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List of Celtic place names in Galicia

2024-09-30T12:34:08Z

Netanbaal:

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[[File:Bri e Briga.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Ancient (bracketed) and modern places in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] which have names containing the Celtic elements -brigā or -bris < -brixs 'hill, [[hillfort]]']]
The [[Celtic toponymy]] of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] is the whole of the ancient or modern place, river, or mountain [[toponymy|names]] which were originated inside a [[Celtic language]], and thus have Celtic [[etymology]], and which are or were located inside the limits of modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. According to Churchin (2008), 40% of the toponyms are possibly Celtic, close to the numbers of Non-Celtic Indo-European toponyms.

== Ancient Celtic toponyms ==
[[File:Coruña, Torre de Hércules, Galiza.jpg|thumb|right|The Roman lighthouse known as 'Torre de Hércules', and in the past as 'Faro Bregancio', in [[A Coruña]].]]
[[File:Muros de San Cibrao de Las.jpg|thumb|right|Doors to the 'castro' of San Cibrao de Lás, ancient ''Labiobriga'' or ''Lansbriga''.]]
[[File:Casa reconstruida do castro de Santa Tegra.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Minho (river)|Miño]] river as seen from the oppidum of Santa Tegra, [[A Guarda]].]]
[[File:Tambre.Portomouro.Val do Dubra.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Tambre (river)|Tambre]] river, ancient ''Tamaris''.]]
[[File:Tres Bispos, Ancares. Cervantes, Galiza.jpg|thumb|right|'Tres Bispos' peak, in [[Lugo]] province, in the westernmost extreme of the ancient ''Vindius'' mountains.]]
In Galicia, approximately half of the non Latin toponyms transmitted from antiquity in the works of classical geographers and authors ([[Pomponius Mela]], [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Ptolemy]]...), or in [[epigraphic]] Roman inscriptions, have been found to be Celtic,<ref>Curchin (2008) pp. 109, 130-131.</ref><ref>Vallejo (2009) pp. 272-273.</ref> being the other half mostly Indo-European but either arguably non Celtic, or lacking a solid Celtic etymology.
Here is a non exhaustive list of toponyms which have been found to be, probably, Celtic.<ref>In general, cf. Falileyev (2007), Curchin (2008), Luján (2006). Reconstructed Proto-Celtic forms are usually given according to the forms proposed by Matasovic (2009). As in the rest of the article, an asterisk marks an otherwise hypothetical form.</ref> The most characteristic element is {{lang|cel-x-proto|-bri(s)}},<ref name=autogenerated2>Koch (2006) p. 790</ref> from Proto-Celtic *brigs,<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 358</ref> with its derivative {{lang|cel-x-proto|*brigā}}, both meaning 'hill', and thence 'hillfort' and 'town'. The only type of settlement known in Galicia during the Iron Age are [[Castro culture|forts and fortified towns]] ({{lang|gl|castros}}) built in hills and peninsulas. Many of them were abandoned after the Roman conquest.

* '''Aediobri''':<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 258.</ref> From a votive inscription to the god {{lang|la|BANDVE AEDIOBRICO}}. To *aydu- 'fire' or *(p)ētu- '(grass)land, territory',<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *fētu-.</ref> and *brixs 'hill(fort)'. Cf. Irish {{lang|ga|brí}} 'hill' and Welsh {{lang|cy|brig}} 'crest', and the people of the ''[[Aedui]]'' in Gaul.
* '''Asseconia''' or '''Assegonion''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p.117; Luján (2006) p. 726.</ref> A town. Maybe to *Ad-sego- 'The very strong one'.
* '''Aviliobris''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 117.</ref> Castle (hillfort) in NW Galicia. To *Awelyobrixs 'Windy Hill'. Cf. Breton/Welsh ''awel'' 'wind'.
* '''Adrobricam urbem''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 115; Luján (2006) p. 728; Delamarre (2012) p. 41</ref> City of the Artabri. To *brig- 'hill(fort)'.
* '''Alanobricae''' – [[Eiras]] in [[San Amaro]]
* '''[[Albiones]]''':<ref name=autogenerated20>Luján (2006) p. 723.</ref> A people living in between the rivers [[Navia (river)|Navia]] and [[Eo (river)|Eo]]. To *albiyo- '(upper) world' or 'country'.<ref>Delamarre (2003) p. 37; Koch (2006) s.v. albio, albiones.</ref>
* '''Arrotrebae''':<ref name=autogenerated20 /> A people living by the seashore, in NW Galicia. To *trebā 'settlement', and *aryo-, either 'free man'<ref>Delamarre (2003) p. 37</ref> or a derivative of *(p)are- 'in front of'.<ref name=autogenerated23>Prósper (2008) p. 37.</ref>
* '''Aunios''':<ref name=autogenerated15>Curchin (2008) p. 111.</ref><ref>Delamarre (2012) p. 67</ref> An island on the Atlantic Ocean, modern [[Ons]]. To Celtic *auni-, of unclear meaning and etymology.<ref>Delamarre (2003) p. 61.</ref> [[Hydatius]] mentions a local people called ''Aunonenses'', confronted with the [[Suevi]] newcomers in the 5th century.
* '''Berisamo''':<ref name=autogenerated24>Curchin (2008) p. 118.</ref> A hillfort of the Cileni. Probably to the superlative *Bergisamo- 'The highest one'.<ref name=autogenerated27>Prósper (2002) p. 360.</ref>
* '''Beriso''':<ref name=autogenerated24 /> A hillfort of the Cabarci, probably to the comparative *Bergiso- 'The higher one'.<ref name=autogenerated27 />
* '''Bonisana''':<ref name=autogenerated22>Falileyev (2007) s.v.</ref> A town. To *bonu- 'foundation, base, butt'. Cf. Old Iris ''bun'' 'foundation, base, estuary'.
* '''Brevis''':<ref name=autogenerated24 /> A town. To *brīwā 'bridge'.
* '''Brigantia''':<ref name=autogenerated24 /> Ancient city, most probably modern [[A Coruña]] ({{lang|roa-ES|Faro Bregancio}} in 971 CE). From *brigant- 'relevant, powerful'.<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *brig-, *brigo-.</ref> See also: Proto-Celtic *''[[Briganti]]''.
* '''Callaecia'''<ref name=autogenerated15 /> 'The land of the Callaeci', to *kallā- 'wood'<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *kallī-.</ref> with a local complex suffix -āik-. Later it became ''Gallicia'', modern ''[[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]'' or ''Galiza''.
* '''Calubriga''':<ref name=autogenerated26>Curchin (2008) p. 119; Luján (2006) p. 728.</ref> A hillfort. To *brigā 'hill(fort)', and a first element of unclear meaning.
* '''Cambetum''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 119</ref> A town. To *kambo- 'crooked, twisted'.
* '''Canibri''':<ref name=autogenerated26 /> A town. To *kani- 'good, nice' and *brigs 'hill(fort)'. Cf. Old Irish ''cain'' 'good, nice'.
* '''Celtici''': Either a descriptive name applied by classical geographers to a group of peoples living in Western Galicia, or a Celtic [[endonym]] based on the *kelt- theme also present in a series of Hispano-Celtic names: CELTIATUS, CELTIATIS, ARCELTI, CONCELTI, CELTIUS.<ref>Cf. [http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epigraphik_en Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825063316/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epigraphik_en |date=2011-08-25 }}.</ref><ref>Búa (2018) p. 176.</ref>
* '''Cistonia''':<ref name=autogenerated12>Curchin (2008) p. 120.</ref> A town. To *kistā- 'woven basket',<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009). s.v.</ref> and eventually 'chariot'.<ref>Delamarre (2003) p. 117.</ref>
* '''[[Coelerni]]''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p.120; Delamarre (2003) s.v. coilos.</ref> A people living in southern Galicia. To *koyl- 'thin (naked, bold)'. Cf. Old Irish ''cóil'' 'meagre, lean'.
* '''Coeliobriga''':<ref name=autogenerated12 /> An oppidum near [[Celanova]], most probably the capital of the Coelerni. To *koyl- and *brigā.
* '''Copori''': A people dwelling in central Galicia, from the confluence of the [[Sar (river)|Sar]] and [[Ulla (river)|Ulla]] rivers in the west, until [[Lugo]] in the east. Their name is probably non-Celtic, but note the Pictish *copor- 'confluence',<ref>Koch (2006) p. 1593.</ref> maybe to *kom-bero- 'confluence' (or 'bring together').<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) p. 214.</ref>
* '''Ebora''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 121.</ref> Harbour, by the mouth of the [[Tambre]] river. To *eburo- 'yew'.
* '''Ebronanto''' ([[Valerio of Bierzo]], ''Ordo Cerimonialis'', c. 650). A state near modern [[Rubiá]]. To *Eburo-nantu 'Yew-Valley'.
* '''[[Equaesi|Equasei]]''':<ref>Pliny, Natural History III.28.</ref> A people living in southern Galicia. To *ekʷo- 'horse'.<ref name=autogenerated16>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v.</ref> Cf. Old Irish ''ech'' 'horse'.
* '''Ercoriobri''':<ref name=autogenerated14>Luján (2006) p. 728.</ref> A hillfort of the Albiones. A composite with first element *(p)are-koro- 'blow, shot' (cf. Old Breton ''ercor'' 'blow, stroke'),<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *fare-koro-.</ref> or *Ēri-corio- 'army/tribe of the west',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Quatre toponymes celtiques d'Espagne|journal=Nouvelle Revue d'Onomastique|year=2009|volume=51|pages=1–15|url=https://independent.academia.edu/XavierDelamarre/Papers/912079/Quatre_toponymes_celtiques_dEspagne|accessdate=2 October 2012|doi=10.3406/onoma.2009.1510}}</ref> and *brixs 'hill / hillfort'.
* '''Gigurri''':<ref name=autogenerated23 /> A people living in actual [[Valdeorras]]. From *Gigur-yo, maybe 'the gander (people)'. Cf. Old Irish ''gigrann'' 'gander'.
* '''Glandomirum''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 122.</ref> To *glendos- 'valley, shore'.
* '''Iria''': modern [[Padrón]]. To *(p)īweryā- 'Fertile land'.<ref>cf. Curchin (2008) p. 122.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=IRIA (*ĪRYĀ) "L'OPULENTE, LA FERTILE" (LIGURIE, GALICE, DALMATIE)|journal=Veleia|year=2009|volume=26|pages=355–358|url=https://independent.academia.edu/XavierDelamarre/Papers/917261/Iria_Iriya_lopulente_la_fertile_Ligurie_Galice_Dalmatie_|accessdate=2 October 2012}}</ref> Cognate to ''[[Éire#Etymology|Éire]]'' and ''[[Ériu#Name and etymology|Ériu]]''.
* '''Laniobriga''':<ref name=autogenerated9>Curchin (2008) p. 123.</ref> Probable ancient name of the hillfort of San Cibrao de Lás, [[San Amaro]], although the lecture of the inscription which contains this toponym is disputed.<ref>cf. Prósper (2002) p. 258.</ref> To *(p)lānyobrigā 'Hillfort of the Plain'.<ref>Falileyev (2007) s.v. lān(i)o-.</ref>
* '''Laniobre''':<ref name=autogenerated9 /> Bishopric during the 7th century. To *(p)lānyobrixs.
* '''[[Lemavi]]''':<ref>Lujan (2006) p. 725.</ref> A people inhabiting the valley of [[Monforte de Lemos|Lemos]]. To *Lēmawoi ‘The Elm people’, to *lēmo- 'elm'.
* '''Limia''':<ref name=autogenerated11>Curchin (2008) p. 113</ref><ref>Delamarre (2012) p. 178</ref> River, modern {{lang-gl|[[Limia River|Limia]]}} or {{lang-pt|Lima}}, near to its sources it became a large lagoon or marshy area, today desiccated. From *līmā- 'flood'.<ref name=autogenerated10>cf. Ward (1996) s.v.</ref> Cf. Welsh ''llif'' idem.
* '''Lubri''':<ref name=autogenerated9 /> Hillfort of the Celtici. The first element, *lū-, can be an evolution of *luw- 'to set free, escape', or of *low- 'to flow', among other possibilities. Maybe Lubri 'The Free Hillfort'.
* '''Medullium''': Mountain by the Miño river, near the Ocean, where a very large number of opposing [[Gallaecians]] would have been besieged by the Romans,<ref>Orosius, ''Historiarum adversum paganos'', VI.21.</ref> the former giving themselves death when the situation became desperate. To *med-o- 'judge', *med-yo- 'middle' or *medu- 'mead'.<ref>Cf. Falileyev (2007) s.v. Medulli.</ref> Cf. place-names ''Medulli'', ''Medullis'', ''Medulla'', in Gaul.
* '''Minius''':<ref name="autogenerated11">Curchin (2008) p. 113</ref> Largest river in Galicia, modern {{lang-gl|Miño}} or {{lang-pt|[[Minho (river)|Minho]]}}. To *mīno- 'tender, soft', cf. Old Irish ''mín'' idem.
* '''Miobri''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 124.</ref> Hillfort of the Celtici. Probably to *Meyobrixs 'Minor Hill(fort)'.<ref>cf. Delamarre (2003) s.v. meion.</ref> A dedication to COSO MEOBRIGO (*Meyobri-ko) may also refer to this castle, or to another one under the same name.
* '''Morodon''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 124; Luján (2006) p. 727.</ref> A town by the ocean. To *mor- 'sea' and *dūno- 'fort'. Cf. the British toponym ''Moridunum''.
* '''[[Navia (river)|Navia]]''':<ref name=autogenerated22 /><ref>Delamarre (2012) p. 204</ref> River, still known under the same name today. To *nāwiā- 'boat (vase, bowl)'.<ref name=autogenerated1>Delamarre (2003) s.v. nauson.</ref>
* '''Nemetobriga''':<ref name=autogenerated14 /> Probably the capital of the Tiburi, in SE Galicia. To *nemeto- 'sanctuary' and *brigā 'hill(fort)'. See: [[Nemeton]].
* '''[[Nerii]]''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 112; Luján (2006) p.724.</ref> A Celtici tribe dwelling near or around today's [[Fisterra]]. To *nero- 'hero'.
* '''Novium''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p.124; Luján (2006) p.727; Delamarre (2012) p. 178</ref> A town sometimes considered to be modern [[Noia]]. From *nowyo- 'new'.
* '''Ocelum''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 125.</ref> A town, near [[Lugo]]. To *ok-elo- 'promontory'.<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *akro-.</ref>
* '''Olca''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 125; Lujan (2006) p. 727.</ref> A castle by [[Rodeiro]], in the highlands of middle Galicia. To *(p)olkā 'arable lands'.<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *folkā-.</ref>
* '''Olina''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 125; Luján (2006) p.727.</ref> A town. To *olīnā- 'elbow, angle'.
* '''Ontonia''':<ref>Delamarre (2012) p. 211</ref> A town. From *φonth<sub>2</sub>-on-yā '(the one of the) path'.
* '''[[Quaquerni|Querquerni]]''': A people living in southern Galicia. To Indo-European *perkʷos 'oak', with Celtic assimilation.<ref>Curchin (2008) p.116; Luján (2006) p. 724.</ref>
* '''[[Seurri]]''': A people living in both banks of the middle curse of the Miño river. To *seg-ur-yo-, 'the powerful ones'.<ref>Prósper (2008) pp. 38-40.</ref>
* '''Talabriga''':<ref>Luján (2006) p. 729.</ref> Castle of the Limici. To *talu- 'front, forehead, protuberance, shield'<ref>Ward (1996) s.v.; Delamarre (2003) p. 288.</ref> and *brigā 'hill(fort)'.
* '''Tamaris''':<ref name=autogenerated22 /><ref>Delamarre (2012) p. 246</ref> River, modern [[Tambre (river)|Tambre]]. To *tamo- 'dark'.
* '''Trileukon''':<ref name=autogenerated22 /> A promontory, modern ''Punta dos Aguillóns'' or ''Cabo Ortegal''. To *trīs- 'three' or 'very', and *louko- 'bright, shining'.
* '''Verubri''':<ref>Curchin (2008) p. 129; Prósper (2002) p. 259.</ref> Name of a castle, as deduced of a dedication to the god BANDUE VERUBRIGO (*Weru-bri-ko or *U(p)ero-bri-ko). To *weru- 'broad' or *u(p)er- 'superior', and *brixs 'hill(fort)'.
* '''Vindius''': The [[Cantabrian Mountains]], a mountain range, usually more than 2000 meters high, running from [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] till [[Cantabria]]. To *windo- 'white', so 'The White (mountains)'.

== Britonia ==

{{main|Britonia}}
In the 5th or 6th centuries a colony of [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] settled in northern Galicia,<ref>Koch (2006) s.v. Britonia.</ref> and their bishops-abbots attended several councils, first of the [[Suebic Kingdom of Galicia]], and later of the [[Visigoths]] in [[Toledo (Spain)|Toledo]], until the 8th century. A series of place-names have been attributed to them:<ref>{{cite book|last=Young|first=Simon|title=Britonia: camiños novos|year=2002|publisher=Toxosoutos|location=Noia|isbn=978-84-95622-58-7|pages=123–128}}</ref>
* '''A Bertonía''': A hamlet in [[Sober, Lugo|Sober]].
* '''Bertoña''': A village in [[A Capela]]. It was the centre of a region called ''Britonia'' up until the 11th century, comprising the modern municipalities of [[A Capela]] and [[Moeche]]. Several other places were called Britonia in the neighbourhood.
* '''Bretoña''': A village in [[Barro, Galicia|Barro]].
* '''Bretoña''': A parish and a town in [[A Pastoriza]]. It is usually considered the heir to the ancient capital of the Britons of Galicia.
There also existed a village called ''Bretonos'' near the city of [[Lugo]], in the Middle Ages.<ref>“Inter Bretonos et Sancto Petro de Mera“, 1078 CE, in Flórez, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ITE2AAAAMAAJ&dq=bretonos&pg=PA420 ''España Sagrada'' 40: 420].</ref>

== Modern and mediaeval toponyms ==
While there are Celtic toponyms all over Galicia, most Celtic and pre-Latin toponyms can be found along the coastal areas, most notably in the [[Rías Altas]] region around [[A Coruña]], and in the valley of the [[Ulla (river)|Ulla]] river.

=== Regions, Mountains and Islands ===
Some Galician regions - usually called 'comarcas' when spanning over several municipalities, or ''concellos'' (councils) otherwise - maintain names either directly inherited from pre-Roman tribal and sub-tribal names, or simply with pre-Roman origin:

* '''[[Arousa Island|Arousa]]''' (''Arauza'', 899 CE): Island and municipality in Arousa bay, [[Pontevedra]]. Probably Celtic,<ref>cf. Falileyev s.v. araus(i)o-.</ref> to *(p)are-auso- 'cheek'.
* '''[[Bergantiños]]''' (''Bregantinos'', 924): Region, to *brigantīno-<ref name=autogenerated8>Matasovic (2009) s.v.</ref> 'king', or to *brigantigno-,<ref>Koch (2003) s.v. Brigantes</ref> both etymons would have yielded the same result. Cf. Middle Welsh ''brenhin'' 'king'.
* '''[[Carnota]]''' (''Carnota'', 915 AD): Coastal council and ancient territory, it is presided by the ''Monte do Pindo'', an anciently sacred granite mountain. It was also the name of a mountain near Doroña, [[Vilarmaior]].<ref>'discurrente ad aulam Sancte Marie, inter IIos montes Leboreiro et Carnota, secus flumen Doronia', c. 1110.</ref> To *karn- 'pile, heap',<ref name="Morelejo106">Moralejo 2010, 106.</ref> with a hypocoristic suffix.
* '''Céltigos'''<ref name=autogenerated4>Mariño Paz, p. 32.</ref> (''Celticos'' in 569): Region, to the local tribe of the ''Celtici'' (plural accusative '''Celticos'''), who inhabited the westernmost regions of Galicia. For the *kelt- element, see the article on the [[names of the Celts]]. With the same origin, and implying further migrations:
:'''Céltigos''', a village, in [[Sarria]].
:'''Céltigos''', a parish, in [[Frades, Galicia|Frades]].
:'''Céltigos''', a parish, in [[Ortigueira]].
* '''[[Cervantes, Lugo|Cervantes]]''': Mountainous country and municipality in eastern Galicia. To *kerbo- 'pointed, sharp'.<ref name="Moralejo107">Moralejo 2010, 107.</ref>
* '''Entíns''' (''Gentines'', 1110), a parish in [[Outes]], anciently a much larger region: From *gentīnos 'prince; chief of a kinship',<ref>Búa (2018) p. 125.</ref> cognate with Gothic ''kindins'' 'governor'.
* '''[[Larouco]]''' (Latin ''Larauco''): A 1400-metre-high mountain, in [[Baltar, Ourense|Baltar]]; also a municipality and a parish by the [[Sil (river)|Sil]] river; there is also a village under the name '''Larouce''', in [[O Carballiño]]. Probably from *(p)lārHw-ko-, a derivative of 'plain/field'.<ref>Bascuas (2006) p. 813.</ref> Cf. Old Irish ''lár'' 'ground, surface, middle'.
* '''[[Monforte de Lemos|Lemos]]''' (''Lemabus'', 841 CE): A large valley, south of [[Lugo]]. Its name is an evolution of the name of the [[Lemavi]] people, who inhabited these lands. To Celtic *lēmo- 'elm'.
* '''[[Nendos]]'''<ref name=autogenerated4 /> (''Nemitos'', 842): Region and ancient territory, to Celtic *nemeto- 'sacred place, sanctuary',<ref name=autogenerated8 /> and 'privileged person'.<ref>Koch (2006) s.v. Bretha Nemed.</ref>
* '''Tambo'''<ref>Mariño Paz, p. 32</ref> (''Tanao'', 911): Small island in [[Pontevedra]] bay, to Celtic *tanawos 'thin'.<ref name=autogenerated8 /> Cf. Breton ''tanaw'', idem.

=== Rivers ===

Many Galician rivers preserve old Celtic and pre-Roman Indo-European names, most notably larger ones. Others have lost its pre-Latin name, but its old namewas recorded in Medieval scriptures:

* '''Ambía'''<ref name=autogenerated18>Bascuas (2008) p. 531</ref> (''Ambia'', 949 CE): A tributary to the Arnoia. To Proto-Celtic *ambe- 'river'.<ref name=autogenerated25>Delamarre (2003) s.v.</ref>
* '''Barbanza''': A short mountain river in A Coruña province, to *b<sup>h</sup>r̥u̯-n̥ti̯-ah<sub>2</sub>‑ 'boiling > waterfall'.<ref>Búa (2019) p. 67.</ref>
* '''Chonia''':<ref>Monteagudo (1999) p. 266</ref> Tributary of the [[Tambre River]]. To Proto-Celtic *klowni- 'meadow'.
* '''Deva''' (''Deva'', 961 CE):<ref>Mariño Paz (1999) p. 34.</ref> At least two Galician rivers are called Deva, both tributaries to the [[Minho (river)|Minho]]: the first flows through the municipalities of [[Arbo, Pontevedra|Arbo]] and [[A Cañiza]], the second through [[Pontedeva]] (literally 'Bridge-upon-Deva'). To Celtic *dēwā 'goddess'.<ref>Búa (2019) p. 86.</ref><ref>Matasovic (2009) s.v. *dēwo-.</ref> There is also a small village called Deva in [[Cervantes, Lugo]]. Cf. also rivers [[Deva (river)|Deva]] in [[Asturias]] and [[river Dee, Wales]], ancient Dēva.<ref>Koch (2006) p. 318.</ref>
* '''Dubra'''<ref name=autogenerated18 /> (''Dubria'', 1110 CE), affluent of the [[Tambre River]]. From Proto-Celtic *dubrā- 'dark',<ref name=autogenerated8 /> which in several Celtic languages developed semantically into the substantive 'water'. The municipality of [[Val do Dubra]] ('Dubra's Valley') receives its name from this river. Compare with the Asturian [[Dobra (Sella)|Dobra]], and the rivers ''Douvres'' in France and Dover in England.<ref>{{cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Noms de lieux celtiques de l'Europe ancienne|year=2012|publisher=Errance|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-87772-483-8|pages=143}}</ref>
* '''Landro''':.<ref>Monteagudo (1999) p. 278</ref> River which flows through the town of [[Viveiro]] into the [[Bay of Biscay]]. To *(p)lān- '?River of the plane',<ref>Cf. Delamarre (2003) s.v. lano-.</ref> or to *land- 'open land (valley)'.
* '''[[Limia (river)|Limia]]''':<ref name=autogenerated11 /> To Celtic *līmā- 'flood',<ref name=autogenerated10 /> so probably 'The river of the flooded area'. In the past it formed a large swampy area near its sources which was mostly desiccated during the 20th century.
* '''Mandeo''' (''Mandeum'', 803 CE):<ref>Moralejo (2007) pp. 144-148</ref> Probably to *mandus 'pony'.<ref name=autogenerated25 />
* '''Mendo''' (''Minuete'', 964 CE):<ref>Moralejo (2007) pp. 148-150; Monteagudo (1999) p. 288</ref> A river which flows thought [[Betanzos]] into the sea, together with the larger Mandeo. To *menwo- 'small, minute', 'Minor River'. Cf. Irish ''menb'' 'idem'.
* '''Miño''' or '''[[Minho (river)|Minho]]''':<ref name="autogenerated11"/> Largest river in Galicia, to *mīno- 'tender, soft'. Cf. Old Irish ''mín'' idem.
* '''Nanton''',<ref>Mariño Paz (1998) p. 32; Prósper (2002) p. 312.</ref> river, tributary of the Tambre, from Proto-Celtic *nanto- 'stream, valley'. Another different one, the ''Río das Gándaras'' also bore the same name in the past (''Nantoni'', 955 CE).<ref>Monteagudo (1999) p. 291.</ref>
* '''[[Navia (river)|Navia]]''':<ref name=autogenerated22 /> Large river which marked the frontier of Galicia and Asturias during the first centuries of the common era.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Albornoz|first=Claudio|title=Divisiones tribales y administrativas del solar del reino de Asturias en la época romana|journal=Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia|year=1929|volume=95|pages=315–395|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/divisiones-tribales-y-administrativas-del-solar-del-reino-de-asturias-en-la-epoca-romana/|accessdate=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=González|first=José Manuel|title=Otros ríos asturianos de nombre prerromano (Eo, Navia, Ibias, Varayo, Esva)|journal=Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología|year=1964|volume=14|pages=134–148|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/891174.pdf|accessdate=25 October 2012}}</ref> It flows thought a canyon for much of its course. To *nāwiā- 'boat (vase, bowl)'.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Cf Spanish ''nava'' 'valley in between mountains'. Another river, a tributary of the [[Sil (river)|Sil]] river born by the 1700 meters high mountains of ''Serra de Queixa'', in the [[province of Ourense]], is also named '''Navea'''.

[[File:Fervenza do Ézaro.jpg|thumb|Waterfalls at the mouth of the Xallas river]]

* '''[[Samo]]''':<ref>Monteagudo (1999) p. 299</ref> A tributary of the [[Tambre (river)|Tambre]]. To Celtic *sāmo- 'calm, easy, pleasant'.<ref name=autogenerated8 /> Cf. Middle Irish sám 'idem'.
* '''[[Tambre (river)|Tambre]]''':<ref>Falileyev (2007) s.v. Tamaris</ref> Ancient ''Tamaris''. To *tamo- 'dark', so 'Dark river'. Cf. the British rivers [[River Tamar|Tamar]] (ancient ''Tamarus''), [[Thames]] (''Tamesis'') and ''Tamius''. Another two Galician rivers bear closely related names (both to *Tam-ikā): '''[[Tâmega River|Tâmega]]''' (''Tamice'', 982):<ref name=autogenerated6>Monteagudo (1999) p. 305</ref> Tributary of the [[Douro]]; and '''Támoga''' or ''Támboga'' (''Tamega'', 934 CE):<ref name=autogenerated6 /> Tributary of the [[Miño (river)|Miño]].
* ''Rio de Perros'' ('''Vernesga''', 1078 CE), sub-tributary of the Miño:<ref>Monteagudo (1999) p. 309</ref> To *wernes-ikā, to *werno- 'alder, alder-tree'.
* ''Río Grande'', a tributary of the [[Eo (river)|Eo]] river, was attested as '''Alesantia''' in 775: To *Alisantiā as, for example, the rivers [[Elsenz]], [[Auzance]], [[Alrance]] in Germany and France. The old name is preserved in the name of a village ''As Anzas''. Related: '''[[Esgos]]''', a municipality in Ourense, from ''Alesgos'' (ancient names of the local river), from *Alisikos.<ref>Búa (2019) p. 78.</ref>
* [[Xallas (river)|Río Xallas]], 60 km long river which flows into the Atlantic Ocean at '''[[Ézaro]]''', attested as ''Esar'' during the Middle Ages: To *isar-, as the rivers [[Isère (river)|Isère]] in France, [[River Aire]] in England, [[Isar]] in Germany, [[Ésera]] in NE Spain.<ref>Búa (2019) p. 80.</ref>

=== Parishes and Villages ===

Most of the 3794 parishes, small rural districts, of Galicia continue medieval and Roman ''villas'', frequently founded near, or even on top, of old [[Iron Age]] hillforts. Many of these parishes preserve old pre-Latin names.

==== Composites containing Celtic *-brig- 'hill' ====
The most frequent element among the Celtic toponyms of Galicia<ref name=autogenerated2 /> is *brigs,<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *brig-</ref> meaning 'hill, high place', and by extension 'hillfort'. Usually it is the second element in composite toponyms ending in -bre, -be or -ve,<ref>Toponyms ended in -ve, -be generally derive from toponyms ended in -bre / -vre, through metathesis or dissimilation. Cf. Moralejo (2007) p. 39.</ref> being cognate of Irish Gaelic ''brí'' 'hill', with the same origin: Proto-Celtic *-brigs > -brixs > -bris. A few toponyms ending in -bra proceed from a derivative -brigā 'hill(fort)', which also originated [[Breton language|Breton]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] languages ''bre'' 'hill'. Some of these toponyms are:<ref>In general, and for most of these toponyms: Prósper (2002) pp. 357-382.</ref>
* '''Bérgoa''': village in [[Ponteareas]], and '''Bregua''', village in [[Culleredo]]. From ''Bergula'', to Proto-Celtic *berg- 'hill'.<ref name="Morelejo104105">Moralejo 2010, 104-105.</ref>
* '''Bergaña''': village in [[Valdoviño]]. To Proto-Celtic *brig- 'hill'.<ref name="Morelejo104105"/>
* '''Bergaza''', '''Bergazo''': several villages in [[Quiroga, Galicia|Quiroga]], [[Coles, Ourense|Coles]], [[O Corgo]], and a hill in [[Xove]]. To Proto-Celtic *brig- 'hill'.<ref name="Morelejo104105"/>
* '''Berganzos''': place in [[Xove]]. To Proto-Celtic *brig- 'hill'.<ref name="Morelejo104105"/>
* '''[[Brión]]''': several villages in [[Boiro]], [[Rianxo]], [[Malpica de Bergantiños]] and [[Outes]], a parish in [[Ferrol, Galicia|Ferrol]], and several other places and hills all along Galicia, including a municipality. To Proto-Celtic *brig- 'hill'.
* '''Briallo''':<ref>Moralejo (2007) p. 352.</ref> A pair of villages, in [[Cesuras]] and [[Ponteceso]]. Also the plural '''Briallos''', a parish in [[Portas]] and a village in [[Pantón]]. To *brig- 'hill', with a pre-Latin suffix -alyo-, or a Latin one -aculo-.
* '''Alcabre''': A parish in [[Vigo]]. To *Alko-bris 'Elk-Hill'.
* '''Alcobre''' (''Arcobre'' in 991): A village in [[Vila de Cruces]]. To *Arcobris.<ref>Cf. Falileyev (2007) s.v. Arcobriga.</ref> First element can be related to Indo-European *areq- 'to protect, to enclose' (Latin ''arx'' 'fort, stronghold').
* '''Alxibre''': A village in [[Riotorto]], probably to *Alisibris<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 380.</ref> 'Alder-Hill'.
* '''Anzobre''' (''Anazobre'', 971 CE; ''Anezovre'', 966 CE): A village in [[Arteixo]]. To *Antyobris, with a first element of unclear meaning,<ref>Cf. Falileyev s.v. anat-</ref> probably to *anto- 'limit, border', or to *anatia- 'soul'.<ref name=autogenerated25 />
* '''Añobre''' (''Arnobre'' in 1122): A parish in [[Vila de Cruces]]. First element could be a primitive hydronym *Arno (cf. river [[Arno (river)|Arno]], in Italy).
* '''Añobres''': A village in [[Muxía]]. Probably to *ānniyobris 'Ring-hill' (Cf. Old Irish ''ainne'' 'ring'),<ref name=autogenerated8 /> or to *(p)anyobrixs 'Hill(fort) by the water'.<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 376.</ref>
* '''Baiobre''': A village in [[Arzúa]]. Probably to *Badyobris 'Yellow-hill'.<ref>Cf. Falileyev s.v. ba/odio-.</ref>
* '''Bañobre''': Two villages in [[Guitiriz]] and [[Miño, A Coruña|Miño]]. First element could be *wāgno- 'Depression, slope, meadow, marsh'.<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* '''Barallobre''': Two villages in [[Betanzos]] and [[Friol]], and a parish in [[Fene, Galicia|Fene]] (''Baraliobre'' in 1110). First element is the same with the Galician substantive ''baralla'' 'confrontation, debate, judgement, speech', of unknown origin.
* '''Bedrobe''' (''Bredovre'', 1385 CE): A village in [[Tordoia]]. First element could be *brito- 'judgement'.<ref>Cf. Delamarre (2003) s.v. britu-</ref><ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *briti-</ref>
* '''Biobra''' (''Viobra'', 1252 CE): A parish in [[Rubiá]]. To *Widubrigā 'Forest/Wood-hillfort'.<ref>Búa (2019) p. 65.</ref>
* '''Callobre''': Two parishes in [[Miño, A Coruña|Miño]] (it was ''Caliovre'' in 1114) and [[A Estrada]], and two villages in [[Oza dos Ríos]] (it was ''Caliobre'' in 887) and [[Ortigueira]]. First element could be *kallī- 'forest'<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *kallī-.</ref> or *kalyo- 'hard'.<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 377.</ref>
* '''Canzobre''' (''Caranzobre'', 1399 CE): A village in [[Arteixo]], to *Carantyobris. First element can be *karant- 'beloved, friend'.<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *karant-.</ref>
* '''Castrove''' (''alpe Castovre'' in 1025): A hill near [[Pontevedra]]. The first element is difficult, but cf. Gaulish personal name ''Casticus'', and Latin ''castrum'' 'castle'.<ref name=autogenerated13>Prósper (2002) p. 374.</ref>
* '''Cecebre''' (''Zerzebre'', 942 CE): A parish in [[Cambre]]. First element can be *kirk- 'ring'.,<ref>cf. IEW s.v. *(s)ker-3.</ref> or a zero-grade of *korko- 'swamp'.<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 364.</ref>
* '''Cezobre''': A village in [[Agolada]]. Probably to*Kaytyobris 'Wood-hill'.<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *kayto-</ref> Note also [[Setúbal]], in Portugal, ancient ''Caetobriga''.
* '''Cillobre''': Two villages in [[Culleredo]] and [[Touro, A Coruña|Touro]]. The first element can be *kēlyo- 'companion', so 'Companion-Hill(fort)'.<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. kēlyo-.</ref>
* '''Ciobre''': A village in [[Narón]]. The first element can be *kiwo- 'fog'.<ref>Matasovic (2009) s.v. *kiwo-.</ref>
* '''Coebre''' (''Colobre'', 935 CE): A village in [[Cesuras]]. The first element can be *kʷolu- 'wheel'<ref>Matasovic (2009) s.v. kʷol-u-.</ref>
* '''Cortobe''': A village in [[Arzúa]], maybe to a first element *corto- '?Round'<ref>Falileyev s.v. corto-.</ref>
* '''Fiobre''': A village in [[Bergondo]]. The first element can be an evolution of *widu- 'wood'.<ref>Matasovic (2009) s.v. *widu-.</ref> Note the Portuguese inscription ''NIMIDI FIDUENEARUM HIC''.<ref>CIL II, 5607a.</ref>
* '''Illobre''': A village in [[Betanzos]] and a parish in [[Vedra]]. The first element can be *īlyo- 'swollen'.<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 377; Delamarre (2003) s.v. *illio-.</ref> Cf. Gaulish name ''Iliomarus''.
* '''Iñobre''': A village in [[Rianxo]], in a small hill by the bay of Arousa. Probably to *(p)en-yo-bris 'Hill by the Swamp/Water'.<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 377</ref><ref>Matasovic (2009) s.v. *feno-.</ref>
* '''Ixobre''': A village in [[Ares]]. Probably to *Isyo-bris.<ref name=autogenerated3>Prósper (2002) p. 378.</ref> Its first element would be *iso- 'fast, powerful'<ref>Falileyev s.v. *iso-</ref> (cf. ''Isère'', a river in France).
* '''Landrove''': A parish in [[Viveiro]], by the ''Landro'' river. So it can simply mean 'the hill by the Landro river'; from the Celtic element *landā- 'open land'.<ref>Matasovic (2009) s.v. *landā-.</ref>
* '''Laxobre''': A village in [[Arteixo]]. The first element is the same with the Galician substantive ''laxe'' 'stone slab, plain stone', medieval form ''lagena'', to Celtic *(p)lāgenā which originated Old Irish ''láigean'' 'broad spearhead', Welsh ''llain'' 'blade'.<ref>Ward s.v. *lāgenā.</ref>
* ''Vilouchada'', parish and village in [[Trazo]], ancient '''Lentobre''' ('uilla que ab antiquis uocitabatur Lentobre et nunc uocitatur Ostulata, subtus castro Brione', 818 CE).<ref name=autogenerated5>Prósper (2002) p. 375.</ref> To *Lentrobrixs '?Hillfort by the Slope', to *lentrā 'slope', cf. Welsh ''llethr'' idem.
* '''Lestrobe''': Two villages in [[Dodro]], and [[Trazo]]. To *Lestrobris, where the first element is Proto-Celtic *lestro- 'vessel, container; beehive'.<ref>Matasovic (2009) s.v. *lestro-</ref> So maybe *Lestrobris = 'Hill(fort) by the valley / depression'.
* '''Maiobre''': A village in [[Ares]], from *Magyobris 'Great Hill(fort)'.<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 378; cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *magyo-.</ref>
* '''Montrove''', village in [[Oleiros, Galicia|Oleiros]]. Probably a Latin and Celtic hybrid meaning, literally, 'hill-hill'.<ref name=autogenerated5 />
* '''[[O Grove]]''' (''Ogrobre'', 912 CE): Municipality with two parishes and a town, in a peninsula by the Atlantic Ocean. From *Okro-brixs 'Hillfort by the edge/angle'<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 375.</ref><ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. akro-.</ref> There are other three villages under the name '''Ogrobe''', in [[Pontedeume]], [[Mondoñedo]], and [[Taboada]].
* '''Obre''': A parish in [[Noia]] (it was ''Olobre'' in 1113)<ref name=autogenerated3 /> and another one in [[Paderne, A Coruña|Paderne]]. The first element can be *olo- 'behind, beyond'.<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v.</ref>
* '''Ombre''' (''Anobre'', 971): 5 villages in A Coruña province (in [[Pontedeume]], [[O Pino]], [[Culleredo]], [[Miño, A Coruña|Miño]] and [[Brión|Brion]]) at or near the banks of the Tambre, Mero and Eume rivers; from Proto-Celtic *fano- 'water: swamp' .<ref>Matasovic (2009) p. 127.</ref><ref>Bascuas (2002) p. 235-236.</ref>
* '''Pezobre''': A parish in [[Santiso]]. First element appears to be the same one which originated the Galician word ''peza'' 'piece', from Proto-Celtic *kwezdi- through Gaulish *pettia-.<ref name=autogenerated16 />
* '''Rañobre''': A village in [[Arteixo]]. First element could have multiple origins, but maybe to *(p)rasn-yo- 'share, part'.
* '''Sansobre''': A village in [[Vimianzo]]. Probably to *Sent-yo-bris,<ref name=autogenerated7>Prósper (2002) p. 379.</ref> where the first element is either Celtic *sentu- 'path', or *sentiyo- 'neighbour',<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *sentu-.</ref> or even *santo- 'separated'.<ref>Falileyev s.v.</ref>
* '''Sillobre''' (''Siliobre'', 830 CE): A parish in [[Fene, Galicia|Fene]]. First element is probably *sīl 'descendant, seed'.<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* '''Xiabre''': A hill in [[Catoira]]. To *Senābris 'Old Hill(fort)',<ref name=autogenerated7 /> where the first element is Celtic *senā- 'old (she)'. Cf. [[Senabria|Sanabria]], ''Senabria'' in 929.
* '''Trobe''' (''Talobre'', 914 CE): A parish in [[Vedra]]. To *Talo-bris,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> cf. *talu- 'forehead, protuberance', *talamon- 'ground'.<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* '''Tallobre''': A village in [[Negueira de Muñiz]]. From *Talyo-bris, with similar origin and meaning.
* '''Tiobre''' (''Toyobre'', 1037 CE): A parish in [[Betanzos]]. The first element is probably related to Celtic *togyā 'roof, covering', *tegos 'house'.<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* '''Tragove''', a town in a peninsula in [[Cambados]], by Arousa bay. Probably to *Tragobris 'Hillfort by the beach', from Celtic *trāg- 'beach, ebb, low tide'.<ref name=autogenerated8 />
* '''Vendabre''', ancient village (''Uendabre'', 887 CE):<ref name=autogenerated7 /> To *windo- 'white' and *brixs. Cf. Vindobona, ancient name of [[Vienna]].
* '''Boebre''' (''Volebre'', 922 CE): A parish in [[Pontedeume]]. The first element is probably related to *welH- 'to rule'.<ref>Cf. Falileyev s.v. Vologatae, and Matasovic (2009) s.v. *walo-.</ref>

==== Toponyms based on a superlative ====
Another frequent type of Celtic toponyms in Galicia are those whose names are formed as a superlative,<ref>Prósper (2005) pp. 267-284.</ref> either formed with the suffix -mmo- or with the composite one -is-mmo-:

* '''Beresmo''':<ref>Prósper (2005) p. 266.</ref> A village in [[Avión]], to Celtic *berg-is-amo- 'the highest one'.
* '''Ledesma''':<ref>Prósper (2005) p. 269; Moralejo (2007) p. 44.</ref> A parish in [[Boqueixón]], in a plain by the [[Ulla (river)|Ulla]] river. To Celtic *(p)let-is-amā 'the broadest one'.
* '''Bama''' (''Vama'', 912 CE):<ref>Prósper (2005) p. 278.</ref> A parish in [[Touro, A Coruña|Touro]], to *u(p)amā 'the lowest one'.<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v.*ufo.</ref>
* '''Bamio''': A parish in [[Vilagarcía de Arousa]], to *u(p)am-yo '(relative to) the lowest one'.
* '''Méixamo''': A village in [[Navia de Suarna]], to *māysamo- 'the greatest one',<ref>Matasovic (2009) s.v. māro-</ref> or to magisamo- 'the largest one'.<ref>Moralejo 2010, 106-107.</ref>
* '''Sésamo''':<ref name="Morelejo106"/><ref name=autogenerated17>Prósper (2005) p. 282.</ref> A parish in [[Culleredo]]. To *seg-is-amo- 'The strongest one'.<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v.*sego-.</ref> The same origin have '''Sísamo''', parish in [[Carballo]].
* '''Osmo''' (''Osamo'', 928 CE):<ref name="Morelejo106"/><ref name=autogenerated17 /> A parish in [[Cenlle]], to *owxs-amo 'the highest one'.<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *owxsV- 'high'</ref>

==== Other pre-Latin toponyms ====
Other villages and parishes have names with pre-Latin, probably Celtic, origin, specially in the coastal areas of [[A Coruña]] and [[Pontevedra]] provinces and all along the valley of the [[Ulla (river)|Ulla]] river. Among them:

* To Proto-Celtic *abank- 'wicker':<ref>Moralejo 2010, 100.</ref> '''Abanqueiro''', medieval ''Avankario'', parish and place with a lagoon, in [[Boiro]].
* To Proto-Celtic *arganto- 'silver, shining':<ref>Matasovic (2009), s.v., Delamarre (2003) s.v. arganton</ref> '''Arganzo''', a village in [[Mañón]], to *Argantyo-.<ref>Moralejo (2007) p. 350.</ref> Cf. Old Breton ''argant'', Cornish ''argans'' 'silver'.
* To Proto-Celtic *bend- 'protruding peak':<ref>Moralejo 2010, 103-104.</ref> '''Bendaña''', medieval ''Bendania'', parish in [[Touro, A Coruña|Touro]]. '''Bendoiro''', medieval ''Bendurio'', parish in [[Lalín]].
* To Proto-Celtic *brīwā 'bridge':<ref name=autogenerated19>Matasovic (2009) s.v., Delamarre (2003) s.v.</ref> '''Bribes''', a parish in [[Cambre]] (''Brivis'', 1154 CE), and a village in [[Vimianzo]]. Formally a Latin plural locative meaning '(where) the -'. Also, '''[[Dumbría]]''', a municipality, ancient ''Donovria''. There are several ''Brives'' in France.
* From Proto-Celtic *dūno- 'fort':<ref name=autogenerated19 /> '''[[Dumbría]]''', town, parish and municipality. It was ''Donobria'' in 830, from *Dūnobrīwā.
* From Proto-Celtic *duro- 'door':<ref name=autogenerated19 /> [[Salvaterra de Miño]], which ancient name was '''Lacedurium''' (991 CE).<ref>Monteagudo (1999) p. 256.</ref>
* From Proto-Celtic *īsarno- 'iron': '''Isorna''', a parish in [[Rianxo]].
* From Proto-Celtic *kambo- 'crooked, twisted': '''Camboño''' (''Cambonio'', 1157), parish in [[Lousame]].
* From Proto-Celtic *kanto- 'a hundred': '''Cantoña''', a parish in [[Paderne de Allariz]] and two villages, in [[Teo, A Coruña|Teo]] and [[O Porriño]].
* From Proto-Celtic *karanto- 'friend, beloved':<ref>Among other possibilities. Cf. Moralejo 2010, 106.</ref> '''Carantoña''', two parishes in [[Miño, A Coruña|Miño]] (''Carantonia'', 1096) and [[Vimianzo]]. A village in [[Lousame]] (''Carantonio'', 1157). '''Carantos''', village in [[Coristanco]].
* From Proto-Celtic *kerbo- 'pointed, sharp':<ref name="Moralejo107"/> '''Cervaña''', parish in [[Silleda]].
* From Proto-Celtic *lem- 'elm': '''Lemaio''' (to *Lēmawyo-), parish in [[Laracha]].
* To Proto-Celtic *mrg- 'territory':<ref>Cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *mrogi, Moralejo (2007) pp. 179-184.</ref> '''[[Cambre]]''' (''Calamber'' in 959) municipality, parish and town. Also, a parish in [[Malpica de Bergantiños]], and a village in [[Carballo]]; '''[[Oimbra]]''' (''Olimbria'' in 953), municipality, parish and town; '''Pambre''', a parish in [[Palas de Rei]] (''Palambre'' c. 1009) and a village in [[Ramirás]].
* From Proto-Celtic *nantu- 'stream, valley': '''Nantes''',<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 312.</ref> parish in [[Sanxenxo]]; '''Nantón''', a parish in [[Cabana de Bergantiños]] and a village in [[A Baña]].
* From Proto-Celtic *(p)lār- 'floor': '''Laraño''', a parish in [[Santiago de Compostela]] (''Laranio'', 1201), and a village in [[Vedra]]. '''Laranga''' (to *Laranicā 'Of the plain') village in [[Porto do Son]].
* From Proto-Celtic *(p)let- 'broad, wide': '''Ledoño''',<ref>Prósper (2005) p. 269.</ref> parish in [[Culleredo]].
* From [[PIE]] *plew- 'to flow, swim', with Celtic treatment of p and -ew- > -ow-: '''Loentia''' (''Luentena'', 11th century), [[Castro de Rei]]; '''Loenzo''' (two places, in [[Carballo, A Coruña]] and [[Vilagarcía de Arousa]]).<ref>Búa (2019) p. 60.</ref>
* From Proto-Celtic *salō- 'ocean':<ref>cf. Matasovic (2009) s.v. *Salano-</ref> '''Seaia''' (''Salagia'' in 830), village in [[Malpica de Bergantiños]], and the name of an ancient coastal region comprising the actual municipalities of [[Malpica de Bergantiños]] and [[Ponteceso]]. To the derivative form *Salawyā.
* From Proto-Celtic *trebā 'settlement': '''Trevonzos''' (''Trevoncio'' in 1176 ), village in [[Boiro]].
* From Proto-Celtic *werno- 'alder, alder-tree': '''Berrimes''' (''Vernimes'', 955), a village in [[Lousame]].
* From Proto-Celtic *windo- 'white':<ref>Matasovic (2009), s.v.</ref> '''Bendia''' (''Vendena'' in 1037), [[Castro de Rei]]; '''Bendoiro''' (''Vendurio'' in 978), [[Lalín]].<ref>Ares (2014) pp. 161-164.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Galician Institute for Celtic Studies]]
* [[Gallaecian language]]
* [[List of Celtic place names in Portugal]]
* [[List of Celtic place names in Italy]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

== References ==

* {{Cite book| publisher = Real Academia Galega| isbn = 978-84-87987-83-0| last = Ares Vázquez| first = Nicandro| title = Estudos de toponimia galega| location = A Coruña| date = 2012 |url = http://publicacions.academia.gal/index.php/rag/catalog/view/245/246/807-2}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Univ Santiago de Compostela| isbn = 978-84-9750-026-5| last = Bascuas| first = Edelmiro| title = Estudios de hidronimia paleoeuropea gallega| date = 2002}}
* Bascuas, Edelmiro (2006). ''La Diosa Reve y los trasancos''. [https://71aef3a8-699f-4144-8058-0ccbddfd6db4.filesusr.com/ugd/4dc129_0b49c6a7236a4d8392cb9468a16a7544.pdf Estudios Mindonienses (22)]: 801-842.
* Bascuas, Edelmiro (2008). ''La hidronimia de Galicia. Tres estratos: paleoeuropeo, celta y latino''. [https://71aef3a8-699f-4144-8058-0ccbddfd6db4.filesusr.com/ugd/4dc129_e0f2e3c03dcf42f4997905f51da91002.pdf Estudios Mindonienses (24)]: 521-550.
* {{Cite book| publisher = Universidade de Santiago de Compostela| isbn = 978-84-17595-07-4| last = Búa | first = Carlos| title = Toponimia prelatina de Galicia| accessdate = 2021-07-19| date = 2019| url = http://www.usc.gal/libros/index.php?id_product=300&controller=product}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Toxosoutos| isbn = 978-84-943014-0-7| last = Cabeza Quiles| first = Fernando| title = A toponimia celta de Galicia| date = 2014}}
* Curchin, Leonard A. (2008) [http://estudiosgallegos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgallegos/article/view/41 Estudios Gallegos ''The toponyms of the Roman Galicia: New Study'']. CUADERNOS DE ESTUDIOS GALLEGOS '''LV''' (121): 109-136.
* Delamarre, Xavier (2003) ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise''. Editions Errance. {{ISBN|978-2-87772-369-5}}.
* {{cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Noms de lieux celtiques de l'Europe ancienne (-500 / +500): dictionnaire|year=2012|publisher=Errance|location=Arles|isbn=978-2-87772-483-8}}
* Falileyev, Alexander (2007) ''Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names''. Unpublished. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101008133011/http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2160/282/12/FalileyevMap.pdf Map]
* Koch, John T., ed. (2006) ''Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-440-0}}.
* Luján Martínez, Eugenio R. (2006) [http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_16/lujan_6_16.pdf ''The Language(s) of the Callaeci'']. e-Keltoi '''6''': 715-748.
* Mariño Paz, Ramon (1998). ''Historia da lingua galega''. Sotelo Blanco. {{ISBN|978-84-7824-333-4}}.
* Matasovic, R. (2009). ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic''. Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17336-1}}.
* Monteagudo, Luis (1999) [http://anuariobrigantino.betanzos.net/Ab1999PDF/1999%20255_316.pdf ''Hidronimia gallega'']. Anuario Brigantino (22): 255-314.
* Moralejo, Juan J. (2007) [http://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf ''Callaica Nomina'']. A Coruña: Fundación Barrié. 2007. {{ISBN|978-84-95892-68-3}}.
* Moralejo, Juan J. (2010) [http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/30/23/07moralejo.pdf ''Topónimos Célticos en Galicia'']. Palaeohispanica (10): 99-111.
* Prósper, Blanca María (2002). ''Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica.'' Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. {{ISBN|978-84-7800-818-6}}.
* Prósper, Blanca María and Francisco Villar (2005). ''Vascos, Celtas e Indoeuropeos: Genes y lenguas.'' Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. {{ISBN|978-84-7800-530-7}}.
* Prósper, Blanca María (2008). [http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/28/40/03prosper.pdf ''En los márgenes de la lingüística celta: los etnónimos del noroeste de la Península Ibérica y una ley fonética del hispano-celta occidental''] Palaeohispanica (8): 35-54.
* Vallejo Ruiz, José María (2009) [http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/21vallejo.pdf ''Viejas y nuevas cuestiones de lengua en el occidente peninsular: el lusitano y la onomástica'']. PALAEOHISPANICA (9): 271-289.
* Ward, A. (1996). ''A Checklist of Proto-Celtic lexical Items''. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/20623905/A-Checklist-of-Proto-Celtic-Lexical-Items Online at Scribd.]
* Young, Simon (2002). Britonia: camiños novos. Noia: Toxosoutos. {{ISBN|978-84-95622-58-7}}.

=== Other resources ===
* [http://sli.uvigo.es/toponimia/ Aquén. Toponimia Galega.] A localizer. {{in lang|gl}}
* [http://ilg.usc.es/itgm/ Inventario toponímico da Galicia medieval.] Medieval toponyms of Galicia. {{in lang|gl}}
* [http://toponimia.xunta.es/ Toponimia de Galicia.] Official site on toponymy. {{in lang|gl}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Celtic Place-Names In Galicia}}
[[Category:Celtic toponyms|Galicia]]
[[Category:Galician words and phrases]]
[[Category:Galician etymology]]
[[Category:Lists of loanwords of Celtic origin|Galicia Places]]
[[Category:Celtic languages|Galicia]]

Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī

2024-08-01T19:22:19Z

Netanbaal:

'''Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāḥ ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī'''<ref>{{lang-ar|أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ السَّيِّدِ الْبَطَلْيَوْسِيُّ}}</ref> (1052–1127), also spelled '''Ibn Assīd'''{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}} or '''Abenasid''',{{sfn|Peña Martín|2007|p=425}} was an [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] grammarian and philosopher. He is the earliest [[Islamic philosopher]] from the West whose works have survived.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

Ibn al-Sīd was born in 1052 (year 444 [[Anno Hegirae|of the Hijra]]) in [[Silves]]<ref>"Al-Maqqari gives him origin in Silves, Portugal, even he is known as "from Badajoz". Silves was Badajoz territory" António Borges Coelho, Portugal na Espanha Árabe, 2a ed., 2 vols., Lisboa, Editorial Caminho, 1989.</ref>,[[Taifa of Badajoz]] ([[Arabic]] ''Baṭalyaws'') at the court of al-Muẓaffar, the [[Afṭasid]] [[Taifa of Badajoz|ruler of Badajoz]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} He received a literary and grammatical education.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}} His teacher was Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥamdūn al-Muqrīʾ al-Baṭalyawsī, called Ibn al-Laṭīniyya, who died in 1073.{{sfn|Rebollo Ávalos|1997|p=270}}{{sfn|Serrano Ruano|2002|p=82}} When Badajoz fell to the [[Almoravids]] in 1094,{{sfn|Messier|2010|p=115}} Ibn al-Sīd went to [[Teruel]] in the territory of the [[Taifa of Albarracín|Banū Razīn]]. There he held the office of ''kātib'' (secretary) to the ruler, [[Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik Jabr al-Dawla|Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik]]. After falling into disgrace, he fled to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], then [[Zaragoza]] and finally [[Valencia, Valencia|Valencia]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} In Zaragoza, sometime before 1110, he met the young philosopher [[Ibn Bājja]], whom he debated on the role of [[logic]] in grammar.{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}}{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}} He stayed in Zaragoza for about ten years.{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}} In Valencia, he taught [[Ibn Bashkuwāl]]. He died toward the end of July 1127 (521 of the Hijra) at Valencia.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}}

Ibn al-Sīd wrote some 20 works on [[Arabic grammar]], philology and philosophy.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} He wrote a ''[[fahrasa]]'' (an outline of his teachers and the works he studied under them) and commentaries on the ''Adab al-Kitāb'' of [[Ibn Qutayba]], the [[Muwatta Imam Malik|''Muwaṭṭaʾ'' of Mālik]] and the ''Saqṭ al-Zand'' of [[al-Maʿarrī]]. This last generated a strong response from [[Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi|Ibn al-ʿArabī]] and a counter from Ibn al-Sīd entitled ''al-Intiṣār mim-man ʿadala ʿan al-Istibṣār''.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} The commentary on Ibn Qutayba was entitled ''Improvisation'' (''al-Iqtiḍāb''). He also wrote on theological differences within Islam in ''The Equitable Judgment on the Causes Originating Discrepancies in the Community'' (''al-Inṣāf fī al-asbāb al-mūjiba li-khtilāf al-umma''). His most important philosophical works are the ''Book of Questions'' (''Kitāb al-Masāʾil'') and the ''Book of Circles'' (''Kitāb al-Ḥadāiʾq''). The latter was translated into [[Hebrew]] twice (including by [[Samuel ibn Tibbon]]) and became influential in Jewish circles. [[Bahiya ibn Paquda]] and [[Isaac Abravanel]] used it. Among Muslims, it was known to [[Ibn Ṭufayl]] and [[Ibn Sabʿīn]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

Ibn al-Sīd was one of the earliest philosophers to explicitly seek to reconcile the Islamic religion with the "sciences of the ancients". In the ''Book of Questions'', he argues that philosophy and religion are two different means in pursuit of the same goal, the truth. Religion establishes the same truths by means of persuasion and imagination as philosophy does by [[Argument|demonstration]]. This is because some humans have insufficient understanding to grasp truths by demonstration. The demonstration of religion is ultimately to be found in [[miracle]]s. Religion remains a necessary precondition for philosophy because the pursuit of truth depends on virtues that can only come from religion. In this reasoning, Ibn al-Sīd leans heavily on [[al-Fārābī]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

In the ''Book of Circles'', Ibn al-Sīd introduced [[Emanationism|emanationist metaphysics]] to al-Andalus. Ultimately derived from [[Neoplatonism]] and from the [[Neopythagorean]] ''[[Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity]]'', partially through al-Fārābī, the metaphysical system of the ''Book of Circles'' is complex and eclectic. Ibn al-Sīd says that this system goes back to [[Socrates]], [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. The [[Active intellect|Agent Intellect]] enlightens human intellect and the perfection of the human being comes about through returning to its source by study of, in ascending order, [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[metaphysics]] and [[theology]]. Then union with the Agent Intellect is attained. The fifth chapter deals with the question of [[negative theology]], the seventh and final chapter with the [[immortality of the soul]]. This last was incorporated verbatim into the 13th-century ''[[Sicilian Questions]]''.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite journal |title=Ibn al-Sīd de Badajoz y su «Libro de los Cercos» («Kitāb al-Ḥadāiʾq») |first=Miguel |last=Asín Palacios |journal=Al-Andalus |issn=0304-4335 |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1940 |pages=45–154}}
*{{cite book |first=George |last=Beech |title=The Brief Eminence and Doomed Fall of Islamic Saragossa: A Great Center of Jewish and Arabic Learning in the Iberian Peninsula During the 11th Century |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo |year=2008}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Marc |last=Geoffroy |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_78 |title=al-Baṭalyūsī, Abū Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy |year=2011 |editor=Henrik Lagerlund |pages=149–150 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9728-7}}
*{{EI2 |first=Évariste |last=Lévi-Provençal |title=al-Baṭalyawsī |volume=1 |page=1092|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-batalyawsi-SIM_1279|authorlink=Évariste Lévi-Provençal}}
*{{cite book |first=Ronald A. |last=Messier |title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad |publisher=Praeger |year=2010}}
*{{cite book |first=Salvador |last=Peña Martín |title=Corán, palabra y verdad: Ibn al-Sīd y el humanismo en al-Andalus |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |year=2007}}
*{{cite journal |title=Sobre algunas personalidades notables del reino taifa de Badajoz |first=María José |last=Rebollo Ávalos |journal=Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Arabe-Islám |issn=1696-5868 |volume=46 |year=1997 |pages=267–275 |url=http://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/10481/2241/1/Rebollo.97.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |title=Ibn al-Ṣīd al-Baṭalyawsī (444/1052–521/1127): de los reinos de taifas a la época almorávide a través de la bibliografía de un ulema polifacético |first=Delfina |last=Serrano Ruano |journal=Al-Qantara: Revista de estudios árabes |issn=0211-3589 |volume=23 |year=2002 |pages=53–92 |doi=10.3989/alqantara.2002.v23.i1.200 |url=http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/viewFile/200/192|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite book |first = António Borges |last=Coelho|title=Portugal na Espanha Árabe|publisher = Editorial Caminho|edition = 2º|volume= 2º|year=1989}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1052 births]]
[[Category:1127 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Silves]]
[[Category:People from Badajoz]]
[[Category:Philosophers from al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Portuguese philosophers]]
[[Category:12th-century Spanish philosophers]]
[[Category:Medieval grammarians of Arabic]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]
[[Category:Portuguese philosophers]]

Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī

2024-08-01T19:21:04Z

Netanbaal: /* Bibliography */

Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī

2024-08-01T19:17:13Z

Netanbaal: Source of his birth location

'''Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāḥ ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī'''<ref>{{lang-ar|أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ السَّيِّدِ الْبَطَلْيَوْسِيُّ}}</ref> (1052–1127), also spelled '''Ibn Assīd'''{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}} or '''Abenasid''',{{sfn|Peña Martín|2007|p=425}} was an [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] grammarian and philosopher. He is the earliest [[Islamic philosopher]] from the West whose works have survived.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

Ibn al-Sīd was born in 1052 (year 444 [[Anno Hegirae|of the Hijra]]) in [[Silves]]<ref>"Al-Maqqari gives him origin in Silves, Portugal, even he is known as "from Badajoz". Silves was Badajoz territory" António Borges Coelho, Portugal na Espanha Árabe, 2a ed., 2 vols., Lisboa, Editorial Caminho, 1989.</ref>,[[Taifa of Badajoz]] ([[Arabic]] ''Baṭalyaws'') at the court of al-Muẓaffar, the [[Afṭasid]] [[Taifa of Badajoz|ruler of Badajoz]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} He received a literary and grammatical education.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}} His teacher was Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥamdūn al-Muqrīʾ al-Baṭalyawsī, called Ibn al-Laṭīniyya, who died in 1073.{{sfn|Rebollo Ávalos|1997|p=270}}{{sfn|Serrano Ruano|2002|p=82}} When Badajoz fell to the [[Almoravids]] in 1094,{{sfn|Messier|2010|p=115}} Ibn al-Sīd went to [[Teruel]] in the territory of the [[Taifa of Albarracín|Banū Razīn]]. There he held the office of ''kātib'' (secretary) to the ruler, [[Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik Jabr al-Dawla|Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik]]. After falling into disgrace, he fled to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], then [[Zaragoza]] and finally [[Valencia, Valencia|Valencia]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} In Zaragoza, sometime before 1110, he met the young philosopher [[Ibn Bājja]], whom he debated on the role of [[logic]] in grammar.{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}}{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}} He stayed in Zaragoza for about ten years.{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}} In Valencia, he taught [[Ibn Bashkuwāl]]. He died toward the end of July 1127 (521 of the Hijra) at Valencia.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}}

Ibn al-Sīd wrote some 20 works on [[Arabic grammar]], philology and philosophy.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} He wrote a ''[[fahrasa]]'' (an outline of his teachers and the works he studied under them) and commentaries on the ''Adab al-Kitāb'' of [[Ibn Qutayba]], the [[Muwatta Imam Malik|''Muwaṭṭaʾ'' of Mālik]] and the ''Saqṭ al-Zand'' of [[al-Maʿarrī]]. This last generated a strong response from [[Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi|Ibn al-ʿArabī]] and a counter from Ibn al-Sīd entitled ''al-Intiṣār mim-man ʿadala ʿan al-Istibṣār''.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} The commentary on Ibn Qutayba was entitled ''Improvisation'' (''al-Iqtiḍāb''). He also wrote on theological differences within Islam in ''The Equitable Judgment on the Causes Originating Discrepancies in the Community'' (''al-Inṣāf fī al-asbāb al-mūjiba li-khtilāf al-umma''). His most important philosophical works are the ''Book of Questions'' (''Kitāb al-Masāʾil'') and the ''Book of Circles'' (''Kitāb al-Ḥadāiʾq''). The latter was translated into [[Hebrew]] twice (including by [[Samuel ibn Tibbon]]) and became influential in Jewish circles. [[Bahiya ibn Paquda]] and [[Isaac Abravanel]] used it. Among Muslims, it was known to [[Ibn Ṭufayl]] and [[Ibn Sabʿīn]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

Ibn al-Sīd was one of the earliest philosophers to explicitly seek to reconcile the Islamic religion with the "sciences of the ancients". In the ''Book of Questions'', he argues that philosophy and religion are two different means in pursuit of the same goal, the truth. Religion establishes the same truths by means of persuasion and imagination as philosophy does by [[Argument|demonstration]]. This is because some humans have insufficient understanding to grasp truths by demonstration. The demonstration of religion is ultimately to be found in [[miracle]]s. Religion remains a necessary precondition for philosophy because the pursuit of truth depends on virtues that can only come from religion. In this reasoning, Ibn al-Sīd leans heavily on [[al-Fārābī]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

In the ''Book of Circles'', Ibn al-Sīd introduced [[Emanationism|emanationist metaphysics]] to al-Andalus. Ultimately derived from [[Neoplatonism]] and from the [[Neopythagorean]] ''[[Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity]]'', partially through al-Fārābī, the metaphysical system of the ''Book of Circles'' is complex and eclectic. Ibn al-Sīd says that this system goes back to [[Socrates]], [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. The [[Active intellect|Agent Intellect]] enlightens human intellect and the perfection of the human being comes about through returning to its source by study of, in ascending order, [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[metaphysics]] and [[theology]]. Then union with the Agent Intellect is attained. The fifth chapter deals with the question of [[negative theology]], the seventh and final chapter with the [[immortality of the soul]]. This last was incorporated verbatim into the 13th-century ''[[Sicilian Questions]]''.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite journal |title=Ibn al-Sīd de Badajoz y su «Libro de los Cercos» («Kitāb al-Ḥadāiʾq») |first=Miguel |last=Asín Palacios |journal=Al-Andalus |issn=0304-4335 |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1940 |pages=45–154}}
*{{cite book |first=George |last=Beech |title=The Brief Eminence and Doomed Fall of Islamic Saragossa: A Great Center of Jewish and Arabic Learning in the Iberian Peninsula During the 11th Century |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo |year=2008}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Marc |last=Geoffroy |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_78 |title=al-Baṭalyūsī, Abū Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy |year=2011 |editor=Henrik Lagerlund |pages=149–150 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9728-7}}
*{{EI2 |first=Évariste |last=Lévi-Provençal |title=al-Baṭalyawsī |volume=1 |page=1092|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-batalyawsi-SIM_1279|authorlink=Évariste Lévi-Provençal}}
*{{cite book |first=Ronald A. |last=Messier |title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad |publisher=Praeger |year=2010}}
*{{cite book |first=Salvador |last=Peña Martín |title=Corán, palabra y verdad: Ibn al-Sīd y el humanismo en al-Andalus |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |year=2007}}
*{{cite journal |title=Sobre algunas personalidades notables del reino taifa de Badajoz |first=María José |last=Rebollo Ávalos |journal=Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Arabe-Islám |issn=1696-5868 |volume=46 |year=1997 |pages=267–275 |url=http://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/10481/2241/1/Rebollo.97.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |title=Ibn al-Ṣīd al-Baṭalyawsī (444/1052–521/1127): de los reinos de taifas a la época almorávide a través de la bibliografía de un ulema polifacético |first=Delfina |last=Serrano Ruano |journal=Al-Qantara: Revista de estudios árabes |issn=0211-3589 |volume=23 |year=2002 |pages=53–92 |doi=10.3989/alqantara.2002.v23.i1.200 |url=http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/viewFile/200/192|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1052 births]]
[[Category:1127 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Silves]]
[[Category:People from Badajoz]]
[[Category:Philosophers from al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Portuguese philosophers]]
[[Category:12th-century Spanish philosophers]]
[[Category:Medieval grammarians of Arabic]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]

Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī

2024-08-01T19:15:02Z

Netanbaal: the source is clear: António Borges Coelho, Portugal na Espanha Árabe, 2a ed., 2 vols., Lisboa, Editorial Caminho, 1989. Undid revision 1237912290 by Srnec (talk)

'''Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāḥ ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī'''<ref>{{lang-ar|أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ السَّيِّدِ الْبَطَلْيَوْسِيُّ}}</ref> (1052–1127), also spelled '''Ibn Assīd'''{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}} or '''Abenasid''',{{sfn|Peña Martín|2007|p=425}} was an [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] grammarian and philosopher. He is the earliest [[Islamic philosopher]] from the West whose works have survived.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

Ibn al-Sīd was born in 1052 (year 444 [[Anno Hegirae|of the Hijra]]) in [[Silves]],[[Taifa of Badajoz]] ([[Arabic]] ''Baṭalyaws'') at the court of al-Muẓaffar, the [[Afṭasid]] [[Taifa of Badajoz|ruler of Badajoz]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} He received a literary and grammatical education.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}} His teacher was Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥamdūn al-Muqrīʾ al-Baṭalyawsī, called Ibn al-Laṭīniyya, who died in 1073.{{sfn|Rebollo Ávalos|1997|p=270}}{{sfn|Serrano Ruano|2002|p=82}} When Badajoz fell to the [[Almoravids]] in 1094,{{sfn|Messier|2010|p=115}} Ibn al-Sīd went to [[Teruel]] in the territory of the [[Taifa of Albarracín|Banū Razīn]]. There he held the office of ''kātib'' (secretary) to the ruler, [[Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik Jabr al-Dawla|Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik]]. After falling into disgrace, he fled to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], then [[Zaragoza]] and finally [[Valencia, Valencia|Valencia]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} In Zaragoza, sometime before 1110, he met the young philosopher [[Ibn Bājja]], whom he debated on the role of [[logic]] in grammar.{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}}{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}} He stayed in Zaragoza for about ten years.{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}} In Valencia, he taught [[Ibn Bashkuwāl]]. He died toward the end of July 1127 (521 of the Hijra) at Valencia.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}}

Ibn al-Sīd wrote some 20 works on [[Arabic grammar]], philology and philosophy.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} He wrote a ''[[fahrasa]]'' (an outline of his teachers and the works he studied under them) and commentaries on the ''Adab al-Kitāb'' of [[Ibn Qutayba]], the [[Muwatta Imam Malik|''Muwaṭṭaʾ'' of Mālik]] and the ''Saqṭ al-Zand'' of [[al-Maʿarrī]]. This last generated a strong response from [[Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi|Ibn al-ʿArabī]] and a counter from Ibn al-Sīd entitled ''al-Intiṣār mim-man ʿadala ʿan al-Istibṣār''.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} The commentary on Ibn Qutayba was entitled ''Improvisation'' (''al-Iqtiḍāb''). He also wrote on theological differences within Islam in ''The Equitable Judgment on the Causes Originating Discrepancies in the Community'' (''al-Inṣāf fī al-asbāb al-mūjiba li-khtilāf al-umma''). His most important philosophical works are the ''Book of Questions'' (''Kitāb al-Masāʾil'') and the ''Book of Circles'' (''Kitāb al-Ḥadāiʾq''). The latter was translated into [[Hebrew]] twice (including by [[Samuel ibn Tibbon]]) and became influential in Jewish circles. [[Bahiya ibn Paquda]] and [[Isaac Abravanel]] used it. Among Muslims, it was known to [[Ibn Ṭufayl]] and [[Ibn Sabʿīn]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

Ibn al-Sīd was one of the earliest philosophers to explicitly seek to reconcile the Islamic religion with the "sciences of the ancients". In the ''Book of Questions'', he argues that philosophy and religion are two different means in pursuit of the same goal, the truth. Religion establishes the same truths by means of persuasion and imagination as philosophy does by [[Argument|demonstration]]. This is because some humans have insufficient understanding to grasp truths by demonstration. The demonstration of religion is ultimately to be found in [[miracle]]s. Religion remains a necessary precondition for philosophy because the pursuit of truth depends on virtues that can only come from religion. In this reasoning, Ibn al-Sīd leans heavily on [[al-Fārābī]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

In the ''Book of Circles'', Ibn al-Sīd introduced [[Emanationism|emanationist metaphysics]] to al-Andalus. Ultimately derived from [[Neoplatonism]] and from the [[Neopythagorean]] ''[[Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity]]'', partially through al-Fārābī, the metaphysical system of the ''Book of Circles'' is complex and eclectic. Ibn al-Sīd says that this system goes back to [[Socrates]], [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. The [[Active intellect|Agent Intellect]] enlightens human intellect and the perfection of the human being comes about through returning to its source by study of, in ascending order, [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[metaphysics]] and [[theology]]. Then union with the Agent Intellect is attained. The fifth chapter deals with the question of [[negative theology]], the seventh and final chapter with the [[immortality of the soul]]. This last was incorporated verbatim into the 13th-century ''[[Sicilian Questions]]''.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite journal |title=Ibn al-Sīd de Badajoz y su «Libro de los Cercos» («Kitāb al-Ḥadāiʾq») |first=Miguel |last=Asín Palacios |journal=Al-Andalus |issn=0304-4335 |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1940 |pages=45–154}}
*{{cite book |first=George |last=Beech |title=The Brief Eminence and Doomed Fall of Islamic Saragossa: A Great Center of Jewish and Arabic Learning in the Iberian Peninsula During the 11th Century |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo |year=2008}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Marc |last=Geoffroy |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_78 |title=al-Baṭalyūsī, Abū Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy |year=2011 |editor=Henrik Lagerlund |pages=149–150 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9728-7}}
*{{EI2 |first=Évariste |last=Lévi-Provençal |title=al-Baṭalyawsī |volume=1 |page=1092|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-batalyawsi-SIM_1279|authorlink=Évariste Lévi-Provençal}}
*{{cite book |first=Ronald A. |last=Messier |title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad |publisher=Praeger |year=2010}}
*{{cite book |first=Salvador |last=Peña Martín |title=Corán, palabra y verdad: Ibn al-Sīd y el humanismo en al-Andalus |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |year=2007}}
*{{cite journal |title=Sobre algunas personalidades notables del reino taifa de Badajoz |first=María José |last=Rebollo Ávalos |journal=Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Arabe-Islám |issn=1696-5868 |volume=46 |year=1997 |pages=267–275 |url=http://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/10481/2241/1/Rebollo.97.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |title=Ibn al-Ṣīd al-Baṭalyawsī (444/1052–521/1127): de los reinos de taifas a la época almorávide a través de la bibliografía de un ulema polifacético |first=Delfina |last=Serrano Ruano |journal=Al-Qantara: Revista de estudios árabes |issn=0211-3589 |volume=23 |year=2002 |pages=53–92 |doi=10.3989/alqantara.2002.v23.i1.200 |url=http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/viewFile/200/192|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1052 births]]
[[Category:1127 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Silves]]
[[Category:People from Badajoz]]
[[Category:Philosophers from al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Portuguese philosophers]]
[[Category:12th-century Spanish philosophers]]
[[Category:Medieval grammarians of Arabic]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]

Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī

2024-08-01T01:47:20Z

Netanbaal:

'''Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāḥ ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī'''<ref>{{lang-ar|أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ السَّيِّدِ الْبَطَلْيَوْسِيُّ}}</ref> (1052–1127), also spelled '''Ibn Assīd'''{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}} or '''Abenasid''',{{sfn|Peña Martín|2007|p=425}} was an [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] grammarian and philosopher. He is the earliest [[Islamic philosopher]] from the West whose works have survived.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

Ibn al-Sīd was born in 1052 (year 444 [[Anno Hegirae|of the Hijra]]) in [[Silves]],[[Taifa of Badajoz]] ([[Arabic]] ''Baṭalyaws'') at the court of al-Muẓaffar, the [[Afṭasid]] [[Taifa of Badajoz|ruler of Badajoz]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} He received a literary and grammatical education.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}} His teacher was Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥamdūn al-Muqrīʾ al-Baṭalyawsī, called Ibn al-Laṭīniyya, who died in 1073.{{sfn|Rebollo Ávalos|1997|p=270}}{{sfn|Serrano Ruano|2002|p=82}} When Badajoz fell to the [[Almoravids]] in 1094,{{sfn|Messier|2010|p=115}} Ibn al-Sīd went to [[Teruel]] in the territory of the [[Taifa of Albarracín|Banū Razīn]]. There he held the office of ''kātib'' (secretary) to the ruler, [[Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik Jabr al-Dawla|Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik]]. After falling into disgrace, he fled to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], then [[Zaragoza]] and finally [[Valencia, Valencia|Valencia]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} In Zaragoza, sometime before 1110, he met the young philosopher [[Ibn Bājja]], whom he debated on the role of [[logic]] in grammar.{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}}{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}} He stayed in Zaragoza for about ten years.{{sfn|Beech|2008|p=152}} In Valencia, he taught [[Ibn Bashkuwāl]]. He died toward the end of July 1127 (521 of the Hijra) at Valencia.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}}

Ibn al-Sīd wrote some 20 works on [[Arabic grammar]], philology and philosophy.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} He wrote a ''[[fahrasa]]'' (an outline of his teachers and the works he studied under them) and commentaries on the ''Adab al-Kitāb'' of [[Ibn Qutayba]], the [[Muwatta Imam Malik|''Muwaṭṭaʾ'' of Mālik]] and the ''Saqṭ al-Zand'' of [[al-Maʿarrī]]. This last generated a strong response from [[Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi|Ibn al-ʿArabī]] and a counter from Ibn al-Sīd entitled ''al-Intiṣār mim-man ʿadala ʿan al-Istibṣār''.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1960}} The commentary on Ibn Qutayba was entitled ''Improvisation'' (''al-Iqtiḍāb''). He also wrote on theological differences within Islam in ''The Equitable Judgment on the Causes Originating Discrepancies in the Community'' (''al-Inṣāf fī al-asbāb al-mūjiba li-khtilāf al-umma''). His most important philosophical works are the ''Book of Questions'' (''Kitāb al-Masāʾil'') and the ''Book of Circles'' (''Kitāb al-Ḥadāiʾq''). The latter was translated into [[Hebrew]] twice (including by [[Samuel ibn Tibbon]]) and became influential in Jewish circles. [[Bahiya ibn Paquda]] and [[Isaac Abravanel]] used it. Among Muslims, it was known to [[Ibn Ṭufayl]] and [[Ibn Sabʿīn]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

Ibn al-Sīd was one of the earliest philosophers to explicitly seek to reconcile the Islamic religion with the "sciences of the ancients". In the ''Book of Questions'', he argues that philosophy and religion are two different means in pursuit of the same goal, the truth. Religion establishes the same truths by means of persuasion and imagination as philosophy does by [[Argument|demonstration]]. This is because some humans have insufficient understanding to grasp truths by demonstration. The demonstration of religion is ultimately to be found in [[miracle]]s. Religion remains a necessary precondition for philosophy because the pursuit of truth depends on virtues that can only come from religion. In this reasoning, Ibn al-Sīd leans heavily on [[al-Fārābī]].{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

In the ''Book of Circles'', Ibn al-Sīd introduced [[Emanationism|emanationist metaphysics]] to al-Andalus. Ultimately derived from [[Neoplatonism]] and from the [[Neopythagorean]] ''[[Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity]]'', partially through al-Fārābī, the metaphysical system of the ''Book of Circles'' is complex and eclectic. Ibn al-Sīd says that this system goes back to [[Socrates]], [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. The [[Active intellect|Agent Intellect]] enlightens human intellect and the perfection of the human being comes about through returning to its source by study of, in ascending order, [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[metaphysics]] and [[theology]]. Then union with the Agent Intellect is attained. The fifth chapter deals with the question of [[negative theology]], the seventh and final chapter with the [[immortality of the soul]]. This last was incorporated verbatim into the 13th-century ''[[Sicilian Questions]]''.{{sfn|Geoffroy|2011}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite journal |title=Ibn al-Sīd de Badajoz y su «Libro de los Cercos» («Kitāb al-Ḥadāiʾq») |first=Miguel |last=Asín Palacios |journal=Al-Andalus |issn=0304-4335 |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1940 |pages=45–154}}
*{{cite book |first=George |last=Beech |title=The Brief Eminence and Doomed Fall of Islamic Saragossa: A Great Center of Jewish and Arabic Learning in the Iberian Peninsula During the 11th Century |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo |year=2008}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Marc |last=Geoffroy |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_78 |title=al-Baṭalyūsī, Abū Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy |year=2011 |editor=Henrik Lagerlund |pages=149–150 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9728-7}}
*{{EI2 |first=Évariste |last=Lévi-Provençal |title=al-Baṭalyawsī |volume=1 |page=1092|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-batalyawsi-SIM_1279|authorlink=Évariste Lévi-Provençal}}
*{{cite book |first=Ronald A. |last=Messier |title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad |publisher=Praeger |year=2010}}
*{{cite book |first=Salvador |last=Peña Martín |title=Corán, palabra y verdad: Ibn al-Sīd y el humanismo en al-Andalus |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |year=2007}}
*{{cite journal |title=Sobre algunas personalidades notables del reino taifa de Badajoz |first=María José |last=Rebollo Ávalos |journal=Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Arabe-Islám |issn=1696-5868 |volume=46 |year=1997 |pages=267–275 |url=http://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/10481/2241/1/Rebollo.97.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |title=Ibn al-Ṣīd al-Baṭalyawsī (444/1052–521/1127): de los reinos de taifas a la época almorávide a través de la bibliografía de un ulema polifacético |first=Delfina |last=Serrano Ruano |journal=Al-Qantara: Revista de estudios árabes |issn=0211-3589 |volume=23 |year=2002 |pages=53–92 |doi=10.3989/alqantara.2002.v23.i1.200 |url=http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/viewFile/200/192|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1052 births]]
[[Category:1127 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Silves]]
[[Category:People from Badajoz]]
[[Category:Philosophers from al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Portuguese philosophers]]
[[Category:12th-century Spanish philosophers]]
[[Category:Medieval grammarians of Arabic]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]

Talk:Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī

2024-08-01T01:43:59Z

Netanbaal:

{{WikiProject banner shell |living=no |class=Start|listas=ibn al-Sid al-Batalyawsi|1=
{{WikiProject Biography|s&a-work-group=yes|s&a-priority=Low}}
{{WikiProject Islam |importance=Low |Muslim-scholars=yes |Muslim-scholars-importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Spain |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Portugal|importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Philosophy |importance=Low |philosopher=yes |medieval=yes}}
}}

== He was born in area of Portugal ==

According to [ António Borges Coelho, Portugal na Espanha Árabe, 2a ed., 2 vols., Lisboa, Editorial Caminho, 1989.], there's citation that Al-Maqqari referred him as born in Silves. [[User:Netanbaal|Netanbaal]] ([[User talk:Netanbaal|talk]]) 01:43, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

Talk:Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī

2024-08-01T01:43:18Z

Netanbaal: /* He was born in area of Portugal */ new section

{{WikiProject banner shell |living=no |class=Start|listas=ibn al-Sid al-Batalyawsi|1=
{{WikiProject Biography|s&a-work-group=yes|s&a-priority=Low}}
{{WikiProject Islam |importance=Low |Muslim-scholars=yes |Muslim-scholars-importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Spain |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Philosophy |importance=Low |philosopher=yes |medieval=yes}}
}}

== He was born in area of Portugal ==

According to [ António Borges Coelho, Portugal na Espanha Árabe, 2a ed., 2 vols., Lisboa, Editorial Caminho, 1989.], there's citation that Al-Maqqari referred him as born in Silves. [[User:Netanbaal|Netanbaal]] ([[User talk:Netanbaal|talk]]) 01:43, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

Talk:List of English words of Arabic origin (C–F)

2021-05-02T17:43:43Z

Netanbaal:

{{WikiProject Glossaries}}
{{WikiProject Lists|class=list|importance=low}}

== External links modified ==

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== Falafel ==

Could someone better at Wiki formatting than I add "falafel" to this page? See https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/falafel and https://www.etymonline.com/word/falafel for sources. [[User:DBlomgren|DBlomgren]] ([[User talk:DBlomgren|talk]]) 01:53, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

== Earth ==
I removed the word "Holy" before Quran, for achieving more neutrality, according to this Encyclopedia policies. Please, see [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]]. Attentiously [[User:Nathanael Everton|Nathanael Everton]] ([[User talk:Nathanael Everton|talk]]) 17:43, 2 May 2021 (UTC)

List of English words of Arabic origin (C–F)

2021-05-02T17:35:41Z

Netanbaal: /* E */

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{wiktionary|Category:English terms derived from Arabic}}
__NOTOC__
The following '''English words''' have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English. Most entered one or more of the [[Romance languages]] before entering English.

'''To qualify for this list, a word must be reported in etymology dictionaries as having descended from Arabic.''' A handful of dictionaries has been used as the source for the list.<ref>The dictionaries used to compile the list are these: [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/ ''Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales: Etymologies''], ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]'', ''[[Random House Dictionary]]'', ''[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]'', ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]'', [[Webster's Dictionary#Merriam-Webster.27s Collegiate Dictionary|''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'']], [https://books.google.com/books?id=GHaGxm4TZ5wC&pg=PR3 ''Arabismen im Deutschen: lexikalische Transferenzen vom Arabischen ins Deutsche''], by Raja Tazi (year 1998), ''[[A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles]]'' (a.k.a. "NED") (published in pieces between 1888 and 1928), ''An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English'' (year 1921) by [[Ernest Weekley]]. Footnotes for individual words have supplementary other references. The most frequently cited of the supplementary references is ''Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais dérivés de l'arabe'' (year 1869) by [[Reinhart Dozy]].</ref> Words associated with the Islamic religion are omitted; for Islamic words, see [[Glossary of Islam]]. Obsolete and rare words are also omitted. A bigger listing including many words very rarely seen in English is available at [[wiktionary:Category:English terms derived from Arabic|Wiktionary dictionary]].

==Loanwords listed in alphabetical order==
*'''[[List of English words of Arabic origin (A-B)]]'''
*'''List of English words of Arabic origin (C-F)'''
*'''[[List of English words of Arabic origin (G-J)]]'''
*'''[[List of English words of Arabic origin (K-M)]]'''
*'''[[List of English words of Arabic origin (N-S)]]'''
*'''[[List of English words of Arabic origin (T-Z)]]'''
*'''[[List of English words of Arabic origin (T-Z)#Addenda for certain specialist vocabularies|List of English words of Arabic origin: Addenda for certain specialist vocabularies]]'''

===C===
;[[camphor]]: كافور ''kāfūr'', camphor. The medieval Arabs imported camphor by sea from the East Indies for aromatic uses and medical uses. Medieval Arabic general-purpose dictionaries say ''kāfūr'' is "well-known".<ref name=BahethInfo /> Among the Latins the records begin in the late 9th century (with spelling ''cafora'') though records are scarce until the 12th century.<ref name=Camphor>Book [https://books.google.com/books?id=aW6V2zKcMCUC&printsec=frontcover ''An Historical Geography of Camphor''] by R.A. Donkin, year 1999, 300 pages, includes chapters on the use of camphor by the medieval Arabs and the medieval Latins. See also etymology of French [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/camphre ''camphre'' @ CNRTL.fr]. The word is in Greek as ''kaphoura'' circa 1075 in [[Simeon Seth]], a writer influenced by Arabic medicine. A couple of records exist in Greek that may date from centuries earlier than Simeon Seth though the dating is afflicted with uncertainties. Camphor has no records among the ancient Greeks and Romans under any name.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/camphor|title=Definition of camphor | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> Another imported East Indies wood product which had both aromatic and medical uses in late medieval Europe and had Arabic word ancestry is '''[[sandalwood]]''', from Arabic صندل ''sandal''.<ref>English "sandalwood" descends from medieval Latin ''sandalus | sandalum'', which is ultimately from Sanskrit ''čandana'' = "sandalwood". The sandalwood aromatic wood came from the Indies. In medieval Arabic it was called ''sandal'' and was commonly used and well-known [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/SearchServlet/searchall?book=-1&option=1&offset=1&searchtext=2LXZhtiv2YQ=&WordForm=1&RangeOp=-1 (examples)]. The word is in Greek in Late Antiquity as ''santalon''. Some etymology dictionaries derive the medieval Latin from the Greek with disregard for the Arabic. Others derive the medieval Latin from the Arabic with disregard for the Greek on the grounds that (1) Arabic (especially Yemeni) seafarers were the main providers of sandalwood to medieval Europe; and (2) the 'd' in the Arabic can explain how the Latin has a 'd'; and (3) the Latin emerges too late for a Greek source to be likely: CNRTL.fr cites the 11th-century medical writer [[Constantinus Africanus]] for the earliest record of ''sandalus | sandalum'' in Latin. The book [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B4IFMnssyqgC ''The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the Arrival of Europeans''], by Robin A. Donkin, year 2003, has some early history for sandalwood in Europe on pages 110, 114, 116, and 122; and some more ancient and medieval history for sandalwood is in the book [https://books.google.com/books?id=aW6V2zKcMCUC&printsec=frontcover ''An Historical Geography of Camphor''], by Robin A. Donkin, year 1999. According to these two books, the word's first document in Greek in the 1st century AD in ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', spelled ''santalinon'', and it is present but rare in Greek sources in the early centuries AD, and there is one record in Late Classical Latin as ''santalium'' (clearly borrowed from the Greek), but when Constantinus Africanus used it as ''sandalus | sandalum'' in the late 11th century the word had been absent in Latin for over six centuries, or more exactly the books' author does not know of a surviving record from all those intervening centuries. Many records are in later medieval Latin. The medieval Arabs used sandalwood in medicine [http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/saab/avicenna/book-two.html (e.g.)] and that was copied by the late medieval Latins [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED38447&egs=all (e.g.)]. As a reflection of the widespread later-medieval use of sandalwood the word is in late medieval English, German, French, Italian and Iberian Romance languages (all spelling it with a 'd'). Dictionaries deriving the Latin & Western name from the Arabic name include [https://archive.org/stream/etymologicaldict00weekuoft#page/637/mode/1up ref], [https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonglos00yulerich#page/789/mode/1up ref], [https://books.google.com/books?id=N_hAzIqriakC&pg=PA428 ref], [https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=sandal ref], [http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/sandelhout ref], [https://archive.org/stream/glossairedesmots00dozyuoft#page/339/mode/1up ref], [http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/santal ref], [https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairety00devi#page/202/mode/1up ref], [https://archive.org/stream/remarquessurlesm00lammuoft#page/213/mode/1up ref], [http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/sandalo3/ ref], [http://www.sapere.it/sapere/dizionari/dizionari/Italiano/S/SA/sandalo1.html ref], and others, while the dictionary at [https://archive.org/stream/oed8barch#page/n98/mode/1up ref] sits on the fence on the question. The scientific or New Latin name for the sandalwood tree genus is [[Santalum]], a wordform that arose as a Renaissance-era re-fashioning from the Greek, says [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/santal CNRTL].</ref> Ultimately, camphor is derived from the Sanskrit ''karpūra'', referring to camphor throughout India since ancient times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/karpura|title=Karpura, Karpūra: 20 definitions|date=7 January 2016|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref>

;[[candy]]: قند ''qand'' + قندي ''qandī'', sugared.<ref name=Qandi /> Cane sugar developed in ancient India. Medieval Persian ''qand'' = "cane sugar" is believed to have probably come from Sanskritic.<ref>An ancient Sanskrit text called ''[[Arthashastra]]'' has word ''khanda'' meaning cane sugar made in a certain way – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y96agmiQP7gC&pg=PA20&dq=khanda ''The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914''], by J.H. Galloway, year 1989, page 20. ''Khanda'' in Sanskritic has a broad meaning of "broken" and is used as a qualifier on sugars in India still today – [https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonglos00yulerich#page/155/mode/1up Yule & Burnell, year 1903]. It has the potential to have been the parent of the Persian ''qand'' = "sugar". In subtle contrast, medieval Arabic ''qand'' more often meant "the juice or honey of sugar cane" (www.Baheth.info). The Arabic ''qand'' was probably from the Persian ''qand'', in view of the historical diffusion evidence that sugar cultivation spread from India into Iran and then went from Iran into the Arabic-speaking countries. The historical diffusion evidence is reported in the chapter "The Origin and Expansion of Sugar Production in the Islamic World" in the book [https://books.google.com/books?id=0eBTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 ''Sugar in the Social Life of Medieval Islam''], by Tsugitaka Sato, year 2014; and reported likewise in J.H. Galloway's book [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y96agmiQP7gC&dq=diffusion&pg=PA24 page 24].</ref> The plant is native to a tropical climate. The medieval Arabs grew the plant with artificial irrigation and exported some of the product to the Latins. The word ''candi'' entered all the Western European languages in the later medieval centuries.<ref name=Qandi>Many medieval Arabic dictionaries, including the ''[[Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari|al-Sihāh]]'' dictionary dated about 1003, have قند ''qand'' defined firstly as the juice or honey of sugar cane. Secondly they define ''qand'' as this juice solidified. Arabic ''qandī'' = "from ''qand''" or "of ''qand''". In medieval Arabic texts ''qand'' is a somewhat frequent word. But ''qandī'' is very hard to find. Although ''qandī'' is very rare in the texts, ''qandī'' is usually preferred to ''qand'' as the parent of the European "candy" for phonetic and syntactic reasons. Candy's earliest known dates in the European languages: French ''candi'' = 1256; Italian-Latin ''çucari canti'' (sugar candy) = soon after 1259; Anglo-Latin ''candy'' = 1274; Italian ''candi'' = 1310; Spanish ''cande'' = 1325–1326; Netherlands Dutch ''candijt'' and ''candi'' = 2nd half of 14th century; German ''kandith'' = probably circa 1400, German ''zuckerkandyt'' = 1470; English ''candy'' = circa 1420. An English-to-Latin dictionary dated circa 1440 has English ''sukyr candy'' translated as Latin ''sucura de candia''. The word is rare in English until the later 16th century. Refs: [http://www.baheth.info/ Baheth.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192325/http://www.baheth.info/ |date=29 October 2013 }}, [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/candi CNRTL.fr], [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED6644&egs=all MED], [http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it/voci/009288.htm TLIO], [http://www.storiapatriasavona.it/storiapatria/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Aprosio-vol-1-250.pdf Vocabolario Ligure], [http://corpus.rae.es/cordenet.html CORDE], [https://books.google.com/books?id=GHaGxm4TZ5wC&pg=PA259 Raja Tazi], [http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/kandij Egymologiebank.nl], [https://archive.org/stream/oed02arch#page/66/mode/1up NED], [https://archive.org/stream/promptoriumparvu00camduoft#page/484/mode/1up ''Promptorium parvulorum'']. See also [[history of sugar]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/candy|title=Definition of candy | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[Carat (purity)|carat (gold purity)]], [[carat (mass)]] : قيراط ''qīrāt'', a small unit of weight, defined as one-twentyfourth (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>24</sub>) of the weight of a certain coin namely the [[Gold Dinar|medieval Arabic gold dinar]], and alternatively defined by reference to a weight of (e.g.) 3 barley seeds. In medieval Arabic the word was also used with the meaning of <sup>1</sup>/<sub>24</sub><sup>th</sup> of the money value of a gold dinar coin. In the Western languages the word was adopted as a measurement term for the proportion of gold in a gold alloy, especially in a gold coin, beginning in Italy in the mid-13th century, occurring soon after some city-states of Italy started new issues of pure gold coins.<ref>For the meaning of ''qīrāt'' in medieval Arabic see [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA1024 ''ḳīrāṭ'' @ Brill's ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', First Edition, Volume 4 page 1024] and [http://www.baheth.info/ قيراط @ Baheth.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192325/http://www.baheth.info/ |date=29 October 2013 }}. In the early records of the word carat in medieval French and English, it referred to the purity of gold, most often of gold coins, and is seen additionally as a unit of weight only later on – [http://atilf.atilf.fr/scripts/dmfX.exe?IDF=dmfXgXrmXcbag;ISIS=isis_dmf2012.txt;;XMODE=STELLa;; ref: DMF], [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=byte&byte=23568926&egs=23570457 ref: MED]. The French and English came from Italian. The first known records in the West are in Italian-Latin and Italian in the mid-13th century – [http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/carat CNRTL.fr], [http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it/voci/007373.htm TLIO], [https://www.academia.edu/4957191/Les_emprunts_arabes_et_grecs_dans_le_lexique_fran%C3%A7ais_dOrient_XIII-XIV_si%C3%A8cles_ Minervini anno 2012 pages 20–21]. For five centuries before 1250, no State or kingdom in Western Christendom issued gold coins, except for a few short-lived, relatively minor issuances in Iberia and Sicily (for details on the exceptions see [http://the-ans.com/library/Conf2012DM1.html Ref]). Silver was the metal of choice for money in the West in those centuries. Starting in 1252 in Republic of Genoa, 1252 in Republic of Florence, and 1284 in Republic of Venice, the Italian city-states started issuing 24-carat gold coins. These were well received, and other States soon followed their example, including France in 1290 and England in 1344. During the five centuries prior to 1250, gold coins were almost continually minted by the Arabs and the Byzantine Greeks. During those centuries in both Arabic and Greek the word carat was in use in the sense of 1/24th of a gold coin; i.e., Arabic ''qīrāt'' was 1/24th of the Arabic [[Gold Dinar|dinar]] and Greek ''keration'' was 1/24th of the Greek [[bezant]]. It is possible that the Italians borrowed the word from both Arabic and Greek concurrently. Greater details on the word's history are at [https://archive.org/download/EnglishWordsThatAreOfArabicEtymologicalAncestry/English-words-that-are-of-Arabic-etymological-ancestry.htm#cite_note-49 English Words That Are Of Arabic Etymological Ancestry: Note #49].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/carat|title=Definition of carat | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[caravan (disambiguation)|caravan]] : قيروان ''qaīrawān'', convoy of travelers journeying together, which could be a merchant convoy or military or other convoy. ''Qaīrawān'' is in all the main medieval Arabic dictionaries. It is somewhat frequently used in medieval Arabic writings, even though not nearly as frequently as the synonymous Arabic ''qāfila''.<ref name=BahethInfo /> In the Western languages the word has records since the 12th century. The early records are in Latin and they include ''carvana'' (1190), ''caravana'' (1217), ''{{lang|la|caravanna}}'' (1219-1225), ''karavenna'' (1250).<ref>[http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/CARAVANNA ''Caravanna'' @ Du Cange's Glossary of Medieval Latin] (in Latin). Also [https://books.google.com/books?id=dLU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA142&dq=caravana ''caravana'' @ Niermeyer's Glossary of Medieval Latin].</ref> Possibly slightly earlier is Latin ''caravana'' (reportedly 1161).<ref name=CNRTLfr /> From southern Italy, referring to a caravan of sailing ships, is Latin ''carabana'' (1240).<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/CaracausiG.ArabismiMedievaliDiSicilia.Palermo1983/CaracausiArabismi#page/n79/mode/1up ''Arabismi Medievali di Sicilia''], by Girolamo Caracausi, year 1983 on page 157 (in Italian).</ref> All of those Latin records use the word with the same meaning as the Arabic word. The word with this meaning has been continuously in use in the Western languages since then. In Italian, late medieval merchants have it in several kinds of applications contexts, spelled ''carovana | caravana''.<ref>[http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it/voci/009963.htm ''Carovana'' @ Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini (TLIO)].</ref> It is pretty common in late medieval Italy (e.g., is in Boccaccio's ''[[Decameron]]'' and Pegolotti's ''[[Pratica della mercatura|Mercatura]]''). It is not common in French and English until the later 16th century, but French does have late medieval ''caravane'' and English has late 15th century ''carvan''.<ref>[http://atilf.atilf.fr/scripts/dmfX.exe?IDF=complXpcYXbbiib;ISIS=isis_dmf2012.txt;;XMODE=STELLa;; ''Caravane'' @ Dictionnaire du Moyen Français], [http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/complement-godefroy/caravane ''Caravane'' @ Godefroy's Dictionnaire de l'Ancienne Langue Française], [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED6884&egs=all ''Carvan'' @ Middle English Dictionary]. See also [https://www.academia.edu/4957191/Les_emprunts_arabes_et_grecs_dans_le_lexique_fran%C3%A7ais_dOrient_XIII-XIV_si%C3%A8cles_ ''Les emprunts arabes et grecs dans le lexique français d’Orient (XIIIe-XIVe siècles)''], by Laura Minervini, year 2012, on pages 21-22.</ref> The year 1598 Italian-English dictionary of [[John Florio]] has Italian ''caravana'' translated to English as English ''caravan''. Arabic ''qaīrawān'' came from Persian ''kārwān'' with same meaning. Back in the context of the 12th and 13th century, any Persian word would necessarily have to have had intermediation through some other language in order to arrive in a Western language, because there was no contact between Persian and Western languages at the time. In practice the intermediary was Arabic. The majority of the 12th and 13th century Latin records of this word involve travellers in Arabic-speaking lands, especially Latin Crusaders in the Levant, and none are in Iranian-speaking lands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/caravan|title=Definition of caravan | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[caraway|caraway (seed)]] : كرويا ''karawiyā'' | كراويا ''karāwiyā'', caraway. The word with that meaning is quite common in mid-medieval Arabic. Spelled "caraway" in English in the 1390s in a cookery book. The English word came from Arabic via medieval Romance languages.<ref>''Al-karawiyā'' = "caraway" is in medieval general-purpose dictionaries in Arabic (www.Baheth.info), and it is mentioned multiple times by the author of the 10th century ''Nabataean Agriculture'' [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/SearchServlet/searchabsone?docid=1150&searchtext=2YPYsdmI2YrYpw==&option=1&offset=1&WordForm=1&AllOffset=1 (ref)], and dozens of times in the cookery book of [[Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq]] (flourished 10th century) [https://books.google.com/books?id=dUC-e-l3XM8C&q=caraway (ref)], and it occurs in the medical books of [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|Al-Razi]] (died c. 930) [https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairety00devi#page/87/mode/1up (ref)] and [[Ibn Sina]] (died 1037) [http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/saab/avicenna/book-two.html (ref)], and in the geography book of [[Ibn Hawqal]] (died 988) [https://archive.org/stream/viaeetregnadescr02ibnh#page/n55/mode/1up (ref)], and in the agriculture book of [[Ibn al-'Awwam]] (died not long after 1200) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PuEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA244 (ref)], and other medieval Arabic writers [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/SearchServlet/searchall?book=-1&option=1&offset=1&searchtext=2YPYsdmI2YrYpw==&WordForm=1&RangeOp=-1 (ref)]. Ibn al-'Awwam in Andalusia in the late 12th century described how to grow a crop of caraway seeds. An Arabic cookery book from 13th century Andalusia has dozens of recipes that use caraway seeds as a spice ([http://italophiles.com/al_andalus.htm ref], [http://home.earthlink.net/~al-tabbakhah/Misc_ME_Food/SpiceboxAndalusi.html ref]). From the Andalusian Arabic, medieval Spanish and Catalan had ''alcarahueya | alcarauia | alcarauea'' = "caraway" (starting year 1250 per [[Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana|Corominas]]). Modern Spanish is ''alcaravea''. Medieval Sicilian Italian had ''caruya | caruye'' = "caraway" with date before 1312 [https://archive.org/details/CaracausiG.ArabismiMedievaliDiSicilia.Palermo1983 (ref: Caracausi)] and its word-form shows it is undoubtedly from the Arabic. Medieval Latin ''carui | carvi'' = "caraway" appears to have come at least in part from the same Arabic, but there is a question and lack of clarity about this because classical Greek ''karo | karon | karos'', classical Latin ''careum'' and medieval Latin ''caruum | carea'' designated various aromatic seeds, among different writers, and in most cases it is not clear what species the writer was referring to. In the classical records the name is uncommon and the species it names is never clear. For example Dioscorides in Greek in the 1st century AD said "''Karo[s]'' is a... little seed.... It has much the same nature as anise. The boiled root is edible as a vegetable." – [http://www.cancerlynx.com/BOOKTHREEROOTS.PDF ref], [http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/lsj/#eid=55173&context=lsj ref]. Many aromatic seeds (including caraway) can be fitted to that statement within the botanical family ''[[Apiaceae]]''. The book ''A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin'' (year 1879) reports about caraway: "It is not noticed by St. Isidore, archbishop of Seville in the 7th century, though he mentions fennel, dill, coriander, anise, and parsley [all in the family Apiaceae]; nor is it named by St. Hildegard in Germany in the 12th century. Neither have we found any reference to it in the Anglo-Saxon ''Herbarium of Apuleius'', written circa A.D. 1050, or in other works of the same period, though cumin, anise, fennel, and dill are all mentioned. On the other hand, in two German medicine-books of the 12th and 13th centuries... and in a Welsh medicine book of the 13th century... the seeds appear to have been in use [medicinally]. Caraway was certainly in use in England at the close of the 14th century [culinarily]." – [https://archive.org/stream/pharmacographiah00fluoft#page/304/mode/2up ref]. ''Carui'' = "caraway" occurs more than a dozen times in the influential Latin medical writer Constantinus Africanus (died c. 1087) who took the bulk of his content from Arabic medical sources – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6NCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=carui ref]. The records for caraway in Christian Western Europe grow briskly from the 12th century onward while being absent in Latin in the medieval centuries before Constantinus. This can be taken as one sign that the word arrived from the Arabic. As another sign, late medieval English has it as ''caraway'', also ''carwy'', and the first record in English is ''carewy'' (1282), and these English wordforms do not exhibit Latin parentage: The letter 'w' was created to represent a sound that does not occur in Latin (Latin texts do not use the letter 'w' except in some Germanic names) and the words of the English language with the letter 'w' are rarely of Latin descent. [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED6804&egs=all ''Middle English Dictionary''] has a set of examples of caraway in late medieval English.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/caraway|title=Definition of caraway | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[carob]] : خرّوب ''kharrūb'', carob. Carob beans and carob pods were consumed in the Mediterranean area from ancient times, and had several names in classical Latin. But a name of roughly around ''carrubia'' is in Latin from only the 11th or 12th century onward.<ref>Regarding "carob", medieval Arabic had two spellings, ''kharrūb'' and ''kharnūb''. Both spellings are listed by medieval Arabic dictionaries. A medical encyclopedia in Latin by Matthaeus Silvaticus dated 1317 listed the Latin spellings ''karnub, carnub, karubia, carrubia, currubia'' – [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58501n/f197.image ref]. A very early Latin record, from the 11th century, is reported at [http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/caroube CNRTL.fr]. The Arabic ''kharrūb'' has predecessors in ancient Assyrian and early medieval Syriac as ''ḫarūbu | ḥarūb'' = "carob" – [http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/cad/ ḫarūbu @ Assyrian (Akkadian) Dictionary] and [http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/oneentry.php?lemma=xrwb+N&cits=all ḥrwb @ Aramaic (Syriac) Dictionary].</ref> The late medieval Latin word is the parent of today's Italian ''carruba'', French ''caroube'', English ''carob''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/carob|title=Definition of carob | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[check (disambiguation)|check]], [[checkmate]], [[chess]], [[exchequer]], [[cheque]], chequered, unchecked, [[Checkout (disambiguation)|checkout]], [[checkbox]], [[checkbook]] ... : شاه ''shāh'', king in the game of chess. The many uses of "check" in English are all descended from Persian ''shah'' = "king" and the use of this word in the game of chess to mean "check the king". Chess was introduced to medieval Europe through Arabs. The medieval Arabs probably pronounced the last h in ''shāh'' harder and more forcefully than how shah is pronounced in English or in today's Arabic.<ref>When borrowing a word from Persian whose last letter was ـه h, medieval Arabic tended to change the last letter to q or j. Some medieval examples are in [https://archive.org/stream/remarquessurlesm00lammuoft#page/103/mode/1up Lammens, year 1890 page 103]. This is evidence that Persian terminal ـه h was pronounced "hard" in Arabic.</ref><ref name=Skeat>Reported in ''"An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language"'' by Walter W. Skeat (year 1888). [https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft Downloadable at Archive.org].</ref> The word is in 11th century Catalan-Latin as ''escac'', then 12th century French as ''eschac'', giving rise to 12th century French ''eschec'',<ref name=CNRTLfr>More details at [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/ ''CNRTL.fr Etymologie''] in French language. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (CNRTL) is a division of the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]].</ref> which the English "check" derives from.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/check|title=Definition of check | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> The "mate" in checkmate is from the medieval Arabic chess term شاه مات ''shāh māt'' = "king dies".<ref name=DozyEngelmann>[https://archive.org/details/glossairedesmots00dozyuoft ''Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais dérivés de l'arabe''] by R. Dozy & W.H. Engelmann. 430 pages. Published in 1869.</ref> This too arrived in English through French, starting in French as ''mat'' in the 12th century.<ref name=CNRTLfr /> Italian has ''scaco mato'' = "checkmate" in the 12th century.<ref>Medieval Italian ''sacco'' documented in [http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it/voci/030633.htm Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini (TLIO)].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/checkmate|title=Definition of checkmate | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> The English word chess arrived from medieval French ''esches | eschas'' = "chess" which was the grammatical plural of ''eschec | eschac'' = "check".<ref>[http://atilf.atilf.fr/scripts/dmfX.exe?IDF=dmfXgXpcYrmXede;ISIS=isis_dmf2012.txt;;XMODE=STELLa;; Dictionnaire du Moyen Français] has a collection of examples from late medieval French.</ref> 11th century Catalan-Latin has grammatical plural ''{{lang|la|escachs}}'' = "chess" from grammatical singular ''escac'' = "check".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uqLI3yelsBAC&lpg=PA40&q=escachs ''Documentos lingüisticos catalanes, s. X-XII''], by Luis Rubio García, year 1979, word ''escachs''. Date of the first record of ''escac'' is 1045, per [http://www.diccionari.cat/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0054998 Diccionari.cat (in Catalan)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chess|title=Definition of chess | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

; [[chemistry]] : See [[List of English words of Arabic origin (A-B)#A|alchemy]].

;[[cipher]], [[decipher]] : صفر ''sifr'', zero, i.e. the zero digit in the Arabic number system. The use of zero as one of the elementary digits was a key innovation in the Arabic number system. Latin ''cifra'' was the parent of English cipher (or cypher). The word came to Latin Europe with Arabic numbers in the 12th century. In Europe the meaning was originally numeral zero as a [[Positional notation|positionholder]], then any positional numeral, then numerically encoded message. The last meaning, and decipher, dates from the 1520s in English, 1490s in French, 1470s in Italian.<ref name=CNRTLfr /> But in English cipher also continued to be used as a word for nought or zero until the 19th century.<ref>Nathan Bailey's English Dictionary in year 1726 defined zero as "a word used for cypher or nought especially by the French" – [https://archive.org/stream/universaletymolo00bailuoft#page/n931/mode/1up ref]. Samuel Johnson's English Dictionary in 1755 and 1785 did not include the word zero at all. The usual names for zero in English from the late medieval period until well into the 19th century were "nought" and "cifre" | "cipher" – [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED29932&egs=all ref1a], [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED7723&egs=all ref1b], [https://archive.org/stream/americandictiona01websrich#page/383/mode/1up ref2a], [https://archive.org/stream/americandictiona02websrich#page/n950/mode/1up ref2b], [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=zero%2Ccipher%2Bcypher%2Bcifer%2Bcifre%2Cnought&year_start=1605&year_end=1955&corpus=15&smoothing=3 ref3]. Meanwhile, the use of "cipher" & "decipher" to mean "encrypt" & "decrypt" started in English in the 16th century, borrowed from French – [https://archive.org/stream/newenglishdictio03murruoft#page/n114/mode/1up ref]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cipher|title=Definition of cipher | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[civet|civet (mammal)]], [[civetone|civet (perfume)]] : زباد ''zabād'', civet perfume, a musky perfume excreted from a gland in قطط الزباد ''{{lang|ar|qatat al-zabād}}'' = "civet cats". The medieval Arabs obtained civet from the [[African civet]] and from various civets of the Indies.<ref>The geography book of [[Al-Masudi]] (died 956) said the perfume ''zabād'' was taken from a cat-like animal in India. The geography book of [[Shams al-Din al-Ansari al-Dimashqi]] (died 1327) said the African civet produced better ''zabād'' than the Indies' civets. Those statements by Al-Masudi and al-Dimashqi were noted in [https://archive.org/stream/remarquessurlesm00lammuoft#page/88/mode/1up ''Remarques sur les mots français dérivés de l'arabe''], by Henri Lammens, year 1890. ''Zabād'' is closely related in form to the Arabic زبد ''zabad'' = "foam" but is not necessarily derived from it.</ref> The word is in 15th-century Italian as ''zibetto'' = "civet perfume".<ref name=CNRTLfr /> Records of the form ''civet'' start in Catalan 1372 and French 1401<ref name=CNRTLfr /> (cf. e.g. Latin ''liber'' '''->''' French ''livre''; Arabic ''al-qobba'' '''->''' Spanish ''alcoba'' '''->''' French ''alcove'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/civet|title=Definition of civet | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> Incidentally the botanical genus '''[[Abelmoschus]]''' got its name from Arabic حبّ المسك ''habb el-misk'' = "[[musk seed]]", a seed yielding a musky perfume.<ref>The "musk seed" or "[[abelmosk]]" plant is native to tropical Asia and requires a long growing season [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/muskdana.html (ref)]. It was in irrigated cultivation in Egypt in the late 16th and early 17th centuries and that was when European taxonomists got specimens of it from Egypt and adopted the name from Egypt – ref: ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen'', by Helmut Genaust, year 1996. The Latin botanist [[Prospero Alpini]] (died 1617) visited Egypt in the 1580s. He called the plant ''"Abelmosch"'', ''"Aegyptii Mosch"'', and ''"Bammia Muschata"'', where [[:ar:بامية|بامية ''bāmiya'']] is Arabic for [[Abelmoschus esculentus|okra, aka ''Abelmoschus esculentus'']], ''mosch'' is Latin for musk, ''Aegypti'' is Latin for Egypt, and ''Abel'' is an Italian-Latin representation of Arabic ''habb el-'' = "seed" – [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000810199#page/197/mode/1up ''De Plantis Exoticis''], by Prospero Alpini (in Latin, published 1629). It is written "''hab el mosch'' " in [https://books.google.com/books?id=uNsbiJt7bQ4C&pg=PA65&dq=hab+granum ''De Plantis Aegyptiis Observationes et Notae ad Prosperum Alpinum''], by [[Johann Veslingius]], in Latin, year 1638.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/abelmosk|title=Definition of abelmosk | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[coffee]], [[café]] : قهوة ''qahwa'', coffee. Coffee drinking originated in Yemen in the 15th century.<ref name=UkersCoffee /> ''Qahwa'' (itself of uncertain origin) begot Turkish ''kahve''. [[Turkish phonology]] does not have a [[Labio-velar approximant|/w/ sound]], and the change from w to v in going from Arabic ''qahwa'' to Turkish ''kahve'' can be seen in many other loanwords going from Arabic into Turkish (e.g. Arabic [[fatwa]] -> [[:tr:Fetva|Turkish ''fetva'']]). The Turkish ''kahve'' begot Italian ''caffè''. The latter word-form entered most Western languages in the early 17th century. The Western languages of the early 17th century also have numerous records where the word-form was taken directly from the Arabic, e.g. ''{{lang|ar|cahoa}}'' in 1610, ''cahue'' in 1615, ''cowha'' in 1619.<ref name=UkersCoffee>Book: [http://www.web-books.com/Classics/ON/B0/B701/TOC.html ''All About Coffee''], by William H. Ukers (year 1922), chapter 1 "Dealing with the Etymology of Coffee" and chapter 3 "Early History of Coffee Drinking". According to this book, coffee-drinking as we know it has its earliest reliable record in mid-15th-century Yemen. It arrived in Cairo in the early 16th, and became widespread in the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the 16th. It arrived in Western Europe in the early 17th. The earliest European importers were [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] who used the word ''caffè'' (1615), from Turkish ''kahve''. The predominance of Venetians in the seaborne trade between the Ottoman Empire and the West helped this word (and derivations from it) prevail in the West. Most dictionaries say English ''coffee'' (and Dutch ''koffie'') is from the Venetian/Italian but some judge it to be independently from the Turkish.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/coffee|title=Definition of coffee | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> [[Cafe mocha|Cafe '''mocha''']], a type of coffee, is named after the port city of [[Mocha, Yemen]], which was an early coffee exporter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mocha|title=Definition of mocha | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[cotton]] : قطن ''{{lang|ar|qutn, qutun}}'', cotton. This was the usual word for cotton in medieval Arabic.<ref name=BahethInfo /> The word entered the Romance languages in the mid-12th century<ref name=CNRTLfr /> and English a century later. Cotton fabric was known to the ancient Romans as an import but cotton was rare in the Romance-speaking lands until imports from the Arabic-speaking lands in the later medieval era at transformatively lower prices.<ref>Book [https://books.google.com/books?id=99s8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''The Italian Cotton Industry in the Later Middle Ages''], by Maureen Fennell Mazzaoui (Cambridge University Press 1981), Chapter I: ''"Cotton cultivation in the ancient and medieval world"'' and Chapter II: ''"The Mediterranean cotton trade 1100–1600"''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cotton|title=Definition of cotton | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[crimson]] : قرمزي ''qirmizī'', color of a class of crimson dye used in the medieval era for dyeing silk and wool.<ref>Examples of قرمز ''qirmiz'' and قرمزي ''qirmizī'' in medieval Arabic writers meaning cochineal crimson dye or a thing dyed with this dye: Texts by [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/SearchServlet/searchone?docid=14&searchtext=2YLYsdmF2LLZig==&option=1&offset=1&WordForm=1&exactpage=422&totalpages=1&AllOffset=1 Al-Razi (died c. 930)], [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/SearchServlet/searchone?docid=248&searchtext=2YLYsdmF2LI=&option=1&offset=1&WordForm=1&exactpage=757&totalpages=1&AllOffset=1 Ibn Duraid (died c. 933)], [http://al-hakawati.net/arabic/civilizations/232.pdf Al-Istakhri (died c. 957) (قرمز on page 40)], [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/SearchServlet/searchone?docid=512&searchtext=2YLYsdmF2LLZig==&option=1&offset=1&WordForm=1&exactpage=15&totalpages=1&AllOffset=1 Al-Biruni (died 1048)], [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/AlwaraqSrv/bookpage?book=577&page=1117 Ibn Sida (died 1066)], [http://www.al-mostafa.info/data/arabic/depot/gap.php?file=001300-www.al-mostafa.com.pdf Ibn al-Baitar (died 1248) (قرمز on page 664)].</ref> The dye was made from the bodies of certain [[scale insect]] species. In Latin in the early-medieval centuries this kind of crimson dye was variously called ''coccinus'', ''vermiculus'', and ''grana''. The Arabic name ''qirmizī | qirmiz'' enters the records in the Latin languages in the later-medieval centuries, starting in Italy and initially referring in particular to just one of the dyes of the class, the one called [[Armenian cochineal]] today. Italian about year 1300 had ''carmesi | chermisi | cremesi'' meaning both the dye itself and the crimson color from the dye. Later in the same century Italian added the suffix ''-ino'', producing ''cremisino'' = "dyed with cochineal-type crimson dye", and synonymously about year 1400 there was French ''{{lang|frm|cremosyn}}'', Spanish ''cremesin'', English ''cremesyn'', Latin ''cremesinus'', where ''[[wiktionary:-inus|-inus]]'' is a Latin and Latinate suffix.<ref>Early 14th century Italian ''carmesi | chermisi | cremesi'' came directly from Arabic ''qirmizī'' in the Eastern Mediterranean in the late 13th and early 14th century. Most early records in Italian explicitly involve the Eastern Mediterranean, including trade with the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]. The word in all other European languages came from Italian. This is demonstrable from the chronological order of the records, and the various wordforms found, and the words' usages. In late medieval usages in Europe there was a close association between the word and the crimson-dyed silk cloths made in Italy. The word appears in several word-forms. The documentation of the word-forms and the dating of when they start to show up in the late medieval Latinate languages is reviewed in detail in [https://archive.org/download/EnglishWordsThatAreOfArabicEtymologicalAncestry/English-words-that-are-of-Arabic-etymological-ancestry.htm#cite_note-59 English Words Of Arabic Etymological Ancestry: Note 59].</ref> English "crimson" started in the form ''crimesin'' then contracted to ''{{lang|enm|crimsin}}'' and then altered to ''crimson''.<ref>[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED10262&egs=all Cremesin + crimsin @ Middle English Dictionary], and [https://archive.org/stream/oed02arch#page/1175/mode/1up crimson @ New English Dictionary on Historical Principles].</ref> Crossref '''[[List of English words of Arabic origin (K-M)#K|kermes]]''', one of the scale-insect species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/crimson|title=Definition of crimson | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[curcuma|curcuma (plant genus)]], [[curcumin|curcumin (yellow dye)]], [[curcuminoid|curcuminoid (chemicals)]] : كركم ''kurkum'', meaning ground [[turmeric]] root, also saffron. Turmeric dye gives a [[saffron yellow]] colour. Medieval Arabic dictionaries say ''kurkum'' is used as a yellow dye and used as a medicine.<ref name=BahethInfo>A number of large dictionaries were written in Arabic during medieval times. Searchable copies of nearly all of the main medieval Arabic dictionaries are online at [http://www.baheth.info/index.jsp Baheth.info] and/or [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/AlwaraqSrv/getsubjectex?fkey=4&offset=1&subjectid=37 AlWaraq.net]. One of the most esteemed of the dictionaries is [[Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari]]'s ''"Al-Sihah"'' which is dated around and shortly after year 1000. The biggest is [[Ibn Manzur]]'s ''"Lisan Al-Arab"'' which is dated 1290 but most of its contents were taken from a variety of earlier sources, including 9th- and 10th-century sources. Often Ibn Manzur names his source then quotes from it. Therefore, if the reader recognizes the name of Ibn Manzur's source, a date considerably earlier than 1290 can often be assigned to what is said. A list giving the year of death of a number of individuals who Ibn Manzur quotes from is in [https://archive.org/stream/ArabicEnglishLexicon.CopiousEasternSources.EnlargedSuppl.Kamoos.Lane.Poole.1863/01.ArabicEnglLex.v1p1.let.1.2.3.4..Alif.Ba.Ta.Tha..Lane.1863.#page/n30/mode/1up Lane's ''Arabic-English Lexicon'', volume 1, page xxx] (year 1863). Lane's ''[[Arabic-English Lexicon]]'' contains much of the main contents of the medieval Arabic dictionaries in English translation. At AlWaraq.net, in addition to searchable copies of medieval Arabic dictionaries, there are searchable copies of a large number of medieval Arabic texts on various subjects.</ref> [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (died 1248) said ''kurkum'' is (among other things) a root from the East Indies that produces a saffron-like dye. In the West the early records have meaning turmeric and they are in late medieval Latin medical books that were influenced by Arabic medicine.<ref>Ibn al-Baitar said كركم ''kurkum'' is a root that is brought from the East Indies and produces a saffron-like yellow dye; he also said ''kurkum'' can alternatively mean the yellow root of the Mediterranean plant [[Chelidonium majus]] – [http://www.al-mostafa.info/data/arabic/depot/gap.php?file=001300-www.al-mostafa.com.pdf ref], [https://books.google.com/books?id=lb8TAAAAQAAJ&dq=kurkum&pg=PA370 ref]. An early record of the word in Latin is in a medical dictionary dated 1292, ''Synonyma Medicinae'' by Simon of Genoa, where ''curcuma'' is said to be a yellow root that can be used to dye clothes and is said to come from a Chelidonium-type plant – [https://books.google.com/books?id=7s28XX0mqAUC&pg=PT63 ref]. A mix-up in meaning between ''Curcuma'' root and ''Chelidonia'' root was present in the definition of the name "curcuma" in late medieval Latin. The mix-up was noted in the early-16th-century Latin pharmacy book ''Antidotarium'' by Pseudo-Mesué – [https://archive.org/stream/inantidotariumi01paglgoog#page/n170/mode/1up ref]. In English the early records are in medical books and two examples from at or before 1425 are in the ''Middle English Dictionary'': [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED44901&egs=all Example 1], [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED9155&egs=all Example 2]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/curcuma|title=Definition of curcuma | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> The word is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit ''kuṅkuma'', referring to both turmeric and saffron,<ref>{{cite book |last= Tawney |first= C. H. |title= The Ocean of Story, chapter 104 |year=1924 | page=13 |url= https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kathasaritsagara-the-ocean-of-story/d/doc143171.html#page-17}}</ref> used in India since ancient times for religious ceremonies, pigment dyeing and medicine.

===D===
;[[damask|damask (textile fabric)]], [[Damask rose|damask rose (flower)]] : دمشق ''dimashq'', city of Damascus. The city name Damascus is very ancient and not Arabic. The [[damson plum]] – earlier called also the damask plum and damascene plum – has a word-history in Latin that goes back to the era when Damascus was part of the Roman empire and so it is not from Arabic. On the other hand, the damask fabric and the damask rose emerged in the Western European languages when Damascus was an Arabic-speaking city; and apparently at emergence they referred to goods originally sold from or made in Arabic Damascus.<ref>In French, Italian and Spanish the word for damask is the same as the word for Damascus. In late medieval English the city name Damascus was often written Damask. Some history for the English words "damask", "damask rose", "damaskeen", etc., and "damson", is in [https://archive.org/stream/newenglishdictio03murruoft#page/n34/mode/1up ''A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles''] (year 1897). The late medieval European "damask" fabric was a costly decorated fabric which was usually but not necessarily of silk. The fabric-name damask is present in the 14th century in French, English, Catalan, Italian, and Latin, and it seems to be absent earlier than the 14th – [http://atilf.atilf.fr/scripts/dmfX.exe?IDF=dmfXgXrmXdj;ISIS=isis_dmf2012.txt;;XMODE=STELLa;; ref], [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED10518&egs=all ref], [http://www.diccionari.cat/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0047244 ref], [http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it/voci/015986.htm ref] (and [http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/ ref cf.]). The term "damask steel", "damascus steel" and "[[Damascening|damascening (metals)]]" has a 16th-century introduction date and it is a metaphorical extension from the damask textile fabric, notwithstanding that Damascus had a reputation for steel-making with a prior history; [http://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/viewFile/188/190 "Damascus Steel in Legend and in Reality" (year 1965)]. With regard to the textile fabric, the city of Damascus in the later medieval centuries had a reputation for high-quality silk brocades [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/239/mode/1up (e.g.: quote from year 1154)]. In Europe, probably starting in Italian, "traders fastened the name of damascen or damask upon every silken fabric richly wrought and curiously designed, no matter whether it came or not from Damascus" [https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit07chisrich#page/785/mode/1up (1911 Encyclopædia Britannica)]. A word for plain silk that is in most of the Arabic medieval dictionaries is ''dimaqs''. The Arabic medieval dictionaries do not have ''dimashq'' (Damascus) for any kind of fabric. At least one of them does have ''dimashq'' for the damask rose. See [http://www.baheth.info/index.jsp دمقس and دمشق @ Baheth.info].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/damask|title=Definition of damask | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

===E===

;[[earth]] : الأرض ''al-’ard'', refers to land, as well as the earth itself and/or the world in which we live on. Its origination is from the Quran.

;[[elixir]] : الإكسير ''al-iksīr'', alchemical [[philosopher's stone]], i.e. a pulverized mineral agent by which you could supposedly make gold (also silver) out of copper or other metals. The Arabs took the word from Greek ''xēron'', then prepended Arabic ''al-'' = "the". The Greek had entered Arabic meaning a dry powder for treating wounds, and it has a couple of records in medieval Arabic in that sense.<ref name=DozyEngelmann /> [[Al-Biruni]] (died 1048) is an example of a medieval Arabic writer who used the word in the alchemy sense, for making gold.<ref>An Arabic technical dictionary entitled ''Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm'' ("Keywords of the Sciences"), dated 10th century [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902299.html (ref for date)], defined ''al-iksīr'' as "a preparation which, when cooked together with a molten body, turns the molten body into gold or silver or into some other body of white or yellow color" – [https://archive.org/stream/libermafthal00khuwuoft#page/n77/mode/1up ref (in Arabic)], [http://al-hakawati.net/arabic/Civilizations/book25o.asp ref (in Arabic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217150023/http://www.al-hakawati.net/arabic/Civilizations/book25o.asp |date=17 December 2007 }}. The same word is defined in the same way in the 11th century ''Book of Precious Stones'' by Al-Biruni – [http://www.al-mostafa.info/data/arabic/depot/gap.php?file=001506-www.al-mostafa.com.pdf مكتبة-المصطفى.com]. More examples of ''al-iksīr'' in medieval Arabic are in [http://juliusruska.digilibrary.de/q127/q127.pdf Ref] and [http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/SearchServlet/searchall?book=-1&option=1&offset=1&searchtext=2KfZhNil2YPYs9mK2LE=&WordForm=1&RangeOp=-1 Ref].</ref> The Arabic alchemy sense entered Latin in the 12th century.<ref name=CNRTLfr /> Elixir is in all European languages today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/elixir|title=Definition of elixir | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[erg (landform)]], [[hamada|hamada (landform)]], [[sabkha|sabkha (landform)]], [[wadi|wadi (landform)]] : عرق ''ʿerq'', sandy desert landscape. حمادة ''hamāda'', craggy desert landscape with very little sand. Those two words are in use in English in [[geomorphology]] and [[sedimentology]]. Their entrypoint was in late-19th-century studies of the Sahara Desert.<ref>Etymology at: [http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/erg Erg] and [http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/hamada Hamada] (in French). Definition of hamada in a geology dictionary at [http://www.answers.com/topic/hamada-geology ref] (in English).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/erg|title=Definition of erg | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref><br> سبخة ''sabkha'', salt marsh. This Arabic word occurs occasionally in English and French in the 19th century. Sabkha with a technical meaning as coastal salt-flat terrain came into general use in sedimentology in the 20th century through numerous studies of the coastal salt flats on the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula.<ref>[http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/sabkha.htm An Intro to Sabkhas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625070127/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/sabkha.htm |date=25 June 2014 }}. Also [https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.2000.0633 A Proposed Formal Definition for Sabkha]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sabkha|title=Definition of sabkha | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref><br>وادي ''wādī'', a river valley or gully. In English, a wadi is a non-small gully that is dry, or dry for most of the year, in the desert.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/wadi|title=Definition of wadi | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

===F===
;[[fennec fox|fennec (desert fox)]] : فنك ''fenek'', fennec fox. European naturalists borrowed it in the late 18th century. (In older Arabic writings, ''fenek'' also designated various other mammals<ref>In medieval Arabic ''fenek | fanak'' could be any mammal species whose pelts were used to make fur coats for humans and most often these were species of the [[weasel]] family. [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/fennec CNRTL.fr], [https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairety00devi#page/118/mode/1up Devic], [https://archive.org/stream/glossairedesmots00dozyuoft#page/102/mode/1up Dozy & Engelmann].</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/fennec|title=Definition of fennec | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

===Addendum for words that may or may not be of Arabic ancestry===
;[[caliber]], [[calipers]] : Excluding an isolated and semantically unclear record in northern France in 1478, the early records are in French in the early and mid 16th century spelled ''calibre'', equally often spelled ''qualibre'', with two concurrent meanings: (1) "the interior diameter of a gun-barrel" and (2) "the quality or comparative character of anything". The source-word for the French is uncertain. A popular idea is that it came from Arabic قالب ''qālib'' = "[[Molding (process)|mold]]" but evidence to support this idea is very scant.<ref>The idea that Western ''calibre'' = "gun-barrel size" comes etymologically from Arabic ''qālib'' = "mold" is an old idea which can be found in [[Gilles Ménage]]'s [https://books.google.com/books?id=tO5RfEo8SO8C&pg=PA150 ''Dictionnaire Etymologique'' year 1694]. Most dictionaries still adhere to this idea today and the majority of them say the transmission to the West was through Italian. That has the weakness that the word is not attested in Italian until 1606 whereas it is in French as ''calibre'' or ''qualibre'' in 1523 [https://archive.org/stream/glossairearcheol01gayv#page/73/mode/1up (ref: page 73)], 1546 [https://books.google.com/books?id=09X-uWGSN_QC&q=qualibre (ref)], 1547 [https://books.google.com/books?id=_Yi0ija7_YMC&dq=qualibre&pg=PA5 (ref)], 1548 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ls05AAAAcAAJ&q=calibre (ref)], 1549 [https://books.google.com/books?id=_H9KAAAAcAAJ&dq=calibre&pg=PT237 (ref)], 1550 [https://archive.org/stream/glossairearcheol01gayv#page/77/mode/1up (ref: page 77)], 1552 as ''qualibrée'' meaning "calibrated" [http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/calibrer (ref)], 1553 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OeJaAAAAQAAJ/page/n172  (ref)], and a large and growing number of times later in the 16th century in French; and in English in 1567, 1588, 1591 and onward [https://archive.org/stream/oed02arch#page/32/mode/1up (ref)]; and in German starting in 1603 [https://books.google.com/books?id=gRSzokpyfSUC&pg=PA167&dq=calibre+Carthaun+1603 (ref)]. ''The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology'' by [[Robert K. Barnhart]] says "Italian ''calibro'' (1606) and Spanish ''calibre'' (1594) appear too late to act as intermediate forms between Middle French and Arabic ''qalib''", but goes on to say Middle French ''calibre'' probably did come from the Arabic somehow. Likewise the Spanish [http://dle.rae.es/?id=6n8NRqM ''Diccionario RAE''] and the Catalan [http://www.diccionari.cat/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0023839 ''Diccionari.cat''] say their word ''calibre'' is from the French which in turn is, or perhaps is, from Arabic ''qālib''. Evidence is very scant for transmission of Arabic ''qālib'' = "mold" to French ''calibre'' by any route. Hence the [https://archive.org/stream/oed02arch#page/32/mode/1up ''New English Dictionary on Historical Principles''] says the French word is "of uncertain origin". [https://archive.org/download/EnglishWordsThatAreOfArabicEtymologicalAncestry/English-words-that-are-of-Arabic-etymological-ancestry.htm#cite_note-168 English Words Of Arabic Etymological Ancestry: Note #168] has many details about the early history of the French word, and argues that the word did not come from Arabic and instead probably came from Latin ''qua libra'' = "of what weight, of what balance".</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/caliber|title=Definition of caliber | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[carafe]] : It is fair to say that carafe starts in the European languages in the 14th century in Sicily—in texts in Latin and Sicilian Italian—spelled ''{{lang|la|carraba}}'', meaning a glass carafe, a glass vase for holding wine.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/CaracausiG.ArabismiMedievaliDiSicilia.Palermo1983/CaracausiArabismi#page/n81/mode/1up ''Arabismi Medievali di Sicilia''] by Girolamo Caracausi, year 1983 (in Italian), on pages 160-161. Documents the medieval Sicilian ''carraba'' = "glass carafe", which has records in 1330, 1340, 1348, 1373, 1380, 1450, 1455, and 1459. With regard to the origin of the Sicilian ''carraba'', Girolamo Caracausi invokes a Persian word قرابه ''qarāba'' meaning a carafe-like vessel. But the Persian word is not documented in Arabic, and it would need be in Arabic to be the source for the Sicilian ''carraba''. Another hypothesis is Arabic قربة ''qirba'' = "large bottle made of leather", well documented in medieval Arabic, which conceivably might have had an oral variant form قربة ''qaraba | qiraba'', but is semantically somewhat off-target.</ref> In 1499 it starts in northern Italian as ''caraffa'' meaning a carafe made of glass.<ref name=CNRTLfr /> The word, as ''carraba'' and ''caraffa'', looks unprecedented in terms of Latin or Greek. The most popular origin hypothesis is based upon Arabic غرفة ''{{lang|ar|gharfa}}'', which in medieval Arabic meant a large spoon or ladle to scoop up water. ''Gharfa'' is somewhat off-target semantically and phonetically, and does not have much background historical context to support it.<ref>''Gharrāf'' meaning a carafe or jug is on record in Arabic in the later 19th century – ref: [https://archive.org/stream/remarquessurlesm00lammuoft#page/75/mode/1up Henri Lammens, year 1890]. But that Arabic word has to be suspected as borrowed from Europe because there is no known record in Arabic at a sufficiently early date. ''Gharāfa'' is not documented in Arabic until the 19th century, which is around 500 years after the start of documents for the Sicilian Italian ''carraba'' = "carafe" in 1330, and around 350 years after the start of the northern Italian ''caraffa'' in 1499. There is a well-documented medieval Arabic verb غرف ''gharf'' meaning to scoop up water for a drink, which you can do by cupping your hands together or by using any scooping or lifting tool. The name of the tool has medieval records in Arabic meaning a large spoon or ladle, spelled as a noun ''gharfa''. The meanings of the medieval rootword غرف ''gharaf'' and words derived from it are given in [https://archive.org/stream/ArabicEnglishLexicon.CopiousEasternSources.EnlargedSuppl.Kamoos.Lane.Poole.1863/06.ArabicEnglLex.v1p6.let.19.20.Ghayin.Fa.Lane-Poole.1877.#page/n32/mode/1up Lane's ''Arabic-English Lexicon'' Volume 6] and the abbreviations used by Lane's Lexicon are expanded and dated in [https://archive.org/stream/ArabicEnglishLexicon.CopiousEasternSources.EnlargedSuppl.Kamoos.Lane.Poole.1863/01.ArabicEnglLex.v1p1.let.1.2.3.4..Alif.Ba.Ta.Tha..Lane.1863.#page/n30/mode/1up Volume 1, pages xxx - xxxi], year 1863. Additional old records for ''gharf'' and words derived from it are in [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6250059p/f214.image Dozy's ''Supplement aux Dictionnaires Arabes'' Volume 2] and abbreviations used by Dozy's Supplement are expanded and dated in [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6318256r/f22.image Volume 1 pages xvii - xxix], year 1881. The possibility that Arabic ''gharfa'' was the source for European "carafe" is discussed in [https://archive.org/stream/glossairedesmots00dozyuoft#page/274/mode/1up Dozy's ''Glossaire'', year 1869].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/carafe|title=Definition of carafe | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[carrack]] : This is an old type of large sailing ship. The word's early records in European languages are in the 12th and 13th centuries in the [[Italian maritime republics|maritime republic of Genoa]] in Latin spelled ''carraca | caraca''.<ref name=CNRTLfr /><ref>Lexicon of medieval Ligurian-Latin, [http://www.storiapatriasavona.it/storiapatria/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Aprosio-vol-1-250.pdf ''Vocabolario Ligure'' Parte 1], by Sergio Aprosio, year 2001, has 12th & early 13th century Ligurian-Latin ''carraca | caraca'' on page 222 (abbreviations defined on page 25).</ref> In descent from the Genoa word, it has records in the late 13th century in Catalan and Spanish, and late 14th in French and English.<ref>That the carrack sailing-ship name originated in maritime Italy is noted by the Spanish [http://dle.rae.es/?id=7f44kO8|7f9eud7 ''carraca'' @ ''Diccionario RAE''] and the French [http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/carraque ''carraque'' @ CNRTL.fr]. In England one of the earliest known records, year 1383, says in Latin: "a certain big ship, called ''Carrak'' of [[Genoa]]" – [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED6814&egs=all carike @ Middle English Dictionary].</ref> Today it is most popularly said that the Italian-Latin name was probably somehow adopted from an Arabic word. There are two different propositions for which medieval Arabic word, namely: (1) قراقير ''qarāqīr'' = "merchant ships" (plural of ''qurqūr'' = "merchant ship") and (2) حرّاقة ''harrāqa'' = "kind of warship". There is also a specific alternative proposition that does not involve an Arabic word. The origin remains uncertain and poorly understood.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bMewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA346&dq=carrack%20%22historically,%20though,%20it%20cannot%20be%20proven%22 ''Classic Ships of Islam''], by Dionisius Agius, year 2007, says there is insufficient evidence to reach any conclusion about whether a ship-name in use in medieval Arabic was the parent of the medieval Latinate ''carraca'' ship-name. [https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonglos00yulerich#page/165/mode/1up Carrack @ Yule & Burnell] (year 1903) mentions three possibilities for the origin of the medieval Latinate ''carraca'' and says each is possible. [https://archive.org/stream/oed02arch#page/130/mode/1up Carrack @ NED] says the medieval word is "of uncertain origin".</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/carrack|title=Definition of carrack | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> Another old type of sailing ship with possible, probable or definite Arabic word-origin is the '''[[Xebec]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/xebec|title=Definition of xebec | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> Another is the '''[[Felucca]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/felucca|title=Definition of felucca | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> Another is the '''[[Dhow]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dhow|title=Definition of dhow | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>
;[[cork (material)|cork]] : The earliest records in England are 1303 "cork" and 1342 "cork" meaning bulk cork bark imported from Iberia.<ref>[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED9745&egs=all "Cork" in the Middle English Dictionary].</ref> It is widely reported today that the word came from Spanish ''alcorques'' = "slipper shoes made of cork". This Spanish ''"al-"'' word cannot be found in writing in any medieval Arabic author. Most etymology dictionaries nevertheless state that the Spanish word is almost surely from Arabic because of the ''"al-"''. However, there is evidence in Spanish supporting the contrary argument that the ''"al-"'' in this case was probably solely Spanish and that the ''corque'' part of the Spanish word descended from classical Latin without Arabic intermediation (and to repeat, the evidence in Arabic is that there was no such word in Arabic). The ancient Romans used cork and called it, among other names, ''cortex'' (literally: "bark"). From that Latin, medieval and modern Spanish has ''[[:es:Corcho]]'' = "cork material". ''Corcho'' is definitely not from Arabic. ''Corcho'' is the more likely source for the English word, by reason of semantics.<ref>Since the English "cork" meant bulk cork bark from its earliest records [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED9745&egs=all (ref: MED)], the parent of English "cork" can have been the [http://corpus.rae.es/cordenet.html medieval Spanish ''corcho''] = "cork bark", and not the [https://books.google.com/books?id=A6fOdzKtiiUC&q=alcorque&pg=PT465 medieval Spanish ''alcorque''] = "slipper shoe made of cork". Spanish ''alcorque'' never meant "cork" – [http://eprints.ucm.es/3656/1/T21290.pdf ref (pages 66-67)]. Looking at it phonetically there is not much to prefer between CORTCH-O and AL-COR-GAY as a parent for English CORK. The classical Latin ''cortex (cortic-)'' = "bark of any tree" produced today's Spanish ''corteza'' = "bark of any tree" and also produced today's Portuguese ''cortiça'' = "bark of the cork tree exclusively", while the classical Latin ''suber'' meaning exclusively "cork bark" produced today's Portuguese ''súber'' = "bark of any tree". Spanish ''pancho'' is from Latin ''pantex'', Spanish ''ocho'' and ''dicho'' from Latin ''octo'' and ''dictus'', Spanish ''percha'' from Latin ''pertica'', Spanish ''capacho'' from Latin ''capax'', Spanish ''mucho'' from Latin ''multus'', all without Arabic intermediation, and ''corcho'' is adjudged to be similarly evolved from ''cortex'' by [[Reinhart Dozy|Dozy]], [[Friedrich Diez|Diez]], [[Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana|Corominas]], [[Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española|DRAE]], and other Spanish experts. The Spanish ''almadreña'' = "wooden clog shoes" has no precedent in Arabic writings, and instead it is purely Spanish ''madreña | madereña'', from Spanish ''madera'' = "wood", from a classical Latin word for wood, with ''"al-"'' prefixed in Spanish alone – [https://archive.org/stream/glossairedesmots00dozyuoft#page/372/mode/1up Dozy and Engelmann page 372]. The same may be the case with Spanish ''alcorques'' = "cork slipper shoes" in view of its absence in medieval Arabic writers. An Arabic–Latin dictionary written in Spain by an anonymous native Spanish speaker during the late 13th century (estimated date) contains an Arabic قرق ''qorq'' translated as Latin ''sotular'' (English "shoe") – [https://archive.org/stream/vocabulistainara00bibluoft#page/585/mode/1up ''Vocabulista in Arabico'']. But the medieval writings by native-Arabic-speakers have huge numbers of records for shoes, sandals, slippers and boots, and have no ''qorq'' shoe. [https://archive.org/stream/etymologicaldict00diezuoft#page/16/mode/2up/ ''An Etymological Dictionary of the Romance Languages''], by Freidrich Diez, year 1864, has the minority view that ''alcorque'' derives from the classical Latin ''cortex'' by a Spanish-only path on which the letter 't' was deleted. In Catalan the usual word for "bark of any tree" is ''escorça'', which comes with deletion of 't' from the classical Latin ''cortex'' and/or classical Latin ''scortea'' = "tough outer skin, or leather". After 't' is deleted, comparable evolutions would include today's Spanish ''pliegue'' from classical Latin ''plex'', Spanish ''pulga'' from classical Latin ''pulex'', Spanish ''estoraque'' from Latin ''storax'', Spanish ''bosque'' from Latin ''boscus''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cork|title=Definition of cork | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[wiktionary:drub|drub]] : Probably from ضرب ''ḍarb'', striking or hitting with a cudgel. The word is not in European languages other than English. The English word drub "appears first after 1600; all the early instances, before 1663, are from travellers in the [[Middle East|Orient]], and refer to the [[bastinado]]. Hence, in the absence of any other tenable suggestion, it may be conjectured to represent Arabic ضرب ''daraba'' (also pronounced ''duruba''), to beat, to bastinado, and the verbal noun ''darb'' (also pronounced ''durb'')."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/oed03arch#page/n701/mode/1up "Drub" in ''New English Dictionary on Historical Principles'' (year 1897)].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/drub|title=Definition of drub | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

;[[wiktionary:fanfare|fanfare]], [[wiktionary:fanfaronade|fanfaronade]] : English ''fanfare'' is from French ''fanfare'', which is probably from Spanish ''fanfarria'' and ''fanfarrón'' and ''fanfarronear'', meaning bluster, grandstanding, and a talker who is full of bravado. Spanish records also have the lesser-used variant forms ''farfantón | farfante'' with pretty much the same meaning as ''fanfarrón''. The origin of the Spanish words is obscure and uncertain. An origin in the Arabic of medieval Spain is possible. One Arabic candidate is فرفر ''farfar'' | فرفار ''farfār'' | فرفرة ''farfara'' which is in the medieval Arabic dictionaries with meanings including "lightness and frivolity", "talkative", and "shouting".<ref>The medieval Arabic dictionaries' definitions of ''farfār | farfara'' are at [http://www.baheth.info/index.jsp فرفر | فرفار @ Baheth.info] and [http://dict.yulghun.com/lane/ Lane's ''Lexicon'' page 2357]. This proposed Arabic source-word for the Spanish ''fanfarria'' and ''fanfarrón'' was reported by Gilles Ménage in his ''Dictionnaire Etymologique'' back in year 1670 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=tO5RfEo8SO8C&pg=PA304 ref]. Today it is contemplated but not fully endorsed at [http://dle.rae.es/?id=Hab06xp fanfarrón @ RAE.es], [http://dle.rae.es/?id=HcanayT farfante @ RAE.es], [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/fanfaron fanfaron @ CNRTL.fr], [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fanfaronade fanfaronade @ American Heritage Dictionary] and [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=fanfare fanfare @ Etymonline.com].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/fanfare|title=Definition of fanfare | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabic Loanwords in English}}
[[Category:Lists of English words of Arabic origin]]

Star and crescent

2020-12-28T14:50:16Z

Netanbaal: Ortography correction pf -> of

{{short description|Symbol}}
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The '''star and crescent''' is an iconographic [[symbol]] used in various historical contexts, prominently as a symbol of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with numerous modern countries still using it as a national symbol. It is also often considered as a symbol of [[Islam]] by extension. It is the conjoined representation of a [[crescent]] and a [[star (heraldry)|star]], both elements have a long prior history in the iconography of the [[Ancient Near East]] as representing either the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] or the Moon and [[Venus|Morning Star]] (or their divine personifications). Coins with crescent and star symbols represented separately have a longer history, with possible ties to older [[Mesopotamian]] iconography. The star, or Sun, is often shown within the arc of the crescent (also called '''star in crescent''', or '''star within crescent''', for disambiguation of depictions of a star and a crescent side by side);<ref>
"There are also three cases [... viz., associated with the "[[Danubian Rider]] Religion"] where the star, figured as a radiate disc 'balancing the crescent moon', must represent Sol, balancing Luna who is represented as a crescent instead of in bust. The 'star in crescent' theme itself appears only once, on an engraved gem, accompanied by the lion and an indecipherable inscription [...] This theme is connected with the Orient and has a long history behind it in the Hittite, Babylonian, Assyrian, Sassanid and Iranian worlds. Campbell gives us valuable particulars. The heavenly bodies thus symbolized were seen as the powerful influence of cosmic fatalism guiding the destinies of men."
Dumitru Tudor, Christopher Holme (trans.), ''Corpus Monumentorum Religionis Equitum Danuvinorum (CMRED)'' (1976), [https://books.google.com/books?id=utIUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA192#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 192] (referencing Leroy A. Campbell, ''Mithraic Iconography and Ideology' '(1969), 93f.</ref> In [[numismatics]] in particular, the term '''crescent and pellet''' is used in cases where the star is simplified to a single dot.<ref>e.g. ''Catalogue of the Greek coins in The British Museum'' (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs8GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 311] (index).</ref>

The combination is found comparatively rarely in late medieval and early modern heraldry. It rose to prominence with its adoption as the flag and national symbol of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and some of its administrative divisions ([[eyalet]]s and [[vilayet]]s) and later in the 19th-century Westernizing ''[[tanzimat]]'' (reforms). The [[Ottoman flag]] of 1844, with a white ''[[ay-yıldız]]'' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] for "crescent-star") on a red background, continues to be in use as the [[Flag of Turkey|flag]] of the [[Republic of Turkey]], with minor modifications. Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, including [[Flag of Libya|Libya]] (1951–1969 and after 2011), [[Flag of Tunisia|Tunisia]] (1831) and [[flag of Algeria|Algeria]] (1958). The same symbol was used in other [[national flag]]s introduced during the 20th century, including the flags of [[List of Azerbaijani flags|Azerbaijan]] (1918), [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (1947), [[List of Malaysian flags|Malaysia]] (1948), [[Flag of Singapore|Singapore]] (1959), [[Flag of Mauritania|Mauritania]] (1959), [[Flag of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] (1991), [[Flag of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] (1991), [[Flag of Comoros|Comoros]] (2001).

In the later 20th century, the star and crescent have acquired a popular interpretation as a "[[symbols of Islam|symbol of Islam]]",<ref name=Glasse314/> occasionally embraced by [[Arab nationalism]] or [[Islamism]] in the 1970s to 1980s, but often rejected as erroneous or unfounded by Muslim commentators in more recent times.<ref name=Fazli2009/>

[[Unicode]] introduced a "star and crescent" character in its [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] block, at U+262A (☪).

==History==

===Origins and predecessors===
[[File:Ibbi-Sin enthroned.jpg|thumb|Sealing depicting the [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Neo Sumerian]] King, [[Ibbi-Sin]] seated with a star or [[Dingir]] and crescent adjacent to him]]
[[File:Kudurru Melishipak Louvre Sb23 n02.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the emblems of Ishtar (Venus), Sin (Moon), and Shamash (Sun) on a [[kudurru|boundary stone]] of [[Meli-Shipak II]] (12th century BCE)]]
[[File:UrfaMuseumNabonidSymbole.jpg|thumb|Venus, Sun and Moon on the Stele of [[Nabonidus]] (r. 556–539 BCE) found at [[Harran]] ([[Şanlıurfa Museum]])<ref>A similar stele found in Babylon is kept in the British Museum ([http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367113&partId=1 no. 90837]).</ref>]]
Crescents appearing together with a star or stars are a common feature of Sumerian iconography, the crescent usually being associated with the moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] (Nanna) and the star with [[Ishtar]] ([[Inanna]], i.e. [[Venus]]), often placed alongside the sun disk of [[Shamash]].<ref>Michael R. Molnar, ''The Star of Bethlehem'', Rutgers University Press, 1999, p78</ref><ref>"the three celestial emblems, the sun disk of [[Shamash]] ([[Utu]] to the Sumerians), the crescent of Sin (Nanna), and the star of [[Ishtar]] ([[Inanna]] to the Sumerians)" Irving L. Finkel, Markham J. Geller, ''Sumerian Gods and Their Representations'', Styx, 1997, p71. André Parrot, ''Sumer: The Dawn of Art'', Golden Press, 1961</ref>
In Late Bronze Age Canaan, star and crescent moon motifs are also found on [[Moab]]ite name seals.<ref>Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, ''Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel'', Fortress Press, 1998, p. 322.</ref>
<div>The [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] representing "moon" (<hiero>N11</hiero> [[Gardiner's sign list#N|N11]]) and "star" (<hiero>N14</hiero> [[Gardiner's sign list#N|N14]]) appear in ligature, forming a star-and-crescent shape <hiero>N11:N14</hiero> , as a determiner for the word for "month", ''{{lang|egy|ꜣbd}}''.<ref>A.H. Gardiner, ''[[Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs]]''. 3rd Ed., pub. [[Griffith Institute]], Oxford, 1957 (1st edition 1927), p. 486.</ref></div>

The depiction of the crescent-and-star or "star inside crescent" as it would later develop in [[Bosporan Kingdom]] is difficult to trace to Mesopotamian art.
Exceptionally, a combination of the crescent of Sin with the five-pointed star of Ishtar, with the star placed ''inside'' the crescent as in the later Hellenistic-era symbol, placed among numerous other symbols, is found in a [[kudurru|boundary stone]] of [[Nebuchadnezzar I]] (12th century BCE; found in [[Nippur]] by [[John Henry Haynes]] in 1896).<ref>W. J. Hinke, ''A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I from Nippur with a Concordance of Proper Names and a Glossary of the Kudurru Inscriptions thus far Published'' (1907), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml5MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120f].
[[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]], object nr. [http://www.penn.museum/collections/object/244029 29-20-1].</ref> An example of such an arrangement is also found in the (highly speculative) reconstruction of a fragmentary [[Ur-Nammu stela|stele]] of [[Ur-Nammu]] ([[Third Dynasty of Ur]]) discovered in the 1920s.<ref>J. V. Canby, [http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/29-1/Monumental1.pdf Reconstructing the Ur Nammu Stela], ''Expedition'' 29.1, 54–64.</ref>

===Classical antiquity===

====Hellenistic era====
[[Mithradates VI Eupator]] of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] (r. 120–63 BCE) used an eight rayed star with a crescent moon as his emblem.
McGing (1986) notes the association of the star and crescent with Mithradates VI, discussing its appearance on his coins, and its survival in the coins of the Bosporan Kingdom where "[t]he star and crescent appear on Pontic royal coins from the time of Mithradates III and seem to have had oriental significance as a dynastic badge of the Mithridatic family, or the arms of the country of Pontus."<ref>B.C. McGing, ''The Foreign Policy of Mithradates VI Eupator, King of Pontus'', Brill, 1986, p 97</ref>
Several possible interpretations of the emblem have been proposed. In most of these, the "star" is taken to represent the Sun. The combination of the two symbols has been taken as representing Sun and Moon (and by extension Day and Night), the Zoroastrian ''[[Mah]]'' and ''[[Mithra]]'',<ref>"The star and the crescent, the emblem of the Pontus and its kings, were introduced by Mithradates and his successors to the Bosporus and appeared on Bosporan coins and locally produced jewelry. On the coins this symbol often appears near the head of a young man wearing a Phrygian cap, who is identified as either a solar deity or his deified worshipper. [...] the star and the crescent, the badge of the Pontus and its kings, shown on the Colchian amphora stamp, and appearing on engraved finger-rings discovered in this area allude to the possibility of an earlier association of the Pontic dynasty with the cult of mounted Mithra. Mithra in fact must have been one of the most venerated gods of the Pontic Kingdom, since its rulers bore the theophoric name of Mithradates [...] although direct evidence for this cult is rather meager."
Yulia Ustinova, ''The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom'', Brill, 1998, 270–274</ref> or deities arising from Greek-Anatolian-Iranian syncretism, the crescent representing ''Mēn Pharnakou'' ({{lang|grc|Μήν Φαρνακου}}, the local moon god<ref>
Strabo (12.3.31) writes that Mēn Pharnakou had a sanctuary at [[Kabeira]] in Pontus where the Pontic kings would swear oaths. Mēn Pharnakou is a syncretistic Anatolian-Iranian moon deity not directly comparable to Zoroastrian Māh. Albert F. de Jong, ''Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature'' (1997), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YLO9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 %A9n%20Pharmakou&f=false p. 306].</ref>) and the "star" (Sun) representing [[Ahuramazda]] (in ''interpretatio graeca'' called ''Zeus Stratios'')<ref>"His royal emblem, an eight rayed star and the crescent moon, represented the dynasty's patron gods, Zeus Stratios, or Ahuramazda, and Mén Pharnakou, a Persian form of the native moon goddess." Andrew G. Traver, ''From Polis to Empire—The Ancient World c. 800 B.C.–A.D. 450'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 257</ref><ref>"The significance of the star and crescent on royal coins has also been frequently debated. Many scholars have identified the star and the crescent as royal symbols of the Pontic kingdom. Their appearance on every royal issue suggests they were indeed important symbols, and the connection of this symbol to the royal family is definite. The nature of it, however, is still uncertain. Kleiner believed they were symbols of an indigenous god and had their origins in Persia. He associated the star and crescent with the god Men and saw them as representations of night and day (the star may be considered the sun here). Ritter, on the other hand, suggested that the star and crescent symbols derived from Perseus, just as the star symbol of the Macedonians did. […] Ma and Mithras are two other deities with whom the star and crescent symbol are associated. Olshausen believed that the star and crescent could be related to a syncretism of Pontic and Iranian iconography: the crescent for Men and the star for Ahura Mazda. Recently, Summerer has convincingly suggested that Men alone was the inspiration for the symbol on the royal coins of the Pontic kingdom.
Deniz Burcu Erciyas, "Wealth, Aristocracy, and Royal Propaganda Under The Hellenistic Kingdom of The Mithradatids in The Central Black Sea Region in Turkey", ''Colloquia Pontica'' Vol.12, Brill, 2005, p 131</ref>

{{further information|Byzantium#Emblem}}
By the late [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] or early [[Roman Greece|Roman]] period, the star and crescent motif had been associated to some degree with [[Byzantium]]. If any goddess had a connection with the walls in [[Constantinople]], it was [[Hecate]]. Hecate had a cult in Byzantium from the time of its founding. Like [[Byzas]] in one legend, she had her origins in Thrace. Hecate was considered the patron goddess of Byzantium because she was said to have saved the city from an attack by [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip of Macedon]] in 340 BCE by the appearance of a bright light in the sky. To commemorate the event the Byzantines erected a statue of the goddess known as the ''Lampadephoros'' ("light-bearer" or "light-bringer").<ref>"Devotion to Hecate was especially favored by the Byzantines for her aid in having protected them from the incursions of Philip of Macedon. Her symbols were the crescent and star, and the walls of her city were her provenance." Vasiliki Limberis, ''Divine Heiress'', Routledge, 1994, p 15.

"In 340 B.C., however, the Byzantines, with the aid of the Athenians, withstood a siege successfully, an occurrence the more remarkable as they were attacked by the greatest general of the age, Philip of Macedon. In the course of this beleaguerment, it is related, on a certain wet and moonless night the enemy attempted a surprise, but were foiled by reason of a bright light which, appearing suddenly in the heavens, startled all the dogs in the town and thus roused the garrison to a sense of their danger. To commemorate this timely phenomenon, which was attributed to Hecate, they erected a public statue to that goddess [...]" William Gordon Holmes, ''The Age of Justinian and Theodora'', 2003 p 5-6; "If any goddess had a connection with the walls in Constantinople, it was Hecate. Hecate had a cult in Byzantium from the time of its founding. Like Byzas in one legend, she had her origins in Thrace. Since Hecate was the guardian of "liminal places", in Byzantium small temples in her honor were placed close to the gates of the city. Hecate's importance to Byzantium was above all as deity of protection. When Philip of Macedon was about to attack the city, according to the legend she alerted the townspeople with her ever-present torches, and with her pack of dogs, which served as her constant companions. Her mythic qualities thenceforth forever entered the fabric of Byzantine history. A statue known as the 'Lampadephoros' was erected on the hill above the Bosphorous to commemorate Hecate's defensive aid." Vasiliki Limberis, ''Divine Heiress'', Routledge, 1994, p 126-127.
This story survived in the works , who in all probability lived in the time of [[Justinian I]]. His works survive only in fragments preserved in [[Photius]] and the 10th century lexicographer [[Suda|Suidas]]. The tale is also related by [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], and [[Eustathius of Thessalonica|Eustathius]].
</ref>

Some Byzantine coins of the 1st century BCE and later show the head of [[Artemis]] with bow and quiver, and feature a crescent with what appears to be a six-rayed star on the reverse.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:MACEDON, Uranopolis. Eight-pointed star and crescent - Aphrodite Urania. Circa 300 BC.jpg|Star and crescent on a coin of [[Ouranoupoli|Uranopolis]], [[Macedon]], ca. 300 BCE (see also [[Argead star]]).
File:AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg|A star and crescent symbol with the star shown in a sixteen-rayed "sunburst" design (3rd century BCE).<ref>"[[Cybele]] Plaque" from [[Ai Khanoum]], [[Bactria]], 3rd century BCE. [[Helios]] is shown separately in the form of a bust with a rayed halo of thirteen rays. F. Tissot, ''Catalogue of the National Museum of Afghanistan'', 1931-1985 (2006), [https://books.google.ch/books?id=TaSOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 p. 42].</ref>
File:CoinOfMithVI.jpg|Coin of Mithradates VI Eupator. The obverse side has the inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΙΘΡΑΔΑΤΟΥ ΕΥΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ with a stag feeding, with the star and crescent and monogram of [[Pergamum]] placed near the stag's head, all in an ivy-wreath.<ref>H. G. Liddell, ''A History of Rome from the earliest times to the establishment of the Empire'' (1857), p. 605. C.f. [https://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mithridates%20vi forumancientcoins.com].</ref>
File:001-Byzantium-2.jpg|Roman coin (1st century AD) with a bust of [[Artemis]] on the obverse and an eight-rayed star within a crescent on the reverse side.
</gallery>

==== Greek and Roman iconography ====
The moon-goddess [[Selene]] is commonly depicted with a crescent moon, often accompanied by two stars (the stars represent [[Phosphorus (morning star)|Phosphorus]], the morning star, and [[Hesperus]], the evening star); sometimes, instead of a crescent, a lunar disc is used.<ref>[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']], Selene, Luna 35.</ref><ref>Cohen, Beth, "Outline as a Special Technique in Black- and Red-figure Vase-painting", in ''The Colors of Clay: Special Techniques in Athenian Vases'', Getty Publications, 2006, {{ISBN|9780892369423}}, pp. 178–179;</ref><ref>Savignoni L. 1899. "On Representations of Helios and of Selene." The Journal of Hellenic Studies '''19''': pp. 270–271</ref><ref>Zschietzschmann, W, ''Hellas and Rome: The Classical World in Pictures'', Kessinger Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|9781428655447}}. p.23</ref> Often a crescent moon rests on her brow, or the cusps of a crescent moon protrude, horn-like, from her head, or from behind her head or shoulders.<ref>[[British Museum]] [https://www.britishmuseum.org/system_pages/beta_collection_introduction/beta_collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=437423&partId=1&searchText=Selene 1923,0401.199]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=13548 Selene, Luna 21]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=13514 Selene, Luna 4]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=19022 Mithras 113]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=13541 Selene, Luna 15]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=13602 Selene, Luna 34]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=6923 Selene, Luna 2]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=13519 Selene, Luna 7]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=13521 Selene, Luna 9]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=49457 Selene, Luna 10]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://www.limc.ch/public/monument_sz_view.aspx?sz_id=13546 Selene, Luna 19]. For the close association between the crescent moon and horns see Cashford.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Altar Selene Louvre Ma508.jpg|The Moon-goddess Selene or Luna accompanied by the Dioscuri, or Phosphoros (the Morning Star) and Hesperos (the Evening Star). Marble altar, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE. From Italy.
File:Meyers b14 s0847 b1.png|The goddess Selene, illustration from ''Meyers Lexikon,'' 1888.
</gallery>

==== Iran (Persia) ====

The star and crescent symbol appears on some coins of the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] vassal kingdom of [[Elymais]] in the late 1st century CE.
The same symbol is present in coins that are possibly associated with [[Orodes I of Parthia]] (1st century BCE). In the 2nd century CE, some Parthian coins show a simplified "pellet within crescent" symbol.<ref>Michael Alram, ''Nomina Propria Iranica in Nummis, Materialgrundlagen zu den iranischen Personennamen auf Antiken Münzen'' (1986); C. Augé, "Quelques monnaies d'Elymaïde," ''Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique'', November 1976;
N. Renaud, "Un nouveau souverain d'Elymaïde," ''Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique'', January 1999, pp. 1-5.
[http://www.parthia.com/parthia_coins_elymais.htm#Kamnaskires_Late Coins of Elymais (parthia.com)].</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:OrodesIICoinHistoryofIran.jpg|A star and a crescent appearing (separately) on the obverse side of a coin of [[Orodes II of Parthia]] (r. 57–37 BCE).
File:Vardanesi.jpg|Coin of Vardanes I of Parthia (r. c. CE 40–45)
</gallery>

[[File:KavadhIGoldenCoinHistoryofIran.jpg|thumb|A coin of Sassanid king [[Kavadh I]] (r. 488–531). Kavadh was the first Sassanid ruler to introduce star-and-crescent motifs as decorations on the margin of the obverse side of his coins. Note the continued use of the star and the crescent appearing on either side of the king's head.]]
The star and crescent motif appears on the margin of [[Sassanid]] coins in the 5th century.<ref>"The star and crescent are common Persian symbols, being a regular feature of the borders of Sassanian dirhems." Philip Grierson, ''Byzantine Coins'', Taylor & Francis, 1982, p118</ref>
Sassanid rulers also appear to have used crowns featuring a crescent, sphere and crescent, or star and crescent.

Use of the star-and-crescent combination apparently goes back to the earlier appearance of a star and a crescent on [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] coins, first under King [[Orodes II]] (1st century BCE). In these coins, the two symbols occur separately, on either side of the king's head, and not yet in their combined star-and-crescent form.
Such coins are also found further afield in [[Greater Persia]], by the end of the 1st century CE in a coin issues by the [[Western Satraps]] ruler [[Chashtana]].<ref>"A rare type with crescent and star alone on the reverse is probably Chashtana's earliest issue, struck before he extended his power into Malwa." H.H. Dodwell (Ed.), ''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'', Cambridge University Press, 1935, p. 83.</ref>
This arrangement is likely inherited from its Ancient Near Eastern predecessors; the star and crescent symbols are not frequently found in Achaemenid iconography, but they are present in some cylinder seals of the Achaemenid era.<ref>Achaemenid period:
"not normally associated with scenes cut in the Court Style"; Persepolis seal PFS 71 (M. B. Garrison in Curtis and Simpson (eds.), ''The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East'' (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 p. 354])
PFS 9 (M. B. Garrison, ''Seals And The Elite At Persepolis; Some Observations On Early Achaemenid Persian Art'' (1991), [https://archive.org/stream/Garrison1991SealsAndTheEliteAtPersepolisSomeObservationsOnEarlyAchaemenidPersianArt/Garrison%201991%20Seals%20and%20the%20Elite%20at%20Persepolis%3B%20Some%20Observations%20on%20Early%20Achaemenid%20Persian%20Art#page/n7/mode/2up p. 8]).
Parthian period: "[t]he Parthian king [[Mithradates I]] conquered Mesopotamia around 147 BC, and [[Susa]] in about 140 BC A later Parthian king, [[Orodes II]] (58-38 BC), issued coins at Susa and elsewhere which display a star and crescent on the obverse. The succeeding ruler, [[Phraates IV]] (38-3/2 BC), minted coins showing either a star alone or a star with crescent moon. In representing the star and crescent on their coins the Parthians thus adopted traditional symbols used in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Elam]] more than two millennia before their own arrival in those parts." John Hansman, "The great gods of Elymais" in ''Acta Iranica, Encyclopédie Permanente Des Etudes Iraniennes, v.X, Papers in Honor of Professor Mary Boyce'', Brill Archive, 1985, pp 229–232</ref>

Ayatollahi (2003) attempts to connect the modern adoption as an "Islamic symbol" to Sassanid coins remaining in circulation after the Islamic conquest
<ref>"Sasani coins remained in circulation in Moslem countries up to the end of the first century ([[Islamic calendar|Hijra]]). This detailed description of Sasani crowns was presented because the motifs mentioned, particularly the crescent and star gradually changed into Islamic symbols and have often appeared in the decorative patterns of various periods of Islamic art. [...] The flags of many Islamic countries bear crescents and stars and are proof of this Sasani innovation." Habibollah Ayatollahi (trans. Shermin Haghshenās), ''The Book of Iran: The History of Iranian Art'', Alhoda UK, 2003, pp 155–157</ref>
although there is no evidence for any connection of the symbol with Islam or the Ottomans prior to its adoption in [[Ottoman flags]] in the late 18th century.<ref>"when we come to examine the history of the crescent as a badge of Muhammadanism, we are confronted by the fact that it was not employed by the Arabs or any of the first peoples who embraced the faith of the prophet"
"The truth is that the crescent was not identified with Islam until after the appearance of the Osmanli Turks, whilst on the other hand there is the clearest evidence that in the time of the Crusades, and long before, the crescent and star were a regular badge of Byzantium and the Byzantine Emperors, some of whom placed it on their coins."
William Ridgeway, "The Origin of the Turkish Crescent", in ''The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland'', Vol. 38 (Jul. - Dec. 1908), pp. 241-258 (p 241)</ref>

====Roman Empire====
In the 2nd century, the star-within-crescent is found on the obverse side of Roman coins minted during the rule of [[Hadrian]], [[Geta (emperor)|Geta]], [[Caracalla]] and [[Septimius Severus]], in some cases as part of an arrangement of a crescent and seven stars, one or several of which were placed inside the crescent.<ref>[http://www.forumancientcoins.com/moonmoth/reverse_moon.html Selene and Luna on Roman Coins (forumancientcoins.com)]:
"Bronze coin of Caracalla from [[Nicopolis ad Istrum]] with a single star in the arms of the crescent moon; coin of Geta showing five stars; a denarius of Septimius Severus with an array of seven stars."
Roman-era coins from [[Carrhae]] (Harran): [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/mesopotamia/carrhae/i.html Carrhae, Mesopotamia, modern day Harran (wildwinds.com)]</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Hadian denarius coin star crescent.jpg|Coin of [[Roman Empire|Roman Emperor]] [[Hadrian]] (r. 117–138). The reverse shows an eight-rayed star within a crescent.
File:Roman Crescent Star.jpg|Roman period limestone pediment from [[Perge]], [[Turkey]] ([[Antalya Museum]]) showing [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]]-[[Artemis]] with a crescent and a radiant crown.
</gallery>

====Byzantine Empire====
The use of the star within the crescent symbol was extensively used by the Byzantines, continuing from its use from the classical era within the city of Constantinople and beyond.<ref>https://menasymbolism.com/2019/04/10/post-classical-star-and-crescent/</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Stefan Lochner - Adoration of the Magi - WGA13342.jpg|Adoration of the Magi by [[Stefan Lochner]]. Notice the Byzantine attendees on the left hand side represented by a blue star and crescent flag.
File:Isaak Comnenus of Cyprus flag.svg|Flag of the Byzantine [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus]].
</gallery>

===Medieval and early modern===

====Christian and classical heraldric usage====
{{further information|Crescent (heraldry)|Star (heraldry)|Sun (heraldry)}}
The [[crescent (heraldry)|crescent]] on its own is used in western heraldry from at least the 13th century, while the star and crescent (or "Sun and Moon") emblem is in use in medieval seals at least from the late 12th century.
The crescent in pellet symbol is used in [[Crusader coins]] of the 12th century, in some cases duplicated in the four corners of a cross, as a variant of the cross-and-crosslets ("[[Jerusalem cross]]").<ref>In the 12th century found on pennies of [[William the Lion]] (r. 1174–1195).
William Till, ''An Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny'' (1838), [https://archive.org/details/anessayonromand00tillgoog/page/n88 p. 73].
E.g. "Rev: short cross with crescent and pellets in angles and +RAVLD[ ] legend for the moneyer Raul Derling at Berwick or Roxburgh mint" ([http://www.timelineauctions.com/lot/scotland-william-the-lion-raul-derling-crescent-and-pellets-penny/17359/ timelineauctions.com]).
Seaby SE5025 "Rev. [+RAV]L ON ROC, short cross with crescents & pellets in quarters" ([http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/SE/SE5025.html wildwinds.com]).</ref>
Many Crusader seals and coins show the crescent and the star (or blazing Sun) on either side of the ruler's head (as in the Sassanid tradition), e.g. [[Bohemond III of Antioch]], [[Richard I of England]], [[Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse]].<ref>Bohemond III of Antioch (r. 1163–1201)
"Obv. Helmeted head of king in chain-maille armor, crescent and star to sides" ([http://www.ancientresource.com/lots/medieval_crusades/crusaders_coins.html ancientresource.com])</ref> At the same time, the star in crescent is found on the obverse of Crusader coins, e.g. in coins of the [[County of Tripoli]] minted under [[Raymond II, Count of Tripoli|Raymond II]] or [[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli|III]] c. 1140s–1160s show an "eight-rayed star with pellets above crescent".<ref>
"Billon denier, struck c. late 1140s-1164. + RA[M]VNDVS COMS, cross pattée, pellet in 1st and 2nd quarters / CIVI[TAS T]RIPOLIS, eight-rayed star with pellets above crescent. ref: CCS 6-8; Metcalf 509 ([http://www.ancientresource.com/lots/medieval_crusades/crusaders_coins.html ancientresource.com]).</ref>

The star and crescent combination appears in [[attributed arms]] from the early 14th century, possibly in a coat of arms of c. 1330, possibly attributed to [[John Chrysostom]],<ref>"The earliest church in the Morea to include a saint holding a shield marked by the crescent and star may be St. John Chrysostom, which has been dated on the basis of style to ca. 1300 [...]" Angeliki E. Laiou, Roy P. Mottahedeh, ''The Crusades From the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'', Dumbarton Oaks, 2001, p 278</ref>
and in the ''[[Wernigeroder Wappenbuch]]'' (late 15th century) attributed to one of the [[three Magi]], named "Balthasar of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]]".<ref>[[:File:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 021.jpg|p. 21]]; adopted by [[Virgil Solis]] in his ''[[Wappenbüchlein]]'' (1555)</ref>

Crescents (without the star) increase in popularity in early modern heraldry in Europe. ''[[Siebmachers Wappenbuch]]'' (1605) records 48 coats of arms of German families which include one or several crescents.<ref>Sara L. Uckelman, [http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/heraldry/siebmacher/siebmacherordinary.html An Ordinary of Siebmacher's Wappenbuch (ellipsis.cx)] (2014)</ref>

The star and crescent combination remains rare prior to its adoption by the [[Flags of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] in the second half of the 18th century. In the late 16th century, the [[Korenić-Neorić Armorial]] shows a white star and crescent on a red field as the coat of arms of [[Illyria]].

<gallery class="center" heights="150" perrow="4">
File:Risa3.jpg|Great Seal of [[Richard I of England]] (1198)<ref>Richard is depicted as seated between a crescent and a "Sun full radiant" in his second Great Seal of 1198. English heraldic tradition of the early modern period associates the star and crescent design with Richard, with his victory over [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus]] in 1192, and with the arms of [[Portsmouth]] (Francis Wise ''A Letter to Dr Mead Concerning Some Antiquities in Berkshire'', 1738, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFAGAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA18 p. 18]). Heraldic tradition also attributes a star-and-crescent [[:File:Complete Guide to Heraldry Fig680.png|badge]] to Richard (Charles Fox-Davies, ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'', 1909, p. 468).</ref>
File:Raimond6Toulouse.jpg|Equestrian seal of [[Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse]] with a star and a crescent (13th century)
File:Battle of Mohi 1241.PNG|The crescent flag ascribed to the [[Hungarians]] against the Mongol [[Golden Horde]] in the [[Battle of Mohi]], 1241.
File:Coat of arms of Cumania.svg|Historical coat of arms of [[Kunság]], where [[Cumans]] in Hungary settled, 1279.
File:Frater Robert seal templar.png|Templar seal of the 13th century, probably of the preceptor of the commanderies at Coudrie and Biais ([[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]]).<ref>Found in the 19th century at the site of the Biais commandery, in Saint-Père-en-Retz, Loire-Atlantique, France, now in the Musée Dobré in Nantes, inv. no. 303. Philippe Josserand, "Les Templiers en Bretagne au Moyen Âge : mythes et réalités", ''Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l’Ouest'' 119.4 (2012), 7–33 (p.24).</ref>
File:Leliwa seal XIVw.jpg|The Polish [[Leliwa coat of arms]] (14th-century seal)
File:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 021.jpg|Coats of arms of the [[Three Magi]], with "Baltasar of Tarsus" being attributed a star and crescent ''increscent'' in a blue field, ''[[Wernigerode Armorial]]'' (c. 1490)
File:Wappenbild freigrafen 1448.jpg|Coat of arms of John [[Freigraf]] of "Lesser Egypt" (i.e. [[Romani people in Germany|Romani/gypsy]]),<ref>In 15th-century Europe, it was widely assumed that the gypsies were Egyptians (hence the name ''[[Names of the Romani people#Gypsy and gipsy|gypsies]]''), and several gypsy leaders are known to have styled themselves as "counts of lesser Egypt". Wilhelm Ferdinand Bischoff, ''Deutsch-Zigeunerisches Wörterbuch'' (1827), [https://archive.org/details/deutschzigeuner00biscgoog/page/n32 p.14]</ref> 18th-century drawing of a 1498 coat of arms in [[Pforzheim]] church.
File:Sarajevo Stecci 3.JPG|Depictions of stars with crescents are a common motif on the [[stećak]] 12th to 16th century tombstones of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages|medieval Bosnia]]
File:Coat of arms of the legitimate Kingdom of Bosnia.png|1668 representation by [[Joan Blaeu]] of Coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] from 1595 [[Korenić-Neorić Armorial]]
File:Coa Croatia Country Illyria History.svg|The coat of arms of "Illyria" from the [[Korenić-Neorić Armorial]] (1590s)
File:Banner of Cumania at Ferdinand II's coronation (1618).svg|Banner of [[Cumania]], used at the coronation of Ferdinand II of Hungary in 1618 and assigned to Gáspár (Caspar) Illésházy.
File:Jelacic-Gulden 1848 reverse.jpg|Star and crescent on the obverse of the Jelacic-Gulden of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]] (1848)
</gallery>

====Muslim usage====
{{further information|Crescent#Middle ages}}
While the [[crescent]] on its own is depicted as an emblem used on Islamic war flags from the medieval period, at least from the 13th century although it does not seem to have been in frequent use until the 14th or 15th century,<ref>Mohd Elfie Nieshaem Juferi, {{cite web|title=What Is The Significance Of The Crescent Moon In Islam?
|url=https://www.bismikaallahuma.org/polemical-rebuttals/crescent-moon-in-islam/|website=bismikaallahuma.org|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>Pamela Berger, ''The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary'' (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JekyAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PR1&pg=PA164 p. 164f]</ref> the star and crescent in an Islamic context is more rare in the medieval period, but may occasionally be found in depictions of flags from the 14th century onward.

Some [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] (17th century) round shields were decorated with a crescent or star and crescent.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Hayton BNF886 9v.jpg|Depiction of a star and crescent flag on the [[Saracen]] side in the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] (manuscript illustration of the ''[[Hayton of Corycus#History of the Tartars|History of the Tatars]]'', Catalan workshop, early 14th century).
File:The Surrender of Kandahar.jpg|A miniature painting from a ''[[Padshahnama]]'' manuscript (c. 1640), depicting [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] as bearing a shield with a star and crescent decoration.
File:Prince Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar (7 June 1633).jpg|A painting from a ''[[Padshahnama]]'' manuscript (1633) depicts the scene of [[Aurangzeb]] facing the maddened [[War elephant]] Sudhakar. [[Sowar]]'s shield is decorated with a star and crescent.
File:Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg|Ottoman [[sipahi]]s in battle, holding the crescent banner (by [[Józef Brandt]])
File:Flag_of_Egypt_(1922–1958).svg|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] (1922–1953) and co-official flag of the [[Republic of Egypt]] (1953–1958)
</gallery>


===Use in the Ottoman Empire===
{{further information|Flags of the Ottoman Empire}}

[[File:Ottoman flag alternative 2.svg|thumb|Star-and-crescent flag of the [[Ottoman Empire]], used as the naval ensign and state symbol from late 18th century, and as the official Ottoman national flag from 1844 to 1923.]]

The adoption of star and crescent as the Ottoman state symbol started during the reign of [[Mustafa III]] (1757–1774) and its use became well-established during [[Abdul Hamid I]] (1774–1789) and [[Selim III]] (1789–1807) periods.<ref name="islamencyclopedia">{{cite book |title=İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=040298 |location=Istanbul |publisher=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı |page=298 |volume=4 |date=1991 |language=Turkish}}</ref>
A ''{{lang|tr|buyruldu}}'' from 1793 states that the ships in the Ottoman navy have that flag, and various other documents from earlier and later years mention its use.<ref name="islamencyclopedia"/>
The ultimate source of the emblem is unclear. It is mostly derived from the star-and-crescent symbol used by the city of [[Constantinople]] in antiquity, possibly by association with the crescent design (without star) used in Turkish flags since before 1453.<ref>"It seems possible, though not certain, that after the conquest Mehmed took over the crescent ''and'' star as an emblem of sovereignty from the Byzantines. The half-moon alone on a blood red flag, allegedly conferred on the Janissaries by Emir Orhan, was much older, as is demonstrated by numerous references to it dating from before 1453. But since these flags lack the star, which along with the half-moon is to be found on Sassanid and Byzantine municipal coins, it may be regarded as an innovation of Mehmed. It seems certain that in the interior of Asia tribes of Turkish nomads had been using the half-moon alone as an emblem for some time past, but it is equally certain that crescent and star ''together'' are attested only for a much later period. There is good reason to believe that old Turkish and Byzantine traditions were combined in the emblem of Ottoman and, much later, present-day Republican Turkish sovereignty." Franz Babinger (William C. Hickman Ed., Ralph Manheim Trans.), ''Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time'', Princeton University Press, 1992, p 108</ref>

With the [[Tanzimat]] reforms in the 19th century, flags were redesigned in the style of the European armies of the day. The flag of the [[Ottoman Navy]] was made red, as red was to be the flag of secular institutions and green of religious ones. As the reforms abolished all the various flags (standards) of the Ottoman [[pashalik]]s, [[bey]]liks and [[emirate]]s, a single new Ottoman national flag was designed to replace them. The result was the red flag with the white crescent moon and star, which is the precursor to the modern [[flag of Turkey]]. A plain red flag was introduced as the [[civil ensign]] for all Ottoman subjects.
The white crescent with an eight-pointed star on a red field is depicted as the flag of a "Turkish Man of War" in Colton's ''Delineation of Flags of All Nations'' (1862). Steenbergen's ''{{lang|nl|Vlaggen van alle Natiën}}'' of the same year shows a six-pointed star. A plate in ''Webster's Unabridged'' of 1882 shows the flag with an eight-pointed star labelled "Turkey, Man of war". The five-pointed star seems to have been present alongside these variants from at least 1857.

In addition to Ottoman imperial insignias, symbols appears on the flag of [[Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Western Herzegovina 1760 flag|Bosnia Eyalet]] (1580–1867) and [[Bosnia Vilayet]] (1867–1908), as well as the [[Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Bosnian Revolt of 1830s flag|flag of 1831 Bosnian revolt]], while the symbols appeared on some representations of [[Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Historic arms|medieval Bosnian coat of arms]] too.

In the late 19th century, "Star and Crescent" came to be used as a metaphor for Ottoman rule in British literature.<ref>e.g. A. Locher, "With Star and Crescent: A Full and Authentic Account of a Recent Journey with a Caravan from Bombay to Constantinope"; Andrew Haggard, "Under Crescent and Star" (1895).</ref> The increasingly ubiquitous fashion of using the star and crescent symbol in the ornamentation of Ottoman mosques and minarets led to a gradual association of the symbol with Islam in general in western [[Orientalism]].<ref>"Mosque and minaret are surmounted by crescents; the air glowing over the Golden Horn is, as it were, full of moons." [[Hezekiah Butterworth]], ''Zigzag journeys in the Orient'' vol. 3 (1882), p. 481.</ref> The "Red Crescent" emblem was used by volunteers of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC) as early as 1877 during the [[Russo-Turkish War]]; it was officially adopted in 1929.

After the foundation of the [[Republic of Turkey]] in 1923, the new Turkish state maintained the last flag of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Proportional standardisations were introduced in the Turkish Flag Law ({{lang-tr|Türk Bayrağı Kanunu}}) of May 29, 1936.
Besides the most prominent example of [[Turkey]] (see [[Flag of Turkey]]), a number of other Ottoman successor states adopted the design during the 20th century, including the [[Emirate of Cyrenaica]] and the [[Kingdom of Libya]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], and the proposed [[Arab Islamic Republic]].

==Contemporary use==

===National flags===
The [[Ottoman flag]] of 1844 with a white "''ay-yıldız''" ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] for "crescent-star") on a red background continues to be in use as the [[Flag of Turkey|flag]] of the [[Republic of Turkey]] with minor modifications.

Other Ottoman successor states using the star and crescent design in their flag are
[[Flag of Tunisia|Tunisia]] (1831), [[flag of Libya|Libya]] (1951, re-introduced 2011) and [[flag of Algeria|Algeria]] (1958).
The modern emblem of Turkey shows the star outside the arc of the crescent, as it were a "realistic" depiction of a conjunction of Moon and Venus, while in the 19th century, the Ottoman star and crescent was occasionally still drawn as the (classical but "astronomically incorrect") star-within-crescent.
By contrast, the designs of both the flags of Algeria and Tunisia (as well as Mauritania and Pakistan) place the star within the crescent.

<gallery>
File:Flag of Turkey.svg|[[Flag of Turkey]]
File:Flag of Algeria.svg|[[Flag of Algeria]]
File:Flag of Libya.svg|[[Flag of Libya]]
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|[[Flag of Tunisia]]
</gallery>

The same symbol was used in other [[national flag]]s introduced during the 20th century, including the flags of [[List of Azerbaijani flags|Azerbaijan]] (1918, re-introduced 1991), [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (1947), [[List of Malaysian flags|Malaysia]] (1948), [[Flag of Mauritania|Mauritania]] (1959), and the partially recognized states of the [[Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (1976) and [[Flag of Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]] (1983). The symbol also may represent flag of cities or [[emirate]]s such as the emirate of [[Umm Al-Quwain]].

<gallery>
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|[[Flag of Azerbaijan]]
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|[[Flag of Pakistan]]
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|[[Flag of Malaysia]]
File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|[[Flag of Mauritania]]
File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|[[Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]
File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|[[Flag of Northern Cyprus]]
File:Flag of Umm al-Qaiwain.svg|[[Flag of Umm al-Quwain]]
File:Kokbayraq_flag.svg|[[Flag of East Turkestan]] (1934)
File:Flag of Iraq Turkmen Front.svg|Flag of [[Iraqi Turkmen Front]]
File:Flag of Syrian Turkomans.svg|Flag of [[Syrian Turkmen]]
</gallery>

National flags with a crescent alongside several stars:

<gallery>
File:Flag of Singapore.svg|[[Flag of Singapore]] (1965): crescent and five stars
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|[[Flag of Uzbekistan]] (1991): crescent and twelve stars
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|[[Flag of Turkmenistan]] (2001): crescent and five stars (representing five provinces)
File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|[[Flag of the Comoros]] (2002): crescent and four stars (representing four islands)
File:Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.svg|[[Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] of Australia (2003): crescent and [[southern cross]]
</gallery>

National flags with star, crescent and other symbols:
<gallery>
File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg|[[Flag of Moldova]] (1990)
Flag_of_Croatia.svg|[[Flag of Croatia]] (1990)
</gallery>



===Symbol of Islam===
{{further information|Symbols of Islam}}
[[File:Nation_of_Islam_Symbol.png|thumb|Used as the symbol of [[Islam]] by the [[Nation of Islam]]]]
By the mid-20th century, the symbol came to be re-interpreted as the [[symbols of Islam|symbol of Islam]] or the [[Ummah|Muslim community]].<ref>The symbolism of the star and crescent in the flag of the [[Kingdom of Libya]] (1951–1969) was explained in an English language booklet, ''The Libyan Flag & The National Anthem'', issued by the Ministry of Information and Guidance of the Kingdom of Libya (year unknown, cited after Jos Poels at [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/ly_1951.html FOTW], 1997) as follows: "The crescent is symbolic of the beginning of the lunar month according to the Muslim calendar. It brings back to our minds the story of [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] (migration) of our Prophet Mohammed from his home in order to spread Islam and teach the principles of right and virtue. The Star represents our smiling hope, the beauty of aim and object and the light of our belief in God, in our country, its dignity and honour which illuminate our way and puts an end to darkness."</ref>
This symbolism was embraced by movements of [[Arab nationalism]] or [[Islamism]] in the 1970s too, such as the proposed [[Arab Islamic Republic]] (1974) and the American [[Nation of Islam]] (1973).<ref>Edward E. Curtis, ''Black Muslim religion in the Nation of Islam, 1960–1975'' (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=VdcQNcJZoSgC&pg=PA157 p. 157].</ref>

Cyril Glassé in his ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (2001 edition, s.v. "Moon") states that "in the language of conventional symbols, the crescent and star have become the symbols of Islam as much as the cross is the symbol of Christianity."<ref name=Glasse314>Cyril Glassé , ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (revised ed. 2001), s.v. "Moon" (p. 314).</ref>

By contrast, ''Crescent'' magazine — a religious Islamic publication — quoted without giving names that "Many Muslim scholars reject using the crescent moon as a symbol of Islam".<ref name=Fazli2009>
"Many Muslim scholars reject using the crescent moon as a symbol of Islam. The faith of Islam historically had no symbol, and many refuse to accept it."
Fiaz Fazli, ''Crescent'' magazine, [[Srinagar]], September 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8oBW-sQ_dpIC&pg=PA42 p. 42].
</ref>

On February 28, 2017, it was announced by the [[Qira County]] government in [[Hotan Prefecture]], [[Xinjiang]], [[China]] that those who reported others for stitching the 'star and crescent moon' insignia on their clothing or personal items or having the words '[[East Turkestan]]' on their mobile phone case, purse or other jewelry, would be eligible for cash payments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/searches-04042017172301.html|title=Xinjiang Police Search Uyghur Homes For ‘Illegal Items’|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|date=4 April 2017|accessdate=16 December 2019|quote=A second announcement, issued Feb. 28 by the Chira (Cele) county government, said those who report individuals for having “stitched the ‘star and crescent moon’ insignia on their clothing or personal items” or the words “East Turkestan”—referring to the name of a short-lived Uyghur republic—on their mobile phone case, purse or other jewelry, were also eligible for cash payments.|translator=Mamatjan Juma|authors=Joshua Lipes, Jilil Kashgary}}</ref>

===Municipal coats of arms===
The star and crescent as a traditional heraldic charge is in continued use in numerous municipal coats of arms (notably the based on the [[Leliwa coat of arms|Leliwa (Tarnowski) coat of arms]] in the case of Polish municipalities).

<gallery>
File:Coat of arms of Halle (Saale).svg|Coat of arms of [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle an der Saale]], Germany (1327).
File:POL Mińsk Mazowiecki COA.svg|Coat of arms of [[Mińsk Mazowiecki]], Poland.
File:POL Przeworsk COA.svg|Coat of arms of [[Przeworsk]], Poland.
File:POL Tarnobrzeg COA.svg|Coat of arms of [[Tarnobrzeg]], Poland.
File:POL Tarnów COA.svg|Coat of arms of [[Tarnów]], Poland.
File:Coat of arms of Zagreb.svg|Coat of arms of [[Zagreb]], Croatia.
File:City Flag of Portsmouth.svg|Flag of [[Portsmouth]], England (18th century): crescent and [[estoile]] (with eight wavy rays).<ref>The blazon of the coat of arms is attested in the 19th century, as ''Azure a crescent or, surmounted by an estoile of eight points of the last'' (William Berry, Robert Glover, ''Encyclopædia Heraldica'', 1828). This is apparently based on minor seals used by Portsmouth mayors in the 18th century (Robert East H. Lewis, ''Extracts from Records in the Possession of the Municipal Corporation of the Borough of Portsmouth and from Other Documents Relating Thereto'', 1891, p. 656). The medieval seal showed no such design (Henry Press Wright, ''The Story of the 'Domus Dei' of Portsmouth: Commonly Called the Royal Garrison Church'', 1873, [https://books.google.ch/books?id=NQ3JaxBA_YkC&pg=PA12 p. 12]). The claim connecting the star and crescent design to the Great Seal of Richard I originates in the mid 20th century (Valentine Dyall, ''Unsolved Mysteries: A Collection of Weird Problems from the Past'', 1954, p. 14).</ref>
File:Wappen at mattighofen.png|Coat of arms of [[Mattighofen]], Austria (1781)
File:DEU Oelde COA.svg|Coat of arms of [[Oelde]], Germany (1910).
File:Niederglatt-blazon.svg|Coat of arms of [[Niederglatt]], Switzerland (1928)<ref name=Zurich>Peter Ziegler (ed.), ''Die Gemeindewappen des Kantons Zürich'' (1977), [http://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=mag-001:1977:49::47#86 74–77].</ref>
File:Oberglatt-blazon.svg|Coat of arms of [[Oberglatt]], Switzerland (1928)<ref name=Zurich/>
File:Niederweningen-blazon.svg|Coat of arms of [[Niederweningen]], Switzerland (1928)<ref name=Zurich/>
File:Drogheda crest.svg|Coat of arms of [[Drogheda]], Ireland
File:SNT-algueiraomemmartins.png|Coat of arms of [[Algueirão-Mem Martins]] parish, Portugal
File:AJZ-aljezur.png|Coat of arms of [[Aljezur (parish)|Aljezur]] parish, Portugal
File:SNT-casalcambra.png|Coat of arms of [[Casal de Cambra]] parish, Portugal
File:CLB.png|Coat of arms of [[Celorico da Beira]] municipality, Portugal
File:NIS.png|Coat of arms of [[Nisa, Portugal|Nisa]] municipality, Portugal
File:VNO-nsmisericordias.png|Coat of arms of Nossa Senhora das Misericórdias parish, Portugal
File:OBR1.png|Coat of arms of [[Oliveira do Bairro]] municipality, Portugal
File:PCV.png|Coat of arms of [[Penacova]] municipality, Portugal
File:SBA-sbrasalportel.png|Coat of arms of [[São Brás de Alportel]] parish, Portugal
File:SNT.png|Coat of arms of [[Sintra]] municipality, Portugal
File:ALM-sobreda.png|Coat of arms of [[Sobreda]] parish, Portugal
File:VZL.png|Coat of arms of [[Vouzela]] municipality, Portugal
</gallery>

===Sports Club Emblems===
In [[rugby union]], [[Saracens F.C.]] incorporates the crescent and star in its club emblem. [[Drogheda United F.C.]] and [[Portsmouth F.C.]] both borrow the crescent and star from their respective town coats of arms.

<gallery>
File:Saracens FC logo.svg|Emblem of [[Saracens F.C.]]
</gallery>

===Other uses===
<gallery>
File:Flag_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force.svg|Post WWII flag of the [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]] (JASDF)
File:TuAF_Aviation_Badge.png|[[Turkish Air Force]] [[aviator badge]]
File:Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg|Flag of the [[Pakistan Army]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Crescent]]
*[[Lunar phase]]
*[[Phosphorus (morning star)]] / [[Hesperus]]
*[[Pentagram of Venus]]
*[[New Orleans Police Department]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
*Charles Boutell, "Device of Star (or Sun) and Crescent". In ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', Volume XXXVI (New Series). London: John Nicols & Son, London, 1851, pp. 514–515

==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|☪}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Star And Crescent}}
[[Category:Star symbols]]
[[Category:Heraldic charges]]
[[Category:Numismatic terminology]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:National symbols of Turkey]]
[[Category:National symbols of Algeria]]
[[Category:National symbols of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Visual motifs]]
[[Category:Iconography]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-04-06T17:22:23Z

Netanbaal: Removal of innapropriate categories

{{short description|Public University in Maranhão, Brazil}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = UEMA Shield Wreath.png
| motto in Latin =
| motto = ''scientia ad vitam''(Latin for Science for Life)
| type = [[Public university]]
| established = Mar 27, 1987
| rector = [[Prof. Gustavo Pereira]]
| academic_staff =
| students = 23,518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| budget = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| affiliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website = {{url|www.uema.br}}
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the state of [[Maranhão, Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, 1987 and is based in [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]],<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref> the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus]]es and 25 university centers. In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref> The university [[rector (academia)|rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>{{citeweb|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão|url=https://uema.br|access-date= March 7, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Applicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018.<ref>[https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask]</ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.uema.br/}}

== See also ==

*[[Rankings of universities in Brazil|Rankings of Universities in Brazil]]
* [[UFMA|Universidade Federal do Maranhão]]
*[[Education in Brazil|Education in State of Maranhão]]

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maranhao State University}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maranhão]]
[[Category:São Luís, Maranhão]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Forestry education]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:State universities in Brazil]]
[[Category:Brazilian building and structure stubs]]
[[Category:South America university stubs]]
[[Category:Brazil university stubs]]

Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão

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Netanbaal: Review of the Categories

{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=March 2020}}
{{one source|date=March 2020}}
{{Primary sources|date=March 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State Universidade of Tocantins Region of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMASUL
|image =
|motto =
|established =
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. PhD.
|city = [[Imperatriz]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uemasul.edu.br www.uemasul.edu.br]
}}

The '''State University of Tocantinensis Region of Maranhão''' a.k.a State University of South Maranhão ('''{{lang-pt|Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão}}''', '''UEMASUL''') is a [[state university]] in the [[Northeastern Brazil|northeastern]] state of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]].

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ufma.br/}}

{{coord missing|Maranhão}}

{{State Universities of Brazil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State University of South Maranhao}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maranhão]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2066]]
[[Category:Imperatriz]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão

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{{Multiple issues|
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{{Infobox university
| name = State Universidade of Tocantins Region of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMASUL
|image =
|motto =
|established =
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. PhD.
|city = [[Imperatriz |Imperatriz]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uemasul.edu.br www.uemasul.edu.br]
}}

The '''State University of Tocantinensis Region of Maranhão''' a.k.a State University of South Maranhão ('''{{lang-pt|Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão}}''', '''UEMASUL''') is a [[state university]] in the [[Northeastern Brazil|northeastern]] state of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]].

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ufma.br/}}

{{coord missing|Maranhão}}

{{State Universities of Brazil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State University of South Maranhao}}
[[Category:State universities of Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:São Luís, Maranhão]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão

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{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=}}
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{{Primary sources|date=}}
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{{Infobox university
| name = State Universidade of Tocantins Region of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMASUL
|image =
|motto =
|established =
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. PhD.
|city = [[Imperatriz |Imperatriz]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uemasul.edu.br www.uemasul.edu.br]
}}

The '''State University of Tocantinensis Region of Maranhão''' a.k.a State University of South Maranhão ('''{{lang-pt|Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão}}''', '''UEMASUL''') is a [[state university]] in the [[Brazil Northeastern|northeastern]] state of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]].

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ufma.br/}}

{{coord missing|Maranhão}}

{{State Universities of Brazil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State University of South Maranhao}}
[[Category:State universities of Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:São Luís, Maranhão]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão

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Netanbaal:

{{Multiple issues|
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{{Primary sources|date=}}
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{{Infobox university
| name = State Universidade of Tocantins Region of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMASUL
|image =
|motto =
|established =
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. PhD.
|city = [[Imperatriz |Imperatriz]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uemasul.edu.br www.uemasul.edu.br]
}}

The '''State University of Tocantinensis Region of Maranhão''' a.k.a State University of South Maranhão ('''{{lang-pt|Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão}}''', '''UEMASUL''') is a [[state university]] in the [[northeastern[[ state of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]].

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ufma.br/}}

{{coord missing|Maranhão}}

{{State Universities of Brazil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State University of South Maranhao}}
[[Category:State universities of Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:São Luís, Maranhão]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão

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{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=}}
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{{Primary sources|date=}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State Universidade of Tocantins Region of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMASUL
|image =
|motto =
|established =
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. PhD.
|city = [[Imperatriz (Maranhão)|Imperatriz]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uemasul.edu.br www.uemasul.edu.br]
}}

The '''State University of Tocantinensis Region of Maranhão''' a.k.a State University of South Maranhão ('''{{lang-pt|Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão}}''', '''UEMASUL''') is a [[state university]] in the [[northeastern[[ state of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]].

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ufma.br/}}

{{coord missing|Maranhão}}

{{State Universities of Brazil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State University of South Maranhao}}
[[Category:State universities of Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:São Luís, Maranhão]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

UEMA

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#REDIRECT [[Universidade Estadual do Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão

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Netanbaal: ←Created page with '{{Multiple issues| {{no footnotes|date=November 2013}} {{one source|date=November 2013}} {{Primary sources|date=November 2013}} }} {{Infobox university | name...'

{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=November 2013}}
{{one source|date=November 2013}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Federal University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Federal do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UFMA
|image =File:CUniversitaria.jpg
|motto = ''Life is Combat''
|established = oct 21, 1966
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. PhD. Nair Portela
|city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| logo = File:UFMA.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.ufma.br www.ufma.br]
}}

The '''Federal University of Maranhão''' ('''{{lang-pt|Universidade Federal do Maranhão}}''', '''UFMA''') is a federal university in the northeastern state of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]].

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ufma.br/}}

{{coord missing|Maranhão}}

{{Federal Universities of Brazil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Federal University of Maranhao}}
[[Category:Federal universities of Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:São Luís, Maranhão]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T16:56:48Z

Netanbaal: /*external links

{{short description|Public University in Maranhão State, pertaining to State administration}}
{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png]]
| motto in Latin =
| motto = ''scientia ad vitam''(Latin for Science for Life)
| type = [[Public university]]
| established = Mar 27, 1987
| rector = [[Prof. Gustavo Pereira]]
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website = [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date= March 07, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.uema.br/}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*[[ Rankings of universities in Brazil| Rankings of Universities in Brazil]]
* [[UFMA| Universidade Federal do Maranhão]]
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

{{States Universities of Brazil}}

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1987 Establishments in Brazil<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:São Luís, Maranhão]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]
[[State Colleges in Brazil]]
[[Brazilian building and structure stubs]]
[[South America university stubs]]
[[Brazil university stubs]]
[[Category:States universities of Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:São Luís| São_Luís,_Maranhão]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maranhao State University}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Forestry education]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão9]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Martanhão]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:State universities in Brazil]]
[[Category:Bacabal]]
[[Category:Balsas]]
[[Category:Barra do Corda]]
[[Category:Caxias| Caxias,_Maranhão]]
[[Category:Codó]]
[[Category:Coelho Neto]]
[[Category:Colinas]]
[[Category:Coroatá]]
[[Category: Grajaú]]
[[Category:Itapecuru Mirim| Itapecuru]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Lago da Pedra]]
[[Category:Zé Doca]]
[[Category:Timon]]
[[Category:Presidente Dutra, Maranhão|Presidente Dutra]]
[[Category:Pinheiro]]
[[Category:Pedreiras]]
[[Category:São João dos Patos]]
[[Category:Organisations based in São Luís]]
[[Category:São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T16:54:25Z

Netanbaal:

{{short description|Public University in Maranhão State, pertaining to State administration}}
{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png]]
| motto in Latin =
| motto = ''scientia ad vitam''(Latin for Science for Life)
| type = [[Public university]]
| established = Mar 27, 1987
| rector = [[Prof. Gustavo Pereira]]
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website = [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date= March 07, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*[[ Rankings of universities in Brazil| Rankings of Universities in Brazil]]
* [[UFMA| Universidade Federal do Maranhão]]
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

{{States Universities of Brazil}}

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1987 Establishments in Brazil<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:São Luís, Maranhão]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]
[[State Colleges in Brazil]]
[[Brazilian building and structure stubs]]
[[South America university stubs]]
[[Brazil university stubs]]
[[Category:States universities of Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:São Luís| São_Luís,_Maranhão]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maranhao State University}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Forestry education]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão9]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Martanhão]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:State universities in Brazil]]
[[Category:Bacabal]]
[[Category:Balsas]]
[[Category:Barra do Corda]]
[[Category:Caxias| Caxias,_Maranhão]]
[[Category:Codó]]
[[Category:Coelho Neto]]
[[Category:Colinas]]
[[Category:Coroatá]]
[[Category: Grajaú]]
[[Category:Itapecuru Mirim| Itapecuru]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Lago da Pedra]]
[[Category:Zé Doca]]
[[Category:Timon]]
[[Category:Presidente Dutra, Maranhão|Presidente Dutra]]
[[Category:Pinheiro]]
[[Category:Rio Claro, São Paulo|Rio Claro]]
[[Category:Pedreiras]]
[[Category:São João dos Patos]]
[[Category:Organisations based in São Luís]]
[[Category:São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T16:47:42Z

Netanbaal: Stubs and Categories

{{short description|Public University in Maranhão State, pertaining to State administration}}
{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| type = [[Public university]]
| established = mar 27, 1987
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website = [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date= March 07, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*[[ Rankings of universities in Brazil| Rankings of Universities in Brazil]]
* [[UFMA| Universidade Federal do Maranhão]]
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

{{States Universities of Brazil}}

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1987 Establishments in Brazil<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]
[[State Colleges in Brazil]]
[[Brazilian building and structure stubs]]
[[South America university stubs]]
[[Brazil university stubs]]
[[Category:States universities of Brazil|Maranhao]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:São Luís| São_Luís,_Maranhão]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maranhao State University}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Forestry education]]
[[Category:Education in Maranhão9]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Martanhão]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:State universities in Brazil]]
[[Category:Bacabal]]
[[Category:Balsas]]
[[Category:Barra do Corda]]
[[Category:Caxias| Caxias,_Maranhão]]
[[Category:Codó]]
[[Category:Coelho Neto]]
[[Category:Colinas]]
[[Category:Coroatá]]
[[Category: Grajaú]]
[[Category:Itapecuru Mirim| Itapecuru]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Lago da Pedra]]
[[Category:Zé Doca]]
[[Category:Timon]]
[[Category:Presidente Dutra, Maranhão|Presidente Dutra]]
[[Category:Pinheiro]]
[[Category:Rio Claro, São Paulo|Rio Claro]]
[[Category:Pedreiras]]
[[Category:São João dos Patos]]
[[Category:Organisations based in São Luís]]

{{Brazil-university-stub}}

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T15:52:20Z

Netanbaal: /* See Also */

{{short description|Public University in Maranhão State, pertaining to State administration}}
{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| type = [[Public university]]
| established = mar 27, 1987
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website = [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date= March 07, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*[[ Rankings of universities in Brazil| Rankings of Universities in Brazil]]
* [[UFMA| Universidade Federal do Maranhão]]
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:57:16Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| type = [[Public university]]
| established = mar 27, 1987
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website = [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date= March 07, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
* [[UFMA| Universidade Federal do Maranhão]]
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:56:26Z

Netanbaal: box list

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| type = [[Public university]]
| established = mar 27, 1987
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website = [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

| website=
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date= March 07, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
* [[UFMA| Universidade Federal do Maranhão]]
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:40:15Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = [[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão|UEMA Coat of arms]]]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| established = mar 27, 1987
| type = [[Public university]]
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Newspaper/ Magazine
| free = Jornal da UEMA <ref>https://www.uema.br/jornal-da-uema/</ref>
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| athletics = [[Not a unified one,for example: [[A.A.A Medical School Cangaceira]] - [[North/Northeast Division]]<ref>www.uema.br/2018/11/iv-intermed-nordeste-2018-e-realizado-em-caxias-com-apoio-da-uema/</ref>
| nickname = [[Cangaceira]]<ref>https://instagram.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref><ref>https://pt-br.facebook.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref>
| colors = [[Blue, Yellow and Brown]]
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| Athletics affilliation : Intermed (Medical Schools Athetic Associations)<ref>http://www.intermednordeste.com.br/</ref>
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date= March 07, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
* [[UFMA| Universidade Federal do Maranhão]]
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:37:49Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = [[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão|UEMA Coat of arms]]]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| established = mar 27, 1987
| type = [[Public university]]
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Newspaper/ Magazine
| free = Jornal da UEMA <ref>https://www.uema.br/jornal-da-uema/</ref>
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| athletics = [[Not a unified one,for example: [[A.A.A Medical School Cangaceira]] - [[North/Northeast Division]]<ref>www.uema.br/2018/11/iv-intermed-nordeste-2018-e-realizado-em-caxias-com-apoio-da-uema/</ref>
| nickname = [[Cangaceira]]<ref>https://instagram.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref><ref>https://pt-br.facebook.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref>
| colors = [[Blue, Yellow and Brown]]
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| Athletics affilliation : Intermed (Medical Schools Athetic Associations)<ref>http://www.intermednordeste.com.br/</ref>
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date= March 07, 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:36:08Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = [[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão|UEMA Coat of arms]]]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| established = mar 27, 1987
| type = [[Public university]]
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Newspaper/ Magazine
| free = Jornal da UEMA <ref>https://www.uema.br/jornal-da-uema/</ref>
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| athletics = [[Not a unified one,for example: [[A.A.A Medical School Cangaceira]] - [[North/Northeast Division]]<ref>www.uema.br/2018/11/iv-intermed-nordeste-2018-e-realizado-em-caxias-com-apoio-da-uema/</ref>
| nickname = [[Cangaceira]]<ref>https://instagram.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref><ref>https://pt-br.facebook.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref>
| colors = [[Blue, Yellow and Brown]]
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| Athletics affilliation : Intermed (Medical Schools Athetic Associations)<ref>http://www.intermednordeste.com.br/</ref>
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:33:26Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = [[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão#UEMA coat of arms|Coat of arms]]]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| established = mar 27, 1987
| type = [[Public university]]
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Newspaper/ Magazine
| free = Jornal da UEMA <ref>https://www.uema.br/jornal-da-uema/</ref>
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| athletics = [[Not a unified one,for example: [[A.A.A Medical School Cangaceira]] - [[North/Northeast Division]]<ref>www.uema.br/2018/11/iv-intermed-nordeste-2018-e-realizado-em-caxias-com-apoio-da-uema/</ref>
| nickname = [[Cangaceira]]<ref>https://instagram.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref><ref>https://pt-br.facebook.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref>
| colors = [[Blue, Yellow and Brown]]
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| Athletics affilliation : Intermed (Medical Schools Athetic Associations)<ref>http://www.intermednordeste.com.br/</ref>
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>https://uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:26:08Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = [[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão#UEMA coat of arms|Coat of arms]]]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| established = mar 27, 1987
| type = [[Public university]]
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Newspaper/ Magazine
| free = Jornal da UEMA <ref>https://www.uema.br/jornal-da-uema/</ref>
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| athletics = [[Npt a unified one,for example: [[A.A.A Medical School Cangaceira]] - [[North/Northeast Division]]<ref>ww.uema.br/2018/11/iv-intermed-nordeste-2018-e-realizado-em-caxias-com-apoio-da-uema/</ref>
| nickname = [[Cangaceira]]<ref>instagram.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref><ref>https://pt-br.facebook.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref>
| colors = [[Blue, Yellow and Brown]]
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| Athletics affilliation : Intermed (Medical Schools Athetic Associations) <ref>http://www.intermednordeste.com.br/</ref>
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]

}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:21:43Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = [[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão#UEMA coat of arms|Coat of arms]]]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| established = mar 27, 1987
| type = [[Public university]]
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Newspaper/ Magazine
| free = Jornal da UEMA <ref>https://www.uema.br/jornal-da-uema/</ref>
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| athletics = [[Npt a unified one,for example: [[A.A.A Medical School Cangaceira]] - [[North/Northeast Division]]<ref>ww.uema.br/2018/11/iv-intermed-nordeste-2018-e-realizado-em-caxias-com-apoio-da-uema/</ref>
| nickname = [[Cangaceira]]<ref>instagram.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref><ref>https://pt-br.facebook.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref>
| colors = [[Blue, Yellow and Brown]]
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| Athletics affilliation : Intermed (Medical Schools Athetic Associations) <ref>http://www.intermednordeste.com.br/</ref>
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]

}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

==References==

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:19:02Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=no}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = [[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão#UEMA coat of arms|Coat of arms]]]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| established = mar 27, 1987
| type = [[Public university]]
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Newspaper/ Magazine
| free = Jornal da UEMA <ref>https://www.uema.br/jornal-da-uema/</ref>
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| athletics = [[Npt a unified one,for example: [[A.A.A Medical School Cangaceira]] - [[North/Northeast Division]]<ref>ww.uema.br/2018/11/iv-intermed-nordeste-2018-e-realizado-em-caxias-com-apoio-da-uema/</ref>
| nickname = [[Cangaceira]]<ref>instagram.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref><ref>https://pt-br.facebook.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref>
| colors = [[Blue, Yellow and Brown]]
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| Athletics affilliation : Intermed (Medical Schools Athetic Associations) <ref>http://www.intermednordeste.com.br/</ref>
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]

}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
UEMA had its origin in the Federation of Higher Schools of Maranhão (''Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão'' - FESM), created by Law 3,260, of August 22, 1972, to coordinate and integrate students from Maranhão higher education system. FESM, initially, was created by four higher education units: School of Administration, School of Engineering, School of Agronomy and Faculty of Caxias. In 1975, FESM incorporated the São Luís School of Veterinary Medicine and, in 1979, the Faculty of Education of Operators.<ref>uema.br/historico/</ref>

An FESM was transformed into the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, through Law No. 4,400, of December 30, 1981, and its operation was authorized by Federal Decree No. 94,143, of March 25, 1987, as a special regime Autarchy, legal entity of public law, in the multicampi modality. Initially, UEMA has three fields and seven teaching units:

*Basic Studies Unit;
*Engineering Studies Unit;
*Administration Studies Unit;
*Agronomy Studies Unit;
*Veterinary Medicine Studies Unit;
*Caxias Education Studies Unit;
*Imperatriz Education Studies Unit

UEMA was subsequently reorganized by Laws 5,921, of March 15, 1994, and 5,931, of April 22, 1994, amended by Law 6,663, of June 4, 1996. In principle, UEMA was linked to the State Secretariat of Education. After the administrative reform implemented by the State Government in 1999, SEDUC was transformed into the Human Development State Management - GDH.

UEMA was separated from the GDH by State Law No. 7,734, dated April 19, 2002, which provided for new changes in the Government's administrative structure, and became part of the State Planning and Management Department.

On January 31, 2003, with Law No. 7,844, the State underwent a new structural reorganization. The State System for Scientific and Technological Development was created, of which UEMA became part, and the University started to be linked to the State Management of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - GECTEC, today, Secretary of State of Science, Technology, Higher Education and Technological Development - SECTECz

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T03:12:17Z

Netanbaal:

{{Redirect|UEMA}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=no}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
| image = [[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão#UEMA coat of arms|Coat of arms]]]]
| motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
| motto = ''Science for Life''
| established = mar 27, 1987
| type = [[Public university]]
| rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
| academic staff = No data
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| undergrad = No data
| postgrad = No data
| city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
| state = [[Maranhão]]
| country = [[Brazil]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label = Newspaper/ Magazine
| free = Jornal da UEMA <ref>https://www.uema.br/jornal-da-uema/</ref>
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| athletics = [[Npt a unified one,for example: [[A.A.A Medical School Cangaceira]] - [[North/Northeast Division]]<ref>ww.uema.br/2018/11/iv-intermed-nordeste-2018-e-realizado-em-caxias-com-apoio-da-uema/</ref>
| nickname = [[Cangaceira]]<ref>instagram.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref><ref>https://pt-br.facebook.com/atleticacangaceira/</ref>
| colors = [[Blue, Yellow and Brown]]
| afilliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| Athletics affilliation : Intermed (Medical Schools Athetic Associations) <ref>http://www.intermednordeste.com.br/</ref>
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]

}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].<ref>https://uema.br| {{access-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T02:38:41Z

Netanbaal:

{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=November 2013}}
{{one source|date=November 2013}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =
[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|[[Heraldry of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão#UEMA coat of arms|Coat of arms]]]]
|motto in Latin = ''Scientia at vitam''
|motto =''Science for Life''
|established = mar 27, 1987
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
|city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| free_label = None
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| afiliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T02:26:20Z

Netanbaal:

{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=November 2013}}
{{one source|date=November 2013}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =
[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|UEMA Coat of Arms]]
|motto = ''Scientia at vitam'', in English ''Science for Life''
|established = mar 27, 1987
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
|city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| students = 23.518 (2015)<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>
| afiliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]]<ref>http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2015/perfil/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-uema-568.shtml</ref>, the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T02:18:13Z

Netanbaal:

{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=November 2013}}
{{one source|date=November 2013}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State University of Maranhão
| native_name = Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
| native_name_lang = Pt
| other_names = UEMA
|image =
[[File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png|thumb|UEMA Coat of Arms]]
|motto = ''Scientia at vitam'', in English ''Science for Life''
|established = mar 27, 1987
|type = [[Public university]]
|rector = Prof. Gustavo Pereira
|city = [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]
|state = [[Maranhão]]
|country = [[Brazil]]
| budge = R$ 209.886.197,36 (2014)
| students = 22,172 (2019)
| afiliation = [[ABRUEM]], [[RENEX]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
|website= [http://www.uema.br www.uema.br]
}}

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]], the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)|periodical=com.br|publisher=Ranking Universitário Folha|url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=pt-BR|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987<ref>https://www.uema.br/historico/</ref>]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

File:UEMA Shield Wreath.png

2020-03-08T02:14:05Z

Netanbaal: *This is a Logo, a Coat of Arms of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, a public University in State of Maranhão, Brazil *Source:http://www.inovacao.uema.br/?page_id=89 *Article: Universidade Estadual do Maranhão *The entire logo is used to convey the meaning intended and avoid tarnishing or misrepresenting the intended image. *The image is used to identify the brand State Maranhão University (UEMA), a subject of public interest. The significance of the logo is to help the reader identify the...

== Summary ==
*This is a Logo, a Coat of Arms of Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, a public University in State of Maranhão, Brazil

*Source:http://www.inovacao.uema.br/?page_id=89

*Article: Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
*The entire logo is used to convey the meaning intended and avoid tarnishing or misrepresenting the intended image.
*The image is used to identify the brand State Maranhão University (UEMA), a subject of public interest. The significance of the logo is to help the reader identify the brand, assure the readers that they have reached the right article containing critical commentary about the brand, and illustrate the nature of the brand in a way that words alone could not convey.
== Licensing ==
{{Non-free logo}}

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T01:38:26Z

Netanbaal:

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]], the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml |hrsg=Ranking Universitário Folha |titel=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) |werk=com.br |sprache=pt-BR |abruf=2019-11-10}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category: List of Universities and colleges in Brazy by city |Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|*]]
[[Category:Brazil education-related lists|Universities By State]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Brazil by state|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|Brazil]]

== See Also ==

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
*[[List of State Universities in Brazil]]
*[[List of Universities in Brazil]]
*[[Education in Brazil| Education in State of Maranhão]]

User talk:Netanbaal

2020-03-08T01:30:35Z

Netanbaal:

{| style="background-color:#F5FFFA; padding:0;" cellpadding="0"
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|}
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* How to: [[Help:Editing|edit a page]] • [[Wikipedia:Uploading images|upload an image]]
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<hr />
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== [[Draft:Universidade Estadual do Maranhão|Universidade Estadual do Maranhão]] moved to draftspace ==

An article you recently created, [[Draft:Universidade Estadual do Maranhão|Universidade Estadual do Maranhão]], does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from [[WP:RS|reliable]], [[WP:IS|independent sources]]. <small>([[WP:42|?]])</small> Information that can't be referenced should be removed ([[WP:V|verifiability]] is of [[WP:5|central importance]] on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to [[Wikipedia:Draftspace|draftspace]] (with a prefix of "<code>Draft:</code>" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's [[WP:GNG|general notability guideline]] and thus is ready for mainspace, please follow the prompts on the [[Wikipedia:AfC|Articles for Creation]] template atop the page. <span style="color:DarkGray">...</span> [[User:discospinster|<span style="color:DarkOrange">'''disco'''</span><span style="color: #556B2F">'''''spinster'''''</span>]] <sub>[[User talk:discospinster|'''<span style="color:DarkGray">talk</span>''']]</sub> 00:59, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Thank you, Mr/Mrs DiscoSpinster [[User:Nathanael Everton|Nathanael Everton]] ([[User talk:Nathanael Everton#top|talk]]) 01:30, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T01:28:00Z

Netanbaal:

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).<ref>https://www.uemasul.edu.br/portal/institucional/a-uemasul/</ref> With more than 20 thousand [[students]], the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml |hrsg=Ranking Universitário Folha |titel=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) |werk=com.br |sprache=pt-BR |abruf=2019-11-10}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category:Universities in Brazil|Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]

== See Also ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
List of State Universities in Brazil
List of Universities in Brazil
Education in State of Maranhão

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T01:24:56Z

Netanbaal:

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].<ref>[https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94143-25-marco-1987-444578-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html Decreto Federal nº 94.143]</ref> In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL). With more than 20 thousand [[students]], the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/2019/lista-universidades-instituicoes/universidade-estadual-do-maranhao-568.shtml |hrsg=Ranking Universitário Folha |titel=Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) |werk=com.br |sprache=pt-BR |abruf=2019-11-10}}</ref>

The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.uema.br/ UEMA Website]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

[[Category:Universities in Brazil|Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]

== See Also ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
List of State Universities in Brazil
List of Universities in Brazil
Education in State of Maranhão

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T01:15:43Z

Netanbaal:

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]]. In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL). With more than 20 thousand [[students]], the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.
The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

== Campi ==
With its main campus in its own '' Cidade Universitária Paulo VI '', the university maintains 19 training and study centers scattered across the state:

* [[Bacabal]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Bacabal – CESB
* [[Balsas (Maranhão)|Balsas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas – CESBA
* [[Barra do Corda]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Barra do Corda – CESBAC
* [[Caxias (Maranhão)|Caxias]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias – CESC
* [[Codó]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Codó – CESCD
* [[Coelho Neto (Maranhão)|Coelho Neto]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coelho Neto – CESCON
* [[Colinas (Maranhão)|Colinas]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Colinas – CESCO
* [[Coroatá]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Coroatá – CESCOR
* [[Grajaú (Maranhão)|Grajaú]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Grajaú – CESGRA
* [[Itapecuru-Mirim]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Itapecuru-Mirim – CESITA
* [[Lago da Pedra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Lago da Pedra – CESLAP
* [[Pedreiras (Maranhão)|Pedreiras]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pedreiras – CESPE
* [[Pinheiro (Maranhão)|Pinheiro]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Pinheiro – CESPI
* [[Presidente Dutra (Maranhão)|Presidente Dutra]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Presidente Dutra – CESPD
* [[Santa Inês (Maranhão)|Santa Inês]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Santa Inês – CESSIN
* [[São João dos Patos]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de São João dos Patos – CESJOP
* [[São Luís (Maranhão)|São Luís]]: Centro de Ciências Agrária – CCA, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – CCSA, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais – CECEN, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas – CCT
* [[Timon (Maranhão)|Timon]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Timon – CESTI
* [[Zé Doca]]: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Zé Doca – CESZD

== Libraries ==

The central library of the library network is in São Luís, the library system had a total of 61,598 different monographs, 4,500 electronic publications and around 1,400 journals in 2018. <ref> [https://sigaa.ufma.br/sigaa/public/biblioteca/buscaPublicaAcervo.jsf Library Search Mask] </ref>

== Publications ==
Current publications: '' Anuário ''
* Universidade Estadual do Maranhão: [https://www.proplad.uema.br/wp-content/plugins/anuario/view/fliper-2018/anuario-2018-2.pdf ''Anuário.''] São Luís 2018 (PDF, 23,1 MB; Brazilian Portuguese).

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [https://www.uema.br/ Website der UEMA]

{{Brazilian Universities}}

{{Coordinate|NS=-2.5790232|EW=-44.2090497|type=landmark|region=BR-MA|text=|name=}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Universidade Estadual do Maranhao}}
[[Category:Universities in Brazil|Saoluis]]
[[Category:Education and Research in Maranhão]]
[[Category:Founded in 1987]]
[[Category:Organization (Maranhão)]]
[[Category: São Luís]]

== See Also ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
List of State Universities in Brazil
List of Universities in Brazil
Education in State of Maranhão

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T01:04:52Z

Netanbaal: ←Created page with ''''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state university in the state of Maranhão, [...'

'''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'') is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]]. In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] (UFMA), it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third, the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL). With more than 20 thousand [[students]], the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.
The university [[rector (academia)| rector]] is [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

See Also

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil
List of State Universities in Brazil
List of Universities in Brazil
Education in State of Maranhão

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

2020-03-08T00:56:59Z

Netanbaal: ←Created page with '''''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão'''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'')is a public state university in the state of Maranhão i...'

''''Universidade Estadual do Maranhão'''' (UEMA, English: ''State University of Maranhão'')is a public state [[university]] in the [[state]] of [[Maranhão]] in [[Brazil]]. It was founded on March 25, [[1987]] and is based in [[São Luís]].In addition to the [[Universidade Federal do Maranhão]] [[(UFMA)]], it was the second university in the state. In September 2016, part of it was dismembered for creation of a third,the newly founded [[Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão]] (UEMASUL).. With more than 20 thousand [[students]], the [[institution]] has 22 [[campus| campuses]] and 25 university centers.

In the [[university ranking]], it ranks 157th in Brazil.
The university [[rector]] is the [[administrative scientist]] [[Gustavo Pereira da Costa]].

Double harmonic scale

2014-02-23T16:36:56Z

Netanbaal:

In [[music]], the '''''double harmonic major scale'''''<ref name="Stetina">Stetina, Troy (1999). ''The Ultimate Scale Book'', p.59. ISBN 0-7935-9788-9.</ref> is a [[scale (music)|scale]] whose [[Steps and skips|gaps]] may evoke "exotic" music to Western listeners. This is also known as the '''Arabic''' and<ref name="Stetina"/><ref name="Christiansen">Christiansen, Mike (2003). ''Mel Bay Complete Guitar Scale Dictionary'', p.43. ISBN 0-7866-6994-2.</ref> the '''Byzantine scale'''. It is also likened to the [[gypsy scale]] because of the augmented 2 between the 2nd and 3rd degrees. ''Arabic scale'' may also refer to any Arabic mode, the simplest of which, however, to Westerners, resembles the double harmonic major scale.<ref>"R. G. Kiesewetter's 'Die Musik der Araber': A Pioneering Ethnomusicological Study of Arabic Writings on Music", p.12. Philip V. Bohlman. ''Asian Music'', Vol. 18, No. 1. (Autumn - Winter, 1986), pp. 164-196.</ref>

[[File:Double harmonic scale on C.png|thumb|right|400px|C Arabic scale: C-D{{music|b}}-E-F-G-A{{music|b}}-B. {{audio|Double harmonic scale on C.mid|Play}}]]

The sequence of [[Steps and skips|steps]] comprising the double harmonic scale is:
*[[minor second|half]] – [[augmented second]] – half – [[major second|whole]] – half – [[augmented second]] – half.

Or, in relation to the [[tonic (music)|tonic]] note:
*minor 2nd, major 3rd, perfect 4th and 5th, minor 6th, major 7th.

[[File:Double harmonic scale quarter tones.png|thumb|right|400px|Double harmonic major scale with quarter tones ({{audio|Double harmonic scale quarter tones.mid|Play}}) (C-D{{music|db}} and B{{music|t}}-C).]]

However, this scale is commonly represented with the first and last half step each being represented as a [[quarter tone]]. The non-quarter tone form ({{audio|Double harmonic scale.mid|Play}}) is identical to the North Indian [[Thaat]] named Bhairav and the South Indian (Carnatic) [[Melakarta]] named Mayamalavagowla.

The double harmonic scale is arrived at by either:
*raising the seventh of the [[Phrygian dominant scale]], (a mode of the harmonic minor scale), by a semitone.
*raising the seventh and third of the [[Phrygian mode]], (a mode of the Major Scale), by a semitone.
*lowering both the sixth and second of a [[major scale]] by a semitone.
*lowering the 2nd note of a [[harmonic major scale]] by a semitone.
*combining the lower half of phrygian dominant with the upper half of harmonic minor.<ref name="Stetina"/>

It is referred to as the "double harmonic" scale because it contains two [[Tetrachord#Romantic era|harmonic tetrads]] featuring augmented seconds. By contrast both the harmonic major and harmonic minor scales contain only one augmented second, located between their sixth and seventh degrees.

[[File:Double harmonic scale marked.png|thumb|right|400px|Double harmonic scale on C: augmented second between degrees 2-3 and 6-7]]

The double harmonic scale is uncommonly used in [[classical music]] from [[Western culture]], as it does not closely follow any of the basic [[musical modes]], nor is it easily derived from them. It also does not easily fit into common Western [[chord progressions]] such as the [[authentic cadence]]. This is because it is mostly used as a [[Musical mode|modal]] scale, not intended for much movement through chord progressions. The Arabic scale (in the key of E) was used in [[Nikolas Roubanis]]'s "[[Misirlou]]", and in the [[Bacchanale]] from the opera [[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]] by [[Saint-Saëns]]. [[Claude Debussy]] used the scale in "[[Soirée dans Grenade]]", "[[Préludes (Debussy)|La Puerta del Vino]]", and "[[Préludes (Debussy)|Sérénade interrompue]]" to evoke Spanish flamenco music or Moorish heritage.<ref>Elie Robert Schmitz, Virgil Thomson (1966). ''The piano works of Claude Debussy'', p.28. ISBN 0-486-21567-9.</ref> In popular music, Ritchie Blackmore of [[Deep Purple]] and [[Rainbow (English band)|Rainbow]] used the scale in pieces such as "[[Gates of Babylon]]" and "[[Stargazer (Rainbow song)|Stargazer]]".<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSsp7GlPFdA</ref><ref>It can be verified in 36:38 minutes of the video</ref> The [[Miles Davis]] jazz standard [[Nardis (composition)|Nardis]] also makes use of the double harmonic.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==Symmetry==
The double harmonic scale features radial symmetry, or symmetry around its root, or center note. Breaking up the three note chromaticism and removing this symmetry by sharpening the 2nd or flattening the 7th note respectively by one semitone yields the harmonic major and Phrygian Dominant mode of the harmonic minor scales respectively, each of which, unlike the [[double harmonic minor scale]], has a full diminished chord backbone.

==Modes==

Like most heptatonic (seven pitches in the octave) scales, the double harmonic scale has a mode for each of its individual scale degrees. The most commonly known of these modes is the 4th mode, the [[Hungarian gypsy scale]], most similar to the [[harmonic minor scale]] with a raised 4th degree.

Tonic Mode - Double Harmonic Scale
<br>
2nd Mode - Blues Scale hybrid (with major third and 7th)
<br>
3rd Mode - Altered Harmonic Minor 1 (b2, +#3)
<br>
4th Mode - Hungarian Gypsy Scale
<br>
5th Mode - Dorian/Phrygian Hybrid (b2/b6)
<br>
6th Mode - N/A
<br>
7th Mode - Altered Harmonic Minor 2 (b2 + #2)

==Relationship to Phrygian major (Jewish scale)==
The nearest other existing scale to the double harmonic scale is the [[Phrygian dominant scale]]. The double harmonic scale may be made from a Phrygian dominant scale by sharpening its 7th degree.

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Arabic music]]
*[[Byzantine music]]
*[[Tritone substitution]]

{{scales}}

==Recommended Reading==
*Hewitt, Michael. 2013. ''Musical Scales of the World''. The Note Tree. ISBN 978-0957547001.

==External links==
*[http://robsilverguitars.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/double-harmonic-scale.html The Double Harmonic scale mapped out for guitar.]

[[Category:Heptatonic scales]]
[[Category:Modes]]
[[Category:Musical symmetry]]
[[Category:Scales with unusual key signatures]]

[[de:Zigeuner-Dur]]

Double harmonic scale

2014-02-23T16:35:31Z

Netanbaal:

In [[music]], the '''''double harmonic major scale'''''<ref name="Stetina">Stetina, Troy (1999). ''The Ultimate Scale Book'', p.59. ISBN 0-7935-9788-9.</ref> is a [[scale (music)|scale]] whose [[Steps and skips|gaps]] may evoke "exotic" music to Western listeners. This is also known as the '''Arabic''' and<ref name="Stetina"/><ref name="Christiansen">Christiansen, Mike (2003). ''Mel Bay Complete Guitar Scale Dictionary'', p.43. ISBN 0-7866-6994-2.</ref> the '''Byzantine scale'''. It is also likened to the [[gypsy scale]] because of the augmented 2 between the 2nd and 3rd degrees. ''Arabic scale'' may also refer to any Arabic mode, the simplest of which, however, to Westerners, resembles the double harmonic major scale.<ref>"R. G. Kiesewetter's 'Die Musik der Araber': A Pioneering Ethnomusicological Study of Arabic Writings on Music", p.12. Philip V. Bohlman. ''Asian Music'', Vol. 18, No. 1. (Autumn - Winter, 1986), pp. 164-196.</ref>

[[File:Double harmonic scale on C.png|thumb|right|400px|C Arabic scale: C-D{{music|b}}-E-F-G-A{{music|b}}-B. {{audio|Double harmonic scale on C.mid|Play}}]]

The sequence of [[Steps and skips|steps]] comprising the double harmonic scale is:
*[[minor second|half]] – [[augmented second]] – half – [[major second|whole]] – half – [[augmented second]] – half.

Or, in relation to the [[tonic (music)|tonic]] note:
*minor 2nd, major 3rd, perfect 4th and 5th, minor 6th, major 7th.

[[File:Double harmonic scale quarter tones.png|thumb|right|400px|Double harmonic major scale with quarter tones ({{audio|Double harmonic scale quarter tones.mid|Play}}) (C-D{{music|db}} and B{{music|t}}-C).]]

However, this scale is commonly represented with the first and last half step each being represented as a [[quarter tone]]. The non-quarter tone form ({{audio|Double harmonic scale.mid|Play}}) is identical to the North Indian [[Thaat]] named Bhairav and the South Indian (Carnatic) [[Melakarta]] named Mayamalavagowla.

The double harmonic scale is arrived at by either:
*raising the seventh of the [[Phrygian dominant scale]], (a mode of the harmonic minor scale), by a semitone.
*raising the seventh and third of the [[Phrygian mode]], (a mode of the Major Scale), by a semitone.
*lowering both the sixth and second of a [[major scale]] by a semitone.
*lowering the 2nd note of a [[harmonic major scale]] by a semitone.
*combining the lower half of phrygian dominant with the upper half of harmonic minor.<ref name="Stetina"/>

It is referred to as the "double harmonic" scale because it contains two [[Tetrachord#Romantic era|harmonic tetrads]] featuring augmented seconds. By contrast both the harmonic major and harmonic minor scales contain only one augmented second, located between their sixth and seventh degrees.

[[File:Double harmonic scale marked.png|thumb|right|400px|Double harmonic scale on C: augmented second between degrees 2-3 and 6-7]]

The double harmonic scale is uncommonly used in [[classical music]] from [[Western culture]], as it does not closely follow any of the basic [[musical modes]], nor is it easily derived from them. It also does not easily fit into common Western [[chord progressions]] such as the [[authentic cadence]]. This is because it is mostly used as a [[Musical mode|modal]] scale, not intended for much movement through chord progressions. The Arabic scale (in the key of E) was used in [[Nikolas Roubanis]]'s "[[Misirlou]]", and in the [[Bacchanale]] from the opera [[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]] by [[Saint-Saëns]]. [[Claude Debussy]] used the scale in "[[Soirée dans Grenade]]", "[[Préludes (Debussy)|La Puerta del Vino]]", and "[[Préludes (Debussy)|Sérénade interrompue]]" to evoke Spanish flamenco music or Moorish heritage.<ref>Elie Robert Schmitz, Virgil Thomson (1966). ''The piano works of Claude Debussy'', p.28. ISBN 0-486-21567-9.</ref> In popular music, Ritchie Blackmore of [[Deep Purple]] and [[Rainbow (English band)|Rainbow]] used the scale in pieces such as "[[Gates of Babylon]]" and "[[Stargazer (Rainbow song)|Stargazer]]".<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSsp7GlPFdA</ref><ref>It can be verified in 36'38'' of the video</ref> The [[Miles Davis]] jazz standard [[Nardis (composition)|Nardis]] also makes use of the double harmonic.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==Symmetry==
The double harmonic scale features radial symmetry, or symmetry around its root, or center note. Breaking up the three note chromaticism and removing this symmetry by sharpening the 2nd or flattening the 7th note respectively by one semitone yields the harmonic major and Phrygian Dominant mode of the harmonic minor scales respectively, each of which, unlike the [[double harmonic minor scale]], has a full diminished chord backbone.

==Modes==

Like most heptatonic (seven pitches in the octave) scales, the double harmonic scale has a mode for each of its individual scale degrees. The most commonly known of these modes is the 4th mode, the [[Hungarian gypsy scale]], most similar to the [[harmonic minor scale]] with a raised 4th degree.

Tonic Mode - Double Harmonic Scale
<br>
2nd Mode - Blues Scale hybrid (with major third and 7th)
<br>
3rd Mode - Altered Harmonic Minor 1 (b2, +#3)
<br>
4th Mode - Hungarian Gypsy Scale
<br>
5th Mode - Dorian/Phrygian Hybrid (b2/b6)
<br>
6th Mode - N/A
<br>
7th Mode - Altered Harmonic Minor 2 (b2 + #2)

==Relationship to Phrygian major (Jewish scale)==
The nearest other existing scale to the double harmonic scale is the [[Phrygian dominant scale]]. The double harmonic scale may be made from a Phrygian dominant scale by sharpening its 7th degree.

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Arabic music]]
*[[Byzantine music]]
*[[Tritone substitution]]

{{scales}}

==Recommended Reading==
*Hewitt, Michael. 2013. ''Musical Scales of the World''. The Note Tree. ISBN 978-0957547001.

==External links==
*[http://robsilverguitars.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/double-harmonic-scale.html The Double Harmonic scale mapped out for guitar.]

[[Category:Heptatonic scales]]
[[Category:Modes]]
[[Category:Musical symmetry]]
[[Category:Scales with unusual key signatures]]

[[de:Zigeuner-Dur]]

Double harmonic scale

2014-02-23T16:18:32Z

Netanbaal:

In [[music]], the '''''double harmonic major scale'''''<ref name="Stetina">Stetina, Troy (1999). ''The Ultimate Scale Book'', p.59. ISBN 0-7935-9788-9.</ref> is a [[scale (music)|scale]] whose [[Steps and skips|gaps]] may evoke "exotic" music to Western listeners. This is also known as the '''Arabic''' and<ref name="Stetina"/><ref name="Christiansen">Christiansen, Mike (2003). ''Mel Bay Complete Guitar Scale Dictionary'', p.43. ISBN 0-7866-6994-2.</ref> the '''Byzantine scale'''. It is also likened to the [[gypsy scale]] because of the augmented 2 between the 2nd and 3rd degrees. ''Arabic scale'' may also refer to any Arabic mode, the simplest of which, however, to Westerners, resembles the double harmonic major scale.<ref>"R. G. Kiesewetter's 'Die Musik der Araber': A Pioneering Ethnomusicological Study of Arabic Writings on Music", p.12. Philip V. Bohlman. ''Asian Music'', Vol. 18, No. 1. (Autumn - Winter, 1986), pp. 164-196.</ref>

[[File:Double harmonic scale on C.png|thumb|right|400px|C Arabic scale: C-D{{music|b}}-E-F-G-A{{music|b}}-B. {{audio|Double harmonic scale on C.mid|Play}}]]

The sequence of [[Steps and skips|steps]] comprising the double harmonic scale is:
*[[minor second|half]] – [[augmented second]] – half – [[major second|whole]] – half – [[augmented second]] – half.

Or, in relation to the [[tonic (music)|tonic]] note:
*minor 2nd, major 3rd, perfect 4th and 5th, minor 6th, major 7th.

[[File:Double harmonic scale quarter tones.png|thumb|right|400px|Double harmonic major scale with quarter tones ({{audio|Double harmonic scale quarter tones.mid|Play}}) (C-D{{music|db}} and B{{music|t}}-C).]]

However, this scale is commonly represented with the first and last half step each being represented as a [[quarter tone]]. The non-quarter tone form ({{audio|Double harmonic scale.mid|Play}}) is identical to the North Indian [[Thaat]] named Bhairav and the South Indian (Carnatic) [[Melakarta]] named Mayamalavagowla.

The double harmonic scale is arrived at by either:
*raising the seventh of the [[Phrygian dominant scale]], (a mode of the harmonic minor scale), by a semitone.
*raising the seventh and third of the [[Phrygian mode]], (a mode of the Major Scale), by a semitone.
*lowering both the sixth and second of a [[major scale]] by a semitone.
*lowering the 2nd note of a [[harmonic major scale]] by a semitone.
*combining the lower half of phrygian dominant with the upper half of harmonic minor.<ref name="Stetina"/>

It is referred to as the "double harmonic" scale because it contains two [[Tetrachord#Romantic era|harmonic tetrads]] featuring augmented seconds. By contrast both the harmonic major and harmonic minor scales contain only one augmented second, located between their sixth and seventh degrees.

[[File:Double harmonic scale marked.png|thumb|right|400px|Double harmonic scale on C: augmented second between degrees 2-3 and 6-7]]

The double harmonic scale is uncommonly used in [[classical music]] from [[Western culture]], as it does not closely follow any of the basic [[musical modes]], nor is it easily derived from them. It also does not easily fit into common Western [[chord progressions]] such as the [[authentic cadence]]. This is because it is mostly used as a [[Musical mode|modal]] scale, not intended for much movement through chord progressions. The Arabic scale (in the key of E) was used in [[Nikolas Roubanis]]'s "[[Misirlou]]", and in the [[Bacchanale]] from the opera [[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]] by [[Saint-Saëns]]. [[Claude Debussy]] used the scale in "[[Soirée dans Grenade]]", "[[Préludes (Debussy)|La Puerta del Vino]]", and "[[Préludes (Debussy)|Sérénade interrompue]]" to evoke Spanish flamenco music or Moorish heritage.<ref>Elie Robert Schmitz, Virgil Thomson (1966). ''The piano works of Claude Debussy'', p.28. ISBN 0-486-21567-9.</ref> In popular music, Ritchie Blackmore of [[Deep Purple]] and [[Rainbow (English band)|Rainbow]] used the scale in pieces such as "[[Gates of Babylon]]" and "[[Stargazer (Rainbow song)|Stargazer]]".<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSsp7GlPFdA</ref> The [[Miles Davis]] jazz standard [[Nardis (composition)|Nardis]] also makes use of the double harmonic.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==Symmetry==
The double harmonic scale features radial symmetry, or symmetry around its root, or center note. Breaking up the three note chromaticism and removing this symmetry by sharpening the 2nd or flattening the 7th note respectively by one semitone yields the harmonic major and Phrygian Dominant mode of the harmonic minor scales respectively, each of which, unlike the [[double harmonic minor scale]], has a full diminished chord backbone.

==Modes==

Like most heptatonic (seven pitches in the octave) scales, the double harmonic scale has a mode for each of its individual scale degrees. The most commonly known of these modes is the 4th mode, the [[Hungarian gypsy scale]], most similar to the [[harmonic minor scale]] with a raised 4th degree.

Tonic Mode - Double Harmonic Scale
<br>
2nd Mode - Blues Scale hybrid (with major third and 7th)
<br>
3rd Mode - Altered Harmonic Minor 1 (b2, +#3)
<br>
4th Mode - Hungarian Gypsy Scale
<br>
5th Mode - Dorian/Phrygian Hybrid (b2/b6)
<br>
6th Mode - N/A
<br>
7th Mode - Altered Harmonic Minor 2 (b2 + #2)

==Relationship to Phrygian major (Jewish scale)==
The nearest other existing scale to the double harmonic scale is the [[Phrygian dominant scale]]. The double harmonic scale may be made from a Phrygian dominant scale by sharpening its 7th degree.

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Arabic music]]
*[[Byzantine music]]
*[[Tritone substitution]]

{{scales}}

==Recommended Reading==
*Hewitt, Michael. 2013. ''Musical Scales of the World''. The Note Tree. ISBN 978-0957547001.

==External links==
*[http://robsilverguitars.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/double-harmonic-scale.html The Double Harmonic scale mapped out for guitar.]

[[Category:Heptatonic scales]]
[[Category:Modes]]
[[Category:Musical symmetry]]
[[Category:Scales with unusual key signatures]]

[[de:Zigeuner-Dur]]

Double harmonic scale

2014-02-23T16:17:40Z

Netanbaal:

In [[music]], the '''''double harmonic major scale'''''<ref name="Stetina">Stetina, Troy (1999). ''The Ultimate Scale Book'', p.59. ISBN 0-7935-9788-9.</ref> is a [[scale (music)|scale]] whose [[Steps and skips|gaps]] may evoke "exotic" music to Western listeners. This is also known as the '''Arabic''' and<ref name="Stetina"/><ref name="Christiansen">Christiansen, Mike (2003). ''Mel Bay Complete Guitar Scale Dictionary'', p.43. ISBN 0-7866-6994-2.</ref> the '''Byzantine scale'''. It is also likened to the [[gypsy scale]] because of the augmented 2 between the 2nd and 3rd degrees. ''Arabic scale'' may also refer to any Arabic mode, the simplest of which, however, to Westerners, resembles the double harmonic major scale.<ref>"R. G. Kiesewetter's 'Die Musik der Araber': A Pioneering Ethnomusicological Study of Arabic Writings on Music", p.12. Philip V. Bohlman. ''Asian Music'', Vol. 18, No. 1. (Autumn - Winter, 1986), pp. 164-196.</ref>

[[File:Double harmonic scale on C.png|thumb|right|400px|C Arabic scale: C-D{{music|b}}-E-F-G-A{{music|b}}-B. {{audio|Double harmonic scale on C.mid|Play}}]]

The sequence of [[Steps and skips|steps]] comprising the double harmonic scale is:
*[[minor second|half]] – [[augmented second]] – half – [[major second|whole]] – half – [[augmented second]] – half.

Or, in relation to the [[tonic (music)|tonic]] note:
*minor 2nd, major 3rd, perfect 4th and 5th, minor 6th, major 7th.

[[File:Double harmonic scale quarter tones.png|thumb|right|400px|Double harmonic major scale with quarter tones ({{audio|Double harmonic scale quarter tones.mid|Play}}) (C-D{{music|db}} and B{{music|t}}-C).]]

However, this scale is commonly represented with the first and last half step each being represented as a [[quarter tone]]. The non-quarter tone form ({{audio|Double harmonic scale.mid|Play}}) is identical to the North Indian [[Thaat]] named Bhairav and the South Indian (Carnatic) [[Melakarta]] named Mayamalavagowla.

The double harmonic scale is arrived at by either:
*raising the seventh of the [[Phrygian dominant scale]], (a mode of the harmonic minor scale), by a semitone.
*raising the seventh and third of the [[Phrygian mode]], (a mode of the Major Scale), by a semitone.
*lowering both the sixth and second of a [[major scale]] by a semitone.
*lowering the 2nd note of a [[harmonic major scale]] by a semitone.
*combining the lower half of phrygian dominant with the upper half of harmonic minor<ref name="Stetina"/>

It is referred to as the "double harmonic" scale because it contains two [[Tetrachord#Romantic era|harmonic tetrads]] featuring augmented seconds. By contrast both the harmonic major and harmonic minor scales contain only one augmented second, located between their sixth and seventh degrees.

[[File:Double harmonic scale marked.png|thumb|right|400px|Double harmonic scale on C: augmented second between degrees 2-3 and 6-7]]

The double harmonic scale is uncommonly used in [[classical music]] from [[Western culture]], as it does not closely follow any of the basic [[musical modes]], nor is it easily derived from them. It also does not easily fit into common Western [[chord progressions]] such as the [[authentic cadence]]. This is because it is mostly used as a [[Musical mode|modal]] scale, not intended for much movement through chord progressions. The Arabic scale (in the key of E) was used in [[Nikolas Roubanis]]'s "[[Misirlou]]", and in the [[Bacchanale]] from the opera [[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]] by [[Saint-Saëns]]. [[Claude Debussy]] used the scale in "[[Soirée dans Grenade]]", "[[Préludes (Debussy)|La Puerta del Vino]]", and "[[Préludes (Debussy)|Sérénade interrompue]]" to evoke Spanish flamenco music or Moorish heritage.<ref>Elie Robert Schmitz, Virgil Thomson (1966). ''The piano works of Claude Debussy'', p.28. ISBN 0-486-21567-9.</ref> In popular music, Ritchie Blackmore of [[Deep Purple]] and [[Rainbow (English band)|Rainbow]] used the scale in pieces such as "[[Gates of Babylon]]" and "[[Stargazer (Rainbow song)|Stargazer]]".<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSsp7GlPFdA</ref> The [[Miles Davis]] jazz standard [[Nardis (composition)|Nardis]] also makes use of the double harmonic.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==Symmetry==
The double harmonic scale features radial symmetry, or symmetry around its root, or center note. Breaking up the three note chromaticism and removing this symmetry by sharpening the 2nd or flattening the 7th note respectively by one semitone yields the harmonic major and Phrygian Dominant mode of the harmonic minor scales respectively, each of which, unlike the [[double harmonic minor scale]], has a full diminished chord backbone.

==Modes==

Like most heptatonic (seven pitches in the octave) scales, the double harmonic scale has a mode for each of its individual scale degrees. The most commonly known of these modes is the 4th mode, the [[Hungarian gypsy scale]], most similar to the [[harmonic minor scale]] with a raised 4th degree.

Tonic Mode - Double Harmonic Scale
<br>
2nd Mode - Blues Scale hybrid (with major third and 7th)
<br>
3rd Mode - Altered Harmonic Minor 1 (b2, +#3)
<br>
4th Mode - Hungarian Gypsy Scale
<br>
5th Mode - Dorian/Phrygian Hybrid (b2/b6)
<br>
6th Mode - N/A
<br>
7th Mode - Altered Harmonic Minor 2 (b2 + #2)

==Relationship to Phrygian major (Jewish scale)==
The nearest other existing scale to the double harmonic scale is the [[Phrygian dominant scale]]. The double harmonic scale may be made from a Phrygian dominant scale by sharpening its 7th degree.

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Arabic music]]
*[[Byzantine music]]
*[[Tritone substitution]]

{{scales}}

==Recommended Reading==
*Hewitt, Michael. 2013. ''Musical Scales of the World''. The Note Tree. ISBN 978-0957547001.

==External links==
*[http://robsilverguitars.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/double-harmonic-scale.html The Double Harmonic scale mapped out for guitar.]

[[Category:Heptatonic scales]]
[[Category:Modes]]
[[Category:Musical symmetry]]
[[Category:Scales with unusual key signatures]]

[[de:Zigeuner-Dur]]

Talk:Double harmonic scale

2014-02-23T16:11:31Z

Netanbaal:

== Sources needed ==

This article doesn't cite it's sources, and I doubt the validity of the "patchy sound" section, because I use this scale often in my music and have not noticed patchiness. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.117.232.178|71.117.232.178]] ([[User talk:71.117.232.178|talk]]) 05:35, 3 February 2008 (UTC)</small> 

:In scales an interval of a third is considered a "gap" which is more or less apparent depending on the music you write. Sounds like in the music you write you think of the minor thirds as augmented seconds and treat them as such. The problem is with the terminology as "patchy" is indeed not the standard term. [[User:Hyacinth|Hyacinth]] ([[User talk:Hyacinth|talk]]) 09:01, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

== Jewish scale? ==

I would of thought the Phrygian Major 3rd mode of the Harmonic minor is better known as the 'Gypsy scale', rather than 'Jewish scale'. Anyone agree? [[User:ArdClose|ArdClose]] ([[User talk:ArdClose|talk]]) 23:36, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

:[[Gypsy scale]] and [[Phrygian dominant scale]] still need work but I added sources for names in this article. [[User:Hyacinth|Hyacinth]] ([[User talk:Hyacinth|talk]]) 03:33, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

== Half Minor 2nd ==

Surely the second note is a flat second, a minor 2nd is the same as a major 2nd [[User:ArdClose|ArdClose]] ([[User talk:ArdClose|talk]]) 00:42, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

:in music theory a minor interval doesn't necessarily denote the not of the minor scale. Chromatically intervals are named, tonic, minor second, major second, minor third, major third, diminished fourth, perfect fourth , augmented fourth/diminished fifth, perfect fifth, minor sixth, major sixth, minor seventh (also sometimes called dominant seventh) and finally twelfth/tonic again.--[[Special:Contributions/88.106.194.12|88.106.194.12]] ([[User talk:88.106.194.12|talk]]) 19:05, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

:A minor second is one semitone, a major second is two semitones. A "flat second" in this case is in relation to the major scale, the second degree of which is two semitones above the tonic. Since in this scale the second degree is only one semitone above the tonic it is often called a "flat second". [[User:Hyacinth|Hyacinth]] ([[User talk:Hyacinth|talk]]) 03:33, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

==gypsy scale is not the same as double harmonic==
The information in this article is either wrong or clashes with other wiki articles.
The gypsy scale - 1, ♭2, 3, 4, 5, ♭6, '''♭7'''
The double harmonic - 1, ♭2, 3, 4, 5, ♭6, '''7'''
According to the wiki article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_scale none of the gypsy scales are the same as the double harmonic
[[User:Dominant7flat9|Dominant7flat9]] ([[User talk:Dominant7flat9|talk]]) 11:18, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

==radial symmetry==
This is an important feature of this scale, and more should be said about it. Perhaps with mention of other symmetrical scales, or perhaps they should have a page of their own [[User:Dominant7flat9|Dominant7flat9]] ([[User talk:Dominant7flat9|talk]]) 20:13, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

==Citations needed==
Salutations to everyone. I would like your permission to put a Youtube link as a reliable reference to the statement: " Ritchie Blackmore of Deep Purple and Rainbow used the scale in pieces such as "Gates of Babylon" and "Stargazer". Thank you [[User:Nathanael Everton|Nathanael Everton]] ([[User talk:Nathanael Everton|talk]]) 16:11, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Imagine (Armin van Buuren album)

2013-08-05T06:37:48Z

Netanbaal:

{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Imagine
| Type = Studio
| Artist = [[Armin van Buuren]]
| Cover = ArminVanBuurenImagine2008AlbumArt.jpg
| Caption =
| Released = April 18, 2008
| Genre = [[Trance music|Trance]], [[progressive trance]], [[vocal trance]]
| Length = 78:54
| Label = [[Armada Music]]
| Producer = [[Armin van Buuren]]<br />[[Benno de Goeij]]
| Last album = ''[[Shivers (album)|Shivers]]''<br />(2005)
| This album = '''''Imagine'''''<br />(2008)
| Next album = ''[[Imagine - The Remixes]]''<br />(2009)
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Imagine
| Type = studio
| single 1 = If You Should Go
| single 1 date = March 2, 2008
| single 2 = Going Wrong
| single 2 date = April 14, 2008
| single 3 = In and Out of Love
| single 3 date = August 6, 2008
| single 4 = Unforgivable
| single 4 date = Jan 12, 2009
| single 5 = Fine Without You
| single 5 date = May 25, 2009
| single 6 = [[Never Say Never (Armin van Buuren song)|Never Say Never]]
| single 6 date = June 29, 2009
}}
}}
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = ''[[365mag]]''
|rev1score = {{rating|7.5|10}}<ref>[http://www.365mag.com/index.php?pg=murw&recnum=2753&Title=2008-04-18+-+Imagine+on+365Mag+International+Music+Magazine 365mag review]</ref>
|rev2 = [[Allmusic]]
|rev2score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r1340559/review|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic review]</ref>
}}
'''''Imagine''''' is the third studio album by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[trance music|trance]] producer and [[Disc jockey|DJ]] [[Armin van Buuren]].

The first single "Going Wrong" debuted on Armin van Buuren's ''[[A State Of Trance]]'' [[radio show]]. The single sees the collaboration of Armin van Buuren with [[DJ Shah]] and [[Chris Jones (singer)|Chris Jones]]. On [[iTunes]], "If You Should Go" was offered as a [[bonus track]] along with the ''Inpetto vs. Duderstadt'' version which was only up for [[pre-order]].<ref name=autoweek>[http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?i=278878907&id=278878896&s=143441 Imagine on iTunes with Bonus Tracks]</ref> It debuted at number four on the US Billboard's Top Electronic Albums Chart. "In and Out of Love", which features [[Sharon den Adel]] from the band [[Within Temptation]] became the second single from ''Imagine'', and its video has been viewed over 120 million times on [[YouTube]].<ref name="YouTube">{{cite web|author=[[Armada Music]]|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxvpctgU_s8|title=Armin van Buuren ft. Sharon den Adel - In and Out of Love (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=August 6, 2008|accessdate=July 14, 2012}}</ref> The album also spawned three more singles: "Unforgivable" featuring Jaren, "Fine Without You", a collaboration with singer Jennifer Rene, and "Never Say Never" featuring [[Jacqueline Govaert]].

==Tracklist==
{{tracklist
| headline =
| writing_credits = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)

| title1 = Imagine
| note1 =
| writer1 = Eller van Buuren, [[Geert Huinink]]
| extra1 = Geert Huinink
| length1 = 9:27

| title2 = Going Wrong
| note2 = with [[Roger Shah|DJ Shah]] featuring [[Chris Jones (singer)|Chris Jones]]
| writer2 = [[Chris Jones (singer)|Chris Jones]], Roger P. Shah
| extra2 = Benno de Goeij, Roger P. Shah
| length2 = 5:36

| title3 = Unforgivable
| note3 = featuring Jaren
| writer3 = [[Benno de Goeij]], Jaren Cerf
| extra3 = Benno de Goeij
| length3 = 8:03

| title4 = Face to Face
| writer4 = Benno de Goeij
| extra4 = Benno de Goeij
| length4 = 7:30

| title5 = Hold on to Me
| note5 = featuring Audrey Gallagher
| writer5 = Audrey Gallagher, Benno de Goeij
| extra5 = Benno de Goeij
| length5 = 7:16

| title6 = In and Out of Love
| note6 = featuring [[Sharon den Adel]]
| writer6 = Benno de Goeij, Sharon den Adel
| extra6 = Benno de Goeij
| length6 = 6:01

| title7 = Never Say Never
| note7 = featuring [[Jacqueline Govaert]]
| writer7 = Benno de Goeij, Jacqueline Govaert
| extra7 = Benno de Goeij
| length7 = 6:59

| title8 = Rain
| note8 = featuring Cathy Burton
| writer8 = Adrian Broekhuyse, Benno de Goeij, Cathy Burton, Raz Nitzan
| extra8 = Benno de Goeij
| length8 = 7:10

| title9 = What If
| note9 = featuring Vera Ostrova
| writer9 = Benno de Goeij, Vera Ostrova
| extra9 = Benno de Goeij
| length9 = 7:18

| title10 = Fine Without You
| note10 = featuring Jennifer Rene
| writer10 = Jennifer Rene
| extra10 =
| length10 = 6:26

| title11 = Intricacy
| writer11 = [[Sean Tyas]]
| extra11 = Sean Tyas
| length11 = 7:07
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = iTunes Bonus Tracks

| writing_credits = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)

| title12 = If You Should Go
| note12 = featuring Susana
| length12 = 7:48

| title13 = The Sound of Goodbye (Simon & Shaker Remix)
| note13 =
| writer13 = Adrian Broekhuyse & Raz Nitzan
| extra13 = Adrian Broekhuyse & Raz Nitzan
| length13 = 8:31
}}

===Credits===
*Track 1, 3, 5: Guitar by Eller van Buuren.
*Track 2: Vocals by Chris Jones.
*Track 3: Vocals by Jaren Cerf.
*Track 4: Sample vocals by Denise Rivera. Sample vocals produced by Adrian Broekhuyse & Raz Nitzan.
*Track 5: Vocals by Audrey Gallagher.
*Track 6: Vocals by Sharon den Adel.
*Track 7: Vocals by Jacqueline Govaert.
*Track 8: Vocals by Cathy Burton.
*Track 9: Vocals by Vera Ostrova.
*Track 10: Vocals by Jennifer Rene.
*Track 12: Vocals by Susana. Vocals written and produced by Raz Nitzan & Adrian Broekhuyse.
*Track 13: Vocals by Elles de Graaf.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[http://www.discogs.com/Armin-van-Buuren-Imagine/release/1309587 Imagine]'' at [[Discogs]]

{{Armin van Buuren}}

[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Armin van Buuren albums]]