=Suomen arkeologinen seura|volume=1|pages=21}}</ref>

The Sámi language first developed on the southern side of [[Lake Onega]] and [[Lake Ladoga]] and spread from there. When the speakers of this language extended to the area of modern day Finland, they encountered groups of peoples who spoke a number of smaller ancient languages, which later became extinct. However, these languages left traces in the Sámi language. As the language spread further, it became segmented into dialects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalmistopiiri|first=Tekijä|date=2020-02-06|title=Saamen kielten leviäminen Suomeen ja Skandinaviaan|url=https://kalmistopiiri.fi/2020/02/06/saamelaiskielten-leviaminen-suomeen-ja-skandinaviaan/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=KALMISTOPIIRI|language=fi}}</ref> The geographical distribution of the Sámi has evolved over the course of history. From the [[Bronze Age]], the Sámi occupied the area along the coast of [[Finnmark]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Schiffels|first1=Stephan|last2=Krause|first2=Johannes|last3=Haak|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Onkamo|first4=Päivi|last5=Pääbo|first5=Svante|last6=Kelso|first6=Janet|last7=Sajantila|first7=Antti|last8=Weihmann|first8=Antje|last9=Ongyerth|first9=Matthias|date=2018-11-27|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5018|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5|issn=2041-1723|pmc=6258758|pmid=30479341}}</ref> This coincides with the arrival of the Siberian genome to [[Estonia]] and Finland, which may correspond with the introduction of the [[Finno-Ugric languages]] in the region.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Tambets|first1=Kristiina|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Lang|first3=Valter|last4=Villems|first4=Richard|last5=Kivisild|first5=Toomas|last6=Kriiska|first6=Aivar|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|last8=Díez-del-Molino|first8=David|last9=Crema|first9=Enrico Ryunosuke|date=2019-05-20|title=The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East|url= |journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=10|pages=1701–1711.e16|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026|issn=0960-9822|pmc=6544527|pmid=31080083}}</ref>

[[Petroglyph]]s and archeological findings such as settlements, dating from about 10,000 BC can be found in Lapland and [[Finnmark]], although these have not been demonstrated to be related to the Sámi people.<ref name="http">{{cite web|title=The ski-going people|url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122031153/http://galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng|archive-date=2010-11-22|website=Galdu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref> These [[hunter-gatherers]] of the late [[Paleolithic]] and early [[Mesolithic]] were named [[Komsa]] by the researchers.

===Relationship between the Sámi and the Scandinavians===
The Sámi have a complex relationship with the Scandinavians (known as Norse people in the medieval era), the dominant peoples of Scandinavia, who speak [[Scandinavian languages]] and who founded and thus dominated the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden in which most Sámi people live. While the Sámi have lived in [[Fennoscandia]] for around 3,500 years, Sámi settlement of Scandinavia does not predate Norse/Scandinavian settlement of Scandinavia, as sometimes popularly assumed. The migration of Germanic-speaking peoples to Southern Scandinavia happened independently and separate from the later Sami migrations into the northern regions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Theron Douglas |author-link=T. Douglas Price |year=2015 |title=Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780190231972}}</ref> For centuries, the Sámi and the Scandinavians had relatively little contact; the Sámi primarily lived in the inland of northern Fennoscandia, while Scandinavians lived in southern Scandinavia and gradually colonised the Norwegian coast; from the 18th and especially the 19th century, the governments of Norway and Sweden started to assert sovereignty more aggressively in the north, and targeted the Sámi with Scandinavization policies aimed at [[forced assimilation]] from the 19th century. Before the era of forced Scandinavization policies, the Norwegian and Swedish authorities had largely ignored the Sámi and did not interfere much in their way of life. While Norwegians moved north to gradually colonise the coast of modern-day Troms and Finnmark to engage in an export-driven fisheries industry prior to the 19th century, they showed little interest in the harsh and non-arable inland populated by reindeer-herding Sámi. Unlike the Norwegians on the coast who were strongly dependent on their trade with the south, the Sámi in the inland lived off the land. From the 19th century Norwegian and Swedish authorities started to regard the Sámi as a "backward" and "primitive" people in need of being "civilized", imposing the Scandinavian languages as the only valid languages of the kingdoms and effectively banning Sámi language and culture in many contexts, particularly schools.<ref>Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. "Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sámi Ethnic Heritage". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevänen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic.</ref><ref>Birgitta Jahreskog, ''The Sami national minority in Sweden'', Rättsfonden, 2009, {{ISBN|9780391026872}}</ref>

===Southern limits of Sámi settlement in the past===
[[File:Lapper og Reinsdyr.jpg|thumb|A Sámi man and child in Finnmark, Norway, circa 1900]]
How far south the Sámi extended in the past has been debated among historians and archeologists for many years. The Norwegian historian [[Yngvar Nielsen]], commissioned by the Norwegian government in 1889 to determine this question in order to settle contemporary questions of Sámi land rights, concluded that the Sámi had lived no farther south than [[Lierne]] in [[Nord-Trøndelag]] county until around 1500, when they started moving south, reaching the area around Lake [[Femund]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|author= Yngvar Nielsen|author-link= Yngvar Nielsen|year=1891 |title= Lappernes fremrykning mot syd i Trondhjems stift og Hedemarkens amt |trans-title=The incursion of Lapps southwards in the see of Trondhjem and county of Hedemarken |journal=Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs årbog |volume=1 |issue=1889–1890 |pages=18–52 |language=no}}</ref> This hypothesis is still accepted among many historians, but has been the subject of scholarly debate in the 21st century. In recent years, several archaeological finds indicate a Sámi presence in southern Norway in the Middle Ages, and in southern Sweden,<ref name="Broadbent">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lappslabyrinthss82010broa/page/304|title=Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami Prehistory, Colonization, and Cultural Resilience|last=Broadbent|first=Noel|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press|isbn=978-0-9788460-6-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/lappslabyrinthss82010broa/page/304 304]}}</ref> including finds in [[Lesja]], in [[Vang, Oppland|Vang]], in [[Valdres]] and in [[Hol]] and [[Ål]] in [[Hallingdal]].<ref name="Gjerde">{{Cite journal|author= Hege Skalleberg Gjerde|year=2009 |title=Samiske tufter i Hallingdal? |trans-title=Sami foundations in Hallingdal? |journal=Viking |volume=72 |issue=2009 |pages=197–210 |language=no}}</ref> Proponents of the Sámi interpretations of these finds assume a mixed population of Norse and Sámi people in the mountainous areas of southern Norway in the Middle Ages.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{rp|208}}</ref>

===Origins of the Norwegian Sea Sámi===
[[File:Three Sámi Lapp women, c1890s.jpg|thumb|Three Sámi women]]

====Bubonic plague====
[[File:1928 Lyngen Troms Norway group Mountain Sami people Photo pcard.jpg|thumb|right|Sámi people in Norway, 1928]]
Until the arrival of [[bubonic plague]] in northern Norway in 1349, the Sámi and the Norwegians occupied very separate economic [[Ecological niche|niches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavvu.com/geno/SamiArtical.html |title=Pursuing Sami Genealogy|first= Christopher|last= Pesklo|publisher=Lavvu.com |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> The Sámi hunted reindeer and fished for their livelihood. The Norwegians, who were concentrated on the outer islands and near the mouths of the [[fjords]], had access to the major European trade routes so that, in addition to marginal farming in the [[Nordland]], [[Troms]], and [[Finnmark]] counties, they were able to establish commerce, trading fish for products from the south.<ref> Urbańczyk, pp. 255.</ref> According to old Nordic texts, the Sea Sámi and the Mountain Sámi are two classes of the same people and not two different ethnic groups, as had been erroneously believed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Troels-Lund|first=Fredrik|url=http://runeberg.org/dagligt/1/0182.html|title=In Northern Mists: Dagligt Liv i Norden i det sekstende Aarhundrede|publisher=[[Gyldendal]]|year=1914|location=Copenhagen|pages=129–130|language=da|via=[[Projekt Runeberg]]}}</ref>

This socioeconomic balance greatly changed when [[bubonic plague]] came to northern Norway in December 1349. The Norwegians were closely connected to the greater European trade routes, along which the plague traveled; consequently, they were infected and died at a far higher rate than Sámi in the interior. Of all the states in the region, Norway suffered the most from this [[Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandnes|first=Jørn|url=https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/desertion-and-land-colonization-in-the-nordic-countries-c-13001600--comparative-report-from-the-scandinavian-research-project-on-deserted-farms-and-villages(a4182d3c-4577-42c1-ae7a-dc58c509adaa).html#Overview|title=Desertion and Land Colonization in the Nordic Countries c. 1300–1600: comparative report from the Scandinavian research project on deserted farms and villages|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell|year=1981|isbn=9122004319|location=Stockholm|chapter=Settlement and Development in the Late Middle Ages c. 1300–1540}}</ref> Depending on the [[parish]], 60 to 76 percent of northern Norwegian farms were abandoned following the plague,<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 242–244.</ref> while land-rents, another measure of population, dropped to nine to 28% of pre-plague levels.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 250.</ref> Although the population of northern Norway is sparse compared to southern Europe, the disease spread just as fast. The spread of the plague-carrying [[flea]] (''[[Xenopsylla cheopsis]]'') from the south was facilitated by the transport of wooden [[barrels]] holding wheat, rye, or wool, where the fleas were able to live, and even reproduce, for several months at a time.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 256.</ref> The Sámi lived on fish and reindeer meat, and did not eat wheat or rye. They lived in communities detached from the Norwegians; being only loosely connected to the European trade routes, they fared far better than the Norwegians.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 245.</ref>

====Fishing industry====
[[File:Sjøsamisk Mann Finnmark Norge Ivar Samuelsen 1884 av Bonaparte.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Sea Sámi man from [[Norway]] by [[Prince Roland Bonaparte]] in 1884]]
[[File:Sea sami man.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Sea Sámi man from Norway by [[Prince Roland Bonaparte]] in 1884]]
Fishing has always been the main livelihood for the many Sámi living permanently in coastal areas.<ref name="un.org">{{Cite report|title=Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway |date=19–30 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |location=New York |page=15 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E.C.19.2010.2EN.pdf}}</ref> Archeological research shows that the Sámi have lived along the coast and once lived much farther south in the past, and they were also involved in work other than reindeer herding (e.g., fishing, agriculture, iron work).<ref name="Broadbent"/> The fishing along the north Norwegian coast, especially in the Lofoten and Vesterålen islands, is quite productive, with a variety of fish; during medieval times, it was a major source of income for both the fishermen and the [[Norwegian monarchy]].<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 29–34.</ref> With such massive population drops caused by the [[Black Death]], the tax revenues from this industry greatly diminished. Because of the huge profits that could be had from these fisheries, the local authorities offered incentives to the Sámi—faced with their own population pressures—to settle on the newly vacant farms.<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 255–256.</ref> This started the economic division between the Sea Sámi (''sjøsamene''), who fished extensively off the coast, and the Mountain Sámi (''fjellsamene, innlandssamene''), who continued to hunt reindeer and small-game animals. They later herded reindeer. Even as late as the early 18th century, there were many Sámi who were still settling on these farms left abandoned from the 1350s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kirkebøker, Kvæfjord Sogn, Godfjord Botten|year=1758|volume=1–2: 1751–1822|language=no|trans-title=Church record, Kvæfjord Parish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Folketelling av Kvæfjord|year=1769|language=no|trans-title=Kvæfjord Census}}</ref> After many years of continuous migration, these Sea Sámi became far more numerous than the reindeer-herding mountain Sámi, who today only make up 10% of all Sámi. In contemporary times, there are also ongoing consultations between the Government of Norway and the [[Sámi Parliament]] regarding the right of the coastal Sámi to fish in the seas on the basis of historical use and international law.<ref>{{Cite report|title=Report of UNPFII – Ninth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |year=2010 |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/session_ninth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021011444/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/session_ninth.html |archive-date=2010-10-21 }}</ref> State regulation of sea fisheries underwent drastic change in the late 1980s. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of charge to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sámi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree.<ref name="un.org"/><ref name="Johansen 2010">{{Cite journal|title=Kasta på land (Forced Ashore) |author1=Harry Johansen |author2=Torill Olsen |year=2010 |publisher=SIL International |location=Norway }}</ref>

====Mountain Sámi====
As the Sea Sámi settled along Norway's fjords and inland waterways, pursuing a combination of farming, cattle raising, trapping and fishing, the minority Mountain Sámi continued to hunt wild [[reindeer]]. Around 1500, they started to tame these animals into herding groups, becoming the well-known reindeer nomads, often portrayed by outsiders as following the traditional Sámi lifestyle. The Mountain Sámi had to pay taxes to three states, [[Kalmar Union|Norway]], [[Early Vasa era|Sweden]] and [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Russia]], as they crossed each border while following the annual reindeer migrations; this caused much resentment over the years.<ref name="Kuiper 1990s">{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/diehtu/siida/christian/nationstate.htm |title=Christianity and the Emerging Nation States |last=Kuiper |first=Andrea (Elle) |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref> Between 1635 and 1659, the Swedish crown forced Swedish [[conscription|conscripts]] and Sámi cart drivers to work in the [[Nasa silver mine]], causing many Sámis to emigrate from the area to avoid forced labour. As a result, the population of [[Pite Sámi|Pite]]- and [[Lule Sámi|Lule]]-speaking Sámi decreased greatly.<ref name="Kuiper 1990s"/>

===Post-1800s===
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2011}}
[[File:Sami family Finland 1936.jpg|thumb|Sámi family in 1936]]
For long periods of time, the Sámi lifestyle thrived because of its adaptation to the [[Arctic]] environment. Indeed, throughout the 18th century, as Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Sámi cultural element was strengthened, since the Sámi were mostly independent of supplies from Southern Norway.

During the 19th century, the pressure of [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianization]] of the Sámi increased, with some Sámi adopting [[Laestadianism]]. With the introduction of seven compulsory years of school in 1889, the Sámi language and traditional way of life came increasingly under pressure from forced cultural normalization. Strong economic development of the north also ensued, giving Norwegian culture and language higher status.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

On the Swedish and Finnish sides, the authorities were less militant, although the Sámi language was forbidden in schools and strong economic development in the north led to weakened cultural and economic status for the Sámi. From 1913 to 1920, the Swedish race-segregation political movement created a race-based biological institute that collected research material from living people and graves. Throughout history, Swedish settlers were encouraged to move to the northern regions through incentives such as land and water rights, tax allowances, and military exemptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/hist/sami-west.htm |title=The Sami vs. Outsiders |last= Woodard |first=Káre (Kimmi) |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>

The strongest pressure took place from around 1900 to 1940, when Norway invested considerable money and effort to wipe out Sámi culture. Anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in [[Finnmark]] had to prove knowledge of the Norwegian language and had to register with a Norwegian name. This caused the [[dislocation of Sámi people]] in the 1920s, which increased the gap between local Sámi groups (something still present today) that sometimes has the character of an internal Sámi ethnic conflict. In 1913, the Norwegian parliament passed a bill on "native act land" to allocate the best and most useful lands to Norwegian settlers. Another factor was the [[scorched earth]] policy conducted by the German army, resulting in heavy [[Lapland War|war destruction]] in northern Finland and northern Norway in 1944–45, destroying all existing houses, or ''kota'', and visible traces of Sámi culture. After [[World War II]], the pressure was relaxed, though the legacy was evident into recent times, such as the 1970s law limiting the size of any house Sámi people were allowed to build. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The [[Alta controversy|controversy]] over the construction of the hydro-electric power station in [[Alta, Norway|Alta]] in 1979 brought Sámi rights onto the political agenda. In August 1986, the national anthem ("[[Sámi soga lávlla]]") and flag ([[Sámi flag]]) of the Sámi people were created. In 1989, the first Sámi parliament in Norway was elected. In 2005, the [[Finnmark Act]] was passed in the [[Storting|Norwegian parliament]] giving the Sámi parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. These areas (96% of the provincial area), which have always been used primarily by the Sámi, now belong officially to the people of the province, whether Sámi or Norwegian, and not to the Norwegian state.

===Contemporary issues===
The indigenous Sámi population is a mostly urbanised demographic, but a substantial number live in villages in the high arctic. The Sámi are still coping with the cultural consequences of language and culture loss caused by generations of Sámi children being taken to missionary and/or state-run boarding schools and the legacy of laws that were created to deny the Sámi rights (e.g., to their beliefs, language, land and to the practice of traditional livelihoods). The Sámi are experiencing cultural and environmental threats, including: oil exploration, mining, dam building, logging, climate change, military bombing ranges, tourism and commercial development.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009">{{Cite news|last=Korpijaakko-Mikkel|first=Sara|date=22 March 2009|title=Siida and traditional Sámi reindeer herding knowledge|publisher=Northern Review|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Syterskalet.jpg|thumb|Vindelfjällen]]

====Natural resource extraction====
Sápmi is rich in precious metals, oil, and natural gas.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Mining activities and prospecting to extract these resources from the region often interfere with reindeer grazing and calving areas and other aspects of traditional Sámi life. Some active mining locations include ancient Sámi spaces that are designated as ecologically protected areas, such as the [[Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Blackstone to Mine Reindeer Pastures, Sweden|url=http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=34&video_id=73&lang=en|website=International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry|publisher=EALAT}}</ref> The Sámi Parliament has opposed and rejected mining projects in the Finnmark area, and demanded that resources and mineral exploration benefit local Sámi communities and populations, as the proposed mines are in Sámi lands and will affect their ability to maintain their traditional livelihood.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goll|first=Sven|date=23 April 2010|title=Mining prospects in arctic Norway also causing controversy|url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2010/04/23/prospects-bright-for-arctic-mining/|website=Views and News from Norway|publisher=NRK}}</ref> In [[Kallak mine|Kallak]] (Sámi: ''Gállok'') a group of indigenous and non-indigenous activists protested against the UK-based mining company [[Beowulf Mining|Beowulf]] which operated a drilling program in lands used for grazing reindeer during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ahni Schertow|first=John|date=5 August 2013|title=Sweden: Ongoing Road Blockade Against Mining in Saami Territory|url=http://intercontinentalcry.org/sweden-ongoing-road-blockade-against-mining-in-saami-territory-19953/|website=Intercontinental Cry}}</ref> There is often local opposition to new mining projects where environmental impacts are perceived to be very large, as very few plans for [[mine reclamation]] have been made. In Sweden, taxes on minerals are intentionally low in an effort to increase mineral exploration for economic benefit, though this policy is at the expense of Sámi populations. ILO Convention No. 169 would grant rights to the Sámi people to their land and give them power in matters that affect their future.<ref>{{cite web|last=Karlsson|first=Kenneth|date=25 May 2014|title=Finnish colonization: Irish invasion|url=http://savethebaltic.wordpress.com/2014/05/25/finnish-colonization-irish-invasion/|work=Save the Baltic Salmon}}</ref>

In Russia's Kola Peninsula, vast areas have already been destroyed by mining and smelting activities, and further development is imminent. This includes oil and natural gas exploration in the [[Barents Sea]]. Oil spills affect fishing and the construction of roads. There is a gas pipeline that stretches across the Kola Peninsula, and power lines cut off access to reindeer calving grounds and sacred sites.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Shtokman Natural Gas Project, Barents Sea, Russia|url=http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/shtokman_gas_project/|website=Hydrocarbons Technology|publisher=Verdict Media}}</ref>{{fv|reason=source outlines the project but doesn't mention any of these threats|date=April 2021}}

In northern Finland, there has been a longstanding dispute over the destruction of forests, which prevents reindeer from migrating between seasonal feeding grounds and destroys supplies of lichen that grow on the upper branches of older trees. This lichen is the reindeer's only source of sustenance during the winter months, when snow is deep. The logging has been under the control of the state-run forest system.<ref>{{cite web|year=2007|title=Last Yoik of Saami Forests?|url=http://www.der.org/films/last-yoik.html|website=[[Documentary Educational Resources]]}}</ref> [[Greenpeace]], reindeer herders, and Sámi organisations carried out a historic joint campaign, and in 2010, Sámi reindeer herders won some time as a result of these court cases. Industrial logging has now been pushed back from the most important forest areas either permanently or for the next 20 years, though there are still threats, such as mining and construction plans of holiday resorts on the protected shorelines of Lake Inari.<ref>{{cite web|title=Campaign for Northern Forests by Indigenous Sami Ended Successfully in Finland |last=Ove Varsi |first=Magne |year=2010 |publisher=Gáldu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4995&giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113644/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4995&giella1=eng |archive-date=2011-05-11 }}</ref>

====Land rights====
[[File:Suorvajaure in stora sjofallet park.jpg|thumb|[[Suorvajaure]] near [[Piteå]]]]
The Swedish government has allowed the world's largest onshore wind farm to be built in Piteå, in the Arctic region where the Eastern Kikkejaure village has its winter reindeer pastures. The wind farm will consist of more than 1,000 wind turbines and an extensive road infrastructure, which means that the feasibility of using the area for winter grazing in practice is impossible. Sweden has received strong international criticism, including by the UN Racial Discrimination Committee and the Human Rights Committee, that Sweden violates Sámi ''landrättigheter'' (land rights), including by not regulating industry. In Norway some Sámi politicians (for example – Aili Keskitalo) suggest giving the Sámi Parliament a special veto right on planned mining projects.<ref name="barents">{{Cite web|date=2012-11-08|title=Sami parliament wants veto on mineral issues|url=https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/sami-parliament-wants-veto-mineral-issues-08-11|url-status=dead|website=[[Barents Observer]]|access-date=2021-05-17|archive-date=2019-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112142/https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/sami-parliament-wants-veto-mineral-issues-08-11}}</ref>

Government authorities and NATO have built bombing-practice ranges in Sámi areas in northern Norway and Sweden. These regions have served as reindeer calving and summer grounds for thousands of years, and contain many ancient Sámi sacred sites.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Christian Nellemann|author2=Ingunn Vistnes|date=October 2003|title=New bombing ranges and their impact on Saami traditions|url=https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/254/original/poltimesp1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822011717/https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/254/original/poltimesp1.pdf|archive-date=August 22, 2020|access-date=August 22, 2020|publisher=The Environment Times/Polar Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2008|title=Aigi (Time)|publisher=[[Riho Västrik]]/Vesilind Studios, Uldis Cekulis/Vides Filmu Studija}}</ref>

====Water rights====
State regulation of sea fisheries underwent drastic change in the late 1980s. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of cost to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sámi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree.

The Sámi recently stopped a water-prospecting venture that threatened to turn an ancient sacred site and natural spring called Suttesaja into a large-scale water-bottling plant for the world market—without notification or consultation with the local Sámi people, who make up 70 percent of the population. The Finnish National Board of Antiquities has registered the area as a heritage site of cultural and historical significance, and the stream itself is part of the Deatnu/Tana watershed, which is home to Europe's largest salmon river, an important source of Sámi livelihood.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suttesaja: from a sacred Sámi site and natural spring to a water bottling plant? The effects of colonization in Northern Europe. |author1=Rauna Kuokkanen |author2=Marja K. Bulmer |year=2006 |publisher=In Echoes from the Poisoned Well: Global Memories of Environmental Justice, Lexington Books }}</ref>

In Norway, government plans for the construction of a hydroelectric power plant in the Alta river in Finnmark in northern Norway led to a political controversy and the rallying of the Sámi popular movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s. As a result, the opposition in the [[Alta controversy]] brought attention to not only environmental issues but also the issue of Sámi rights.

====Climate change and the environment====
[[File:Nordkappsami.jpg|thumb|Sámi man from Norway]]
Reindeer have major cultural and economic significance for indigenous peoples of the North. The human-ecological systems in the North, like reindeer pastoralism, are sensitive to change, perhaps more than in virtually any other region of the globe, due in part to the variability of the Arctic climate and ecosystem and the characteristic ways of life of indigenous Arctic peoples.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=About EALÁT|url=http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=245&Itemid=86&lang=en|website=International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry|publisher=EALÁT}}</ref>

The 1986 [[Chernobyl nuclear disaster]] caused nuclear fallout in the sensitive Arctic ecosystems and poisoned fish, meat<ref name="Skuerud">{{cite journal|last1=Skuterud|first1=Lavrans|last2=Gaare|first2=Eldar|last3=Eikelmann|first3=Inger|last4=Hove|first4=Knut|last5=Steinnes|first5=Eilive|title=Chernobyl Radioactivity Persists in Reindeer|journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity|date=2005|volume=83|issue=2|pages=231–52|doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.04.008|pmid=15939511}}</ref> and berries. Lichens and mosses are two of the main forms of vegetation in the Arctic and are highly susceptible to airborne pollutants and heavy metals. Since many do not have roots, they absorb nutrients, and toxic compounds, through their leaves. The lichens accumulated airborne radiation, and 73,000 reindeer had to be killed as "unfit" for human consumption in Sweden alone. The government promised Sámi indemnification, which was not acted upon by government.

Radioactive wastes and spent nuclear fuel have been stored in the waters off the Kola Peninsula, including locations that are only "two kilometers" from places where Sámi live. There are a minimum of five "dumps" where spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste are being deposited in the Kola Peninsula, often with little concern for the surrounding environment or population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stoletie.ru/obschestvo/my_zhivem_na_jadernoj_pomojke_2010-04-21.htm |script-title=ru:Мы живем на ядерной помойке: Почему вымирают коренные народы Севера |last=Rykov |first=Sergey |date=April 21, 2010 |website=Stoletie |language=ru |trans-title=We live in a nuclear dumpster: Why the indigenous people of the North are dying out}}</ref>

====Tourism====
The tourism industry in Finland has been criticized for turning Sámi culture into a marketing tool by promoting opportunities to experience "authentic" Sámi ceremonies and lifestyle. At many tourist locales, non-Sámi dress in inaccurate replicas of Sámi traditional clothing, and gift shops sell crude reproductions of Sámi handicraft. One popular "ceremony", crossing the Arctic Circle, actually has no significance in Sámi spirituality. To some Sámi, this is an insulting display of cultural exploitation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Protests against the exploitation of Sámi culture |publisher=Suoma Sami Nuorat |url=http://boreale.konto.itv.se/rovaniemi.htm}}</ref>

==Discrimination against the Sámi==
The Sámi have for centuries, even today, been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in the nations they have historically inhabited.<ref>{{cite book|title=Civil Society in the Baltic Sea Region |author=Reetta Toivanen (ed. Norbert Götz|year=2003 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-3317-4|pages=205–216|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They have never been a single community in a single region of Lapland, which until recently was considered only a cultural region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sami of Northern Europe: one people, four countries|url=https://unric.org/en/indigenous-people/27307-the-sami-of-northern-europe--one-people-four-countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405130041/https://www.unric.org/en/indigenous-people/27307-the-sami-of-northern-europe--one-people-four-countries|archive-date=2019-04-05|access-date=16 January 2014|website=[[United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe]]}}</ref>

Norway has been criticized internationally for the politics of [[Norwegianization]] of and discrimination against the Sámi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Minde|first=Henry|date=2005|editor-last=Ove Varsi|editor-first=Magne|title=Assimilation of the Sami: Implementation and Consequences|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/mindeengelsk.pdf|journal=Gáldu Čála: Journal of Indigenous People Rights|volume=3|isbn=8281440120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212030751/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/mindeengelsk.pdf|archive-date=2015-02-12|access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> On 8 April 2011, the UN Racial Discrimination Committee recommendations were handed over to Norway; these addressed many issues, including the position of students needing bilingual education in Sámi. One committee recommendation was that no language be allowed to be a basis for discrimination in the Norwegian anti-discrimination laws, and it recommended wording of Racial Discrimination Convention Article 1 contained in the Act.{{Citation needed|reason=Give details of what Act – is this a Norwegian act or a reference to a United Nations provision? Add link|date=December 2018}} Further points of recommendation concerning the Sámi population in Norway included the incorporation of the racial Convention through the Human Rights Act, improving the availability and quality of interpreter services, and equality of the civil Ombudsman's recommendations for action. A new present status report was to have been ready by the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-03-21|title=Sami Parliamentary Council|url=http://suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru/2013/03/sami-parliamentary-council-wills-is.html|access-date=2013-06-22|publisher=Suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru}}</ref> In 2018, The [[Storting]] commissioned [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Norway)|The Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] to lay the foundation for recognition of the experiences of the Sámi subject to Norwegianization and the subsequent consequences.

Sweden has faced similar criticism for its [[Swedification#Swedification of Sámi and Tornedalians|Swedification]] policies, which began in the 1800s and lasted until the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal|title="Lapps, Finns, Gypsies, Jews, and idiots"? Modernity and the use of statistical categories in Sweden|first1=John|last1=Rogers|first2=Marie C.|last2=Nelson|journal=Annales de démographie historique|date=2003|volume=1|number=105|pages=61–79|doi=10.3917/adh.105.79}}</ref> In 2020, Sweden funded the establishment of an independent truth commission to examine and document past abuse of Sámi by the Swedish state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sweden's Sami People to Set up Commission on Discrimination|agency=Associated Press|date=12 June 2020|work=U.S. News & World Reports|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-06-12/swedens-sami-people-to-set-up-commission-on-discrimination|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

In Finland, where Sámi children, like all Finnish children, are entitled to day care and language instruction in their own language, the Finnish government has denied funding for these rights in most of the country, including in Rovaniemi, the largest municipality in Finnish Lapland. Sámi activists have pushed for nationwide application of these basic rights.<ref>{{cite book|title=European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination |author=Anna Lawson, Dagmar Schiek |year=2001 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-9750-9|page=152}}</ref>

As in the other countries claiming sovereignty over Sámi lands, Sámi activists' efforts in Finland in the 20th century achieved limited government recognition of the Sámis' rights as a recognized minority, but the Finnish government has maintained its legally enforced premise that the Sámi must prove their land ownership, an idea incompatible with and antithetical to the traditional reindeer-herding Sámi way of life. This has effectively allowed the Finnish government to take without compensation, motivated by economic gain, land occupied by the Sámi for centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indigenous Peoples: Self-determination, Knowledge, Indigeneity |author=Henry Minde |year=2008 |publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V |isbn=978-90-5972-204-0|pages=100–102}}</ref>

==Official Sámi policies==

===Norway===
[[File:Samediggi03.jpg|thumb|[[Sámi Parliament of Norway]]]]
The Sámi have been recognized as an [[indigenous people]] in Norway (1990 according to [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989|ILO convention 169]] as described below), and therefore, according to international law, the Sámi people in Norway are entitled special protection and rights. The legal foundation of the Sámi policy is:<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=The foundation for Norwegian Sámi policy|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172804/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* Article 110a of the [[Norwegian Constitution]].
* The Sámi Act (12 June 1987, No. 56.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=12 June 1987|title=Sameloven: LOV 1987-06-12 nr 56: Lov om Sametinget og andre samiske rettsforhold|trans-title=The Sámi Act: Act 1987-06-12 no. 56: Act on the Sámi Parliament and other Sámi legal matters|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/sameloven---samel/id449701/|website=[[Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation]]|language=no}}</ref>

The constitutional amendment states: "It is the responsibility of the authorities of the State to create conditions enabling the Sámi people to preserve and develop its language, culture and way of life." This provides a legal and political protection of the Sámi language, culture and society. In addition the "amendment implies a legal, political and moral obligation for Norwegian authorities to create an environment conducive to the Sámis themselves influencing on the development of the Sámi community".<ref name=":4" />

The Sámi Act provides special rights for the Sámi people:<ref name=":4" />
* "... the Sámis shall have their own national [[Sámi Parliament of Norway|Sámi Parliament]] elected by and amongst the Sámis" (Chapter 1–2).
* The Sámi people shall decide the area of activity of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament.
* The Sámi and Norwegian languages have equal standing in Norway (section 15; Chapter 3 contains details with regards to the use of the Sámi language).
[[File:View from Bárrás.jpg|thumb|Mountain landscape in [[Kvalsund]] near [[Hammerfest]]]]

The Norwegian Sámi Parliament also elects 50% of the members to the board of the [[Finnmark Estate]], which controls 95% of the land in the county of [[Finnmark]].

In addition, the Sámi have special rights to reindeer husbandry. In 2007, the Norwegian Parliament passed the new Reindeer Herding Act acknowledging [[siida]] as the basic institution regarding land rights, organization, and daily herding management.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009" />

Norway has also accepted international conventions, declarations and agreements applicable to the Sámi as a minority and indigenous people including:<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=Norway's international obligations|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314181304/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-14|access-date=2013-06-22|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* The International Covenant on Civil and Political Right (1966). Article 27 protects minorities, and indigenous peoples, against discrimination: "In those states in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities, shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or use their own language."
* ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989). The convention states that rights for the indigenous peoples to land and natural resources are recognized as central for their material and cultural survival. In addition, indigenous peoples should be entitled to exercise control over, and manage, their own institutions, ways of life and economic development in order to maintain and develop their identities, languages and religions, within the framework of the states in which they live.
* The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965).
* The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
* The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979).
* The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995).
* The Council of Europe's Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (1992).
* The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2007|title=General Assembly adopts declaration on rights of indigenous peoples|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=7 June 2008|website=[[United Nations]]|archive-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925040218/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm}}</ref>

===Sweden===
[[File:Sametinget - Sami Parliament of Sweden.JPG|thumb|[[Sámi Parliament]] in Sweden]]
Sweden recognised the existence of the "Sámi nation" in 1989, but the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169 has not been adopted. The Sametingslag was established as the [[Sámi Parliament of Sweden|Swedish Sámi Parliament]] on 1 January 1993. In 1998, Sweden formally apologized for the wrongs committed against the Sámi.

Sámi is one of five national minority languages recognized by Swedish law.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 June 2009|title=Svensk författningssamling: SFS 2009:600|url=http://www.lagboken.se/Views/Pages/GetFile.ashx?portalId=56&cat=37605&docId=362202&propId=5|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=[[Sveriges riksdag]]|language=sv}}</ref> The Compulsory School Ordinance states that Sámi pupils are entitled to be taught in their native language; however, a municipality is only obliged to arrange mother-tongue teaching in Sámi if a suitable teacher is available and the pupil has a basic knowledge of Sámi.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In 2010, after 15 years of negotiation, Laponiatjuottjudus, an association with Sámi majority control, will govern the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] [[Laponian area|Laponia]]. The reindeer-herding law will apply in the area as well.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-06-03|title=Swedish Sami National Association (SSR)|url=http://www.nsd.se//nyheter/artikel.aspx?ArticleID=5408663|url-status=dead|website=[[Norrländska Socialdemokraten]]|language=sv|access-date=2010-10-31|archive-date=2011-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430025403/http://www.nsd.se//nyheter/artikel.aspx?ArticleID=5408663}}</ref>

===Finland===
[[File:Yllastunturi Finland.jpg|left|thumb|Land near [[Ylläs]]]]
The act establishing the Finnish Sámi Parliament (Finnish: Saamelaiskäräjät) was passed on November 9, 1973. Sámi people have had very little representation in Finnish national politics. In fact, as of 2007, [[Janne Seurujärvi]], a [[Centre Party (Finland)|Finnish Centre Party]] representative, was the first Sámi ever to be elected to the Finnish Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|author=NordicStorm|date=5 November 2007|title=Minority MEPs?|url=http://www.eurotrib.com/story/2007/11/5/8342/36983|access-date=14 March 2012|work=The European Tribune}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Lapland, Finland-fi.svg|thumb|[[Lapland (Finland)|Finnish Lapland]]. The three northernmost municipalities Utsjoki, Inari and Enontekiö and part of Sodankylä are officially considered the Sámi area.]]

Finland ratified the 1966 [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] though several cases have been brought before the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|U.N. Human Rights Committee]]. Of those, 36 cases involved a determination of the rights of individual Sámi in Finland and Sweden. The committee decisions clarify that Sámi are members of a minority within the meaning of Article 27 and that deprivation or erosion of their rights to practice traditional activities that are an essential element of their culture do come within the scope of Article 27.<ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nations Human Rights Committee|title=Jouni E. Länsman et al. v. Finland, Communication No. 671/1995, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/58/D/671/1995 (1996).|url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/html/VWS67158.htm|website=[[University of Minnesota]] Human Rights Library}}</ref> Finland recognized the Sámi as a "people" in 1995, but they have yet to ratify ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.

Sámi in Finland have had access to Sámi language instruction in some schools since the 1970s, and language rights were established in 1992. There are three Sámi languages spoken in Finland: North Sámi, Skolt Sámi and Inari Sámi. Of these languages, Inari Sámi, which is spoken by about 350 speakers, is the only one that is used entirely within the borders of Finland, mainly in the municipality of Inari.

The case of J. Lansman versus Finland concerned a challenge by Sámi reindeer herders in northern Finland to the Finnish Central Forestry Board's plans to approve logging and construction of roads in an area used by the herdsmen as winter pasture and spring calving grounds.<ref name="Osherenko">{{cite web|last=Osherenko|first=Gail|date=1 April 2001|title=Indigenous rights in Russia: Is title to land essential for cultural survival?|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104207/http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html|archive-date=11 May 2011|work=Georgetown International Environmental Law Review}}</ref> Finland has denied any aboriginal rights or land rights to the Sámi people;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Banting|first1=Keith|last2=Kymlicka|first2=Will|title=Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies: Finland|url=http://www.queensu.ca/mcp/indigenouspeople/evidence-1/Finland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616140234/http://www.queensu.ca/mcp/indigenouspeople/evidence-1/Finland.html|archive-date=2012-06-16|website=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]]}}</ref> in Finland, non-Sámi can herd reindeer.

===Russia===
[[File:Kildin Saami map.JPG|thumb|Kildin Sami Map (green). {{lang|ru|СААМИ}} is "Sámi" in Cyrillic]]
[[File:Lovozero Center.JPG|thumb|National Culture Centre in [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]].]]

The 1822 Statute of Administration of Non-Russians in Siberia asserted state ownership over all the land in Siberia and then "granted" possessory rights to the natives.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Siberian Survival: The Nenets and their story 8 |author1=Andrei V. Golovnev |author2=Gail Osherenko |year=1999}}</ref> Governance of indigenous groups, and especially collection of taxes from them, necessitated protection of indigenous peoples against exploitation by traders and settlers.<ref name="Osherenko" /> During the Soviet era, the inhabitants of the Kola tundra were forcibly relocated to [[Kolkhoz|kolkhoz'es]] (collective communities) by the state;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sara|first=Mikkel|date=22 March 2009|title=Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|journal=Northern Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-date=2011-05-01}}</ref> most Sámi were settled at Lujávri ([[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]]).

The 1993 Constitution, Article 69 states, "The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally accepted principles and standards of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation."<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Land Reform in Russia: Legal Theory and Practice|last=Bystrov |first=G.E. |year=2000 |publisher=4 GosuDARSTvo I PRAvo |pages=46–58}}</ref> For the first time in Russia, the rights of indigenous minorities were established in the 1993 Constitution.<ref name="Osherenko" />

The Russian Federation ratified the 1966 U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Section 2 explicitly forbids depriving a people of "its own means of subsistence." The Russian parliament (Duma) has adopted partial measures to implement it.<ref name="Osherenko" /> The Russian Federation lists distinct indigenous peoples as having special rights and protections under the Constitution and federal laws and decrees.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern peoples of Russia on the path to the new millennium |author=PV. Sulyandziga & O.A. Murashko eds. |year=2000}}</ref> These rights are linked to the category known since Soviet times as the ''malochislennye narody'' ("small-numbered peoples"), a term that is often translated as "indigenous minorities", which include Arctic peoples such as the Sámi, [[Nenets people|Nenets]], [[Evenks|Evenki]], and [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]].<ref name="Osherenko" />

In April 1999, the Russian Duma passed a law that guarantees socio-economic and cultural development to all indigenous minorities, protecting traditional living places and acknowledging some form of limited ownership of territories that have traditionally been used for hunting, herding, fishing, and gathering activities. The law, however, does not anticipate the transfer of title in fee simply to indigenous minorities. The law does not recognize development rights, some proprietary rights including compensation for damage to the property, and limited exclusionary rights. It is not clear, however, whether protection of nature in the traditional places of inhabitation implies a right to exclude conflicting uses that are destructive to nature or whether they have the right to veto development.<ref name="Osherenko" />[[File:Chibini massif and lake imandra.jpg|left|thumb|Chibini massif, [[Kola Peninsula]]]]

The Russian Federation's Land Code reinforces the rights of numerically small peoples ("indigenous minorities") to use places they inhabit and to continue traditional economic activities without being charged rent.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern peoples of Russia on the path to the new millennium |author=PV. Sulyandziga & O.A. Murashko eds. |date=April 1, 2000}}</ref> Such lands cannot be allocated for unrelated activities (which might include oil, gas, and mineral development or tourism) without the consent of the indigenous peoples. Furthermore, indigenous minorities and ethnic groups are allowed to use environmentally protected lands and lands set aside as nature preserves to engage in their traditional modes of land use.<ref name="Osherenko" />

Regional law, Code of the [[Murmansk Oblast]], calls on the organs of state power of the oblast to facilitate the native peoples of the Kola North, specifically naming the Sámi, "in realization of their rights for preservation and development of their native language, national culture, traditions and customs." The third section of Article 21 states: "In historically established areas of habitation, Sámi enjoy the rights for traditional use of nature and [traditional] activities."<ref name="Osherenko" />
[[File:Мурманская гавань.jpg|left|thumb|The [[port of Murmansk]] in the Kola Bay]]

Throughout the Russian North, indigenous and local people have difficulties with exercising control over resources upon which they and their ancestors have depended for centuries. The failure to protect indigenous ways, however, stems not from inadequacy of the written law, but rather from the failure to implement existing laws. Violations of the rights of indigenous peoples continue, and oil, gas, and mineral development and other activities, (mining, timber cutting, commercial fishing, and tourism) that bring foreign currency into the Russian economy.<ref name="Osherenko" /> The life ways and economy of indigenous peoples of the Russian North are based upon reindeer herding, fishing, terrestrial and sea mammal hunting, and trapping. Many groups in the Russian Arctic are semi-nomadic, moving seasonally to different hunting and fishing camps. These groups depend upon different types of environment at differing times of the year, rather than upon exploiting a single commodity to exhaustion.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: Indian, Metis and Inuit rights in Canada|publisher=Bradford W. Morse ed|year=1985}}</ref> Throughout northwestern Siberia, oil and gas development has disturbed pastureland and undermined the ability of indigenous peoples to continue hunting, fishing, trapping, and herding activities. Roads constructed in connection with oil and gas exploration and development destroy and degrade pastureland,<ref>{{cite book|title=Tundra Disturbance Studies, III: Short-term Effects of Aeolian Sand and Dust, Yamal Region, Northwest Siberia|publisher=22 ENVTL. CONS.|year=1995|location=Copenhagen|pages=335–44}}</ref> ancestral burial grounds, and sacred sites and increase hunting by oil workers on the territory used by indigenous peoples.<ref>{{cite book|title=Not by Oil Alone|publisher=Moscow News Weekly No. 2, reprinted in IWGIA Newsletter|year=1989|location=Copenhagen}}</ref>
[[File:Краснощелье.jpg|thumb|[[Krasnoshchelye]] village on the Ponoi River]]

In the Sámi homeland on the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia, regional authorities closed a fifty-mile (eighty-kilometer) stretch of the Ponoi River (and other rivers) to local fishing and granted exclusive fishing rights to a commercial company offering catch-and-release fishing to sport fishers largely from abroad.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Osherenko|first=G.|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/-arctic/articles/ponoi-eng.htm|title=The Ponoi River Report: Sport Fishing in the Kola Peninsula|publisher=Circumpolar Conservation Union|year=1985}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This deprived the local Sámi (see Article 21 of the Code of the Murmansk Oblast) of food for their families and community and of their traditional economic livelihood. Thus, closing the fishery to locals may have violated the test articulated by the U.N. Human Rights Committee and disregarded the Land Code, other legislative acts, and the 1992 Presidential decree. Sámi are not only forbidden to fish in the eighty-kilometer stretch leased to the Ponoi River Company but are also required by regional laws to pay for licenses to catch a limited number of fish outside the lease area. Residents of remote communities have neither the power nor the resources to demand enforcement of their rights. Here and elsewhere in the circumpolar north, the failure to apply laws for the protection of indigenous peoples leads to "criminalization" of local indigenous populations who cannot survive without "poaching" resources that should be accessible to them legally.<ref name="Osherenko" />

Although indigenous leaders in Russia have occasionally asserted indigenous rights to land and resources, to date there has been no serious or sustained discussion of indigenous group rights to ownership of land.<ref name="Osherenko" /> Russia has not adopted the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169.

===Nordic Sámi Convention===
On 16 November 2005 in [[Helsinki]], a group of experts, led by former [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway]] Professor [[Carsten Smith]], submitted a proposal for a Nordic Sámi Convention to the annual joint meeting of the ministers responsible for Sámi affairs in Finland, Norway and Sweden and the presidents of the three Sámi Parliaments from the respective countries. This convention recognizes the Sámi as one indigenous people residing across national borders in all three countries. A set of minimum standards is proposed for the rights of developing the Sámi language and culture and rights to land and water, livelihoods and society.<ref>{{cite report|title=Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway |date=19–30 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |location=New York |page=19 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E.C.19.2010.2EN.pdf}}</ref> The convention has not yet been ratified in the Nordic countries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=The Nordic Sámi Convention|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172755/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>

==Culture==
To make up for past suppression, the authorities of Norway, Sweden and Finland now make an effort to build up Sámi cultural institutions and promote Sámi culture and language.

===Duodji (craft)===
{{Main|Duodji}}
[[File:Sami knives - Arctic Museum.jpg|thumb|Sámi knives]]
[[File:Sami belt and needle cases.JPG|thumb|Beaded belt, knife, and antler needlecase]]
[[File:Sami woman with white reindeer.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sámi woman from [[Sweden]]]]
Duodji, the Sámi handicraft, originates from the time when the Sámis were self-supporting nomads, believing therefore that an object should first and foremost serve a purpose rather than being primarily decorative. Men mostly use wood, bone, and antlers to make items such as antler-handled [[scrimshaw]]ed [[sami knife|sami knives]], [[sami drum|drums]], and [[guksi]] (burl cups). Women used leather and roots to make items such as [[gákti]] (clothing), and birch- and spruce-root woven baskets.

===Clothing===
{{Main|Gákti}}
{{See also|Four Winds hat|Beaska|Luhkka|Nutukas}}
[[File:Sami clothing 3.JPG|thumb|Sámi hats]]
Gákti are the traditional clothing worn by the Sámi people. The gákti is worn both in ceremonial contexts and while working, particularly when herding reindeer.

Traditionally, the gákti was made from reindeer leather and sinews, but nowadays, it is more common to use wool, cotton, or silk. Women's gákti typically consist of a dress, a fringed shawl that is fastened with 1–3 silver brooches, and boots/shoes made of reindeer fur or leather. Sámi boots (or ''[[nutukas]]'') can have pointed or curled toes and often have band-woven ankle wraps. Eastern Sámi boots have a rounded toe on reindeer-fur boots, lined with felt and with beaded details. There are different gákti for women and men; men's gákti have a shorter "jacket-skirt" than a women's long dress. Traditional gákti are most commonly in variations of red, blue, green, white, medium-brown tanned leather, or reindeer fur. In winter, there is the addition of a reindeer fur coat and leggings, and sometimes a poncho (luhkka) and rope/lasso.

The colours, patterns and the jewellery of the gákti indicate where a person is from, if a person is single or married, and sometimes can even be specific to their family. The collar, sleeves and hem usually have appliqués in the form of geometric shapes. Some regions have ribbonwork, others have tin embroidery, and some Eastern Sámi have beading on clothing or collar. Hats vary by sex, season, and region. They can be wool, leather, or fur. They can be embroidered, or in the East, they are more like a beaded cloth crown with a shawl. Some traditional shamanic headgear had animal hides, plaits, and feathers, particularly in East Sápmi.

The gákti can be worn with a belt; these are sometimes band-woven belts, woven, or beaded. Leather belts can have scrimshawed antler buttons, silver concho-like buttons, tassels, or brass/copper details such as rings. Belts can also have beaded leather pouches, antler needle cases, accessories for a fire, copper rings, amulets, and often a carved and/or scrimshawed antler handled knife. Some Eastern Sámi also have a hooded jumper (малиц) from reindeer skins with wool inside and above the knee boots.

===Media and literature===
{{Main|Sámi media}}
[[File:Johan Turi, Muitalus sámiid birra.jpg|thumb|[[Johan Turi]]'s illustration of reindeer herding from his 1910 book ''Muitalus sámiid birra'' (An Account of the Sámi), the first book published in a Sámi language.]]
* There are short daily news bulletins in Northern Sámi on national TV in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]]. [[Children's television]] shows in Sámi are also frequently made. There is also a radio station for Northern Sámi, which has some news programs in the other [[Sámi languages]].
* A single daily newspaper is published in Northern Sámi, ''[[Ávvir]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Aviissat ja bládit|url=http://lotta.yle.fi/srwebanar.nsf/sivut/samimediat?opendocument&pageid=Content65D79-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918033439/http://lotta.yle.fi/srwebanar.nsf/sivut/samimediat?opendocument&pageid=Content65D79-5|archive-date=18 September 2008|access-date=9 April 2010|publisher=YLE Sámi Radio|language=se}}</ref> along with a few magazines.
* There is a Sámi theatre, [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre|Beaivvaš]], in Kautokeino on the Norwegian side, as well as in Kiruna on the Swedish side. Both tour the entire Sámi area with drama written by Sámi authors or international translations.
* A number of novels and poetry collections are published every year in Northern Sámi, and sometimes in the other Sámi languages as well. The largest Sámi publishing house is Davvi Girji.
* The first secular book published in a Sámi language was [[Johan Turi]]'s ''Muitalus sámiid birra'' (An Account of the Sámi), released in 1910 with text in Northern Sámi and Danish.<ref name="Turi2012">{{cite book|last=Turi|first=Johan Olafsson|title=An Account of the Sámi: A Translation of Muitalus Sámiid Birra, Based on the Sámi Original|translator-last=DuBois|translator-first=Thomas A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rPNlwEACAAJ|access-date=30 April 2020|year=2012|publisher=ČálliidLágádus|location=Kárášjohka, Norway|isbn=978-82-8263-063-4|chapter=Preface}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Sámi music}}
[[File:Riddu Riđđu (9).jpg|left|thumb|upright|Sara Marielle Gaup at [[Riddu Riđđu]]]]
A characteristic feature of Sámi musical tradition is the singing of ''[[joik]]''. Joiks are song-chants and are traditionally sung ''[[a cappella]]'', usually sung slowly and deep in the throat with apparent emotional content of sorrow or anger. Joiks can be dedicated to animals and birds in nature, special people or special occasions, and they can be joyous, sad or melancholic. They often are based on syllablic improvisation. In recent years, musical instruments frequently accompany joiks. The only traditional Sámi instruments that were sometimes used to accompany joik are the "fadno" flute (made from reed-like ''[[Garden Angelica|Angelica archangelica]]'' stems) and hand drums (frame drums and bowl drums).

===Education===
* Education with Sámi as the first language is available in all four countries, and also outside the Sámi area.
* [[Sámi University College]] is located in Kautokeino. Sámi language is studied in several universities in all countries, most notably the [[University of Tromsø]], which considers Sámi a mother tongue, not a foreign language.

===Festivals===
* Numerous Sámi festivals throughout the Sápmi area celebrate different aspects of the Sámi culture. The best known on the Norwegian side is [[Riddu Riđđu]], though there are others, such as {{ill|Ijahis Idja|fi|Ijahis Idja}} in [[Inari, Finland|Inari]]. Among the most festive are the Easter festivals taking place in [[Kautokeino]] and [[Karasjok]] before the springtime reindeer migration to the coast. These festivals combine traditional culture with modern phenomena such as snowmobile races. They celebrated the new year known as Ođđajagemánnu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Redding|first=Stephanie|title=The Sami Concept of Time|url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/anthro/concept-time.htm|website=Sámi Culture|publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]]}}</ref>

===Visual arts===
In addition to Duodji (Sámi handicraft), there is a developing area of contemporary Sámi visual art. Galleries such as Sámi Dáiddaguovddáš (Sami Center for Contemporary Art)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kunst, bedrift og samfunnsinformasjon|url=https://www.samiskkunstnersenter.no/|website=Samisk Kunstner Senter|language=no}}</ref> are being established.

===Dance===
Unlike many other Indigenous peoples, traditional dance is generally not a visible manifestation of Sámi identity. This has led to a common misconception that Sámi, at least in western Sápmi, have no traditional dance culture.<ref name="Hoppu2016">{{cite journal|title=Dancing Multiple Identities: Preserving and Revitalizing Dances of the Skolt Sámi|last=Hoppu|first=Petri|editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-last=Shay|editor2-first=Barbara|editor2-last=Sellers-Young|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity|date=June 2016|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199754281.013.027}}</ref>

The Sámi modern dance company Kompani Nomad looked to old descriptions of shamnistic rituals and behaviors to identify "lost" Sámi dances and reimagine them through contemporary dance.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stinnerbom|first1=Ola|last2=Stålnert|first2=Birgitta|year=2013|title=Kompani Nomad|url=http://www.kompaninomad.se/storage/FINAL%20Kompani_Nomad_presentation%20ENG.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214052/http://www.kompaninomad.se/storage/FINAL%20Kompani_Nomad_presentation%20ENG.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stålnert|first=Bigitta|title=Kompani Nomad: Nyskapande samisk dans|url=http://www.kompaninomad.se|access-date=22 June 2013|website=Kompani Nomad|language=sv}}</ref> An example is the ''lihkadus'' (ecstasy dance) described in sources from the 16th and 17th centuries, but which was adapted by Swedish–Sámi priest [[Lars Levi Laestadius]], who brought it and other Sámi traditions into the [[Church of Sweden]] as part of the [[Laestadianism]] movement.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 March 2012|title=Jakten på den försvunna samiska dansen|language=sv|trans-title=The Hunt for the Missing Sami Dance|publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]]|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/4992218|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref>

Partner and group dancing have been a part of Skolt Sámi culture and among Sámi on the Kola Peninsula since at least the second half of the 1800s.<ref name="Hoppu2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hoppu|first1=Petri|title=Rewriting Skolt Sámi Dance History|journal=Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings|volume=2015|year=2015|pages=77–82|issn=2049-1255|doi=10.1017/cor.2015.14}}</ref> These square dances, couple dances, circle dances, and singing games are influenced by [[Karelians|Karelian]] and Northern Russian dance cultures, likely under the influence of Russian traders, military service under the tsar, and the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref name="Hoppu2016" /> This eastern Sápmi dance tradition has been more continuous and has been adapted by modern Sámi dance companies such as Johtti Kompani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johtti Kompani|url=http://www.johtti.com/|url-status=dead|access-date=22 June 2013|publisher=Johtti.com|archive-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507091029/http://www.johtti.com/}}</ref>

===Reindeer husbandry===
{{Main|Reindeer#Reindeer husbandry}}
[[File:Reindeer herding.jpg|thumb|Reindeer [[herding]]]]
[[File:Ljungris July 2013.jpg|thumb|Building in [[Berg Municipality|Ljungris]], owned by the Sámi community and used especially for [[reindeer]] calf marking in the summer.]]
Reindeer husbandry has been and still is an important aspect of Sámi culture. Traditionally the Sámi lived and worked in reindeer herding groups called ''[[siida|siidat]]'', which consist of several families and their herds. Members of the ''siida'' helped each other with the management and husbandry of the herds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reindeer, People, Pastures|url=https://reindeerherding.org/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921183535/https://reindeerherding.org/|archive-date=2019-09-21|access-date=2019-09-21|website=reindeerherding.org}}</ref> During the years of [[forced assimilation]], the areas in which reindeer herding was an important livelihood were among the few where the Sámi culture and language survived.

Today in Norway and Sweden, reindeer husbandry is legally protected as an exclusive Sámi livelihood, such that only persons of Sámi descent with a linkage to a reindeer herding family can own, and hence make a living off, reindeer. Presently, about 2,800 people are engaged in reindeer herding in Norway.<ref name="galdu.org" /> In Finland, reindeer husbandry is not exclusive and is also practiced to a limited degree by ethnic Finns. Legally, it is restricted to [[European Union|EU]]/[[European Economic Area|EEA]] nationals resident in the area. In the north (Lapland), it plays a major role in the local economy, while its economic impact is lesser in the southern parts of the area ([[Province of Oulu]]).

Among the reindeer herders in Sámi villages, the women usually have a higher level of formal education in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:416689/FULLTEXT01|format=PDF|title=Mental health problems among the Swedish reindeer-herding Sami population|author=Niclas Kaiser|journal=Umeå University Medical Dissertations|series=New Series|volume=1430|year=2011|access-date=2012-10-02}}</ref>

===Games===
The Sámi have traditionally played both card games and board games, but few Sámi games have survived, because Christian missionaries and [[Laestadianism|Laestadianists]] considered such games sinful.<ref>Borvo, Alan (2001), ''Sáhkku, The "Devil's Game"'', Board Games Studies 4: 33–52, p. 33</ref> Only the rules of three Sámi board games have been preserved into modern times. ''[[Sáhkku]]'' is a [[running-fight game|running-fight]] [[board games|board game]] where each player controls a set of soldiers (referred to as "women" and "men") that race across a board in a loop, attempting to eliminate the other player's soldiers. The game is related to South Scandinavian [[daldøs]], Arabian [[tâb]] and Indian tablan.<ref>Borvo 2001, p. 33; Depaulis, Thierry (2001), ''An Arab Game in the North Pole?'', Board Games Studies 4: 77–82</ref> Sáhkku differs from these games in several respects, most notably the addition of a piece – "the king" – that changes gameplay radically. [[Tafl games#Tablut|''Tablut'']] is a pure [[strategy game]] in the [[tafl games|tafl]] family. The game features "Swedes" and a "Swedish king" whose goal is to escape, and an army of "Muscovites" whose goal is to capture the king. Tablut is the only tafl game where a relatively intact set of rules have survived into our time. Hence, all modern versions of tafl (commonly called "Hnefatafl" and marketed exclusively as "Norse" or "Viking" games) are based on the Sámi game of tablut.<ref>Murray, H. J. R. (1951). ''A History of Board-Games Other than Chess.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 61; Bell, R. C. (1979). ''Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations'' (Revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications, p. 77; Helmfrid, S. (2005).''Hnefatafl: The Strategic Board Game of the Vikings'', p. 1–5.</ref> ''[[Dablot Prejjesne]]'' is a game related to [[alquerque]] which differs from most such games (e.g. [[draughts]]) by having pieces of three different ranks. The game's two sides are referred to as "Sámi" (king, prince, warriors) and "Finlenders" (landowners, landowner's son, farmers).<ref>Wilkins, Sally (2002). ''Sports and games of medieval cultures.'' Greenwood publishing group. pp. 101–102; Keyland, Nils (1921). ''Dablot prejjesne och dablot duoljesne. Tvänne lappska spel från Frostviken, förklarade och avbildade.'' Etnologiska Studier tillägnade Nils Edvard Hammarsted 3/3 (Göteborg). pp. 35–47</ref>

==Cultural region==
{{Main|Sápmi}}
Sápmi is located in Northern Europe, includes the northern parts of [[Fennoscandia]] and spans four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Non-Sámi and many regional maps have often called this same region ''Lapland'' as there is considerable regional overlap between Sápmi and the provinces of [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lappland]] in Sweden and [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] in Finland. Much of Sápmi falls outside of those provinces. Despite the terms use in tourism, ''Lapland'' can be either misleading or offensive, or both, to Sámi, depending on the context and where this word is used.<ref name="Rapp" /> Among the Sámi people, ''Sápmi'' is strictly used and acceptable.

===Extent===
[[File:Sami people in Härjedalen, Sweden (8539250322).jpg|thumb|Sámi people in [[Härjedalen]] (1790–1800), far south in the Sápmi area]]
[[File:Sapmi Lappland.jpg|thumb|[[Laponian area]] in [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]], [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
There is no official geographic definition for the boundaries of Sápmi. However, the following counties and provinces are usually included:
* [[Finnmark]] county in Norway
* [[Jämtland County|Jämtland county]] in Sweden
* [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland region]] in Finland
* [[Murmansk Oblast|Murmansk oblast]] in Russia
* [[Nord-Trøndelag]] county in Norway
* [[Nordland]] county in Norway
* [[Norrbotten County|Norrbotten county]] in Sweden
* [[Troms]] county in Norway
* [[Västerbotten County|Västerbotten county]] in Sweden

The municipalities of [[Gällivare]], [[Jokkmokk]] and [[Arjeplog]] in Swedish Lappland were designated a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 1996 as a "Laponian Area".

The [[Sami Domicile Area]] in Finland consists of the municipalities of [[Enontekiö]], [[Utsjoki]] and [[Inari, Finland|Inari]] as well as a part of the municipality of [[Sodankylä]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Saamelaisuus | url = http://oppiminen.yle.fi/saamelaisuus | work= [[YLE]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605160505/http://oppiminen.yle.fi/saamelaisuus | access-date=September 14, 2021 | archive-date = 2009-06-05 | language = fi}}</ref> About 3,000 of Finland's about 10,000 people speak Sámi as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.samediggi.fi/saamelaiset-info/ |title=Samediggi {{!}} Saamelaiset info|work=Samediggi|access-date=September 14, 2021 }}</ref> Today, a considerable part of the Finnish Sámi live outside the Sápmi region, for example in [[Helsinki]] there is a relatively large and active Sámi minority.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hs.fi/kirjat/artikkeli/Koskaan+et+muuttua+saa+saamelainen/HS20010710SI1KU01mjt | title=Koskaan et muuttua saa, saamelainen | last=Tahkolahti |first= Jaakko | work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]] | date=July 10, 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011064858/http://www.hs.fi/kirjat/artikkeli/Koskaan+et+muuttua+saa+saamelainen/HS20010710SI1KU01mjt | access-date=September 14, 2021 | archive-date=2011-10-11 | language = fi}}</ref> According to the [[Sámi Parliament]], the Sámi live in 230 municipalities out of a total of 336 [[Municipalities of Finland|municipalities in Finland]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://avoinyle.fi/www/fi/?we_objectID=337 | title = Saamelaiskäräjät vaatii Ylelle lisää saamenkielistä tarjontaa. | last = Hilden | first= Kaisa | date = March 15, 2011| work = [[YLE]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175626/http://avoinyle.fi/www/fi/?we_objectID=337 | access-date=September 14, 2021 | archive-date = 2011-07-20 | language = fi}}</ref> 75% of Sámi under the age of 10 live outside the Sápmi region.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.kansanuutiset.fi/artikkeli/3219779-kinatkin-kaydaan-saamen-kielella |title=Kinatkin käydään saamen kielellä|work=Kansan Uutiset|date=August 26, 2014|access-date=September 14, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref>

===Important Sámi towns===
[[File:Каневка на Поное.jpg|thumb|[[Kanevka]], [[Ponoy River]], Russia's [[Lovozersky District]]]]
The following towns and villages have a significant Sámi population or host Sámi institutions (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or Russian name in parentheses):
* [[Inari, Finland|Aanaar, Anár, or Aanar]] (Inari), is the location of the [[Sámi Parliament of Finland|Finnish Sámi Parliament]], [[Sajos|Sajos Sámi Cultural Centre]], SAKK – {{Interlanguage link multi|Saamelaisalueen koulutuskeskus|fi}} (Sámi Education Institute), [[Anarâškielâ servi]] (Inari Sámi Language Association), and the [[Siida (museum)|Inari Sámi Siida Museum]].
* [[Hattfjelldal|Aarborte]] (Hattfjelldal) is a southern Sámi center with a Southern Sámi-language school and a Sámi culture center.
* [[Arjeplog|Árjepluovve]] (Arjeplog) is the Pite Saami center in Sweden.
* [[Deatnu Tana|Deatnu]] (Tana) has a significant Sámi population.
* [[Tysfjord|Divtasvuodna]] (Tysfjord) is a center for the Lule-Sámi population. The [[Árran]] Lule-Sámi center is located here.
* [[Gáivuotna]] (Kåfjord, Troms) is an important center for the Sea-Sámi culture. Each summer the [[Riddu Riđđu]] festival is held in Gáivuotna. The municipality has a Sámi-language center and hosts the [[Ája Sámi Center]]. The opposition against Sámi language and culture revitalization in Gáivuotna was infamous in the late 1990s and included Sámi-language road signs being shot to pieces repeatedly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/troms/programmer_nrk_troms/784905.html |title=Samisk skyteskive |access-date=2007-10-11 |work=NRK |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013094921/http://nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/troms/programmer_nrk_troms/784905.html  |archive-date = 2007-10-13}}</ref>
* [[Kiruna|Giron]] (Kiruna), proposed seat of the Swedish Sámi Parliament.
* [[Kautokeino (village)|Guovdageaidnu]] (Kautokeino) is perhaps the cultural capital of the Sámi. About 90% of the population speaks Sámi. Several Sámi institutions are located in Kautokeino including: [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre]], a Sámi secondary school and reindeer-herding School, the [[Sámi University College]], the [[Nordic Sami Institute|Nordic Sámi Research Institute]], the Sámi Language Board, the Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous People, and the International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry. In addition, several Sámi media are located in Kautokeino including the Sámi-language ''[[Áššu]]'' newspaper, and the DAT Sámi publishing house and record company. Kautokeino also hosts the, which includes the Sámi Grand Prix 2010 (Sámi Musicfestival) and the Reindeer Racing World Cup. The [[Kautokeino rebellion]] in 1852 is one of the few Sámi rebellions against the Norwegian government's oppression against the Sámi.
* [[Enontekiö|Iänudâh, or Eanodat]] (Enontekiö).
* [[Gällivare|Jiellevárri, or Váhčir]] (Gällivare)
[[File:Attje Museum Jokkmokk-exhibition.jpg|thumb|Ájtte Museum of the Sámi people, Jokkmokk]]
[[File:Utsjoki Mantojarvi.jpg|thumb|Log cabin in Utsjoki]]
* [[Jokkmokk|Jåhkåmåhkke]] (Jokkmokk) holds a Sámi market on the first weekend of every February and has a Sámi school for language and traditional knowledge called [http://www.samernas.se/nord/ Samij Åhpadusguovdásj].
* [[Karasjok (village)|Kárášjohka]] (Karasjok) is the seat of the [[Sami Parliaments|Norwegian Sámi Parliament]]. Other important Sámi institutions are located in Kárášjohka, including [[NRK Sámi Radio]], the [[Sámi Collections]] museum, the Sámi Art Centre, the [[Sámi Specialist Library]], the Mid-Finnmark legal office, a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic – one of few on a national level approved for providing full specialist training. Other significant institutions include a Sámi Specialist Medical Centre, and the Sámi Health Research Institute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karasjok Kommune: Facts|url=http://english.karasjok.kommune.no/document.aspx?uid=40&title=Facts|url-status=dead|website=Karasjok kommune|access-date=2007-05-10|archive-date=2007-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070719223106/http://english.karasjok.kommune.no/document.aspx?uid=40&title=Facts}}</ref> In addition, the Sápmi cultural park is in the township, and the Sámi-language ''[[Min Áigi]]'' newspaper is published here.
* [[Lakselv|Leavdnja]] (Lakselv) in [[Porsanger|Porsáŋgu]] (Porsanger) municipality is the location of the [[Finnmark Estate]] and the ''[[Ságat]]'' Sámi newspaper. The Finnmarkseiendommen organization owns and manages about 95% of the land in Finnmark, and 50% of its board members are elected by the Norwegian Sámi Parliament.
* [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Луя̄ввьр]] (Lovozero)
* [[Östersund|Staare]] (Östersund) is the center for the [[Southern Sami language|Southern Sámi]] people living in Sweden. It is the site for [[Gaaltije]] – centre for South Sámi culture – a living source of knowledge for South Sámi culture, history and business. Staare also hosts the [[Sámi Information Centre]] and one of the offices to the [[Sámi Parliament]] in Sweden.
* [[Neiden, Norway|Njauddâm]] is the center for the Skolt Sámi of Norway, which have their own museum [[Äʹvv]] in the town.
* [[Utsjoki|Ohcejohka]] (Utsjoki).
* [[Snåsa|Snåase]] (Snåsa) is a center for the Southern Sámi language and the only municipality in Norway where Southern Sámi is an official language. The [[Saemien Sijte]] Southern Sámi museum is located in Snåase.
* [[Unjárga Nesseby|Unjárga]] (Nesseby) is an important center for the Sea Sámi culture. It is also the site for the [[Várjjat Sámi Museum]] and the Norwegian Sámi Parliament's department of culture and environment. The first Sámi to be elected into the [[Storting|Norwegian Parliament]], [[Isak Saba]], was born there.
* [[Arvidsjaur|Árviesjávrrie]] (Arvidsjaur). New settlers from the south of Sweden didn't arrive until the second half of the 18th century. Because of that, Sámi tradition and culture has been well preserved. Sámi people living in the south of Norrbotten, Sweden, use the city for Reindeer herding during the summer. During winter they move the Reindeers to the coast, to Piteå.

==Demographics==
[[File:Sami child.jpg|thumb|Sámi child, 1923]]
[[File:Sami family-easter.jpg|thumb|Sámi family at spring celebration]]
In the geographical area of Sápmi, the Sámi are a small population. According to some, the estimated total Sámi population is about 70,000.{{efn|According to the Swedish Sámi parliament.}} One problem when attempting to count the population of the Sámi is that there are few common criteria of what "being a Sámi" constitutes. In addition, there are several Sámi languages and additional dialects, and there are several areas in [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] where few of the Sámi speak their [[Sami languages|native language]] due to the forced cultural assimilation, but still consider themselves Sámi. Other identity markers are [[kinship]] (which can be said to, at some level or other, be of high importance for all Sámi), the geographical region of Sápmi where their family came from, and/or protecting or preserving certain aspects of [[Sámi culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sámi|url=https://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/sami/an/i2/i2.html|url-status=dead|access-date=4 January 2009|website=Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana|language=ca|archive-date=27 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227101518/http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/sami/an/i2/i2.html}}</ref>

All the Nordic Sámi Parliaments have included as the "core" criterion for registering as a Sámi the [[Cultural identity|identity]] in itself—one must declare that one truly considers oneself a Sámi. Objective criteria vary, but are generally related to kinship and/or language.

Still, due to the [[cultural assimilation]] of the Sámi people that had occurred in the four countries over the centuries, population estimates are difficult to measure precisely.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Korpela|first=Salla|date=September 2006|title=The Saami: An ancient population on the northern edge of Europe|url=http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25786|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210090300/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25786|archive-date=January 2014|access-date=4 January 2009|website=Virtual Finland}}</ref> The population has been estimated to be between 80,000 and 135,000<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook: Norway|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/|access-date=2013-06-22|website=[[CIA]]}}</ref><ref name="norway.org.uk">{{Cite web|last=Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development|title=The Sámi people|url=http://www.norway.org.uk/facts/sami/sami/sami.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524233923/http://www.norway.org.uk/facts/sami/sami/sami.htm|archive-date=24 May 2006|website=Norway.org}}</ref> across the whole Nordic region, including urban areas such as [[Oslo]], Norway, traditionally considered outside Sápmi. The Norwegian state recognizes any Norwegian as Sámi if he or she has one great-grandparent whose home language was Sámi, but there is not, and has never been, any registration of the home language spoken by Norwegian people.

Roughly half of all Sámi live in Norway, but many live in Sweden, with smaller groups living in the far north of Finland and the [[Kola Peninsula]] of Russia. The Sámi in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]]/Lujávri, in the central part of the Kola Peninsula.

===Language===
{{Main|Sámi languages}}
[[File:E.W. Borg alphabet 1859.jpg|left|thumb|E.W. Borg alphabet book, published in 1859 in Finnish-[[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi]]]]
There is no single Sámi language, but a group of ten distinct [[Sámi languages]]. Six of these languages have their own written standards. The Sámi languages are relatively closely related, but not mutually intelligible; for instance, speakers of Southern Sámi cannot understand Northern Sámi. Especially earlier, these distinct languages were referred to as "dialects", but today, this is considered misleading due to the deep differences between the varieties. Most Sámi languages are spoken in several countries, because linguistic borders do not correspond to national borders.

All Sámi languages are at some [[degree of endangerment]], ranging from what [[Unesco|UNESCO]] defines as "definitely endangered" to "extinct".<ref name="F. Moseley 2010">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |last=F. Moseley |first=Christopher |others= A large and geographically diverse group of regional editors and contributors, some of whom had already been involved in the previous two editions, worked with Christopher Moseley to provide and validate languages data and write essays.|year=2010 |publisher=UNESCO |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php}}</ref> This is due in part to historic laws prohibiting the use of Sámi languages in schools and at home in Sweden and Norway. Sámi languages, and Sámi song-chants, called joiks, were illegal in Norway from 1773 until 1958. Then, access to Sámi instruction as part of schooling was not available until 1988. Special residential schools that would assimilate the Sámi into the dominant culture were established. These were originally run by missionaries, but later, controlled by the government. For example, in Russia, Sámi children were taken away when aged 1–2 and returned when aged 15–17 with no knowledge of their language and traditional communities. Not all Sámi viewed the schools negatively, and not all of the schools were brutal. However, being taken from home and prohibited from speaking Sámi has resulted in cultural alienation, loss of language, and lowered self-esteem.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Survivance in Sami and First Nations Boarding School Narratives |last=Kuokkanen |first=Rauna |year=2003 |publisher=[[American Indian Quarterly]] |volume=27 |pages=697–726}}</ref>

The Sámi languages belong to the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family, linguistically related to [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. Due to prolonged contact and import of items foreign to Sámi culture from neighboring Scandinavians, there are a number of [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] loanwords in Sámi, particularly for "urban" objects. The majority of the Sámi now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e., Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. Efforts are being made to further the use of Sámi languages among Sámi and persons of Sámi origin. Despite these changes, the legacy of cultural repression still exists. Many older Sámi still refuse to speak Sámi. In addition, Sámi parents still feel alienated from schools and hence do not participate as much as they could in shaping school curricula and policy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Norway's Sami Language Act': Emancipatory Implications for the World's Aboriginal Peoples. |last=Corson |first=David |year=1995|publisher=Language in Society 24 |pages=493–513 }}</ref>

In Norway, the name of the language is ''samisk'', and the name of the people is ''Same''; in Finland, the name of the language is spelled ''saame'' and the name of the people ''saamelainen''.

American scientist [[Michael E. Krauss]] published in 1997 an estimate of Sámi population and their languages.<ref name="Krauss97">Krauss, M. E. 1997. The indigenous languages of the North: A report on their present state. In H. Shoji and J. Janhunen (eds.), ''Northern minority languages: Problems of survival'', pp. 1–34. Osaka and Fairbanks: National Museum of Ethnology and Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://camel.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1049/1/SES66_027.pdf |title=Language Proficiency and Ethnicity: The Sami Case by Håkan Rydving. In Senri Ethnological Studies (SES) No.66 Circumpolar Ethnicity and Identity. |date=February 20, 2004 |editor1-last=Irimoto |editor1-first=Takashi |editor2-last=Yamada |editor2-first=Takako}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign=top
!colspan="1"|Group
!data-sort-type="number"|Population
!colspan="1"|Language group
!colspan="1"|Language
!data-sort-type="number"|Speakers (1997)<ref name="Krauss97"/>
!data-sort-type="number"|%
!data-sort-type="number"|Speakers (2010)<ref name="F. Moseley 2010"/>
!Status<ref name="F. Moseley 2010"/>
!colspan="1"|Most important territory
!colspan="1"|Other traditional territories
|----

|[[Northern Sami people|Northern Sámi]]
|42 500
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Northern Sámi language]]
|21 700
|51%
|30,000
|definitely endangered
|[[Norway]]
|[[Sweden]], [[Finland]]
|----

|Lule Sámi
|8 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Lule Sámi language]]
|2 300
|29%
|650<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johansen|first=Kevin|date=6 December 2015|title=Fant hemmelighetene i lulesamenes språk|url=https://forskning.no/partner-sprak-nord-universitet/fant-hemmelighetene-i-lulesamenes-sprak/453480|website=forskning.no|language=no}}</ref>
|severely endangered
|[[Sweden]]
||[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Pite Sami people|Pite Sámi]]
|2 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Pite Sámi language]]
|60
|3%
|20
|critically endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Southern Sami people|Southern Sámi]]
|1 200
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Southern Sámi language]]
|600
|50%
|500
|severely endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Ume Sami people|Ume Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Ume Sámi language]]
|50
|5%
|20
|critically endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Skolts|Skolt Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Skolt Sámi language]]
|430
|43%
|300
|severely endangered
|[[Finland]]
|[[Russia]], [[Norway]]
|----

|[[Kildin Sami people|Kildin Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Kildin Sámi language]]
|650
|65%
|787
|severely endangered
|[[Russia]]
|
|----

|[[Inari Sami people|Inari Sámi]]
|900
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Inari Sámi language]]
|300
|33%
|400
|severely endangered
|[[Finland]]
|
|----

|[[Ter Sami people|Ter Sámi]]
|400
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Ter Sámi language]]
|8
|2%
|2
|critically endangered
|[[Russia]]
|
|----

|[[Akkala Sami people|Akkala Sámi]]
|100
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Akkala Sámi language]]
|7
|7%
|0
|extinct
|[[Russia]]
|
|----
|}

[[File:Corrected sami map 4.PNG|thumb|Geographic distribution of the Sámi languages: {{ordered list
|1=Southern Sámi
|2=Ume Sámi
|3=Pite Sámi
|4=Lule Sámi
|5=Northern Sámi
|6=Skolt Sámi
|7=Inari Sámi
|8=Kildin Sámi
|9=Ter Sámi
}} Darkened area represents municipalities that recognize Sámi as an official language.]]

[[Kemi Sámi language]] became extinct in the 19th century.

Many Sámi do not speak any of the Sámi languages any more due to historical assimilation policies, so the number of Sámi living in each area is much higher.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

[[Intelligence]] studies of Sámi have found them to score similarly to other Nordic populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=Elijah L.|last2=Woodley|first2=Michael A.|last3=Lynn|first3=Richard|date=2014-09-01|title=Cognitive abilities amongst the Sámi population|journal=Intelligence|volume=46|pages=35–39|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.009|issn=0160-2896}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Edward|date=2014-09-01|title=Cognitive abilities among the Sami: A comment|journal=Intelligence|volume=46|pages=188–191|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.06.004|issn=0160-2896}}</ref>

===Division by geography===
Sápmi is traditionally divided into:
* Eastern Sápmi (Inari, Skolt, Akkala, Kildin and Teri Sámi in Kola peninsula (Russia) and Inari (Finland, formerly also in eastern Norway)
* Northern Sápmi (Northern, Lule and Pite Sámi in most of northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland)
* Southern Sápmi (Ume and Southern Sámi in central parts of Sweden and Norway)

It should also be noted that many Sámi now live outside Sápmi, in large cities such as [[Oslo]] in Norway.

===Division by occupation===
A division often used in Northern Sámi is based on occupation and the area of living. This division is also used in many historical texts:<ref>{{cite web|last=Lehtola|first=Veli-Pekka|title=The Multi-Faceted Land of the Sámi|url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?sladja=25&vuolitsladja=11&giella1=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092405/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?sladja=25&vuolitsladja=11&giella1=eng|archive-date=2007-09-28|access-date=2013-06-22|website=Gáldu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* Reindeer Sámi or Mountain Sámi (in Northern Sámi boazosapmelash or badjeolmmosh). Previously nomadic Sámi living as reindeer herders. Now most have a permanent residence in the Sámi core areas. Some 10% of Sámi practice reindeer herding, which is seen as a fundamental part of a Sámi culture and, in some parts of the Nordic countries, can be practiced by Sámis only.
* Sea Sámi (in Northern Sámi" ''mearasapmelash''). These lived traditionally by combining fishing and small-scale farming. Today, often used for all Sámi from the coast regardless of their occupation.
* [[Skogssamer|Forest Sámi]] who traditionally lived by combining fishing in inland rivers and lakes with small-scale reindeer-herding.
* City Sámi who are now probably the largest group of Sámi.

===Division by country===
[[File:Sámi presentation in the cultural Centre in Lovozero, Kola Peninsula, Russia.jpg|thumb|right|Sámi traditional presentation in [[Lovozero]], [[Kola Peninsula]], Russia]]
According to the Norwegian Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population of Norway is 40,000. If all people who speak Sámi or have a parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent who speaks or spoke Sámi are included, the number reaches 70,000. As of 2005, 12,538 people were registered to vote in the election for the Sámi Parliament in Norway.{{citation needed|reason=Needs valid source|date=May 2015}} The bulk of the Sámi live in Finnmark and Northern [[Troms]], but there are also Sámi populations in Southern Troms, [[Nordland]] and [[Trøndelag]]. Due to recent migration, it has also been claimed that [[Oslo]] is the municipality with the largest Sámi population. The Sámi are in a majority only in the municipalities of [[Kautokeino|Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino]], [[Karasjok|Karasjohka-Karasjok]], [[Porsanger]], [[Tana, Norway|Deatnu-Tana]] and [[Nesseby|Unjargga-Nesseby]] in Finnmark, and [[Gáivuotna]] (Kåfjord) in Northern Troms. This area is also known as the Sámi core area. Sámi and Norwegian are equal as administrative languages in this area.

In Norway, Sweden and Finland Sámi are primarily Lutheran; Skolt Sámi of Finland and Sámi of Russia are primarily orthodox Christians.

According to the Swedish Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population of Sweden is about 20,000.

According to the Finnish Population Registry Center and the Finnish Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Saamelaisten lukumäärä vuoden 2003 Saamelaiskäräjävaaleissa|trans-title=Regional division of Sámi people in Finland by age in 2003|url=http://www.samediggi.fi/vanha/suomi/toimieli/vaali/lukumaara_vuoden_2003_vaaleissa.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220233/http://www.samediggi.fi/vanha/suomi/toimieli/vaali/lukumaara_vuoden_2003_vaaleissa.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2007|website=Sámediggi Sämitigge Sää'mte'ǧǧ Saamelaiskäräjät|language=fi}}</ref> As of 31 December 2006, only 1776 of them had registered to speak one of the Sámi languages as the mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2007|title=Suomen väestö 2006|trans-title=Finnish Population 2006|url=https://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tie_001.html|website=Tilastokeskus|language=fi}}</ref>

According to the 2002 census, the Sámi population of Russia was 1,991.

Since 1926, the number of identified Sámi in Russia has gradually increased:

*''Census 1926'': 1,720 (this number refers to the entire Soviet Union)
*''Census 1939'': 1,829
*''Census 1959'': 1,760
*''Census 1970'': 1,836
*''Census 1979'': 1,775
*''Census 1989'': 1,835
*''Census 2002'': 1,991

===Sámi diaspora outside of Sápmi===
[[File:RoundupNunivak1964FWS.jpg|thumb|Reindeer in [[Alaska]]]]
There are an estimated 30,000 people living in North America who are either Sámi, or descendants of Sámi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Báiki|url=http://www.baiki.org/content/about.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810025907/http://baiki.org/content/about.htm|archive-date=2015-08-10|access-date=22 February 2008|website=[[Báiki]]}}</ref> Most have settled in areas that are known to have Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish immigrants. Some of these concentrated areas are [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Iowa]], [[Wisconsin]], the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]], [[Illinois]], [[California]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Utah]] and Alaska; and throughout Canada, including [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]] and [[Northern Ontario]], and the Canadian territories of the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Yukon]] and [[Nunavut]].

Descendants of these Sámi immigrants typically know little of their heritage because their ancestors purposely hid their indigenous culture to avoid discrimination from the dominating Scandinavian or Nordic culture. Some of these Sámi are part of a diaspora that moved to North America in order to escape assimilation policies in their home countries. There were also several Sámi families that were brought to North America with herds of reindeer by the U.S. and Canadian governments as part of the "Reindeer Project" designed to teach the Inuit about reindeer herding.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Faith Fjeld|author2=Nathan Muus|title=Following the Reindeer: an Inuit-Sami Chronology in Alaska|journal=[[Báiki]]}}</ref> There is a long history of [[Sámi in Alaska]].

Some of these Sámi immigrants and descendants of immigrants are members of the [[Sami Siida of North America]].

==Organization==
Sápmi demonstrates a distinct semi-national identity that transcends the borders between Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. There is no movement for sovereign state, but they do seek greater autonomy in respective nation states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/sapmi | title=Sápmi | access-date=26 June 2019 | pages=1}}</ref>

===Sámi Parliaments===
{{Main|Sámi politics}}
[[File:3NorwSamiPresidents.jpg|thumb|[[Sven-Roald Nystø]], [[Aili Keskitalo]] and [[Ole Henrik Magga]], the three first presidents of the [[Sámi Parliament of Norway]].]]
The Sámi Parliaments (''Sámediggi'' in [[Northern Sámi]], ''Sämitigge'' in [[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi]], ''Sää'mte'ǧǧ'' in [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sámi]]) founded in Finland (1973), Norway (1989) and Sweden (1993) are the representative bodies for peoples of Sámi heritage. Russia has not recognized the Sámi as a minority and, as a result, recognizes no Sámi parliament, even if the Sámi people there have formed an unrecognised [[Sámi Parliament of Russia]]. There is no single, unified Sámi parliament that spans across the Nordic countries. Rather, each of the aforementioned three countries has set up its own separate legislatures for Sámi people, even though the three Sámi Parliaments often work together on cross-border issues. In all three countries, they act as an institution of cultural autonomy for the indigenous Sámi people. The parliaments have very weak political influence, far from autonomy. They are formally public authorities, ruled by the Scandinavian governments, but have democratically elected parliamentarians, whose mission is to work for the Sámi people and culture. Candidates' election promises often get into conflict with the institutions' submission under their governments, but as authorities, they have some influence over the government.

===Norwegian organizations===
The main organisations for Sámi representation in Norway are the ''siidas''. They cover northern and central Norway.

===Swedish organizations===
The main organisations for Sámi representation in Sweden are the ''siidas''. They cover northern and central Sweden.

===Finnish organizations===
In contrast to Norway and Sweden, in Finland, a ''siida'' (''paliskunta'' in Finnish) is a reindeer-herding corporation that is not restricted by ethnicity. There are indeed some ethnic Finns who practice reindeer herding, and in principle, all residents of the reindeer herding area (most of Finnish Lapland and parts of Oulu province) who are citizens of [[European Economic Area|EEA]] countries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1990/19900848 |title=FINLEX ® – Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: 14.9.1990/848 |publisher=Finlex.fi |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> i.e., the [[European Union]] and Norway, [[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]], are allowed to join a ''paliskunta''.

===Russian organizations===
In 2010, the Sámi Council supported the establishment of a cultural center in Russia for Arctic peoples. The Center for Northern Peoples aims to promote artistic and cultural cooperation between the Arctic peoples of Russia and the Nordic countries, with particular focus on indigenous peoples and minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senterfornordligefolk.no/frontpage.146031.en.html|title=Frontpage – Senter for Nordlige Folk AS|publisher = senterfornordligefolk.no}}</ref>

===Border conflicts===
[[File:Glen1 Sweden.jpg|thumb|Land rights for grazing [[reindeer]]]]
Sápmi, the Sámi traditional lands, cross four national borders. Traditional summer and winter pastures sometimes lie on different sides of the borders of the nation-states. In addition to that, there is a border drawn for modern-day [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]]. Some state that the rights (for reindeer herding and, in some parts, even for fishing and hunting) include not only modern Sápmi but areas that are beyond today's Sápmi that reflect older territories. Today's "borders" originate from the 14th to 16th centuries when land-owning conflicts occurred. The establishment of more stable dwelling places and larger towns originates from the 16th century and was performed for strategic defence and economic reasons, both by peoples from Sámi groups themselves and more southern immigrants.

Owning land within the borders or being a member of a ''[[siida]]'' (Sámi corporation) gives rights. A different law enacted in Sweden in the mid-1990s gave the right to anyone to fish and hunt in the region, something that was met with skepticism and anger amongst the ''siidas''.

Court proceedings have been common throughout history, and the aim from the Sámi viewpoint is to reclaim territories used earlier in history. Due to a major defeat in 1996, one ''siida'' has introduced a sponsorship "Reindeer Godfather" concept to raise funds for further battles in courts. These "internal conflicts" are usually conflicts between non-Sámi land owners and reindeer owners. Cases question the Sámi ancient rights to reindeer pastures. In 2010, Sweden was criticized for its relations with the Sámi in the Universal Periodic Review conducted by the Working Group of the Human Rights Council.<ref name="lib.ohchr.org">{{cite report |title=Draft report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review |date=May 14, 2010 |publisher=[[Universal Periodic Review|The Working Group on the UPR]] |location=Geneva |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session8/SE/A_HRC_WG.6_8_L.10_Sweden.pdf}}</ref>

The question whether the [[fjeld]]'s territory is owned by the governments (crown land) or by the Sámi population is not answered.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arctic-sami-idUSL0320809920070108|title=Sweden's Sami struggle over land rights|date=2007-01-08|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-23|language=en}}</ref>

From an indigenous perspective, people "belong to the land", the land does not belong to people, but this does not mean that hunters, herders, and fishing people do not know where the borders of their territories are located as well as those of their neighbors.<ref name="Osherenko"/>

==Sámi identity symbols==
Although the Sámi have considered themselves to be one people throughout history,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirchner|first=Stefan|date=2020|chapter=Cross-Border Forms of Animal Use by Indigenous Peoples|editor-last=Peters|editor-first=Anne|title=Studies in Global Animal Law|series=Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht|volume=290|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin & Heidelberg, Germany|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-60756-5_6|pages=57–69|isbn=978-3-662-60755-8|s2cid=242333230}}</ref> the idea of Sápmi, a Sámi [[nation]], first gained acceptance among the Sámi in the 1970s, and even later among the majority population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Rise of Indigenous (Pluri-)Nationalism: The Case of the Sámi People|last=Oksanen|first=Aslak-Antti|date=2020|journal=Sociology|volume=54|issue=6|pages=1141–1158|doi=10.1177/0038038520943105|s2cid=229320356|doi-access=free}}</ref> During the 1980s and 1990s, a Sámi flag was created, a Sámi anthem was written, and the date of a national day was established.

===The Sámi Flag===
{{Main|Sámi flag}}
[[File:Sami flag.svg|thumb|Sámi flag]]
The Sámi flag was inaugurated during the Sámi Conference in [[Åre]], Sweden, on 15 August 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saamen lipun liputuspäivät|url=https://www.samediggi.fi/saamelaiset-info/saamen-lipun-liputuspaivat/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Samediggi|language=fi}}</ref> It was the result of a competition for which many suggestions were entered. The winning design was submitted by the artist [[Astrid Båhl]] from [[Skibotn]], Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyvää saamen lipun päivää! Tiedätkö mitä värikäs lippu kuvastaa?|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9775918|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}</ref>

The motif (shown right) was derived from the shaman's drum and the poem "Päiven Pārne'" ("Sons of the Sun") by the South Sámi [[Anders Fjellner]] describing the Sámi as sons and daughters of the sun. The flag has the Sámi colours, red, green, yellow and blue, and the circle represents the sun (red) and the moon (blue).

===The Sámi People's Day===
{{Main|Sámi National Day}}
The Sámi National Day falls on February 6 as this date was when the [[Sámi Assembly of 1917|first Sámi congress]] was held in 1917 in [[Trondheim]], Norway. This congress was the first time that Norwegian and Swedish Sámi came together across their national borders to work together to find solutions for common problems. The resolution for celebrating on 6 February was passed in 1992 at the 15th Sámi congress in Helsinki. Since 1993, Norway, Sweden and Finland have recognized February 6 as Sámi National Day.

==="Song of the Sámi People"===
{{Main|Sámi soga lávlla}}
"{{lang|se|Sámi soga lávlla|italics=no}}" ("Song of the Sámi People", lit. "Song of the Sámi Family") was originally a poem written by [[Isak Saba]] that was published in the newspaper ''[[Saǥai Muittalægje]]'' for the first time on 1 April 1906. In August 1986, it became the Sámi anthem. Arne Sørli set the poem to music, which was then approved at the 15th Sámi Conference in [[Helsinki]] in 1992. "{{lang|se|Sámi soga lávlla|italics=no}}" has been translated into all of the [[Sámi languages]].

==Religion==
{{Main|Sámi religion}}
[[File:Shaman.jpg|thumb|Copper etching (1767) by O.H. von Lode showing a [[noaidi]] with his meavrresgárri [[drum]]]]
Many Sámi people continued to practice their religion up until the 18th century. Most Sámi today belong to the state-run [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Some Sámi in Russia belong to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], and similarly, some Skolt Sámi resettled in Finland are also part of an [[Eastern Orthodox]] congregation, with an additional small population in Norway.

===Indigenous Sámi religion===
Indigenous<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sami {{!}} People, History, & Lifestyle {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sami|access-date=2022-01-04|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Sámi religion was a type of [[polytheism]]. (See [[Sami shamanism#List of deities|Sámi deities]].) There was some diversity due to the wide area that is [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]], allowing for the evolution of variations in beliefs and practices between tribes. The old beliefs are closely connected to the land, [[animism]], and the [[supernatural]]. [[Sámi shamanism|Sámi spirituality]] is often characterized by [[pantheism]], a strong emphasis on the importance of personal spirituality and its interconnectivity with one's own daily life, and a deep connection between the natural and spiritual "worlds".<ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Shamanism |last=DuBois |first=Thomas |date=June 2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-69536-7}}</ref> Among other roles, the [[Sámi shamanism|Sámi shaman]], or [[noaidi]], enabled ritual communication with the supernatural<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kasten|first=Erich|date=1989|editor-last=Hoppál|editor-first=M.|editor2-last=von Sadovszky|editor2-first=O.J.|title=Sami Shamanism from a Diachronic Point of View|url=https://dh-north.org/siberian_studies/publications/kasten1989.pdf|journal=Shamanism: Past and Present|pages=115–124}}</ref> through the use of tools such as drums, chants, sacred objects and [[Amanita muscaria|fly agaric]].<ref name="Gusto">{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/diehtu/giella/music/noaidi.htm |title=Sámi Drums – Then and Now |last=Gusto |first=Ken Emerson Jr. |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2009|title=Magic mushrooms & Reindeer – Weird Nature – BBC animals|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkCS9ePWuLU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/MkCS9ePWuLU| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-23|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=BBC Studios}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some practices within the Old Sámi religion included natural sacred sites such as mountains, springs, land formations, as well as man-made ones such as [[petroglyph]]s and [[labyrinth]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sami potatoes: living with reindeer and perestroika |author1=Michael Robinson|author2= Karim-Aly S. Kassam |year=1998 |publisher=Bayeux Arts |page=73 | isbn=978-1-896209-21-0}}</ref>

The Sámi cosmology divides the universe into three worlds. The upper world is related to the South, warmth, life, and the color white. It is also the dwelling of the gods. The middle world is like the Norse [[Midgard]], it is the dwelling of humans and it is associated with the color red. The third world is the underworld and it is associated with the color black, it represents the north, the cold and it is inhabited by otters, loons, and seals and mythical animals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TavAI27rL04C&q=the+three+worlds+of+the+sami+people&pg=PA45|title=Finland in Pictures|last=DiPiazza|first=Francesca Davis|date=2010-07-01|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9780761363804|language=en}}</ref>

Sámi religion shared some elements with [[Norse mythology]], possibly from early contacts with trading Vikings (or vice versa). They were the last worshippers of Thor, as late as the 18th century according to contemporary ethnographers. Through a mainly French initiative from [[Joseph Paul Gaimard]] as part of his [[La Recherche Expedition (1838–1840)|La Recherche Expedition]], [[Lars Levi Læstadius]] began research on Sámi mythology. His work resulted in ''[[Fragments of Lappish Mythology]]'', since by his own admission, they contained only a small percentage of what had existed. The fragments were termed ''Theory of Gods'', ''Theory of Sacrifice'', ''Theory of Prophecy, or short reports about rumorous Sami magic'' and ''Sami sagas''. Generally, he claims to have filtered out the Norse influence and derived common elements between the South, North, and Eastern Sámi groups.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} The mythology has common elements with other traditional religions as well—such as those of indigenous peoples in [[Siberia]] and North America.

===Christian mission===
{{Main|Christianization of the Sámi people}}
[[File:Tore Johnsen, samiske kirkedager.JPG|thumb|A sermon at the 2004 ''Samiske kirkedager'']]
The term ''Sámi religion'' usually refers to the traditional religion, practiced by most Sámi until approximately the 18th century. [[Christianity]] was introduced by [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] missionaries as early as the 13th century. Increased pressure came after the [[Protestant Reformation]], and [[rune drum]]s were burned or sent to museums abroad. In this period, many Sámi practiced their traditional religion at home, while going to church on Sunday. Since the Sámi were considered to possess "witchcraft" powers, they were often accused of sorcery during the 17th century and were the subjects of witchcraft trials and burnings.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Witches of the high north: The Finnmark witchcraft trials in the seventeenth century |journal=Scandinavian Journal of History |volume=22 |issue=3 |last=Willumsen |first=L.H. |year=1997 |pages=199–221|doi=10.1080/03468759708579352 }}</ref>

In Norway, a major effort to convert the Sámi was made around 1720, when [[Thomas von Westen]], the "Apostle of the Sámi", burned drums, burned sacred objects, and converted people.<ref name="Holloway">{{cite web|title=The Decline of the Sámi People's Indigenous Religion |last= Holloway|first= Alan "Ivvár"|publisher= TexasU|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/diehtu/siida/christian/decline.htm}}</ref> Out of the estimated thousands of drums before this period, only about 70 are known to remain today, scattered in museums around Europe.<ref name="Gusto"/> Sacred sites were destroyed, such as sieidi (stones in natural or human-built formations), álda and sáivu (sacred hills), springs, caves and other natural formations where offerings were made.

In the far east of the Sámi area, the Russian monk Trifon converted the Sámi in the 16th century. Today, St. George's chapel in [[Neiden, Finnmark|Neiden]], Norway (1565), testifies to this effort.

===Laestadius===
{{Main|Lars Levi Laestadius|Laestadianism}}
[[File:Rune drum Sápmi MEK.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Noaidi]] drum]]
Around 1840 Swedish Sámi [[Church of Sweden|Lutheran]] pastor and administrator [[Lars Levi Laestadius]] initiated among the Sámi a puritanical [[pietism|pietist]] movement emphasizing [[Abstinence#Alcohol|complete abstinence from alcohol]]. This movement is still very dominant in Sámi-speaking areas. Laestadius spoke many languages, and he became fluent and preached in Finnish and [[Northern Sámi language|Northern Sámi]] in addition to his native [[Southern Sámi language|Southern Sámi]] and Swedish,<ref name="Trans. Börje Vähämäki 2002 p.24">[[Laestadius|L. Laestadius]], '' [[Fragments of Lappish Mythology]] '', Trans. Börje Vähämäki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p.24 (introduction by Juha Pentikäinen).</ref> the language he used for scholarly publications.<ref name="Holloway"/>

Two great challenges Laestadius had faced since his early days as a church minister were the indifference of his Sámi parishioners, who had been forced by the [[Government of Sweden|Swedish government]] to convert from their [[Sami shamanism|shamanistic]] religion to Lutheranism, and the misery caused them by alcoholism. The spiritual understanding Laestadius acquired and shared in his new sermons "filled with vivid metaphors from the lives of the Sámi that they could understand, ... about a God who cared about the lives of the people" had a profound positive effect on both problems. One account from a Sámi cultural perspective recalls a new desire among the Sámi to learn to read and a "bustle and energy in the church, with people confessing their sins, crying and praying for forgiveness ... [Alcohol abuse] and the theft of [the Sámis'] reindeer diminished, which had a positive influence on the Sámi's relationships, finances and family life."<ref name="Sapmi - Religion - Laestadianism - Nils Gustav Labba, Editor">{{cite web|date=August 6, 2006|title=Lars Levi Laestadius and the Sami|url=http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1208|url-status=dead|access-date=July 7, 2013|archive-date=June 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623091746/http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1208}}</ref>

===Neo-shamanism and traditional healing===
Today there are a number of Sámi who seek to return to the traditional [[Paganism|Pagan]] values of their ancestors. There are also some Sámi who claim to be ''noaidi'' and offer their services through newspaper advertisements, in [[New Age]] arrangements, or for tourist groups. While they practice a religion based on that of their ancestors, widespread anti-pagan [[discrimination against Neopagans|prejudice]] has caused these shamans to be generally not viewed as part of an unbroken Sámi religious tradition.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} Traditional Sámi beliefs are composed of three intertwining elements: animism, shamanism, and polytheism. Sámi animism is manifested in the Sámi's belief that all significant natural objects (such as animals, plants, rocks, etc.) possess a soul; and from a polytheistic perspective, traditional Sámi beliefs include a multitude of spirits.<ref name="Holloway"/> Many contemporary practitioners are compared to practitioners of [[neo-paganism]], as a number of neopagan religions likewise combine elements of ancient pagan religions with more recent revisions or innovations, but others feel they are attempting to revive or reconstruct indigenous Sámi religions as found in historic, folkloric sources and oral traditions.

In 2012, County Governor of Troms approved Shamanic Association of Tromsø as a new religion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shamanism Approved as a Religion in Norway|work=The Nordic Page|url=https://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/2792-shamanism-approved-as-a-religion-in-norway}}</ref>

A very different religious idea is represented by the numerous "wise men" and "wise women" found throughout the Sámi area. They often offer to heal the sick through rituals and traditional medicines and may also combine traditional elements, such as older Sámi teachings, with newer monotheistic inventions that Christian missionaries taught their ancestors, such as readings from the Bible.

==Genetic studies==
{{Main|Genetic studies on Sami}}
[[File:Lapland Mother NGM-v31-p556.jpg|thumb|left|Sámi mother with her children]]
[[Anthropologist]]s have been studying the Sámi people for hundreds of years for their assumed physical and cultural differences from the rest of the Europeans. Recent [[genetics|genetic studies]] have indicated that the two most frequent [[Mitochondrial DNA|maternal lineage]]s of the Sámi people are the haplogroups [[haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]] (neolithic in Europe and not found in Finland 1500 years ago<ref>{{cite journal|date=27 November 2018|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe: Table 1 Sample information|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/tables/1|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=9|via=www.nature.com}}</ref>) and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U5b]] (ancient in Europe). "The Y-chromosomal variety in the Saami is also consistent with their European ancestry. It suggests that the large genetic separation of the Saami from other Europeans is best explained by assuming that the Saami are descendants of a narrow, distinctive subset of Europeans."<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Kristiina Tambets, Siiri Rootsi, Toomas Kivisild, Hela Help, Piia Serk| title=The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes| journal=American Journal of Human Genetics| volume= 74 | issue = 4| pages=661–682 | doi=10.1086/383203|display-authors=etal | pmc=1181943 | pmid=15024688| year=2004}}</ref> Y-chromosome haplogroup N-VL29 makes up 20%, came from Siberia 3500 years ago or more likely much later. Y-chromosome N-Z1936 makes up 20%, likely came from Siberia with Sámi language later. This tallies with archeological evidence suggesting that several different cultural groups made their way to the core area of Sámi from 8000 to 6000 BC,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ennen, muinoin|publisher=[[Finnish Literature Society|SKS]]|year=2002|location=Helsinki|language=fi|chapter=Esihistorian vuosiluvut, ajoitukset ja kronologia, Carpelan}}</ref> presumably including some of the ancestors of present-day Sámi. The "[[Nganasan people|Nganassan]]" autosomic component now makes up more than 25% in the Sámi, but was 50% in the 3500-year old Kola population.<ref>{{cite journal|date=27 November 2018|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe: Fig. 4|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/figures/4|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=9|via=www.nature.com}}</ref> The Mesolithic "[[Western European Hunter-Gatherer]]" (WHG) component is close to 15%, while that of the Neolithic "European early farmer" (LBK) is 10%. 50% is the Bronze Age "[[Yamna culture|Yamna]]" component, the earliest trace of which is observed in the [[Pit–Comb Ware culture]] in [[Estonia]], but in a 2.5-fold lower percentage.

The Sámi have been found to be genetically unrelated to people of the [[Pitted Ware culture]].{{Efn|"Population continuity between the PWC and modern Saami can be rejected under all assumed ancestral population size combinations."{{sfn|Malmström|2009}} }} The Pitted Ware culture are in turn genetically continuous with the original [[Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer]]s.{{Efn|"Our data support that the Neolithic PWC foragers are largely genetically continuous to SHG."{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}} }}

===History of scientific research carried out on the Sámi===
[[File:Friedländer.plakat.7.jpg|thumb|upright|Ad for an 1893/1894 ethnological exposition of Sámi in [[Hamburg]]-Saint Paul]]
The genetic makeup of Sámi people has been extensively studied for as long as such research has been in existence. Ethnographic photography of the Sámi began with the invention of the camera in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Individual and type: Early ethnographic photography |last=Larsen |first=Peter |publisher=University of Bergen |location=Norway |page= 54 }}</ref> This continued on into the 1920s and 1930s, when Sámi were photographed naked and anatomically measured by scientists, with the help of the local police—sometimes at gunpoint—to collect data that would justify their own racial theories.<ref name="GiveUs">{{Cite documentary|title=[[Give Us Our Skeletons]]|last=Simma|first=Paul-Anders|language=en|year=2000}}</ref> Thus, there is a degree of distrust by some in the Sámi community towards genetic research.<ref name="GiveUs" />

Examples of discriminatory actions include the [[Statens institut för rasbiologi|Statens Institut for Rasbiologi]] compulsory sterilization project on the basis of race, which continued until 1975,<ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Mahony|first=Paul|date=January 9, 2007|title=Sweden's 'dark legacy' draws crowds to museum|work=The Local|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20070109/6041/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lennerhed|first=Lena|date=1997-01-01|title=Sterilisation on eugenic grounds in Europe in the 1930s: news in 1997 but why?|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(97)90098-7|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|volume=5|issue=10|pages=156–161|doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(97)90098-7|issn=0968-8080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 23, 2011|title=Sweden admits to racial purification|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/sweden-admits-racial-purification-1247261.html}}</ref> and Sámi graves being plundered to provide research materials,<ref>{{Cite news|title=University in quest to return Sami bones |last=Savage |first=James |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=The Local: Sweden's News in English |url=http://www.thelocal.se/26954/20100531/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818181436/https://www.thelocal.se/26954/20100531/ |archive-date=18 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sami jaw bones found in display case |date=22 February 2007 |work=The Local: Sweden's News in English |url=http://www.thelocal.se/6487/20070222/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427073507/http://www.thelocal.se/6487/20070222/ |archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=Norway returns skulls of Lappish dead |date=December 15, 1997 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/39626.stm}}</ref> of which their remains and artifacts from this period from across Sápmi can still be found in various state collections.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|title= Discrimination of the Sami – the rights of the Sami from a discrimination perspective |year=2008 |isbn=978-91-973654-4-4 |last1=Pikkarainen |first1=Heidi }}</ref><ref name="BBC News"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Skeletal Remains of Norwegian Saami |last=Sellevold |first=Berit |year=2002 |publisher= Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Samis Want Bones Returned from Swedish Museums |last=Savage |first=James |date=20 March 2009 |publisher=Radio Sweden |url=http://mobil.sr.se/site/index.aspx?artikel=2713215&unitid=2054&offset=0 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the late 19th century, colonial fascination with Arctic peoples led to human beings exhibited in [[human zoos]]. Sámi people were exhibited with their traditional [[lavvu]] tents, weapons, and sleds, beside a group of reindeer at [[Tierpark Hagenbeck]]<ref>{{Cite book|title= Human Zoos |author1=Nicolas Bancel |author2=Pascal Blanchard |author3= Sandrine Lemaire|year=2000 |publisher=Le Monde diplomatique }}</ref> and other zoos across the globe.

==Notable people of Sámi descent==

===Science===

* [[Ante Aikio]] (born 1977), in [[Northern Sámi]] ''Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte'', Finnish-Sámi linguist specializing in [[Uralic languages]], [[historical linguistics]], Sámi languages and Sámi prehistory at the [[Sámi University of Applied Sciences]] in [[Kautokeino (village)|Kautokeino]], Norway.
* {{ill|Louise Bäckman|no}} (1926–present) Born in Tärnaby, Ume sami speaker. Professor emeritus. She has carried out several studies that have given insights into the pre-Christian religion and has made important contributions in several other related fields.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

* [[Israel Ruong]] (1903–1986) Born in Arjeplog. A Swedish-Sámi linguist, politician and professor of Sámi languages and culture at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. Israel Ruong spoke Pite Sámi as his mother tongue.
* [[Ande Somby]] (1958–present) Born in Buolbmat. A University Researcher, artist, cofounder of DAT.

===Explorers and adventurers===

* [[Samuel Balto]] (1861–1921), Arctic explorer—one of the first people to cross Greenland on skis (together with Nansen)—and gold miner. The very famous dog [[Balto]] was named after Samuel Balto.
* [[Lars Monsen]] (1963–present) adventurer, explorer, journalist and author.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629102620/http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sami_radio/1.3583287 NRK.no] {{in lang|no}} Retrieved from Internet Archive January 12, 2014.</ref>

===Literature===
[[File:Nils-Aslak-Valkeapaa.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]], a Sámi writer, musician and artist from Finland]]

* [[Ella Holm Bull]] (1929–2006), author, musician, schoolteacher.
* [[Anders Fjellner]] (1795–1876), [[Protestant]] priest and poet. Wrote down the mythological [[joik]] that inspired the Sámi flag.
* [[Ailo Gaup (author)|Ailo Gaup]] (1944–2014), an author and neo-[[shaman]] who participated in founding the [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre]].

* [[Isak Saba|Isak Mikal Saba]] (1875–1925), politician and writer. Was the first Sámi parliamentarian (Norwegian Labour Party) and wrote the Sámi national anthem.
* [[Olaus Sirma]] (1655–1719), the first Sámi poet known by name.
* [[Johan Turi]] (1854–1936), wrote first secular book in Sámi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Svonni |first1=Mikael |title=Johan Turi: First Author of the Sámi |journal=Scandinavian Studies |date=2011 |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=483–490 |jstor=23343096 |doi=10.1353/scd.2011.0018 |s2cid=161737016 }}</ref>
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Music===
[[File:Agnete Johnsen, ESC2016 01.jpg|thumb|[[Agnete Johnsen]]]]

* [[Øystein Aarseth]], [[black metal]] musician.
* [[Adjagas]], musical group.
* [[The Blacksheeps]], [[punk rock]] band.
* [[Mari Boine]] (1956–present), musician.
* [[Ane Brun]], singer and songwriter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pluss.vg.no/2013/09/07/1352/1gL31kP |title=Vender hjem til røttene – VG |publisher=Pluss.vg.no |access-date=2013-11-15 |language=no }}</ref>
* [[Fred Buljo]] (1988–present), rapper, singer, joik. Member of [[KEiiNO]] and Duolva Duottar.
* [[Frode Fjellheim]], [[joik]] musician.
* [[Ingor Ánte Áilo Gaup]] (1960–present), actor, composer, and folk musician.
* [[Jonne Järvelä]] (1974–present), musician and songwriter.
* [[Sofia Jannok]] (1982–present), performer, musician and radio host.
* [[Agnete Johnsen]] (1994–present), singer and songwriter.
* [[Inga Juuso]] (1945–2014), singer and actress.
* [[Gustav Kappfjell]] (1913–1999), Sámi joiker and artist. Also noted for being part of the resistance movement during WW2.
* [[Joni Mitchell]] (1943–present), musician and painter.<ref name="nrk.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/troms_og_finnmark/1.4610180 |title=Joni Mitchell er same – Troms og Finnmark – NRK Nyheter |publisher=Nrk.no |date=2008-01-23 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref><ref name="Aikins 2005">{{cite magazine|url=http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=1317|title=Heart of a Prairie Girl|last=Aikins|first=Mary|date=July 2005|magazine=Reader's Digest|access-date=2008-05-19}}</ref>
* [[Amoc (rapper)|Mikkâl Morottaja]] (1984–present), rap musician.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210091112/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=55407 Virtual Finland: Amoc is rapping the Sámi language onto the map] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>

* [[Jaco Pastorius]] (1951–1987), influential American jazz musician, composer and electric bass player.
* [[John Persen]] (1941–2014), composer.
* [[Ulla Pirttijärvi]] (1971–present), [[joik]] singer.
* [[Roger Pontare]] (1951–present), musician.
* [[Wimme Saari]] (1959–present), musician.
* [[Ánde Somby]], Sámi musician and law professor.
* [[Lisa Cecilia Thomasson-Bosiö]], or Lapp-Lisa (1878–1932), singer.
* [[Vajas]], musical group.
* [[Niko Valkeapää]] (1968–present), musician and songwriter.
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Film and theatre===
{{See also|Beaivváš Sámi Theatre}}
[[File:NilsGaup.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nils Gaup]], a Sámi film director from Norway]]

* [[Mikkel Gaup]], actor.
* [[Nils Gaup]] (1955–present), film director. Well-known films include ''[[Ofelaš]]'' (''Pathfinder''), which was nominated for an Academy Award, and the 2008 film ''[[Kautokeino-opprøret (2008)|Kautokeino-Opprøret]]'', based on the [[Sami revolt in Guovdageaidnu|Kautokeino Rebellion]].
* [[Jalmari Helander]] (1976), Finnish screenwriter and film director.
* [[Lance Henriksen]] (1940), actor of Norwegian parentage; his grandmother was Sámi.
* [[Anni-Kristiina Juuso]] (1979–present), actress.
* [[Sara Margrethe Oskal]] (born 1970), actress, film director
* [[Lene Cecilia Sparrok]] (1997), Norwegian actress of Sámi descent.
* [[Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers]], Canadian filmmaker, Indigenous rights activist, and actress of Sámi and [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]] heritage, on her father's and mother's sides, respectively.<ref name="ReferenceB">Tailfeathers, Elle Máijá. "Biography & Filmography". Elle Máijá Tailfeathers.</ref> Works in multiple genres including experimental, documentary, drama, and action.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
* [[Onni Tommila]] (1999), Finnish actor.
* [[Tommy Wirkola]] (1979), Norwegian filmmaker of Finnish Sámi descent.
* [[Renée Zellweger]] (1969), Oscar-winning actress whose Norwegian mother is of partial Sámi descent.

===Politics and society===


* [[Lars Levi Laestadius]] (1800–61), religious reformer, botanist and ethnologist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkivverket.no/kautokeino-opproret/no/laestadianisme.html |title=Kautokeino-opprøret 1852: Læstadianisme |publisher=Arkivverket.no |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* [[Ole Henrik Magga]] (1947–present), politician. The first President of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament (NSR) and first Chairman of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
* [[Helga Pedersen (Norway)|Helga Pedersen]] (1973–present) politician. The first Sámi member of Government (Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, Norwegian Labour Party).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316194922/http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sami_radio/1.2281616 Ikke halvt, men helt samisk – NRK Sámi Radio – NRK] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* [[Elsa Laula Renberg]] (1877–1931), politician and activist. Organized the first international Sámi conference and wrote a rhetorically powerful pamphlet of resistance to colonization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buhre|first1=Frida|last2=Bjork|first2=Collin|date=2021-05-27|title=Braiding Time: Sami Temporalities for Indigenous Justice|journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly|volume=51|issue=3|pages=227–236|doi=10.1080/02773945.2021.1918515|issn=0277-3945|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Isak Saba|Isak Mikal Saba]] (1875–1925), politician and writer. Was the first Sámi parliamentarian (Norwegian Labour Party) and wrote the Sámi national anthem.
* [[Janne Seurujärvi]] (1975–present), politician. The first Sámi member of [[Parliament of Finland]].
* [[Irja Seurujärvi-Kari]] (born 1947), politician and academic; member of the Finnish Sámi Parliament.
* [[Laila Susanne Vars]] (1976–present), former Vice-President of the Sámi Parliament in Norway, first Sámi woman with a PhD in law, member of the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP), rector of the Sámi University of Applied Sciences.

===Visual arts===


* [[Simen Johan]] (1973–present), Visual Artist. Born in [[Kirkenes]], [[Norway]], lives and works in [[New York City]]
* {{Ill|Hans Ragnar Mathisen|no}}, artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut000630/nvt20630_17.html |title=Nunatsiaq News |publisher=Nunatsiaq.com |date=2000-06-30 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* [[Joni Mitchell]] (1943–present) musician and painter. Unconfirmed.<ref name="nrk.no"/><ref name="Aikins 2005"/>
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Sports===
{{See also|Sápmi national football team}}
[[File:Anja Pärson Semmering 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Anja Pärson]] a Sámi skier from Sweden]]
[[File:Bsalming.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Börje Salming]], a retired ice hockey defenceman.]]

* [[Ailo Gaup (motocross rider)|Ailo Gaup]] (1980–present), a motorcross sportsman who invented the "underflip".
* [[John Halvorsen]], athletics.
* [[Leo Komarov]] (1987–present), [[Finnish people|Finnish]] [[ice hockey]] player for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]. Born in [[Estonia]] and raised in [[Finland]] and is of [[Russians|Russian]]-Sámi parentage.
* [[Anja Pärson]] (1981–present) and [[Jens Byggmark]] (1985–present), alpine skiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samer.se/2063 |title=VM med samer i centrum |publisher=www.samer.se |date=2007-02-26 |access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref>
* [[Morten Gamst Pedersen]] (1981–present), [[Association football|Soccer]] player (former player for [[Blackburn Rovers FC|Blackburn Rovers]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090529040923/http://www.radiotromso.no/les/6120.html Vil ha Lene Marlin som samisk rollemodell – Radio Tromsø] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* [[Jon Rønningen]], wrestler. Olympic gold medalist.
* [[Lars Rønningen]], wrestler.
* [[Börje Salming]] (1951–present), legendary [[NHL]] defenseman, member of [[Hockey Hall of Fame]], voted to the [[IIHF]] all-century team.

===Other===

* {{ill|Graan|sv}}, the single noble family of Sámi descent ([[Swedish nobility]]).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* {{ill|Svein-Eirik Utsi|no}} Famous criminal.

==See also==
* [[Environmental racism in Europe]]
* [[Hamburg culture]]
* [[List of indigenous peoples]]
* [[Reindeer in Russia]]
*''[[Sampo Lappelill]]''

===Sámi culture===
* [[Fourth World]]
* [[Inari (village)|Inari]]
* [[Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]
* [[Knud Leem]]
* [[Sami cuisine]]
* Sápmi Park – Located Karasjok, Norway, Sápmi Park<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nordnorgesguiden.no/Finnmark/karasjok/sapmipark.htm|title= Sapmi Park |work=NordnorgesGuiden|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225143645/http://www.nordnorgesguiden.no/Finnmark/karasjok/sapmipark.htm|archive-date=25 February 2017 }}</ref> and visitor center presents the Sámi culture and its history through exhibits and a special effect theater presentation, entitled "The Magic Theater"<ref name="Sapmi Magic Theater">{{cite web|title=Sapmi-Magic Theater |url=http://brcweb.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Sapmi-Magic-Theater.pdf |publisher=BRC Imagination Arts}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> designed originally by award-winning experience designer [[Bob Rogers (designer)]] and the design team BRC Imagination Arts.<ref name="Sapmi Magic Theater" />
* [[Ume Sámi language]]

===Sámi films===
* ''[[The White Reindeer]]'' (''Valkoinen peura'') (1952), a Finnish horror drama film set in [[Lapland (Finland)|Finnish Lapland]], among the Sámi people.
* ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' (''Ofelaš'') (1988), film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film; filmed in Norway featuring Sámi actors speaking in Sámi
* ''[[Give Us Our Skeletons]]'', a 1999 documentary about the scientific racism and racial classification movement carried out on the Sámi
* ''[[The Cuckoo (film)|The Cuckoo]]'' (''Kukushka'') (2002), film set during World War II with a Sámi woman as one of the main characters
* ''[[Last Yoik in Saami Forests?]]'' (2007), made for the United Nations, a documentary about land rights disputes in Finnish Lapland{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''The Sami'' (''Saamelainen'') (2007), a Mushkeg Media documentary about the state of aboriginal languages{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Wolf (2008 film)|Wolf]]'' (2008), an examination of how the traditions of the Sámi villagers in northern Sweden are confronted with modern-day society{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Herdswoman (film)|Herdswoman]]'' (2008), a documentary about land rights disputes in reindeer grazing areas{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[The Kautokeino Rebellion]]'' (2008), feature film that concerns the ethnic-religious Sámi revolt in Guovdageaidnu of 1852
* ''Magic Mushrooms and Reindeer: Weird Nature'' (2009), short video on the use of ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' mushrooms by the Sámi people and their [[reindeer]], produced by the [[BBC]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html |title=Drugs Magic Mushrooms & Reindeer |publisher=Forbiddenknowledgetv.com |access-date=2012-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102165749/http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html |archive-date=2013-01-02 }}</ref>
* ''Suddenly Sami'' (2009), in which the filmmaker finds out that her mother has been hiding her Arctic indigenous Sámi heritage from her{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''Midnight Sun'' (2016), crime series which revolves around Sámi culture and conflicts of Sámi culture with modern Swedish society{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Sami Blood]]'' (2016), a movie chronicling the life of a Sámi girl taken into a Swedish boarding school to be assimilated as a Swede<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.levelk.dk/films/sami-blood/3029|title=Sami Blood|website=LevelK ApS Film Sales}}</ref>
* ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]'' (2013), features a major character named Kristoff who wears clothing resembling Sámi attire and has a pet reindeer.
* ''[[Frozen II]]'' (2019), features the forest tribe known as the Northuldra, which is based on the Sámi people, and the theme song ''Vuelie'', written by Norwegian [[joik]]er [[Frode Fjellheim]] and performed by Norwegian female [[choir|choral group]] [[Cantus (Norwegian female choir)|Cantus]], is based on [[Sámi music]]; there is a [[Sámi language]] dubbing of the film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/frozen-2-will-get-sami-language-version/|title='Frozen 2' Will Get Sámi Language Version|first=Mercedes|last=Milligan|date=July 19, 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Klaus (film)|Klaus]]'' (2019), animated film about "a postman stationed in a town to the North who befriends a reclusive toy-maker" featuring Sámi characters

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Hansen, Lars Ivar & Bjørnar Olsen (2014) ''[[Hunters in Transition: An Outline of Early Sámi History]]'', The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures, 63 (Leiden: Brill). {{ISBN|978-90-04-25254-7}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=Helena |date=September 24, 2009 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians |journal=[[Current Biology]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |volume=19 |issue=20 |pages=1758–1762 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 |pmc=4275881 |pmid=19781941 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages= 442|bibcode= 2018NatCo...9..442M|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Urbanczyk|first=Przemysław |author-link=Przemysław Urbańczyk |title=Medieval Arctic Norway|publisher=[[Semper (publisher)|Semper]]|year=1992|isbn=9788390021300|location=Warsaw|department=Institute of the History of Material Culture, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Coast Lapp Society I |first=Robert |last=Paine |author-link=Robert Paine (anthropologist) |year=1957}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08003831.2010.527540 Robert Paine (1926–2010)]
* {{cite book |title=Coast Lapp Society II |first=Robert |last=Paine |author-link=Robert Paine (anthropologist) |year=1965}}

===Sámi books===
* The ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by [[Tacitus]] (the chapter on [[Fenni]])
* ''Vigilant Ancestor: A World of Secrets Whispered in My Ear'', by H. D. Rennerfeldt. {{ISBN|978-1-62675-021-0}}.
* ''The Sami Peoples of the North: A Social and Cultural History'', by Neil Kent. {{ISBN|978-1-84904-257-4}}.
* ''The Sámi People: Traditions in Transitions'', by Veli-Pekka Lehtola. {{ISBN|978-1-889963-75-4}}.
* ''God Wears Many Skins: Myth and Folklore of the Sami People'', by Jabez L. Van Cleef. {{ISBN|978-1-4382-2189-2}}.
* ''Liberating Sápmi: Indigenous Resistance in Europe's Far North'', by [[Gabriel Kuhn]]. {{ISBN|978-1-62963-712-9}}.

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}

* [http://www.saamicouncil.net/?deptid=1116 Saami Council]
* {{curlie|Society/Ethnicity/Sami/}}
* [http://senc.hum.helsinki.fi/wiki/Sis%C3%A4llysluettelo#tab=English Encyclopaedia of Saami Culture]

{{Uralic peoples}}
{{Sami navigator}}
{{Indigenous peoples of Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sami People}}
[[Category:Sámi people| ]]
[[Category:Sámi|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Finland]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sweden]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Norway]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Finnic peoples]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe]]
[[Category:Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Pastoralists]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:White Sea]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in the Arctic]]
[[Category:Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]

Talk:Sámi peoples

2022-01-03T11:40:44Z

Mr anonymous username:

Talk:Northumbrian smallpipes

2021-11-19T21:35:47Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject North East England|class=c|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Roots music|class=c|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Musical Instruments|class=c|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Bagpipes|class=c |importance=Low}}
}}

{{Musical instrument requested|date=January 2016}}

==Name==
Most Northumbrian websites seem to have it as "smallpipes," not "smallpipe." [[User:Badagnani|Badagnani]] 07:03, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

:Agreed, but as with most types of bagpipe, if you actually asked someone which they preferred, they would probably consider it an a level with questions like "Do you prefer your tables cooked or raw?". [[User:Calum|Calum]] 12:33, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

::Terminology is a running problem throughout the piping pages. One of the biggest problems is the use of non-English language to categorise types of bagpipe: many of these simply mean 'bagpipe'. The plural/singular question is another area of potential confusion. Speaking as a piper, there are certain ways to use the singular or plural that definitely 'feel' wrong, and there are some that are agnostic. When naming a particular kind of bagpipe, I would use the singular (as here), but in talking about my own set I would talk about my pipes. [[User:Calum|Calum]] 20:35, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Changed Northumberland to Northumbria. Northumberland and Northumbria are _not_ the same, but are infact two different areas. The name of the pipes is Northumbrian Pipes, not Northumberland Pipes. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:144.32.128.155|144.32.128.155]] ([[User talk:144.32.128.155|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/144.32.128.155|contribs]]) 13:19, 9 May 2006

Northumberland is a modern county - Northumbria was a much larger Anglo-Saxon kingdom. 'Northumbria' is only used loosely for the region including Northumberland and Tyneside. But 'Northumbrian'is now pretty standard as the adjective describing things from this region. [[User:JohnGibbons|JohnGibbons]] 23:54, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Repeated change: Changed Northumberland to Northumbria. Northumberland and Northumbria are _not_ the same, but are infact two different areas. The name of the pipes is Northumbrian Pipes, not Northumberland Pipes.

Please do not change the article without discussing your changes or citing your sources. Thanks. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Eponymous one|Eponymous one]] ([[User talk:Eponymous one|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eponymous one|contribs]]) 17:28, 28 May 2006

:I'd always thought that (a) 'Northumbrian' was the adjective relating to Northumberland, and (b) the use of 'Northumbria' to refer to Northumberland + County Durham + associated unitary authorities was mainly a Tourist Board usage. It's also worth remembering that Newcastle is in the [[Traditional counties of England|traditional county]] of Northumberland. However, you're right in saying that they're played extensively outside the county of Northumberland - I'd changed it in an attempt to make the opening sentence sound less as if it was stating the obvious, and if I cut County Durham out of the picture it was unintentional. Nonetheless I don't think this article is the place for discussion of what Northumbria means (that's what the link is for), so I've made the geographical reference more general with a reference to England - especially useful as most people think bagpipes are the exclusive preserve of Scotland! -- [[User:Blisco|Blisco]] 00:24, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Technically, Newcastle is not 'in' Northumberland - there is a boundary between them. It has had its own corporation for centuries.
[[User:JohnGibbons|JohnGibbons]] 23:54, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

== About Northumbria ==

'''Source definition: www.dictionary.com:'''

North·um·bri·an Pronunciation Key (nôr-thmbr-n)
adj.

1. Of or relating to Northumbria or its Old English dialect.
2. Of or relating to the former or present-day county of Northumberland in northeast England.

As one can see, the definition can be used to describe Northumbria as well as Northumberland.

Therefore it is not correct to say that the pipes are from and played in Northumberland only.

'''Source: wiki page on Northumbria:'''

"The name reflects that of the southern limit to the kingdom's territory, which was the River Humber.."

also

"At its greatest the kingdom extended from the Humber to the Forth. The later earldom was bounded by the River Tees in the south and the River Tweed in the north (broadly similar to the modern North East England) and was recognised as part of England by the Anglo-Scottish Treaty of York in 1237."

Unless anyone has evidence to the contrary, the information regarding origins should not be changed.
-Eponymous

:That argument is competely illogical. You might as well say: ''"the dictionary defines ''Highland'' as: 1. Relating to elevated land. 2. Relating to the Scottish Highlands. As one can see, the definition can be used to describe any high ground, not just in Scotland. Therefore it is not correct to say that the [[Great Highland Bagpipe|Highland pipes]] are from and played in the Scottish Highlands only."'' Dictionaries give all accepted meanings of a term, and you can't select the one you like best in order to support your own thesis.

:Besides, nobody's arguing that the Northumbrian pipes are '''''played''''' only in the modern county of Northumberland. Like the Highland pipes, the NSP is played all over the world, but with a concentration of players not only in Northumberland, but in the whole of NE England (Northumbria, if you will). Similarly, the Highland pipes originated in the Scottish Highlands, but are today associated with Scotland as a whole, and also have players worldwide. It's as ridiculous to claim that because there are pipers in Edinburgh and Glasgow the Highland pipes are therefore not "from the Highlands" as it is to claim that they come from the Highlands of Ethiopia or where have you.

:In any case, we don't need to resort to the dictionary to determine where the pipes are from. According to the [http://www.northumbrianpipers.org.uk/ Northumbrian Pipers Society] website, "The current form of the pipes was developed by makers in Newcastle-on-Tyne and North Shields towards the end of the 18th century". While it may be debated whether or not those places are or were in Northumberland (the [[Association of British Counties]] certainly think they are [http://www.abcounties.co.uk/newgaz/n.htm]), the [http://www.nspipes.co.uk/nsp/ Northumbrian Smallpipes Encyclopedia] gives the distinct impression that the early development of the NSP took place in Northumberland proper. [http://www.nspipes.co.uk/nsp/ww3hist.htm] [http://www.nspipes.co.uk/nsp/ww14ppla.htm]

:Having made my case I'd rather avoid a petty dispute over terminology, so I've edited the opening paragraph to avoid all reference to anywhere beginning with Northumb. Hardly a satisfactory solution, but I hope I've left a version that no-one will disagree with. -- [[User:Blisco|Blisco]] 22:21, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

::I object! They're played on the Scottish side of the Border too! In all seriousness, it's a good solution. [[User:Calum|Calum]] 19:42, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

== Supplemental ==

I fail to see whats illogical about my arguement.

:Your argument is illogical for the reason I gave above. If that isn't enough, here's another example. I live in [[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]. Suppose I invent a new instrument, and call it the ''Cambridge hurdy-gurdy'' after its place of invention. It is taken up by musicians all over the world, but especially in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. You then claim that it originated in the USA, on the basis that 1) there are players there, and 2) Wikipedia states that there are [[Cambridge (disambiguation)|other uses]] of the name ''Cambridge'', therefore it's not correct to say that the Cambridge hurdy gurdy comes from Cambridge in England. Your argument above is like that: you're basically saying "the Northumbrian pipes come from Northumbria, not Northumberland: they must do because the dictionary says that the word ''Northumbrian'' relates to Northumbria, not just Northumberland." Another example: the [[White Rhinoceros]] is grey, not white. A dictionary will tell you what colour ''white'' is, but to find out what colour the rhino is you need to look at the rhino, not the dictionary. Is that any clearer?

Also, it's incorrect to say that Newcastle and North Shields are in Northumberland. I know for a fact that they are part of [[Tyne & Wear]], which is NOT Northumberland.

SO I guess your arguement could suggest we call the pipes "Tyne & Wear Pipes".

:[[Tyne and Wear]] has only existed since 1974. The Northumbrian pipes have existed for 200 years in their present form alone. Before 1974 Newcastle and North Shields may not have been controlled by Northumberland County Council (they were [[County borough]]s), but they were certainly considered part of Northumberland. (That's what I meant by "it may be debated whether or not those places are or were in Northumberland" above). Read [[Tyne and Wear#Identity]] - here are the most relevant bits:

::''The metropolitan county crosses the traditional border between [[Northumberland]], and [[County Durham]]: the [[River Tyne]]. [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] and [[North Tyneside]] are in north of it, and [[Gateshead]], [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]] and [[South Tyneside]] are in the south. [...] Some organisations do not use Tyne and Wear as a county, instead retaining the traditional boundary between [[Northumberland]] and [[County Durham]]. [...] Additionally, administrative convenience, demographics and loyalty mean that many [[sport]]ing organisations also use the traditional boundary; For example, the [[Northumberland Football Association]] is based in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], as is the [[minor counties]] [[Northumberland County Cricket Club]] and its four regular grounds.''

:You don't change the name of something just because boundaries or geographical names change. We don't talk about [[Persian cat|Iranian cats]] or [[Siamese twins|Thai twins]] any more than Tyne and Wear pipes. Liverpudlians still talk about the [[East Lancs Road]] even though it now goes to Greater Manchester. If you want further explanation of how former county divisions can still be used even though they don't appear on the map, see [[Traditional counties of the British Isles]].

This further re-enforces my point that "Northumbrian" from "Northumbrian Pipes" refers to the NE as a whole, not just Northumberland.

- Eponymous

:I think it's been fairly well established that the NSP as we know it was developed in Northumberland - not exclusively the modern administrative county, but certainly the traditional county of which Newcastle has long been considered a part. It's up to you to come up with evidence that the pipes ''originated'' or were ''significantly developed'' (not just played or made) in [[County Durham]], [[Gateshead]], [[Sunderland]], [[South Shields]], or anywhere else that could be considered Northumbria but has never been part of Northumberland.

:Oh, and by the way, please could you [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign]] your posts by typing four squiggles, like this: <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. That produces a link to your user page and the date, making threads easier to follow. Like this: [[User:Blisco|Blisco]] 19:47, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

== Adrian D.Schofield ==

Adrian D. Schofield - one of the most tattoo'd men in the UK is also Adrian Schofield one of the top Northumbrian pipers in the world. His general appearance has changed over the years and the stories of him walking into rural pubs, giving the regulars heart attacks and then amazing them with music is legend - not something that's referencable.. but this is:
* Causeway Dulcimer festical: http://www.causewaymusic.co.uk/cdfsmp.html (at the bottom)
* Bagpipe Society Meet 1999: http://www.flickr.com/photos/a-evans/380759455/
* Or more recently: http://mk-mk.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=7265630&op=1&o=global&view=global&subj=74776306150&id=823245633
* And from the man himself: http://www.opensubscriber.com/message/nsp@cs.dartmouth.edu/13188910.html

Suggested Category: "Strange but true"? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.177.164.55|86.177.164.55]] ([[User talk:86.177.164.55|talk]]) 13:11, 15 February 2010 (UTC) 

== Speaker keys & Overblowing ==

I just removed the reference to speaker keys and overblowing from the main section. Whilst these things may be possible, it's not in any way a core part of the instrument. You can also remove the end and play open fingering or you could use the chanter as drumstick or even dispense with the bag and blow down it...

If you want it back in - make music with these techniques, get it heard and accepted and maybe in 100 years it will be a 'standard' part of the instrument. In the meantime it can only be considered as part of avant garde or experimental approaches to the instrument - hence the deletion. Feel free to argue. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.154.209.116|86.154.209.116]] ([[User talk:86.154.209.116|talk]]) 23:15, 9 July 2010 (UTC) 

I wholeheartedly agree, these sorts of methods are a surefire way to bugger up your reed [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 21:35, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

== Staccato ==

Near the beginning of the article, it is stated that

'Northumbrian piping is staccato in style'

This is a position which has been restated over many years and I think is both inaccurate and does a disservice to the Northumbrian piping tradition.

A noted characteristic of Northumbrian piping is that the notes are separated from one another and this is unusual in the world of bagpiping.

The entry on staccato on wikipedia is simplistic and not helpful in this situation. On the other hand, I recall seeing an entry on a website which stated that staccato is a 50:50 split -- half note, half rest. This certainly does not represent the best of Northumbrian piping.

Detached playing is a discipline which some pipers choose to adopt to a greater or lesser extent. Staccato is a musical effect which can be effective in some circumstances but if carried to extreme .....?

[[User:Bleedon63|Bleedon63]] ([[User talk:Bleedon63|talk]]) 19:00, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

== Contemporary performers & their repertoire ==

I added a few paragraphs on contemporary players Alistair Anderson and Kathryn Tickell, both of whom are major performers on this instrument. Both play a mixture of traditional material and their own self-penned repertoire. Someone (anonymous contribution from 86.158.53.112) saw fit to remove this on the following grounds "Removed modern compositions listing they are not typical of NSP music - these belong individual pages". They are perhaps not typical of NSP music if you consider the smallpipes as a fossilized, historical relic. But they certainly do belong in an article on NSP, as they reflect an aspect of the repertoire of the pipes. The pipes are constantly evolving, and so is their repertoire. Had this been written 50 or 60 years ago you would no doubt be disallowing those "untypical" compositions by [[Billy Pigg]]. (And they also belong on the individuals' pages.) So I'm reinstating the paras in question. [[User:SiGarb|SiGarb]] | ([[User talk:SiGarb|Talk]]) 21:36, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

The section on repetoire should be neutral and reflect the whole of the repetoire. Unfortunately the pieces you refer to are not yet part of the repeyoire - they are outliers. There are numerous other composers within the tradition whose music *is* widely played (Ormston, Dagg, Dodd, Hugman, Scott etc) but who have nothing like the popular profile of Alistair and Kathryn. You make a good point about Billys music (which is not currently in as much favour as it once was) - the point is that his music is widely payed and adopted by pipers. Archie's Fancy, the Wild Hills, Bill Charlton's are all standard repetoire. To compare, few of KT or AAs compositions have reached that level of penetration and certainly not their orchestral pieces, which are not played at all - they really are exceptions. Some may regard them as exceptional but you'll not find pipers queueing up to play them. When they do - then they merit a place in the core repetoire — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/95.177.112.11|95.177.112.11]] ([[User talk:95.177.112.11|talk]]) 20:05, 29 October 2012 (UTC) 

I have reinstated the new compositions yet again. This time I have separated them off in a subsection of Repertoire, which should, as you say, reflect the whole of the repertoire. But it should do so to show the broadening of interest in the instrument by classical composers, and the more adventurous experiments by notable players of the instrument. To restrict your definition of "repertoire" to what is widely played on the instrument is like restricting piano repertoire to Chopsticks. [[User:SiGarb|SiGarb]] | ([[User talk:SiGarb|Talk]]) 13:23, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

The section on contemporary performances and repertoire says nothing of significance about the modern pieces - it concentrates rather on the performers who have commissioned or composed them. It says nothing about the modern traditional-style repertoire. It may have a place on Wikipedia, but rather on the pages referring to these performers, rather than on the page about the instrument itself. [[User:John Gibbons 3|John Gibbons 3]] ([[User talk:John Gibbons 3|talk]]) 22:58, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Oh no, here we go again. The slow-motion edit war recommences. The section that I have now returned to the article says nothing about the modern traditional-style repertoire, because that's not what it is about. And no, it's not in detail, because, as you've said, this is not the place to be going into detail. This is a brief section to highlight the fact that new pieces are being written for and by some of the current virtuosi of the instrument; you obviously love the instrument, so you should be proud of these players and of the fact that important and influential musicians in other disciplines are interested in them and what they can do. They are complicated and ambitious pieces that have brought the pipes to a wider audience. Why deny it by hiding the facts? They are not, and were never meant to be, additions to what you call the "core repertoire", but they may, in time, lead to new developments in the instrument. They may, equally, be a dead end, but only time will tell, and even the, they would be an important and interesting dead end and worthy of a brief section in this article. We'd all be stuck listening to 'Jimmy Allen' and 'Salmon Tails' ''ad infinitum'', and nothing else, if past players hadn't pushed the envelope bit by bit. Shall we call for an outside arbitrator to settle this? [[User:SiGarb|SiGarb]] | ([[User talk:SiGarb|Talk]]) 20:43, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Talk:Sámi peoples

2021-11-08T21:46:49Z

Mr anonymous username:

Talk:Menai Strait

2021-09-04T20:48:03Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{WikiProject Wales|class=c|importance=high}}

This article is due for a serious makeover. There's a whole lot of research and citations to be done. It may be interesting to organize part of the article geographically, according to each section of the strait. Also needs to list all the famous wrecks that have occured here, as it is a hazardous short-cut to Liverpool Bay for going around Anglesey. Once we have enough material, then it will be possible to attack those intro paragraphs properly. Most similar bodies of water are [[Jack_Sound]] and [[Sound of Mull]] (which doesn't even have a page yet!).
A map and aerial photo would also be good for this article. Goatchurch 12:00, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

This is outrageous! All the other languages appear to have better versions of this article. And the spanish one says the place is radioactive.Goatchurch 12:12, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

I have doubts about the claim that currents are due to the phase difference between the two entrances. There should be plenty of modern PR papers that cover this, starting with the definitive work of GI Taylor about the Irish Sea tide phase. (He also has a famous mistake in this paper, over estimating PE by 2.) Since the open water is more than 20m the N/S phase diff can be no more than 1hr. Surely there must be a study using gauge data from the two entrances of the strait.[[Special:Contributions/27.33.245.64|27.33.245.64]] ([[User talk:27.33.245.64|talk]]) 02:31, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

== when updating.... ==

Being over 50, and therefore not versed in metric, it'd be most appreciated if the revised version could possibly also include imperial measures as well. Many thanks. [[User:Songhouse|Songhouse]] ([[User talk:Songhouse|talk]]) 20:04, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

:Being over 60, I have fixed it ! ''''' [[User:Velela|Velela]] ''''' ''[[User talk:Velela|Velela]] Talk ''  18:46, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

== External links modified (January 2018) ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on [[Menai Strait]]. Please take a moment to review [[special:diff/822317680|my edit]]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160806212443/http://www.heneb.co.uk/hlcpenmon/10aberlleiniog.html to http://www.heneb.co.uk/hlcpenmon/10aberlleiniog.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 18:04, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

== ''built in the times of the American War of Independence (1775-1783)'' ==
What relevance has the Menai Strait in American historical geopolitics? Wiki users must be credited with knowing when to locate the 18th Century in time, without having to allude to the Legendary Period in American myth-making.
[[User:Nuttyskin|Nuttyskin]] ([[User talk:Nuttyskin|talk]]) 10:55, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

It is relevant because Fort Belan was built in response to worries of raids on the Strait during that war, both from privateers operating in the Irish Sea, and military actions by the Americans, like John Paul Jones' raid on Whitehaven, Cumbria, England.
[[User:Warrenkovach|Warrenkovach]] ([[User talk:Warrenkovach|talk]]) 05:38, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

Would it possibly make more sense to add that explanation? [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 20:48, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Talk:Ume Sámi

2021-08-14T16:24:41Z

Mr anonymous username: /* Vowels */ new section

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Endangered Languages |class=Start}}
{{WikiProject Languages|class=Start}}
{{WikiProject Sweden|class=Start|importance=Low}}
}}

== Vowels ==

The vowel section does not match the transcription section. I am not a speaker of this language so am unable to change this article given I lack the knowledge of which is correct. Could a person knowledgeable on this subject give an opinion? [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 16:24, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

Tilia japonica

2021-04-20T21:20:20Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Tilia japonica 2.JPG
|image_caption =
|genus = Tilia
|species = japonica
|authority = ([[Miq.]]) [[Simonk.]]<ref>Math. Természettud. Közlem. 12:326. 1888</ref>
|synonyms =
*''Tilia cordata'' var. ''japonica'' Miq.<ref>Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3:18. 1867</ref>
*''Tilia eurosinica'' Croizat
*''Tilia ulmifolia'' var. ''japonica'' (Miq.) Sarg.
*''Tilia ulmifolia'' var. ''japonica'' (Miq.) Sarg. ex Mayr
}}

'''''Tilia japonica''''', the '''Japanese lime''' or '''Japanese linden''', is a species of ''[[Tilia]]'' native to eastern China and Japan, preferring to grow in mountains up to 2000{{nbsp}}m. It superficially resembles the better-known ''[[Tilia cordata]]'', the small-leaved lime, and was originally described as ''Tilia cordata'' var. ''japonica''. It differs from ''T. cordata'' in having 164 chromosomes instead of 82, and by some subtle differences in leaf and flower morphology. ''T. japonica'' inflorescences consistently have 5 [[staminode]]s, which is a reliable trait distinguishing it from ''T. cordata'' and ''[[Tilia amurensis|T. amurensis]]''.<ref name="Pigott"></ref>

==Cultivation and uses==

''Tilia japonica'' is grown as an [[ornamental tree]]. Its 'Ernest Wilson' cultivar has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = November 2018 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 26 August 2019}}</ref> Its wood was used for furniture, and due to its straight grain is still occasionally used for [[Wood veneer|veneer]]s. Like other lindens, it is a source for a honey. It is the official tree of the [[Nagano (city)|city of Nagano]], Japan.

Tilia japonica's innermost bark, known as bast, is used by the [[Ainu people|ainu]] for clothing, ''attus.''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q161442}}

[[Category:Tilia|japonica]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Trees of Japan]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1888]]

Gravlax

2021-04-17T20:35:12Z

Mr anonymous username: Northern germanic seemed more fitting than scandinavian. I see why scandinavian was used- scandinavia is the area were these languages are spoken and northern germanic is slightly clunky as a title, but it's confusing and misleading using the term scandinavian, and not accurate (sorry I'm being a pedant)

{{short description|A Nordic dish consisting of raw salmon, cured in salt, sugar, and dill}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Gravlax
| image = Laxrätter.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Salmon dishes: gravlax in the middle, cold-smoked on the left and warm-smoked on the right
| alternate_name = Gravad lax, grav(ad)laks, gravad laks
| country = [[Nordic countries]]
| region =
| creator =
| course = [[Hors d'oeuvre]]
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[salmon]], [[salt]], [[sugar]], [[dill]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
[[File:Gravad lax.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gravlax served with eel [[pâté]]]]

'''Gravlax''' or '''grav(ad)laks''' is a [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] dish consisting of [[salmon]] that is [[Curing (food preservation)|cured]] using [[salt]], [[sugar]], and [[dill]]. Gravlax is usually served as an [[appetizer]], sliced thinly and accompanied by ''hovmästarsås'' (literally "maitre d'hôtel sauce", also known in Sweden as ''gravlaxsås'', in Norway as ''sennepssaus'', literally “mustard sauce”, and in Denmark as ''rævesovs'', literally "fox sauce"), a dill and mustard sauce, either on bread or with boiled potatoes.

==Etymology==
The word ''gravlax'' comes from the [[North Germanic languages|Northern Germanic]] word ''gräva/grave'' ("to dig"; modern sense "to cure (fish)") which goes back to the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*grabą, *grabō'' ("hole in the ground; ditch, trench; grave") and the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] root ''*ghrebh-'' "to dig, to scratch, to scrape",<ref>''[[Svenska Akademiens ordbok]]'', "[http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=1/88/46.html grav] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420013041/http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=1%2F88%2F46.html |date=2016-04-20 }}", column G851; "[http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=1/88/54.html grava column G868; and [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/grave]</ref> and ''lax/laks'', "salmon".

==History==
During the [[Middle Ages]], gravlax was made by fishermen, who salted the salmon and lightly [[Fermentation (food)|fermented]] it by burying it in the sand above the high-tide line.

Fermentation is no longer used in the production process. Instead the salmon is "buried" in a dry marinade of salt, sugar, and dill, and cured for between twelve hours and a few days. As the salmon cures, by the action of [[osmosis]], the moisture turns the dry cure into a highly concentrated [[brine]], which can be used in Scandinavian cooking as part of a [[sauce]].{{sfn|Ruhlman|Polcyn|2005|pp=51–52}} This same method of curing can be employed for any fatty fish, but salmon is the most commonly used.

==See also==
{{Portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{annotated link|Cured fish}}
* {{annotated link|Carpaccio}}
* {{annotated link|Gwamegi}}
* {{annotated link|Hákarl}}
* {{annotated link|List of hors d'oeuvre}}
* {{annotated link|List of raw fish dishes}}
* {{annotated link|Lox}}
* {{annotated link|Rakfisk}}
* {{annotated link|Sashimi}}
* {{annotated link|Surströmming}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
<references />

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation
| last1=Ruhlman
| first1=M.
| author1-link=Michael Ruhlman
| last2=Polcyn
| first2=B.
| title=Charcuterie
| publisher=W.W. Norton & Company
| place=New York
| edition=
| year=2005
}}.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Cookbook}}
{{Commons category|Gravad lax}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-iqfJpBiqE Gravlax Video].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAm6x6R8V4o Gravlax Cured With Beetroot Video]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061206005922/http://cookingforengineers.com/recipe.php?id=132&title=Gravlax Cooking For Engineers: Gravlax] – recipe with step-by-step pictures

{{Salmon dishes}}
{{salmon}}
{{seafood}}

[[Category:Danish cuisine]]
[[Category:Finnish cuisine]]
[[Category:Icelandic cuisine]]
[[Category:Norwegian cuisine]]
[[Category:Salmon dishes]]
[[Category:Swedish cuisine]]
[[Category:Swedish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Appetizers]]

User:Mr anonymous username

2021-04-05T18:53:51Z

Mr anonymous username:

An individual with an interest and fair knowledge in linguistics and current affairs. Fairly new to Wikipedia.{{Babel|en|es-2|fr-1}}{{User WikiProject Linguistics}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics/Navigation}}

User:Mr anonymous username

2021-04-05T18:52:15Z

Mr anonymous username:

An individual with an interest and fair knowledge in linguistics and current affairs. Fairly new to Wikipedia.{{Babel|en|es-1}}{{User WikiProject Linguistics}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics/Navigation}}

User:Mr anonymous username

2021-04-05T18:49:14Z

Mr anonymous username:

An individual with an interest and fair knowledge in linguistics and current affairs. Fairly new to Wikipedia.{{Babel|en}}{{User WikiProject Linguistics}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics/Navigation}}

Talk:Child care

2021-04-05T17:10:45Z

Mr anonymous username: /* Vandalism */ new section

{{WikiProject Sociology|importance=low|class=C}}
{{merged-from|Family child care|date=2017-04-21}}
{{dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment | course = Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/UC_Berkeley/Grappling_with_Global_Poverty_(Spring_2018) | reviewers = [[User:JeshuaKJohn|JeshuaKJohn]] }}
{{dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment | course = Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/Lake_Washington_Institute_of_Technology/ECED_355_-_Social_and_Political_Context_of_Early_Childhood_Education_(Winter_2020) | assignments = [[User:Ritafrickelton|Ritafrickelton]] | start_date = 2020-01-07 | end_date = 2020-03-20 }}

==Lots of notes==
OK, this is just a bunch of notes, but it's better than what was here before. -- — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:The Anome|The Anome]] ([[User talk:The Anome|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/The Anome|contribs]]) 23:00, 6 December 2003‎

i think you need to put some info about the largest one in the USA— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:211.30.228.126|211.30.228.126]] ([[User talk:211.30.228.126|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/211.30.228.126|contribs]]) 11:49, 27 August 2006‎

: How is this relatable to the subject? [[Special:Contributions/68.45.138.109|68.45.138.109]] ([[User talk:68.45.138.109|talk]]) 01:37, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

== Separated To Show It Is Not Part Of Above ==
What about the largest one in England, Australia, Germany, etc, etc. Think Global perspective not American perspective.--[[User:Yendor72|Yendor72]] 00:19, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

I think this 'childcare' article and the 'daycare' article should be merged - they seem to be covering the same thing - but I'm not experienced enough to do anything about it [[User:Leadegroot|Lea]] 22:59, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

'''Au Pair Program'''

In searching through this site, i see that many people are looking for childcare. Not sure if my advise will mean anything to you, but her goes.

My family recently accepted Olga an au pair to our home and I cannot tell you how amazing she has been to my children. I have two boys Matthew 7 and Ian 10; both are healthy and happy energtic kids. It has been hard the past few years since I spilt with my husband and been jumping from daycare to daycare to find the right fit. Finally, a friend suggested that i get an au pair...to be honest I was scared and didn't know where to begin. She told me to try Cultural Care, who she found her past 4 au pairs from. I can tell you she has never been more right, I was desperate and just looking for a good person to care for my boys. The person who matched me spent an hour on the phone with me before she showed me an applicant.

After two weeks of going back and forth with myself-I finally decided upon Olga; the first girl i was shown. If you are considering any program like this, I highly recommend checking cultural care.

Hope this helps someone —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/209.235.2.8|209.235.2.8]] ([[User talk:209.235.2.8|talk]]) 23:20, 22 July 2008 (UTC) 

==Text to merge==
An article's AfD was suggested to be merged here. I've left the old article on [[Talk:Childcare/merge]], please use any of it which would be appropriate for the article. [[User:Seraphimblade|Seraphimblade]] [[User talk:Seraphimblade|Talk to me]] 09:12, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

==Chilcare/child care==
Having the first paragraph under the lead be a trivial set of notes on spelling seemed a little absurd to me and detracted from the content about the subject itself. However people may actually be interested in when different usages are acceptable so I moved the notes about AP style to the footnotes/references section and made it clear both are acceptable by including the alternate spelling in the lead. If someone can think of a better way to handle this please suggest. -- [[User_Talk:SiobhanHansa|Siobhan Hansa]] 12:04, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

: This needs more detail and some references, because it seems dubious that both are "common, acceptable spelling of the word." According to my Canadian Oxford Dictionary, "childcare" is a British spelling. ''—[[User:Mzajac |Michael]] [[User talk:Mzajac |Z.]] 2007-07-30 18:16 Z''

== Request to add a link ==

There are some good articles on care.com. It will be good to add the following link to this page:

https://www.care.com/child-care-p1020-all-articles.html
:Those don't seem like particularly suitable articles for an encyclopedia. I look at 6 and they were all brief and fairly basic How-tos. External links should provide information that is more analytical about child-care and its impact on the world, and normally in a treatment that would be inappropriate in the encyclopedia article itself. Also there was also nothing I could see about where the information came from, Care.com isn't a well respected, NPOV authority on childcare. The site seems to be a listing service for care providers - this makes them a non-neutral source. While this doesn't preclude their ability to provide neutral or good information, we'd need clearer information on where the pieces come from (i.e. which experts opinion is it) in order to judge. -- [[User_Talk:SiobhanHansa|SiobhanHansa]] 13:21, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

== Request a link ==

The Tufts University Child and Family WebGuide is a good child care resource.
http://www.cfw.tufts.edu/topic/2/147.htm

The WebGuide is a directory that evaluates, describes and provides links to hundreds of sites containing child development research and practical advice. The WebGuide, a not-for-profit resource, was based on parent and professional feedback, as well as support from such noted child development experts as David Elkind, Edward Zigler, and the late Fred Rogers. Topics cover all ages, from early child development through adolescence. The WebGuide selects sites that have the highest quality child development research and that are parent friendly.

The child care page of the site offers a wealth of early childhood education and preschool resource such as articles, research and practical advice for parents and professionals. These websites provide cost/benefit analyses and information on evaluating early childhood programs, information about child care, the transition to kindergarten and much more.
[[User:Teamme|Teamme]] 14:38, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
:Not bad, lots of useful links to national sites across the world. [[User:WLU|WLU]] 15:24, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

==Request a Link==
Perhaps a link to the Wilkepedia page about Magda Gerber, a prominent Infant Care Specialist, would be good. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Gerber I'm embarressed to say I don't myself know how to put in a link. [[User:Ste11aeres|Ste11aeres]] ([[User talk:Ste11aeres|talk]]) 03:45, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

==Bias==
I think that there is a lot of bias in this article...especially the link to the reference about the negative effects of childcare. There are many others that would show the many positive effects. The statements about the benefits of the different types of care all seem like opinion more than fact. [[User:Moellea|Moellea]] ([[User talk:Moellea|talk]]) 19:45, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

The paragraph about the YMCA sounds like an advertisement for the YMCA. It makes unverifiable statements about the outcomes of YMCA care, such as: "Babies develop trust and security"[[User:Ste11aeres|Ste11aeres]] ([[User talk:Ste11aeres|talk]]) 03:11, 10 February 2013 (UTC) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ste11aeres|Ste11aeres]] ([[User talk:Ste11aeres|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ste11aeres|contribs]]) 03:07, 10 February 2013 (UTC) 

Although I agree with the issue raised in the overview section, I believe it is also rather biased. [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 16:45, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

== Child safety split ==

This article is not about child safety. A link has just been added to [https://web.archive.org/web/20100729000402/http://www.child-safety.com.au/ Child Safety Perth] which is quite out of place, however I see that [[Child safety]] redirects here.

I propose to change [[Child safety]] to be a separate page where people who want to write about that, can do so, distinct from "care" which is here.

-- [[User:Rixs|Rixs]] ([[User talk:Rixs|talk]]) 18:01, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

: Seconded. How has this issue been unadressed for so long? ~Skywarp 19:10, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

:: I deleted the redirects. [[Child safety]] is now a standalone page, but is empty. ~ Skywarp 19:20, 26 June 2014 (UTC) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/75.99.101.86|75.99.101.86]] ([[User talk:75.99.101.86|talk]])  

==Some big changes==
I want to change the title "Value of unpaid childcare" to "benefits if childcare", delete the content for being either irrelevant or a value judgement, and move the title up and put it under Effects of childcare marking the beneficial effects of childcare that have already been described there.
Is it OK if I do these changes?
And am I allowed to split the ''Effects on child development'' from ''Common types'' since it is not a type of healthcare? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/94.208.82.185|94.208.82.185]] ([[User talk:94.208.82.185|talk]]) 14:35, 13 September 2015 (UTC) 
Can I also when I'm at it compress the information? It looks as if the purpose is to convince me. I want to pick up the stuff that is relevant and delete the rest which shows a bias.

Can this still happen? The whole first part of "Value of Unpaid Childcare" is just paraphrased Nancy Folbre quotes. These sources are far from neutral and the content is very likely irrelevant to the reader. [[User:Map42892|Map42892]] ([[User talk:Map42892|talk]]) 02:43, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

== Things To Add ==

Hi there! Me and three other friends are taking an education course and would like to add some paragraphs on childcare for our project! Some of our top ideas to add would be, siblings caring for siblings (or children caring for other children) and how teachers can care for their students. We do have credible sources. Thanks! — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:WikED701|WikED701]] ([[User talk:WikED701#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WikED701|contribs]]) 01:23, 9 November 2017 (UTC) 

== new section- "cultural differences" ==

My group and I will be doing some work on this page to be more culturally inclusive. As of right now the page focuses largely on western ideals of childcare (ie paid facilities and people, babysitters). We are looking at moving "England" and "US" from "Types" to a new section, "cultural differences" which will explore a wider range of child care practices. Our sources are credible and will be cited on the page. Thanks! — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:WikED701|WikED701]] ([[User talk:WikED701#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WikED701|contribs]]) 19:52, 28 November 2017 (UTC) 

==Importance of and biased information==
Not everything in the article is relevant. One of the sections that seemed out of place was the “Children caring for adults” because this does not pertain to childcare rather than to the concept of children caring for adults. One of the sections that seems out of place is the “Childcare infection” because it is just placed into the page and then goes back to discussing what childcare is and the differences between it. The section about “learning stories” distracted me because the whole article focuses on the different types of childcare, but this section then goes on to talk about a specific mechanism that is used in child care settings.
Yes the article is biased (This is noted in the talk page). When referencing the different types of childcare, some of the statements seem more opinion rather than facts. Such as the pros and cons are more opinion based rather than on facts. This can also be seen when the effects of childcare are discussed.
[[User:Samnegrete|Samnegrete]] ([[User talk:Samnegrete|talk]]) 01:49, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

== Vandalism ==

Since this article appears to be very prone to vandalism, I would advise we lock it (I'm unsure on the terminology as I am relatively new to wikipedia).

Additionally, to those who wish to vandalise this page because you are children hoping to disrespect authority, you're behaviour is massively ironic given the topic of this article is parenting and childcare, proving the necessity of the content you deface. [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 17:10, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

Child care

2021-04-05T17:02:27Z

Mr anonymous username: "For example, in the early 2000s, a three-year-old in Oceania may act as a caregivers of even younger siblings, but in the United Kingdom, it is illegal to leave a 14-year old without adult supervision." The law in the United kingdom does not say 14 year olds may not be left unsupervised. It seems to be an outdated edit since the UK Gov website says that this area is based on a parent's judgement. Oceania bit has no source, therefore regarded as false.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Childcare}}
[[File:Daycare Attendee.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A daycare in Nigeria]]
'''Child care''', otherwise known as '''day care''', is the care and supervision of a child or multiple children at a time, whose ages range from two weeks to twenty years. Child care is a broad topic that covers a wide spectrum of professionals, institutions, contexts, activities, and social and cultural conventions. Early child care is an equally important and often overlooked component of [[child development]].<ref group ="US" name="AMP_2011">{{Cite book|title=Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards: Guidelines for Early Care and Education Programs|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics|year=2011|location=Elk Grove Village|pages=79}}</ref>

Care facilitated by similar-aged children covers a variety of developmental and psychological effects in both caregivers and charge. This is due to their mental development being in a particular case of not being able to progress as it should be at their age.<ref group ="US" name="AMP_2011"/> This care giving role may also be taken on by the child's [[extended family]]. Another form of childcare that is on the rise in contrast to familial caregiving is that of center-based child care. In lieu of familial care giving, these responsibilities may be given to paid caretakers, [[orphanage]]s or [[foster homes]] to provide care, housing, and schooling.

Professional caregivers work within the context of a center-based care (including crèches, daycare, [[preschools]] and schools) or a home-based care ([[Nanny|nannies]] or family daycare). The majority of child care institutions that are available require that child care providers to have extensive training in [[first aid]] and be [[CPR]] certified. In addition, [[background checks]], [[drug testing]] at all centers, and [[Background check|reference verification]] are normally a requirement. Child care can consist of advanced learning environments that include [[early childhood education]] or [[elementary education]]. "The objective of the program of daily activities should be to foster incremental developmental progress in a healthy and safe environment and should be flexible to capture the interests of the children and the individual abilities of the children."<ref group ="US" name="AMP_2011"/> In many cases the appropriate child care provider is a teacher or person with educational background in child development, which requires a more focused training aside from the common core skills typical of a child caregiver.

As well as these licensed options, parents may also choose to find their own [[caregiver]] or arrange childcare exchanges/swaps with another family.<ref>ChildForum Childcare Information http://www.childforum.com/options-a-differences-between-ece-programmes/73-private-childcare-arrangements-making-your-own-and-what-is-involved.html</ref>

==Overview==
Childcare varies dramatically across cultures. While many global communities prefer children aged 7–10 for designated caregiving responsibilities, children no younger than 12 are preferred in the Western world where paid childcare is common.<ref name="Rogoff, Barbara 2003">{{cite book |last=Rogoff |first=Barbara |chapter=Child Rearing in Families and Communities |title=The Cultural Nature of Human Development |work=Oxford University Press |date=2003 |isbn=9780195131338}}</ref> For example, very young children in Zaire regularly use machetes safely and skillfully while American middle-class adults do not trust their young children with knives.<ref name="Rogoff, Barbara 2003"/> Child development is not just biological or psychological—it is also a cultural process and it is not universal.<ref name="Rogoff, Barbara 2003"/> In countries where children are given more responsibility the adults serve as "occasional supervisors" and children take pride in their responsibilities.<ref name="Rogoff, Barbara 2003"/>

An important aspect that many center-based child cares have been trying to implement into their mission statement and everyday routine has been of being aware of the multiple cultures they will be dealing with. This was seen as being important because of the growing numbers of families considering and seeking childcare. Programs must understand similarities and differences between cultures/ ethnic groups. This must be done to understand the overall diversity of the community.<ref group ="US" name="AMP_2011"/> Children should be able to have their cultural practices represented as well as be able to learn about other cultures they have not been exposed to. This is of great importance because it adds to their mental development and their understanding of the world.

==Child care by country ==

===Australia===
[[Australia]] has a large child care industry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echildcare.com.au/about/ |title=About This Site | The Australian Childcare Index |publisher=Echildcare.com.au |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> but in many locations (especially in inner-city suburbs of large cities and in rural areas) the availability is limited and the waiting periods can be up to several years.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/NATIONAL/Govt-misleading-parents-on-childcare/2007/01/04/1167777200891.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Govt 'misleading parents on childcare' | date=4 January 2007}}</ref> The [[Government of Australia|Australian government]]'s Child Care Subsidy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.humanservices.gov.au/individuals/services/centrelink/child-care-subsidy |title=Centrelink website |publisher=Centrelink.gov.au |date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> scheme provides generous assistance with child care costs, but this still leaves many families with a large out of pocket expense. The median weekly cost of centre-based long day care in 2013 was approximately A$364<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services/2014/child-care,-education-and-training/download-the-volume/rogs-2014-volumeb-child-care-education-and-training.pdf |title=Report on Government Services 2014 Volume B: Child care, education and training |publisher=Australian Productivity Commission |access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref> which puts it out of the reach of lower income earners.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ris.govspace.gov.au/files/2015/07/20150703-Published-Consultation-RIS-for-the-Child-Care-Assistance-Package.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819015115/https://ris.govspace.gov.au/files/2015/07/20150703-Published-Consultation-RIS-for-the-Child-Care-Assistance-Package.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Regulation is governed by the ACECQA,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acecqa.gov.au/welcome |title=Australian Children's Education and Care Quality Authority |publisher=acecqa.gov.au |date=2013-12-07 |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> a federal government body, which acts as a central body for the state bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acecqa.gov.au/regulatory-authorities1/national-registers |title=State and territory registers}}</ref> In 2015, ratios were 1:4 for infants, 1:5 for 2 – 3 years old, and 1:11 for preschoolers.

All childcare workers must have, or be undertaking, the minimum "Certificate III in Children's Services" in order to work in a centre ([[Recognition of Prior Learning]] is available to help qualify staff with many years experience, but no qualifications). (Common more advanced qualifications are "Diploma of Children's Services" and an Early Childhood Education degree).

Rules differ between states regarding family day care in Australia. To start a Family Day Care business in Victoria, an educator should be either having "Certificate III in Children's Services" or be actively working towards the same. Additionally, Current Police check, Current First Aid training, Insurance (specifically for family day care) is necessary for starting a family day care. The house should be safe for children. A group of 15 educators works under one Supervisor who must have a "Diploma in Children's Services".

===Canada===
[[Canada]] offers both private and subsidized daycare centers. Some shortages of subsidized openings can lengthen the time needed to find a suitable childcare provider. To counter this, government or private enterprise sometimes enable parents to look for available spaces online.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gouv.qc.ca/services-en-ligne/localisateur/index_en.asp Childcare establishment locator > MFA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716222658/http://www.mfa.gouv.qc.ca/services-en-ligne/localisateur/index_en.asp |date=16 July 2007 }}{{failed verification|date=June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toronto.ca/children/childcare.htm |title=City of Toronto: Child Care Finder |publisher=Toronto.ca |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref>

A 2008 article in ''The Star'' said that not-for-profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive."<ref name="The Star">{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/comment/article/310203 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Child care must serve kids not corporate shareholders | first1=Martha | last1=Friendly | first2=Margaret | last2=McCain | date=7 March 2008 | access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref>

Local governments, often municipalities, may operate non-profit day care centers.

For all providers, the largest expense is labor. Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers, affecting staffing requirements. In Canada, the workforce is predominantly female (95%) and low paid, averaging only 60% of average workforce wage. Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification. Legislation may specify details of the physical facilities (washroom, eating, sleeping, lighting levels, etc.).

===Denmark===
In [[Denmark]] day-cares accept children ranging from 6 months old to 3 years old. 91.2% of 1-2-year-old children are enrolled in different types of day-care institutions. Most of these are managed by a municipality and mostly government funded. The different types of institutions ranges from separate day-care institutions (''Vuggestue''), kindergartens with a day-care department (''Integrerede institutioner'') and in-home day-care (''Dagpleje'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Flere børn bliver passet ude|trans-title=More children are being looked after|url=http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/Nyt/2014/NR146.pdf|access-date=20 December 2015|website=Danmarks Statistik|publisher=Danmarks statistik|language=da}}</ref>

The day-cares are play-based focusing on the children's perspective and involvement in day-to-day life. The day-cares are staffed by trained social educators or [[Pedagogy#Pedagogues|pedagogues]] (''pædagog'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Vejledning om dagtilbud m.v.|trans-title=Guide to daycare, etc.|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=168574|access-date=20 December 2015|website=Retsinformation.dk|language=da}}</ref>

=== France ===
Childcare systems in France put great value into childcare providers having received a certain level of formal education in order to properly care for children. They have two separate branches of early childhood childcare. These two branches are called crèche and école maternelle. Crèche is the program for infants and toddlers and école maternelle is part of the education system. They both require teachers to have a college degree with an occasional specialized degree on top of that.<ref group ="US" name="Cohn_2013"/>

===Germany===
[[File:East Berlin childminders, with children and strollers, seated on a wall, 1984.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A group of [[East Berlin]] children, with their [[Nanny|caretakers]], 1984]]

In [[Germany]], preschool education is the domain of the ''Kindertagesstätte'' (literally "children's day site", often shortened to ''Kita'' or ''KITA''), which is usually divided into the ''Kinderkrippe'' (crèche) for toddlers (age up to 3 years), and the ''Kindergarten'' for children who are older than three years and before school. Children in their last Kindergarten year may be grouped into a ''Vorschule'' ("preschool") and given special pedagogic attention; special preschool institutions comparable to the US-American kindergarten are the exception.

Kitas are typically run by public (i. e. communal) and "free" carriers (such as the churches, other religious organizations, social organizations with a background in the trade unions and profit-orientated corporations), and subsidized by the states (''Länder''). In this case, the care is open to the general public—e. g. a Protestant or Muslim child may claim a place in a Kita run by the catholic church.

Preschool education, unlike school and university, is not in the exclusive domain of the states. The federal government regulates daycare through the ''Kinder- und Jugendhilfegesetz (KJHG)'', which stipulates a legal claim to daycare:
* for children over the age of three and before school (i. e. Kindergarten; this law became effective in 1996)
* for children under the age of three and before Kindergarten (i. e. Kinderkrippe; this law becomes effective 1 August 2013)

Alternative daycare can be provided through ''Tagespflegepersonen'' (usually ''Tagesmütter'', "day mothers"), i. e. stay-at-home parents who provide commercial day care to other children. This form of daycare is also federally regulated through the KJHG.

Preschool education (''Frühpädagogik'') is increasingly seen as an integral part of education as a whole; several states such as [[Bavaria]] have released detailed educational plans for daycare carriers who claim state subsidies. "Early pedagogics" has increasingly moved into the academic domain, with an increasing number of staff being trained at universities of applied science (''[[Fachhochschule]]n'') and regular universities. Non-academic personnel in daycare facilities have usually attended specialized schools for several years. In the state of Bavaria for example, daycare assistants (''Kinderpfleger'') will have attended school for two years, daycare teachers (''Erzieher'') for three years with an additional two-year internship.

===India===

India has a system of universal childcare which is free and provided by the state through the [[Integrated Child Development Services]]. It provides food, [[preschool]] education, [[primary healthcare]], immunization, contraceptive counselling, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.<ref name=ICDS>{{Cite web |url=https://icds-wcd.nic.in/icds.aspx |title=INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS) SCHEME |publisher=Government of India|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> For nutritional purposes ICDS provides 500 kilocalories (with 12-15 gm  grams of [[protein]]) every day to every child below 6 years of age.<ref name=scc>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court Commissioners|url=http://www.sccommissioners.org/schemes/icds|publisher=sccommissioners.org|access-date=22 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813083519/http://www.sccommissioners.org/schemes/icds|archive-date=13 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> For adolescent girls it is up to 500 kilo calories with up to 25 grams of protein everyday. The services of Immunisation, Health Check-up and Referral Services are delivered through Public Health Infrastructure under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref name=ICDS/> During the 2018–19 [[fiscal year]], free childcare cost the state {{INRConvert|28335|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accountabilityindia.in/budget/briefs/download/1812|title=Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)}}</ref>
Additionally, private childcare services also exist in the country for wealthier families.<ref>[https://ijccep.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40723-020-00068-0 article]</ref>

In 2008, the [[Government of India|GOI]] adopted the [[World Health Organization]] standards for measuring and monitoring the child growth and development, both for the ICDS and the [[National Rural Health Mission]] (NRHM).<ref name=ICDS /> These standards were developed by WHO through an intensive study of six developing countries since 1997.<ref name=ICDS /> They are known as New WHO Child Growth Standard and measure of physical growth, nutritional status and motor development of children from birth to 5 years age.<ref name="who">{{cite web|title=The WHO Child Growth Standards|url=https://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/|publisher=World Health Organisation|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> Despite increasing funding over the past three decades, the ICDS fell short of its stated objectives and still faces a number of challenges. Also, though it has widespread coverage, operational gaps mean that service delivery is not consistent in quality and quantity across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-22|title=Early childhood development and nutrition in India|url=https://www.opml.co.uk/projects/early-childhood-development-nutrition-india|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Oxford Policy Management|language=en-GB}}</ref> The World Bank has highlighted certain key shortcomings of the programme including inability to target the girl child improvements, participation of wealthier children more than the poorer children and lowest level of funding for the poorest and the most undernourished states of India.<ref name=C2>{{cite web|title=Chapter 2: The integrated child development services program (ICDS) – Are results meeting expectations?|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1147272668285/undernourished_chapter_2.pdf|publisher=World Bank|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> Additionally, private childcare services also exist in the country for wealthier families.<ref>https://ijccep.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40723-020-00068-0</ref>

===Japan===
Licensed childcare in Japan falls under the jurisdiction of [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]], but each licensed daycare facilities are run by private or public organizations, which are licensed and inspected by the local [[Prefectures of Japan|prefectural]], [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|ordinance city]], or [[Core cities of Japan|core city]] governments.

Japan has a universal childcare system and childcare is free or relatively affordable as the national government provides subsidies and a framework for working families.<ref name='jp.free.childcare'>[https://www.youhomushouka.go.jp/about/en/ Learn about free early childhood education and care]. Cabinet Office, Government of Japan</ref><ref name='musyouka'>[https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shinseido/musyouka/gaiyou.html 幼児教育・保育の無償化概要] (Japanese). Cabinet Office</ref> Fee schedules for a childcare age 2 and under are set by the local municipal governments based on household incomes and the number of children requiring childcare. Fees are reduced by 50% for the second child requiring care and waived for the third child or low-income households. Licensed childcare for ages 3 to 5 is free for a single-parent or when both parents are working. The national government only covers the cost of core childcare program and does not cover the cost of transportation, special activities, meals or snacks, although meals and snacks are partially covered for low-income households.<ref name='jp.free.childcare' />

Parents apply to licensed childcare in Japan through a single point of access by visiting their local municipal government, which handles all the payments and manages the master waiting list for the neighbourhood. The waiting list is not on a first-come, first-served basis but rather a priority list based on the points system. A child from single-parent families, parents with illness or disabilities and low-income households are typically prioritized over children from other households.

Because of the popularity for licensed childcare and the increasing number of women in the workforce, many children are placed on a waiting list. This is one of the biggest social problems in Japan, known as {{Nihongo|"taiki jidō problem"|[[:ja:待機児童|待機児童問題]]||{{lit|'standby children problem'}}}} in larger cities.

As of April 2019, [[Okinawa]] had the highest percentage of children on the waitlist at 2.8% of all the applicants (1,702 children), while [[Tokyo]] had the largest number of children on the waitlist at 3,690 children (1.19% of applicants).<ref name='taiki.map'>[https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11907000/000544879.pdf#page=15 全国待機児童マップ（都道府県別）] (Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare</ref> On a nationwide scale, the average percentage of children placed on the waitlist was 0.6% and there was an excess supply of licensed childcare with 2,679,651 children filling 2,888,159 spots available throughout Japan. Of all children on the waitlist, 63% of applicants resided in larger cities.<ref>[https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11907000/000544879.pdf 「保育所等関連状況取りまとめ（平成31年４月１日）」を公表します] (Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare</ref>

The number of ''taiki jidō'' may not represent the actual numbers as those parents who can afford may choose unlicensed childcare or baby sitters due to a lack of space in the licensed childcare system. Although unlicensed childcare and babysitters are also eligible for government subsidies, a parent must apply with local municipal government for funding and the maximum funding is capped at 37,000 yen per month.<ref name='jp.free.childcare' />

===Mexico===
In [[Mexico]], President Felipe Calderon Hinojosa created a Social Program named "Programa de Estancias Infantiles" that included more than 8,000 daycare spaces for children between 1 and 3.11 years old. This program subsidizes mothers that work and study and also single fathers in a vulnerable situation. It has a great success having more than 125,000 children over the country. This is regulated by the Social Development Minister (Secretaría de Desarrollo Social).

Childcare has been on the rise in Mexico due to the increasing interest it has within the people and the effect it has on the government. This is due to the rise of urban areas in developing countries and the need to keep up with the economic development.<ref name=":132">{{Cite journal|last=Wong|first=Rebecca|last2=Levine|first2=Ruth|date=1992|title=The Effect of Household Structure on Women's Economic Activity and Fertility|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|via=Proquest}}</ref> There has always been many child care services available but due to the high costs, they were mainly unavailable for the low income families.<ref name=":142">{{Cite journal|last=Calderon|first=Gabriela|date=April 2014|title=The Effects of Child Care Provision in Mexico|url=http://www.banxico.org.mx/publicaciones-y-discursos/publicaciones/documentos-de-investigacion/banxico/%7B0AFBA0F8-0973-907E-9ED4-5AC6E445E064%7D.pdf|journal=Banco de México Documentos de Investigación}}</ref> Childcare became a hot topic of discussion when more women were joining the workforce and the debate of how this would affect how the children would be raised.<ref name=":124">{{Cite journal|last=Staab|first=Silke|last2=Gerhard|first2=Roberto|date=May 2010|title=Childcare Service Expansion in Chile and Mexico: For Women or Children or Both?|journal=Gender and Development Programme Paper}}</ref> Another topic of debate is how would the women pay for these expensive services while working minimum wage jobs or having limited times they could work, so the idea of subsidies arose.<ref name=":124"/> In specific to the child, the topic of "street children", how and where children should grow up, was debated, and if they should be allowed to be considered part of the street instead of a particular home.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Gigengack|first=Roy|date=1994|title=Social Practices of Juvenile Survival and Mortality: Child Care Arrangements in Mexico City|journal=Community Development Journal|volume= 29. Num. 4}}</ref> This issue was of great debate because it not only affects the child but also the community the child is in, since they usually seek out public spaces for shelter, food and play.<ref name=":11" /> Childcare is generally broken into three general categories such as governmental institutions, religious organizations, and independent agencies (such as NGOS).<ref name=":11" /> All of these take on the same objectives which are "containment, paternalist cure approach and street education."<ref name=":11" />

The creation of childcare programs in Mexico is quite different from others because it focuses on the "defeminization of labor and the defamilization of care."<ref name=":124"/> Female participation is a goal that the government has so it set in place many policies and modes to achieve this.<ref name=":124"/> The creation of a successful program of child care has been sought out and many different aspects have been changed over the years but it can be seen that there is an increase in early childhood education and care services (ECEC).<ref name=":124"/> ECEC services can be broken down into three different time periods and models which were implemented. The first would be in the 1970s when the Institute for Social Security focuses on covering children for mothers who were covered by Social Security services.<ref name=":124"/> This caused a huge gap in the children that could be covered due to the fairly large number of women working in the informal sector and being denied these services. The second stage would be in the early 200s when the Ministry of Public education made preschool mandatory for all children from ages 3 to 5.<ref name=":124"/> This was useful in theory because all of the children in this age range would be cared for, but in reality caused a strain in the amount of time that the parents had to go and work or dedicate their time elsewhere. The last stage would be in 2007 when the Ministry of Social Development created a childcare program in which was focuses on helping out children and mothers who were not covered by the social security services.<ref name=":124"/> This was successful since it targeted low income families specifically. For families to be eligible for this service the mothers had to be working or searching for a job, the income was taken into consideration in comparison to that of minimum wage, and that they did not have any other access to services.<ref name=":142"/> Women's participation in the workforce and be directly tied to the availability of childcare services and how it would affect their household.<ref name=":132"/>

The program that was created in 2007 became known as the Federal Daycare Programme for Working Mothers.<ref name=":124"/> This program allowed for subsidized home and community based childcare. The one running the care centers would only have to have a training component, which consisted of a psychological test and training courses to understand the principles of childcare, before being able to open their business in which they would be given money to furnish the facility as necessary for a safe caring center to be created.<ref name=":124" /> Another way this program was set into place was by subsidizing the care of non-profits, private for profits, or religious institutions who were based in the area of need.<ref name=":124" />

=== Norway ===
Many children in [[Norway]] start daycare between 10 months and 3 years old. Funded parental leave for working parents is either 44 weeks with full pay, or 54 weeks with 80% pay (both up to a certain level only). The government guarantees daycare for all children that are at least 1 year old by 1 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/Selected-topics/kindergarden.html?id=1029 |title=Kindergarten |publisher=regjeringen.no |date=2007-01-22 |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> Coverage is still not 100%, but most regions are getting close (2011). There's a maximum price to enable all families to afford it.

===Spain===
[[Spain]] provides paid [[maternity leave]] of 16 weeks with 30-50% of mothers returning to work (most full-time) after this,{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} thus babies 4 months of age tend to be placed in daycare centers. Adult-infant ratios are about 1:7-8 first year and 1:16-18 second year.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Public preschool education is provided for most children aged 3–5 years in "Infantil" schools which also provide [[primary school]] education.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Child care in the United Kingdom}}

In England, childcare is inspected and regulated by [[OFSTED]] (previously this was administered by Local Authority Social Services). Care for children under five is split into Childcare on Domestic Premises which is Childminding and Daycare. In the UK being a 'Childminder' is a protected title and can only be used by registered professionals. Registered Childminders are trained, insured and qualified in Pediatric First Aid. They comply/administer/work with The Early Years Foundation Stage<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141705/http://nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/search/earlyyears/results/nav:46528 EYFS]</ref> and have the same responsibilities for education as nurseries and reception classes. They generally work from their own homes and are always self-employed setting their own terms and conditions. The basic numbers of children that childminders can care for is 6 children under 8 years of age; of these children, 3 may be under 5 and of these 1 may be under 1. These numbers include the childminder's own children (although the childminder's children will not be included in the childminding 'certificate'). Some childminders work with either childminding assistants or with co-childminders, which often increases the number of children that can be cared for and individual childminders can request a 'variation' which may increase the children that they care for particularly for 'continuity of care' or for twins. There is a professional body – the Professional Association for Childcare & Early Years (formerly the National Childminding Association), which "Promotes and supports quality child-minding expertise" and provides information for Childminders and parents. London has greater pressures on childcare provision than other English regions. A recent study by London's Poverty Profile found the level of childcare provision in London is lower than the England average. In London, there are 4.4 children aged under 8 per childcare place, compared to the England average of 3.9.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/topics/11-services/childcare-availability-by-borough/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305025140/http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/topics/11-services/childcare-availability-by-borough/ |archive-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Childcare costs in London significantly hinder the living standards of the capital's residents. A recent study by Loughborough University, funded by Trust for London, found the minimum budget required for a couple with two children to reach a decent standard of living is 22% more in Inner London and 21% more in Outer London than compared with the rest of the UK. The significantly higher costs of childcare influences this heavily, along with housing and transport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/publications/minimum-income-standard-london-201617/|title=A Minimum Income Standard for London 2016|website=Trust for London}}</ref>

The UK has a wide range of childcare options, including [[childminder]]s, day nurseries, [[Pre-school playgroup|playgroups]] and pre-school education at school. It is regulated by [[Office for Standards in Education|OFSTED]] ([[CSSIW]] in Wales), which operates the application and inspection process for the sector.

Childcare is primarily funded by parents, however the Single Funding Formula (pre-school funding) can be used at some day nurseries, playgroups and schools for a maximum of 5 sessions per week, after a child reaches 3 years. The government introduced a childcare allowance (vouchers) by which employers could make payments for childcare, prior to tax, on employees' wages.

Median rates (2011) are approximately £4.50 per hour for childminders, £7:5-£10 net per hour for nannies, £60-100 per week for au pairs and £35-£50 per day for day nurseries.

In Scotland [[Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education]] is responsible for improving care and education for children from birth to age eighteen. This is implemented by inspections carried out by HMIE itself or by other members of inspection and review teams. Inspection reports include feedback from staff and parents as well as the inspectors, aiming to provide parents and carers information to help them decide whether a particular child care setting is providing good quality child care and meeting government standards.<ref name="VeryTogether: Childproof Your Home!">{{cite web|url=http://verytogether.com/family/babies/childproof-your-home.html|title=Childproof Your Home!|publisher=VeryTogether.com|date=3 April 2009|access-date=20 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626080259/http://verytogether.com/family/babies/childproof-your-home.html|archive-date=26 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Childcare Development Center-Crestwood High School cheerleaders 120815-F-PG936-400.jpg|thumb|An American childcare development center]]
In spite of some federal child care subsidies for low-income families, in most states child care represents the biggest expense for families with young children, even more than housing and food.<ref group ="US" name="US_guide_20200824">{{Cite web| title = Cost of Child Care for Single Mothers| work = Single Mother Guide| access-date = February 1, 2021| date = August 24, 2020| url = https://singlemotherguide.com/cost-of-child-care/}}</ref><ref group ="US" name="The Cost of Child Care">{{cite web|title=The Cost of Child Care|url=http://singlemotherguide.com/cost-of-child-care/|access-date=18 June 2014|publisher=Single Mother Guide}}</ref>

The costs of child care has increased over the years, and putting a "tremendous strain" on household budgets, in particularly for those with two children or more.<ref group ="US" name="US_guide_20200824"/>

In the most expensive state—Massachusettes—the average annual cost of full-time care for an infant in center-based care, was US$20,880 by August 2020, representing 69.1% of income.<ref group ="US" name="US_guide_20200824"/> And in most states, the cost represents over 30% of "median income for single mothers".<ref group ="US" name="US_guide_20200824"/> There are different rates based on age—infants, toddlers, preschoolers and school age, with infants in child care centers costing from US$1,100 to US$2,714 a month in 2019 for infants to $300 - $1,465 for school age children in [[Westchester County, New York]], for example.<ref group ="US" name="WC_NY_2019">{{cite web |title=Paying for Child Care |url=https://www.childcarewestchester.org/services/parents/paying-for-care |website=Paying for Child Care Costs - Child Care Council of Westchester |publisher=Child Care Council of Westchester, Inc. |access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref>

According to one 2001 journal article more than one half of the children in the United States attended childcare facilities. This number has increased as the number of working parents has increased. The increase in the number of children that are required to have some sort of childcare service has made childcare facilities more necessary than they have ever been.<ref group ="US">{{cite journal |last=Yazejian |first=Noreen|title=The Relation of Preschool Child-Care Quality To Children's Cognitive And Social Developmental Trajectories Through Second Grade |journal=Child Development|volume= 72 |number=1534 |date=2001 |series=Education Research Complete}}</ref>

State legislation may regulate the number and ages of children allowed before the home is considered an official daycare program and subject to more stringent safety regulations. Often the nationally recognized [[Child Development Associate]] credential is the minimum standard for the individual leading this home care program.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} Each state has different regulations for teacher requirements. In some states, teachers must have an associate degree in child development. States with quality standards built into their licensing programs may have higher requirements for support staff such as teacher assistants. And in Head Start programs, by 2012, all lead teachers must have a bachelor's degree in Early Childhood Education. States vary in the standards set for daycare providers, such as teacher to child ratios.

Family childcare can also be nationally accredited by the National Association of Family Childcare if the provider chooses to go through the process. National accreditation is only awarded to those programs who demonstrate the quality standards set forth by the NAFCC.

According to the 1995 [[U.S. Census Bureau]] [[Survey of Income and Program Participation]] (SIPP), over 36% of families of preschoolers with working mothers primarily relied on childcare in the home of a relative, family daycare provider or other non-relative.

By 2003, almost 26% of families used organized childcare facilities as their primary arrangement.<ref group ="US">{{cite web| url= http://www.policyalmanac.org/social_welfare/archive/child_care.shtml| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030212213231/http://www.policyalmanac.org/social_welfare/archive/child_care.shtml| url-status= dead| archive-date= 2003-02-12| title= Child care| publisher= Almanac of Policy Issues| access-date= 2012-06-17}}</ref>

Child care can cost up to $15,000 for one year in the United States. The average annual cost of full-time care for an infant
in center-based care ranges from $4,863 in Mississippi to $16,430 in Massachusetts.<ref group ="US" name="The Cost of Child Care"/>

According to a January 29, 2021 article in ''Bloomberg'', in the United States—unlike many other wealthy countries—a full economy recovery from the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic crisis]] has been "hampered" by one of its "most daunting obstacles"—"America's already fragile child-care system".<ref group ="US" name="bloomberg_Saraiva_20210129">{{Cite news| last1 = Saraiva| first1 = Catarina| last2 = Pickert| first2 = Reade| last3 = Rockeman| first3 = Olivia| title = The Economic Recovery Has a Child-Care Problem| work = Bloomberg| access-date = February 1, 2021| date = January 29, 2021| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-29/the-economic-recovery-has-a-child-care-problem}}</ref> In a ''Bloomberg'' interview the [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s Center for the Study of Child Care Employment said that the American child-care system had been "upended".<ref group ="US" name="bloomberg_Saraiva_20210129">{{Cite news| last1 = Saraiva| first1 = Catarina| last2 = Pickert| first2 = Reade| last3 = Rockeman| first3 = Olivia| title = The Economic Recovery Has a Child-Care Problem| work = Bloomberg| access-date = February 1, 2021| date = January 29, 2021| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-29/the-economic-recovery-has-a-child-care-problem}}</ref>

A number of universities and institutions undertake research on child care in the United States, including University of Florida's Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences (IFAS) from 2006,<ref group ="US">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311002301/http://fycs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2006/06/quality-child-care.html Quality Child Care] From University of Florida/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Factors in choosing quality child care.</ref> the Public Agenda from 2001,<ref group ="US">[https://web.archive.org/web/20011010215407/http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/frontdoor.cfm?issue_type=childcare Issue Guide on Child Care] Examines policy alternatives and public opinion on child care in the US, from Public Agenda Online</ref> the National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance Center (NCCIC) from 2009,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090622055535/http://www.nccic.acf.hhs.gov/ National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance Center (NCCIC)]</ref> the government resource, Childcare,<ref group ="US">[http://www.childcare.gov/ Childcare.gov] Resources about daycare and early development</ref>
<ref>[http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ohs/about/ US Department of Health and Human Services] Head Start Program information</ref> and the IRS Child and Dependent Care Credit information from 2003.<ref group ="US">[https://web.archive.org/web/20030204085009/https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=106189,00.html IRS] Child and Dependent Care Credit information</ref>

[[File:WWII daycare Richmond CA.jpg|thumb|250px|A worker drops off her child at a California day care center, 1943.]]

In 1971, the [[Comprehensive Child Development Act]] was passed by Congress, but was vetoed by then President [[Richard Nixon]]. It "would have created nationally funded child care centers providing early childhood services and after-school care, as well as nutrition, counseling, and even medical and dental care. The centers would charge parents on a sliding scale."{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} Various proposals have been considered, but to date, none leading to legislation that would establish a national policy supporting day care in the United States.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

A 2001 article by Nancy W. Wiltz in the [[Early Childhood Research Quarterly]] journal said that the quality of the center based child care can be very influential on the child and on their overall development. Recent study showed that children in low end classrooms saw the activities as forced while the children in high end classrooms had more memorable experiences.<ref group ="US" name="Wiltz_2001">{{Cite journal|last=Wiltz|first=Nancy W.|date=2001|title="What do you do in child care?" Children's perceptions of high and low quality classrooms|journal=Early Childhood Research Quarterly}}</ref> Wiltz said that, not only is this age crucial for the improvement of their social skills, but also it begins the stages of understanding a classroom setting. These early ages of the child's life are crucial or it would otherwise have a negative impact on their future paths.<ref group ="US" name="Wiltz_2001"/> Wiltz said that by 2001, in the United States, childcare had become an important aspect of society with more than "thirteen million American children under 5 years of age experiencing some form of child care before entering formal school."<ref group ="US" name="Wiltz_2001"/>

A 2009 series on the economy and the economics of everyday life in the United States ''[[The New York Times]]'', by a [[University of Massachusetts]] economics professor, Nancy Folbre, reported on the Commission for the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress in Paris. She said that one of the major weaknesses of the press coverage of the Commission's report in ''The New York Times'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', and ''[[The Financial Times]]'' was the omission of underappreciated unpaid work, such as that of caregivers who make society function.<ref group="US" name=Folbre_20090921>{{cite news |last=Folbre |first=Nancy |title=Valuing Unpaid Work Matters, Especially for the Poor |newspaper=The New York Times |series=The Economy and the Economics of Everyday Life|url=https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/valuing-unpaid-work-matters-especially-for-the-poor |access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref> They prepare the next generation for school, work, and decision-making. The way in which a child is nurtured at a young age and through adolescence has both psychological and developmental effects that effect their future. Not only does the child depend on caregiving, but schools and employers depend on the childcare. The government also benefits because these children turn into productive members of society. Eventually, they will be the ones running the country.<ref group="US" name=Folbre_20090921/>

===New Zealand===

By 2006, New Zealand began to use learning stories as a learning model in their curriculum called "Te Whaariki". It highlights children's learning outcomes as 'disposition' which are "situated learning strategies plus motivation-participation repertoires from which a learner recognize, selects, edits, responds
to, resists, searches for and constructs learning opportunities".<ref>Blaiklock, K (2008) A critique of the use of learning stories to assess the learning dispositions of young children, NZ Research in ECE Journal, Vol. 11, pg 77-87.</ref><ref>Kate Ryan. 2006. Family Daycare Australia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://familydaycare.com.au/forms/feature%2041%20-%20Learning%20Stories.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123053505/http://www.familydaycare.com.au/forms/feature%2041%20-%20Learning%20Stories.pdf |date=23 November 2009 }}. [Accessed 20 May 11].</ref> This was adopted in other places, including Australia. Learning stories<ref>Carr, M. (2012) Learning stories : constructing learner identities in early education. London: Sage.</ref> are documents that are used by caregivers and educators in childcare settings. They use a storytelling format instead of a traditional 'observation' report to document the different ways that young children learn, and capture the moment in greater detail and provide parents with a greater insight into the events that occur in their child's time in childcare. Learning stories include the story of the child's progress, pictures of the experiences, the child's strengths, interests and needs, and spaces for parent feedback<ref>Kearns, K, 2010. Birth to Big School. 2nd ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia."</ref>

==Types==

===In the child's home===
At home, care is typically provided by [[Nanny|nannies]], [[au pair]]s, or friends and family.<ref>{{Cite web|title = AuPair Nanny Differences Au Pair Jobs {{!}} Family Care: Nanny, Sitter, Assistant, Senior Home Care|url = http://www.greataupair.com/nanny-aupair-agency/AuPair-Nanny-Differences.htm|website = www.greataupair.com|access-date = 2015-10-12}}</ref> The child is watched inside the home. This is done with a motive to avoid illnesses from outside interactions. Depending on the number of children in the home, the children utilizing in-home care could enjoy the greatest amount of interaction with their caregiver, in turn forming a close bond. There are no required licensing or background checks for in-home care, making parental vigilance essential in choosing an appropriate caregiver. Nanny and au pair services provide certified caregivers and the cost of in-home care is the highest of childcare options per child, though a household with many children may find this the most convenient and affordable option. Many nannies study towards childcare qualifications. This training is intended to teach a carer how to create a safe and stimulating environment for children to enjoy and thrive in. Typically, au pairs or nannies provide more than routine child care, often providing assistance with daily household activities which include running errands, shopping, doing laundry, fixing meals, and cleaning the house.

The most now common way to find a nanny is online on dedicated websites specializing in carer services, or through a nanny agency. Nanny agencies may provide a more thorough check of an applicant's references and run a criminal background check on the successful candidate.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to safely hire a Nanny|url=http://nannycity.com/checking-nanny-references/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019233743/http://nannycity.com/checking-nanny-references/|archive-date=19 October 2014|website=nannycity.com}}</ref> Depending on local prices for daycares, a nanny could be cheaper than putting multiple children in a daycare setting full-time. Proponents believe in-home care may provide stability for the child provided the same carer is retained over time. Nannies often work overtime and babysit. Some also care for sick children whereas nurseries typically do not. This enables the parents to continue working normally without being interrupted. Depending on local laws, some carers can be subject to visits from their local childcare regulatory bodies. Proponents also claim nannies could also be well socialized as nannies could be able to take them out and attend more playdates.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daycare vs. Nanny care: The Pros and Cons|url=http://www.pregnancy.org/article/daycare-vs-nannycare-pros-and-cons|publisher=Parents With Nannies, Inc.|access-date=24 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701205926/http://www.pregnancy.org/article/daycare-vs-nannycare-pros-and-cons|archive-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===In the provider's home===
Family child care providers care for children in the provider's own home. The children could be in a mixed age group with a low adult-to-child ratio. Care can also potentially be personalized and individual. The hours may be more flexible and the provider may offer evening and weekend care for parents who [[Shift work|work shifts]]. The cost in a family child care could be significantly lower on average than that of a center.

Child care facilities in the US have the option of becoming accredited. This standard is set and regulated by an outside agency. In centers, [[National Association for the Education of Young Children]] institutes it.<ref>[http://www.NAEYC.org National Association for the Education of Young Children].</ref> For family child care providers, the [[National Association of Family Child Care]] Providers award the credentials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nafcc.org/|title=National Association for Family Child Care|website=www.nafcc.org}}</ref>

Licensed or unlicensed home daycare is also referred to as family child care, or in home care. It refers to the care provided to a group of children in the home of a caregiver. State laws differ regarding rules for licensed versus unlicensed care. In Canada, most home daycares are unlicensed, and this is completely lawful. Licensing home daycares in Canada can help greatly with oversight, but at the cost of a large portion of the daycare provider's pay. Family child cares are small in size and provide families the same securities as a daycare center, and also has the benefits of flexible hours, lower costs, accessibility, and cultural compatibility. Home-based providers can give more individualized care and therefore better meet the needs of working families. In addition, family care generally has a small ratio of children in care, allowing for more interaction between child and provider than would be had at a commercial care center. Family child care helps foster emotionally secure [[interpersonal relationship]]s for everyone involved. The providers are able to communicate each day with parents on a personal level and share information about the development of the child. Providers care for multi-aged groups of children allowing children to remain with one caregiver for many years which helps children develop a sense of [[trust (social sciences)|trust]] and security. Multi-aged settings allow children to learn from one another and allow siblings to stay together. Some family child care providers may offer parents more flexibility with hours of operation such as evening, weekend, overnight, and before and after school care.

===Center based childcare===
In a childcare center, teachers focus on the physical and mental developments of their students. In order to have a greater understanding of the student, teachers in centers must incorporate a relationship with their students that benefits their wants and needs while pushing them toward a higher set of values. This type of teaching with a caring relationship will improve a student's moral and incidental learning.<ref group ="US">[http://www.uvm.edu/~rgriffin/NoddingsCaring.pdf Noddings]</ref>

[[File:Elementary_school_teacher_dictating_students_-_2003,_Tehran.png|thumb| Elementary school teacher dictating students (2003, [[Tehran]])]]

Commercial care center also known as daycares are open for set hours, and provide a standardized and regulated system of care for children. Parents may choose from a commercial care center close to their work, and some companies may even offer care at their facilities. A form in which parents pick the child care facility can be based on their mission statement and the objectives they find necessary to be addressed. Center based child care should have their mission written out and include one of the main components which is health promotion.<ref group ="US" name="AMP_2011"/> These objectives should be shaped to the needs of every child and can change from one to another. The child care provider must see how these objectives are most fit for the child and mend them case by case to their specific needs. In setting up activities for these objectives, both indoor and outdoor activities must be taken into account.<ref group ="US" name="AMP_2011"/> The child must have an experience that partakes in all the different forms. This may then cause discussion between the parents and the caregivers.The parents tend to give their input on what they deem as necessary when the needs of their children may be different.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=McKeon|first=Michael|date=23 February 2013|title=The Morality of Daycare|journal=Philosophia}}</ref> Parents are able to communicate with the staff of these facilities because workers who speak the same native language or language of preference must be available for these conversations.<ref group ="US" name="AMP_2011"/>

Even though this being the case between high and low end classrooms, other aspects such as the child's background and living situation can play an important role in their development.<ref name=":153">{{Cite journal|date=August 2012|title=The Impact of Day Care on Maternal Labor Supply and Child Development in Mexico|url=http://www.3ieimpact.org/media/filer_public/2012/10/15/mexico_daycare_evaluation.pdf|journal=Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica|access-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173439/http://www.3ieimpact.org/media/filer_public/2012/10/15/mexico_daycare_evaluation.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Active children may thrive in the educational activities provided by a quality commercial care center, but according to the National Center for Early Development and Learning, children from low quality centers may be significantly less advanced in terms of vocabulary and reading skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fpg.unc.edu/?study_id=4|title=Home - FPG Child Development Institute|website=fpg.unc.edu}}</ref> Classes are usually largest in this type of care, ratios of children to adult caregivers will vary according to state licensing requirements. Some positive aspects of commercial care are that children may gain a sense of independence, academic achievement, and [[socialization]].<ref group ="US">{{cite web|last=Cerbasi|first=Jennifer|title=The Pros and Cons of Daycare|url=http://www.foxnews.com/health/2009/06/01/pros-cons-daycare/|publisher=FOX News Network|access-date=24 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916015210/http://www.foxnews.com/health/2009/06/01/pros-cons-daycare/|archive-date=16 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Not only is this age crucial for the improvement of their social skills, but also it begins the stages of understanding a classroom setting. Childcare is seen as a reasonable option because it is different than parenting, since it can be seen as more of a routine for the child.<ref name=":22"/> This in turn will only have a negative impact on the child if the parent is not there for the emotional needs of the child.<ref name=":22" /> Children are placed into centers of socialization and learn many similarities and differences from one another from a very young age.<ref name=":22" /> Children are also placed into settings to develop their linguistics and cognitive abilities, which can be measured through observations.<ref name=":153"/>

[[File:Pre school Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|216x216px|A pre-school]]

[[Pre-school]] is often the term used to refer to child care centers that care primarily for 3 and 4-year-old children. Preschool can be based in a center, family child care home or a public school. Older children, in their turn, in most countries are cared in an educational setting, usually a [[primary school]] environment. The children are supervised by a teacher all day long, who is responsible for their physical, intellectual, emotional and social development. In this regard, most western countries have [[compulsory education]] during which the great majority of children are at school starting from five or six years of age. The school will act ''[[in loco parentis]]'' meaning "in [[list of French words and phrases used by English speakers|lieu]] of parent supervision." In many locales, government is responsible for monitoring the quality of care.

==== Staff ====
For all providers, the largest expense is labor. In a 1999 Canadian survey of formal child care centers, labor accounted for 63% of costs and the industry had an average profit of 5.3%.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-01-22|title=Doorways To Care|url=http://www.doorwaystocare.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208024446/http://www.doorwaystocare.ca|archive-date=8 February 2009|access-date=2013-12-02|publisher=doorwaystocare.ca}}</ref> Given the labor-intensive nature of the industry, it is not surprising that the same survey showed little [[economies of scale]] between larger and smaller operators.

Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers, affecting staffing requirements. Laws may mandate staffing ratios (for example 6 weeks to 12 months, 1:4; 12 to 18 months, 1:5; 18 to 24 months, 1:9; et and even higher ratios for older children). Legislation may mandate qualifications of supervisors. Staff typically do not require any qualifications but staff under the age of eighteen may require supervision. Typically, once the child reaches the age of twelve, they are no longer covered by daycare legislation and programs for older children may not be regulated.

In Canada, the workforce is predominantly female (95%) and low paid, averaging only 60% of average workforce wage. Many employees are at local [[minimum wage]] and are typically paid by the hour rather than [[salary|salaried]]. In the United States, "child care worker" is the fifth most female-dominated occupation (95.5% female in 1999).<ref group ="US">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/censr-15.pdf|title=Evidence From Census 2000 About Earnings by Detailed Occupation for Men and Women. Census 2000 Special Reports, May 2004.|access-date=2006-09-02}}</ref> In the US, staffing requirements vary from state to state.

===Non-profit daycare===
[[File:The Daycare circa 2009.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Images inside of Milton District High School in Milton, Ontario, Canada.A daycare in 2009 ]]

"Considerable research has accumulated showing that not-for-profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive."<ref name="The Star" /> Not-for-profit organizations are more likely to provide good services to a vulnerable population under conditions that are very hard to monitor or measure.

*[[Non-profit]] day cares have some structural advantages over for-profit operations:
**They may receive preferential treatment in rents especially if they are affiliated with a church that is otherwise unoccupied during the week, or with a school that has surplus space.
**Location within a school may have the advantage of coordinated programs with the school and the advantage of a single location for parents who have older school-age children as well.
**Parents are typically the legal owners of the non-profit day care and will routinely provide consulting services in areas in which they are professionally qualified (for example accounting, legal advice, or human resources) for free. (There are some non-profits not operated by parents, but by a board of directors made up of community representatives who want what is good for the children.)
**Non-profits have an advantage in fund-raising, as most people will not donate to a for-profit childcare organization.
**Non-profits, however, are typically limited in size to a single location, as the parent-owners have no motivation to manage other locations where their children are not present.
**They may suffer from succession issues as children grow and parents leave the management of the day care to other parents.

Local governments, often municipalities, may operate non-profit day care centers. In non-profits, the title of the most senior supervisor is typically "executive director", following the convention of most non-profit organizations.

===Family child care homes===
Family child care homes can be operated by a single individual out of their home. In most states, the legal age of 18 is only required. There may be occasions when more than one individual cares for children in a family childcare home. This can be a stay-at-home parent who seeks supplemental income while caring for their own child. There are also many family childcare providers who have chosen this field as a profession. Both state and county agency legislation regulate the ratios (number and ages of children) allowed per family child care home. Some counties have more stringent quality standards that require licensing for family child care homes while other counties require little or no regulations for childcare in individuals' homes. Some family child care homes operate illegally with respect to tax legislation where the care provider does not report fees as income and the parent does not receive a receipt to qualify for childcare tax deductions. However, licensing a family child care home is beneficial for family child care home providers so that they can have access to financial benefits from their state government, or the federal government where they are allowed to accept children from parents who meet the criterion to benefit from the government childcare subsidy funding. Examples of such benefits are: free Professional Development and training courses, Child and adult Care Food Program (which allows eligible childcare and family childcare home providers to claim a portion of costs relating to nutritious meals served to children), and more.<ref group ="US">{{cite web|title=State By State Daycare Search, City By City Daycare Search, Search Daycare Centers and Daycare Homes, Daycare Listings, Child Care Directory, Daycare Locations|url=http://www.daycareunitedstates.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427102058/http://www.daycareunitedstates.com/|archive-date=27 April 2011|access-date=2013-12-02|publisher=Daycareunitedstates.com}}</ref>

Family childcare may be less expensive than center-based care because of the lower overhead (lower ratios mean less staff are required to maintain regulated ratios. Many family childcare home providers may be certified with the same credentials as center based staff potentially leading to higher level of care.

[[Franchising]] of family child care home facilities attempts to bring economies of scale to home daycare. A central operator handles marketing, administration and perhaps some central purchasing while the actual care occurs in individual homes. The central operator may provide training to the individual care providers. Some providers even offer enrichment programs to take the daycare experience to a more educational and professional level.

===Informal care===
Informal childcare is a childcare system that utilizes both family and community members. This includes but is not limited to grandparents, siblings, and both children and adult neighbors. This system is inexpensive and many cultures utilize and embrace informal childcare as beneficial to a child's upbringing and education.

[[File:Children wring water from clothes they washed in a pool at Noskagita, an orphanage, day care and after-school site in Paramaribo, Suriname, Aug. 3, 2011, as part of the New Horizons humanitarian exercise 110803-A-CW157-001.jpg|thumb|Children wring water from clothes at an orphanage, day care and after-school site in Paramaribo, Suriname]]

In monetary- and production-based societies (such as in the United States), informal childcare is seen in families who do not have enough funds to finance placing their children in a more expensive child care facility. A study done by Roberta Iversen and Annie Armstrong explains that due to long and irregular working hours of working parents, low- socioeconomic families are more likely to utilize informal childcare.<ref group ="US">Iversen, Roberta Rehner, and Annie Laurie Armstrong. 2006. ''Jobs Aren't Enough: Toward a New Economic Mobility for Low-Income Families.'' Philadelphia: Temple University Press.</ref> Those low income families are also more apt to work longer hours on an irregular and inflexible schedule, which ultimately makes using a childcare facility, that has regular business hours, unlikely.

====Children caring for adults====
Many types of childcare discuss the different ways in which children are cared for by adults or older children. One additional type of child care involves children caring for adults. Children as caretakers are most often seen in developing countries with restricted or hard-to-access medical assistance. Child caretakers are common in families where the parents are affected by [[HIV/AIDS]] and other illnesses that might limit their parental functioning.<ref name="jstor.org">Evans, Ruth, and Saul Becker. "Children's and Young People's Caring Responsibilities within the Family." Policy Press at the University of Bristol, 2009, pp. 1–38. Global Issues and Policy Responses, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qgvzh.5. Accessed 7 December 2017.</ref>

Developmentally, these child caretakers have shown certain positive associations that affect their future resilience in the face of adversity. Caring for disabled parents raises their sense of responsibility and maturity, increases social and life skills, fosters closer parent-child relationships, and enhances a child's early sense of purpose. Children caring for sick or disabled parents also experience less anxiety surrounding their parents compared to children who have an additional caregiver for their disabled parent. This is because the children understand more about the illness and feel more in control over the situation.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

==Effects on child development==
===Formal care===
Child development researcher, Lian Tong, analysed the results from a Haley and Stansbury experiment saying, "Parent responsiveness also facilitates cognitive, social, and emotional development and reduces negative emotions in infants."<ref name="Tong, Lian 2012">Tong, Lian, et al. "Early Development of Empathy in Toddlers: Effects of Daily Parent–Child \Interaction and Home-Rearing Environment." Journal of applied Social Psychology. 42.10 (2012): 2457-2478. Web. 8 October 2013.</ref> That is, the amount of time that a parent or teacher is willing to spend teaching, listening to, playing with, and exploring with the child the more socially, emotionally, and educationally developed the child will become. Whether that child receives the majority of his or her care at a center or at its house, the biggest factor in deciding what will have the best effect on the child will be those willing to put in the time and effort it takes to properly develop a child's social, physical, and academic skills.

The quality of childcare given by a facility is generally indicated by the center's cost of enrollment. If the center charges more for the service, it will generally provide better care to the children. Centers that charge more for their services can provide quality education, more current resources, and nicer facilities. These are all helpful when trying to educate a child academically. A higher standard for teachers, such as requiring a degree in early childhood education or a degree of the like, has shown to result in improved growth in the development of a child.

Whether at an expensive facility or relatively inexpensive, children who attend daycare facilities tend to develop social skills more quickly than children of the same age group that are reared at home. They communicate better with children of the same age and often try harder to communicate with those that are younger than them, by using patience and taking different approaches at presenting the data.<ref>Radboud University Nijmegen. "Children who go to daycare may benefit from a wider variety of social situations." ScienceDaily, 30 August 2013. Web. 6 October 2013.</ref> Surprisingly, a study done by Erik Dearing, has proven that negative social behavioral patterns are not directly connected to daycare. By studying a large selection of children from the Norwegian childcare system he concluded that the number of hours a child spends at a daycare and their behavior have no dependent relations.<ref>Dearing, Erik, et al. "New study challenges links between daycare and behavioral issues." ScienceDaily, 17 January 2013. Web. 6 October 2013.</ref> Though in America, children who attend childcare systems have a higher risk of externalizing the symptoms of negative social behavior, exhibiting these traits can directly correlate with their time spent in the center.<ref>Dewar, Gwen. "The Dark Side of Preschool:." The Dark Side of Preschool. N.p., 2013. Web. 7 October 2013.</ref>

There are links between the income, education, and importance of consistency and the well being of the child, to the parents, and the development of their child. Higher educated parents place more importance on the education of their children than the parents who do not have a college degree or have not graduated from high school. Likewise, parents who have a higher income level are more willing to part with their money to purchase a private tutor or nanny to assist the parent in the education of their child. They also tend to stress the importance of being socially inept.<ref name="Tong, Lian 2012"/> The first few years of a child's life are important to form a basis for good [[education]], [[morality]], [[self-discipline]] and [[social integration]]. Consistency of approach, skills and qualifications of caregivers have been shown in many studies to improve the chances of a child reaching his or her full potential. Child care in much of western society is currently in crisis: there are not enough daycare spots, the cost for most parents is beyond their means, and child care staff are grossly underpaid. Starting wages for Early Childcare Educators start at $11 or $12, causing a high turnover rate, and decreases the likelihood of potentially safe, effective, and loving child care providers from even entering the field. For preschool teachers the average salary is about $28,570.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/fact-sheet-troubling-pay-gap-early-childhood-teachers|title=Fact Sheet: Troubling Pay Gap for Early Childhood Teachers {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www.ed.gov|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref> According to a survey done by HiMama, 68% of for-profit child care organizations ranked 'Labor' as their top risk and 65% ranked 'Talent and Recruitment' as their top priority for 2017.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 September 2018|title=The HiMama 2017 Child Care Benchmark Report|url=https://www.himama.com/blog/benchmark-2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805020359/https://www.himama.com/blog/benchmark-2017|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref>

A 2013 ''[[The New Republic]]'' cover story entitled, "The Hell of American Day Care", said that there potential benefits and harm related to formal child care.<ref group ="US" name="Cohn_2013">{{cite magazine |last=Cohn |first=Jonathan |title=The Hell of American Day Care |magazine=[[The New Republic]] via MAS |volume= 244 |date=October 7, 2013|series=Ultra - School Edition}}</ref>

==Health issues==
===Childcare infection===
{{main|Childcare infection}}
Childcare infection is the spread of [[infection]] during [[childcare]], typically because of contact among children in [[daycare]] or [[school]].<ref name=Nesti>{{cite journal|last1=Nesti|first1=MM|last2=Goldbaum|first2=M|title=Infectious diseases and daycare and preschool education.|journal=Jornal de Pediatria|date=July–August 2007|volume=83|issue=4|pages=299–312|pmid=17632670|doi=10.2223/jped.1649|doi-access=free}}</ref> This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment, and there is an individual with an infectious disease who may then spread it to the entire group. Commonly spread diseases include [[influenza-like illness]] and enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers. Illnesses and diseases may also include ringworm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease. It is uncertain how these diseases spread, but [[hand washing]] reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Warren-Gash|first1=C|last2=Fragaszy|first2=E|last3=Hayward|first3=AC|title=Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review.|journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]]|date=September 2013|volume=7|issue=5|pages=738–49|pmid=23043518|pmc=5781206|doi=10.1111/irv.12015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=MB|last2=Greig|first2=JD|title=A review of enteric outbreaks in child care centers: effective infection control recommendations.|journal=Journal of Environmental Health|date=October 2008|volume=71|issue=3|pages=24–32, 46|pmid=18990930}}</ref>

Due to social pressure, parents of sick children in childcare may be willing to give [[unnecessary medical care]] to their children when advised to do so by childcare workers and even if it is against the advice of health care providers.<ref name="Rooshenas">{{cite journal|last1=Rooshenas|first1=L|last2=Wood|first2=F|last3=Brookes-Howell|first3=L|last4=Evans|first4=MR|last5=Butler|first5=CC|title=The influence of children's day care on antibiotic seeking: a mixed methods study.|journal=The British Journal of General Practice|date=May 2014|volume=64|issue=622|pages=e302–12|pmid=24771845|doi=10.3399/bjgp14x679741|pmc=4001146}}</ref> In particular, children in childcare are more likely to take antibiotics than children outside of childcare.<ref name="Rooshenas"/>

==Value of unpaid childcare==
[[Caregiver]]s nurture and develop their children into being functional members of society. For centuries it has been assumed that women will stay home and take care of the children while their husbands go out and work. In most cases, the husbands get all the credit for providing for the family. However, the homemaker deserves credit for care work. Caregivers do not receive monetary compensation and, because they spend a significant amount of time raising their children, must pay a 'care-penalty' (the opportunity costs in both time and money that one pays for doing care work for a family member).<ref>Folbre, Nancy. The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values. New York: New, 2001</ref> Instead of taking care of a family member, a caregiver could spend time working or performing leisure activities. Care penalties are not strictly related to childcare - they can also refer to taking care of a sick family member, babysitting a younger sibling, or taking an elderly family member on errands such as grocery shopping or doctor's appointments.

===Monetary value===
Studies have been done to get an annual salary estimate for a female caregiver. One survey suggested that the value of a mother's work, if she were paid the average wage for each task she performs in running the household and caring for her children, is $117,867 per year.<ref>"Mom Salary Wizard?2010. Mother's Day Paycheck for Mom's Job." Web. <http://swz.salary.com/momsalarywizard/htmls/mswl_momcenter.html></ref> The reason for the high salary is because mothers typically perform about 10 different job functions throughout the week. Some of these job functions are poorly paid, including cleaning, driving, caring for children, and washing laundry, but others, especially financial and managerial tasks that the survey equated with being the [[Chief Executive Officer]] of a company, are highly paid. Neither a nanny nor a housekeeper makes nearly as much money, and almost all of these tasks except direct child care also have to be done by non-parents. The value of unpaid childcare is also an important figure in various legal entities. Expert witnesses (most often economists) are occasionally brought into court cases to give estimates on the value of unpaid labor. By giving estimation, the plaintiff or defendant can be fairly compensated for their labor.

Developmental benefits are also seen for older siblings or relatives tasked to care for younger children. For example, children with siblings are more likely to exhibit prosocial behaviors (such as the ability to take another's perspective or sharing with others) than children without siblings.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Readings on the Development of Children", Mary Gauvain and Michael Cole</ref> Additionally, sibling caretakers have the opportunity to develop deeper communication skills as they teach younger siblings to participate in everyday tasks.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==History==

According to [[Chris Knight (anthropologist)|Chris Knight]], the first humans were few; then the population "exploded Population expansion on such a scale is inconsistent with female tolerance of infanticide, harassment, or the heavy costs to mothers of male philandering and double standards. If unusually large numbers of unusually large-brained offspring were being successfully raised to maturity, the quality of childcare must have been exceptional. We know what the optimal solution would have been. There can be no doubt that mothers would have done best by taking advantage of every available childcare resource."<ref>Knight, Chris, ''Early Human Kinship was Matrilineal'', in Allen, Nicholas J., Hillary Callan, Robin Dunbar, & Wendy James, eds., ''Early Human Kinship: From Sex to Social Reproduction'' (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2008 ({{ISBN|978-1-4051-7901-0}})), pp. 81-82 (author prof. anthropology, Univ. of East London).</ref>

[[Plato]], according to Elaine Hoffman Baruch, around 394 B.C., argued that a system of child care would free women to participate in society.<ref>Schönpflug, Karin, ''Feminism, Economics and Utopia: Time Travelling Through Paradigms'' (Oxon/London: Routledge, 2008 ({{ISBN|978-0-415-41784-6}})), pp. 159–160 (author economist, [[Austria]]n Ministry of Finance, & lecturer, [[University of Vienna|Univ. of Vienna]]), citing Rohrlich, R. & Elaine Hoffman Baruch, ''Women in Search of Utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers'' (N.Y.: Schocken Books, 1984), and Plato, [[The Republic (Plato)|''The Republic'']] (''ca.'' 394 B.C.).</ref> Among the early English authors to devote a book to child care in the modern sense was [[Elizabeth Dawbarn]] (''The Rights of Infants, or... Nursing of Infants'', 1805).<ref>''The Feminist Companion to Literature in English'', ed. Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements and Isobel Grundy, (London: Batsford, 1990), p. 272.</ref>

The first crèche was opened by [[Firmin Marbeau]] on 14 November 1844 in Paris,<ref>{{cite book | author = U.K. Board of Education | chapter = The Development of Infant Schools and of Separate Nursery Schools from 1905 to the Present Time | title = Early Years Education: Major Themes in Education | editor = Rod Parker-Rees and Jenny Willan | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-32669-8 | page = 94}}</ref> The Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869. Originating in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th century, day cares were established in the United States by private charities in the 1850s, such as the Charity Organization Society founded by [[Ansley Wilcox]]. The Fitch Creche in [[Buffalo, New York]] was known as the first day center for working mothers in the United States. Another at that time was the New York Day Nursery in 1854.

In English-speaking and other conservative countries, the vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents, in-house nannies or through informal arrangements with relatives, neighbors or friends, but most children are in daycare centers for most of the day in Nordic Countries, for example. Child care in the child's own [[household|home]] is traditionally provided by a [[nanny]] or [[au pair]], or by extended family members including grandparents, aunts and uncles. Child care is provided in nurseries or crèches or by a [[nanny]] or family child care provider caring for children in their own homes. It can also take on a more formal structure, with education, child development, discipline and even [[preschool education]] falling into the fold of services.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The day care [[Industry (economics)|industry]] is a continuum from personal parental care to large, regulated institutions. Some [[childminder]]s care for children from several families at the same time, either in their own home (commonly known as "family day care" in Australia) or in a specialized child care facility. Some employers provide nursery provisions for their employees at or near the place of employment.<ref group="Notes">Day care in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English [https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=day+care daycare or day care] in the American Heritage Dictionary child day care is the care of a child during the day by a person other than the child's [[legal guardian]]s, typically performed by someone outside the child's immediate [[family]]. Day care is typically an ongoing service during specific periods, such as the parents' time at [[Employment|work]]. The service is known as ''day care'' or ''childcare'' [https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/childcare Oxford Dictionaries] in the United Kingdom, North America, and Australia and as ''crèche'' in Ireland and New Zealand. According to Oxford Living Dictionaries, ''child care'' in two words can in addition have the broader meaning of the care of a child by anyone, including the parents,[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/child_care Oxford Dictionaries] but US dictionaries do not record that spelling or meaning. [https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/child-care in Random House Dictionary], [https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=child+care The American Heritage Dictionary], [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/child+care Mirriam-Webster]</ref>

For-profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies.

Independent studies suggest that good daycare is not harmful.<ref name="Erel O, Oberman Y, Yirmiya N 2000 727–47">{{cite journal |vauthors=Erel O, Oberman Y, Yirmiya N |title=Maternal versus nonmaternal care and seven domains of children's development |journal=Psychol Bull |volume=126 |issue=5 |pages=727–47 |year=2000 |pmid=10989621 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.727}}</ref> In some cases, good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does, especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children. Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 4½ years of life than those in lower quality care.

==Business==
The day care [[Industry (economics)|industry]] is a continuum from personal parental care to large, regulated institutions.

The vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents, in-house nanny or through informal arrangements with relatives, neighbors or friends. For example, in [[Canada]], among two parent families with at least one working parent, 62% of parents handle the childcare themselves, 32% have other in-home care (nannies, relatives, neighbours or friends) and only 6.5% use a formal day care center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/admin/books/chapterfiles/Private%20Sector%20Can%20Meet%20Child%20Care%20Demands-Mar04fftaylor.pdf |title=The Fraser Institute |publisher=Fraserinstitute.ca |access-date=2013-12-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208184721/http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/admin/books/chapterfiles/Private%20Sector%20Can%20Meet%20Child%20Care%20Demands-Mar04fftaylor.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-08 }}</ref>

However, for-profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies. For instance, in North America, [[KinderCare Learning Centers]], one of the largest of such companies, has approximately 1,600 centers located in 39 states and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookroomreviews.com/tag/kindercare-learning-centers/ |title=KinderCare Learning Centers |publisher=Book Room Reviews |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> [[Bright Horizons Family Solutions]] another of the largest has over 600 daycare centers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fool.com/news/commentary/2003/commentary030918sm.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731180149/http://www.fool.com/news/commentary/2003/commentary030918sm.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-31 |title=Bright Horizons for Bright Horizons |publisher=Fool.com |date=2003-09-18 |access-date=2013-12-02 }}</ref> Similarly the [[Government of Australia|Australian government]]'s childcare subsidy has allowed the creation of a large private-sector industry in that country.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Documents - MyChild.gov.au|url=http://www.mychild.gov.au/documents/docs/StateofChildCareinAustralia-web.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127113911/http://www.mychild.gov.au/documents/docs/StateofChildCareinAustralia-web.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2014|website=www.mychild.gov.au}}</ref>

Another factor favoring large corporate daycares is the existence of childcare facilities in the workplace. Large corporations will not handle this employee benefit directly themselves and will seek out large corporate providers to manage their corporate daycares. Most smaller, for-profit daycares operate out of a single location.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In general, the geographic limitations and the diversity in type of daycare providers make child daycare a highly fragmented industry. The largest providers own only a very small share of the market. This leads to frustration for parents who are attempting to find quality child daycare, with 87% of them describing the traditional search for child daycare as "difficult and frustrating".{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

== Access ==

The availability of child care, whether with other family members or professional care, affects the ability of parents to work. This includes both [[single parent]]s and families where both parents need or want to earn money. Many governments in higher-income countries provide subsidies for child care programs for the benefit of low-income families or parents in general. In the United States, where few subsidies are provided, there is a political debate over whether universal child care services should be provided by the government. Related debates include those over [[universal preschool]] and [[paid family leave]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Standards and requirements==
[[File:US Navy 050114-N-3659B-050 he Morale Welfare and Recreation Child Development Center on board Naval Support Activity Mid-South in Millington, Tenn., provides daycare services.jpg|thumb|right|220px|A child playing with a toy in a daycare]]

Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification. Parents may also turn to independent rating services, or rely on recommendations and referrals. Some places develop voluntary quality networks, for example in Australia most childcare services are part of a national Quality Assurance system. Some places require caregivers to take classes in [[pediatrics|pediatric]] [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] and [[first aid]]. Most countries have laws relating to childcare, which seek to keep children safe and prevent and punish [[child abuse]]. Such laws may add cost and complexity to childcare provision and may provide tools to help ensure quality childcare.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Additionally, legislation typically defines what constitutes daycare (e.g., so as to not regulate individual babysitters). It may specify details of the physical facilities (washroom, eating, sleeping, lighting levels, etc.). The minimum window space may be such that it precludes day cares from being in a basement. It may specify the minimum floor space per child (for example 2.8 square metres) and the maximum number of children per room (for example 24). It may mandate minimum outdoor time (for example 2 hours for programs 6 hours or longer). Legislation may mandate qualifications of supervisors. Staff typically do not require any qualifications but staff under the age of eighteen may require supervision. Some legislation also establishes rating systems, the number and condition of various toys, and documents to be maintained.<ref name="ncchildcare.dhhs.state.nc.us">{{cite web|url=http://ncchildcare.dhhs.state.nc.us/parents/pr_sn2_ps.asp |title=Star Rated License: Program Standards |publisher=Ncchildcare.dhhs.state.nc.us |access-date=2013-12-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723135940/http://ncchildcare.dhhs.state.nc.us/parents/pr_sn2_ps.asp |archive-date=2013-07-23 }}</ref> Typically,{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} once children reach the age of twelve, they are no longer covered by daycare legislation and programs for older children may not be regulated.

Legislation may mandate staffing ratios (for example, 6 weeks to 12 months, 1:4; 12 to 18 months, 1:5; 18 to 24 months, 1:9; etc.). The caregiver-to-child ratio is one factor indicative of quality of care. Ratios vary greatly by location and by daycare center. Potential consequences of a caregiver:child ratio which is too high could be very serious {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}. However, many states allow a higher numbers of toddlers to caregivers and some centers do not comply consistently. For example, within the US: Pennsylvania, ages 1–3, 1 teacher to 5 children;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/055/chapter3270/s3270.51.html |title=055 Pa. Code § 3270.51. Similar age level |publisher=Pacode.com |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> Missouri: age 2, 1 teacher to 8 children;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daycare.com/missouri/ |title=Missouri Licensing Standards for Day Care Centers Homes |publisher=Daycare.com |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> North Carolina: 1 teacher to 10 children.<ref name="ncchildcare.dhhs.state.nc.us"/>

Many organizations in the developed world campaign for free or subsidized childcare for all. Others campaign for tax breaks or allowances to provide parents a non-finance driven choice. Many of the free or subsidized childcare programs in the United States are also Child Development programs, or afterschool programs which hire certified teachers to teach the children while they are in their care. There are often local industry associations that lobby governments on childcare policy, promote the industry to the public<ref>{{cite web|title=About ADCO - ADCO :: The Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario :: Childcare Today|url=http://childcaretoday.ca/aboutadcos7.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710163154/http://childcaretoday.ca/aboutadcos7.php|archive-date=10 July 2007|access-date=2013-12-02|publisher=Childcaretoday.ca}}</ref> or help parents choose the right daycare provider.<ref>http://www.daycarematch.com/associations.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320134143/http://www.daycarematch.com/associations.asp |date=20 March 2006 }}{{unreliable source?|date=June 2015}}</ref>

In the United States, childcare in regulated commercial or family childcare home setting is administered or led by teachers who may have a [[Child Development Associate]] or higher credentials. These higher credentials include Associate, Bachelor, and even master's degrees in the field of Early Childhood Education (ECE). Although childcare professionals may obtain a degree, many states require that they attend workshops yearly to upgrade their knowledge and skill levels. Many day cares require a teacher to obtain a certain amount of training. For example, Texas requires a minimum of 25 hours a year, and the first year as a teacher, you are required to have 50 hours.

==Child development==
{{Main|Child development}}
{{outdated|date=February 2021}}

Several studies undertaken in the United States from 2000 to 2007, said that good daycare for non-infants is not harmful.<ref name="Erel O, Oberman Y, Yirmiya N 2000 727–47"/> In some cases, good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does, especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children. Bad daycare puts the child at physical, emotional and attachment risk. Higher quality care was associated with better outcomes. Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 4½ years of life than those in lower quality care. They were also somewhat more cooperative than those who experienced lower quality care during the first 3 years of life.

The National Institute of Health released a study in March, 2007 after following a group of children through early childhood to the 6th grade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/mar2007/nichd-26.htm |title=Early Child Care Linked to Increases in Vocabulary, Some Problem Behaviors in Fifth and Sixth Grades, March 26, 2007 - National Institutes of Health (NIH) |publisher=Nih.gov |date=2007-03-26 |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> The study found that the children who received a higher quality of childcare scored higher on 5th grade vocabulary tests than the children who had attended childcare of a lower quality. The study also reported that teachers found children from childcare to be "disobedient", fight more frequently, and more argumentative. The study reported the increases in both aggression and vocabulary were small. "The researchers emphasized that the children's behavior was within the normal range and were not considered clinically disordered."

As a matter of social policy, consistent, good daycare, may ensure adequate [[early childhood education]] for children of less skilled parents. From a parental perspective, good daycare can complement good parenting.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

A 2001 report showed that children in high-quality care scored higher on tests of language, memory and other skills than did children of stay-at-home mothers or children in lower-quality day care.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514110755/http://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/51682/ How the Media Perpetuate Women's Fears of Being a Bad Mother] in [[AlterNet]] 12 May 2007.</ref>

One 2003 American study appearing in ''Child Development'' said that the amount of time spent in daycare before four-and-a-half tended to correspond with the child's tendency to be less likely to get along with others, to be disobedient, and to be aggressive, although still within the normal range.<ref group="US">{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2003/nichd-16.htm |title=NIH News--Child Care Linked To Assertive, Noncompliant, and Aggressive Behaviors--07/16/2003 |work=nih.gov |access-date=27 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211181352/http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2003/nichd-16.htm |archive-date=11 December 2013 }}</ref><ref group="US">{{cite journal|title=Does Amount of Time Spent in Child Care Predict Socioemotional Adjustment During the Transition to Kindergarten? |journal=Child Development |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=976–1005 |date=July 2003 |doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00582 |pmid=12938694 |last1 = Early Child Care Research Network|first1 = National Institute of Child Health}}</ref>

===Early cross cultural research on child care outside the home===
[[File:Children caring fire wood and keeping sheep.jpg|thumb|Children carrying firewood and tending sheep, in [[Ethiopia]]]]
In their 1977 Thomas S. Weisner and Ronald G. Gallimore article said that by 1969 there had been no crosscultural work reference to caretaking of children by anyone other than parents published in [[The Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research]] included in its 1,182 pages virtually no reference to caretaking of children by anyone other than parents.reported on <ref group="US" name="Weisner_1977">{{cite journal |journal=Current Anthropology |first1=Thomas S. |last1=Weisner |first2=Ronald G. |last2=Gallimore |doi=10.1086/201883 |volume=18 |number=2 |pages=169-190 |title=My Brother's Keeper: Child and Sibling Caretaking [and Comments and Reply]}}</ref>{{rp|169}} Their 1977 article reported on their study of over a hundred countries. They found that in agricultural/ horticultural societies where work is done to provide sustenance for the community, siblings and similar-aged children are responsible for younger children.<ref group="US" name="Weisner_1977"/>{{rp|169}} Other factors of childcare that vary cross-culturally are the relative ages of both caretaker and child, parental expectations, demands of the child, culturally-varied conceptions of children's maturity, and factors affecting demographic makeup.<ref group="US" name="Weisner_1977"/>{{rp|169}} They said that there are discrepancies attributed to the homestead and household environments. That is, the type of work performed by adult caretakers in a given community strongly influence the type of childcare used. Weisner said that children that receive informal care may or may not receive the same educational and preparatory regimens as those in a center- or home-based center often do. In many situations, there will be no curriculum or teaching schedule, and instead learning occurs informally as a direct result of the caretaker and charge's interactions. Learning and development occur differently for every individual. Different periods of a child's growth are known to affect the care taking styles associated with them, from the care of an infant to that of an older adolescent. Other influences on caretaking include the expectations of the three parties involved- the parents, caretakers, and children. Many agricultural communities highly value sibling- and peer- caretaking. Accounts from the [[Idakho tribe]] in [[Kenya]] portray infants being left to the care and guidance of other relatively young children in the community with adults and other tribe members merely within shouting distance should a problem arise. The same pattern of caregiving is seen in the [[Kikuyu people]] in Kenya, where mothers in the horticultural society are often away working, which relies on siblings, cousins, and neighbors to care for children as young as 4 months old. In most cases children are taken care of by their parents, legal guardians, or siblings. In some cases, it is also seen that children care for other children. This informal care includes verbal direction and other explicit training regarding the child's behavior, and is often as simple as "keeping an eye out" for younger siblings. Care given by unpaid providers in an informal setting affect multiple developmental and psychological dimensions in children. Whether the providers are the child's siblings or a member of the family/community, research dictates this type of care influences factors such as sense achievement, affiliation, conformity, and individual interests. More specifically, further research indicates that children being cared for by siblings or similarly aged children (a trend more commonly seen in agriculturally-based cultural communities) have certain psychological and developmental effects on those being cared for. These effects include but are not limited to: mother-child attachment, emergence of childhood developmental stages, formation of playgroups, development of social responsibility, sex differences, personality differences, cognition, and motivation and performance in the classroom.<ref group="US" name="Weisner_1977"/>{{rp|169}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Adult daycare center]]
*[[After-school activity]]
*[[Day care sexual abuse hysteria]]
*[[Ladies' Deborah and Child's Protectory]]
*[[Preschool]]
*[[Day care]]
*[[Corporate child care]]
*[[Nanny]]
*[[Babysitting]]
*[[Parental leave]]
*[[Magda Gerber]]
*[[Au pair]]
*[[Nursery school]]
*[[Kindergarten]]
*[[Forest kindergarten]]
*[[Playwork]]
*[[Child development]]
*[[Forgotten baby syndrome]]
*[[Work-family balance in the United States]]
*[[Cost of raising a child]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Notes"}}

==References related to the United States==
{{reflist|group="US"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Child care}}
* {{curlie|Home/Family/Childcare}}

{{Pregnancy}}
{{Parenting}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Child Care}}
[[Category:Child care| ]]
[[Category:Family economics]]
[[Category:Home economics]]

[[fi:Lasten päivähoito]]

Talk:Child care

2021-04-05T16:45:53Z

Mr anonymous username:

Confectionery

2021-03-16T21:16:05Z

Mr anonymous username: Added names rock candy is known as in Britain. I can safely say that its known as rock or stick of rock, given that's the only name my family uses

{{Redirect|Sweetmeat|the racehorse|Sweetmeat (horse)}}
{{distinguish|Sweetbread}}
{{short description|Prepared foods rich in sugar and carbohydrates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2018}}

[[File:Krokan.jpg|thumb|This [[Kransekake]] is a traditional Scandinavian baker's confection.]]

'''Confectionery''' is the [[Art (skill)|art]]<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|confectionery|accessdate=2021-03-02}}</ref> of making '''confections''', which are food items that are rich in sugar and [[carbohydrate]]s.  Exact definitions are difficult.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA213|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|last=Davidson|first=Alan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199677337|page=213}}</ref> In general, though, confectionery is divided into two broad and somewhat overlapping categories, '''bakers' confections''' and '''sugar confections'''. The '''confectioner''' does the categories of cooking done by both the French ''[[Pâtissier|patissier]]'' (pastry chef) and the ''confiseur'' (sugar worker).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akYLOTMdCSEC&pg=PA106|title=Dictionary of Food Science and Technology|date=2009|publisher=Wiley–Blackwell|isbn=9781405187404|editor=International Food Information Service|edition=2nd|location=Chichester, U.K.|page=106}}</ref>

Bakers' confectionery, also called '''flour confections''', includes principally sweet pastries, cakes, and similar [[Baking|baked goods]]. Baker's confectionery excludes everyday [[Bread|breads]], and thus is a subset of products produced by a [[baker]].

Sugar confectionery includes candies (also called ''sweets'', short for ''sweetmeats'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Darra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbi6BwAAQBAJ&newbks=0|title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-931339-6|pages=171|language=en}}</ref> in many English-speaking countries), candied nuts, chocolates, chewing gum, bubble gum, [[pastillage]], and other confections that are made primarily of sugar. In some cases, '''chocolate confections''' (confections made of chocolate) are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Science of Sugar Confectionery|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencesugarconf00edwa|url-access=limited|last=Edwards|first=W.P.|date=2000|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=9780854045938|location=Cambridge|page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencesugarconf00edwa/page/n12 1]}}</ref> The words ''[[candy]]'' (Canada & US), ''sweets'' (UK, Ireland and others), and ''lollies'' (Australia and New Zealand) are common words for the most common [[List of candies|varieties of sugar confectionery]].

The confectionery industry also includes specialized training schools and extensive historical records.<ref name="The Art of Confectionery">[http://www.historicfood.com/The%20Art%20of%20Confectionery.pdf "The Art of Confectionery"]. Historic Food.</ref> Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times and continued to be eaten through the [[Medieval cuisine#Sweets and desserts|Middle Ages]] into the modern era.

==History==
[[File:Chum chums.jpg|thumb|left|Some [[Sweets of the Indian subcontinent|Indian confectionery desserts]] from hundreds of varieties. In certain parts of India, these are called ''mithai'' or sweets. Sugar and desserts have a long history in India: by about 500 BCE, people in India had developed the technology to produce sugar crystals. In the local language, these crystals were called ''khanda'' (खण्ड), which is the source of the word ''candy''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sugar: A Bitterweet History|publisher=Penguin|year=2010|author=Elizabeth Abbot|isbn=978-1-590-20297-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sugarbittersweet0000abbo}}</ref>]]
Before sugar was readily available in the ancient western world, confectionery was based on [[honey]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Confectionery Products Handbook (Chocolate, Toffees, Chewing Gum & Sugar Free Confectionery)|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press |date=2013|isbn=9788178331539 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a989AQAAQBAJ |location=India |author=NPCS |page=1}}</ref> Honey was used in [[Ancient China]], [[Ancient India]], [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome]] to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create sweetmeats.<ref name="History of Food">{{cite book|last=Toussaint-Samat|first=Maguelonne|title=A History of Food|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=New Jersey|isbn = 9781444305142}}</ref> Between the 6th and 4th centuries BC, the [[Persian people|Persians]], followed by the [[Greeks]], made contact with the Indian subcontinent and its "reeds that produce honey without bees". They adopted and then spread sugar and [[sugarcane]] agriculture.<ref name="agrisugar1">{{cite web|title=Agribusiness Handbook: Sugar beet white sugar| publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations|year=2009|url=http://www.eastagri.org/publications/pub_docs/4_Sugar_web.pdf}}</ref> Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>George Watt (1893), The Economic Products of India, W.H. Allen & Co., Vol 6, Part II, pages 29–30</ref><ref>J.A. Hill (1902), The Anglo-American Encyclopedia, Volume 7, page 725</ref><ref>Thomas E. Furia (1973), CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Second Edition, Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-0849305429}}, page 7 (Chapter 1, by Thomas D. Luckey)</ref><ref>Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2004), Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, {{ISBN|978-1579583804}}, Routledge, pages 145–146</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=candy |title=American Heritage Dictionary Entry: candy |publisher=Ahdictionary.com |access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref>

In the early history of sugar usage in Europe, it was initially the apothecary who had the most important role in the production of sugar-based preparations. Medieval European physicians learned the medicinal uses of the material from the Arabs and Byzantine Greeks. One Middle Eastern remedy for rheums and fevers were little, twisted sticks of [[Confectionery#Types|pulled sugar]] called in Arabic ''al fänäd'' or ''al pänäd''. These became known in England as alphenics, or more commonly as penidia, penids, pennet or pan sugar. They were the precursors of [[barley sugar]] and modern [[Throat lozenge|cough drops]]. In 1390, the Earl of Derby paid "two shillings for two pounds of penydes."

[[File:La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg|thumb|[[Dragée|Jordan almonds]]. Sugar-coated nuts or spices for non-medicinal purposes marked the beginning of confectionery in late medieval England.]]As the non-medicinal applications of sugar developed, the comfitmaker, or confectioner gradually came into being as a separate trade. In the late medieval period the words confyt, comfect or cumfitt were generic terms for all kinds of sweetmeats made from fruits, roots, or flowers preserved with sugar. By the 16th century, a cumfit was more specifically a seed, nut or small piece of spice enclosed in a round or ovoid mass of sugar. The production of [[comfits]] was a core skill of the [[Confectionery in the English Renaissance|early confectioner]], who was known more commonly in 16th and 17th century England as a comfitmaker. Reflecting their original medicinal purpose, however, comfits were also produced by apothecaries and directions on how to make them appear in dispensatories as well as cookery texts. An early medieval Latin name for an apothecary was ''confectionarius'', and it was in this sort of sugar work that the activities of the two trades overlapped and that the word "confectionery" originated.<ref name="The Art of Confectionery"/>

==Sweetening agents==
Confections are defined by the presence of sweeteners. These are usually sugars, but it is possible to buy sugar-free candies, such as sugar-free [[peppermints]]. The most common sweetener for home cooking is [[table sugar]], which is chemically a [[disaccharide]] containing both [[glucose]] and [[fructose]]. Hydrolysis of sucrose gives a mixture called [[invert sugar]], which is sweeter and is also a common commercial ingredient. Finally, confections, especially commercial ones, are sweetened by a variety of syrups obtained by [[hydrolysis]] of [[starch]]. These sweeteners include all types of [[corn syrup]].<ref name="Ullmann">Terry Richardson, Geert Andersen, "Confectionery" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a07_411}}</ref>

==Bakers' confectionery==
[[File:Pink and white Easter petits fours.jpg|alt=Small, square cakes frosted with pink or white icing|thumb|[[Petits fours]] are baker's confections.]]
Bakers' confectionery includes sweet baked goods, especially those that are served for the [[dessert]] course. Bakers' confections are sweet foods that feature [[flour]] as a main ingredient and are [[baking|baked]]. Major categories include [[cake]]s, sweet [[Pastry|pastries]], [[doughnut]]s, [[scone]]s, and [[cookie]]s.<ref>{{cite book|editor = International Food Information Service|title = Dictionary of Food Science and Technology|date = 2009|publisher = Wiley–Blackwell|location = Chichester, U.K.|isbn = 9781405187404|page = 39|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=akYLOTMdCSEC&pg=PA106|edition = 2nd}}</ref> In the Middle East and Asia, flour-based confections predominate.

The definition of which foods are "confectionery" vs "bread" can vary based on cultures and laws. In Ireland, the definition of "bread" as a "staple food" for tax purposes requires that the sugar or fat content be no more than 2% of the weight of the flour, so many products sold as bread in the US would be treated as confectionery there.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|title=Irish Supreme Court says metro bread cannot legally be called bread under tax law {{!}} FR24 News English|url=https://www.fr24news.com/a/2020/10/irish-supreme-court-says-metro-bread-cannot-legally-be-called-bread-under-tax-law.html|access-date=2020-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lembo|first=Allie|title=12 breads that have more sugar than candy|url=https://www.insider.com/breads-high-in-sugar-2018-11|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Insider}}</ref>

=== Types ===
{{see also|List of cakes|List of cookies|List of doughnut varieties|List of pastries}}[[Cake]]s have a somewhat bread-like texture, and many earlier cakes, such as the centuries-old [[stollen]] (fruit cake), or the even older [[king cake]], were rich yeast breads. The variety of styles and presentations extends from simple to elaborate. Major categories include [[butter cake]]s, [[torte]]s, and [[foam cake]]s. Confusingly, some confections that have the word ''cake'' in their names, such as [[cheesecake]], are not technically cakes, while others, such as [[Boston cream pie]] are cakes despite seeming to be named something else.<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Wesh cakes.jpg|[[Welsh cake]]s are cooked on a griddle.
File:Korean rice cake-Mujigae tteok-01.jpg|Korean [[rainbow rice cake]] is for celebrations.
File:Wikipedia Birthday Cake 16.1.jpg|Birthday cakes may be elaborately decorated.
File:Pruegeltorte.JPG|European [[spit cake]]s are baked around a metal cylinder.
</gallery>

[[Pastry]] is a large and diverse category of baked goods, united by the flour-based doughs used as the base for the product. These doughs are not always sweet, and the sweetness may come from the sugar, fruit, chocolate, cream, or other fillings that are added to the finished confection. Pastries can be elaborately decorated, or they can be plain dough. <gallery mode="nolines">
File:Choux pastry buns, 2009.jpg|[[Choux pastry]]
File:Besamelas-(La Rosita).jpg|Empty shells made with [[puff pastry]] can be filled with fruit or cream.
File:Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg|[[Pie]] is made from a [[pie crust]] and a sweet filling.
File:Baklava - Turkish special, 80-ply.JPEG|[[Baklava]] is made with [[phyllo]] pastry.
File:Moon cake in mid autumn festival.jpg|[[Mooncake]] pastries are made to celebrate the [[Mid-Autumn Festival]] in East Asia.
</gallery>

[[Doughnut]]s may be fried or baked. <gallery mode="nolines">
File:Glazed-Donut.jpg|Glazed raised doughnut
File:Oliebollen bakken (4233801075) (2).jpg|[[Oliebollen]] and similar doughnuts are fried in hot fat.
File:Christmas doughnut display (15459326042).jpg|Decorated doughnuts
File:Apple beignets (5492114879).jpg|[[Apple fritter]] with powdered sugar
</gallery>

[[Scone]]s and related sweet [[quick bread]]s, such as [[Bannock (food)|bannock]], are similar to [[baking powder biscuit]]s and, in sweeter, less traditional interpretations, can seem like a [[cupcake]]. <gallery mode="nolines">
File:Scones Jam Cream.jpg|Scones with jam
File:2scones.jpg|Cranberry scones with icing
File:Golden-Krust-Rock-Cake.jpg|A sweet [[rock cake]]
</gallery>

[[Cookie]]s are small, sweet baked treats. They originated as small cakes, and some traditional cookies have a soft, cake-like texture. Others are crisp or hard. <gallery mode="nolines">
File:Breakfast pizzelle, January 2013 (8505127567).jpg|Thin wafer cookies such as [[pizzelle]] have been made since the Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPNgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT368|title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets|date=1 April 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199313624|page=368|language=en}}</ref>
File:Runde braune Lebkuchen - Flickr - tm-md (7).jpg|Spicy [[lebkuchen]] are a Christmas treat in Germany.
File:Biscuiteers Polka Dot Heart Product.jpg|Cookies can be elaborately decorated.
File:Oreo-Two-Cookies.jpg|Cookies can be mass-produced.
</gallery>

==Sugar confectionery==
Sugar confections include sweet, sugar-based foods, which are usually eaten as [[snack food]]. This includes [[sugar candies]], [[chocolate]]s, [[candied fruit]]s and nuts, [[chewing gum]], and sometimes [[ice cream]]. In some cases, [[chocolate]] confections are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections.<ref>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=W.P.|title=The Science of Sugar Confectionery|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencesugarconf00edwa|url-access=limited|date=2000|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780854045938|page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencesugarconf00edwa/page/n12 1]}}</ref>

Different dialects of English use regional terms for sugar confections:

*In [[British English|Britain]], [[Hiberno-English|Ireland]], and some [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]], ''sweets'' (the [[Scottish Gaelic]] word ''suiteis'' is a derivative). ''Candy'' is used specifically for [[rock candy]] and occasionally for (brittle) boiled sweets. ''Lollies'' are boiled sweets fixed on sticks.
*In [[Australian English|Australia]] and [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], ''lollies''. ''Chewy'' and ''Chuddy'' are Australian slang for chewing gum.<ref>{{citation|title = Definition of chuddy Oxford dictionary (British & World English)|url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/chuddy|date = 2014|website = www.oxforddictionaries.com|access-date = 15 July 2014}}</ref>
*In [[American English|North America]], ''[[candy]]'', although this term generally refers to a specific range of confectionery and does not include some items of sugar confectionery (e.g. ice cream). ''Sweet'' is occasionally used, as well as ''treat''.

In the US, a chocolate-coated candy bar (e.g. [[Snickers]]) would be called a ''candy bar'', in Britain more likely a ''chocolate bar'' than unspecifically a ''sweet''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!American English
!British English
|-
|''confectionery'' (formal)
|''confectionery'' (formal)
|-
|''rock candy, rock sugar''
|''sugar candy, candy, rock, rock sweet''
|-
|''hard candy''
|''boiled sweet, candy'' (rare)
|-
|''candied fruit, glazed fruit''
|''candied fruit''
|-
|''cotton candy,'' ''fairy floss'' (archaic)<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=7 February 2000|title=Cotton Candy|url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mcottoncandy.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430084909/http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mcottoncandy.html|archive-date=29 June 2011|access-date=30 November 2011|work=The Straight Dope}}</ref>
|''candy floss''
|-
|''candy, treat'' (rare)'', sweet'' (rare)
|''sweet''
|-
|''dessert''
|''pudding, sweet, dessert''
|-
|''pudding''
|''custard'', ''blancmange'', ''jelly''
|-
|''chocolate bar, chocolate candy bar''
|''bar of chocolate'' (e.g. Cadbury's Milk Chocolate)
|-
|''candy bar'' (chocolate coated types)
|''chocolate bar'' (e.g. Snickers)
|-
|''box of chocolates''
|''chocolates, box of chocolates''
|}

===Classification===
The United Nations' [[International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities]] (ISIC) scheme (revision 4) classifies both chocolate and sugar confectionery as ISIC 1073, which includes the manufacture of chocolate and chocolate confectionery; sugar confectionery proper (caramels, cachous, nougats, fondant, [[white chocolate]]), chewing gum, preserving fruit, nuts, fruit peels, and making confectionery lozenges and pastilles.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcs.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1&Co=1073|title = ISIC Rev.4 code 1073: Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery|date = 2014|access-date = 18 June 2014|website = United Nations Statistics Division, Classification Registry|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140722050117/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcs.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1&Co=1073|archive-date = 22 July 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> In the European Union, the [[Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community]] (NACE) scheme (revision 2) matches the UN classification, under code number 10.82.

In the United States, the [[North American Industry Classification System]] (NAICS 2012) splits sugar confectionery across three categories: National industry code 311340 for all non-chocolate confectionery manufacturing, 311351 for chocolate and confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans, and national industry 311352 for confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regso2.asp?Cl=27&Co=1073&Lg=1|title = Correspondences for ISIC Rev.4 code 1073|date = 2014|website = United Nations Statistics Division|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140722023316/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regso2.asp?Cl=27&Co=1073&Lg=1|archive-date = 22 July 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>

[[Ice cream]] and [[sorbet]] are classified with dairy products under ISIC 1050, NACE 10.52, and NAICS 311520.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regso2.asp?Cl=27&Co=1050&Lg=1|title = Correspondences for ISIC Rev.4 code 1050|date = 2014|access-date = 18 June 2014|website = United Nations Statistics Division|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140722051828/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regso2.asp?Cl=27&Co=1050&Lg=1|archive-date = 22 July 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Examples===
{{further|List of candies}}
[[File:Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg|thumb|[[Rock candy]] is simply sugar, with optional coloring or flavor.]]
[[File:Hershey-bar-open.JPG|thumb|right|A bar of [[chocolate]]. To be eaten pure, or used as an ingredient.]]
[[File:2018 05 Fudge IMG 1913.JPG|thumb|right|Assorted fudges]]
[[File:Peco-Peanut-Brittle-Bar.jpg|thumb|right|[[brittle (food)|Brittles]] are a combination of nuts and [[Caramelization|caramelized]] sugar.]]

Sugar confectionery items include candies, [[lollipop]]s, [[candy bar]]s, [[chocolate]], [[cotton candy]], and other sweet items of [[snack food]]. Some of the categories and types of sugar confectionery include the following:<ref name="Ullmann" />

*[[Chocolates]]: Bite-sized confectioneries generally made with [[chocolate]], considered different from a candy bar made of chocolate.
*[[Divinity (confectionery)|Divinity]]: A [[nougat]]-like confectionery based on [[Egg (food)|egg]] whites with chopped [[nut (fruit)|nut]]s.
*[[Dodol]]: A [[toffee]]-like delicacy popular in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines
*[[Dragée]]: Sugar-coated [[almond]]s and other types of [[sugar panning|sugar panned]] candies.
*[[Fudge]]: Made by boiling milk and sugar to the soft-ball stage. In the US, it tends to be chocolate-flavored.
*[[Halva]]h: Confectionery based on [[tahini]], a paste made from ground [[sesame]] seeds.
*[[Hard candy]]: Based on sugars cooked to the hard-crack stage. Examples include [[lollipop]]s, jawbreakers (or [[gobstopper]]s), [[lemon drops]], peppermint drops and disks, [[candy cane]]s, [[rock candy]], etc. Also included are types often mixed with nuts such as [[Brittle (food)|brittle]], which is similar to [[Chikki|chikkis]].
*[[Ice cream]]: Frozen, flavored cream, often containing small pieces of chocolate, [[fruit]]s and/or [[nut (fruit)|nut]]s.
*Jelly candies: Including those based on sugar and starch, [[pectin]], gum, or [[gelatin]] such as [[Turkish Delight|Turkish delight (lokum)]], [[jelly bean]]s, [[gumdrop]]s, [[jujube (confectionery)|jujube]]s, [[gummi candy|gummies]], etc.<ref>Margaret McWilliams. (2006) Nutrition and Dietetics Eighth edition edn. Prentice Hall: Pearson Education Inc.</ref>
*[[Liquorice (confectionery)|Liquorice]]: Containing extract of the [[liquorice root]], this candy is chewier and more resilient than gums or gelatin candies. For example, [[Liquorice allsorts]]. It has a similar taste to [[star anise]].
*[[Marshmallow]]: For example, [[circus peanut]]s.
*[[Marzipan]]: An [[almond]]-based confection, doughy in consistency.
*[[Mithai (confectionery)|Mithai]]: A generic term for confectionery in the [[Indian subcontinent]], typically made from dairy products and/or some form of flour. Sugar or molasses are used as sweeteners.
*[[Persipan]]: similar to marzipan, but made with peaches or apricots instead of almonds.
*[[Pastillage]]: A thick sugar paste made with gelatin, water, and confectioner's sugar, similar to gum paste, which is moulded into shapes, which then harden.
*[[Tablet (confectionery)|Tablet]]: A crumbly milk-based soft and hard candy, based on sugars cooked to the soft ball stage. Comes in several forms, such as wafers and heart shapes. Not to be confused with [[tableting]], a method of candy production.
*[[Taffy (candy)|Taffy]] (British: ''chews''): A sugar confection that is folded many times above 120 °F (50 °C), incorporating air bubbles thus reducing its density and making it opaque.
*[[Toffee]]: A confection made by caramelizing sugar or molasses along with butter. Toffee has a glossy surface and textures ranging from soft and sticky to a hard, brittle material. Its brown color and smoky taste arise from the caramelization of the sugars.

===Storage and shelf life===
[[Shelf life]] is largely determined by the amount of water present in the candy and the storage conditions.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ergun R, Lietha R, Hartel RW |title=Moisture and shelf life in sugar confections |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=162–92 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20112158 |doi=10.1080/10408390802248833 |s2cid=19980997 }}</ref> High-sugar candies, such as boiled candies, can have a shelf life of many years if kept covered in a dry environment. Spoilage of low-moisture candies tends to involve a loss of shape, color, texture, and flavor, rather than the growth of dangerous microbes. Impermeable packaging can reduce spoilage due to storage conditions.

Candies spoil more quickly if they have different amounts of water in different parts of the candy (for example, a candy that combines marshmallow and nougat), or if they are stored in high-moisture environments.<ref name=":1" /> This process is due to the effects of [[water activity]], which results in the transfer of unwanted water from a high-moisture environment into a low-moisture candy, rendering it rubbery, or the loss of desirable water from a high-moisture candy into a dry environment, rendering the candy dry and brittle.

Another factor, affecting only non-crystalline amorphous candies, is the [[glass transition]] process.<ref name=":1" /> This can cause amorphous candies to lose their intended texture.

==Cultural roles==
[[File:Japanese confectionery store in "The Great Buddha Sweet Shop" from Akizato Rito's Miyako meisho zue (1787).jpg|thumb|A Japanese vendor selling [[List of Japanese desserts and sweets|sweets]] ([[Wagashi]]) in "The Great Buddha Sweet Shop" from the ''Miyako meisho zue'' ([[:ja:都名所図会]]) (1787)]]Both bakers' and sugar confections are used to offer [[hospitality]] to guests.

Confections are used to mark celebrations or events, such as a [[wedding cake]], [[birthday cake]] or [[Halloween]].

[[Tourists]] commonly eat confections as part of their travels. The indulgence in rich, sugary foods is seen as a special treat, and choosing local specialties is popular. For example, visitors to Vienna eat [[Sachertorte]] and visitors to seaside resorts in the UK eat [[Blackpool rock]] candy. Transportable confections like [[fudges]] and [[Tablet (confectionery)|tablet]] may be purchased as [[souvenirs]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sugar Heritage and Tourism in Transition|last = Cleave|first = Paul|publisher = Channel View Publications|year = 2012|isbn = 9781845413897|pages = 159–172|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fpl4XlX2D1UC&pg=PA158|chapter = Sugar in Tourism: 'Wrapped in Devonshire Sunshine'}}</ref>

==Nutrition==
Generally, confections are low in [[micronutrients]] and [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]] but high in [[calorie]]s. They may be [[fat-free|fat-free foods]], although some confections, especially fried doughs and chocolate, are high-fat foods. Many confections are considered [[empty calories]]. [[United States military chocolate|Specially formulated chocolate]] has been manufactured in the past for military use as a high-density [[food energy]] source.

Many sugar confections, especially [[Caramel corn|caramel-coated popcorn]] and the different kinds of [[sugar candy]], are defined in US law as foods of [[minimal nutritional value]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/foods-minimal-nutritional-value|title=Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value|date=13 September 2013|website=www.fns.usda.gov|series=Appendix B of 7 CFR Part 210|publisher=[[Food and Nutrition Service]], United States Department of Agriculture|language=en|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>

==Risks==

Contaminants and [[Food coloring|coloring agents]] in confectionery can be particularly harmful to children. Therefore, confectionery contaminants, such as high levels of [[lead]], have been restricted to 1 ppm in the US. There is no specific maximum in the EU.<ref>[http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1570 EFSA Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food] European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Retrieved 13 November 2012</ref>

Candy colorants, particularly yellow colorants such as [[Tartrazine|E102 Tartrazine]], [[Quinoline Yellow WS|E104 Quinoline Yellow WS]] and [[Sunset Yellow FCF|E110 Sunset Yellow FCF]], have many restrictions around the world. Tartrazine, for example, can cause allergic and [[Asthma|asthmatic reactions]] and was once banned in Austria, Germany, and Norway. Some countries such as the UK have asked the food industry to phase out the use of these colorants, especially for products marketed to children.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7725316.stm Ministers agree food Color ban] BBC News, Retrieved 14 November 2012</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
*[[Candy making]]
*[[Confectionery store]]
*[[List of candies]]
*[[List of top-selling candy brands]]
*[[List of foods]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book |last=García Ballesteros|first=Enrique|title=Foods From Spain History: Bakery & Confectionery. A Taste For Sweetness |url=http://www.foodswinesfromspain.com/spanishfoodwine/global/history/history_bakery/index.html |year=2012}}
*{{cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Darra |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ&q=the+oxford+companion+to+sugar+and+sweets |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-931339-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Tim H. |title=Sweets: A History of Candy |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |year=2002 |isbn=1-58234-229-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr }}
*{{cite book |last=Stroud |first=Jon |title=The Sucker's Guide: A Journey into the Soft Centre of the Sweet Shop |publisher=Summersdale |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84024-709-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Weatherley |first=Henry |title=A Treatise on the Art of Boiling Sugar |publisher=H.C. Baird |url=https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonartb00conggoog |access-date=14 July 2008 |year=1865}}

==External links==

{{commons category|Confectionery|lcfirst=yes}}
* {{Cookbook-inline|Confections}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}

{{Candy}}
{{Cakes}}
{{cuisine}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Confectionery| ]]
[[Category:Candy]]
[[Category:Desserts]]

Gothic alphabet

2021-03-07T18:32:25Z

Mr anonymous username: Made more sense to use the word pagan, rather than heathen given it is a synonym for specific Germanic neo paganism and an outdated word used by medieval and modern christians for literally any religion which they don't like.

{{about |the 4th-century alphabet of the Gothic Bible|manuscript hands and typefaces sometimes referred to as "Gothic script"|Blackletter|type fonts sometimes referred to as "Gothic"|Sans-serif}}

{{Infobox Writing system
|name= Gothic
|languages= [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
|type= [[Alphabet]]
|time= From c. 350, in decline by 600
|fam1= [[Greek script]] augmented with [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and possibly [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] (questionable)
|unicode= [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10330.pdf U+10330–U+1034F]
|iso15924= Goth
|sample= Wulfila bibel.jpg
|imagesize= 200px
}}
{{Contains special characters |special=Gothic characters |fix=Help:Multilingual_support#Gothic |characters=letters}}
{{alphabet}}

The '''Gothic alphabet''' is an [[alphabet]] used for writing the [[Gothic language]]. [[Ulfilas]] (or Wulfila) developed it in the 4th century AD for the purpose of [[Bible translations|translating the Bible]].<ref>According to the testimony of the historians [[Philostorgius]], [[Socrates of Constantinople]] and [[Sozomen]]. Cf. Streitberg (1910:20).</ref>

The alphabet essentially uses [[uncial script|uncial]] forms of the [[Greek alphabet]], with a few additional letters to express Gothic phonology:

* [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] [[F]] and [[G]]
* a questionably [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] letter to distinguish the {{IPAslink|w}} [[Semivowel|glide]] from [[Vowel|vocalic]] {{IPAslink|u}}
* the letter [[ƕair|ƕair (𐍈)]] to express the Gothic [[Labialized velar consonant|labiovelar]].

==Origin==
Ulfilas is thought to have consciously chosen to avoid the use of the older [[Runic alphabet]] for this purpose, as it was heavily connected with [[Germanic paganism|Pagan]] beliefs and customs.<ref>Cf. Jensen (1969:474).</ref> Also, the Greek-based script probably helped to integrate the Gothic nation into the dominant [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] culture around the [[Black Sea]].<ref>Cf. Haarmann (1991:434).</ref>

==Letters==
Below is a table of the Gothic alphabet.<ref>For a discussion of the Gothic alphabet see also [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''The Elaboration of the Gothic Alphabet and Orthography'', in "Indogermanische Forschungen", 93, 1988, pp. 168-185.</ref> Two letters used in its [[transliteration]] are not used in current English: thorn ''[[Thorn (letter)|þ]]'' (representing {{IPAslink|θ}}), and hwair ''[[Hwair|ƕ]]'' (representing {{IPAslink|ʍ|hʷ}}).

As with the Greek alphabet, Gothic letters were also assigned numerical values. When used as numerals, letters were written either between two dots (•{{lang|got|𐌹𐌱}}• = 12) or with an overline ({{lang|got|𐌹𐌱}} = 12). Two letters, {{lang|got|𐍁}} (90) and {{lang|got|𐍊}} (900), have no phonetic value.

The letter names are recorded in a 9th-century manuscript of [[Alcuin]] ([[Codex Vindobonensis 795]]). Most of them seem to be Gothic forms of names also appearing in the [[rune poem]]s. The names are given in their attested forms followed by the reconstructed Gothic forms and their meanings.<ref>The forms which are not attested in the Gothic corpus are marked with an asterisk. For a detailed discussion of the reconstructed forms, cf. Kirchhoff (1854). For a survey of the relevant literature, cf. Zacher (1855).</ref>
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ccf;" | Letter || style="background:#ccf;" |Translit. || style="background:#ccf;"|Compare || style="background:#ccf;"|Gothic name || style="background:#ccf;"|[[Proto-Germanic|PGmc]] rune name || style="background:#ccf;"|[[Help:IPA|IPA]] || style="background:#ccf;"|Numeric value || style="background:#ccf;"|[[Numeric character reference|XML entity]]
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter ahsa.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌰}} || a || [[Α]] || ''aza'' < *''ans'' "[[Æsir|god]]" or ''asks'' "[[Fraxinus|ash]]" || *[[ansuz rune|ansuz]] || {{IPAslink|a|a, aː}} || 1 || &#x10330;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter bairkan.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌱}} || b || [[Beta (letter)|Β]] || ''bercna'' < *''bairka'' "[[birch]]" || *[[berkanan]] || {{IPAslink|b}} [{{IPA link|b}}, {{IPA link|β}}] || 2 || &#x10331;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter giba.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌲}} || g || [[Γ]] || ''geuua'' < ''giba'' "gift" || *[[Gyfu|gebō]] || {{IPAslink|ɡ}} [{{IPA link|ɡ}}, {{IPA link|ɣ}}, {{IPA link|x}}]; {{IPAslink|n}} [{{IPA link|ŋ}}] || 3 || &#x10332;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter dags.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌳}} || d || [[Δ]], [[D]] || ''daaz'' < ''dags'' "day" || *[[dagaz]] || {{IPAslink|d}} [{{IPA link|d}}, {{IPA link|ð}}] || 4 || &#x10333;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter aihvus.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌴}} || e || [[Ε]] || ''eyz'' < ''aiƕs'' "horse" or ''eiws'' "[[Taxus baccata|yew]]" || *[[eihwaz]], *[[ehwaz]] || {{IPAslink|e|eː}} || 5 || &#x10334;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter qairthra.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌵}} || q || [[File:Greek Digamma cursive 06.svg|x16px]] ([[Ϛ]]), [[ϰ]] || ''quetra'' < *''qairþra'' ? or ''qairna'' "millstone" || (see *[[peorð|perþō]]) || {{IPAslink|kʷ}} || 6 || &#x10335;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter iuja.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌶}} || z || [[Ζ]] || ''ezec'' < (?)<ref>Zacher arrives at *''iuya'', *''iwja'' or *''ius'', cognate to ON ''ȳr'', OE ''īw, ēow'', OHG ''īwa'' "yew tree", though he admits having no ready explanation for the form ''ezec''. Cf. Zacher (1855:10-13).</ref> || *[[algiz]] || {{IPAslink|z}} || 7 || &#x10336;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter hagl.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌷}} || h || [[Η]] || ''haal'' < *''hagal'' or *''hagls'' "hail" || *[[haglaz]] || {{IPAslink|h}}, {{IPAslink|x}} || 8 || &#x10337;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter thiuth.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌸}} || þ (th) || [[Φ]], [[Ψ]] || ''thyth'' < ''þiuþ'' "good" or ''þaurnus'' "thorn" || *[[Thurisaz (rune)|thurisaz]] || {{IPAslink|θ}} || 9 || &#x10338;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter eis.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌹}} || i || [[Ι]] || ''iiz'' < *''eis'' "ice" || *[[Isaz|īsaz]] || {{IPAslink|i|i}} || 10 || &#x10339;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter kusma.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌺}} || k || [[Κ]] || ''chozma'' < *''kusma'' or ''kōnja'' "pine sap" || *[[kaunan]] || {{IPAslink|k}} || 20 || &#x1033A;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter lagus.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌻}} || l || [[Λ]] || ''laaz'' < *''lagus'' "sea, lake" || *[[laguz]] || {{IPAslink|l}} || 30 || &#x1033B;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter manna.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌼}} || m || [[Μ]] || ''manna'' < ''manna'' "man" || *[[Man (word)|mannaz]] || {{IPAslink|m}} || 40 || &#x1033C;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter nauthus.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌽}} || n || [[Ν]] || ''noicz'' < ''nauþs'' "need" || *[[naudiz]] || {{IPAslink|n}} || 50 || &#x1033D;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter jer.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌾}} || j || [[G]], [[ᛃ]] || ''gaar'' < ''jēr'' "year" || *[[jēran]] || {{IPAslink|j}} || 60 || &#x1033E;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter urus.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐌿}} || u || {{script|Runr|[[ᚢ]]}} || ''uraz'' < *''ūrus'' "[[aurochs]]" || *[[ur (rune)|ūruz]] || {{IPAslink|ʊ}}, {{IPAslink|u|uː}}|| 70 || &#x1033F;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter pairthra.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍀}} || p || [[Pi (letter)|Π]] || ''pertra'' < *''pairþa'' ? || *[[peorð|perþō]] || {{IPAslink|p}} || 80 || &#x10340;
|-
| [[File:Gothic numeral ninety.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍁}} || || [[Ϙ]] || || || || 90 || &#x10341;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter raida.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍂}} || r || [[R]] || ''reda'' < *''raida'' "wagon" || *[[raido|raidō]] || {{IPAslink|r}} || 100 || &#x10342;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter sauil.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍃}} || s || [[S]] || ''sugil'' < ''sauil'' or ''sōjil'' "sun" || *[[Sowilo rune|sôwilô]] || {{IPAslink|s}} || 200 || &#x10343;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter teiws.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍄}} || t || [[Τ]], [[ᛏ]] || ''tyz'' < *''tius'' "the god [[Týr]]" || *[[Tiwaz rune|tīwaz]] || {{IPAslink|t}} || 300 || &#x10344;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter winja.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍅}} || w || [[Υ]] || ''uuinne'' < ''winja'' "field, pasture" or ''winna'' "pain" || *[[Wynn|wunjō]] || {{IPA|/[[Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]/}}, {{IPA|/[[Close front rounded vowel|y]]/}} || 400 || &#x10345;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter faihu.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍆}} || f || [[Ϝ]], [[F]] || ''fe'' < ''faihu'' "cattle, wealth" || *[[fehu]] || {{IPAslink|ɸ}} || 500 || &#x10346;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter iggws.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍇}} || x || [[Χ]] || ''enguz'' < *''iggus'' or *''iggws'' "the god [[Yngvi]]" || *[[Yngvi|ingwaz]] || {{IPAslink|k}}<ref>Streitberg, p. 47</ref> || 600 || &#x10347;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter hwair.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍈}} || ƕ (hw) || [[Θ]] || ''uuaer'' < *''[[ƕair]]'' "kettle" || || {{IPAslink|ʍ|hʷ}}, {{IPA|/ʍ/}}|| 700 || &#x10348;
|-
| [[File:Gothic letter othal.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍉}} || o || [[Ω]], [[Ο]], {{script|Runr|[[ᛟ]]}} || ''utal'' < *''ōþal'' "ancestral land" || *[[Odal (rune)|ōþala]] || {{IPAslink|o|oː}} || 800 || &#x10349;
|-
| [[File:Gothic numeral nine hundred.svg|x32px]]
| {{lang|got|𐍊}} || || [[ᛏ]], [[Ͳ]] ([[Ϡ]]) || || || || 900 || &#x1034a;
|}
</center>
Most of the letters have been taken over directly from the [[Greek alphabet]], though a few have been created or modified from [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and possibly (more controversially<ref name=Contact />) [[Runic letters]] to express unique phonological features of Gothic. These are:

* {{lang|got|𐌵}} (q; derived either from a form of Greek [[Stigma (letter)|stigma]]/[[digamma]] ([[File:Greek Digamma cursive 06.svg|x16px]]),<ref name=Contact>Magnús Snædal ('''2015'''). "Gothic Contact with Latin" in ''Early Germanic Languages in Contact'', Ed. John Ole Askedal and Hans Frede Nielsen.</ref> or from a cursive variant of [[kappa|kappa (ϰ)]], which could strongly resemble a ''[[u]]'',<ref name=Contact /> or by inverting Greek [[Pi (letter)|pi (𐍀)]] /p/, perhaps due to similarity in the Gothic names: ''pairþa'' versus ''qairþa''{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}})
* {{lang|got|𐌸}} (þ; derived either from Greek [[phi (letter)|phi (Φ)]] /f/ or [[psi (letter)|psi (Ψ)]] /ps/ with phonetic reassignment; possibly the letterform was switched with {{lang|got|𐍈}})<ref name=Contact />
* {{lang|got|𐌾}} (j; derived from Latin [[G]] /ɡ/<ref name=Contact />)
* {{lang|got|𐌿}} (u; possibly an allograph of Greek [[Ο]] (cf. the numerical values), or (less plausibly)<ref name=Contact /> from Runic {{script|Runr|[[ᚢ]]}} /u/)<ref>Cf. Kirchhoff (1854:55).</ref>
* {{lang|got|𐍈}} (ƕ; derived from Greek [[Theta|Θ]] /θ/ with phonetic reassignment; possibly the letterform was switched with {{lang|got|𐌸}})<ref name=Contact />
* {{lang|got|𐍉}} (o; derived either from Greek [[Ω]] or from Runic {{script|Runr|[[ᛟ]]}},<ref>Haarmann (1991:434).</ref> or from a cursive form of Greek [[Ο]], as such a form was more common for omicron than for omega in this time period, and as the sound values of omicron and omega had already merged by this time.<ref name=Contact />)

{{lang|got|𐍂}} (r), {{lang|got|𐍃}} (s) and {{lang|got|𐍆}} (f) appear to be derived from their Latin equivalents rather than from the Greek, although the equivalent Runic letters ({{script|Runr|[[Raido|ᚱ]]}}, {{script|Runr|[[Sowilo rune|ᛋ]]}} and {{script|Runr|[[Fehu|ᚠ]]}}), assumed to have been part of the Gothic futhark, possibly played some role in this choice.<ref>Cf. Kirchhoff (1854:55-56); Friesen (1915:306-310).</ref> However, Snædal notes that "Wulfila's knowledge of runes was questionable to say the least", as the extreme paucity of inscriptions attests that knowledge and use of runes was rare among the East Germanic peoples.<ref name=Contact /> No indisputably Gothic Runic inscriptions are known to exist.<ref name=Contact /> Some variants of {{lang|got|𐍃}} (s) are shaped like a sigma and more obviously derive from the Greek [[Σ]].<ref name=Contact />

{{lang|got|𐍇}} (x) is only used in proper names and loanwords containing Greek [[chi (letter)|Χ]] (''xristus'' "Christ", ''galiugaxristus'' "Pseudo-Christ", ''zaxarias'' "Zacharias", ''aiwxaristia'' "eucharist").<ref>Wright (1910:5).</ref>

Regarding the letters' numeric values, most correspond to those of the [[Greek numerals]]. Gothic {{lang|got|𐌵}} takes the place of [[digamma|Ϝ]] (6), {{lang|got|𐌾}} takes the place of [[xi (letter)|ξ]] (60), {{lang|got|𐌿}} that of [[omicron|Ο]] (70), and {{lang|got|𐍈}} that of [[psi (letter)|ψ]] (700).

==Diacritics and punctuation==
Diacritics and punctuation used in the [[Codex Argenteus]] include a [[diaeresis (diacritic)|trema]] placed on {{lang|got|𐌹}} ''i'', transliterated as ''ï'', in general applied to express [[hiatus (linguistics)|diaeresis]], the [[interpunct]] (·) and [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] (:) as well as [[overline]]s to indicate [[sigla]] (such as ''xaus'' for ''xristaus'') and numerals.

[[File:Codex Argenteus.jpg|thumb|250px|First page of the ''[[Codex Argenteus]]'' or "Silver Bible", a 6th-century manuscript containing bishop [[Ulfilas]]'s 4th-century translation of the Christian [[Bible]] into the [[Gothic language]].]]

==Unicode==
The Gothic alphabet was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in March 2001 with the release of version 3.1.

The Unicode block for Gothic is U+10330– U+1034F in the ''Supplementary Multilingual Plane''. As older software that uses [[UCS-2]] (the predecessor of [[UTF-16]]) assumes that all Unicode codepoints can be expressed as 16 [[bit]] numbers (U+FFFF or lower, the ''Basic Multilingual Plane''), problems may be encountered using the Gothic alphabet Unicode range and others outside of the ''Basic Multilingual Plane''.
{{Unicode chart Gothic}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
* [[Ring of Pietroassa]]
* [[Help:Gothic Unicode Fonts]]

==References==
* [[Wilhelm Braune|Braune, Wilhelm]] (1952). ''Gotische Grammatik''. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
* [[Fausto Cercignani|Cercignani, Fausto]], ''The Elaboration of the Gothic Alphabet and Orthography'', in "Indogermanische Forschungen", 93, 1988, pp. 168–185.
* Dietrich, Franz (1862). ''Über die Aussprache des Gotischen Wärend der Zeit seines Bestehens''. Marburg: N. G. Elwert'sche Universitätsbuchhandlung.
* [[Otto von Friesen|Friesen, Otto von]] (1915). "Gotische Schrift" in Hoops, J. ''Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Bd. II''. pp. 306–310. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.
* Haarmann, Harald (1991). ''Universalgeschichte der Schrift''. Frankfurt: Campus.
* Jensen, Hans (1969). ''Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart''. Berlin: [[Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften]].
* [[Adolf Kirchhoff|Kirchhoff, Adolf]] (1854). ''Das gothische Runenalphabet''. Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz.
* [[Wilhelm Streitberg|Streitberg, Wilhelm]] (1910). ''Gotisches Elementarbuch''. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
* Weingärtner, Wilhelm (1858). ''Die Aussprache des Gotischen zur Zeit Ulfilas''. Leipzig: T. O. Weigel.
* [[Joseph Wright (linguist)|Wright, Joseph]] (1910). ''Grammar of the Gothic Language''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]].
* [[Julius Zacher|Zacher, Julius]] (1855). ''Das gothische Alphabet Vulvilas und das Runenalphabet''. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=got}}
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gothic.htm Omniglot's Gothic writing page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130505053530/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-gothic.html ''Pater Noster'' and ''Ave Maria'' in Gothic]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051029233446/http://marnanel.org/gothic JavaScript Gothic transliterator]
*[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10330.pdf Unicode code chart for Gothic]
*[http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Gothic.html WAZU JAPAN's Gallery of Gothic Unicode Fonts]
*[http://robert-pfeffer.net/schriftarten/englisch/index.html Dr. Pfeffer's Gothic Unicode Fonts]
*[https://www.gnu.org/software/freefont/ GNU FreeFont] Unicode font family with the Gothic range in a serif face.
{{European calligraphy}}
{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gothic Alphabet}}
[[Category:Gothic writing]]
[[Category:Alphabets]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Western calligraphy]]

Sámi peoples

2021-02-26T19:14:59Z

Mr anonymous username: Fixed spelling error- "sa'mis'" to sámis'

{{other uses of|Sami}}
{{Distinguish|Suomi (disambiguation){{!}}Suomi|Samoyedic peoples|Semitic people}}
{{Redirect|Samis|the Samis Foundation|Sam Israel}}
{{Short description|Indigenous Finno-Ugric people}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Sámi people'''
| native_name = Sámit
| flag = [[File:Sami flag.svg|border|250px]]
| flag_caption = [[Sámi flag]]
| image = Nordic Sami people Lavvu 1900-1920.jpg
| caption = Sámi people outside [[Lavvu]], c. 1910
| population = Estimated 80,000–100,000 or more<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se}}</ref>
| popplace = Sápmi 63,831–107,341
| region1 = {{Flag|Norway}}
| pop1 = 37,890–60,000{{efn|In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.}}
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |title=Focus on Sámi in Norway |website=[[Statistics Norway]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309115644/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |archive-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Naten/>
| region2 = {{Flag|Sweden}}
| pop2 = 14,600–36,000
| ref2 = <ref name="Naten">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/samer |title=Samer |last1=Thomasson |first1=Lars |last2=Sköld |first2=Peter |website=[[Nationalencyklopedin]] |language=sv |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>
| region3 = {{Flag|Finland}}
| pop3 = 9,350
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/kk_20_2009_p.shtml |title=Eduskunta — Kirjallinen kysymys 20/2009 |website=[[Parliament of Finland]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201021/http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/kk_20_2009_p.shtml |archive-date=June 2, 2014}}</ref>
| region4 = {{Flag|Russia}}
| pop4 = 1,991
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |title=Russian census of 2002 |website=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref>
| region5 = {{Flag|United States}}
| pop5 = 480 (first ancestry) 945 (first and second)
| ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls |title=Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000 |date=22 January 2007 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |format=XLS |access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| region6 = {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| pop6 = 136
| ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=75&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=4 |title=National composition of population, 2001 census |website=[[State Statistics Service of Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref>
| languages = '''[[Sámi languages]]''' ([[Akkala Sámi language|Akkala]], [[Inari Sámi language|Inari]], [[Kildin Sámi language|Kildin]], [[Kemi Sámi language|Kemi]], [[Lule Sámi language|Lule]], [[Northern Sámi language|Northern]], [[Pite Sámi language|Pite]], [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt]], [[Ter Sámi language|Ter]], [[Southern Sámi language|Southern]], [[Ume Sámi language|Ume]]) [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| religions = [[Christianity]] ([[Lutheranism]] (including [[Laestadianism]]), [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]]) [[Sámi shamanism]]
| related = Other [[Finno-Ugric peoples]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Sámi people''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɑː|m|i}}; also spelled '''Sami''' or '''Saami''') are an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric people]] inhabiting [[Sápmi]], which today encompasses large northern parts of [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]] within the [[Murmansk Oblast]] of [[Russia]]. The Sámi have historically been known in English as '''Lapps''' or '''Laplanders''', but these terms are regarded as offensive by some Sámi people, who prefer the area's name in their own language, "{{lang|se|Sápmi}}".<ref name="Rapp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |title=Samis don't want to be 'Lapps' |last1=Rapp |first1=Ole Magnus |last2=Stein |first2=Catherine |date=8 Feb 2008 |website=Aftenposten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125441/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=3 October 2008 }}</ref> Sámi ancestral lands are in the [[Volga]] region, in present-day [[Russia]], like other [[Uralic peoples]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Valter|title=Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria|publisher=Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura|year=2020|isbn=978-951-858-130-0|location=Helsinki|pages=104}}</ref> Their traditional languages are the [[Sámi languages]], which are classified as a branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] [[language family]].

Traditionally, the Sámi have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and [[Shepherd|sheep herding]]. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-[[nomad]]ic [[reindeer]] herding. Currently about 10% of the Sámi are connected to reindeer herding, providing them with meat, fur, and transportation. 2,800 Sámi people are actively involved in reindeer herding on a full-time basis in Norway.<ref name="galdu.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf |title=Reindeer husbandry – an exclusive Sámi livelihood in Norway |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172745/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2007-08-10}}</ref> For traditional, environmental, cultural, and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved for only Sámi people in some regions of the Nordic countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279 |title=Archived copy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218111552/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279 |archive-date=2008-12-18 |access-date=2008-09-25}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|4}}

==Etymologies==
{{Further|Sápmi}}
[[File:François-Auguste Biard - Un Lapon.jpg|thumb|A Sámi depicted in art, painting by [[François-Auguste Biard]].]]

===Sámi===
The Sámi refer to themselves as {{lang|smi|Sámit}} (the Sámis) or {{lang|smi|Sápmelaš}} (of Sámi kin), the word {{lang|smi|Sámi}} being [[grammatical inflection|inflected]] into various grammatical forms. As of around 2014, the current consensus among specialists was that the word ''Sámi'' was borrowed from the [[Baltic languages|Proto-Baltic]] word {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}, meaning 'land' ([[cognate]] with [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] {{lang|sla-Latn|zemlja}} ({{lang|sla-Cyrl|земля}}), of the same meaning).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html |title=The Finnic Ethnonyms |date=29 February 2008 |publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708174734/http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html |archive-date=8 July 2004 |access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Derksen |first=Rick |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2007 |location=Leiden |page=542}}</ref><ref>Hansen & Olsen, p. 36.</ref>

The word ''Sámi'' has at least one cognate word in Finnish: Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*žēmē}} was also borrowed into [[Finnic languages|Proto-Finnic]], as {{lang|fiu|*šämä}}. This word became modern Finnish {{lang|fiu|Häme}} (Finnish for the region of [[Tavastia (historical province)|Tavastia]]; the second ''ä'' of {{lang|fiu|*šämä}} is still found in the adjective {{lang|fi|Häm'''ä'''läinen}}). The Finnish word for Finland, {{lang|fiu|Suomi}}, is also thought probably to derive ultimately from Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}, though the precise route is debated and proposals usually involve complex processes of borrowing and reborrowing. {{lang|fiu|Suomi}} and its adjectival form {{lang|fi|suom'''a'''lainen}} must come from ''{{lang|fiu|*sōme-}}''/''{{lang|fiu|sōma-}}''. In one proposal, this Finnish word comes from a [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word {{lang|gem|*sōma-}}, itself from [[Baltic languages|Proto-Baltic]] {{lang|bat|*sāma-}}, in turn borrowed from Proto-Finnic {{lang|fiu|*šämä}}, which was borrowed from {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}.<ref name=":2" />

The Sámi institutions – notably the [[Sámi parliaments|parliaments]], radio and TV stations, theatres, etc. – all use the term ''Sámi'', including when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, or English. In Norwegian, the Sámi are today referred to by the Norwegianized form {{lang|no|Same}}.

===''Finn''===

The first probable historical mention of the Sámi, naming them {{lang|la|Fenni}}, was by [[Tacitus]], about AD 98.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tacitus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xLVEPR-ax8C&q=Germania:+by+Cornelius+Tacitus+rives |title=Germania: Translated with Introduction and Commentary |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815050-3 |editor-last=Rives |editor-first=Archibald Black |pages=96, 322, 326, 327 |author-link=Tacitus |orig-year=c. 98 AD}}</ref> Variants of ''Finn'' or {{lang|la|Fenni}} were in wide use in ancient times, judging from the names {{lang|la|[[Fenni]]}} and {{lang|grc|Φίννοι}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[Phinnoi]]}}) in classical [[Latin literature|Roman]] and [[Ancient Greek literature|Greek works]]. ''Finn'' (or variants, such as {{lang|non|skridfinn}}, 'striding Finn') was the name originally used by Norse speakers (and their proto-Norse speaking ancestors) to refer to the Sámi, as attested in the Icelandic [[Eddas]] and [[Norse sagas]] (11th to 14th centuries).

The etymology is somewhat uncertain,<ref>Jan De Vries, ''Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'', 2nd rev. edn (Leiden: Brill, 1962), s.v. ''Finnr''.</ref> but the consensus seems to be that it is related to [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|finna}}, from proto-Germanic {{lang|gem|*finþanan}} ('to find'), the logic being that the Sámi, as [[hunter-gatherers]] "found" their food, rather than grew it.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Björn Collinder, ''An Introduction to the Uralic Languages'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965), p. 8.</ref> This etymology has superseded older speculations that the word might be related to ''fen''.<ref>"[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/70478 Finn, n.]", ''OED Online'', 1st edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), accessed 3 July 2020.</ref>

As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using ''Finn'' to refer to inhabitants of what is now Finland, while the Sámi came to be called ''Lapps''. In Norway, however, Sámi were still called ''Finns'' at least until the modern era (reflected in toponyms like {{lang|no|[[Finnmark]]}}, {{lang|no|[[Finnsnes]]}}, {{lang|no|Finnfjord}} and {{lang|no|Finnøy}}), and some northern Norwegians will still occasionally use ''Finn'' to refer to Sámi people, although the Sámi themselves now consider this to be an inappropriate term. Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries were referred to as [[Kven people|Kvens]] to distinguish them from the Sámi "Finns". Ethnic [[Finns]] ({{lang|fi|Suomi}}) are a distinct group from Sámi.

===''Lapp''===
[[File:Laureus, Lappalaisia nuotiolla (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Aleksander Lauréus]]'s painting of the Sámi by the fire]]
The word ''Lapp'' can be traced to [[Old Swedish]] {{lang|non|lapper}}, Icelandic {{lang|is|lappir}} (plural) of Finnish origin; compare Finnish {{lang|fi|lappalainen}} "Lapp", {{lang|fi|Lappi}} "Lapland" (possibly meaning "wilderness in the north"), the original meaning being unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/ |title=lapp |website=SAOB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellquist |first=Elof |url=http://runeberg.org/svetym/0485.html |title=Svensk etymologisk ordbok |date=1922 |publisher=C. W. K. Gleerups förlag |location=Lund |page=397 |language=sv |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>Jan De Vries, ''Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'', 2nd rev. edn (Leiden: Brill, 1962), s.v. ''lappir''.</ref> It is unknown how the word ''Lapp'' came into the [[Old Norse|Norse language]], but one of the first written mentions of the term is in the {{lang|la|[[Gesta Danorum]]}} by the twelfth-century Danish historian {{lang|la|[[Saxo Grammaticus]]|italic=no}}, who referred to 'the two Lappias', although he still referred to the Sámi as {{lang|non|(Skrid-)Finn}}s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/hist/early.htm |title=The Early Period of Sámi History, from the Beginnings to the 16th Century |last=Simms |first=Doug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mcllibrary.org/DanishHistory/book5II.html |title=Gesta Danorum, Book V |last=Grammaticus |first=Saxo}}</ref> In fact, Saxo never explicitly connects the Sámi with the "two Laplands". The term "Lapp" was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of {{lang|la|[[Johannes Schefferus]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|la|[[Lapponia (book)|Acta Lapponica]]}} (1673).

The Sámi are often known in other languages by the [[exonym]]s ''Lap'', ''Lapp'', or ''Laplanders'', although these are considered derogatory terms,<ref name="Paine57">{{Cite journal |last=Paine |first=Robert |date=1957 |title=Coast Lapp society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hlmAAAAIAAJ |volume=4 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grimes |first1=Barbara F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2liAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lapp+is+derogatory%22 |title=Ethnologue |last2=Grimes |first2=Joseph Evans |publisher=SIL International |others=Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55671-103-9 |pages=54, 688, 695}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Commission on Nomadic Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&q=%22is%20simply%20no%20longer%20used%20in%20Fennoscandia%2C%20at%20least%20not%20in%20public%20contexts%20where%20it%20might%20be%20taken%20to%20be%20derogatory.%20English%20has%20been%20slow%20to%20follow%22&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp |title=Nomadic Peoples |publisher=Commission on Nomadic Peoples |year=1983}}</ref> while others accept at least the name ''Lappland''.<ref name="Sámis don’t want to be Lapps">{{Cite news |last1=Rapp |first1=Ole Magnus |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |title=Sámis don't want to be 'Lapps' |date=8 February 2008 |work=[[Aftenposten]] |access-date=2008-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929001926/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |archive-date=September 29, 2008 |last2=Stein |first2=Catherine}}</ref> Variants of the name ''Lapp'' were originally used in Sweden and Finland and, through Swedish, adopted by many major European languages: {{lang-en|Lapps}}; German, {{lang-nl|Lappen}}; {{lang-fr|Lapons}}; {{lang-el|Λάπωνες}} ({{lang|el-Latn|Lápōnes}}); {{lang-hu|lappok}}; {{lang-it|Lapponi}}; {{lang-pl|Lapończycy}}; {{lang-pt|Lapões}}; {{lang-es|Lapones}}; {{lang-ro|laponi}}; {{Lang-tr|Lapon}}. In Russian the corresponding term is {{lang|ru|лопари́}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|lopari}}) and in Ukrainian {{lang|uk|лопарі́}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|lopari}}).

In Finland and Sweden, ''Lapp'' is common in place names, such as {{lang|fi|Lappi}} ({{lang|fi|[[Satakunta]]|italic=no}}), {{lang|fi|Lappeenranta}} ([[South Karelia]]) and {{lang|fi|Lapinlahti}} ([[North Savo]]) in Finland; and {{lang|sv|Lapp}} ([[Stockholm County]]), {{lang|sv|Lappe}} ({{lang|sv|[[Södermanland]]|italic=no}}) and {{lang|sv|Lappabo}} ({{lang|sv|[[Småland]]|italic=no}}) in Sweden. As already mentioned, ''Finn'' is a common element in Norwegian (particularly Northern Norwegian) place names, whereas ''Lapp'' is exceedingly rare.

Terminological issues in Finnish are somewhat different. Finns living in [[Finnish Lapland]] generally call themselves {{lang|fi|lapp'''i'''lainen}}, whereas the similar word for the Sámi people is {{lang|fi|lapp'''a'''lainen}}. This can be confusing for foreign visitors because of the similar lives Finns and Sámi people live today in Lapland. {{lang|fi|Lappalainen}} is also a common family name in Finland. In Finnish, {{lang|fi|saamelainen}} is the most commonly used word nowadays, especially in official contexts.

==History==
{{Main|Sámi history}}
[[File:LocationSapmi.png|thumb|Homeland of the Sámi people at present.]]
[[File:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|A Sámi family in Norway around 1900]]
The Sámi have their roots in middle and upper Volga region in the groups who manufactured [[textile pottery]]. These groups started to move to northwest from this early home region of the Uralic peoples in the second and third quarters of the second millennium BC. On their journey they used the ancient river routes of northern Russia that had been in use for millennia. Some of these peoples, who originally spoke the same western Uralic language, stopped and stayed in the regions between [[Karelia]], [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Ilmen]], and even further to east and to southeast. From the groups of these peoples that ended up in the [[Finnish Lakeland]] 1600 to 1500 years BC later became the Sámi.<ref name=":3" />

The Sámi language first developed in the southern side of lakes [[Lake Onega|Onega]] and [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and from there it spread further. When the speakers of this language extended to the area of modern day Finland they encountered groups of peoples who spoke many smaller ancient languages which later became extinct. However, these languages left their traces to the Sámi language. When the language spread further, it at the same time divided into dialects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalmistopiiri|first=Tekijä|date=2020-02-06|title=Saamen kielten leviäminen Suomeen ja Skandinaviaan|url=https://kalmistopiiri.fi/2020/02/06/saamelaiskielten-leviaminen-suomeen-ja-skandinaviaan/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=KALMISTOPIIRI|language=fi}}</ref> The geographical distribution of the Sámi has evolved over the course of history. From the [[Bronze Age]] the Sámi occupied the area along the coast of Finnmark and the Kola peninsula.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Schiffels|first1=Stephan|last2=Krause|first2=Johannes|last3=Haak|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Onkamo|first4=Päivi|last5=Pääbo|first5=Svante|last6=Kelso|first6=Janet|last7=Sajantila|first7=Antti|last8=Weihmann|first8=Antje|last9=Ongyerth|first9=Matthias|date=2018-11-27|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5018|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5|issn=2041-1723|pmc=6258758|pmid=30479341}}</ref> This coincides with the arrival of the Siberian genome to [[Estonia]] and Finland, which probably corresponds to the introduction of the Finno-Ugric languages in the region.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Tambets|first1=Kristiina|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Lang|first3=Valter|last4=Villems|first4=Richard|last5=Kivisild|first5=Toomas|last6=Kriiska|first6=Aivar|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|last8=Díez-del-Molino|first8=David|last9=Crema|first9=Enrico Ryunosuke|date=2019-05-20|title=The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(19)30424-5|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=10|pages=1701–1711.e16|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026|issn=0960-9822|pmc=6544527|pmid=31080083}}</ref>

Petroglyphs and archeological findings such as settlements dating from about 10,000 BC can be found in Lapland and [[Finnmark]], although these have not been demonstrated to be related to the Sámi people.<ref name="http">{{cite web|title=The ski-going people – Early history|publisher=Galdu:Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122031153/http://galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-11-22}}</ref> These hunters and gatherers of the late [[Paleolithic]] and early [[Mesolithic]] were named [[Komsa]] by the researchers. What they called themselves is unknown.

===Relationship between the Sámi and the Scandinavians===
The Sámi have a complex relationship to the Scandinavians, the dominating peoples of Scandinavia who speak [[Scandinavian languages]] and who founded and thus dominated the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden in which most Sámi people live. While the Sámi have lived in [[Fennoscandia]] for around 3,500 years, Sámi settlement of Scandinavia does not predate Scandinavian settlement of Scandinavia, as sometimes popularly assumed. Scandinavians and their ancestors lived primarily in southern Scandinavia for millennia before the arrival on the peninsula of the Sámi from the Finno-Ugric homeland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Theron Douglas |author-link=T. Douglas Price |year=2015 |title=Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780190231972}}</ref> For centuries the Sámi and the Scandinavians had relatively little contact; the Sámi primarily lived in the inland of northern Fennoscandia, while Scandinavians lived in southern Scandinavia and gradually colonised the Norwegian coast; from the 18th and especially the 19th century Norway and Sweden started to assert sovereignty more aggressively in the north, and targeted the Sámi with policies aimed at [[forced assimilation]]. Before forced assimilation policies were adopted, the Norwegian and Swedish had largely ignored the Sámi and not interfered much in their way of life. From the 19th century Norwegian and Swedish authorities started to regard the Sámi as a "backward" and "primitive" people in need of being "civilized".<ref>Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. "Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sámi Ethnic Heritage". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevänen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic.</ref><ref>Birgitta Jahreskog, ''The Sami national minority in Sweden'', Rättsfonden, 2009, {{ISBN|9780391026872}}</ref>

===Southern limits of Sámi settlement in the past===
[[File:Lapper og Reinsdyr.jpg|thumb|A Sámi man and child in Finnmark, Norway, circa 1900]]
How far south the Sámi extended in the past has been debated among historians and archeologists for many years. The Norwegian historian [[Yngvar Nielsen]], commissioned by the Norwegian government in 1889 to determine this question to settle contemporary questions of Sámi land rights, concluded that the Sámi had lived no farther south than [[Lierne]] in [[Nord-Trøndelag]] county until around 1500, when they started moving south, reaching the area around Lake [[Femund]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|author= Yngvar Nielsen|author-link= Yngvar Nielsen|year=1891 |title= Lappernes fremrykning mot syd i Trondhjems stift og Hedemarkens amt |trans-title=The incursion of Lapps southwards in the see of Trondhjem and county of Hedemarken |journal=Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs årbog |volume=1 |issue=1889–1890 |pages=18–52 |language=no}}</ref> This hypothesis is still accepted among many historians, but has been the subject of scholarly debate in the 21st century. In recent years, several archaeological finds indicate a Sámi presence in southern Norway in the Middle Ages, and southern Sweden,<ref name="Broadbent">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lappslabyrinthss82010broa/page/304|title=Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami Prehistory, Colonization, and Cultural Resilience|last=Broadbent|first=Noel|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press|isbn=978-0-9788460-6-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/lappslabyrinthss82010broa/page/304 304]}}</ref> including finds in [[Lesja]], in [[Vang, Oppland|Vang]], in [[Valdres]] and in [[Hol]] and [[Ål]] in [[Hallingdal]].<ref name="Gjerde">{{Cite journal|author= Hege Skalleberg Gjerde|year=2009 |title=Samiske tufter i Hallingdal? |trans-title=Sami foundations in Hallingdal? |journal=Viking |volume=72 |issue=2009 |pages=197–210 |language=no}}</ref> Proponents of the Sámi interpretations of these finds assume a mixed population of Norse and Sámi people in the mountainous areas of southern Norway in the Middle Ages.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{rp|208}}</ref>

===Origins of the Norwegian Sea Sámi===
[[File:Three Sámi Lapp women, c1890s.jpg|thumb|Three Sámi women]]

====Bubonic plague====
[[File:1928 Lyngen Troms Norway group Mountain Sami people Photo pcard.jpg|thumb|right|Sámi people in Norway, 1928]]
Until the arrival of [[bubonic plague]] in northern Norway in 1349, the Sámi and the Norwegians occupied very separate economic [[Ecological niche|niches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavvu.com/geno/SamiArtical.html |title=Pursuing Sami Genealogy|first= Christopher|last= Pesklo|publisher=Lavvu.com |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> The Sámi hunted reindeer and fished for their livelihood. The Norwegians, who were concentrated on the outer islands and near the mouths of the [[fjords]], had access to the major European trade routes so that, in addition to marginal farming in the [[Nordland]], [[Troms]], and [[Finnmark]] counties, they were able to establish commerce, supplying fish in trade for products from the south.<ref name="autogenerated1">Przemyslaw Urbanczyk, Medieval Arctic Norway, Institute of the History of Material Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 1992, 255 {{ISBN|83-900213-0-7}}</ref> The two groups co-existed using two different food resources.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> According to old Nordic texts, the Sea Sámi and the Mountain Sámi are two classes of the same people and not two different ethnic groups, as had been erroneously believed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=In Northern Mists: Dagligt Liv i Norden i det sekstende Aarhundrede |last=Troels-Lund |first=Fredrik |year=1914 |publisher=Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag |location=København, Kristiania |pages=129–130 |url=http://runeberg.org/dagligt/1/0182.html}}</ref>

This social economic balance greatly changed when [[bubonic plague]] came to northern Norway in December 1349. The Norwegians were closely connected to the greater European trade routes, along which the plague traveled; consequently, they were infected and died at a far higher rate than Sámi in the interior. Of all the states in the region, Norway suffered the most from this [[Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref>Sandnes J. Settlement development in the Late Middle Ages (approx. 1300–1540), [in:] S. Gissel et al. (eds.) "Land colonization in the Nordic countries c. 1300–1600, Stockholm: 81.</ref> Depending on the [[parish]], sixty to seventy-six percent of the northern Norwegian farms were abandoned following the plague,<ref>Przemyslaw, pp. 242–244.</ref> while land-rents, another possible measure of the population numbers, dropped down to 9–28% of pre-plague rents.<ref>Przemyslaw, p. 250.</ref> Although the population of northern Norway is sparse compared to southern Europe, the disease spread just as fast.<ref>Przemyslaw Urbanczyk, Medieval Arctic Norway, Institute of the History of Material Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 1992, 240 {{ISBN|83-900213-0-7}}</ref> The method of movement of the plague-infested [[flea]] (''[[Xenopsylla cheopsis]]'') from the south was in wooden [[barrels]] holding wheat, rye, or wool, where the fleas could live, and even reproduce, for several months at a time.<ref>Przemyslaw, p. 256.</ref> The Sámi ate fish and reindeer meat, and did not eat [[wheat]] or [[rye]]. They lived in communities detached from the Norwegians, and being only weakly connected to the European trade routes, they fared far better than the Norwegians.<ref>Przemyslaw, p. 245.</ref>

====Fishing industry====
[[File:Sjøsamisk Mann Finnmark Norge Ivar Samuelsen 1884 av Bonaparte.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Sea Sámi man from [[Norway]] by [[Prince Roland Bonaparte]] in 1884]]
[[File:Sea sami man.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Sea Sámi man from Norway by [[Prince Roland Bonaparte]] in 1884]]
Fishing has always been the main livelihood for the many Sámi living permanently in coastal areas.<ref name="un.org">{{Cite report|title=Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway |date=19–30 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |location=New York |page=15 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E.C.19.2010.2EN.pdf}}</ref> Archeological research shows that the Sámi have lived along the coast and once lived much farther south in the past, and they were also involved in work other than reindeer herding (e.g., fishing, agriculture, iron work).<ref name="Broadbent"/> The fishing along the north Norwegian coast, especially in the Lofoten and Vesterålen islands, is quite productive with a variety of fish, and during medieval times, it was a major source of income for both the fisherman and the [[Norwegian monarchy]].<ref>Przemyslaw Urbanczyk, Medieval Arctic Norway, Institute of the History of Material Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 1992, 29–34 {{ISBN|83-900213-0-7}}</ref> With such massive population drops caused by the [[Black Death]], the tax revenues from this industry greatly diminished. Because of the huge economic profits that could be had from these fisheries, the local authorities offered incentives to the Sámi—faced with their own population pressures—to settle on the newly vacant farms.<ref>Przemyslaw Urbanczyk, Medieval Arctic Norway, Institute of the History of Material Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 1992, 255–256 {{ISBN|83-900213-0-7}}</ref> This started the economic division between the Sea Sámi (''sjøsamene''), who fished extensively off the coast, and the Mountain Sámi (''fjellsamene, innlandssamene''), who continued to hunt reindeer and small-game animals. They later herded reindeer. Even as late as the early 18th century, there were many Sámi who were still settling on these farms left abandoned from the 1350s.<ref>Kirkebøker, Kvæfjord Parish, Godfjord Botten, 1758. (church record); b.1–2 (1751–1822).</ref><ref>Folketelling av Kvæfjord, 1769; census.</ref> After many years of continuous migration, these Sea Sámi became far more numerous than the reindeer mountain Sámi, who today only make up 10% of all Sámi. In contemporary times, there are also ongoing consultations between the Government of Norway and the Sámi Parliament regarding the right of the coastal Sámi to fish in the seas on the basis of historical use and international law.<ref>{{Cite report|title=Report of UNPFII – Ninth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |year=2010 |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/session_ninth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021011444/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/session_ninth.html |archive-date=2010-10-21 }}</ref> State regulation of sea fisheries underwent drastic change in the late 1980s. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of charge to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sámi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree.<ref name="un.org"/><ref name="Johansen 2010">{{Cite journal|title=Kasta på land (Forced Ashore) |author1=Harry Johansen |author2=Torill Olsen |year=2010 |publisher=SIL International |location=Norway }}</ref>

====Mountain Sámi====
As the Sea Sámi settled along Norway's fjords and inland waterways, pursuing a combination of farming, cattle raising, trapping and fishing, the minority Mountain Sámi continued to hunt wild [[reindeer]]. Around 1500, they started to tame these animals into herding groups, becoming the well-known reindeer nomads, often portrayed by outsiders as following the traditional Sámi lifestyle. The Mountain Sámi had to pay taxes to three states, [[Kalmar Union|Norway]], [[Early Vasa era|Sweden]] and [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Russia]], as they crossed each border while following the annual reindeer migrations; this caused much resentment over the years.<ref name="Kuiper 1990s">{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/diehtu/siida/christian/nationstate.htm |title=Christianity and the Emerging Nation States |last=Kuiper |first=Andrea (Elle) |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref> Between 1635–1659, the Swedish crown forced Swedish conscripts and Sámi cart drivers to work at a mine at [[Nasafjäll]], causing many Sámis to emigrate from the area to avoid forced labour. As a result, the population of Pite and Lule Sámis decreased greatly.<ref name="Kuiper 1990s"/>

====Post-1800s====
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2011}}
For long periods of time, the Sámi lifestyle thrived because of its adaptation to the [[Arctic]] environment. Indeed, throughout the 18th century, as Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Sámi cultural element was strengthened, since the Sámi were mostly independent of supplies from Southern Norway.

During the 19th century, the pressure of [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianization]] of the Sámi increased, with some Sámi adopting [[Laestadianism]]. With the introduction of seven compulsory years of school in 1889, the Sámi language and traditional way of life came increasingly under pressure from forced cultural normalization. Strong economic development of the north also ensued, giving Norwegian culture and language higher status.

On the Swedish and Finnish sides, the authorities were less militant, although the Sámi language was forbidden in schools and strong economic development in the north led to weakened cultural and economic status for the Sámi. From 1913 to 1920, the Swedish race-segregation political movement created a race-based biological institute that collected research material from living people and graves. Throughout history, Swedish settlers were encouraged to move to the northern regions through incentives such as land and water rights, tax allowances, and military exemptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/hist/sami-west.htm |title=The Sami vs. Outsiders |last= Woodard |first=Káre (Kimmi) |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>

The strongest pressure took place from around 1900 to 1940, when Norway invested considerable money and effort to wipe out Sámi culture. Anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in [[Finnmark]] had to prove knowledge of the Norwegian language and had to register with a Norwegian name. This caused the [[dislocation of Sámi people]] in the 1920s, which increased the gap between local Sámi groups (something still present today) that sometimes has the character of an internal Sámi ethnic conflict. In 1913, the Norwegian parliament passed a bill on "native act land" to allocate the best and most useful lands to Norwegian settlers. Another factor was the [[scorched earth]] policy conducted by the German army, resulting in heavy [[Lapland War|war destruction]] in northern Finland and northern Norway in 1944–45, destroying all existing houses, or ''kota'', and visible traces of Sámi culture. After [[World War II]], the pressure was relaxed, though the legacy was evident into recent times, such as the 1970s law limiting the size of any house Sámi people were allowed to build. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The [[Alta controversy|controversy]] over the construction of the hydro-electric power station in [[Alta, Norway|Alta]] in 1979 brought Sámi rights onto the political agenda. In August 1986, the national anthem ("[[Sámi soga lávlla]]") and flag ([[Sámi flag]]) of the Sámi people were created. In 1989, the first Sámi parliament in Norway was elected. In 2005, the [[Finnmark Act]] was passed in the [[Storting|Norwegian parliament]] giving the Sámi parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. These areas (96% of the provincial area), which have always been used primarily by the Sámi, now belong officially to the people of the province, whether Sámi or Norwegian, and not to the Norwegian state.

====Contemporary====
The indigenous Sámi population is a mostly urbanised demographic, but a substantial number live in villages in the high arctic. The Sámi are still coping with the cultural consequences of language and culture loss related to generations of Sámi children taken to missionary and/or state-run boarding schools and the legacy of laws that were created to deny the Sámi rights (e.g., to their beliefs, language, land and to the practice of traditional livelihoods). The Sámi are experiencing cultural and environmental threats,<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009">{{Cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|title=Siida and traditional Sámi reindeer herding knowledge|last=Korpijaakko-Mikkel|first=Sara|date=March 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-date=May 1, 2011|url-status=dead|publisher=Northern Review}}</ref> including oil exploration, mining, dam building, logging, climate change, military bombing ranges, tourism and commercial development.
[[File:Syterskalet.jpg|thumb|Vindelfjällen]]

====Natural-resource prospecting====
Sapmi is rich in precious metals, oil,{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} and natural gas. Mining activities in Arctic Sapmi cause controversy when they are in grazing and calving areas. Mining projects are rejected by the Sámi Parliament in the Finnmark area. The Sámi Parliament demands that resources and mineral exploration should benefit mainly the local Sámi communities and population, as the proposed mines are in Sámi lands and will affect their ability to maintain their traditional livelihood.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mining prospects in arctic Norway also causing controversy |year=2010 |publisher=NRK |url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2010/04/23/prospects-bright-for-arctic-mining/}}</ref> Mining locations even include ancient Sámi spaces that are designated as ecologically protected areas, such as the [[Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Blackstone to Mine Reindeer Pastures, Sweden |year=2010 |publisher=EALAT |url=http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=34&video_id=73&lang=en}}</ref> In Russia's Kola Peninsula, vast areas have already been destroyed by mining and smelting activities, and further development is imminent. This includes oil and natural gas exploration in the Barents Sea. There is a gas pipeline that stretches across the Kola Peninsula. Oil spills affect fishing and the construction of roads. Power lines may cut off access to reindeer calving grounds and sacred sites.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shtokman Gas Project, Russia |year=2010 |url =http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/shtokman_gas_project/}}</ref>

=====Mining=====
In [[Kallak mine|Kallak]] (Sámi: ''Gállok'') a group of indigenous and non-indigenous activists protested to stop the UK-based mining company [[Beowulf Mining|Beowulf]] from carrying on a drilling program in reindeer winter grazing lands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sweden: Ongoing Road Blockade Against Mining in Saami Territory |year=2013 |url =http://intercontinentalcry.org/sweden-ongoing-road-blockade-against-mining-in-saami-territory-19953/}}</ref> There is often local opposition to new mining projects where environmental impacts are perceived to be very large. New modern mines eliminate the need for many types of jobs and new job creation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Motion 2011/12:N232 Ändring i minerallagen – riksdagen.se |year=2011 |url =http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Motioner/ndring-i-minerallagen_GZ02N232/?text=true}}</ref> ILO Convention No. 169 would grant rights to the Sámi people to their land and give them power in matters that affect their future.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finnish colonization – Irish invasion | work=Save the Baltic |year=2010 |url =http://savethebaltic.wordpress.com/2014/05/25/finnish-colonization-irish-invasion/}}</ref> Swedish taxes on minerals are low in an international comparison in order to increase mineral exploration. There are also few plans for mine reclamation.

=====Logging=====
In northern Finland, there has been a longstanding dispute over the destruction of forests, which prevents reindeer from migrating between seasonal feeding grounds and destroys supplies of lichen that grow on the upper branches of older trees. This lichen is the reindeer's only source of sustenance during the winter months, when snow is deep. The logging has been under the control of the state-run forest system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Last Yoik of Saami Forests? |year=2007 |url=http://www.der.org/films/last-yoik.html}}</ref> Greenpeace, reindeer herders, and Sámi organisations carried out a historic joint campaign, and in 2010, Sámi reindeer herders won some time as a result of these court cases. Industrial logging has now been pushed back from the most important forest areas either permanently or for the next 20 years, though there are still threats, such as mining and construction plans of holiday resorts on the protected shorelines of Lake Inari.<ref>{{cite web|title=Campaign for Northern Forests by Indigenous Sami Ended Successfully in Finland |last=Ove Varsi |first=Magne |year=2010 |publisher=Gáldu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4995&giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113644/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4995&giella1=eng |archive-date=2011-05-11 }}</ref>

=====Military activities=====
Government authorities and NATO have built bombing-practice ranges in Sámi areas in northern Norway and Sweden. These regions have served as reindeer calving and summer grounds for thousands of years, and contain many ancient Sámi sacred sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=New bombing ranges and their impact on Saami traditions |author1=Christian Nellemann |author2=Ingunn Vistnes |date=October 2003 |publisher=The Environment Times/Polar Times |url=https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/254/original/poltimesp1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822011717/https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/254/original/poltimesp1.pdf |archive-date=August 22, 2020 |access-date=August 22, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aigi (Time) |year=2008 |publisher=[[Riho Västrik]]/Vesilind Studios, Uldis Cekulis/Vides Filmu Studija }}</ref>

=====Land rights=====
[[File:Suorvajaure in stora sjofallet park.jpg|thumb|[[Suorvajaure]] near [[Piteå]]]]
The Swedish government has allowed the world's largest onshore wind farm to be built in Piteå, in the Arctic region where the Eastern Kikkejaure village has its winter reindeer pastures. The wind farm will consist of more than 1,000 wind turbines and an extensive road infrastructure, which means that the feasibility of using the area for winter grazing in practice is impossible. Sweden has received strong international criticism, including by the UN Racial Discrimination Committee and the Human Rights Committee, that Sweden violates Sámi ''landrättigheter'' (land rights), including by not regulating industry. In Norway some Sámi politicians (for example – Aili Keskitalo) suggest giving the Sámi Parliament a special veto right on planned mining projects.<ref name=barents>[http://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/sami-parliament-wants-veto-mineral-issues-08-11 Sami parliament wants veto on mineral issues]. Barents Observer (2012-11-08)</ref>

=====Water rights=====
State regulation of sea fisheries underwent drastic change in the late 1980s. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of cost to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sámi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree.

The Sámi recently stopped a water-prospecting venture that threatened to turn an ancient sacred site and natural spring called Suttesaja into a large-scale water-bottling plant for the world market—without notification or consultation with the local Sámi people, who make up 70 percent of the population. The Finnish National Board of Antiquities has registered the area as a heritage site of cultural and historical significance, and the stream itself is part of the Deatnu/Tana watershed, which is home to Europe's largest salmon river, an important source of Sámi livelihood.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suttesaja: from a sacred Sámi site and natural spring to a water bottling plant? The effects of colonization in Northern Europe. |author1=Rauna Kuokkanen |author2=Marja K. Bulmer |year=2006 |publisher=In Echoes from the Poisoned Well: Global Memories of Environmental Justice, Lexington Books }}</ref>

In Norway, government plans for the construction of a hydroelectric power plant in the Alta river in Finnmark in northern Norway led to a political controversy and the rallying of the Sámi popular movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s. As a result, the opposition in the [[Alta controversy]] brought attention to not only environmental issues but also the issue of Sámi rights.

=====Climate change and environment=====
[[File:Nordkappsami.jpg|thumb|Sámi man from Norway]]
Reindeer have major cultural and economic significance for indigenous peoples of the North. The human-ecological systems in the North, like reindeer pastoralism, are sensitive to change, perhaps more than in virtually any other region of the globe, due in part to the variability of the Arctic climate and ecosystem and the characteristic ways of life of indigenous Arctic peoples.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reindeer Herders Vulnerability Network Study |author=EALÁT |year=2010 |publisher=EALÁT |url= http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=245&Itemid=86&lang=en}}</ref>

The 1986 [[Chernobyl nuclear disaster]] caused nuclear fallout in the sensitive Arctic ecosystems and poisoned fish, meat<ref name="Skuerud">{{cite journal|last1=Skuterud|first1=Lavrans|last2=Gaare|first2=Eldar|last3=Eikelmann|first3=Inger|last4=Hove|first4=Knut|last5=Steinnes|first5=Eilive|title=Chernobyl Radioactivity Persists in Reindeer|journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity|date=2005|volume=83|issue=2|pages=231–52|doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.04.008|pmid=15939511}}</ref> and berries. Lichens and mosses are two of the main forms of vegetation in the Arctic and are highly susceptible to airborne pollutants and heavy metals. Since many do not have roots, they absorb nutrients, and toxic compounds, through their leaves. The lichens accumulated airborne radiation, and 73,000 reindeer had to be killed as "unfit" for human consumption in Sweden alone. The government promised Sámi indemnification, which was not acted upon by government.

Radioactive wastes and spent nuclear fuel have been stored in the waters off the Kola Peninsula, including locations that are only "two kilometers" from places where Sámi live. There are a minimum of five "dumps" where spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste are being deposited in the Kola Peninsula, often with little concern for the surrounding environment or population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stoletie.ru/obschestvo/my_zhivem_na_jadernoj_pomojke_2010-04-21.htm |script-title=ru:Мы живем на ядерной помойке: Почему вымирают коренные народы Севера |last=Rykov |first=Sergey |date=April 21, 2010 |website=Stoletie |language=ru |trans-title=We live in a nuclear dumpster: Why the indigenous people of the North are dying out}}</ref>

=====Tourism=====
The tourism industry in Finland has been criticized for turning Sámi culture into a marketing tool by promoting opportunities to experience "authentic" Sámi ceremonies and lifestyle. At many tourist locales, non-Sámi dress in inaccurate replicas of Sámi traditional clothing, and gift shops sell crude reproductions of Sámi handicraft. One popular "ceremony", crossing the Arctic Circle, actually has no significance in Sámi spirituality. To the Sámi, this is an insulting display of cultural exploitation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Protests against the exploitation of Sámi culture |publisher=Suoma Sami Nuorat |url=http://boreale.konto.itv.se/rovaniemi.htm}}</ref>

==Discrimination against the Sámi==
The Sámi have for centuries, even today, been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures claiming possession of their lands.<ref>{{cite book|title=Civil Society in the Baltic Sea Region |author=Reetta Toivanen (ed. Norbert Götz|year=2003 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-3317-4|pages=205–216|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They have never been a single community in a single region of Lapland, which until recently was considered only a cultural region.<ref>[http://www.unric.org/en/indigenous-people/27307-the-sami-of-northern-europe--one-people-four-countries The Sami of Northern Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405130041/https://www.unric.org/en/indigenous-people/27307-the-sami-of-northern-europe--one-people-four-countries |date=2019-04-05 }} 'However, as with many indigenous peoples, the Sámi in Norway have suffered a past dominated by discrimination, particularly regarding religion and language.' United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe. Retrieved January 16, 2014.</ref>

Norway has been criticized internationally for the politics of [[Norwegianization]] of and discrimination against the Sámi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/mindeengelsk.pdf |title=Journal of Indigenous People Rights. Issue No. 3/2005 |access-date=2013-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212030751/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/mindeengelsk.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-12 }}</ref> On 8 April 2011, the UN Racial Discrimination Committee recommendations were handed over to Norway; these addressed many issues, including the position of students needing bilingual education in Sámi. One committee recommendation was that no language be allowed to be a basis for discrimination in the Norwegian anti-discrimination laws, and it recommended wording of Racial Discrimination Convention Article 1 contained in the Act.{{Citation needed|reason=Give details of what Act – is this a Norwegian act or a reference to a United Nations provision? Add link|date=December 2018}} Further points of recommendation concerning the Sámi population in Norway included the incorporation of the racial Convention through the Human Rights Act, improving the availability and quality of interpreter services, and equality of the civil Ombudsman's recommendations for action. A new present status report was to have been ready by the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=neichveso |url=http://suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru/2013/03/sami-parliamentary-council-wills-is.html |title=Sami Parliamentary Council |publisher=Suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru |date=2013-03-21 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> In 2018, The [[Storting]] commissioned [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Norway)|The Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] to lay the foundation for recognition of the experiences of the Sámi subject to norwegianization and the subsequent consequences.

Sweden has faced similar criticism for its [[Swedification#Swedification of Sámi and Tornedalians|Swedification]] policies, which began in the 1800s and lasted until the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal|title="Lapps, Finns, Gypsies, Jews, and idiots"? Modernity and the use of statistical categories in Sweden|first1=John|last1=Rogers|first2=Marie C.|last2=Nelson|journal=Annales de démographie historique|date=2003|volume=1|number=105|pages=61–79|doi=10.3917/adh.105.7|doi-broken-date=2021-01-03}}</ref> In 2020, Sweden funded the establishment of an independent truth commission to examine and document past abuse of Sámi by the Swedish state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sweden's Sami People to Set up Commission on Discrimination|agency=Associated Press|date=12 June 2020|work=U.S. News & World Reports|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-06-12/swedens-sami-people-to-set-up-commission-on-discrimination|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

Even in Finland, where Sámi children, like all Finnish children, are entitled to day care and language instruction in their own language, the Finnish government has denied funding for these rights in most of the country, including even in Rovaniemi, the largest municipality in Finnish Lapland. Sámi activists have pushed for nationwide application of these basic rights.<ref>{{cite book|title=European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination |author=Anna Lawson, Dagmar Schiek |year=2001 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-9750-9|page=152}}</ref>

As in the other countries claiming sovereignty over Sámi lands, Sámi activists' efforts in Finland in the 20th century achieved limited government recognition of the Sámis' rights as a recognized minority, but the Finnish government has maintained its legally enforced premise that the Sámi must prove their land ownership, an idea incompatible with and antithetical to the traditional reindeer-herding Sámi way of life. This has effectively allowed the Finnish government to take without compensation, motivated by economic gain, land occupied by the Sámi for centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indigenous Peoples: Self-determination, Knowledge, Indigeneity |author=Henry Minde |year=2008 |publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V |isbn=978-90-5972-204-0|pages=100–102}}</ref>

===Official Sámi policy===

====Norway====
[[File:Samediggi03.jpg|thumb|[[Sámi Parliament of Norway]]]]
The Sámi have been recognized as an [[indigenous people]] in Norway (1990 according to [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989|ILO convention 169]] as described below), and therefore, according to international law, the Sámi people in Norway are entitled special protection and rights. The legal foundation of the Sámi policy is:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf |title=The foundation for Norwegian Sámi policy |access-date=2007-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172804/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>
* Article 110a of the [[Norwegian Constitution]].
* The Sámi Act (act of 12 June 1987 No. 56 concerning the Sámi Parliament (the Sámediggi) and other legal matters pertaining to the Sámis).

The constitutional amendment states: "It is the responsibility of the authorities of the State to create conditions enabling the Sámi people to preserve and develop its language, culture and way of life." This provides a legal and political protection of the Sámi language, culture and society. In addition the "amendment implies a legal, political and moral obligation for Norwegian authorities to create an environment conducive to the Sámis themselves influencing on the development of the Sámi community" (ibid.).

The Sámi Act provides special rights for the Sámi people (ibid.):
* "... the Sámis shall have their own national [[Sámi Parliament of Norway|Sámi Parliament]] elected by and amongst the Sámis" (Chapter 1–2).
* The Sámi people shall decide the area of activity of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament.
* The Sámi and Norwegian languages have equal standing in Norway (section 15; Chapter 3 contains details with regards to the use of the Sámi language).
[[File:View from Bárrás.jpg|thumb|Mountain landscape in [[Kvalsund]] near [[Hammerfest]]]]

In addition, the Sámi have special rights to reindeer husbandry.

The Norwegian Sámi Parliament also elects 50% of the members to the board of the [[Finnmark Estate]], which controls 95% of the land in the county of [[Finnmark]].

Norway has also accepted international conventions, declarations and agreements applicable to the Sámi as a minority and indigenous people including:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf|title=Norway's international obligations|access-date=2013-06-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314181304/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-14}}</ref>
* The International Covenant on Civil and Political Right (1966). Article 27 protects minorities, and indigenous peoples, against discrimination: "In those states in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities, shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or use their own language."
* ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989). The convention states that rights for the indigenous peoples to land and natural resources are recognized as central for their material and cultural survival. In addition, indigenous peoples should be entitled to exercise control over, and manage, their own institutions, ways of life and economic development in order to maintain and develop their identities, languages and religions, within the framework of the states in which they live.
* The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965).
* The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
* The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979).
* The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995).
* The Council of Europe's Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (1992).
* The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).<ref>''General Assembly adopts declaration on rights of indigenous peoples; major step forward towards human rights for all, says President'', United Nations General Assembly, September 17, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2008. [https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm UN.org]</ref>

In 2007, the Norwegian Parliament passed the new Reindeer Herding Act acknowledging [[siida]] as the basic institution regarding land rights, organization, and daily herding management.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009" />

====Sweden====
[[File:Sametinget - Sami Parliament of Sweden.JPG|thumb|[[Sámi Parliament]] in Sweden]]
The Sametingslag was established as the Swedish Sámi Parliament as of 1 January 1993. Sweden recognised the existence of the "Sámi nation" in 1989, but the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169 has not been adopted.

The Compulsory School Ordinance states that Sámi pupils are entitled to be taught in their native language; however, a municipality is only obliged to arrange mother-tongue teaching in Sámi if a suitable teacher is available and the pupil has a basic knowledge of Sámi.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In 2010, after 15 years of negotiation, Laponiatjuottjudus, an association with Sámi majority control, will govern the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] [[Laponian area|Laponia]]. The reindeer-herding law will apply in the area as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swedish Sami National Association (SSR)|url=http://www.nsd.se//nyheter/artikel.aspx?ArticleID=5408663|date = 2010-06-03}}</ref>

In 1998, Sweden formally apologized for the wrongs committed against the Sámi.

Sámi is one of five national minority languages recognized by Swedish law.<ref>{{cite web|title=SFS 2009:600|url=http://www.lagboken.se/Views/Pages/GetFile.ashx?portalId=56&cat=37605&docId=362202&propId=5|publisher=Swedish Parliament|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

====Finland====
[[File:Yllastunturi Finland.jpg|left|thumb|Land near [[Ylläs]]]]
The act establishing the Finnish Sámi Parliament (Finnish: Saamelaiskäräjät) was passed on November 9, 1973.
Finland recognized the Sámi as a "people" in 1995, but they have yet to ratify ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.
[[File:Map of Lapland, Finland-fi.svg|thumb|[[Lapland (Finland)|Finnish Lapland]]. The three northernmost municipalities Utsjoki, Inari and Enontekiö and part of Sodankylä are officially considered the Sámi area.]]

Finland ratified the 1966 [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] though several cases have been brought before the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|U.N. Human Rights Committee]]. Of those, 36 cases involved a determination of the rights of individual Sámi in Finland and Sweden. The committee decisions clarify that Sámi are members of a minority within the meaning of Article 27 and that deprivation or erosion of their rights to practice traditional activities that are an essential element of their culture do come within the scope of Article 27.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jouni E. Lansman v. Finland, Communication No. 671 |year=1996 |publisher=U.N. Doc. CCPR/CSS/D/671/1995|url=http://www.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/html/VWS67158.htm}}</ref> The case of J. Lansman versus Finland concerned a challenge by Sámi reindeer herders in northern Finland to the Finnish Central Forestry Board's plans to approve logging and construction of roads in an area used by the herdsmen as winter pasture and spring calving grounds.<ref name="Osherenko">{{cite web|title=Indigenous rights in Russia: Is title to land essential for cultural survival? |last=Osherenko |first=Gail |date=April 1, 2001 |work=Georgetown International Environmental Law Review |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104207/http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref>

Finland Sámi have had access to Sámi language instruction in some schools since the 1970s, and language rights were established in 1992. There are three Sámi languages spoken in Finland: North Sámi, Skolt Sámi and Inari Sámi. Of these languages, Inari Sámi, which is spoken by about 350 speakers, is the only one that is used entirely within the borders of Finland, mainly in the municipality of Inari.

Finland has denied any aboriginal rights or land rights to the Sámi people;<ref>{{cite news|title=Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies, Indigenous Peoples, Finland |author=Keith Banting (School of Policy Studies) and Will Kymlicka (Department of Philosophy) |publisher=Queen's University |location=Canada |url=http://www.queensu.ca/mcp/indigenouspeople/evidence-1/Finland.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616140234/http://www.queensu.ca/mcp/indigenouspeople/evidence-1/Finland.html |archive-date=2012-06-16 }}</ref> in Finland, non-Sámi can herd reindeer.

Sámi people have had very little representation in Finnish national politics. In fact, as of 2007, [[Janne Seurujärvi]], a [[Centre Party (Finland)|Finnish Centre Party]] representative, was the first Sámi ever to be elected to the Finnish Parliament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurotrib.com/story/2007/11/5/8342/36983 |title=Minority MEPs?|author=NordicStorm |date=5 November 2007|work=The European Tribune|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>

====Russia====
[[File:Kildin Saami map.JPG|thumb|Kildin Sami Map (green). {{lang|ru|СААМИ}} is "Sámi" in Cyrillic]]
[[File:Lovozero Center.JPG|thumb|National Culture Center in [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]].]]

Russia has not adopted the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169. During the Soviet times the inhabitants of the Kola tundra were forcibly relocated to [[Kolkhoz|kolkhoz'es]] (collective communities) by the state;<ref>{{cite news|title=Reprisals against the Kola Sami |last=Mihailova|first=E.R.|publisher=Cultural almanac ASTES number 5 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-01}}</ref> most Saami were settled at Lujávri ([[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]]).

The 1822 Statute of Administration of Non-Russians in Siberia asserted state ownership over all the land in Siberia and then "granted" possessory rights to the natives.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Siberian Survival: The Nenets and their story 8 |author1=Andrei V. Golovnev |author2=Gail Osherenko |year=1999}}</ref> Governance of indigenous groups, and especially collection of taxes from them, necessitated protection of indigenous peoples against exploitation by traders and settlers.<ref name="Osherenko" />

The 1993 Constitution, Article 69 states, "The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally accepted principles and standards of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation."<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Land Reform in Russia: Legal Theory and Practice|last=Bystrov |first=G.E. |year=2000 |publisher=4 GosuDARSTvo I PRAvo |pages=46–58}}</ref> For the first time in Russia, the rights of indigenous minorities were established in the 1993 Constitution.<ref name="Osherenko" />

The Russian Federation ratified the 1966 U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;<ref name="Osherenko" /> Section 2 explicitly forbids depriving a people of "its own means of subsistence."<ref name="Osherenko" /> The Russian parliament (Duma) has adopted partial measures to implement it.<ref name="Osherenko" />

The Russian Federation lists distinct indigenous peoples as having special rights and protections under the Constitution and federal laws and decrees.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern peoples of Russia on the path to the new millennium |author=PV. Sulyandziga & O.A. Murashko eds. |year=2000}}</ref> These rights are linked to the category known since Soviet times as the ''malochislennye narody'' ("small-numbered peoples"), a term that is often translated as "indigenous minorities", which include Arctic peoples such as the Sámi, [[Nenets people|Nenets]], [[Evenks|Evenki]], and [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]].<ref name="Osherenko" />

In April 1999, the Russian Duma passed a law that guarantees socio-economic and cultural development to all indigenous minorities, protecting traditional living places and acknowledging some form of limited ownership of territories that have traditionally been used for hunting, herding, fishing, and gathering activities. The law, however, does not anticipate the transfer of title in fee simply to indigenous minorities. The law does not recognize development rights, some proprietary rights including compensation for damage to the property, and limited exclusionary rights. It is not clear, however, whether protection of nature in the traditional places of inhabitation implies a right to exclude conflicting uses that are destructive to nature or whether they have the right to veto development.<ref name="Osherenko" />

The Russian Federation's Land Code reinforces the rights of numerically small peoples ("indigenous minorities") to use places they inhabit and to continue traditional economic activities without being charged rent.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern peoples of Russia on the path to the new millennium |author=PV. Sulyandziga & O.A. Murashko eds. |date=April 1, 2000}}</ref> Such lands cannot be allocated for unrelated activities (which might include oil, gas, and mineral development or tourism) without the consent of the indigenous peoples. Furthermore, indigenous minorities and ethnic groups are allowed to use environmentally protected lands and lands set aside as nature preserves to engage in their traditional modes of land use.<ref name="Osherenko" />

Regional law, Code of the [[Murmansk Oblast]], calls on the organs of state power of the oblast to facilitate the native peoples of the Kola North, specifically naming the Sámi, "in realization of their rights for preservation and development of their native language, national culture, traditions and customs." The third section of Article 21 states: "In historically established areas of habitation, Sámi enjoy the rights for traditional use of nature and [traditional] activities."<ref name="Osherenko" />
[[File:Мурманская гавань.jpg|left|thumb|The [[port of Murmansk]] in the Kola Bay]]

Throughout the Russian North, indigenous and local people have difficulties with exercising control over resources upon which they and their ancestors have depended for centuries. The failure to protect indigenous ways, however, stems not from inadequacy of the written law, but rather from the failure to implement existing laws. Violations of the rights of indigenous peoples continue, and oil, gas, and mineral development and other activities, (mining, timber cutting, commercial fishing, and tourism) that bring foreign currency into the Russian economy.<ref name="Osherenko" />
[[File:Chibini massif and lake imandra.jpg|left|thumb|Chibini massif, [[Kola Peninsula]]]]

The life ways and economy of indigenous peoples of the Russian North are based upon reindeer herding, fishing, terrestrial and sea mammal hunting, and trapping. Many groups in the Russian Arctic are semi-nomadic, moving seasonally to different hunting and fishing camps. These groups depend upon different types of environment at differing times of the year, rather than upon exploiting a single commodity to exhaustion.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: Indian, Metis and Inuit rights in Canada |year=1985 |publisher=Bradford W. Morse ed}}</ref> Throughout northwestern Siberia, oil and gas development has disturbed pastureland and undermined the ability of indigenous peoples to continue hunting, fishing, trapping, and herding activities. Roads constructed in connection with oil and gas exploration and development destroy and degrade pastureland,<ref>{{cite book|title=Tundra Disturbance Studies, III: Short-term Effects of Aeolian Sand and Dust, Yamal Region, Northwest Siberia |year=1995 |publisher=22 ENVTL. CONS. |location=Copenhagen |pages=335–44}}</ref> ancestral burial grounds, and sacred sites and increase hunting by oil workers on the territory used by indigenous peoples.<ref>{{cite book|title=Not by Oil Alone |year=1989 |publisher=Moscow News Weekly No. 2, reprinted in IWGIA Newsletter |location=Copenhagen}}</ref>
[[File:Краснощелье.jpg|thumb|[[Krasnoshchelye]] village on the Ponoi River]]

In the Sámi homeland on the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia, regional authorities closed a fifty-mile (eighty-kilometer) stretch of the Ponoi River (and other rivers) to local fishing and granted exclusive fishing rights to a commercial company offering catch-and-release fishing to sport fishers largely from abroad.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ponoi River Report: Sport Fishing in the Kola Peninsula |year=1985 |publisher=Circumpolar Conservation Union |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/-arctic/articles/ponoi-eng.htm }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This deprived the local Sámi (see Article 21 of the Code of the Murmansk Oblast) of food for their families and community and of their traditional economic livelihood. Thus, closing the fishery to locals may have violated the test articulated by the U.N. Human Rights Committee and disregarded the Land Code, other legislative acts, and the 1992 Presidential decree. Sámi are not only forbidden to fish in the eighty-kilometer stretch leased to the Ponoi River Company but are also required by regional laws to pay for licenses to catch a limited number of fish outside the lease area. Residents of remote communities have neither the power nor the resources to demand enforcement of their rights. Here and elsewhere in the circumpolar north, the failure to apply laws for the protection of indigenous peoples leads to "criminalization" of local indigenous populations who cannot survive without "poaching" resources that should be accessible to them legally.<ref name="Osherenko" />

Although indigenous leaders in Russia have occasionally asserted indigenous rights to land and resources, to date there has been no serious or sustained discussion of indigenous group rights to ownership of land.<ref name="Osherenko" />

====Nordic====
On 16 November 2005 in [[Helsinki]], a group of experts, led by former [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway]] Professor [[Carsten Smith]], submitted a proposal for a Nordic Sámi Convention to the annual joint meeting of the ministers responsible for Sámi affairs in Finland, Norway and Sweden and the presidents of the three Sámi Parliaments from the respective countries. This convention recognizes the Sámi as one indigenous people residing across national borders in all three countries. A set of minimum standards is proposed for the rights of developing the Sámi language and culture and rights to land and water, livelihoods and society.<ref>{{cite report|title=Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway |date=19–30 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |location=New York |page=19 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E.C.19.2010.2EN.pdf}}</ref> The convention has not yet been ratified in the Nordic countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf |title=Expert Juicer Reviews |access-date=2007-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172755/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

==Culture==
To make up for past suppression, the authorities of Norway, Sweden and Finland now make an effort to build up Sámi cultural institutions and promote Sámi culture and language.

===Duodji (craft)===
{{Main|Duodji}}
[[File:Sami knives - Arctic Museum.jpg|thumb|Sámi knives]]
[[File:Sami belt and needle cases.JPG|thumb|Beaded belt, knife, and antler needlecase]]
[[File:Sami woman with white reindeer.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sámi woman from [[Sweden]]]]
Duodji, the Sámi handicraft, originates from the time when the Sámis were self-supporting nomads, believing therefore that an object should first and foremost serve a purpose rather than being primarily decorative. Men mostly use wood, bone, and antlers to make items such as antler-handled [[scrimshaw]]ed [[sami knife|sami knives]], [[sami drum|drums]], and [[guksi]] (burl cups). Women used leather and roots to make items such as [[gákti]] (clothing), and birch- and spruce-root woven baskets.

===Clothing===
{{Main|Gákti}}
{{See also|Four Winds hat|Beaska|Luhkka|Nutukas}}
[[File:Sami clothing 3.JPG|thumb|Sámi hats]]
Gakti are the traditional clothing worn by the Sámi people. The gákti is worn both in ceremonial contexts and while working, particularly when herding reindeer.

Traditionally, the gákti was made from reindeer leather and sinews, but nowadays, it is more common to use wool, cotton, or silk. Women's gákti typically consist of a dress, a fringed shawl that is fastened with 1–3 silver brooches, and boots/shoes made of reindeer fur or leather. Sámi boots (or ''[[nutukas]]'') can have pointed or curled toes and often have band-woven ankle wraps. Eastern Sámi boots have a rounded toe on reindeer-fur boots, lined with felt and with beaded details. There are different gákti for women and men; men's gákti have a shorter "jacket-skirt" than a women's long dress. Traditional gákti are most commonly in variations of red, blue, green, white, medium-brown tanned leather, or reindeer fur. In winter, there is the addition of a reindeer fur coat and leggings, and sometimes a poncho (luhkka) and rope/lasso.

The colours, patterns and the jewellery of the gákti indicate where a person is from, if a person is single or married, and sometimes can even be specific to their family. The collar, sleeves and hem usually have appliqués in the form of geometric shapes. Some regions have ribbonwork, others have tin embroidery, and some Eastern Sámi have beading on clothing or collar. Hats vary by sex, season, and region. They can be wool, leather, or fur. They can be embroidered, or in the East, they are more like a beaded cloth crown with a shawl. Some traditional shamanic headgear had animal hides, plaits, and feathers, particularly in East Sapmi.

The gákti can be worn with a belt; these are sometimes band-woven belts, woven, or beaded. Leather belts can have scrimshawed antler buttons, silver concho-like buttons, tassels, or brass/copper details such as rings. Belts can also have beaded leather pouches, antler needle cases, accessories for a fire, copper rings, amulets, and often a carved and/or scrimshawed antler handled knife. Some Eastern Sámi also have a hooded jumper (малиц) from reindeer skins with wool inside and above the knee boots.

===Media and literature===
{{Main|Sámi media}}
[[File:Johan Turi, Muitalus sámiid birra.jpg|thumb|[[Johan Turi]]'s illustration of reindeer herding from his 1910 book ''Muitalus sámiid birra'' (An Account of the Sámi), the first book published in a Sámi language.]]
* There are short daily news bulletins in Northern Sámi on national TV in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]]. [[Children's television]] shows in Sámi are also frequently made. There is also a radio station for Northern Sámi, which has some news programs in the other [[Sámi languages]].
* A single daily newspaper is published in Northern Sámi, ''[[Ávvir]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lotta.yle.fi/srwebanar.nsf/sivut/samimediat?opendocument&pageid=Content65D79-5 |title=Aviissat ja bládit |trans-title=Newspapers |publisher=YLE Sámi Radio |access-date=April 9, 2010 |language=se |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918033439/http://lotta.yle.fi/srwebanar.nsf/sivut/samimediat?opendocument&pageid=Content65D79-5 |archive-date=September 18, 2008 }}</ref> along with a few magazines.
* There is a Sámi theatre, [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre|Beaivvaš]], in Kautokeino on the Norwegian side, as well as in Kiruna on the Swedish side. Both tour the entire Sámi area with drama written by Sámi authors or international translations.
* A number of novels and poetry collections are published every year in Northern Sámi, and sometimes in the other Sámi languages as well. The largest Sámi publishing house is Davvi Girji.
* The first secular book published in a Sámi language was [[Johan Turi]]'s ''Muitalus sámiid birra'' (An Account of the Sámi), released in 1910 with text in Northern Sámi and Danish.<ref name="Turi2012">{{cite book|last=Turi|first=Johan Olafsson|title=An Account of the Sámi: A Translation of Muitalus Sámiid Birra, Based on the Sámi Original|translator-last=DuBois|translator-first=Thomas A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rPNlwEACAAJ|access-date=30 April 2020|year=2012|publisher=ČálliidLágádus|location=Kárášjohka, Norway|isbn=978-82-8263-063-4|chapter=Preface}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Sámi music}}
[[File:Riddu Riđđu (9).jpg|left|thumb|upright|Sara Marielle Gaup at [[Riddu Riđđu]]]]
A characteristic feature of Sámi musical tradition is the singing of ''[[joik|yoik]]''. Yoiks are song-chants and are traditionally sung ''[[a cappella]]'', usually sung slowly and deep in the throat with apparent emotional content of sorrow or anger. Yoiks can be dedicated to animals and birds in nature, special people or special occasions, and they can be joyous, sad or melancholic. They often are based on syllablic improvisation. In recent years, musical instruments frequently accompany yoiks. The only traditional Sámi instruments that were sometimes used to accompany yoik are the "fadno" flute (made from reed-like ''[[Garden Angelica|Angelica archangelica]]'' stems) and hand drums (frame drums and bowl drums).

===Education===
* Education with Sámi as the first language is available in all four countries, and also outside the Sámi area.
* [[Sámi University College]] is located in Kautokeino. Sámi language is studied in several universities in all countries, most notably the [[University of Tromsø]], which considers Sámi a mother tongue, not a foreign language.

===Festivals and markets===
* Numerous Sámi festivals throughout the Sápmi area celebrate different aspects of the Sámi culture. The best known on the Norwegian side is [[Riddu Riđđu]], though there are others, such as [[Ijahis Idja]] in [[Inari, Finland|Inari]]. Among the most festive are the Easter festivals taking place in [[Kautokeino]] and [[Karasjok]] before the springtime reindeer migration to the coast. These festivals combine traditional culture with modern phenomena such as snowmobile races. They celebrated the new year known as Ođđajagemánnu.<ref>https://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/anthro/concept-time.htm</ref>

===Visual arts===
In addition to Duodji (Sámi handicraft), there is a developing area of contemporary Sámi visual art. Galleries such as Sámi Dáiddaguovddáš (Sami Center for Contemporary Art)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.samiskkunstnersenter.no/|title=Kunst, bedrift og samfunnsinformasjon}}</ref> are being established.

===Dance===
For many years there was a misconception that the Sámi were the only Indigenous people without a dance tradition in the world.
<ref>{{cite journal
| url = http://www.kompaninomad.se/storage/FINAL%20Kompani_Nomad_presentation%20ENG.pdf
| title = FINAL Kompani_Nomad_presentation ENG
| author = Ola Stinnerbom and Birgitta Stålnert
| year = 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214052/http://www.kompaninomad.se/storage/FINAL%20Kompani_Nomad_presentation%20ENG.pdf
| archive-date = 2013-10-04
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> {{Better source|reason=this citation seems nonexistent|date=March 2019}}
Sámi dance companies have emerged such as Kompani Nomad.
<ref>
{{cite web|author=Bigitta Stålnert
|url=http://www.kompaninomad.se
|title=Nyheter – Kompani Nomad – Nyskapande samisk dans
|publisher=Kompaninomad.se
|access-date=2013-06-22}}
</ref>
A book about the "lost" Sámi dance tradition called ''Jakten på den försvunna samiska dansen'' was recently published by [[Umeå University]]'s Centre for Sami Research (CeSam).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.umu.se/english/research/research-news/newsdetail/umea-university-closely-linked-to-sami-week.cid183832 | format = book | title = Jakten på den försvunna samiska dansen | author = Ola Stinnerbom and Birgitta Stålnert | journal = Umeå University | year = 2013 }}</ref> In the eastern areas of Sápmi the dance tradition has been more continuous and is continued by groups such as Johtti Kompani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johtti.com/ |title=Johtti Kompani |publisher=Johtti.com |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>

===Reindeer husbandry===
{{Main|Reindeer#Reindeer husbandry}}
[[File:Reindeer herding.jpg|thumb|Reindeer [[herding]]]]
[[File:Ljungris July 2013.jpg|thumb|Building in [[Berg Municipality|Ljungris]], owned by the Sámi community and used especially for [[Reindeer]] calf marking in the summer.]]
Reindeer husbandry has been and still is an important aspect of Sámi culture. Traditionally the Sámi lived and worked in reindeer herding groups called ''siiddat'', which consisted of several families and their herds. Members of the ''siidda'' helped each other with the management and husbandry of the herds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reindeerherding.org/page-not-found|title=Page Not Found - International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry - ICR|website=reindeerherding.org|access-date=2019-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908082345/https://reindeerherding.org/page-not-found|archive-date=2019-09-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the years of [[forced assimilation]], the areas in which reindeer herding was an important livelihood were among the few where the Sámi culture and language survived.

Today in Norway and Sweden, reindeer husbandry is legally protected as an exclusive Sámi livelihood, such that only persons of Sámi descent with a linkage to a reindeer herding family can own, and hence make a living off, reindeer. Presently, about 2,800 people are engaged in reindeer herding in Norway.<ref name="galdu.org" /> In Finland, reindeer husbandry is not exclusive and is practiced to a limited degree also by ethnic Finns. Legally, it is restricted to [[European Union|EU]]/[[European Economic Area|EEA]] nationals resident in the area. In the north (Lapland), it plays a major role in the local economy, while its economic impact is lesser in the southern parts of the area ([[Province of Oulu]]).

Among the reindeer herders in Sámi villages, the women usually have a higher level of formal education in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:416689/FULLTEXT01 | format = PDF | title = Mental health problems among the Swedish reindeer-herding Sami population | author = Niclas Kaiser | journal = Umeå University Medical Dissertations, New Series | volume = 1430 | year = 2011 | access-date = 2012-10-02 }}</ref>

===Games===
The Sámi have traditionally played both card games and board games, but few Sámi games have survived, because Christian missionaries and [[Laestadianism|Laestadianists]] considered such games sinful.<ref>Borvo, Alan (2001), ''Sáhkku, The "Devil's Game"'', Board Games Studies 4: 33–52, p. 33</ref> Only the rules of three Sámi board games have been preserved into modern times. ''[[Sáhkku]]'' is a [[running-fight game|running-fight]] [[board games|board game]] where each player controls a set of soldiers (referred to as "women" and "men") that race across a board in a loop, attempting to eliminate the other player's soldiers. The game is related to South Scandinavian [[daldøs]], Arabian [[tâb]] and Indian tablan.<ref>Borvo 2001, p. 33; Depaulis, Thierry (2001), ''An Arab Game in the North Pole?'', Board Games Studies 4: 77–82</ref> Sáhkku differs from these games in several respects, most notably the addition of a piece – "the king" – that changes gameplay radically. [[Tafl games#Tablut|''Tablut'']] is a pure [[strategy game]] in the [[tafl games|tafl]] family. The game features "Swedes" and a "Swedish king" whose goal is to escape, and an army of "Muscovites" whose goal is to capture the king. Tablut is the only tafl game where a relatively intact set of rules have survived into our time. Hence, all modern versions of tafl (commonly called "Hnefatafl" and marketed exclusively as "Norse" or "Viking" games) are based on the Sámi game of tablut.<ref>Murray, H. J. R. (1951). ''A History of Board-Games Other than Chess.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 61; Bell, R. C. (1979). ''Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations'' (Revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications, p. 77; Helmfrid, S. (2005).''Hnefatafl: The Strategic Board Game of the Vikings'', p. 1–5.</ref> ''[[Dablot Prejjesne]]'' is a game related to [[alquerque]] which differs from most such games (e.g. [[draughts]]) by having pieces of three different ranks. The game's two sides are referred to as "Sámi" (king, prince, warriors) and "Finlenders" (landowners, landowner's son, farmers).<ref>Wilkins, Sally (2002). ''Sports and games of medieval cultures.'' Greenwood publishing group. pp. 101–102; Keyland, Nils (1921). ''Dablot prejjesne och dablot duoljesne. Tvänne lappska spel från Frostviken, förklarade och avbildade.'' Etnologiska Studier tillägnade Nils Edvard Hammarsted 3/3 (Göteborg). pp. 35–47</ref>

==Cultural region==
{{Main|Sápmi}}
Sápmi is the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sámi people. Non-Sámi and many regional maps have often called this same region ''Lapland'' as there is considerable regional overlap between the two terms. The overlap is, however, not complete: ''Lapland'' covers only those parts of Sápmi that have fallen under Finnish jurisdiction, and most of the area having fallen under Swedish jurisdiction. The larger part of Sápmi is not covered by the term "Lapland". ''Lapland'' can be either misleading or offensive, or both, depending on the context and where this word is used, to the Sámi. Among the Sámi people, ''Sápmi'' is strictly used and acceptable.

Sápmi is located in Northern Europe, includes the northern parts of [[Fennoscandia]] and spans four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.

===Extent===
[[File:Sami people in Härjedalen, Sweden (8539250322).jpg|thumb|Sámi people in [[Härjedalen]] (1790–1800), far south in the Sápmi area]]
[[File:Sapmi Lappland.jpg|thumb|[[Laponian area]] in [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]], [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
There is no official geographic definition for the boundaries of Sápmi. However, the following counties and provinces are usually included:
* [[Finnmark]] county in Norway
* [[Jämtland County|Jämtland county]] in Sweden
* [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland region]] in Finland
* [[Murmansk Oblast|Murmansk oblast]] in Russia
* [[Nord-Trøndelag]] county in Norway
* [[Nordland]] county in Norway
* [[Norrbotten County|Norrbotten county]] in Sweden
* [[Troms]] county in Norway
* [[Västerbotten County|Västerbotten county]] in Sweden

The municipalities of [[Gällivare]], [[Jokkmokk]] and [[Arjeplog]] in Swedish Lappland were designated a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 1996 as a "Laponian Area".

The [[Sami Domicile Area]] in Finland consists of the municipalities of [[Enontekiö]], [[Utsjoki]] and [[Inari, Finland|Inari]] as well as a part of the municipality of [[Sodankylä]].

===Important Sámi towns===
[[File:Каневка на Поное.jpg|thumb|[[Kanevka]], [[Ponoy River]], Russia's [[Lovozersky District]]]]
The following towns and villages have a significant Sámi population or host Sámi institutions (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or Russian name in parentheses):
* [[Inari, Finland|Aanaar, Anár, or Aanar]] (Inari), is the location of the [[Sámi Parliament of Finland|Finnish Sámi Parliament]], [[Sajos|Sajos Sámi Cultural Centre]], SAKK – {{Interlanguage link multi|Saamelaisalueen koulutuskeskus|fi}} (Sámi Education Institute), [[Anarâškielâ servi]] (Inari Sámi Language Association), and the [[Siida (museum)|Inari Sámi Siida Museum]].
* [[Hattfjelldal|Aarborte]] (Hattfjelldal) is a southern Sámi center with a Southern Sámi-language school and a Sámi culture center.
* [[Arjeplog|Árjepluovve]] (Arjeplog) is the Pite Saami center in Sweden.
* [[Deatnu Tana|Deatnu]] (Tana) has a significant Sámi population.
* [[Tysfjord|Divtasvuodna]] (Tysfjord) is a center for the Lule-Sámi population. The [[Árran]] Lule-Sámi center is located here.
* [[Gáivuotna]] (Kåfjord, Troms) is an important center for the Sea-Sámi culture. Each summer the [[Riddu Riđđu]] festival is held in Gáivuotna. The municipality has a Sámi-language center and hosts the [[Ája Sámi Center]]. The opposition against Sámi language and culture revitalization in Gáivuotna was infamous in the late 1990s and included Sámi-language road signs being shot to pieces repeatedly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/troms/programmer_nrk_troms/784905.html |title=Samisk skyteskive |access-date=2007-10-11 |work=NRK |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013094921/http://nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/troms/programmer_nrk_troms/784905.html  |archive-date = 2007-10-13}}</ref>
* [[Kiruna|Giron]] (Kiruna), proposed seat of the Swedish Sámi Parliament.
* [[Kautokeino (village)|Guovdageaidnu]] (Kautokeino) is perhaps the cultural capital of the Sámi. About 90% of the population speaks Sámi. Several Sámi institutions are located in Kautokeino including: [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre]], a Sámi secondary school and reindeer-herding School, the [[Sámi University College]], the [[Nordic Sami Institute|Nordic Sámi Research Institute]], the Sámi Language Board, the Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous People, and the International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry. In addition, several Sámi media are located in Kautokeino including the Sámi-language ''[[Áššu]]'' newspaper, and the DAT Sámi publishing house and record company. Kautokeino also hosts the, which includes the Sámi Grand Prix 2010 (Sámi Musicfestival) and the Reindeer Racing World Cup. The [[Kautokeino rebellion]] in 1852 is one of the few Sámi rebellions against the Norwegian government's oppression against the Sámi.
* [[Enontekiö|Iänudâh, or Eanodat]] (Enontekiö).
* [[Gällivare|Jiellevárri, or Váhčir]] (Gällivare)
[[File:Attje Museum Jokkmokk-exhibition.jpg|thumb|Ájtte Museum of the Sámi people, Jokkmokk]]
[[File:Utsjoki Mantojarvi.jpg|thumb|Log cabin in Utsjoki]]
* [[Jokkmokk|Jåhkåmåhkke]] (Jokkmokk) holds a Sámi market on the first weekend of every February and has a Sámi school for language and traditional knowledge called [http://www.samernas.se/nord/ Samij Åhpadusguovdásj].
* [[Karasjok (village)|Kárášjohka]] (Karasjok) is the seat of the [[Sami Parliaments|Norwegian Sámi Parliament]]. Other important Sámi institutions are located in Kárášjohka, including [[NRK Sámi Radio]], the [[Sámi Collections]] museum, the Sámi Art Centre, the [[Sámi Specialist Library]], the Mid-Finnmark legal office, a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic – one of few on a national level approved for providing full specialist training. Other significant institutions include a Sámi Specialist Medical Centre, and the Sámi Health Research Institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.karasjok.kommune.no/document.aspx?uid=40&title=Facts|title=Karasjok Kommune – Engelsk – Facts}}</ref> In addition, the Sápmi cultural park is in the township, and the Sámi-language ''[[Min Áigi]]'' newspaper is published here.
* [[Lakselv|Leavdnja]] (Lakselv) in [[Porsanger|Porsáŋgu]] (Porsanger) municipality is the location of the [[Finnmark Estate]] and the ''[[Ságat]]'' Sámi newspaper. The Finnmarkseiendommen organization owns and manages about 95% of the land in Finnmark, and 50% of its board members are elected by the Norwegian Sámi Parliament.
* [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Луя̄ввьр]] (Lovozero)
* [[Östersund|Staare]] (Östersund) is the center for the [[Southern Sami language|Southern Sámi]] people living in Sweden. It is the site for [[Gaaltije]] – centre for South Sámi culture – a living source of knowledge for South Sámi culture, history and business. Staare also hosts the [[Sámi Information Centre]] and one of the offices to the [[Sámi Parliament]] in Sweden.
* [[Neiden, Norway|Njauddâm]] is the center for the Skolt Sámi of Norway, which have their own museum [[Äʹvv]] in the town.
* [[Utsjoki|Ohcejohka]] (Utsjoki).
* [[Snåsa|Snåase]] (Snåsa) is a center for the Southern Sámi language and the only municipality in Norway where Southern Sámi is an official language. The [[Saemien Sijte]] Southern Sámi museum is located in Snåase.
* [[Unjárga Nesseby|Unjárga]] (Nesseby) is an important center for the Sea Sámi culture. It is also the site for the [[Várjjat Sámi Museum]] and the Norwegian Sámi Parliament's department of culture and environment. The first Sámi to be elected into the [[Storting|Norwegian Parliament]], [[Isak Saba]], was born there.
* [[Arvidsjaur|Árviesjávrrie]] (Arvidsjaur). New settlers from the south of Sweden didn't arrive until the second half of the 18th century. Because of that, Sámi tradition and culture has been well preserved. Sámi people living in the south of Norrbotten, Sweden, use the city for Reindeer herding during the summer. During winter they move the Reindeers to the coast, to Piteå.

==Demographics==
[[File:Sami child.jpg|thumb|Sámi child, 1923]]
[[File:Sami family-easter.jpg|thumb|Sámi family at spring celebration]]
In the geographical area of Sápmi, the Sámi are a small population. According to some, the estimated total Sámi population is about 70,000.<ref>According to the Swedish Sámi parliament</ref> One problem when attempting to count the population of the Sámi is that there are few common criteria of what "being a Sámi" constitutes. In addition, there are several Sámi languages and additional dialects, and there are several areas in [[Sápmi (area)|Sapmi]] where few of the Sámi speak their [[Sami languages|native language]] due to the forced cultural assimilation, but still consider themselves Sámi. Other identity markers are [[kinship]] (which can be said to, at some level or other, be of high importance for all Sámi), the geographical region of Sápmi where their family came from, and/or protecting or preserving certain aspects of [[Sámi culture]].<ref>[http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/sami/an/i2/i2.html Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana], Retrieved January 4, 2009.</ref>

All the Nordic Sámi Parliaments have included as the "core" criterion for registering as a Sámi the [[Cultural identity|identity]] in itself—one must declare that one truly considers oneself a Sámi. Objective criteria vary, but are generally related to kinship and/or language.

Still, due to the [[cultural assimilation]] of the Sámi people that had occurred in the four countries over the centuries, population estimates are difficult to measure precisely.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210090300/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25786 Virtual Finland] The Saami: An ancient population on the northern edge of Europe. Retrieved January 4, 2009. Retrieved from Internet Archive January 2014.</ref> The population has been estimated to be between 80,000 and 135,000<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref><ref name="norway.org.uk">[http://www.norway.org.uk/facts/sami/sami/sami.htm Norway.org.uk] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524233923/http://www.norway.org.uk/facts/sami/sami/sami.htm |date=May 24, 2006 }}</ref> across the whole Nordic region, including urban areas such as [[Oslo]], Norway, traditionally considered outside Sápmi. The Norwegian state recognizes any Norwegian as Sámi if he or she has one great-grandparent whose home language was Sámi, but there is not, and has never been, any registration of the home language spoken by Norwegian people.

Roughly half of all Sámi live in Norway, but many live in Sweden, with smaller groups living in the far north of Finland and the [[Kola Peninsula]] of Russia. The Sámi in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero]]/Lujávri, in the central part of the Kola Peninsula.

===Language===
{{Main|Sámi languages}}
[[File:E.W. Borg alphabet 1859.jpg|left|thumb|E.W. Borg alphabet book, published in 1859 in Finnish-[[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi]]]]
There is no single Sámi language, but a group of ten distinct [[Sámi languages]]. Six of these languages have their own written standards. The Sámi languages are relatively closely related, but not mutually intelligible; for instance, speakers of Southern Sámi cannot understand Northern Sámi. Especially earlier, these distinct languages were referred to as "dialects", but today, this is considered misleading due to the deep differences between the varieties. Most Sámi languages are spoken in several countries, because linguistic borders do not correspond to national borders.

All Sámi languages are at some [[degree of endangerment]], ranging from what [[Unesco|UNESCO]] defines as "definitely endangered" to "extinct".<ref name="F. Moseley 2010">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |last=F. Moseley |first=Christopher |others= A large and geographically diverse group of regional editors and contributors, some of whom had already been involved in the previous two editions, worked with Christopher Moseley to provide and validate languages data and write essays.|year=2010 |publisher=UNESCO |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php}}</ref> This is due in part to historic laws prohibiting the use of Sámi languages in schools and at home in Sweden and Norway. Sámi languages, and Sámi song-chants, called yoiks, were illegal in Norway from 1773 until 1958. Then, access to Sámi instruction as part of schooling was not available until 1988. Special residential schools that would assimilate the Sámi into the dominant culture were established. These were originally run by missionaries, but later, controlled by the government. For example, in Russia, Sámi children were taken away when aged 1–2 and returned when aged 15–17 with no knowledge of their language and traditional communities. Not all Sámi viewed the schools negatively, and not all of the schools were brutal. However, being taken from home and prohibited from speaking Sámi has resulted in cultural alienation, loss of language, and lowered self-esteem.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Survivance in Sami and First Nations Boarding School Narratives |last=Kuokkanen |first=Rauna |year=2003 |publisher=[[American Indian Quarterly]] |volume=27 |pages=697–726}}</ref>

The Sámi languages belong to the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family, linguistically related to [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. Due to prolonged contact and import of items foreign to Sámi culture from neighboring Scandinavians, there are a number of [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] loanwords in Sámi, particularly for "urban" objects. The majority of the Sámi now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e., Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. Efforts are being made to further the use of Sámi languages among Sámi and persons of Sámi origin. Despite these changes, the legacy of cultural repression still exists. Many older Sámi still refuse to speak Sámi. In addition, Sámi parents still feel alienated from schools and hence do not participate as much as they could in shaping school curricula and policy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Norway's Sami Language Act': Emancipatory Implications for the World's Aboriginal Peoples. |last=Corson |first=David |year=1995|publisher=Language in Society 24 |pages=493–513 }}</ref>

In Norway, the name of the language is ''samisk'', and the name of the people is ''Same''; in Finland, the name of the language is spelled ''saame'' and the name of the people ''saamelainen''.

American scientist [[Michael E. Krauss]] published in 1997 an estimate of Sámi population and their languages.<ref name="Krauss97">Krauss, M. E. 1997. The indigenous languages of the North: A report on their present state. In H. Shoji and J. Janhunen (eds.), ''Northern minority languages: Problems of survival'', pp. 1–34. Osaka and Fairbanks: National Museum of Ethnology and Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://camel.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1049/1/SES66_027.pdf |title=Language Proficiency and Ethnicity: The Sami Case by Håkan Rydving. In Senri Ethnological Studies (SES) No.66 Circumpolar Ethnicity and Identity. |date=February 20, 2004 |editor1-last=Irimoto |editor1-first=Takashi |editor2-last=Yamada |editor2-first=Takako}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign=top
!colspan="1"|Group
!data-sort-type="number"|Population
!colspan="1"|Language group
!colspan="1"|Language
!data-sort-type="number"|Speakers (1997)<ref name="Krauss97"/>
!data-sort-type="number"|%
!data-sort-type="number"|Speakers (2010)<ref name="F. Moseley 2010"/>
!Status<ref name="F. Moseley 2010"/>
!colspan="1"|Most important territory
!colspan="1"|Other traditional territories
|----

|[[Northern Sami people|Northern Sámi]]
|42 500
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Northern Sámi language]]
|21 700
|51%
|30,000
|definitely endangered
|[[Norway]]
|[[Sweden]], [[Finland]]
|----

|Lule Sámi
|8 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Lule Sámi language]]
|2 300
|29%
|650<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forskning.no/partner-sprak-nord-universitet/fant-hemmelighetene-i-lulesamenes-sprak/453480|title=Fant hemmelighetene i lulesamenes språk|date=December 6, 2015|website=forskning.no}}</ref>
|severely endangered
|[[Sweden]]
||[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Pite Sami people|Pite Sámi]]
|2 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Pite Sámi language]]
|60
|3%
|20
|critically endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Southern Sami people|Southern Sámi]]
|1 200
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Southern Sámi language]]
|600
|50%
|500
|severely endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Ume Sami people|Ume Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Western Sámi languages]]
|[[Ume Sámi language]]
|50
|5%
|20
|critically endangered
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Norway]]
|----

|[[Skolts|Skolt Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Skolt Sámi language]]
|430
|43%
|300
|severely endangered
|[[Finland]]
|[[Russia]], [[Norway]]
|----

|[[Kildin Sami people|Kildin Sámi]]
|1 000
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Kildin Sámi language]]
|650
|65%
|787
|severely endangered
|[[Russia]]
|
|----

|[[Inari Sami people|Inari Sámi]]
|900
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Inari Sámi language]]
|300
|33%
|400
|severely endangered
|[[Finland]]
|
|----

|[[Ter Sami people|Ter Sámi]]
|400
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Ter Sámi language]]
|8
|2%
|2
|critically endangered
|[[Russia]]
|
|----

|[[Akkala Sami people|Akkala Sámi]]
|100
|[[Eastern Sámi languages]]
|[[Akkala Sámi language]]
|7
|7%
|0
|extinct
|[[Russia]]
|
|----
|}

[[File:Corrected sami map 4.PNG|thumb|Geographic distribution of the Sámi languages: {{ordered list
|1=Southern Sámi
|2=Ume Sámi
|3=Pite Sámi
|4=Lule Sámi
|5=Northern Sámi
|6=Skolt Sámi
|7=Inari Sámi
|8=Kildin Sámi
|9=Ter Sámi
}} Darkened area represents municipalities that recognize Sámi as an official language.]]

[[Kemi Sámi language]] became extinct in the 19th century.

Many Sámi do not speak any of the Sámi languages any more due to historical assimilation policies, so the number of Sámi living in each area is much higher.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

[[Intelligence]] studies of Sámi have found them to score similarly to other Nordic populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=Elijah L.|last2=Woodley|first2=Michael A.|last3=Lynn|first3=Richard|date=2014-09-01|title=Cognitive abilities amongst the Sámi population|journal=Intelligence|volume=46|pages=35–39|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.009|issn=0160-2896}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Edward|date=2014-09-01|title=Cognitive abilities among the Sami: A comment|journal=Intelligence|volume=46|pages=188–191|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.06.004|issn=0160-2896}}</ref>

===Division by geography===
Sápmi is traditionally divided into:
* Eastern Sapmi (Inari, Skolt, Akkala, Kildin and Teri Sámi in Kola peninsula (Russia) and Inari (Finland, formerly also in eastern Norway)
* Northern Sápmi (Northern, Lule and Pite Sámi in most of northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland)
* Southern Sápmi (Ume and Southern Sámi in central parts of Sweden and Norway)

It should also be noted that many Sámi now live outside Sápmi, in large cities such as [[Oslo]] in Norway.

===Division by occupation===
A division often used in Northern Sámi is based on occupation and the area of living. This division is also used in many historical texts:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?sladja=25&vuolitsladja=11&giella1=eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092405/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?sladja=25&vuolitsladja=11&giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-28 |title=Veli-Pekka Lehtola. "The Multi-Faceted Land of the Sámi" |publisher=Galdu.org |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* Reindeer Sámi or Mountain Sámi (in Northern Sámi boazosapmelash or badjeolmmosh). Previously nomadic Sámi living as reindeer herders. Now most have a permanent residence in the Sámi core areas. Some 10% of Sámi practice reindeer herding, which is seen as a fundamental part of a Sámi culture and, in some parts of the Nordic countries, can be practiced by Sámis only.
* Sea Sámi (in Northern Sámi" ''mearasapmelash''). These lived traditionally by combining fishing and small-scale farming. Today, often used for all Sámi from the coast regardless of their occupation.
* [[Skogssamer|Forest Sámi]] who traditionally lived by combining fishing in inland rivers and lakes with small-scale reindeer-herding.
* City Sámi who are now probably the largest group of Sámi.

===Division by country===
[[File:Sámi presentation in the cultural Centre in Lovozero, Kola Peninsula, Russia.jpg|thumb|right|Sámi traditional presentation in Lovozero, [[Kola Peninsula]], Russia]]
According to the Norwegian Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population of Norway is 40,000. If all people who speak Sámi or have a parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent who speaks or spoke Sámi are included, the number reaches 70,000. As of 2005, 12,538 people were registered to vote in the election for the Sámi Parliament in Norway.{{citation needed|reason=Needs valid source|date=May 2015}} The bulk of the Sámi live in Finnmark and Northern [[Troms]], but there are also Sámi populations in Southern Troms, [[Nordland]] and [[Trøndelag]]. Due to recent migration, it has also been claimed that [[Oslo]] is the municipality with the largest Sámi population. The Sámi are in a majority only in the municipalities of [[Kautokeino|Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino]], [[Karasjok|Karasjohka-Karasjok]], [[Porsanger]], [[Tana, Norway|Deatnu-Tana]] and [[Nesseby|Unjargga-Nesseby]] in Finnmark, and [[Gáivuotna]] (Kåfjord) in Northern Troms. This area is also known as the Sámi core area. Sámi and Norwegian are equal as administrative languages in this area.

In Norway, Sweden and Finland Sámi are primarily Lutheran; Skolt Sámi of Finland and Sámi of Russia are primarily orthodox Christians.

According to the Swedish Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population of Sweden is about 20,000.

According to the Finnish Population Registry Center and the Finnish Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220233/http://www.samediggi.fi/vanha/suomi/toimieli/vaali/lukumaara_vuoden_2003_vaaleissa.pdf Regional division of Sámi people in Finland by age] in 2003. Retrieved from Internet Archive 12 January 2014.</ref> As of 31 December 2006, only 1776 of them had registered to speak one of the Sámi languages as the mother tongue.<ref>[http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tie_001.html Finnish Population Registry Center 31.12.2006].</ref>

According to the 2002 census, the Sámi population of Russia was 1,991.

Since 1926, the number of identified Sámi in Russia has gradually increased:

*''Census 1926'': 1,720 (this number refers to the entire Soviet Union)
*''Census 1939'': 1,829
*''Census 1959'': 1,760
*''Census 1970'': 1,836
*''Census 1979'': 1,775
*''Census 1989'': 1,835
*''Census 2002'': 1,991

===Sámi immigration outside of Sápmi===
[[File:RoundupNunivak1964FWS.jpg|thumb|Reindeer in [[Alaska]]]]
There are an estimated 30,000 people living in North America who are either Sámi, or descendants of Sámi.<ref>Baiki: The International Sami Journal http://www.baiki.org/content/about.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810025907/http://baiki.org/content/about.htm |date=2015-08-10 }} Retrieved February 22, 2008</ref> Most have settled in areas that are known to have Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish immigrants. Some of these concentrated areas are [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Iowa]], [[Wisconsin]], the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]], [[Illinois]], [[California]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Utah]] and Alaska; and throughout Canada, including [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]] and [[Northern Ontario]], and the Canadian territories of the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Yukon]] and [[Nunavut]].

Descendants of these Sámi immigrants typically know little of their heritage because their ancestors purposely hid their indigenous culture to avoid discrimination from the dominating Scandinavian or Nordic culture. Though some of these Sámi are diaspora that moved to North America in order to escape assimilation policies in their home countries. There were also several Sámi families that were brought to North America with herds of reindeer by the U.S. and Canadian governments as part of the "Reindeer Project" designed to teach the Inuit about reindeer herding.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Following the Reindeer: an Inuit-Sami Chronology in Alaska |author1=Faith Fjeld |author2= Nathan Muus|publisher=Baiki: The International Sami Journal }}</ref> There is a long history of [[Sámi in Alaska]].

Some of these Sámi immigrants and descendants of immigrants are members of the [[Sami Siida of North America]].

==Organization==
Sápmi demonstrates a distinct semi-national identity that transcends the borders between Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. There is no movement for sovereign state, but they do seek greater autonomy in respective nation states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/sapmi | title=Sápmi | access-date=26 June 2019 | pages=1}}</ref>

===Sámi Parliaments===
{{Main|Sámi politics}}
[[File:3NorwSamiPresidents.jpg|thumb|[[Sven-Roald Nystø]], [[Aili Keskitalo]] and [[Ole Henrik Magga]], the three first presidents of the [[Sámi Parliament of Norway]].]]
The Sámi Parliaments (''Sámediggi'' in [[Northern Sámi]], ''Sämitigge'' in [[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi]], ''Sää'mte'ǧǧ'' in [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sámi]]) founded in Finland (1973), Norway (1989) and Sweden (1993) are the representative bodies for peoples of Sámi heritage. Russia has not recognized the Sámi as a minority and, as a result, recognizes no Sámi parliament, even if the Sámi people there have formed an unrecognised [[Sámi Parliament of Russia]]. There is no single, unified Sámi parliament that spans across the Nordic countries. Rather, each of the aforementioned three countries has set up its own separate legislatures for Sámi people, even though the three Sámi Parliaments often work together on cross-border issues. In all three countries, they act as an institution of cultural autonomy for the indigenous Sámi people. The parliaments have very weak political influence, far from autonomy. They are formally public authorities, ruled by the Scandinavian governments, but have democratically elected parliamentarians, whose mission is to work for the Sámi people and culture. Candidates' election promises often get into conflict with the institutions' submission under their governments, but as authorities, they have some influence over the government.

===Norwegian organizations===
The main organisations for Sámi representation in Norway are the ''siidas''. They cover northern and central Norway.

===Swedish organizations===
The main organisations for Sámi representation in Sweden are the ''siidas''. They cover northern and central Sweden.

===Finnish organizations===
In contrast to Norway and Sweden, in Finland, a ''siida'' (''paliskunta'' in Finnish) is a reindeer-herding corporation that is not restricted by ethnicity. There are indeed some ethnic Finns who practice reindeer herding, and in principle, all residents of the reindeer herding area (most of Finnish Lapland and parts of Oulu province) who are citizens of [[European Economic Area|EEA]] countries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1990/19900848 |title=FINLEX ® – Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: 14.9.1990/848 |publisher=Finlex.fi |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> i.e., the [[European Union]] and Norway, [[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]], are allowed to join a ''paliskunta''.

===Russian organizations===
In 2010, the Sámi Council supported the establishment of a cultural center in Russia for Arctic peoples. The Center for Northern Peoples aims to promote artistic and cultural cooperation between the Arctic peoples of Russia and the Nordic countries, with particular focus on indigenous peoples and minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senterfornordligefolk.no/frontpage.146031.en.html|title=Frontpage – Senter for Nordlige Folk AS|publisher = senterfornordligefolk.no}}</ref>

===Border conflicts===
[[File:Glen1 Sweden.jpg|thumb|Land rights for grazing [[reindeer]]]]
Sápmi, the Sámi traditional lands, cross four national borders. Traditional summer and winter pastures sometimes lie on different sides of the borders of the nation-states. In addition to that, there is a border drawn for modern-day [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]]. Some state that the rights (for reindeer herding and, in some parts, even for fishing and hunting) include not only modern Sápmi but areas that are beyond today's Sápmi that reflect older territories. Today's "borders" originate from the 14th to 16th centuries when land-owning conflicts occurred. The establishment of more stable dwelling places and larger towns originates from the 16th century and was performed for strategic defence and economic reasons, both by peoples from Sámi groups themselves and more southern immigrants.

Owning land within the borders or being a member of a ''[[siida]]'' (Sámi corporation) gives rights. A different law enacted in Sweden in the mid-1990s gave the right to anyone to fish and hunt in the region, something that was met with skepticism and anger amongst the ''siidas''.

Court proceedings have been common throughout history, and the aim from the Sámi viewpoint is to reclaim territories used earlier in history. Due to a major defeat in 1996, one ''siida'' has introduced a sponsorship "Reindeer Godfather" concept to raise funds for further battles in courts. These "internal conflicts" are usually conflicts between non-Sámi land owners and reindeer owners. Cases question the Sámi ancient rights to reindeer pastures. In 2010, Sweden was criticized for its relations with the Sámi in the Universal Periodic Review conducted by the Working Group of the Human Rights Council.<ref name="lib.ohchr.org">{{cite report |title=Draft report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review |date=May 14, 2010 |publisher=[[Universal Periodic Review|The Working Group on the UPR]] |location=Geneva |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session8/SE/A_HRC_WG.6_8_L.10_Sweden.pdf}}</ref>

The question whether the [[fjeld]]'s territory is owned by the governments (crown land) or by the Sámi population is not answered.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arctic-sami-idUSL0320809920070108|title=Sweden's Sami struggle over land rights|date=2007-01-08|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-23|language=en}}</ref>

From an indigenous perspective, people "belong to the land", the land does not belong to people, but this does not mean that hunters, herders, and fishing people do not know where the borders of their territories are located as well as those of their neighbors.<ref name="Osherenko"/>

==National symbols==
Although the Sámi have considered themselves to be one people throughout history, the idea of Sápmi, a Sámi [[nation]], first gained acceptance among the Sámi in the 1970s, and even later among the majority population. During the 1980s and 1990s, a flag was created, a national song was written, and the date of a national day was settled.

===Flag===
{{Main|Sámi flag}}
[[File:Sami flag.svg|thumb|Sámi flag]]
The Sámi flag was inaugurated during the Sámi Conference in [[Åre]], Sweden, on 15 August 1986. It was the result of a competition for which many suggestions were entered. The winning design was submitted by the artist [[Astrid Båhl]] from [[Skibotn]], Norway.

The motif (shown right) was derived from the shaman's drum and the poem "Päiven Pārne'" ("Sons of the Sun") by the South Sámi [[Anders Fjellner]] describing the Sámi as sons and daughters of the sun. The flag has the Sámi colours, red, green, yellow and blue, and the circle represents the sun (red) and the moon (blue).

===The Sámi People's Day===
{{Main|Sámi National Day}}
The Sámi National Day falls on February 6 as this date was when the [[Sámi Assembly of 1917|first Sámi congress]] was held in 1917 in [[Trondheim]], Norway. This congress was the first time that Norwegian and Swedish Sámi came together across their national borders to work together to find solutions for common problems. The resolution for celebrating on 6 February was passed in 1992 at the 15th Sámi congress in Helsinki. Since 1993, Norway, Sweden and Finland have recognized February 6 as Sámi National Day.

==="Song of the Sámi People"===
{{Main|Sámi soga lávlla}}
"Sámi soga lávlla" ("Song of the Sámi People", lit. "Song of the Sámi Family") was originally a poem written by [[Isak Saba]] that was published in the newspaper ''[[Sagai Muittalægje]]'' for the first time on 1 April 1906. In August 1986, it became the [[national anthem]] of the Sámi. Arne Sørli set the poem to music, which was then approved at the 15th Sámi Conference in [[Helsinki]] in 1992. "Sámi soga lávlla" has been translated into all of the [[Sámi languages]].

===Coats of arms of Sámi communities===
<gallery class="center" perrow="12" widths="50px" heights="60px" caption="Coats of Arms">
File:Coat of arms of Finnmark county and Troms county.svg|[[Troms og Finnmark|Romsa ja Finnmárku]] (Norway)
File:Nordland våpen.svg|[[Nordland|Nordlánda]] (Norway)
File:Trøndelag våpen.svg|[[Trøndelag|Trøndelága]] (Norway)
File:Lappland vapen.svg|[[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapplánda]] (Sweden)
File:Norrbottens vapen.svg|[[Norrbotten]] (Sweden)
File:Västerbottens vapen.svg|[[Västerbotten]]a (Sweden)
File:Jämtlands vapen.svg|[[Jämtland|Jämtlándda]] (Sweden)
File:Härjedalens vapen.svg|[[Härjedalen|Härjedaelie]] (Sweden)
File:Lapin maakunnan vaakuna.svg|[[Lapland (Finland)|Lappi]] (Finland)
File:Герб Мурманской области.svg|[[Murmansk Oblast|Murmánska]] (Russia)
</gallery>

==Religion==
{{Main|Sámi religion}}
[[File:Shaman.jpg|thumb|Copper etching (1767) by O.H. von Lode showing a [[noaidi]] with his meavrresgárri [[drum]]]]
Widespread [[Shamanism]] persisted among the Sámi up until the 18th century. Most Sámi today belong to the state-run [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Some Sámi in Russia belong to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], and similarly, some Skolt Sámi resettled in Finland are also part of an [[Eastern Orthodox]] congregation, with an additional small population in Norway.

===Traditional Sámi religion===
Traditional Sámi religion was a type of [[polytheism]]. (See [[Sami shamanism#List of deities|Sámi deities]].) There was some diversity due to the wide area that is [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]], allowing for the evolution of variations in beliefs and practices between tribes. The old beliefs are closely connected to the land, [[animism]], and the [[supernatural]]. [[Sámi shamanism|Sámi spirituality]] is often characterized by [[pantheism]], a strong emphasis on the importance of personal spirituality and its interconnectivity with one's own daily life, and a deep connection between the natural and spiritual "worlds".<ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Shamanism |last=DuBois |first=Thomas |date=June 2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-69536-7}}</ref> Among other roles, the [[Sámi shamanism|Sámi shaman]], or [[noaidi]], enabled ritual communication with the supernatural<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/kasten1989.pdf |title=Sami Shamanism from a diachronic point of view |last=Kasten |first=Erich |year=1989 |publisher=Siberian Studies}}</ref> through the use of tools such as drums, chants, sacred objects and [[Amanita muscaria|fly agaric]].<ref name="Gusto">{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/diehtu/giella/music/noaidi.htm |title=Sámi Drums – Then and Now |last=Gusto |first=Ken Emerson Jr. |website=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=BBC Studios|title=Magic mushrooms & Reindeer – Weird Nature – BBC animals|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkCS9ePWuLU|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> Some practices within the Old Sámi religion included natural sacred sites such as mountains, springs, land formations, as well as man-made ones such as [[petroglyph]]s and [[labyrinth]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sami potatoes: living with reindeer and perestroika |author1=Michael Robinson|author2= Karim-Aly S. Kassam |year=1998 |publisher=Bayeux Arts |page=73 | isbn=978-1-896209-21-0}}</ref>

The Sámi cosmology divides the universe into three worlds. The upper world is related to the South, warmth, life, and the color white. It is also the dwelling of the gods. The middle world is like the Norse [[Midgard]], it is the dwelling of humans and it is associated with the color red. The third world is the underworld and it is associated with the color black, it represents the north, the cold and it is inhabited by otters, loons, and seals and mythical animals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/window-traditional-sami-culture-reindeer-and-worldview-003493|title=A Window into the Traditional Sami Culture: Reindeer and a Worldview|last=McDermott|first=Alicia|work=Ancient Origins|access-date=2017-12-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TavAI27rL04C&q=the+three+worlds+of+the+sami+people&pg=PA45|title=Finland in Pictures|last=DiPiazza|first=Francesca Davis|date=2010-07-01|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9780761363804|language=en}}</ref>

Sámi religion shared some elements with [[Norse mythology]], possibly from early contacts with trading Vikings (or vice versa). Through a mainly French initiative from [[Joseph Paul Gaimard]] as part of his [[La Recherche Expedition (1838–1840)|La Recherche Expedition]], [[Lars Levi Læstadius]] began research on Sámi mythology. His work resulted in ''[[Fragments of Lappish Mythology]]'', since by his own admission, they contained only a small percentage of what had existed. The fragments were termed ''Theory of Gods'', ''Theory of Sacrifice'', ''Theory of Prophecy, or short reports about rumorous Sami magic'' and ''Sami sagas''. Generally, he claims to have filtered out the Norse influence and derived common elements between the South, North, and Eastern Sámi groups. The mythology has common elements with other traditional indigenous religions as well—such as those in [[Siberia]] and North America.

===Missionary efforts===
[[File:Tore Johnsen, samiske kirkedager.JPG|thumb|A sermon at the 2004 ''Samiske kirkedager'']]
The term ''Sámi religion'' usually refers to the traditional religion, practiced by most Sámi until approximately the 18th century. [[Christianity]] was introduced by [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] missionaries as early as the 13th century. Increased pressure came after the [[Protestant Reformation]], and [[rune drum]]s were burned or sent to museums abroad. In this period, many Sámi practiced their traditional religion at home, while going to church on Sunday. Since the Sámi were considered to possess "witchcraft" powers, they were often accused of sorcery during the 17th century and were the subjects of witchcraft trials and burnings.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Witches of the high north: The Finnmark witchcraft trials in the seventeenth century |journal=Scandinavian Journal of History |volume=22 |issue=3 |last=Willumsen |first=L.H. |year=1997 |pages=199–221|doi=10.1080/03468759708579352 }}</ref>

In Norway, a major effort to convert the Sámi was made around 1720, when [[Thomas von Westen]], the "Apostle of the Sámi", burned drums, burned sacred objects, and converted people.<ref name="Holloway">{{cite web|title=The Decline of the Sámi People's Indigenous Religion |last= Holloway|first= Alan "Ivvár"|publisher= TexasU|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/diehtu/siida/christian/decline.htm}}</ref> Out of the estimated thousands of drums before this period, only about 70 are known to remain today, scattered in museums around Europe.<ref name="Gusto"/> Sacred sites were destroyed, such as sieidi (stones in natural or human-built formations), álda and sáivu (sacred hills), springs, caves and other natural formations where offerings were made.

In the far east of the Sámi area, the Russian monk Trifon converted the Sámi in the 16th century. Today, St. George's chapel in [[Neiden, Finnmark|Neiden]], Norway (1565), testifies to this effort.

===Laestadius===
{{Main|Lars Levi Laestadius|Laestadianism}}
[[File:Rune drum Sápmi MEK.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Noaidi]] drum]]
Around 1840 Swedish Sámi [[Church of Sweden|Lutheran]] pastor and administrator [[Lars Levi Laestadius]] initiated among the Sámi a puritanical [[pietism|pietist]] movement emphasizing [[Abstinence#Alcohol|complete abstinence from alcohol]]. This movement is still very dominant in Sámi-speaking areas. Laestadius spoke many languages, and he became fluent and preached in Finnish and [[Northern Sámi language|Northern Sámi]] in addition to his native [[Southern Sámi language|Southern Sámi]] and Swedish,<ref name="Trans. Börje Vähämäki 2002 p.24">[[Laestadius|L. Laestadius]], '' [[Fragments of Lappish Mythology]] '', Trans. Börje Vähämäki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p.24 (introduction by Juha Pentikäinen).</ref> the language he used for scholarly publications.<ref name="Holloway"/>

Two great challenges Laestadius had faced since his early days as a church minister were the indifference of his Sámi parishioners, who had been forced by the [[Government of Sweden|Swedish government]] to convert from their [[Sami shamanism|shamanistic]] religion to Lutheranism, and the misery caused them by alcoholism. The spiritual understanding Laestadius acquired and shared in his new sermons "filled with vivid metaphors from the lives of the Sámi that they could understand, ... about a God who cared about the lives of the people" had a profound positive effect on both problems. One account from a Sámi cultural perspective recalls a new desire among the Sámi to learn to read and a "bustle and energy in the church, with people confessing their sins, crying and praying for forgiveness ... [Alcohol abuse] and the theft of [the Sámis'] reindeer diminished, which had a positive influence on the Sámi's relationships, finances and family life."<ref name="Sapmi - Religion - Laestadianism - Nils Gustav Labba, Editor">{{cite web | url=http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1208 | title=Lars Levi Laestadius and the Sami | date=August 6, 2006 | access-date=July 7, 2013}}</ref>

===Neo-shamanism and traditional healing===
Today there are a number of Sámi who seek to return to the traditional [[Paganism|Pagan]] values of their ancestors. There are also some Sámi who claim to be ''noaidi'' and offer their services through newspaper advertisements, in [[New Age]] arrangements, or for tourist groups. While they practice a religion based on that of their ancestors, widespread anti-pagan [[discrimination against Neopagans|prejudice]] has caused these shamans to be generally not viewed as part of an unbroken Sámi religious tradition.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} Traditional Sámi beliefs are composed of three intertwining elements: animism, shamanism, and polytheism. Sámi animism is manifested in the Sámi's belief that all significant natural objects (such as animals, plants, rocks, etc.) possess a soul; and from a polytheistic perspective, traditional Sámi beliefs include a multitude of spirits.<ref name="Holloway"/> Many contemporary practitioners are compared to practitioners of [[neo-paganism]], as a number of neopagan religions likewise combine elements of ancient pagan religions with more recent revisions or innovations, but others feel they are attempting to revive or reconstruct indigenous Sámi religions as found in historic, folkloric sources and oral traditions.

In 2012, County Governor of Troms approved Shamanic Association of Tromsø as a new religion.<ref>denominationhttp://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/2792-shamanism-approved-as-a-religion-in-norway</ref>

A very different religious idea is represented by the numerous "wise men" and "wise women" found throughout the Sámi area. They often offer to heal the sick through rituals and traditional medicines and may also combine traditional elements, such as older Sámi teachings, with newer monotheistic inventions that Christian missionaries taught their ancestors, such as readings from the Bible.

==Genetic studies==
{{Main|Genetic studies on Sami}}
[[File:Lapland Mother NGM-v31-p556.jpg|thumb|left|Sámi mother with her children]]
[[Anthropologist]]s have been studying the Sámi people for hundreds of years for their assumed physical and cultural differences from the rest of the Europeans. Recent [[genetics|genetic studies]] have indicated that the two most frequent [[Mitochondrial DNA|maternal lineage]]s of the Sámi people are the haplogroups [[haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]] (neolithic in Europe and not found in Finland 1500 years ago<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/tables/1|title=Table 1 Sample information|via=www.nature.com}}</ref>) and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U5b]] (ancient in Europe). "The Y-chromosomal variety in the Saami is also consistent with their European ancestry. It suggests that the large genetic separation of the Saami from other Europeans is best explained by assuming that the Saami are descendants of a narrow, distinctive subset of Europeans."<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Kristiina Tambets, Siiri Rootsi, Toomas Kivisild, Hela Help, Piia Serk| title=The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes| journal=American Journal of Human Genetics| volume= 74 | issue = 4| pages=661–682 | doi=10.1086/383203|display-authors=etal | pmc=1181943 | pmid=15024688| year=2004}}</ref> Y-chromosome haplogroup N-VL29 makes up 20%, came from Siberia 3500 years ago or more likely much later. Y-chromosome N-Z1936 makes up 20%, likely came from Siberia with Sámi language later. This tallies with archeological evidence suggesting that several different cultural groups made their way to the core area of Sámi from 8000 to 6000 BC,<ref>Esihistorian vuosiluvut, ajoitukset ja kronologia, Carpelan, in "Ennen, muinoin", SKS, Helsinki 2002</ref> presumably including some of the ancestors of present-day Sámi. The "[[Nganasan people|Nganassan]]" autosomic component now makes up more than 25% in the Sámi, but was 50% in the 3500-year old Kola population.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/figures/4|title=Fig. 4 - Nature Communications|via=www.nature.com}}</ref> The Mesolithic "[[Western European Hunter-Gatherer]]" (WHG) component is close to 15%, while that of the Neolithic "European early farmer" (LBK) is 10%. 50% is the Bronze Age "[[Yamna culture|Yamna]]" component, the earliest trace of which is observed in the [[Pit–Comb Ware culture]] in [[Estonia]], but in a 2.5-fold lower percentage.

The Sámi have been found to be genetically unrelated to people of the [[Pitted Ware culture]].{{Efn|"Population continuity between the PWC and modern Saami can be rejected under all assumed ancestral population size combinations."{{sfn|Malmström|2009}} }} The Pitted Ware culture are in turn genetically continuous with the original [[Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer]]s.{{Efn|"Our data support that the Neolithic PWC foragers are largely genetically continuous to SHG."{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}} }}

===History of scientific research carried out on the Sámi===
[[File:Friedländer.plakat.7.jpg|thumb|upright|Ad for an 1893/1894 ethnological exposition of Sámi in [[Hamburg]]-Saint Paul]]
The genetic makeup of Sámi people has been extensively studied for as long as such research has been in existence. Ethnographic photography of the Sámi began with the invention of the camera in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Individual and type: Early ethnographic photography |last=Larsen |first=Peter |publisher=University of Bergen |location=Norway |page= 54 }}</ref> This continued on into the 1920s and 1930s, when Sámi were photographed naked and anatomically measured by scientists, with the help of the local police—sometimes at gunpoint—to collect data that would justify their own racial theories.<ref name="GiveUs">''[[Give Us Our Skeletons]]'' documentary film. Paul-Anders Simma, director (1999)</ref> Thus, there is a degree of distrust by some in the Sámi community towards genetic research.<ref name="GiveUs" />

Examples of discriminatory actions include the [[Statens institut för rasbiologi|Statens Institut for Rasbiologi]] compulsory sterilization project for Sámi women, which continued until 1975,{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} and Sámi graves being plundered to provide research materials,<ref>{{Cite news|title=University in quest to return Sami bones |last=Savage |first=James |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=The Local: Sweden's News in English |url=http://www.thelocal.se/26954/20100531/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818181436/https://www.thelocal.se/26954/20100531/ |archive-date=18 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sami jaw bones found in display case |date=22 February 2007 |work=The Local: Sweden's News in English |url=http://www.thelocal.se/6487/20070222/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427073507/http://www.thelocal.se/6487/20070222/ |archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=Norway returns skulls of Lappish dead |date=December 15, 1997 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/39626.stm}}</ref> of which their remains and artifacts from this period from across Sápmi can still be found in various state collections.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|title= Discrimination of the Sami – the rights of the Sami from a discrimination perspective |year=2008 |isbn=978-91-973654-4-4 |last1=Pikkarainen |first1=Heidi }}</ref><ref name="BBC News"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Skeletal Remains of Norwegian Saami |last=Sellevold |first=Berit |year=2002 |publisher= Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Samis Want Bones Returned from Swedish Museums |last=Savage |first=James |date=20 March 2009 |publisher=Radio Sweden |url=http://mobil.sr.se/site/index.aspx?artikel=2713215&unitid=2054&offset=0 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the late 19th century, colonial fascination with Arctic peoples led to human beings exhibited in [[human zoos]]. Sámi people were exhibited with their traditional [[lavvu]] tents, weapons, and sleds, beside a group of reindeer at [[Tierpark Hagenbeck]]<ref>{{Cite book|title= Human Zoos |author1=Nicolas Bancel |author2=Pascal Blanchard |author3= Sandrine Lemaire|year=2000 |publisher=Le Monde diplomatique }}</ref> and other zoos across the globe.

==Notable people of Sámi descent==

===Science===
* [[Ante Aikio]] (born 1977), in [[Northern Sámi]] ''Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte'', Finnish-Sámi linguist specializing in [[Uralic languages]], [[historical linguistics]], Sámi languages and Sámi prehistory at the [[Sámi University of Applied Sciences]] in [[Kautokeino (village)|Kautokeino]], Norway.
* [[Louise Bäckman]] (1926–present) Born in Tärnaby, Ume sami speaker. Professor emeritus. She has carried out several studies that have given insights into the pre-Christian religion and has made important contributions in several other related fields.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* [[Inga Maria Mulk]] (1950–present) She has published several important papers on archaeology, historical geography, ethnographic studies etc., and is a Lule sami speaker.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* [[Israel Ruong]] (1903–1986) Born in Arjeplog. A Swedish-Sámi linguist, politician and professor of Sámi languages and culture at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. Israel Ruong spoke Pite Sámi as his mother tongue.
* [[Ande Somby]] (1958–present) Born in Buolbmat. A University Researcher, artist, cofounder of DAT.

===Explorers and adventurers===
* [[Samuel Balto]] (1861–1921), Arctic explorer—one of the first people to cross Greenland on skis (together with Nansen)—and gold miner. The very famous dog [[Balto]] was named after Samuel Balto.
* [[Lars Monsen]] (1963–present) adventurer, explorer, journalist and author.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629102620/http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sami_radio/1.3583287 NRK.no] {{in lang|no}} Retrieved from Internet Archive January 12, 2014.</ref>

===Literature===
[[File:Nils-Aslak-Valkeapaa.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]], a Sámi writer, musician and artist from Finland]]
* [[Ella Holm Bull]] (1929–2006), author, musician, schoolteacher.
* [[Anders Fjellner]] (1795–1876), [[Protestant]] priest and poet. Wrote down the mythological [[joik]] that inspired the Sámi flag.
* [[Ailo Gaup (author)|Ailo Gaup]] (1944–2014), an author and neo-[[shaman]] who participated in founding the [[Beaivváš Sámi Theatre]].
* [[Isak Saba|Isak Mikal Saba]] (1875–1925), politician and writer. Was the first Sámi parliamentarian (Norwegian Labour Party) and wrote the Sámi national anthem.
* [[Olaus Sirma]] (1655–1719), the first Sámi poet known by name.
* [[Johan Turi]] (1854–1936), wrote first secular book in Sámi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Svonni |first1=Mikael |title=Johan Turi: First Author of the Sámi |journal=Scandinavian Studies |date=2011 |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=483–490 |jstor=23343096 |doi=10.1353/scd.2011.0018 |s2cid=161737016 }}</ref>
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.
* Gladys Koski Holmes (1932–2005), a Sámi-American artist, writer, and poet. Holmes won poetry awards, published a children's book, and was the [[Sami Siida of North America]]'s ambassador to the Siida art show at the NANA festival in Tromsø.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080727030304/http://home.earthlink.net/~arran4/siida/mem.htm Sami Siida of North America] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 12, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pasty.com/~dl/ktoday-archive/Archives/Top_Stories/December/001220artexhibit/001220artexhibit.html |title=001220artexhibit |publisher=Pasty.com |date=2000-12-20 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>

===Music===
[[File:Agnete Johnsen, ESC2016 01.jpg|thumb|[[Agnete Johnsen]]]]

* [[Ánde Somby]], Sámi musician and law professor.
* [[Adjagas]], musical group.
* [[Mari Boine]] (1956–present), musician.
* [[Ane Brun]], singer and songwriter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pluss.vg.no/2013/09/07/1352/1gL31kP |title=Vender hjem til røttene – VG |publisher=Pluss.vg.no |access-date=2013-11-15 |language=no }}</ref>
* [[Fred Buljo]] (1988–present), rapper, singer, joik. Member of [[KEiiNO]] and Duolva Duottar.
* [[Frode Fjellheim]], [[joik]] musician.
* [[Ingor Ánte Áilo Gaup]] (1960–present), actor, composer, and folk musician.
* [[Sofia Jannok]] (1982–present), performer, musician and radio host.
* [[Agnete Johnsen]] (1994–present), singer and songwriter.
* [[Inga Juuso]] (1945–2014), singer and actress.
* [[Gustav Kappfjell]] (1913–1999), Sámi joiker and artist. Also noted for being part of the resistance movement during WW2.
* [[John Persen]] (1941–2014), composer.
* [[Joni Mitchell]] (1943–present), musician and painter.<ref name="nrk.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/troms_og_finnmark/1.4610180 |title=Joni Mitchell er same – Troms og Finnmark – NRK Nyheter |publisher=Nrk.no |date=2008-01-23 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref><ref name="Aikins 2005">{{cite magazine|url=http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=1317|title=Heart of a Prairie Girl|last=Aikins|first=Mary|date=July 2005|magazine=Reader's Digest|access-date=2008-05-19}}</ref>
* [[Jaco Pastorius]] (1951–1987), influential American jazz musician, composer and electric bass player.
* [[Roger Pontare]] (1951–present), musician.
* [[Wimme Saari]] (1959–present), musician.
* [[Lisa Cecilia Thomasson-Bosiö]], or Lapp-Lisa (1878–1932), singer.
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.
* [[Niko Valkeapää]] (1968–present), musician and songwriter.
* [[Amoc (rapper)|Mikkâl Morottaja]] (1984–present), rap musician.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210091112/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=55407 Virtual Finland: Amoc is rapping the Sámi language onto the map] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* [[Jonne Järvelä]] (1974–present), musician and songwriter.
* [[Ulla Pirttijärvi]] (1971–present), [[joik]] singer.
* [[The Blacksheeps]], [[punk rock]] band.
* [[Øystein Aarseth]], [[black metal]] musician.
* [[Berit Margrethe Oskal]] (1977–present), Sámi joiker and musician.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* [[Vajas]], musical group.

===Film and theatre===
{{See also|Beaivváš Sámi Theatre}}
[[File:NilsGaup.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nils Gaup]], a Sámi film director from Norway]]
[[File:Judy_01_(48816507828).jpg|thumb|left|[[Renée Zellweger]], [[Americans|American]] actress]]
* [[Mikkel Gaup]], actor.
* [[Nils Gaup]] (1955–present), film director. Well-known films include ''[[Ofelaš]]'' (''Pathfinder''), which was nominated for an Academy Award, and the 2008 film ''[[Kautokeino-opprøret (2008)|Kautokeino-Opprøret]]'', based on the [[Sami revolt in Guovdageaidnu|Kautokeino Rebellion]].
* [[Sara Margrethe Oskal]] (born 1970), actress, film director
* [[Anni-Kristiina Juuso]] (1979–present), actress.
* [[Lene Cecilia Sparrok]] (1997), Norwegian actress of Sámi descent.
* [[Tommy Wirkola]] (1979), Norwegian filmmaker of Finnish Sámi descent.
* [[Jalmari Helander]] (1976), Finnish screenwriter and film director.
* [[Onni Tommila]] (1999), Finnish actor.
* [[Lance Henriksen]] (1940), actor of Norwegian parentage; his grandmother was Sámi.
* [[Renée Zellweger]] (1969), Oscar-winning actress whose Norwegian mother is of partial Sámi descent.
* [[Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers]], Canadian filmmaker, Indigenous rights activist, and actress of Sámi and [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]] heritage, on her father's and mother's sides, respectively.<ref name="ReferenceB">Tailfeathers, Elle Máijá. "Biography & Filmography". Elle Máijá Tailfeathers.</ref> Works in multiple genres including experimental, documentary, drama, and action.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

===Politics and society===
* [[Lars Levi Laestadius]] (1800–61), religious reformer, botanist and ethnologist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkivverket.no/kautokeino-opproret/no/laestadianisme.html |title=Kautokeino-opprøret 1852: Læstadianisme |publisher=Arkivverket.no |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* [[Ole Henrik Magga]] (1947–present), politician. The first President of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament (NSR) and first Chairman of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
* [[Nilla Lansman]] (1984–present), forester at [[INSEAD]], the elite French business school{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* [[Helga Pedersen (Norway)|Helga Pedersen]] (1973–present) politician. The first Sámi member of Government (Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, Norwegian Labour Party).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316194922/http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sami_radio/1.2281616 Ikke halvt, men helt samisk – NRK Sámi Radio – NRK] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* [[Elsa Laula Renberg]] (1877–1931), politician who among other things organized the first international Sámi conference.
* [[Isak Saba|Isak Mikal Saba]] (1875–1925), politician and writer. Was the first Sámi parliamentarian (Norwegian Labour Party) and wrote the Sámi national anthem.
* [[Irja Seurujärvi-Kari]] (born 1947), politician and academic; member of the Finnish Sámi Parliament
* [[Janne Seurujärvi]] (1975–present), politician. The first Sámi member of [[Parliament of Finland]].
* [[Laila Susanne Vars]] (1976–present), former Vice-President of the Sámi Parliament in Norway, first Sámi woman with a PhD in law, member of the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP), rector of the Sámi University of Applied Sciences.

===Visual arts===
* [[Hans Ragnar Mathisen]], artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut000630/nvt20630_17.html |title=Nunatsiaq News |publisher=Nunatsiaq.com |date=2000-06-30 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* [[Joni Mitchell]] (1943–present) musician and painter. Unconfirmed.<ref name="nrk.no"/><ref name="Aikins 2005"/>
* [[Nils-Aslak Valkeapää]] (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.
* [[Elsa Bekkala]] (1946–present), Painter, educator.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* [[Simen Johan]] (1973–present), Visual Artist. Born in [[Kirkenes]], [[Norway]], lives and works in [[New York City]]

===Sports===
{{See also|Sápmi national football team}}
[[File:Anja Pärson Semmering 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Anja Pärson]] a Sámi skier from Sweden]]
[[File:Bsalming.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Börje Salming]], a retired ice hockey defenceman.]]

* [[Leo Komarov]] (1987–present), [[Finnish people|Finnish]] [[Ice Hockey]] player for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]. Born in [[Estonia]] and raised in [[Finland]] and is of [[Russians|Russian]]-Sámi parentage.
* [[Ailo Gaup (motocross rider)|Ailo Gaup]] (1980–present), a motorcross sportsman who invented the "underflip".
* [[Morten Gamst Pedersen]] (1981–present), [[Association football|Football]] player (former player for [[Blackburn Rovers FC|Blackburn Rovers]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090529040923/http://www.radiotromso.no/les/6120.html Vil ha Lene Marlin som samisk rollemodell – Radio Tromsø] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* [[Börje Salming]] (1951–present), legendary [[NHL]] defenseman, member of [[Hockey Hall of Fame]], voted to the [[IIHF]] all-century team.
* [[Anja Pärson]] (1981–present) and [[Jens Byggmark]] (1985–present), alpine skiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samer.se/2063 |title=VM med samer i centrum |publisher=www.samer.se |date=2007-02-26 |access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref>
* [[Jon Rønningen]], wrestler. Olympic gold medalist.
* [[Lars Rønningen]], wrestler.
* [[John Halvorsen]], athletics

===Other===
* [[Graan]], the single noble family of Sámi descent ([[Swedish nobility]]).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* {{ill|Svein-Eirik Utsi|no}} Famous criminal.
* [[Susanne Guttorm]], 2018 Miss Norway

==See also==
* [[Environmental racism in Europe]]
* [[Hamburg culture]]
* [[List of indigenous peoples]]
* [[Reindeer in Russia]]

===Sámi culture===
* [[Fourth World]]
* [[Inari (village)|Inari]]
* [[Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]
* [[Knud Leem]]
* [[Sami cuisine]]
* [[Ume Sámi language]]
* Sapmi Park – Located Karasjok, Norway, Sapmi Park<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nordnorgesguiden.no/Finnmark/karasjok/sapmipark.htm|title= Sapmi Park |work=NordnorgesGuiden }}</ref> and visitor center presents the Sámi culture and its history through exhibits and a special effect theater presentation, entitled "The Magic Theater"<ref name="Sapmi Magic Theater">{{cite web|title=Sapmi-Magic Theater |url=http://brcweb.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Sapmi-Magic-Theater.pdf |publisher=BRC Imagination Arts}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> designed originally by award-winning experience designer [[Bob Rogers (designer)]] and the design team BRC Imagination Arts.<ref name="Sapmi Magic Theater" />

===Sámi films===
* ''[[The White Reindeer]]'' (''Valkoinen peura'') (1952), a Finnish horror drama film set in [[Lapland (Finland)|Finnish Lapland]], among the Sámi people.
* ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' (''Ofelaš'') (1988), film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film; filmed in Norway featuring Sámi actors speaking in Sámi
* ''[[Give Us Our Skeletons]]'', a 1999 documentary about the scientific racism and racial classification movement carried out on the Sámi
* ''[[The Cuckoo (film)|The Cuckoo]]'' (''Kukushka'') (2002), film set during World War II with a Sámi woman as one of the main characters
* ''[[Last Yoik in Saami Forests?]]'' (2007), made for the United Nations, a documentary about land rights disputes in Finnish Lapland{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''The Sami'' (''Saamelainen'') (2007), a Mushkeg Media documentary about the state of aboriginal languages{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Wolf (2008 film)|Wolf]]'' (2008), an examination of how the traditions of the Sámi villagers in northern Sweden are confronted with modern-day society{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[Herdswoman (film)|Herdswoman]]'' (2008), a documentary about land rights disputes in reindeer grazing areas{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''[[The Kautokeino Rebellion]]'' (2008), feature film that concerns the ethnic-religious Sámi revolt in Guovdageaidnu of 1852
* ''Magic Mushrooms and Reindeer: Weird Nature'' (2009), short video on the use of ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' mushrooms by the Sámi people and their [[reindeer]], produced by the [[BBC]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html |title=Drugs Magic Mushrooms & Reindeer |publisher=Forbiddenknowledgetv.com |access-date=2012-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102165749/http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html |archive-date=2013-01-02 }}</ref>
* ''Suddenly Sami'' (2009), in which the filmmaker finds out that her mother has been hiding her Arctic indigenous Sámi heritage from her{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''Midnight Sun'' (2016), crime series which revolves around Sámi culture and conflicts of Sámi culture with modern Swedish society{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''Sami Blood'' (2016), a movie chronicling the life of a Sámi girl taken into a Swedish boarding school to be assimilated as a Swede<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.levelk.dk/films/sami-blood/3029|title=Sami Blood|website=LevelK ApS Film Sales}}</ref>
* ''[[Frozen (2013 film)]]'', features a major character named Kristoff who wears clothing resembling Sámi attire and has a pet reindeer.
* ''[[Frozen II]]'' (2019), features the forest tribe known as the Northuldra, which is based on the Sámi people, and the theme song ''Vuelie'', written by Norwegian [[yoiker]] [[Frode Fjellheim]] and performed by Norwegian female [[choir|choral group]] [[Cantus (Norwegian female choir)|Cantus]], is based on [[Sámi music]]; there is a [[Sámi language]] dubbing of the film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/frozen-2-will-get-sami-language-version/|title='Frozen 2' Will Get Sámi Language Version|first=Mercedes|last=Milligan|date=July 19, 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Klaus (film)|Klaus]]'' (2019), animated film about "a postman stationed in a town to the North who befriends a reclusive toy-maker" featuring Sámi characters

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Hansen, Lars Ivar & Bjørnar Olsen (2014) ''[[Hunters in Transition: An Outline of Early Sámi History]]'', The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures, 63 (Leiden: Brill). {{ISBN|978-90-04-25254-7}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=Helena |date=September 24, 2009 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians |journal=[[Current Biology]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |volume=19 |issue=20 |pages=1758–1762 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 |pmc=4275881 |pmid=19781941 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages= 442|bibcode= 2018NatCo...9..442M|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 }}
* Przemyslaw U., (1992) ''Medieval Arctic Norway'', Institute of the History of Material Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences: Warsaw. {{ISBN| 83-900213-0-7}}.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Coast Lapp Society I |first=Robert |last=Paine |author-link=Robert Paine (anthropologist) |year=1957}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08003831.2010.527540 Robert Paine (1926–2010)]
* {{cite book |title=Coast Lapp Society II |first=Robert |last=Paine |author-link=Robert Paine (anthropologist) |year=1965}}

===Sámi books===
* The ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by [[Tacitus]] (the chapter on [[Fenni]])
* ''Vigilant Ancestor: A World of Secrets Whispered in My Ear'', by H. D. Rennerfeldt. {{ISBN|978-1-62675-021-0}}.
* ''The Sami Peoples of the North: A Social and Cultural History'', by Neil Kent. {{ISBN|978-1-84904-257-4}}.
* ''The Sámi People: Traditions in Transitions'', by Veli-Pekka Lehtola. {{ISBN|978-1-889963-75-4}}.
* ''God Wears Many Skins: Myth and Folklore of the Sami People'', by Jabez L. Van Cleef. {{ISBN|978-1-4382-2189-2}}.
* ''Liberating Sápmi: Indigenous Resistance in Europe's Far North'', by [[Gabriel Kuhn]]. {{ISBN|978-1-62963-712-9}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sami people}}
{{Wikivoyage|Sami culture}}

* [http://www.saamicouncil.net/?deptid=1116 Saami Council]
* {{curlie|Society/Ethnicity/Sami/}}
* [http://senc.hum.helsinki.fi/wiki/Sis%C3%A4llysluettelo#tab=English Encyclopaedia of Saami Culture]

{{Uralic peoples}}
{{Sami navigator}}
{{Indigenous peoples of Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sami People}}
[[Category:Sámi people| ]]
[[Category:Sámi|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Finland]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sweden]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Norway]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Finno-Ugric peoples]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe]]
[[Category:Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Pastoralists]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:White Sea]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in the Arctic]]
[[Category:Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]

Talk:Sámi peoples

2021-02-26T19:08:36Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{Old move |date=June 15, 2020 |destination=Sami people |result=not moved, discuss individually|link=Special:Permalink/963888393#Requested_move_15_June_2020}}
{{Talk header}}
{{Vital article|level=4|topic=Society|class=C}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject Arctic|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Norway|class=B}}
{{WikiProject Sweden|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Norse history and culture|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Finland|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Russia|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Ethnic groups|class=B|importance=High}}
}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archiveheader = {{talkarchivenav}}
|maxarchivesize = 150K
|counter = 3
|minthreadsleft = 4
|algo = old(90d)
|archive = Talk:Sami people/Archive %(counter)d
}}

== The Bubonic plague - Removed an inaccurate map of the Black Death... ==

I removed the following map: [[File:Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gif|thumb|200px|Spread of the Black Death from 1346 to 1351]]

It is inaccurate. The plague did not start in southern Russia, but in China years before 1347. See: [[Black Death]] page.

== List of notable Sami people ==

Renée Zellweger is featured prominently, yet her Sami connections is that her mother "possibly" has some ancestry. That's about as thin a connection as it gets, and is not worthy of Wikipedia's standards. Surely we can find a better example than her.

"Wikipedia's standards". You mean, "high standards?" That's a joke if there ever was one. Just read this article.
_____________________________________

Yes this entire article need revising.
I added a comment below asking that they at least get the basic facts right.
That should be easy, since other parts depend on your perspective, opinion and might even have political consequences.

The claim of 30,000 Sami's in the USA is absurd, the actual number might be a few thousand descendants total.
And no number mentioned for Canada? I am personally aware of some families there, not related to me, yet I got first hand information of one who travelled over to find his migrated relatives.

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on [[Sami people]]. Please take a moment to review [[special:diff/813164802|my edit]]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172745/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf to http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172804/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf to http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120314181304/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf to http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172755/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf to http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf
*Added archive https://archive.is/20130102165749/http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html to http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

== Political Sami anti-fennic bias in the article ==

This article is highly biased on how "finnish government discriminates against sami people". These people tend to actively look for things to get triggered about such as "cultural approriation". They are after the finnish tax payers money. --[[Special:Contributions/80.220.129.46|80.220.129.46]] ([[User talk:80.220.129.46|talk]]) 15:31, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 04:44, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

== Samis ==

Samis are not Laplanders although many of the Swedish Samis do live in Lapland. Anyone, regardless of ethnicity, living in Lapland is a Laplander. Therefore a Sami should not be called a Laplanders, except on an individual basis and that you know that person actually is from Lapland. Lapland is just a name for a (in my case) a Swedish province.I am a Sami and have never lived in Lapland thus I can hardly be a Laplander, nor my parents. My paternal grandfather did grow up in Lapland, but moved further south as an adult.--[[User:Ecedman12|Ecedman12]] ([[User talk:Ecedman12|talk]]) 20:15, 1 November 2018 (UTC)Clara Edman

I agree that sámi should not be called lapps/laplanders, unless referring to were they reside, but, it is still used by widely used by people incorrectly. If I am not mistaken, it is now considered a slur/impolite [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 19:08, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

== Updates with recent studies (2018/2019) on the origin of the Sami, the fact that it is not a real indigenous people and the dates of the migrations ==

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5#Sec2 Migration during the end of the age the bronze age

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982219304245#undfig1 Arrived from Siberian genome in Estonia which dates from the same time http://prntscr.com/nt0gqm screen of the full article shows that Estonians from the beginning of the Bronze Age were genetically very similar to Yamana's proto Indo-European but there was a sudden influx of Siberian genome at the end of the Bronze Age

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/figures/2 Presence of these Siberian ancestors in large numbers among the Samis,

https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13059-018-1522-1/MediaObjects/13059_2018_1522_MOESM3_ESM.pdf a PCA (Main Compound Analysis) map shows a continuum between Finns, Sami and other Finno-Ugric peoples of Siberia

https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1#MOESM3 Link confirmed in this article

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440317302091?via%3Dihub Archaeological analysis shows the cultural links of Finns pre-Ugrian migration with Central Europe and the Baltic

https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1#MOESM3 Another study that confirms all that is written above

https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)61892-8 (study that is 2004 but only studies on haplogroups Samis) studies of haplogroups which confirms all that

== Discrimination section advocacy, false racism claims ==

The discrimination section is written as advocacy using advocacy sources. The UN quote is not a valid source. Neutrality tag has been added. Do not make broad, general claims of discrimination. All assertions presented are at best debatable. The authors are obviously promoting their own agenda. This section should be cleaned up using neutral language and neutral sources.

Further, the "racism" claims are false. Once again, the sources for these assertions are advocacy. The Sami have always been recognized as, and are in fact, European/white/Caucasian, living among other European/white/Caucasian peoples. Sami are culturally distinct and have their own language, but they are not ethnically distinct, as opposed to other Arctic aboriginal groups such as Inuit/Eskimo. — [[User:J M Rice|J M Rice]] ([[User talk:J M Rice|talk]]) 05:18, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

What you have just proved is that there is racism towards sámi, by denying it happens. The lack of sámi language teaching and the glossing over of the atrocities committed against them are clearly racism. Furthermore, they are a distinct ethnic group to this outdated idea of "white". [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 19:03, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

== Removal of pronunciation tag ==

I don't understand why {{u|CorbieVreccan}} [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1mi_people&diff=936769966&oldid=936672774 removed] the pronunciation needed tag with the edit summary "Maybe yes maybe no, either way, needs WP:RS sourcing". Did I imply that we wouldn't need a reliable source for this? I don't think we can use a diacritic (á) that is not meaningful in English without explaining what sound it makes. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 22:54, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
:My mistake and apologies. I was reverting a handful of edits before you, where a relatively new user added a large section of unsourced content. I meant to re-add your changes after reverting them and leaving a notice for that user but it slipped my mind. I'll add your changes back now. Again, my mistake. - [[User:CorbieVreccan|CorbieVreccan]] [[User_talk:CorbieVreccan|☊]] [[WP:SPIDER|☼]] 23:21, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
::Ah, no problem. Thanks for explaining. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 02:14, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

== February 2020 ==
What was the main purpose of this group? Other than herding and fishing. [[User:Bihleo|Bihleo]] ([[User talk:Bihleo|talk]]) 18:35, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
:{{re|Bihleo}} Not quite sure by what you mean with "main purpose" in relation to an ethnic group. Is this question related to how we present the topic in the article? WP is not a forum ([[WP:NOTFORUM]]). –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 19:43, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

== Move discussion in progress ==

There is a move discussion in progress on [[Talk:Sámi Assembly of 1917#Requested move 15 June 2020 |Talk:Sámi Assembly of 1917]] which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you.  —[[User:RMCD bot|RMCD bot]] 11:53, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

== Ume Sámi ? ==

The north Swedish town [[Umeå]] is to my knowledge called Upmeje in Sami language. Shouldn't this language be called "Upmeje Sámi" ? [[Special:Contributions/83.250.83.65|83.250.83.65]] ([[User talk:83.250.83.65|talk]]) 05:23, 12 July 2020 (UTC)
:[[Ume Sami]] (Ume Sámi, Ume Saami, based on [[Ume River]]) is the commonly used name in English, including by Sami scholars like [[Ante Aikio]] (e.g. [https://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust266/sust266_aikio.pdf here] on page 108). –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 09:53, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

== "Girjas sameby" in Sweden ==
Re: [[Girjas sameby]] [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girjas_sameby], how should that topic be mentioned in the article.

(In 2020 there was a ruling [https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/svenske-samer-vant-tiarig-bitter-rettstvist-mot-staten-1.14872620], [https://www.nationen.no/nyhet/samer-drapstrues-etter-at-de-vant-retten-over-jakt-og-fiske/] in the [[Supreme Court (Sweden)]]. The ruling seems relevant for the article. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.91.148|89.8.91.148]] ([[User talk:89.8.91.148|talk]]) 03:19, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

==Sami/Sámi?==
{{inbox|To discuss this query, go to [[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Technical requests#Contested technical requests: Sami/Sámi]].}}

Talk:Sámi peoples

2021-02-26T19:03:04Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{Old move |date=June 15, 2020 |destination=Sami people |result=not moved, discuss individually|link=Special:Permalink/963888393#Requested_move_15_June_2020}}
{{Talk header}}
{{Vital article|level=4|topic=Society|class=C}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject Arctic|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Norway|class=B}}
{{WikiProject Sweden|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Norse history and culture|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Finland|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Russia|class=B|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Ethnic groups|class=B|importance=High}}
}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archiveheader = {{talkarchivenav}}
|maxarchivesize = 150K
|counter = 3
|minthreadsleft = 4
|algo = old(90d)
|archive = Talk:Sami people/Archive %(counter)d
}}

== The Bubonic plague - Removed an inaccurate map of the Black Death... ==

I removed the following map: [[File:Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gif|thumb|200px|Spread of the Black Death from 1346 to 1351]]

It is inaccurate. The plague did not start in southern Russia, but in China years before 1347. See: [[Black Death]] page.

== List of notable Sami people ==

Renée Zellweger is featured prominently, yet her Sami connections is that her mother "possibly" has some ancestry. That's about as thin a connection as it gets, and is not worthy of Wikipedia's standards. Surely we can find a better example than her.

"Wikipedia's standards". You mean, "high standards?" That's a joke if there ever was one. Just read this article.
_____________________________________

Yes this entire article need revising.
I added a comment below asking that they at least get the basic facts right.
That should be easy, since other parts depend on your perspective, opinion and might even have political consequences.

The claim of 30,000 Sami's in the USA is absurd, the actual number might be a few thousand descendants total.
And no number mentioned for Canada? I am personally aware of some families there, not related to me, yet I got first hand information of one who travelled over to find his migrated relatives.

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on [[Sami people]]. Please take a moment to review [[special:diff/813164802|my edit]]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172745/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf to http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172804/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf to http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120314181304/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf to http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172755/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf to http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf
*Added archive https://archive.is/20130102165749/http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html to http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

== Political Sami anti-fennic bias in the article ==

This article is highly biased on how "finnish government discriminates against sami people". These people tend to actively look for things to get triggered about such as "cultural approriation". They are after the finnish tax payers money. --[[Special:Contributions/80.220.129.46|80.220.129.46]] ([[User talk:80.220.129.46|talk]]) 15:31, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 04:44, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

== Samis ==

Samis are not Laplanders although many of the Swedish Samis do live in Lapland. Anyone, regardless of ethnicity, living in Lapland is a Laplander. Therefore a Sami should not be called a Laplanders, except on an individual basis and that you know that person actually is from Lapland. Lapland is just a name for a (in my case) a Swedish province.I am a Sami and have never lived in Lapland thus I can hardly be a Laplander, nor my parents. My paternal grandfather did grow up in Lapland, but moved further south as an adult.--[[User:Ecedman12|Ecedman12]] ([[User talk:Ecedman12|talk]]) 20:15, 1 November 2018 (UTC)Clara Edman

== Updates with recent studies (2018/2019) on the origin of the Sami, the fact that it is not a real indigenous people and the dates of the migrations ==

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5#Sec2 Migration during the end of the age the bronze age

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982219304245#undfig1 Arrived from Siberian genome in Estonia which dates from the same time http://prntscr.com/nt0gqm screen of the full article shows that Estonians from the beginning of the Bronze Age were genetically very similar to Yamana's proto Indo-European but there was a sudden influx of Siberian genome at the end of the Bronze Age

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/figures/2 Presence of these Siberian ancestors in large numbers among the Samis,

https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13059-018-1522-1/MediaObjects/13059_2018_1522_MOESM3_ESM.pdf a PCA (Main Compound Analysis) map shows a continuum between Finns, Sami and other Finno-Ugric peoples of Siberia

https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1#MOESM3 Link confirmed in this article

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440317302091?via%3Dihub Archaeological analysis shows the cultural links of Finns pre-Ugrian migration with Central Europe and the Baltic

https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1#MOESM3 Another study that confirms all that is written above

https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)61892-8 (study that is 2004 but only studies on haplogroups Samis) studies of haplogroups which confirms all that

== Discrimination section advocacy, false racism claims ==

The discrimination section is written as advocacy using advocacy sources. The UN quote is not a valid source. Neutrality tag has been added. Do not make broad, general claims of discrimination. All assertions presented are at best debatable. The authors are obviously promoting their own agenda. This section should be cleaned up using neutral language and neutral sources.

Further, the "racism" claims are false. Once again, the sources for these assertions are advocacy. The Sami have always been recognized as, and are in fact, European/white/Caucasian, living among other European/white/Caucasian peoples. Sami are culturally distinct and have their own language, but they are not ethnically distinct, as opposed to other Arctic aboriginal groups such as Inuit/Eskimo. — [[User:J M Rice|J M Rice]] ([[User talk:J M Rice|talk]]) 05:18, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

What you have just proved is that there is racism towards sámi, by denying it happens. The lack of sámi language teaching and the glossing over of the atrocities committed against them are clearly racism. Furthermore, they are a distinct ethnic group to this outdated idea of "white". [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 19:03, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

== Removal of pronunciation tag ==

I don't understand why {{u|CorbieVreccan}} [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1mi_people&diff=936769966&oldid=936672774 removed] the pronunciation needed tag with the edit summary "Maybe yes maybe no, either way, needs WP:RS sourcing". Did I imply that we wouldn't need a reliable source for this? I don't think we can use a diacritic (á) that is not meaningful in English without explaining what sound it makes. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 22:54, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
:My mistake and apologies. I was reverting a handful of edits before you, where a relatively new user added a large section of unsourced content. I meant to re-add your changes after reverting them and leaving a notice for that user but it slipped my mind. I'll add your changes back now. Again, my mistake. - [[User:CorbieVreccan|CorbieVreccan]] [[User_talk:CorbieVreccan|☊]] [[WP:SPIDER|☼]] 23:21, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
::Ah, no problem. Thanks for explaining. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 02:14, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

== February 2020 ==
What was the main purpose of this group? Other than herding and fishing. [[User:Bihleo|Bihleo]] ([[User talk:Bihleo|talk]]) 18:35, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
:{{re|Bihleo}} Not quite sure by what you mean with "main purpose" in relation to an ethnic group. Is this question related to how we present the topic in the article? WP is not a forum ([[WP:NOTFORUM]]). –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 19:43, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

== Move discussion in progress ==

There is a move discussion in progress on [[Talk:Sámi Assembly of 1917#Requested move 15 June 2020 |Talk:Sámi Assembly of 1917]] which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you.  —[[User:RMCD bot|RMCD bot]] 11:53, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

== Ume Sámi ? ==

The north Swedish town [[Umeå]] is to my knowledge called Upmeje in Sami language. Shouldn't this language be called "Upmeje Sámi" ? [[Special:Contributions/83.250.83.65|83.250.83.65]] ([[User talk:83.250.83.65|talk]]) 05:23, 12 July 2020 (UTC)
:[[Ume Sami]] (Ume Sámi, Ume Saami, based on [[Ume River]]) is the commonly used name in English, including by Sami scholars like [[Ante Aikio]] (e.g. [https://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust266/sust266_aikio.pdf here] on page 108). –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 09:53, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

== "Girjas sameby" in Sweden ==
Re: [[Girjas sameby]] [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girjas_sameby], how should that topic be mentioned in the article.

(In 2020 there was a ruling [https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/svenske-samer-vant-tiarig-bitter-rettstvist-mot-staten-1.14872620], [https://www.nationen.no/nyhet/samer-drapstrues-etter-at-de-vant-retten-over-jakt-og-fiske/] in the [[Supreme Court (Sweden)]]. The ruling seems relevant for the article. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.91.148|89.8.91.148]] ([[User talk:89.8.91.148|talk]]) 03:19, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

==Sami/Sámi?==
{{inbox|To discuss this query, go to [[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Technical requests#Contested technical requests: Sami/Sámi]].}}

Winchester

2021-02-24T09:44:50Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{short description|City in Hampshire, England}}
{{About|the English city|other uses}}
{{Infobox UK place
| official_name = Winchester
| type = City
| country = England
| coordinates = {{coord|51.0632|-1.308|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| population = 45,184
| population_ref = <ref name="Winchester Key Facts - Hantsweb">{{cite web |title=Winchester Key Facts |url=http://www3.hants.gov.uk/factsandfigures/keyfactsandfigures/key-facts/kf-winchester.htm |publisher=Hampshire County Council |access-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108134742/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/factsandfigures/keyfactsandfigures/key-facts/kf-winchester.htm |archive-date=8 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| shire_district = [[City of Winchester|Winchester]]
| shire_county = [[Hampshire]]
| region = South East England
| constituency_westminster = [[Winchester (UK Parliament constituency)|Winchester]]
| post_town = WINCHESTER
| postcode_area = SO
| postcode_district = SO22, SO23
| dial_code = 01962
| os_grid_reference = SU485295
| static_image_name = Winchester Montage.jpg
| static_image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[Winchester Cathedral]], Great Minster Street, [[Winchester Castle|Great Hall of Winchester Castle]] and [[Winchester Guildhall]]
| static_image_2_name = Wintonia.png
| static_image_2_width = 120
| static_image_2_caption = Coat of arms of Winchester
| london_distance = {{convert|60|mi}}
}}
'''Winchester''' is a cathedral [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]] in [[Hampshire]], England. The city lies at the heart of the wider [[City of Winchester]], a local government [[Districts of England|district]], at the western end of the [[South Downs]] National Park, on the [[River Itchen, Hampshire|River Itchen]]. It is {{convert|60|mi|km}} south-west of [[London]] and {{convert|14|mi|km|0}} from [[Southampton]], the closest other city. At the 2011 census, Winchester had a population of 45,184. The wider City of Winchester district, which includes towns such as [[New Alresford|Alresford]] and [[Bishop's Waltham]], has a population of 116,595.<ref name="2011urbanarea">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks101ew.xls |title=2011 Census: KS101EW Usual resident population, local authorities in England and Wales |publisher=National Statistics |access-date=5 January 2015 }}</ref> Winchester is the [[county town]] of Hampshire and contains the head offices of [[Hampshire County Council]].

Winchester was the first and former capital city of England. It developed from the [[Roman Britain|Roman]] town of [[Venta Belgarum]], which in turn developed from an [[Iron Age]] [[oppidum]]. Winchester remained the most important city in England until the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman conquest]] in the eleventh century. The city has since become one of the most expensive and [[affluent]] areas in the United Kingdom.

The city's major landmark is [[Winchester Cathedral]]. The city is also home to the [[University of Winchester]] and [[Winchester College]], the oldest public school in the United Kingdom still using its original buildings.

==History==
===Prehistory===
The area around Winchester has been inhabited since [[Prehistoric Britain|prehistoric times]], with three [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] [[British hillforts|hillforts]], [[Oram's Arbour]], [[St. Catherine's Hill, Hampshire|St. Catherine's Hill]], and Worthy Down all nearby. In the [[Late Iron Age]], a more urban settlement type developed, known as an ''[[oppidum]]'', although the archaeology of this phase remains obscure.

The settlement became an important centre for the [[Belgae#Britain|British Belgae]] tribe, however it remains unclear how the Belgae came to control the initial settlement. Caesar recorded the tribe had crossed the channel as raiders (probably in the 1st century BCE), only to later establish themselves in Britain.<ref>Julius Caesar, ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' [[s:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 2#4|2.4]], [[s:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 5#12|5.2]]</ref> The Roman account of continental invaders has been challenged in recent years with scientific studies favouring a gradual change through increased trade links rather than migration.<ref>Cunliffe, Barry W., ''Iron Age Communities in Britain, Fourth Edition: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC, Until the Roman Conquest'', near Figure 1.4, 2012 (4th edition), Routledge, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v1Zkio7jluAC&pg=PT676&dq=Britons+Iron+Age&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YZosUuP1IsnD7AbWsoHIBw&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v google preview, with no page numbers]</ref><ref>[[Sheppard Frere]], ''Britannia: a History of Roman Britain'', third edition, Pimlico, 1987; John Creighton, ''Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain'', Cambridge University Press, 2000</ref>

To the Celtic Britons, the settlement was likely known as '''Wentā''' or '''Venta''' (from a common [[Common Brittonic|Celtic word]] meaning "tribal town" or "meeting place").<ref>Matasović, Ranko. [http://iedo.brillonline.nl/dictionaries/lemma.html?id=17429 "wentā" in the ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' at ''Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online''. Brill Online, 2014. Accessed 24 July 2014.]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Although an etymology connected with the Celtic word for "white" ([[Welsh language|Modern Welsh]] ''gwyn'') has been suggested, due to Winchester's situation upon chalk.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Henry Lawes |title=Observations Upon Certain Roman Roads and Towns in the South of Britain |date=1836 |publisher=Nichols and sons |location=Oxford University |isbn=978-1354701065 |page=26 |access-date=17 October 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGUGAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> It was the Latinised versions of this name, together with that of the tribe that gave the town its Roman name of '''Venta Belgarum'''.

===Roman period===
{{Main|Venta Belgarum}}
After the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], the settlement served as the capital ({{lang-la|civitas}}) of the Belgae and was distinguished as '''Venta Belgarum''', "Venta of the Belgae". Although in the early years of the Roman province it was of subsidiary importance to [[Silchester Roman Town|Silchester]] and [[Noviomagus Reginorum|Chichester]], Venta eclipsed them both by the latter half of the second century.<ref>Cunliffe B. ''Wessex to AD 1000'' 1997</ref> At the beginning of the third century, Winchester was given protective stone walls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/DestinationsUK/Winchester.htm |title=Winchester |publisher=Historic-uk.com |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> At around this time the city covered an area of {{convert|144|acres}}, making it among the largest towns in Roman Britain by surface area.<ref name="Roman towns">{{cite web|title=Major Roman Settlements|url=http://www.british-towns.net/maps/roman-roads-map |publisher=British towns|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref> There was a limited suburban area outside the walls.<ref>{{cite web|title=PJO archaeology|url=http://www.pjoarchaeology.co.uk/academic-consultancy/report-winchester-roman-cemeteries-and-suburbs.html|access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref> Like many other Roman towns however, Winchester began to decline in the later fourth century.<ref name="Roman towns"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.localhistories.org/winchester.html |title=A History of Winchester |publisher=Localhistories.org |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Winchester-alfred-wyrdlight.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Alfred the Great]] by [[Hamo Thornycroft]] in Winchester]]

===Medieval period===
====Post-Roman Winchester====
Despite the [[Roman withdrawal from Britain]] urban life continued much as it had done into the mid fifth century. The settlement reduced in size, but work was carried out to improve the city's defences. The city may have functioned as a centre for a religious community or a royal palace, as they continued to use the Christian cemeteries established in the Roman period.

Winchester appears in early [[Welsh literature]] and is commonly identified as the city of {{nowrap|'''Cair Guinntguic'''}} listed among the [[Caer#Britain|28 cities of Britain]] in the ''[[Historia Brittonum|History of the Britons]]'' (commonly attributed to [[Nennius]]).<ref>[[Nennius]] ({{abbr|attrib.|Traditional attribution}}). [[Theodor Mommsen]] ({{abbr|ed.|Editor}}). [[s:la:Historia Brittonum#VI. CIVITATES BRITANNIAE|''Historia Brittonum'', VI.]] Composed after AD 830. {{in lang|la}} Hosted at [[s:la:Main Page|Latin Wikisource]].</ref><ref name=nashford>Ford, David Nash. "[http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html The 28 Cities of Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415120312/http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html |date=15 April 2016 }}" at Britannia. 2000.</ref> The city is known as '''Caerwynt''' in [[Modern Welsh]].

====Kingdom of Wessex====
[[File:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - Wintan ceastre (British Library Cotton MS Tiberius A VI, folio 12r).jpg|thumb|left|A mention of Wintan-ceastre in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'']]
The city became known as '''Wintan-ceastre''' ("Fort Venta") in [[Old English]].<ref name="Anglo-Saxon Dictionary">{{cite web|title=Wintan-ceaster|url=http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/035936|website=Anglo Saxon Dictionary|publisher=Bosworth-Toller|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref> In 648, [[King Cenwalh of Wessex]] erected the Church of SS Peter and Paul, later known as the [[Old Minster, Winchester|Old Minster]]. This became a cathedral in the 660s when the West Saxon bishopric was transferred from [[Dorchester-on-Thames]]. The present form of the city dates from reconstruction in the late 9th century, when [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred the Great]] obliterated the Roman street plan in favour of a new grid in order to provide better defence against the [[Viking invasions of Britain|Vikings]]. The city's first mint appears to date from this period.<ref name=WB>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England|year=2014|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-22492-1|title=Winchester|first=John|last=Crook|editor=Lapidge, Michael |display-editors=etal }}</ref>

In the early 10th century there were two new ecclesiastical establishments: the convent of [[Nunnaminster]], founded by Alfred's widow [[Ealhswith]],<ref>*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Marios|last =Costambeys | publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title= Ealhswith (d. 902)| year = 2004 | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/39226 | access-date= 21 June 2014|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/39226 }} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> and the [[New Minster, Winchester|New Minster]]. Bishop [[Æthelwold of Winchester]] was a leading figure in the monastic reform movement of the later 10th century. He expelled the secular canons of both minsters and replaced them with monks. He created the drainage system, the "Lockburn", which served as the town drain until 1875, and still survives. Also in the late 10th century, the Old Minster was enlarged as a centre of the cult of the 9th century [[Bishop of Winchester]], Saint [[Swithun]]. The three minsters were the home of what architectural historian John Crook describes as "the supreme artistic achievements" of the ''Winchester School''.<ref name=WB/>

The consensus among historians of Anglo-Saxon England is that the court was mobile in this period and there was no fixed capital.<ref>{{cite book |last= Stenton|first= Frank M.|author-link=Frank Stenton| title= Anglo-Saxon England|year= 1971|edition=3rd| publisher= Clarendon Press|page=539|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Foot | first = Sarah | author-link=Sarah Foot| title=Æthelstan: the first king of England|publisher=Yale University Press| year = 2011 |page=78|isbn= 978-0-300-12535-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Naismith |first=Rory |title=Citadel of the Saxons: The Rise of Early London|page=11 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location =London, UK |year=2019|isbn=978-1-3501-3568-0}}</ref> [[Martin Biddle]] has suggested that Winchester was a centre for royal administration in the 7th and 8th centuries, but this is questioned by [[Barbara Yorke]], who sees it as significant that the shire was named after Hamtun, the forerunner of [[Southampton]].<ref>{{cite journal| last= Yorke|first=Barbara |author-link= Barbara Yorke|journal=Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society |title=The Foundation of the Old Minster and the Status of Winchester in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries|number=38 |year=1982 |pages=79–80 |issn= 0142-8950}}</ref> However, Winchester is described by the historian Catherine Cubitt as "the premier city of the West Saxon kingdom"<ref>{{cite book|first=Catherine|last=Cubitt|chapter=Pastoral Care and Religious Belief|page=399|title=A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500- c.1100|editor-first=Pauline|editor-last=Stafford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, UK|year=2009|isbn=978-1-118-42513-8}}</ref> and [[Janet Nelson]] describes London and Winchester as Alfred the Great's "proto-capitals".<ref>{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Janet|chapter=Power and authority at the Court of Alfred|editor1-last= Roberts|editor1-first= and |editor2-last= Nelson|editor2-first=Janet|title= Essays on Anglo-Saxon and Related Themes in Memory of Lynne Grundy|pages=327–28|location=London|year= 2000|publisher=King's College London Centre for Late Antique & Medieval Studies|isbn= 978-0-9522119-9-0}}</ref>

There was a fire in the city in 1141 during the [[Rout of Winchester]]. In the 14th century, [[William of Wykeham]] played a role in the city's restoration. As [[Bishop of Winchester]] he was responsible for much of the current structure of the cathedral, and he founded the still extant public school [[Winchester College]]. During the [[Middle Ages]], the city was an important centre of the wool trade, before going into a slow decline.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} The [[curfew bell]] in the bell tower (near the clock in the picture), still sounds at 8:00 pm each evening.
[[File:Winchester High Street Mudie 1853.jpg|thumb|Winchester High Street in the mid 19th century.]]

====Jews in Winchester====

Jews lived in Winchester from at least 1148, and in the 13th century the Jewish community in the city was one of the most important in England. There was an [[Archa (document store)|archa]] in the city, and the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish quarter]] was located in the city's heart (present day Jewry street). There were a series of [[blood libel]] claims against the Jewish community in the 1220s and 1230s, which likely was the cause of the hanging of the community's leader, Abraham Pinch, in front of the synagogue of which he was the head. [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] ransacked the Jewish quarter in 1264, and in 1290 all Jews were [[Edict of Expulsion|expelled]] from England.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Winchester |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/winchester |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

===Modern period===

[[File:The Buttercross in Winchester.jpg|thumb|left|The Winchester [[Buttercross]] ]]

The City Cross (also known as the [[Buttercross]]) has been dated to the 15th century, and features 12 statues of the [[Virgin Mary]], other saints and various historical figures. Several statues appear to have been added throughout the structure's history. In 1770, [[Thomas Dummer]] purchased the Buttercross from the Corporation of Winchester, intending to have it re-erected at [[Cranbury Park]], near [[Otterbourne]]. When his workmen arrived to dismantle the cross, they were prevented from doing so by the people of the city, who "organised a small riot",<ref>{{cite web |title= The Buttercross, Winchester |url=http://www.cityofwinchester.co.uk/history/html/buttercross.html |year= 1998| publisher= City of Winchester |access-date= 23 September 2009}}</ref> and they were forced to abandon their task. The agreement with the city was cancelled and Dummer erected a [[lath and plaster]] facsimile, which stood in the park for about sixty years before it was destroyed by the weather.<ref name = "Yonge8">{{cite web |last=Yonge |first=Charlotte M. |title= Chapter 8: Old Otterbourne |url= http://www.online-literature.com/charlotte-yonge/john-keble/8/ |year= 1898|work= [[John Keble]]'s Parishes |publisher= Online literature |access-date=23 September 2009 |author-link = Charlotte M. Yonge}}</ref> The Buttercross itself was restored by [[George Gilbert Scott]] in 1865, and still stands in the High Street. It is now a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]].<ref>{{NHLE |desc= City Cross or 'Butter Cross', Winchester |num=1002938 | access-date= 16 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:City walls, Winchester - geograph.org.uk - 1221306.jpg|thumb|Surviving part of the city walls between Wolvesey Castle and the River Itchen. This section retains some castellations.]]
The city walls were originally built in the Roman period covering an area of around {{cvt|138|acres}}, and were rebuilt and expanded in sections over time. A large portion of the city walls, built on Roman foundations, were demolished in the 18th and 19th centuries as they fell into ruin and the gates became a barrier to traffic and a danger to pedestrians, with only a small portion of the original Roman wall itself surviving.<ref>{{citation|first=Barry|last=Cunliffe|title=The Winchester City Wall|date=1962|journal=Hampshire Field Club Proceedings|volume=22|pages=51–81|url=http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/1960s/vol22/Cunliffe_city_wall.pdf|publisher=[[Hampshire Field Club]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hampshirearchaeology.wordpress.com/2016/02/01/buried-in-time-roman-walls-and-medieval-gates/|title=Buried in time – Roman walls and Medieval gates|access-date=18 October 2020|first=David W|last=Hallen|date=1 February 2016}}</ref> Of the six gates (North, South, East, West, Durn, and King's Gates), only the Kingsgate and Westgate survive, with sections of the walls remaining around the two gates and near the ruins of [[Wolvesey Castle]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winchester Castle and Town Walls {{!}} South East {{!}} Castles, Forts and Battles|url=http://www.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk/south_east/winchester_castle_town_walls.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk}}</ref>

Three notable bronze sculptures can be seen in or from the High Street by major sculptors of the 19th and 20th centuries, the earliest a monumental statue of [[Queen Victoria]], now in the [[Great Hall]], by [[Sir Alfred Gilbert]] (also known as the sculptor of '[[Eros]]' in London's Piccadilly Circus), [[King Alfred]], facing the city with raised sword from the centre of The Broadway, by [[Hamo Thornycroft]] and the modern striking ''[[Horse and Rider (Frink)|Horse and Rider]]'' by [[Dame Elizabeth Frink]] at the entrance to the Law Courts.

The novelist [[Jane Austen]] died in Winchester on 18 July 1817 and is buried in the cathedral.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jane Austen 'died from arsenic poisoning'|url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/14/jane-austen-arsenic-poisoning |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=The Guardian |date=14 November 2011}}</ref> While staying in Winchester from mid-August to October 1819, the Romantic poet [[John Keats]] wrote "Isabella", "St. Agnes' Eve", "[[To Autumn]]", "Lamia" and parts of "[[Hyperion (poem)|Hyperion]]" and the five-act poetic tragedy "Otho The Great".<ref>{{cite news| title= John Keats – autumnal idealist or trenchant social commentator? | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/23/john-keats-autumnal-idealist-social-commentator|access-date=18 June 2014|work=The Guardian| date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2013, businesses involved in the housing market were reported by a local newspaper as saying that the city's architectural and historical interest, and its fast links to other towns and cities, had led Winchester to become one of the most expensive and desirable areas of the country and {{Fix|text=who?}}ranked Winchester as one of the least deprived areas in England and Wales.<ref name=WinchesterGreatest>{{cite news|title=Winchester hits top ten list of places to live in the UK|url=http://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/10898665.Winchester_hits_top_ten_list_of_places_to_live_in_the_UK/|access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Hampshire Chronicle |date=26 December 2013}}</ref>

==Geography==
Winchester is situated on a bed of [[Cretaceous]] lower chalk with small areas of clay and loam soil, inset with combined clay and rich sources of [[fuller's earth]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Climate===
As with the rest of the UK, Winchester experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfb''). The nearest Met Office station is in [[Martyr Worthy]], just outside the city.
{{Weather box
|location = [[Martyr Worthy]], Winchester (1981–2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 7.4
|Feb high C = 7.8
|Mar high C = 10.6
|Apr high C = 13.6
|May high C = 17.2
|Jun high C = 20.1
|Jul high C = 22.7
|Aug high C = 22.5
|Sep high C = 19.3
|Oct high C = 14.9
|Nov high C = 10.6
|Dec high C = 7.8
|Jan low C = 1.3
|Feb low C = 1.0
|Mar low C = 2.6
|Apr low C = 3.7
|May low C = 6.7
|Jun low C = 9.4
|Jul low C = 11.3
|Aug low C = 11.4
|Sep low C = 9.4
|Oct low C = 7.1
|Nov low C = 3.7
|Dec low C = 1.7
|Jan precipitation mm = 77
|Feb precipitation mm = 52
|Mar precipitation mm = 57
|Apr precipitation mm = 50
|May precipitation mm = 52
|Jun precipitation mm = 47
|Jul precipitation mm = 48
|Aug precipitation mm = 52
|Sep precipitation mm = 56
|Oct precipitation mm = 88
|Nov precipitation mm = 89
|Dec precipitation mm = 80
|Jan rain days = 12
|Feb rain days = 9
|Mar rain days = 10
|Apr rain days = 9
|May rain days = 9
|Jun rain days = 8
|Jul rain days = 9
|Aug rain days = 8
|Sep rain days = 9
|Oct rain days = 11
|Nov rain days = 12
|Dec rain days = 12
|Jan sun = 58
|Feb sun = 81
|Mar sun = 108
|Apr sun = 165
|May sun = 195
|Jun sun = 190
|Jul sun = 199
|Aug sun = 191
|Sep sun = 142
|Oct sun = 110
|Nov sun = 71
|Dec sun = 53

|source 1 = Met Office<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/winchester-hampshire#?tab=climateTables | publisher = Met Office | title = Winchester, Hampshire climate tables}}</ref>
}}

===Suburbs===
Aside from the city centre, there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the city, including:

*[[Abbotts Barton]]
*[[Badger Farm]]
*[[Bar End]]
*Fulflood
*[[Littleton and Harestock|Harestock]]
*Highcliffe
*Hyde
*[[Oliver's Battery]]
*[[Stanmore, Winchester|Stanmore]]
**Upper Stanmore
**Lower Stanmore
*St. Cross
*Teg Down
*[[Weeke]]
*[[Winnall, Hampshire|Winnall]]

==Governance==
{{Main|City of Winchester#Governance}}
[[File:Winchester proper ward borders.svg|thumb|Map of the wards of Winchester itself within the wider [[City of Winchester]] District]]
From 1835 to 1974, Winchester was governed as a [[municipal borough]] of Hampshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol5/pp1-9|title=Winchester: Introduction - British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> Until 1902 the city's affairs were also administered partly by its parishes: St Lawrence, St Mary Kalendar, St Maurice, St Michael, St Peter Colebrook, St Swithin, St Thomas, St John, St Bartholomew Hyde, Milland, St Faith, and St Peter Cheesehill, and its extra-parochial areas: Cathedral Precincts, St Mary's College Precincts, St Cross Hospital Precinct, and Wolvesey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10153347|title=Winchester MB through time|website=www.visionofbritain.org.uk}}</ref> Historically, the south of the city had come under the "[[Liberty (division)|Liberty]] of the [[Soke (legal)|Soke]]", and was thereby self-governing to a large extent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol5/pp19-20|title=Winchester: The soke - British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10071770|title=Winchester Soke/Liberty through time|website=www.visionofbritain.org.uk}}</ref> Since 1974 the city has been governed as part of the wider [[City of Winchester]] district of [[Hampshire]]. The district has 16 electoral wards, Five of these cover the area of the city itself: St Barnabas, St Paul, St Luke, St Bartholomew, and St Michael;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winchester.gov.uk/_images/pagecentre/18296/Ward%20Map%20-%2003May%202019.jpg|title=Winchester City Council Ward Map|website=Winchester City Council}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> they have three councillors each apart from St Luke, which is a two-member ward. For [[Hampshire County Council]] elections, the City of Winchester district is made up of 7 wards, with Winchester Westgate and Winchester Eastgate covering the city itself.

The current ward boundaries were adopted in [[2016 Winchester City Council election|2016]], when all seats were up for election. Since then, [[Winchester City Council elections]] take place in three out of every four years, with one third of the councillors elected in each election. From the [[2006 Winchester Council election|2006 election]] until the [[2010 Winchester City Council election|2010 election]] the council was led by [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]].<ref name=changes>{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/elections/local_council/08/html/24up.stm | title = Winchester | access-date = 4 February 2010 | work = BBC News | date=19 April 2008}}</ref> In 2010 it was briefly controlled by the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], before being controlled by the Conservatives again from 2011 until [[2019 Winchester City Council election|2019]], when the Liberal Democrats took control.

[[Winchester (UK Parliament constituency)|Winchester]] is currently represented in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] by [[Steve Brine]], of the Conservatives, who in the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 General Election]] beat Martin Tod, the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] candidate, by 3048 votes (a margin of 5.4%).<ref name="election_2010">{{cite news |url=http://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/politics/8163003.New_MPs_reflect_on_their_victories/ |title=Tories sweep in but lose control of city council |access-date=7 August 2010 |newspaper=Hampshire Chronicle |author=Andrew Napier |date=May 2010}}</ref> [[Mark Oaten]] had previously won the seat for the Liberal Democrats during the 1997 general election in which he defeated [[Gerry Malone]], a Health Minister in [[John Major]]'s [[Conservative party (UK)|Conservative]] Government who had held the seat since 1992. Brine was re-elected in 2015 and in 2017. In 2019 he briefly sat as an Independent before being re-elected as a Conservative in the 2019 election.

The [[Mayor of Winchester]] currently exists as a ceremonial role, but dates back at least as far as the late 12th century.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=phone|last2=email|title=History of the Mayor|url=https://www.winchester.gov.uk/councillors-committees/mayor-of-winchester/history-mayor/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Winchester City Council}}</ref> The mayoral term length is currently one year.

==Landmarks==

===Cathedral===
{{Main|Winchester Cathedral}}
[[File:WinCath30Je6-4836wiki.jpg|thumb|right|A view of Winchester Cathedral.]]
[[Winchester Cathedral]] was originally built in 1079 and remains the longest Gothic cathedral in Europe. It contains much fine architecture spanning the 11th to the 16th centuries and is the place of interment of numerous [[Bishop of Winchester|Bishops of Winchester]] (such as [[William of Wykeham]]), [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] monarchs (such as [[Egbert of Wessex]]) and later monarchs such as King [[Canute the Great|Canute]] and [[William II of England|William Rufus]].<ref name="RTGB">{{cite book |last=Dodson |first=Aidan |title=The Royal Tombs of Great Britain |location=London |publisher=Gerald Duckworth & Co. |year=2004}}</ref> It was once an important [[pilgrim]]age centre and housed the [[shrine]] of [[Swithun|Saint Swithun]]. The ancient [[Pilgrims' Way]] to [[Canterbury]] begins at Winchester. The plan of the earlier [[Old Minster, Winchester|Old Minster]] is laid out in the grass adjoining the cathedral. The [[New Minster, Winchester|New Minster]] (the original burial place of [[Alfred the Great]] and [[Edward the Elder]]<ref name="RTGB" />) once stood beside it. The cathedral has a girls choir and a boys choir, who sing regularly in the cathedral.

Winchester Cathedral Close contains a number of historic buildings from the time when the cathedral was also a [[priory]]. Of particular note is the ''[[Deanery]]'', which dates back to the 13th century. It was originally the Prior's House, and was the birthplace of [[Arthur, Prince of Wales]] in 1486. Not far away is ''Cheyney Court'', a mid 15th-century [[timber framing|timber-framed]] house incorporating the Porter's Lodge for the Priory Gate. It was the Bishop's court house.

The earliest [[hammer-beam]]ed building still standing in England is situated in the Cathedral Close, next to the Dean's garden. It is known as the ''Pilgrims' Hall'', as it was part of the hostelry used to accommodate the many pilgrims to Saint Swithun's shrine. Left-overs from the lavish banquets of the Priors (the monastic predecessors of the later Deans) would be given to the pilgrims, who were welcome to spend the night in the hall. It is thought by Winchester City Council to have been built in 1308. Now part of [[The Pilgrims' School]], the hall is used by the school for assemblies in the morning, drama lessons, plays, orchestral practices, Cathedral Waynflete{{clarify|date=September 2019}} rehearsals, the school's Senior Commoners' Choir rehearsals etc.

Entrance for pedestrians to the North [[garth (architecture)|garth]] of the cathedral is via the Norman arches of Saint Maurice's tower, in the High Street.<ref>Hampshire Churches, Margaret Green,Winton Pubs.Ltd.1967. Page 90.</ref>

===Wolvesey Castle and Palace===
{{Main|Wolvesey Castle}}
[[Wolvesey Castle]] was the [[Anglo-Normans|Norman]] bishop's palace, dating from 1110, but standing on the site of an earlier Saxon structure. It was enhanced by [[Henry de Blois]] during [[the Anarchy]] of his brother King [[Stephen of England|Stephen]]'s reign. He was besieged there for some days. In the 16th century, Queen [[Mary I of England|Mary Tudor]] and King [[Philip II of Spain]] were guests just before their wedding in the cathedral. The building is now a ruin (maintained by [[English Heritage]]), but the chapel was incorporated into the new palace built in the 1680s, only one wing of which survives.

===Castle===
{{Main|Winchester Castle}}
[[File:Winchester RoundTable.jpg|thumb|The "Winchester Round Table" in the Great Hall of [[Winchester Castle]]]]
Winchester is well known for the Great Hall of [[Winchester Castle|its castle]], which was built in the 12th century. The Great Hall was rebuilt sometime between 1222 and 1235, and still exists in this form. It is famous for ''[[King Arthur]]'s [[Round Table]]'', which has hung in the hall from at least 1463. The table actually dates from the 13th century, and as such is not contemporary to Arthur. Despite this it is still of considerable historical interest and attracts many tourists. The table was originally unpainted, but was painted for [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] in 1522. The names of the legendary [[Knights of the Round Table]] are written around the edge of the table surmounted by King Arthur on his throne. Opposite the table are [[Prince Charles]]'s 'Wedding Gates'. In the grounds of the Great Hall is a recreation of a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] garden. Apart from the hall, only a few excavated remains of the stronghold survive among the modern Law Courts. The buildings were supplanted by the adjacent [[King's House, Winchester|King's House]], now incorporated into the [[Peninsula Barracks]] where there are five military museums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winchestermilitarymuseums.co.uk|access-date=15 April 2012|title=Winchester's Military Museums|publisher=Winchester's Military Museums}}</ref> (The training that used to be carried out at the barracks is now done by the [[Army Training Regiment]] Winchester, based at the [[Sir John Moore Barracks, Winchester|Sir John Moore Barracks]], {{convert|2|mi|km|sigfig=1}} outside the city).<ref name="Ministry of Defence training">{{cite web|title=MOD Training and Education|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/training_education/6959.aspx|website=MOD Training|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref>

===Hospital of St Cross===
{{Main|Hospital of St Cross}}
[[File:The Hospital of St Cross.jpg|alt=The Hospital of St Cross|thumb|The Hospital of St Cross]]
The [[almshouse]]s and vast [[Norman architecture|Norman]] [[chapel]] of [[Hospital of St Cross]] were founded just outside the city centre by [[Henry de Blois]] in the 1130s. Since at least the 14th century, and still available today, a 'wayfarer's dole' of ale and bread has been handed out there. It was supposedly instigated to aid pilgrims on their way to [[Canterbury]].

[[File:Winchesterguildhall.jpg|thumb|right|[[Winchester Guildhall]], built in 1871]]

===City museum===
The City Museum, located on the corner of Great Minster Street and The Square, contains much information on the history of Winchester. Early examples of [[Winchester measure]]s of standard capacity are on display. The museum was one of the first purpose-built museums to be constructed outside London.<ref>{{cite web |title= The City Museum, Winchester |url=http://www.cityofwinchester.co.uk/Museums/Local/local.html#City |year= 1998|publisher= City of Winchester |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> Local items featured include the Roman ''Venta Belgarum''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hampshireculture.org.uk/winchester-city-museum|title=Winchester City Museum|publisher=Hampshire Cultural Trust|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409192253/https://www.hampshireculture.org.uk/winchester-city-museum|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> gallery, and some genuine period shop interiors taken from the nearby High Street. Other places of cultural interest include the Westgate Museum (which showcases various items of [[weaponry]]), and the Historic Resources Centre, which holds many records related to the history of the city. In 2014 ownership of the City museum was transferred to the Hampshire Cultural Trust as part of a larger transfer of museums from [[Hampshire County Council]] and [[Winchester City Council]].<ref name=bbc14>{{cite news |author= |title=Hampshire and Winchester museums and art leased to trust |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-29862007 |newspaper=BBC News |date=1 November 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014 }}</ref>

===Other buildings===
Other important historic buildings include the [[Winchester Guildhall|Guildhall]] dating from 1871 in the [[Gothic revival]] style,<ref name="Winchester Guildhall">{{cite web|title=History of Winchester Guildhall|url=http://www.winchestermuseumcollections.org.uk/index.asp?page=item&mwsquery=%7Bcollection%7D=%7Btopics%7DAND%7BIdentity%20number%7D=%7BGuildhall%7D|publisher=Winchester Museum Collection|access-date=18 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the [[Royal Hampshire County Hospital]], designed by [[William Butterfield]], and [[Winchester City Mill]], one of the city's several [[watermill|water mills]] driven by the [[River Itchen, Hampshire|River Itchen]] that runs through the city centre. The mill has recently been restored, and is again milling corn by water power. It is owned by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]].<ref name="Winchester Guildhall"/>

[[Castle Hill, Winchester|Castle Hill]] is the location of the Council Chamber for [[Hampshire County Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.hants.gov.uk/low_res_map_only.pdf|title=Map|publisher=Hampshire County Council|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222044205/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/low_res_map_only.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between Jewry Street and St Peter's Street is [[St Peter's Church, Winchester|St Peter's Catholic Church]]. It was built in 1924 and designed by [[Frederick Walters]]. Next to it is Milner Hall, built in the 1780s it was the first Catholic church to be [[consecrated]] since 1558.<ref>[http://taking-stock.org.uk/Home/Dioceses/Diocese-of-Portsmouth/Winchester-The-Milner-Hall-St-Peter Winchester (The Milner Hall) - St Peter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716170317/http://taking-stock.org.uk/Home/Dioceses/Diocese-of-Portsmouth/Winchester-The-Milner-Hall-St-Peter |date=16 July 2018 }} from [[English Heritage]], retrieved 16 July 2018</ref>
{{clear}}

===Painted bollards===
[[File:The Square after snow, Winchester - geograph.org.uk - 1146180.jpg|thumb|The Square after snow]]
{{Commons category|Winchester painted bollards}}
A series of 24 [[bollard]]s on the corner of Great Minster Street and The Square were painted in the style of famous artists, or with topical scenes, by The Colour Factory between 2005 and 2012 at the behest of Winchester City Council.({{Coord|51.062|-1.31525|display=inline|name=The Square}})

<gallery>
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 01.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''[[A Bigger Splash]]'' by [[David Hockney]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 02.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''[[Beasts of the Sea]]'' by [[Henri Matisse]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 03.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''Fulfillment'' by [[Gustav Klimt]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 04.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''Summertime'' by [[Jackson Pollock]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 07.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''[[Golconda (painting)|Golconda]]'' by [[René Magritte]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 13.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''Regatta at Cowes'' and ''Landscape at Villerville'' by [[Raoul Dufy]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 15.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''Rhythm Colour'' by [[Sonia Delaunay]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 17.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''[[The Sleeping Gypsy]]'' by [[Henri Rousseau]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 37.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''[[Le Rêve (Picasso)|Le Rêve (The Dream)]]'' by [[Pablo Picasso]]
File:Painted Bollard, Winchester 33.jpg|Bollard in the style of ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]
</gallery>

==Education==

===State-funded schools===

====Primary schools====
Winchester has a variety of [[Church of England]] primary schools, including both state and private provision schools. St Peters Catholic Primary School had the highest SATS results, after achieving a perfect score of 300 in 2011.<ref name="Winchester schools">{{cite news |title=Primary Schools (KS1 and 2)|url=http://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/li/primary_schools.compare.Winchester/ |newspaper=Hampshire Chronicle |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

====Secondary schools====
There are four state comprehensive secondary schools in Winchester; the [[Henry Beaufort School]], [[Kings' School|Kings' School Winchester]], and [[The Westgate School, Winchester|The Westgate School]] are all situated in the city. A fourth state school, the [[Osborne School, Winchester|Osborne School]], a community special school is also located in Winchester.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osborne.hants.sch.uk/5950-index/5950-our-visions-values.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324124706/http://www.osborne.hants.sch.uk/5950-index/5950-our-visions-values.htm |archive-date=24 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Independent schools===
[[File:Winchester College War Cloister.jpg|thumb|alt=War Cloister|[[Winchester College War Cloister]]]]

Independent junior/preparatory schools are [[The Pilgrims' School Winchester]], the Prince's Mead School and [[Twyford School]], which is just outside the city and claims to be the oldest preparatory school in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twyfordschool.com/twyford-school |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730010003/http://www.twyfordschool.com/twyford-school |archive-date=30 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> There are two major independent senior schools in Winchester, [[St Swithun's School, Winchester|St Swithun's]] (a day and boarding school for girls from nursery to sixth form) and [[Winchester College]], a boys' [[Public school (UK)|public school]].<ref name="Winchester college">{{cite web|title=Winchester College Guise|url=http://www.winchestercollege.org/guided-tours |publisher=Winchester College|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

Both schools often top the examination result tables for the city and county.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winchester College grades|url=http://www.winchestercollege.org/examination-success-at-midhurst-|publisher=Winchester College|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102091632/http://www.winchestercollege.org/examination-success-at-midhurst-|archive-date=2 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Special schools===
[[Osborne School, Winchester|Osborne School]] is a state-funded [[special school]] for pupils aged 11 to 19 which is located in Winchester. Shepherds Down Special School is a state funded special school for pupils aged 4 to 11, located just outside of the city in the boundaries of [[Compton and Shawford|Compton]].

===Tertiary, further and higher education===
{{Main|University of Winchester}}
The University of Winchester (formerly King Alfred's College) is a public university based in Winchester and the surrounding area. It is ranked 10th for teaching excellence in The Times and The Sunday Times 2016 Good University Guide, with a 92% rating, and fourth for student satisfaction in England in the National Student Survey 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/content.php?r=21659-University-of-Winchester|title=The University of Winchester - The Student Room|website=www.thestudentroom.co.uk}}</ref> The University origins go back as far as 1840—originally as a Diocesan teacher training centre. King Alfred's, the main campus, is located on a purpose built campus near the city centre. The West Downs campus is a short walk away, and houses student facilities and accommodation and the business school.<ref>{{cite news|title=Our Campuses|url=http://www.winchester.ac.uk/campuscitylife/Our%20campuses/Pages/Ourcampuses.aspx|publisher=Winchester.ac.uk|access-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103222911/http://www.winchester.ac.uk/CAMPUSCITYLIFE/OUR%20CAMPUSES/Pages/Ourcampuses.aspx|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Winchester School of Art]] was founded in the 1860s as an independent institution and is now a school of the [[University of Southampton]].

[[Peter Symonds College]] is a college that serves Winchester. It began as a [[Grammar School]] for boys in 1897, and became a co-educational sixth form college in 1974.<ref>[https://www.psc.ac.uk/college/history.php Add citation]</ref>

==Sport==
Winchester has [[Winchester City FC]] who currently play in the Southern League and [[Winchester Castle F.C.|Winchester Castle FC]], who have played in the Hampshire League since 1971. The local Saturday football league, the [[Winchester and District Saturday Football League|Winchester & District League]], folded in 2010.

Winchester City Flyers are a girls and ladies football club<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Hampshire Chronicle|date=30 November 2020|title=Three Winchester City Flyers called up to Hampshire Schools|author=Hampshire Chronicle Staff|url=https://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/sport/18908733.three-winchester-city-flyers-called-hampshire-schools/}}</ref> established in 1996 with nearly 200 members, playing from U9 to ladies football. They play in the [[Southern Region Women's Football League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/ff/DivisionDetails?divisionid=214989253&leagueid=479698&seasonid=638750146|title=Southern Region Women's Football League Premier Table 2020-21|access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>

The St Cross Symondians Cricket Club is one of the first [[cricket]] clubs in Hampshire, and, with 5 men's sides, 2 women's sides, a successful junior's side, and weekend sides, is one of the largest as well.

Winchester has a [[rugby union]] team, [[Winchester RFC]], and an [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]] club, Winchester and District AC. The city has a [[field hockey]] club, Winchester Hockey Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winchesterhc.co.uk/ |title=Winchester Hockey Club|publisher=Winchesterhc.co.uk |date=14 April 2011 |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>

Lawn [[bowls]] is played at several clubs. The oldest bowling green belongs to Friary Bowling Club (first used in 1820),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Friary Bowling Club 1820–1970 |author=Harold Thomas}}</ref> while the oldest bowls club is Hyde Abbey Bowling Club (established in 1812).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/9652334.Bowled_over_by_support_from_mayors/ |title=Bowled over by support from mayors |newspaper=Hampshire Chronicle |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=13 August 2013}}</ref> Riverside Indoor Bowling Club remains open during the winter months.

There are three 18-hole [[golf courses]]. Royal Winchester Golf Club is on downland adjacent to the [[Clarendon Way]]. [[John Henry Taylor]] was the club professional when winning [[the Open Championship]] in 1894 and 1895, and there is a room with memorabilia named after him. Hockley Golf Club is located on [[St. Catherine's Hill, Hampshire|St Catherine's Hill]]. South Winchester Golf Club is another downland course, designed by [[Dave Thomas (golfer)|David Thomas]] and [[Peter Alliss]]. The club was established in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.englishgolf-courses.co.uk/hampshire/southwinchester.php|title=South Winchester Golf Club|access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>

Winchester College invented and gave its name to [[Winchester College Football]],<ref name="Winkies Independent">{{cite news |title=Arcane public school games explained: Anyone for Rugby Fives, The Field Game or Winkies? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schools/arcane-public-school-games-explained-anyone-rugby-fives-field-game-or-winkies-9695696.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=29 August 2014 |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> played exclusively at the college and in some small African/South American communities.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

==Transport==

===Road===
Winchester is located near the [[M3 motorway (Great Britain)|M3 motorway]] and at the meeting of the [[A34 road (England)|A34]], [[A31 road (England)|A31]], [[A3090 road|A3090]] and [[A272 road|A272]] roads. Once a major traffic bottleneck, the city still suffers from congestion at peak times. It is just to the south of the [[A303 road|A303]] and [[A30 road|A30]].

====Roman road====
A [[Roman road]] originating in [[Salisbury]] called The [[Clarendon Way]] ends in Winchester.<ref name=hcc-roman>{{cite web|title=The Clarendon Way|url=https://www3.hants.gov.uk/longdistance/clarendon-way.htm|publisher=Hampshire County Council|access-date=8 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924134748/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/longdistance/clarendon-way.htm|archive-date=24 September 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Clarendon Way is now a recreational footpath.

====Bus services====
[[File:Winchester bus station 2.jpg|thumb|Winchester bus station]]
Local, rural and Park and Ride bus services are provided by [[Stagecoach South]], who run to [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], Alton, [[Basingstoke]], [[Petersfield]], [[Romsey]] and [[Fareham]]. [[Bluestar (bus company)|Bluestar]] provide services to [[Eastleigh]] and Southampton. Many services are subsidised by [[Hampshire County Council]] and community transport schemes are available in areas without a regular bus service.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[National Express Coaches|National Express coaches]] provide services mainly to Bournemouth, [[Poole]], Portsmouth and London.

[[Megabus (Europe)|Megabus]] also provide long-distance services.<ref name="Hampshire County Council"/>

===Rail===
[[Winchester railway station]] is served by [[South Western Railway (train operating company)|South Western Railway]] trains from [[London Waterloo railway station|London Waterloo]], [[Weymouth railway station|Weymouth]], [[Portsmouth and Southsea railway station|Portsmouth]] and [[Southampton Central railway station|Southampton]], as well as by [[CrossCountry]] between [[Bournemouth railway station|Bournemouth]], and either [[Manchester Piccadilly railway station|Manchester]] or [[Newcastle railway station|Newcastle]] via [[Birmingham New Street railway station|Birmingham]]. Historically it was also served by a line to London via [[Alton railway station|Alton]], which partially survives as the [[Watercress Line]]. The closure of this line removed an alternative route between London and Winchester when, due to engineering works or other reasons, the main line was temporarily unusable. There was a second station called [[Winchester (Chesil) railway station|Winchester Chesil]] served by the [[Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway]], this closed in the 1960s.<ref name="Hampshire County Council">{{cite news |title=Winchester Bus & Train Travel Times|publisher=Hampshire County Council|year=2011}}</ref> This line provided a link to the [[The Midlands|Midlands]] and the [[North]], bypassing the present longer route through [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]].

==Law courts==
Winchester Combined Court Centre consists of a [[crown court]] and [[county court]]. It is administered by [[Her Majesty's Courts Service]], an [[Executive Agency]] of the [[Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Justice]]. Winchester is a first-tier court centre and is visited by [[High Court judge (England and Wales)|High Court judge]]s for criminal and for civil cases (in the District Registry of the High Court). One of the most high-profile cases to be heard here was the murder trial of [[Rosemary West]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/rosemary-west/trial|title=Rosemary West|date=2017-06-29}}</ref>

Winchester has a separate district [[probate]] registry, which is part of the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/infoabout/civil/probate/registries.htm |title=The Probate Service - Registries |publisher=Her Majesty's Courts Service |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125411/http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/infoabout/civil/probate/registries.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This Court is separate from the main court establishment at the top of Winchester High Street and deals only with probate matters.

There is a heavily populated Victorian prison, [[HM Prison Winchester|HMP Winchester]], opposite the hospital, on the B3040 heading up west from the town centre.<ref>{{cite news|title=Under-fire jail criticised again|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4411329.stm|work=bbc.co.uk|date=5 April 2005|access-date=12 February 2009}}</ref>

==Media and culture==
Since 1974 Winchester has hosted the annual [[Winchester Hat Fair|Hat Fair]], a celebration of [[street theatre]] that includes performances, workshops, and gatherings at several venues around the city.

Winchester is the home of [[Blue Apple Theatre]], a theatre company that supports performers with learning disabilities to develop theatre, dance and film productions. It won the Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in 2012.<ref name="QVA Announcement">{{cite web|url=http://westend.broadwayworld.com/article/Blue-Apple-Theatre-Honored-with-Queens-Award-for-Voluntary-Service-2012-20120623 |title=Blue Apple Theatre Honored with Queen's Award for Voluntary Service 2012 |publisher=Westend.broadwayworld.com |date=23 June 2012 |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hampshire Chronicle Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/9509314.Blue_Apple_Theatre_to_take_Hamlet_on_the_road/ |title=Blue Apple Theatre to take Hamlet on the road (From Hampshire Chronicle) |publisher=Hampshirechronicle.co.uk |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref>

Winchester hosts one of the UK's larger [[farmers' market]]s, with about 100 stalls. It is certified by [[FARMA]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}} The market takes place on the second and last Sunday of the month in the city centre.

Four newspapers are published for Winchester. The weekly paid-for ''[[Hampshire Chronicle]]'', which started out in 1772 reporting national and international news, now concentrates on Winchester and the surrounding area. The ''Southern Daily Echo'' mostly concerns Southampton, but does also feature Winchester. It has an office shared with sister paper the Hampshire Chronicle. The ''Mid-Hants Observer'' is a free, weekly independent paper for Winchester and nearby villages. Its sister paper, the weekly ''Hampshire Independent'', which covers the whole county, is also based in Winchester. The free ''Winchester News Extra'' closed in 2017.

Winchester had its own radio station, [[Win 107.2|Win FM]], from October 1999 to October 2007.

In October 2006, the [[Channel 4]] television programme ''The Best And Worst Places To Live In The UK'', the city was celebrated as the "Best Place in the UK to Live in: 2006".<ref name="WinchesterGreatest" /> In the 2007 edition of the same programme, Winchester had slipped to second place, behind [[Edinburgh]].{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

A number of public figures and celebrities were students at [[Peter Symonds College]] in Winchester, including TV presenter and model [[Alexa Chung]], singer-songwriter and drummer [[Andy Burrows]], glamour model [[Lucy Pinder]], comedian [[Jack Dee]], Magician [[Ben Hart (magician)|Ben Hart]] and singer/actress [[Gina Beck]]. Harlequins rugby and England rugby player [[Joe Marchant (rugby union)|Joe Marchant]]. Actor [[Colin Firth]] is from Winchester and was educated at Montgomery of Alamein School (now Kings' School). The adventurer and model [[Laura Bingham]] was born and brought up in the local area attending [[The Westgate School, Winchester|The Westgate School]]. The singer-songwriter [[Frank Turner]] hails from Winchester, a fact that he often mentions at concerts as well as in his songs.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} The band [[Polly and the Billets Doux]] formed in Winchester, and are still based in the city. 2011 saw Winchester's first ever [[Oxjam]] Takeover music festival, held on 22 October.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oxjam in Winchester|url=http://ivo.org/oxjamwinchester|publisher=Oxjam|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102092224/http://ivo.org/oxjamwinchester|archive-date=2 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In March 2016, Winchester was named as the best place to live in Britain by the "Sunday Times Best Places To Live" guide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winchester named best place to live in Britain|url=http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/winchester-named-best-place-to-live-in-britain-11364047183830}}</ref>

Redacted

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom}}

Winchester is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Hampshire">{{cite web |url=http://www3.hants.gov.uk/localpages/twintown.htm |title=Twin Towns in Hampshire |publisher=Www3.hants.gov.uk |access-date=6 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130120441/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/localpages/twintown.htm |archive-date=30 November 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Laon]], [[Aisne]], [[Hauts-de-France]], [[France]]<ref name="Hampshire"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.winchestertwinning.org.uk/ |title=Home |publisher=Winchestertwinning.org.uk |access-date=6 November 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Archant twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|title=British towns twinned with French towns|access-date = 11 July 2013|work=Archant Community Media Ltd}}</ref>

The [[City of Winchester|Winchester district]] is twinned with
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Giessen]], [[Hesse]], [[Germany]]<ref name="Hampshire"/><ref name="Giessen twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.giessen.de/Rathaus_und_Service/Stadtinformationen/St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften/|title=Gießen: Städtepartnerschaften|trans-title=Giessen: Twin towns|publisher=Stadt Gießen|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413071750/http://giessen.de/Rathaus_und_Service/Stadtinformationen/St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften/|archive-date =13 April 2013|language=de}}</ref>

[[Winchester, Virginia]], is named after the English city, whose Mayor has a standing invitation to be a part of the American city's [[Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival]]. Winchester also gave its name (Frenchified to ''Bicêtre'') to a suburb of [[Paris]], from a manor built there by [[John of Pontoise]], [[Bishop of Winchester]], at the end of the 13th century. It is now the commune of [[Le Kremlin-Bicêtre]].

==See also==
*[[List of people from Winchester]]
*[[Winchester Hat Fair]]
*[[Winchester Hoard]]
{{Geographic location
|title = '''Nearest Settlements'''
|Centre = Winchester
|North = [[Abbotts Barton]] [[Headbourne Worthy]] [[Kings Worthy]]
|Northeast = [[Easton, Hampshire|Easton]] [[Martyr Worthy]]
|East = [[Chilcomb]]
|Southeast = [[Owslebury]] [[Twyford, Hampshire|Twyford]]
|South = [[Compton and Shawford]]
|Southwest = [[Olivers Battery]] [[Hursley|Pitt, Hursley]]
|West = [[Sparsholt, Hampshire|Sparsholt]] [[Ashley, Test Valley|Ashley]] [[King's Somborne]]
|Northwest = [[Littleton and Harestock]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Winchester}}
{{Wikivoyage|Winchester (England)}}
*[http://www.winchester.gov.uk Winchester City Council]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180103185658/http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=3349740 www.geograph.co.uk: photos of Winchester and surrounding area]

{{Winchester}}
{{Hampshire}}
{{Winchester wards and parishes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Winchester| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Towns in Hampshire]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:Former national capitals]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in Hampshire]]
[[Category:City of Winchester]]

User talk:Tesqo

2021-02-23T18:33:25Z

Mr anonymous username:

== Pls dont vandalize Oscar ==

I would prefer it if you didnt vandalise your home towns page. Welcome to wikipedia, on another note.
Mr Anonymous Username [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 18:31, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

User talk:Tesqo

2021-02-23T18:31:21Z

Mr anonymous username: /* Pls dont vandalize Oscar */ new section

Hi Oscar, I would like it if you stayed to non vandalising edits for future. Thanks and welcome to wikipedia, Mr Anonymous Username.

== Pls dont vandalize Oscar ==

I would prefer it if you didnt vandalise your home towns page. Welcome to wikipedia, on another note.
Mr Anonymous Username [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 18:31, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

User talk:Tesqo

2021-02-23T18:29:08Z

Mr anonymous username: ←Created page with 'Hi Oscar, I would like it if you stayed to non vandalising edits for future. Thanks and welcome to wikipedia, Mr Anonymous Username.'

Hi Oscar, I would like it if you stayed to non vandalising edits for future. Thanks and welcome to wikipedia, Mr Anonymous Username.

User:Tesqo

2021-02-23T18:27:08Z

Mr anonymous username: ←Created page with 'yo what's poppin my Gs. My name oscar and I vandalise wikipedia'

yo what's poppin my Gs. My name oscar and I vandalise wikipedia

Talk:Persian language

2021-02-16T13:36:36Z

Mr anonymous username: /* Inclusion of Crimea on map. */ new section

{{Talk header|search=yes}}
{{Vital article|level=4|topic=Society|class=C}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject Iran|class=c|importance=Top|Persian literature=yes}}
{{WikiProject Tajikistan|class=c|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Afghanistan|class=c|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Azerbaijan|class=c|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Central Asia|class=c|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Caucasia|class=c|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Western Asia|class=c|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Turkey|class=c|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Kurdistan|class=c|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Languages|class=c|importance=top}}}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archiveheader = {{aan}}
|maxarchivesize = 100K
|counter = 4
|minthreadsleft = 4
|algo = old(120d)
|archive = Talk:Persian language/Archive %(counter)d
}}
{{auto archiving notice|bot=Lowercase sigmabot III|age=120|dounreplied=yes|small=yes}}
{{User:HBC Archive Indexerbot/OptIn
|target=Talk:Persian language/Archive index
|mask=Talk:Persian language/Archive <#>
|leading_zeros=0
|indexhere=yes}}

== Disambiguation support request ==

While working on article [[Islamic advice literature]] I realized that word 'Qisas' is appearing in different meaning at [[Qisas Al-Anbiya]] it comes as story/anecdote telling (alternative spelling Kissa). And in article named [[Qisas]] seems to come as revenge. Need support in creating proper disambiguation page and links so reader do not end up in unexpected pages.

Of course article [[Islamic advice literature]] too needs support in update and expansion since lot of scholarly references are available in books and google scholar too.

Thanks in advance and greetings

[[User:Bookku|Bookku]] ([[User talk:Bookku|talk]]) 08:01, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
: irrelevant comment... --[[User:Wisdood|Wisdood]] ([[User talk:Wisdood|talk]]) 09:04, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

== Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aurat (word) ==

The terms "Aurat", "Arvad", "Avret", and "Awrath" may refer to: Women of Asian religious or cultural descent and identity.

Self nomination for AFD since article copy pasted to [[Draft:Aurat]] for [[Wikipedia:Deletion_policy#Incubation|incubation]] because IMHO current article title [[Aurat (word)]] is misleading and confusing leading to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias|western systemic bias]] and stifling the article growth. Please find Detail reason at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aurat (word)]]

I invite project members to review current and potential sourcing and weigh in on the AfD discussion. Thanks!
[[User:Bookku|Bookku]] ([[User talk:Bookku|talk]]) 02:55, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

: irrelevant comment... --[[User:Wisdood|Wisdood]] ([[User talk:Wisdood|talk]]) 09:04, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

== Requesting some help ==
Hello many greetings,

Requesting your proactive contribution and support in updating [[Draft:Aurats (word)]] in relation to the related languages you know well.

There are few references are available, indicating [[Draft:Aurats (word)|Aurats (word)]] had considerable origins from medieval era [[Classical Arabic]] , medieval era [[Persian]] and [[Ottoman Turkish]] too and more references are likely to be available if searched deep enough.

Inputs and references regarding historical usage and present usage ,if any, socio-political construct around [[Draft:Aurats (word)|Aurats (word)]] are requested.

Thanks and warm regards

[[User:Bookku|Bookku]] ([[User talk:Bookku|talk]]) 06:32, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

: irrelevant comment... --[[User:Wisdood|Wisdood]] ([[User talk:Wisdood|talk]]) 09:04, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Please do send in copy of Wikipedia ownership. If not then do understand What you might not be interested in others might find interested and relevant. If it is irrelevant to you personally then just don't waste time in reading and commenting, and also keep your racist biases with yourself don't waste other's time. (Pl. do read billion times for billion years)

Thanks anyways
[[User:Bookku|Bookku]] ([[User talk:Bookku|talk]]) 09:15, 8 December 2020 (UTC)
: Wikipedia ownership ??! What is that ?? Which racist biases ???! --[[User:Wisdood|Wisdood]] ([[User talk:Wisdood|talk]]) 17:32, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
:: By the way, the talk here is about the [[Persian language]]... --[[User:Wisdood|Wisdood]] ([[User talk:Wisdood|talk]]) 17:32, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

==Attention==

PERSIAN LANGUAGE HAS MORE THAN 200 MILLION POPULATION ACROSS THE WORLD ACCORDING TO SCHOOL BOOK I HAVE STUDIED AT SCHOOL WHICH WAS PUBLISHED IN 1390 LUNAR HIJRI (2011). I EDITED THIS BUT SOMEONE REVERTED MY EDIT. THE SECOND PROBLEM IS THAT I SEE THIS TILL FIVE YEARS AGO, IF YOU THINK YOU'RE RIGHT WHY YOUR NUMBER IS NOT CHANGING OVER TIME.— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ZakiFrahmand1|ZakiFrahmand1]] ([[User talk:ZakiFrahmand1#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ZakiFrahmand1|contribs]]) 03:27, 24 August 2020 (UTC) 
:You didn't give a link to your edit that was reverted, so I can't check it. But it may be because the number that was already there was supported by the source that was cited for it. If you changed the number but didn't change the source, another editor would have restored the number supported by the source. If you change the number, you need to replace the source with the more recent one. [[User:Largoplazo|Largoplazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 11:05, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
I edited the population once and linked with with a source but that is reverted once again however the text of that book was in Persian. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ZakiFrahmand1|ZakiFrahmand1]] ([[User talk:ZakiFrahmand1#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ZakiFrahmand1|contribs]]) 08:40, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

If you say the population of Persian Language is just 110 million then let's have look, Mohsen Yegan's song "I promise you" is the highest viewed song in this language with 90 million. If we consider that who did not listen to this song from youtube, people who do not access internet, or children under age do not own devices. Do you still thinks the population would be 110 million? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ZakiFrahmand1|ZakiFrahmand1]] ([[User talk:ZakiFrahmand1#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ZakiFrahmand1|contribs]]) 03:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC) 
: You show no reliable statistics. Just add the population of Iran + Takijistan + Dari speakers, and you only get 110 millions or a bit more, but not 200 millions. In Afghanistan, most of people who speak pashto will not speak Dari. Do not forget that Azeri Turks in Iran speak Azeri language also... --[[User:Wisdood|Wisdood]] ([[User talk:Wisdood|talk]]) 09:04, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

== A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion ==
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
* [[commons:File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|Caucasus-ethnic en.svg]]
Participate in the deletion discussion at the [[commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|nomination page]]. —[[User:Community Tech bot|Community Tech bot]] ([[User talk:Community Tech bot|talk]]) 06:34, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

== Persian Language in Anatolia Pre-Middle Ages ==

There are no sources that state that Persian was widely spoken in Anatolia for good reason, because it wasn't.[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anatolian-languages] Anatolia wasn't even on the border, for that you have to go to the upper Euphrates around Nisibis, and north to Iberia. Persian wasn't even widely spoken in what's today modern day Iran as a number of Iranian languages existed such as Parthian, Bactrian, Sogdian etc. The Achaemenid Empire fell in the 330s BCE, 500 years before the Sasanian empire even existed, and the Sasanians controlled parts of Anatolia for only around a decade during Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628 the idea that somehow Persian supplanted local languages in a decade is bizarre, for comparison the Ptolemaic Dynasty was Greek ruled Egypt for 250 years but Egyptian didn't disappear, Greek didn't even make inroads with normal Egyptians. And of course the Seleucids ruled Persia for a similar amount of time but Greek of course did not supplant Persian. The Pontic Kingdom was helentistic, its Royal Family had ties to Persia, but the common language was Koine Greek <ref>The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, by B.{{nbsp}}C. McGing, p. 11</ref>. Anyhow unless there's a reliable source that says Middle Persian was widely spoken in Asia Minor then adding that would be WP:Original Research. [[User:Alcibiades979|Alcibiades979]] ([[User talk:Alcibiades979|talk]]) 16:18, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

== Inclusion of Crimea on map. ==

Although Russia has invaded Crimea, it is still internationally recognised as Ukraine. And yet it has been highlighted in blue for number of speakers, with Russia and not Ukraine. Shouldn't this be changed? [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 13:36, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

Talk:The Grand Budapest Hotel

2021-02-14T20:32:42Z

Mr anonymous username:

{{talk header}}
{{Article history
|action1 = GAN
|action1date = 22:55, 4 April 2020 (UTC)
|action1link = Talk:The Grand Budapest Hotel/GA1
|action1result = listed
|action1oldid = 949150975

|action2 = FAC
|action2date = 2020-06-14
|action2link = Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/The Grand Budapest Hotel/archive1
|action2result = promoted
|action2oldid = 962436099

|currentstatus = FA
|topic = Film
}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|blp=yes|1=
{{WikiProject Film|American=yes|German=yes|British=yes|class=FA|listas=Grand Budapest Hotel, The}}
{{WikiProject United States|USfilm=yes|USfilm-importance=Low|class=FA|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Comedy|class=FA|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject LGBT studies|class=FA}}
{{WikiProject Albums|class=FA|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors|user=Miniapolis|date=April 10, 2020}}
}}

==Johnny Depp was never involved==
The reference to the claim that Johnny Depp was originally cast in Fiennes' role never states that Depp was involved. Actually it's pretty clear that he never was. I tried to remove it, but apparently people wants to believe Depp was involved. He never was. But as Anderson said himself, he is an actor he would like to work with in the future. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/93.160.59.30|93.160.59.30]] ([[User talk:93.160.59.30|talk]]) 15:18, 17 October 2013 (UTC) 

== This is also an American movie ==

The article lists this movie as being British-German, but it should also be listed as American. It was directed by an American, written by Americans, all listed producers are American, cinematography by an American, has a largely American cast, two of the four production companies are American, and it has an American distributor. I think that things things qualify it as being American. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Chrono85|Chrono85]] ([[User talk:Chrono85|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Chrono85|contribs]]) 04:50, 4 March 2014 (UTC) 
:The Grand Budapest Hotel is a British-German co-production of Grand Budapest Limited (UK) and Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH (Germany) → please see → [[The Grand Budapest Hotel#Production|production]]. --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 05:25, 4 March 2014 (UTC)
:: I'm afraid that Chrono85 is correct. Three of the four studios that were involved in the production are American and it has an American distributor. This certainly makes it a co-American production, especially considering the predominantly American cast, crew and director. The three US-based studios are named Indian Paintbrush, Scott Rudin Productions and American Empirical Pictures. Furthermore, the distribution is being handled by Fox Searchlight and the rights are owned by its parent company, the US-based 20th Century Fox. This film is far more American than it is British or German in terms of its content, production, ownership, distribution, etc. I'll correct this in the text and will add some citations here in a bit... [[User:Constablequackers|Constablequackers]] ([[User talk:Constablequackers|talk]]) 10:16, 4 March 2014 (UTC)
:::There is no consensus for the removal of long standing content. I would suggest following the [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]], which means retaining the status before the bold edit was made and reverted; i.e. "leave the article in the condition it was in before the Bold edit was made" (often called the [[status quo ante]]).
::*'''[[Studio Babelsberg]] press release''': "The Grand Budapest Hotel is a UK-German co-production, produced by Grand Budapest Limited (UK) and Studio Babelsberg (Germany)" & "The Grand Budapest Hotel (UK/Germany)". [http://www.studiobabelsberg.com/en/public-relations/press-releases/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=273&cHash=ba1bf3674847d14763a91bb488db637b]
::*[[64th Berlin International Film Festival]] (''The Grand Budapest Hotel'' opened the festival): "The Grand Budapest Hotel (UK/Germany)" [http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_19732.html]
::*[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]: "The pic is a U.K.-Germany co-production, produced by Grand Budapest Limited (U.K.) and Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH (Germany)" [http://variety.com/2013/film/international/the-grand-budapest-hotel-to-open-berlinale-1200797450/]
:::[[Screen Daily]]: "The Grand Budapest Hotel is an UK-German co-production, produced by Grand Budapest Limited (UK) and Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH (Germany)." [http://www.screendaily.com/news/grand-budapest-hotel-to-open-berlinale/5063246.article]
:::[[Hollywood Reporter]]: "The Grand Budapest Hotel, a U.K./German co-production..." [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wes-andersons-grand-budapest-hotel-653323]
:::[[Complex (magazine)|ComplexMovies]] [http://thefilmstage.com/trailer/new-trailer-introduces-the-cast-of-wes-andersons-the-grand-budapest-hotel/], [[Deadline.com]] [http://www.deadline.com/2013/11/wes-andersons-grand-budapest-hotel-to-open-berlin-film-festival-in-world-premiere/], [[DearCinema.com]] [http://dearcinema.com/news/wes-andersons-grand-budapest-hotel-open-64th-berlinale/0334],
:::[[BBC]] [http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24819279], [[CNN]] [http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1085601]
::*[[National Media Museum|British National Media Museum]]: "Country: UK/Germany" [http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/Films/T/TheGrandBudapestHotel.aspx]
::*[[ARRI]] (cinematography): "The British-German co-production..." [http://www.arri-rental.com/navigation/meta/news/news/news-article/artikel/4796/the-grand-budapest-hotel-opens-berlinale-2014/]--[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 16:53, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

This article lists the following production companies as being involved in this film: American Imperial Pictures, Indian Paintbrush, Scott Rudin Productions, and Studio Babelsberg. If we can agree that these first three productions companies are American, then that makes this movie a co-American production, by definition. That is, unless the article is incorrect in stating these production companies. I am kind of getting the feeling that you are making your edit based on nationalistic bias, rather than plain facts. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Chrono85|Chrono85]] ([[User talk:Chrono85|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Chrono85|contribs]]) 16:58, 4 March 2014 (UTC) 
:No, it does '''not''' make it a co-American production. The film is owned, i.e. is a co-production, produced by Grand Budapest Limited (U.K.) and Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH (Germany). Grand Budapest Limited and Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH are free to contract whomever they want. --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 17:06, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

*'''Comment''' The guidance for film nationality is at [[Template:Infobox_film#Country]]. To use our own criteria to determine nationality would be original research, so we compare different sources and include the nationalities that are predominantly listed in the sources. It does look like IIIraute has researched this thoroughly. In this case it seems that the sources (most tellingly American ones too such as Variety and Hollywood Reporter) are calling it a UK/German production despite the heavy American involvement. My guess is that it's mainly down to the financing/copyright/filming locations but the point is as editors we are not privy to that information, so we should be consistent with what the majority of the sources state. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 01:47, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
** The film's official website notes that it's, more than anything, a 20th Century Fox production and they control distribution. Three American productions were involved in it. What more need be said? No one's saying that it's an entirely American film but, if the UK belongs up there, the US does too. Or here's another solution to this developing quagmire. How about we nix "American-British-German" from the intro paragraph entirely? It could read as follows:

"The Grand Budapest Hotel is a 2014 comedy-drama film written and directed by Wes Anderson..."

That might be the best compromise, lest we find ourselves in a fifteen-thousand paragraph debate over what makes a film distinctly German, American, British, etc.... [[User:Constablequackers|Constablequackers]] ([[User talk:Constablequackers|talk]]) 10:04, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
:As I have suggested before, please follow the [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]], which means retaining the status before the bold edit was made and reverted; i.e. "leave the article in the condition it was in before the Bold edit was made" (often called the [[status quo ante]]). --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 19:57, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

===The usual reliable sources===
Why are the RS we usually use not being discussed?
*http://explore.bfi.org.uk/52c6f9031fa24 German/US
*http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/975356/Grand-Budapest-Hotel-The/ US
*http://www.allmovie.com/movie/grand-budapest-hotel-v569290 US

I can find no listing for this film at AFI or Lumiere.

The Hollywood Reporter announcement "Wes Anderson's 'The Grand Budapest Hotel' to Open Berlin Film Fest" was published several months before the film's release. There is no reason to give it dominance over the RS we usually use, especially as its advance listing of production companies does not match the credited companies named onscreen in the film itself or its poster. The primary production company is Wes Anderson's American Empirical Pictures. It and the second company, Indian Paintbrush, as well as Scott Rudin Productions, are American, and so is the distributor Fox Searchlight Pictures. It is clear the US needs to be listed. - [[User:Gothicfilm|Gothicfilm]] ([[User talk:Gothicfilm|talk]]) 22:36, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

== Edit warring ==

This is getting ridiculous. We have an official statement of the Studio that did co-produce ''The Grand Budapest Hotel'' telling us that the film is a UK-German co-production - yet, some editor/s, although aware of that statement - continue their edit warring.
*'''[[Studio Babelsberg]]''' press release: '''"The Grand Budapest Hotel (UK/Germany)"''' & '''"The Grand Budapest Hotel is a UK-German co-production, produced by Grand Budapest Limited (UK) and Studio Babelsberg (Germany)."''' [http://www.studiobabelsberg.com/en/public-relations/press-releases/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=273&cHash=ba1bf3674847d14763a91bb488db637b] --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 00:46, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

:Yep, this source should be enough. Point this out to editors and remind them of [[WP:3RR]] and request blocks and/or page protection if needed. '''[[User:Lugnuts|Lugnuts]]''' [[User talk:Lugnuts|Dick Laurent is dead]] 08:40, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
::But does that source from only one of the studios involved in the film allow it to trump the film's official website? I think not. The "add America too!" side of this silly debate has their own valid sources that contradict this one. [[User:Constablequackers|Constablequackers]] ([[User talk:Constablequackers|talk]]) 10:04, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
:::Yes, that source '''is''' enough. Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH is not only one of the "studios involved"; i.e Studio Babalsberg - it is one of the two ''film production companies'' → Grand Budapest Limited (UK) and Studio Babelsberg (Germany) - or is there a studio called Grand Budapest Limited? There are more than enough expert [[WP:RS]] supporting that information. What does the official website state? Nothing! Don't make up fake claims. --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 19:48, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
::::: It isn't a "false claim." Have a look at the official site and scroll down to the bottom. Is there any inclusion of the studios that you mention here? Nope. Just 20th Century Fox. To elaborate further, here's the exact wording: "™ AND © TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PROPERTY OF FOX." [[User:Constablequackers|Constablequackers]] ([[User talk:Constablequackers|talk]]) 10:49, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
::::::Yes, the official FOX website for the film is the property of FOX - so what's your point? --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 15:06, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
::::One way to definitively resolve this is to check the film's copyright notice at the end of the end credits. Many films in the last few years produced within the European Union list the "production countries" next to the copyright year. Casino Royale for instance states it is a UK-US-Czech production. Obviously production companies and distributors are going to put an emphasis on their own involvement, but we can't argue with a copyright notice. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 19:56, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
:::::"Christoph Fisser, Charlie Woebcken and Henning Molfenter from Studio Babelsberg are the [[Executive producer|executive producers]]."[http://www.studiobabelsberg.com/en/public-relations/press-releases/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=273&cHash=ba1bf3674847d14763a91bb488db637b] & (in German) "THE GRAND BUDAPEST HOTEL ist eine Produktion von American Empirical Pictures und Indian Paintbrush. Studio Babelsberg ist Koproduzent. Die Produzenten sind Wes Anderson, Scott Rudin, Steven M. Rales und Jeremy Dawson. Charlie Woebcken, Christoph Fisser and Henning Molfenter von Studio Babelsberg sind Executive Producers. '''Die Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film, eine Tochterfirma der Studio Babelsberg AG, ist alleinige ausführende Produktionsfirma.''' © 2014 Studio Babelsberg AG, August-Bebel-Str. 26-53, D-14482 Potsdam" → translation → "THE GRAND BUDAPEST HOTEL is a production of American Empirical Pictures and Indian Paintbrush. Studio Babelsberg ist co-producer. The producers are Wes Anderson, Scott Rudin, Steven M. Rales und Jeremy Dawson. Charlie Woebcken, Christoph Fisser and Henning Molfenter from Studio Babelsberg are the Executive Producers. '''Die Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film, a subcompany of the Studio Babelsberg AG, is the solely executive production company.''' © 2014 Studio Babelsberg AG, August-Bebel-Str. 26-53, D-14482 Potsdam"[http://www.studiobabelsberg.com/public-relations/pressemitteilungen/newsdetails/?cHash=b02df23d475b90e72405f2b79e84859e&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=49&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=258]

:::::[[Screen Daily]]: "An American Empirical Pictures and Indian Paintbrush production and co-production of Studio Babelsberg; Charlie Woebcken, Christoph Fisser and Henning Molfenter from Studio Babelsberg will serve as executive producers.
:::::A subsidiary of Studio Babelsberg AG, Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film, is in place as executive production company." [http://m.screendaily.com/5050640.article] ---[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 20:26, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

::::::The guidelines at [[MOS:FILM#Lead section]] state, ''"If the film's nationality is singularly defined by reliable sources (e.g., being called an American film), it should be identified in the opening sentence. If the nationality is not singular, cover the different national interests later in the lead section."'' A film's so-called nationality is less straightforward nowadays compared to the past. In other words, there is no need to be upfront about it, especially when being upfront is void of context. What does it mean for the film to be British-German? How is it split? That's why the guidelines say to write the lead section to explain the countries' roles in this film. [[User:Erik|Erik]] ([[User talk:Erik|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Erik|contrib]]) ([[Template:Reply to|ping me]]) 15:25, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
:::::::Because that ''is'' what the film experts say → [[WP:RS]]. It is not our responsibility to scrutinise their statements. I expect them to do their jobs properly. Studio Babelsberg is the executive production company - don't you think they might have given it a thought, before issuing a worldwide press release:
::::::*[[Studio Babelsberg]] press release: "The Grand Budapest Hotel is a UK-German co-production, produced by Grand Budapest Limited (UK) and Studio Babelsberg (Germany)" & "The Grand Budapest Hotel (UK/Germany)". [http://www.studiobabelsberg.com/en/public-relations/press-releases/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=273&cHash=ba1bf3674847d14763a91bb488db637b]
::::::*[[64th Berlin International Film Festival]] (''The Grand Budapest Hotel'' opened the festival): "The Grand Budapest Hotel (UK/Germany)" [http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_19732.html]
::::::*[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]: "The pic is a U.K.-Germany co-production, produced by Grand Budapest Limited (U.K.) and Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH (Germany)" [http://variety.com/2013/film/international/the-grand-budapest-hotel-to-open-berlinale-1200797450/]
:::::::[[Screen Daily]]: "The Grand Budapest Hotel is an UK-German co-production, produced by Grand Budapest Limited (UK) and Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film GmbH (Germany)." [http://www.screendaily.com/news/grand-budapest-hotel-to-open-berlinale/5063246.article]
:::::::[[Hollywood Reporter]]: "The Grand Budapest Hotel, a U.K./German co-production..." [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wes-andersons-grand-budapest-hotel-653323]
:::::::[[Complex (magazine)|ComplexMovies]] [http://thefilmstage.com/trailer/new-trailer-introduces-the-cast-of-wes-andersons-the-grand-budapest-hotel/], [[Deadline.com]] [http://www.deadline.com/2013/11/wes-andersons-grand-budapest-hotel-to-open-berlin-film-festival-in-world-premiere/], [[DearCinema.com]] [http://dearcinema.com/news/wes-andersons-grand-budapest-hotel-open-64th-berlinale/0334],
:::::::[[BBC]] [http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24819279], [[CNN]] [http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1085601]
::::::*[[National Media Museum|British National Media Museum]]: "Country: UK/Germany" [http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/Films/T/TheGrandBudapestHotel.aspx]
::::::*[[ARRI]] (cinematography): "The British-German co-production..." [http://www.arri-rental.com/navigation/meta/news/news/news-article/artikel/4796/the-grand-budapest-hotel-opens-berlinale-2014/] --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 15:54, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
:::::::I think it is fine to use the "British-German co-production" label later in the lead section per your sources. What I am saying is that this film is not defined upfront in this way. The ''Variety'' piece, for example, mentions it in the last paragraph. I'm suggesting contextual inclusion. We can say "''The Grand Budapest Hotel'' is an English-language film written and directed by Wes Anderson. Ralph Fiennes stars as a concierge who teams up with one of his employees to prove his innocence after he's framed for murder. The film is a British-German co-production financed by German financial companies and was entirely filmed on location in Germany." That's what I mean by putting it in context. The key upfront fact is that it is directed by Wes Anderson since his name carries his own films, unlike some other directors. As for "English-language", I find it a sufficient cultural label. If we just say "British-German" upfront, we don't know off the bat if it is a German-language film with British funding, or vice versa. The point of the guidelines is not to worry so much about the film's nationality. The film being a British-German co-production does not necessarily mean that it is going to be representative of [[Cinema of the United Kingdom]] or [[Cinema of Germany]], so like the sources do, we mention it in proper context. Even [http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/06/the-grand-budapest-hotel-wes-anderson-review this] calls it a "USA" film, apparently because of Wes Anderson and his direct creative control. It's not an argument to call it American, but it's indicative that there does not need to be an upfront national root here. [[User:Erik|Erik]] ([[User talk:Erik|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Erik|contrib]]) ([[Template:Reply to|ping me]]) 16:14, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
::::::::That's fine by me - however, the 64th Berlin International Film Festival did open with the world premiere of ''The Grand Budapest Hotel''. [http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_19732.html] Wes Anderson (himself) did open the 64th Berlinale. '''The film entered competition as (UK/Germany) and won the Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize'''.[http://www.berlinale.de/en/das_festival/preise_und_juries/preise_internationale_jury/index.html][http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_19732.html]--[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 16:38, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
:::::::::What Erik said makes a lot of sense. I second that. Switching it to "English language" in the intro paragraph is a compromise that I think will make everyone here happy. [[User:Constablequackers|Constablequackers]] ([[User talk:Constablequackers|talk]]) 10:14, 7 March 2014 (UTC)
::::::::::I think that there's enough of a consensus here to make the switch that was suggested by Erik. If no one has any objections, I'll complete the edit in a day or two. [[User:Constablequackers|Constablequackers]] ([[User talk:Constablequackers|talk]]) 10:25, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

== Central or East European? ==

A minor thing, but I have a nagging memory of one of the voiceovers in the film explicitly referring to eastern Europe. A promotional website (most likely built without Anderson's close attention) probably isn't enough of a source here; there's a recent interview [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25977023 here] with a quote from Anderson saying that his film is "set in eastern Europe", another [http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2014/02/is_wes_anderson_making_the_sam.html here] saying "our movie is an Eastern Europe filtered through movies", and [http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/feb/25/wes-anderson-film-design-grand-budapest-hotel another] of "our own invented version of eastern Europe". I can't find any equivalent quotes where he describes it as being located in central Europe. --[[User:McGeddon|McGeddon]] ([[User talk:McGeddon|talk]]) 10:12, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

:Good question. Searching the official website and those it links to, I found the "Akademia" website referring to Central Europe. Additionally, the hotel "doumentation" shown on those sites say the hotel is Alpine, which is central European (about as central as you can get) and not eastern European. All those quotes, repeated as it were in many other media, by Anderson are impressive though. Many othe critics refer though to central Europe. There is one even where Anderson refers to Central Europe in http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/wes-anderson-talks-the-grand-budapest-hotel-almost-working-with-elliott-smith-an-old-western-project-with-owen-wilson-20140305: "No, I think it was this movie. I think we just didn't know — we did write what we had at the time. So it wasn't typed up into a script but there were many scenes, and scenes that are in this movie. But they weren't in the context of central Europe, 1932. They were set in present day." Although, this quote may just be indirect, I would say Anderson is taking it rather loose with geography. Afterall, this is fantasy fiction. The historical "atmosphere" for this film is Austrian-Hungarian in my opinion. The Austrian-Hungarian empire bridged central and eastern Europe. So, what do we do? Do we go by what we see on the website and on screen or by a repeated quote from Anderson? Or both? [[User:Alandeus|Alandeus]] ([[User talk:Alandeus|talk]]) 14:08, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

::Given that this is the plot summary, we should go with what we see on the screen. If doing so would risk misleading or confusing the reader, we could just frame it as "the fictional Republic of Zubrowka, described by Zero as 'an eastern-European city...'" or whatever the line is. Anderson's actual quotes about inspirations and intentions could go elsewhere in the article. --[[User:McGeddon|McGeddon]] ([[User talk:McGeddon|talk]]) 15:31, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

:::IMHO, most certainly [[Central Europe]]. Where else would one have an [http://www.awn.com/sites/default/files/styles/original/public/image/featured/1015752-look-effects-produces-vfx-wes-anderson-s-grand-budapest-hotel.jpg?itok=%3DCAl7O0wV Alpine setting] (resembling the [/media/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Albert_Bierstadt_001.jpg Matterhorn]), bordering some German-speaking country; i.e. [/media/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png Deutsches Reich, 1938]. [[Thurn und Taxis|Desgoffe-und-Taxis]], [http://pics.filmaffinity.com/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel-674401783-large.jpg Gabelmeister's Peak] (German for "forkmaster's"), the [http://www.critic.de/images/the-grand-budapest-hotel-13-The_G.jpg Trans-Alpine Jodel] newspaper, [[Schloss|Schloss Lutz]], [[Bahn (disambiguation)|Lutzbahn Station]], the alpine competition sites (probably referring to the [[1936 Winter Olympics|1936 Olympic sites]] in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]]?), etc. Inspector "Henckels", for example, refers to the [[Kunstmuseum]] (where Kovacs got killed) and the "[[Biergarten]]", and the fellow prisoners are called: Ludwig, Günther, Wolf - the prison cell has "Hilfe" (German for "help") and other German words written on the wall. The chaplains' name is "Franz Müller", and at the fairground there is a "[[Gasthaus]] zum ...". Also, Wes Anderson was inspired by the writings of [[Stefan Zweig]]. Anderson: "There’s a wonderful photochrom of the hotel that I always thought of as sort of the model for our hotel, which is the Hotel Pupp in Karlovy Vary, which was [[Karlovy Vary|Carlsbad]]." [http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/18943/1/how-a-viennese-author-inspired-the-grand-budapest-hotel here] In 1938, the Sudetenland, including Carlsbad, became part of Nazi Germany. The whole political setting does remind me of the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|1938 German annexation of the Sudetenland]] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sudets_(without_CoA).Svg black-red-black] colours of the [[Sudeten German Party|Sudeten German National Socialist Party]]"''Boy with Apple is a quintessential product of the Czech mannerist, Habsburg high Renaissance, Budapest neo-humanist style. To put it another way, it is a finely constructed piece of nonsense in the same playful spirit as everything else in Wes Anderson's delectable middle European fantasy, The Grand Budapest Hotel.''" [http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/mar/07/grand-budapest-hotel-boy-with-apple here] In its place Gustave hangs a watercolour of lesbian lovers by real-life Austrian painter [[Egon Schiele]].Another problem is the definition of [[Eastern Europe]] - in my opinion the references using the term "Eastern Europe" are referring to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg Grand Budapest Hotel in the late 1960s]; i.e during the Cold War - a definition that is used more or less synonymously with the term [[Eastern Bloc]]. Alternatively, one could say: "... the fictional Republic of Zubrowka, a European alpine state ..." --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 02:44, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

::::Hats off to your compilation, [[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]]. The later-date hotel interiour reminded me of the old East-German style. (I grew up in West-Berlin.) Despite the "East" in East Germany, that country wasn't in eastern Europe, it was [[Eastern Bloc]]. Speaking of East Germany, the [[Kunstmuseum]] where Kovacs got killed was the [[Zwinger]] in [[Dresden]] and the wedding scene was on the [[Bastei]] in the [[Elbe Sandstone Mountains]]. In any case, I like the suggestion "... the fictional Republic of Zubrowka, a European alpine state ..." [[User:Alandeus|Alandeus]] ([[User talk:Alandeus|talk]]) 12:39, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

Whatever it may seem like from the languages or whatever, within the first 42 seconds of the movie it very clearly says "On the farthest eastern boundary of the European continent: The former Republic of Zubrowka, Once the seat of an Empire." [[Special:Contributions/71.19.181.162|71.19.181.162]] ([[User talk:71.19.181.162|talk]]) 03:15, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

==Genre==
So is the film a comedy-drama or a comedy?

Looking at souces, i've found the following:
'''Comedy'''
*''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' "Despite its titular allusion to 1932′s Oscar-winning “Grand Hotel,” the comedy reveals a deeper affinity for Ernst Lubitsch" [http://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/berlin-film-review-the-grand-budapest-hotel-1201088058/ ]
*''[[Chicago Sun Times]]'' "“The Grand Budapest Hotel,” which is not only a murder mystery at its core but more of a full-tilt comedy than his typically melancholy, quirk-driven musings." [http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/movies/26119316-421/the-grand-budapest-hotel-wes-anderson-as-crowd-pleaser.html ]
*[[A.O Scott]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'' "“The Grand Budapest Hotel” conjures some of its defining traits: quickness, compression and a highly refined sense of the nuances that separate comedy from tragedy. On the surface, there is a lot more comedy." [http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/07/movies/wes-andersons-grand-budapest-hotel-is-a-complex-caper.html?&_r=0 ]
*[[The Telegraph]] "In his new comedy, The Grand Budapest Hotel, Wes Anderson has found..." [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/10621457/The-Grand-Budapest-Hotel-review.html ]
*[[Entertainment Weekly]] " Genre: Comedy; With: Willem Dafoe, Ralph Fiennes..." [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20764813,00.html ]
*[[Chicago Tribune]] "The actors give the brittle material life, mostly comic but dramatic when needed." [http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/ct-grand-budapest-hotel-20140313,0,1007336.column ]
*''[[Total Film]]'' "Genre Comedy, Drama" [http://www.totalfilm.com/reviews/cinema/the-grand-budapest-hotel ]
*''[[Washington post]]'' "Comparisons have been made to the wartime comedies of Ernst Lubitsch, but Anderson hasn’t created a playfully stinging satire as much as its softer mirror image. He convincingly mimics the gestures of the genre" [http://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/the-grand-budapest-hotel-movie-review/2014/03/12/d06043e0-a9e4-11e3-b61e-8051b8b52d06_story.html ]
*''[[New York Post]]'' "“GBH” is a featherweight screwball comedy that, trying mightily to be cosmopolitan" [http://nypost.com/2014/03/04/grand-budapest-hotel-is-a-triumph-of-the-twee/ ]
*''[[Hollywood Reporter]]'' "Comedy.drama", "The elegant comedy had its world premiere as the opening night" [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/grand-budapest-hotel/review/677467 ]
*''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' "Comedy, Drama" [http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-grand-budapest-hotel-2014 ]
*[[Allmovie]] "GENRES:Comedy SUB-GENRES:Farce, Period Film" "What's probably more important than any one plot point in Grand Budapest is the simple, rapturous fact that, first and foremost, it's a comedy." [http://www.allmovie.com/movie/grand-budapest-hotel-v569290/review ]
*[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]: " "The Grand Budapest Hotel" -- part comedy caper, part adventure, and all quirky, embraceable whimsy -- is proof." [http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/03/grand_budapest_hotel_movie_rev.html#incart_river#incart_m-rpt-1 ]
*''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' "GENRE:Comedy; Drama" [http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/movies/20140314_Anderson_at_his_best_in__Grand_Hotel_Budapest_.html ]
*''[[Salon]]'': "This is one of Anderson’s funniest and most fanciful movies, but perversely enough it may also be his most serious, most tragic and most shadowed by history, with the frothy Ernst Lubitsch-style comedy shot through with an overwhelming sense of loss." [http://www.salon.com/2014/03/07/the_grand_budapest_hotel_wes_andersons_bittersweet_historical_candy/ ]

'''Drama'''
* ''[[Village Voice]]'' "But the emotional drama is Gustave's struggle to keep order while chaos — personal and geopolitical — encroaches on his manicured fiefdom." [http://www.villagevoice.com/2014-03-05/film/the-grand-budapest-hotel/ ]
*''[[Hollywood Reporter]]'' "Comedy.drama" [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/grand-budapest-hotel/review/677467 ]
*''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' "Comedy, Drama" [http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-grand-budapest-hotel-2014 ]
*''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' "GENRE:
Comedy; Drama" [http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/movies/20140314_Anderson_at_his_best_in__Grand_Hotel_Budapest_.html ]

Adventure
*[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]: " "The Grand Budapest Hotel" -- part comedy caper, part adventure, and all quirky, embraceable whimsy -- is proof." [http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/03/grand_budapest_hotel_movie_rev.html#incart_river#incart_m-rpt-1 ]
WP:PRIMARY

Caper
*[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]: " "The Grand Budapest Hotel" -- part comedy caper, part adventure, and all quirky, embraceable whimsy -- is proof." [http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/03/grand_budapest_hotel_movie_rev.html#incart_river#incart_m-rpt-1 ]

Comedy-drama
*[[San Francisco Chronicle]]: "Comedy-drama" [http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Grand-Budapest-Hotel-review-Wes-Anderson-at-5314474.php ]

So that's several more for comedy than other genres, and I was looking for all genres related to it. If there aren't any objections, I think the lead and categories should say comedy and not comedy-drama. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 14:00, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

:Most of the sources you have presented clearly state: Comedy, Drama. --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 16:23, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
::Actually, if you can read, most say comedy, a few add in drama, and only one says [[comedy-drama]] which is it's own unique entity. Please remember you can't interpret genres on your own and we can't just say "comedy-drama" becuase a few sources added drama in. ([[Wikipedia:No original research]] says that). Many of the sources even specificly state how it's a comedy above all above as well. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 17:37, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

:::So, you are saying that the classification "Comedy, Drama" ≠ "comedy-drama", because that's "original research"?Get a life! --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 19:02, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
::::Ouch. I remind you that we have [[WP:CIVIL]], so if your only retort is to insult, then I'll assume you aren't taking this discussion seriously. If anyone else has anything else to add, I'll be happy to hear them out. Failing that, I'll change it later. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 21:02, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

:::::You have no editor consensus for such a change - so please follow the [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]], which means retaining the status before the bold edit was made and reverted; i.e. "leave the article in the condition it was in before the Bold edit was made" (often called the [[status quo ante]])."[[Comedy-drama]] is a genre of theatre, film, and television that combines elements of comedy and drama, having both humorous and serious content." Most of the sources you have presented clearly state: Comedy, Drama.The [[64th Berlin International Film Festival]] did open with the world premiere of The Grand Budapest Hotel. Wes Anderson (himself) did open the 64th Berlinale. The film [http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2014/03_preistraeger_2014/03_preistraeger_2014.html won] the [[Jury Grand Prix|Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize]], and is classified as [http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_Filmdatenblatt_2014_20146244.php#tab=filmStills tragicomedy] --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 21:35, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
::::::I'm not going to change it, but if you have no further statements. There's no strong consensus for drama in the above, just side bars listing the genres. Meanwhile, there are far grander statements talking about it as a comedy. For example:
:"more of a full-tilt comedy than his typically melancholy, quirk-driven musings"
:"What's probably more important than any one plot point in Grand Budapest is the simple, rapturous fact that, first and foremost, it's a comedy."
:"“GBH” is a featherweight screwball comedy that"
:"On the surface, there is a lot more comedy."
:and so forth. The prose is much more strong than just a sidebar listing. I wasn't going to just change it around, but since your only response was for me to "get a life" I don't actually believe you care about the article. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 22:26, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
::[[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]], FYI, I have actually contributed a lot of content to this article, which you have not - not anything. Where I come from, you do not start a conversation with the words [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=604036382&oldid=604035917 "if you can read"] - so the tone was set by you. But maybe it is your understanding of cvility that makes clear why you don't understand that in most straight comedies the protagonist doesn't get executed at the end.In response to your [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=604036382&oldid=604035917 friendly commentary] and the other controversial edit you did to this article today - which you yourself described as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=603967795&oldid=603960061 "kinda anal"] - I was questioning your power of judgement with the words: "''So, you are saying that the classification "Comedy, Drama" ≠ "comedy-drama", because that's "original research"? Get a life!''", meaning, that you must have an awful lot of time at hand to worry and edit war, i.e. start page long discussions about such "anal" [''sic''] hairsplitting. --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 01:21, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
:::I apologize, but I don't think I said anything specific about against you. But you definitely did for me. I did a lot of research to find a correct genre. I appreciate that you did a lot of work on the article but you don't [[WP:OWN|own it]] either. If you want to actually discuss genre without using [[WP:OR|original research]] like saying the main protagonist dies in the end so it's automatically a drama. If you want to point out spelling errors, you can also do it, I see some in yours and mine but let's try and take each other seriously for a moment. I wasn't attacking the "if you can read" btw, I just didn't know if you went through them. A proper response would be to discuss [[WP:CIVIL]] with me, not telling me to "get a life". [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 01:33, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

:::I don't know what you are talking about an edit war, because I changed it once and then went to the talk page. Since your main arguments are for me that "you must have an awful lot of time at hand" and that I should "get a life", I'm really more assured more than ever you are trolling. I'll ask [[WP:FILMS]] for further opinions since you can't contribute much more than insults. Thanks for at least replying, I guess. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 01:33, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
::::Please yourself! P.S. I also mentioned your other edit - didn't I? The one that you described yourself as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=603967795&oldid=603960061 "kinda anal"] - ergo: the infobox content you changed twice, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=prev&oldid=603969443 here] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=prev&oldid=604009766 here] --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 01:53, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::If you have nothing to contribute about the conversation, and want to just poke and prod, i'll leave more simple edit summaries in the future. In the meantime, let's try and keep the focus of discussion on the genre, not who is the worse wikipedian. ;) [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 01:56, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
::::::I already did:The [[64th Berlin International Film Festival]] did open with the world premiere of The Grand Budapest Hotel. Wes Anderson (himself) did open the 64th Berlinale. The film [http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2014/03_preistraeger_2014/03_preistraeger_2014.html won] the [[Jury Grand Prix|Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize]], and is classified as [http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_Filmdatenblatt_2014_20146244.php#tab=filmStills tragicomedy]and so did you, as most of the sources you have presented clearly state: Comedy, Drama. --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 02:02, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::::Do you not agree that prose trumps point form side-text conforming to the genre? Also, all but one source seperates comedy and drama. Per [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP]], "Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves.". So you can't just form hybrids of things if they were never listed that way. I'm confident that the prose where prominent critics refer to the film mostly for it's status as a comedy. I'll re-post it here since you didn't seem to acknowledge it before.
:::::::"more of a full-tilt comedy than his typically melancholy, quirk-driven musings"
:::::::"What's probably more important than any one plot point in Grand Budapest is the simple, rapturous fact that, first and foremost, it's a comedy."
:::::::"“GBH” is a featherweight screwball comedy that"
:::::::"On the surface, there is a lot more comedy."

:::::::Also, your post about tragiccomedy has a couple flaws, firstly, it's talking about Anderson's work as a whole, not this film specifically ("Wes Anderson specialises in enigmatic tragicomedies peopled by eccentric individuals."). There is no proof that whoever wrote that has seen the film. I don't know what the other links your referred to in your post have to do with this discussion. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 02:10, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
::::::::I agree that "Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves", however the sources you have provided are "secondary sources" - not "primary sources". --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 02:26, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
:::::::::...I'm more than confused now. Could you explain why these are secondary? Per [[WP:SUBJECTIVE]] and what would qualify as Primary? Cause per [[WP:SUBJECTIVE]], "Wikipedia articles about art and other creative topics (e.g., musicians, actors, books, etc.) have a tendency to become effusive. This is out of place in an encyclopedia. Aesthetic opinions are diverse and subjective—we might not all agree about who the world's greatest soprano is. However, it is appropriate to note how an artist or a work has been received by prominent experts and the general public.". So generally, things like genre should be decided by secondary sources, not from...whatever it is you are referring to. I'd appreciate it if you would address my points and get specific.[[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 02:56, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

I would say both parties should probably just take a breather. We're getting a little ''too'' fired up. Back and forth fights aren't helpful to anyone, can be extremely destructive, and can create a very unstable article. We don't want that, do we?
Now, as for the topic at hand. Personally, I think Andrzejbanas has made it obvious that most available sources call the film a comedy, without any "drama" mentioned (including [http://www.allmovie.com/movie/grand-budapest-hotel-v569290 AllMovie], which is frequently used as a primary source for a film's genre), and therefore it should probably be what the lead reflects. Mentioning the writer's take on the drama in specific review summaries would be acceptable, but it's not widely stated enough to be included in the lead.. '''[[User:Corvoe|Corvoe]]''' [[User talk:Corvoe|(speak to me)]] 04:35, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
:Thanks Corvoe. I'd still like to wait out for other opinions, if there aren't any more in the near future I think we'll stick with what you suggested. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 13:37, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

*'''Comment''' Per the request at the Film project I have a couple of points to make. 1) We have to distinguish between descriptive prose (where a reviewer refers to the "comedy" in the film) and a description of the film's genre (where the movie is described as a "comedy"). I don't feel that Andrzejbanas has quite made that distinction in listing his sources above. 2) Many of the sources I see list the genres as "comedy, drama", and while I accept that is subtly different from "comedy-drama" we have to accept that often "comedy, drama" and "comedy-drama" are used interchangeably. I don't think that's synthesis, but a quirk of the language that we have to just live with. I randomly selected several sources that we regularly use in this capacity and found [http://explore.bfi.org.uk/52c6f9031fa24 BFI] (comedy), [http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/grand-budapest-hotel-2014 BBFC] (Comedy, Drama), [http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/472173/The-Grand-Budapest-Hotel/overview NY Times] (Comedy, Period), [http://www.allmovie.com/movie/grand-budapest-hotel-v569290 Allmovie] (genre: Comedy, subgenres: Farce, Period film); all sources agree that the film is a comedy but there is very little consensus on what type of comedy it is, so on that basis we are probably putting undue weight on the "comedy-drama" description. Based on what has been written here and my own search I think we should just list the film as a "comedy", unless someone can come up with a more authoritative source than reviews and catalog listings. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 03:45, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
:Hey Betty, It's been a few days an no one has come up with any other sources or suggestions. If nothing else comes up tomorrow, I'll change it then. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 21:33, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

I added crime film cats to the article, but was reverted. The article's description of the stories mentions crime prominently in each one. Its IMDb article says that crime is one of its genres, along with adventure and comedy. [[User:Jim Michael|Jim Michael]] ([[User talk:Jim Michael|talk]]) 16:54, 23 October 2016 (UTC)
:We don't use IMDb as a source per [[WP:RS/IMDb]]. So we wouldn't use it. Otherwise, try to only use primary genres. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 03:11, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

==Order of country of production (infobox)==
Each source mentioned lists the UK first. We should follow in suit. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 16:01, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
:Is there a guideline for the order of production companies? I'm almost positive there isn't, and this brings up a good point that there probably should be. The way a lot of people seem to do it is just alphabetically. I feel like this makes sense, since it'd be hard to gauge the order of relevance for companies. However, I agree that this might be a circumstance in which making the UK first would make a lot of sense. '''[[User:Corvoe|Corvoe]]''' [[User talk:Corvoe|(speak to me)]] 16:27, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
::But what was the UK involvement - not a single UK studio; financed by German financial companies and governmental film funding organizations, inspired by the writings of Stefan Zweig - and was filmed entirely on location in Germany. Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film was in place as executive production company, and the film premiered at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 16:32, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
::Honestly, film production is so strange lately that it's hard to really find out who or what is funding who. For example, look at ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' which originally had Chinese funding put into it, but apparently didn't officially make it a Chinese-American (or American-Chinese) co-production because of some rules in China [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/iron-man-3-producer-dan-mintz-interview-china-385803 See article here]. I think the infobox needs to be re-worked just to follow what sources say, rather than production companies are involved as it's getting progressively more confusing as wide co-productions are getting less clear.

::As for this film, I don't know specificly what the deal is with the British production status, but many sources of mentioned it. ''Variety'' seems to say that it's " Grand Budapest Limited" that is the UK production. [http://variety.com/2013/film/international/the-grand-budapest-hotel-to-open-berlinale-1200797450/][[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 17:33, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

:::"Grand Budapest Limited" is a [http://www.companiesintheuk.co.uk/ltd/grand-budapest letterbox company] to qualify for a softer tax regime. "''Die Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film, eine Tochterfirma der Studio Babelsberg AG, ist alleinige ausführende Produktionsfirma.''" (The Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film, a subcompany of the Studio Babelsberg AG, is the solely executive production company. © 2014 Studio Babelsberg AG, August-Bebel-Str. 26-53, D-14482 Potsdam) [http://www.studiobabelsberg.com/public-relations/pressemitteilungen/newsdetails/?cHash=b02df23d475b90e72405f2b79e84859e&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=49&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=258 here] --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 18:01, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

::::Regardless of it being for tax reasons, all articles I've read state British-German, and even if the company was created for tax reasons or not, it qualified and was placed as such. There's no reason to ignore it just because we don't like it. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 18:03, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

:::::I believe the relevant policies/guidelines are [[WP:BRD]], [[WP:Consensus|Consensus]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion|Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion]], and [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]], which states, ''inter alia'': "In any encyclopedia, information cannot be included solely because it is true or useful." So verifiability is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the order of "country of production". Could we have some grounds for the editorial judgement (other than that of a robot) that the UK should be mentioned first in the infobox?I do not mind at all "British-German" in the text, as Anglo-German, Franco-German, etc. is the common terminology, i.e. "order", that is used in historical publications, in journalism, and also in the film industry. However, regarding the infobox, I do think Germany should be mentioned first, because not a single UK studio was involved and "Grand Budapest Limited" is a [http://www.companiesintheuk.co.uk/ltd/grand-budapest letterbox company] to qualify for a softer tax regime; the film was financed by German financial companies and governmental film funding organizations, inspired by the writings of Stefan Zweig - and was filmed entirely on location in Germany. Neunzehnte Babelsberg Film was in place as sole executive production company, and the film premiered at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. So, what exactly makes you think that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=603967795&oldid=603960061 "''it's more British produced than German''"] Please explain. --[[User:IIIraute|IIIraute]] ([[User talk:IIIraute|talk]]) 18:44, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
:Could you find evidence that there was no funding form the UK at all? If not, we should still follow what other sources say.[[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 19:54, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

'''Comment''' It seems editors are basing their decisions on [[WP:Original research]] here. In truth we don't know the varying factors behind how a film's nationality is assessed (the BFI categorize it as ''American'' according to [http://explore.bfi.org.uk/52c6f9031fa24 this]); nor do we know their reasons for selecting a specific order i.e. do they list the countries alphabetically, do they have some sort of criteria? We just don't know. All we do know is what they publish, so in the absence of any explicit reasoning behind the order I think alphabetical ordering should be adopted here i.e. British-German or Germany/United Kingdom. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 03:26, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

== Haunted-house piano stylings? ==

The section on the soundtrack has the following: ''there are haunted-house piano stylings in "Mr. Moustafa"''. I don’t really know what this means - which haunted house? [[User:Jock123|Jock123]] ([[User talk:Jock123|talk]]) 21:10, 30 April 2014 (UTC)
:Like you, I don't understand what "haunted-house styling" means. Listening to No. 3 at [https://play.spotify.com/album/4JSC6btqLvqKRnW4It66pQ Spotify] reveals a detuned piano with some echo as the main instrument in "Mr. Moustafa". Unless a source using the "haunted-house" description can be found, that term, and everything else in that section that is not obvious from simple listening, should be removed. -- [[User:Michael Bednarek|Michael Bednarek]] ([[User talk:Michael Bednarek|talk]]) 03:49, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

== Number of Reviews ==

Are the number of reviews detailed in the Reception section really necessary? It makes that section longer even than the synopsis, which is ridiculous. Pick a few positive and negative reviews to balance the viewpoints and leave it at that.
--[[User:Levontaun|Levontaun]] ([[User talk:Levontaun|talk]]) 09:26, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

== American cinema task force? American English? ==

To both I ask: why? This is a British-German film, so it stands to reason that it would use British English. And American film studious and companies had no involvement in the making of this film according to damn near every source we have. I'm thinking we definitely need to reconsider. We're already using British dating, why would we using American Engilsh? '''[[User:Corvoe|Corvoe]]''' [[User talk:Corvoe|(speak to me)]] 11:20, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
:Task-forces are used for various reasons than production companies. The [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Film/American_cinema_task_force|American Task Force]] itself states: "American cinema may include not only domestic films, but also films made by American filmmakers outside of the country, films produced or co-produced by American companies, and foreign films shooting within the USA.". Anderson is American so that qualifies here. As for the language, I'm not sure and and open to other people bringing in their input. [[User:Andrzejbanas|Andrzejbanas]] ([[User talk:Andrzejbanas|talk]]) 12:05, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
::I wasn't very familiar with it, so that works just fine for me. The perplexion was largely at American English, which I probably should've reflected better in the header. I can't think of any reason for this to be written in American English other than "Anderson is American". '''[[User:Corvoe|Corvoe]]''' [[User talk:Corvoe|(speak to me)]] 12:25, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
:::I think [[WP:RETAIN]] probably applies here. I don't think there is a strong enough American or British connection for [[WP:TIES]] to apply. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 12:35, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
::::I can see why you say it doesn't have an especially strong British connection, but it has absolutely no connection with the U.S. as a country, merely with people from the U.S. Though I prefer changing it to British English, I'd be fine with American English so long as the dates are changed to mdy. We should at least be consistent with which country's formatting we use. '''[[User:Corvoe|Corvoe]]''' [[User talk:Corvoe|(speak to me)]] 12:48, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

== Article split ==

The "Accolades" section has [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=638121989&oldid=638062940 been split] out of the article to [[List of accolades received by The Grand Budapest Hotel]] on the grounds it is "absolutely massive, like 50% of the article". I reverted it but the split was reinstated by {{u|Sock}} on the grounds that "[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=638123918&oldid=638123095 something that would have to happen anyway if the article gets expanded]" and {{U|Bbb23}} who commented "[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=638128941&oldid=638124232 the article is not that short, I agree with the split, take it to Talk if you wish to discuss the splitting guidelines]".

I disagree with the general assertion that the size necessitates a split. [[WP:SIZESPLIT]] actually instructs us to ''not'' split the article on size grounds when the ''readable prose'' is under 40kb. In this case the readable prose of the entire article comes in at 25kb. Therefore the size of the article does not necessitate a split. We now have readers coming to a short article for information about the film and to get it all we direct them to another short article. I don't understand the logic behind this split. If the article inflates beyond an acceptable size it can be split then, but what is the point of having two short articles when one reasonable length article can accommodate the information? I also disagree that the content necessitates a split. We have plenty of "accolade" sections on film articles, so it is content that is usually covered by film articles. I suggest we restore the section to the article and only split it if the page size eventually meets the criteria for splitting. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 02:16, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

Um, every year the Oscar favorites get their own articles for awards. This is not a new thing. It's been this way every single year for like a decade now, it's common practice. The film has already garnered a massive award haul and the season has barely only started, by the end of it the article is going to be gigantic. Take a look at the 12 Years a Slave article to see how large these charts can get if not split. [[User:Bruce Campbell|Bruce Campbell]] ([[User talk:Bruce Campbell|talk]]) 03:00, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

:How an alleged "common practice" is a best reasoning than an information page of Wikipedia (SIZESPLIT)? And there's no way to compare the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_accolades_received_by_The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&action=history 13kb article of accolades received by The Grand Budapest Hotel] to the 105kb of [[List of accolades received by 12 Years a Slave (film)]]... [[User:Gabriel Yuji|Gabriel Yuji]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Yuji|talk]]) 03:25, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

:The table in this article is a similar size to the one at [[Captain_Phillips_(film)#Accolades]] so it's not a foregone conclusion the table will become too large even if it is nominated for oscars. We have a sensible criterion for splitting articles so there is no need to invent arbitrary "rules". [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 03:28, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

::{{ec}}Um what does the Oscar favorites article - which is for the upcoming awards - have to do with the split in this article. Be aware that [[WP:OTHERSTUFF]] applies as well. As BL points out this article is no where near needing a split due to size. Readers to not need to search for a second article when all the info they are looking for can be found in this one. BTW the split was botched in some fashion as clicking on the link kept bringing me back to this article so the info has been restored here. Also per [[WP:BRD]] it should have stayed here until this discussion is concluded. [[User:MarnetteD|MarnetteD]]|[[User talk:MarnetteD|Talk]] 03:38, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

:::I am not sure if we should use WP:SIZESPLIT here. A lot of prose can fit in the same space as an awards table. In the past, I had seen such a split as reasonable because the table can overwhelm the rest of the article. [[WP:SPLITLIST]] does not give any real criteria about splitting, but [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists#Lists of works and timelines]] says, ''"...if the lists become unwieldy, they are split off into stand-alone lists per WP:Summary style."'' With prose sections, we can at least break them into subsections for easier navigation. However, an awards table cannot be broken up (traditionally, anyway), so I've assumed that is why a split has been acceptable. If we do split, though, we should make sure we summarize it correctly. Maybe even a small table to highlight the most important awards out of the whole set? If that's not too subjective? [[User:Erik|Erik]] ([[User talk:Erik|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Erik|contrib]]) ([[Template:Reply to|ping me]]) 04:07, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

::::If you were printing this article out the table would fit on two of the ten pages (or six if you leave out the notes and references) so I don't think the coverage is disproportionate. I'm not even saying it shouldn't be split somewhere down the line but I think the table comfortably fits into the article at present. If neither article were to expand significantly we'd be left with two fairly insubstantial articles. I'm a bit concerned that award sections are being split off just because the film ''might'' be nominated for an oscar; there should be nothing "automatic" about splitting. The question is does the content as it currently stands work better across one article or two? [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 05:29, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' split. Should not force readers to click to another article just to see the awards. Per [[WP:SIZERULE]], the article is not near any mandatory splittable size. (Even the guidelines in [[WP:SIZERULE]] were written nearly a decade ago, for readers on dial-up, which is quite rare at this point.) [[User:Softlavender|Softlavender]] ([[User talk:Softlavender|talk]]) 04:46, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

Apologies for my revert, I wasn't familiar with [[WP:SIZESPLIT]] as I've never run into this issue before. I suppose I'm being a bit of a [[WP:CRYSTAL|mystic]] in saying that it'll probably need to be split later. But it doesn't right now, and that's what my judgment should've been based on. You'll hear no further argument from me that it should be split, at least not until I (or another editor) get around to expanding this article. Thanks for your patience, Betty! [[User:Sock|'''Sock''']] [[User talk:Sock|(<s>tock</s> talk)]] 05:38, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

If you all like wasting time, go ahead, but in a month you'll understand why this is common practice. [[User:Bruce Campbell|Bruce Campbell]] ([[User talk:Bruce Campbell|talk]]) 05:30, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

== Article split redux==
Should the section "Accolades" be split off now? It's getting pretty large and its constant editing is a nuisance for article watchers. -- [[User:Michael Bednarek|Michael Bednarek]] ([[User talk:Michael Bednarek|talk]]) 14:19, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

== Inspired by the writings of Stefan Zweig? ==

Can this be elaborated upon? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Jaums|Jaums]] ([[User talk:Jaums|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaums|contribs]]) 14:39, 3 January 2015 (UTC) 

== the hotel will live on ==

I'm an editorial newbie, but this sounds a lot like a junior English major's literary crit to me. I was affected enough by the movie to come looking here for Zweig and
a few other things, but that is not what I took from it. I would have said,

The final scene returns to the girl reading in front of the statue of the Author, returning us from the deeply nested story to the present. [[User:Treethinker|Treethinker]] ([[User talk:Treethinker|talk]]) 01:04, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

== Country list in the infobox ==

There is a dispute over the correct order of countries in the infobox. In the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&oldid=655858003 current revision], there are six different sources for countries, with different (and even conflicting) informations. Provided sources list the countries as follows:
*[http://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/berlin-film-review-the-grand-budapest-hotel-1201088058/ Variety]: UK, Germany
*[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wes-andersons-grand-budapest-hotel-653323 The Hollywood Reporter]: UK, Germany
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004316/http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/Films/T/TheGrandBudapestHotel.aspx National Media Museum]: UK, Germany
*[http://explore.bfi.org.uk/52c6f9031fa24 BFI]: Germany, USA
*[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/975356/Grand-Budapest-Hotel-The/ TCM]: USA
*[http://www.allmovie.com/movie/grand-budapest-hotel-v569290 Allmovie]: USA

Other potential sources also have different informations:
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2278388/ IMDb]: USA, Germany, UK
*[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_Filmdatenblatt_2014_20146244.php Berlinale]: UK, Germany
*[http://www.cineuropa.org/f.aspx?t=film&l=en&did=248544 Cineuropa]: USA, Germany
*[http://www.europa-cinemas.org/en/Resources/Film-Database/%28movie_id%29/81634/ Europas Cinemas]: USA, Germany
*[http://www.german-films.de/news/news-releases/datum/2015/01/16/oscar-R-nomination-for-wim-wenders/ German Films]: UK, Germany
*[http://www.ifi.ie/film/the-grand-budapest-hotel/ Irish Film Institute]: USA, Germany
*[http://2014.fest.rs/Movies/1234/The-Grand-Budapest-Hotel.shtml FEST]: USA, Germany
*[http://www.studiobabelsberg.com/en/public-relations/press-releases/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=273&cHash=b9b579d97667e1f8c5e7a31f7bc60a9f Studio Babelsberg]: UK, Germany

I think it is better (and logical) to list the countries simply in alphabetical order in such cases. I haven't seen anything about this matter in related guidelines, giving priority to IMDb for example, and there is apparently no consensus to give priority to a specific source for credits. An alphabetical order for countries doesn't seem to be a problem for ''[[Antichrist (film)|Antichrist]]'', ''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]'', ''[[Cosmopolis (film)|Cosmopolis]]'', ''[[In the Fog]]'' etc. [[User:Raamin|Raamin]] ([[User talk:Raamin|talk]]) 20:21, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

:First, don't repeat disputed edits claiming it's not "prohibited", as you did. That's [[WP:edit warring]]. The usual reliable sources for country are
*[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/975356/Grand-Budapest-Hotel-The/ TCM]: US
*[http://explore.bfi.org.uk/52c6f9031fa24 BFI]: German/US (BFI almost always alphabeticizes)
*[http://www.allmovie.com/movie/grand-budapest-hotel-v569290 Allmovie]: US

:I can find no listing for this film at AFI or Lumiere, the other two considered most reliable. The Hollywood Reporter announcement "Wes Anderson's 'The Grand Budapest Hotel' to Open Berlin Film Fest" was published several months before the film's release. There is no reason to give it dominance over the RS we usually use, especially as its advance listing of production companies does not match the credited companies named onscreen in the film itself or its poster. The National Media Museum posting is a dead link. They may have taken it down because it posted the data incorrectly. You have to use an archive to post it here. It also was originally published several months before the film's release, so it is not reliable, or certainly not as reliable as sources published at the time of the film's release. The primary production company is Wes Anderson's American Empirical Pictures. It and the second company, Indian Paintbrush, as well as Scott Rudin Productions, are American, and so is the distributor Fox Searchlight Pictures. It is clear the US should be listed first. - [[User:Gothicfilm|Gothicfilm]] ([[User talk:Gothicfilm|talk]]) 23:20, 10 April 2015 (UTC)
::When I listed the countires in an alphabetical order, it was a non-issue in my opinion; you made it into a dispute by reverting my edits multiple times, not even bothering to keep the <code><nowiki>{{cite web}}</nowiki></code> templates I had added. The whole point of this dispute is that it's '''not''' clear and agreed that countries should be listed in order of the 'importance' of production companies. If there is a section in guidelines, a consensus, or a discussion about this matter that resulted in an agreement, please present it. [[User:Raamin|Raamin]] ([[User talk:Raamin|talk]]) 16:50, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
::Furthermore, you claimed that TCM, BFI and AllMovie are the ''usual reliable sources for country''. This is from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_film/doc&oldid=652883843 current revision] of [[Template:Infobox film/doc]], part of <code>country</code> parameter explanation: ''For reasons explained below preference is given to reliable databases like '''BFI''', '''AFI''', or '''Variety'''''. Variety says UK, Germany in this case, and it is a reliable source. [[User:Raamin|Raamin]] ([[User talk:Raamin|talk]]) 17:02, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

:::As you just admitted above, you started with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=654974122&oldid=654780321 this edit]. Once that was reverted, under [[WP:BRD]] you should have discussed the issue, not reinstated your edit, as you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=655783316&oldid=655622173 did] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel&diff=next&oldid=655788352 repeatedly]. That's [[WP:edit warring]]. Only after that did you come to this Talk page. Formatting edits are not to be used as a way to reinstate disputed text at the same time. You're supposed to do them separately. Variety does not get priority over the other sources here. I demonstrated above the primary production companies are American. There is no reason to put the country listing in alphabetical order instead of order of importance, as the overwhelming majority of WP articles do. - [[User:Gothicfilm|Gothicfilm]] ([[User talk:Gothicfilm|talk]]) 20:18, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
::::My first edit was just a minor change in good faith. You could have been nice and relocate the US in the list as you wished, while keeping the formatted references I had spent time to add; but it was apparently too much to ask. [[WP:BRD]] is an essay; you can't force other editors to follow it, the essay even mentions this. I also should add this part from that essay: ''BRD is not a valid excuse for reverting good-faith efforts to improve a page simply because you don't like the changes. Don't invoke BRD as your reason for reverting someone else's work or for edit warring: instead, '''provide a reason that is based on policies, guidelines, or common sense.''''' You ignored my good-faith effort, and had no problem reverting my edits, including the formatted refernces, which were clearly meant to improve the article, 3 times; I found it not so very nice. [[User:Raamin|Raamin]] ([[User talk:Raamin|talk]]) 23:59, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
:::::I did give the reason for my first revert. When you reinstate the same disputed edit repeatedly, as you then did, that is not good faith, that is edit warring. And formatting edits are not to be used as a way to reinstate disputed text at the same time. You're supposed to do them separately. - [[User:Gothicfilm|Gothicfilm]] ([[User talk:Gothicfilm|talk]]) 23:02, 13 April 2015 (UTC)
::::::Your repeated undoing is also edit warring and you did it willingly, ignoring [[WP:BRD]] which you yourself promote. It states that "''revert an edit if it is not an improvement, and it cannot be immediately fixed by refinement. Consider reverting only when necessary. BRD does not encourage reverting, but recognizes that reverts will happen. ''" You could have changed the text and preserve the formatted references easily, but didn't bother to do so. [[User:Raamin|Raamin]] ([[User talk:Raamin|talk]]) 20:00, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

== Is the hotel a metaphor for Great Britain? ==

Flimsy argument I guess, but pretty much the first thing we see inside the hotel is a big "GB" and with numerous references to a once glorious past, am I the only person who thinks The Grand Budapest might be symbolic of Great Britain? And maybe the Gustave-Zero relationship is about the positive and negative sides of GB's relationship with migrants?[[Special:Contributions/2001:982:A60A:1:B059:56F3:D294:D858|2001:982:A60A:1:B059:56F3:D294:D858]] ([[User talk:2001:982:A60A:1:B059:56F3:D294:D858|talk]]) 22:55, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

It's a darned good analysis you have made their, however, although your theory is likely to be an aspect of the metaphor, it is not confirmed, and therefore shouldn't be added to this wikipedia page.

However, one would expect that such a metaphor for such a once "powerful and great" country, could be applied to many a european nation. [[User:Mr anonymous username|Mr anonymous username]] ([[User talk:Mr anonymous username|talk]]) 20:32, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

== Runtime ==

We have two different runtimes, both of which are supported by pages at the British Board of Film Classification. Clearly, both runtimes cannot be correct, but I suggest the longstanding runtime, which is precise, as opposed to the one that is only estimated. But, we can't keep going back and forth between the two. I've asked for assistance at the Film Project. ---[[User:TheOldJacobite|The Old Jacobite]][[User talk:TheOldJacobite|The '45]] 13:55, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
:The short answer is that 100 minutes is correct. The long answer is that the difference is due to [[PAL speedup]], meaning that video recordings are 4% faster/shorter than their film counterparts. In this case, the film had a length of just under [http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/grand-budapest-hotel-film 100 minutes] (media type: film) while the video had a length of just over [http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/grand-budapest-hotel-video-0 95 minutes] (media type: video). You always want the film version, because film plays at the same universal standard of 24 frames per second for synchronised sound movies (silent films have a different standard). The way to check is to always click on the "details" section on the BBFC entry and makes sure they have physically measured the film. If you look at the film entry you will see that the measured film is 8968 feet long; if you type that figure into the length calculator at http://www.scenesavers.com/content/show/film-footage-calculator it brings back a time of 1 hour 39 minutes and 39 seconds, which correlates exactly with the BBFC's time of 99 minutes and 39 seconds. I don't know what the [http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/grand-budapest-hotel-2014 97 minute entry] refers to, but it is neither the film or video version which have their own separate entries. It may be an average between the two because it has two different release dates which correspond to both the cinema and video release dates (hence why the running time is "approximate"), but either way you want the original theatrical cinema release per the guideline at [[Template:Infobox film]], and according to the BBFC that has a running time of 99 minutes and 39 seconds. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 14:13, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
::I see. Thanks for the clarification. The entries at [[BBFC]] can be a bit confusing especially with the 97 minutes entry (type: feature) there. I've actually noticed that some film articles here in Wikipedia use the same type of source as the feature type, hence I thought that's the correct one. I think there should be more clarification at [[Template:Infobox film]] on the runtime parameter. Three of us are the perfect examples of editors having no idea on what the feature type entry is and I'm sure many editors would confuse the entry with feature type as the one with the approximate time duration of the theatrical release of the film, instead of the one with "film" as type of media, just like I did. [[User:LightKeyDarkBlade|LightKeyDarkBlade]] ([[User talk:LightKeyDarkBlade|talk]]) 15:39, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
:::Yes, the guidelines need some extra clarification. I will put a revision together over the next few days and try to get the guidelines updated. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 16:06, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
::::Thanks, Betty. ---[[User:TheOldJacobite|The Old Jacobite]][[User talk:TheOldJacobite|The '45]] 13:00, 6 June 2018 (UTC)
:::::I have drafted out a proposal at [[Template_talk:Infobox_film#Runtime_ammendment]], if anyone would care to comment. [[User:Betty Logan|Betty Logan]] ([[User talk:Betty Logan|talk]]) 15:24, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

== Grammer Mistake a double negative ==

In the line at the end of the plot summary "Agatha succumbs to a disease and dies a few years later." There is a double negative to succumb to a disease means to die from a diseases. The sentence says she dies twice, first she succumbs and then she dies a few years later. I know this is not what the author meant to say, but I can't think of a better way to rephrase the sentence without making it more complicated. What about: a few years later Agatha dies from the flue? [[User:Ty78ejui|Ty78ejui]] ([[User talk:Ty78ejui|talk]]) 22:19, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

{{Talk:The Grand Budapest Hotel/GA1}}

== The State of Zubrowka ==

Hi everybody. In the introduction of the article I replaced "the Republic of Zubrowka" with "the fictional country of Zubrowka", as the film's story covers different periods and Zubrowka is not always a Republic.
I was asking myself if a brief outline of the history of Zubrowka (perhaps in a note somewhere or in a section) could be useful to the reader to better understand the background in which the story takes place, thus improving the article.

From the film we can deduce that Zubrowka is a constitutional monarchy at least until the end of 1932, then it is annexed by a neighboring fascist state after a period of war. In 1940 it has been liberated and by 1950 it has become a socialist republic. In 2014 the country is referred to as "''The former Republic of Zubrowka, once the seat of an Empire''".

Please let me know your opinion! {{smiley}}

[[User:FilBenLeafBoy|FilBenLeafBoy]] ('''[[user talk:FilBenLeafBoy|Let's Talk!]]''') 07:20, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Constructed languages/Esperanto task force/Members

2021-02-13T10:12:20Z

Mr anonymous username:

*[[User:Orangemike|Orangemike]]
*[[User:RyeGye24|RyeGye24]]
*[[User:TFCforever|TFCforever]]
* [[User:Youngwebprogrammer|YoungWebProgrammer]] [[User talk:Youngwebprogrammer|msg]]
*[[User : Xianm13|Xianm13]]
* [[User:Oculi|Oculi]]

*[[User | Mr anonymous username]]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Constructed_languages/Esperanto_task_force/Members&action=edit Add yourself]
*[[Special:Contributions/75.36.225.163|75.36.225.163]] ([[User talk:75.36.225.163|talk]])
*[[User:vernyeds|vernyeds]]

User:Mr anonymous username

2021-02-12T21:44:53Z

Mr anonymous username:

An individual with an interest and fair knowledge in linguistics and current affairs. Fairly new to Wikipedia.

{{User WikiProject Linguistics}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics/Navigation}}

User:Mr anonymous username

2021-02-12T21:43:44Z

Mr anonymous username:

An individual with an interest and fair knowledge in linguistics and current affairs. Fairly new to Wikipedia.

{{User WikiProject Linguistics}}