https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=NobilkWikipedia - User contributions [en]2025-01-08T18:48:28ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.8https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Land&diff=659173953Holy Land2015-04-25T17:54:25Z<p>Nobilk: /* Judaism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
<br />
[[File:1759 map Holy Land and 12 Tribes.jpg|thumb|250px|A 1759 map entitled ''The Holy Land, or Palestine, showing not only the Ancient Kingdoms of Judah and Israel in which the 12 Tribes have been distinguished, but also their placement in different periods as indicated in the Holy Scriptures'' by Tobias Conrad [[Lotter]], [[Geographer]]. [[Augsburg]], [[Germany]]'']]<br />
<br />
The '''Holy Land''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: {{lang|he|אֶרֶץ הַקוֹדֵשׁ}} {{transl|he|''Eretz HaQodesh''}}, {{lang-la|Terra Sancta}}; [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|الأرض المقدسة}} {{transl|ar|''Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah''}}), as a term used by [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Christianity|Christians]], and [[Islam|Muslims]], is an area roughly located between the [[Jordan River]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] but also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River. Historically, it is synonymous with both the [[Land of Israel]] and [[Palestine]],<ref>as in the 1759 map (attached) which calls it "''The Holy Land, or Palestine ... (with) the Ancient Kingdoms of Judah and Israel in which the 12 Tribes have been distinguished''"</ref> and is thus inclusive of the 20th century concepts of both [[Palestine]] and [[Israel]]{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} and nowadays is part of [[Israel]], [[Palestine]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Jordan]].<br />
<br />
Part of the significance of the land stems from the [[religious significance of Jerusalem]], the holiest city to [[Judaism]], the historical region of [[Ministry of Jesus|Jesus's ministry]], and the [[Isra and Mi'raj]] event in [[Islam]] and [[Mount Nebo]], where [[Moses]] presumably died. The perceived holiness of the land to Christianity was part of the motivation for the [[Crusades]], as European Christians sought to win the Holy Land back from the Muslim [[Great Seljuq Empire|Suljuq]] Turks. The Turks had taken over the Holy Land after defeating the Muslim [[Arabs]], who had in turn taken control from the Christian [[Byzantine Empire]].<br />
<br />
Many sites in the Holy Land have long been [[pilgrimage]] destinations for adherents of the [[Abrahamic religions]], including Jews, Christians, Muslims, and [[Bahá'ís]]. [[Pilgrim]]s visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their [[faith]], confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and connect personally to the Holy Land.<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael Sebastian |last=Metti |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Jerusalem - the most powerful brand in history |url=http://www.metti-bronner.com/Jerusalem.pdf |work=[[Stockholm University School of Business]] |publisher= |date= 2011-06-01|accessdate=1 July 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Judaism==<br />
Jews do not commonly refer to the [[Land of Israel]] as "Holy Land" ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: {{lang|he|אֶרֶץ הַקוֹדֵשׁ}} {{transl|he|''Eretz HaQodesh''}}). The [[Tanakh]] explicitly refers to it as "holy land" in only one passage, in {{bibleverse||Zechariah|2:16|HE}}. The holiness of the Land of Israel is generally implied in the Tanakh by the Land being given to the [[Israelites]] by God, that is, it is the "[[promised land]]", an integral part of [[Covenant (biblical)|God's covenant]]. In the [[Torah]] many [[mitzvot]] commanded to the Israelites can only be performed in the Land of Israel,<ref>Aharon Ziegler, ''Halakhic positions of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik: Volume 4'', KTAV Publishing House, 2007, p.173</ref> which serves to differentiate it from other lands. For example, in the Land of Israel, "no land shall be sold permanently" (Lev. 25:23). [[Shmita]] is only observed with respect to the land of Israel, and the observance of many [[Jewish holiday|holy]] days is different, as an extra day is observed in the [[Jewish diaspora]].<br />
<br />
According to Eliezer Schweid:<br />
:"The uniqueness of the Land of Israel is...'geo-theological' and not merely climatic. This is the land which faces the entrance of the spiritual world, that sphere of existence that lies beyond the physical world known to us through our senses. This is the key to the land's unique status with regard to prophecy and prayer, and also with regard to the commandments"<ref>''The Land of Israel: National Home Or Land of Destiny'', By Eliezer Schweid, Translated by Deborah Greniman, Published 1985 Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, ISBN 0-8386-3234-3, p.56.</ref><br />
<br />
Jewish tradition regards "[[Four Holy Cities]]" in Israel: [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]], [[Safed]] and [[Tiberias]] - as [[Judaism]]'s holiest cities. Jerusalem, as the site of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]], is considered especially significant.<ref name=1000BCE><br />
Since the 10th century BCE. "For Jews the city has been the pre-eminent focus of their spiritual, cultural, and national life throughout three millennia." Yossi Feintuch, ''U.S. Policy on Jerusalem'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, p. 1. ISBN 0-313-25700-0<br />
</ref><br />
According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is Mount [[Moriah]], the location of the [[binding of Isaac]]. The [[Hebrew Bible]] mentions the name "[[Jerusalem]]" 669 times, often because many mitzvot can only be performed within its environs. The name "[[Zion]]", which usually refers to Jerusalem, but sometimes the Land of Israel, appears in the Hebrew Bible 154 times.<br />
<br />
==Christianity==<br />
{{see also|Jerusalem in Christianity|List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land}}<br />
[[File:Holy sepulchre mass.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Christianity, as it is the purported site of Christ's resurrection.]]<br />
<br />
For [[Christian]]s, the [[Land of Israel]] is considered holy because of its association with the birth, ministry, [[crucifixion]] and [[Death and Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] of [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]], whom Christians regard as the Savior or [[Messiah]], and because it is the land of his people, the Jews (according to the Bible). Christian books, including editions of the Bible, often had maps of the Holy Land (considered to be Galilee, Samaria, Judea. For instance, the ''Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae'' (Travel book through Holy Scripture) of Heinrich Bünting (1545-1606), a German Protestant pastor, featured such a map.<ref name="wdl"/> His book was very popular, and it provided "the most complete available summary of biblical geography and described the geography of the Holy Land by tracing the travels of major figures from the Old and New testaments."<ref name="wdl">{{cite wdl|2891}}</ref> <br />
<br />
As a geographic term, the description "Holy Land" loosely encompasses modern-day [[Israel]], the [[Palestinian territories]], [[Lebanon]], western [[Jordan]] and south-western [[Syria]].<br />
<br />
==Islam==<!-- This section is linked from [[Muslim history]] --><br />
[[File:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|right|240px|Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem]]<br />
{{See also|Jerusalem in Islam}}<br />
In the [[Qur'an]], the term {{lang|ar|'''الأرض المقدسة'''}} ({{transl|ar|''Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah''}}, {{lang-en|"Holy Land"}}) is mentioned at least seven times, once when [[Moses]] proclaims to the [[Children of Israel]]: "O my people! Enter the holy land which [[Allah]] hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin." ([[wikisource:The Holy Qur'an/Al-Meada|Surah 5:21]])<br />
<br />
Jerusalem (referred to as Al-Quds, meaning the "Holy") has particular significance in Islam. The Qur'an refers to [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] experiencing the [[Isra and Mi'raj]] as "a Journey by night from the Sacred ([[Mecca]]) Mosque to the Farthest ([[al-Aqsa]]) Mosque, whose precincts We did bless" (17:1). [[Hadith|Ahadith]] associate the "Farthest Mosque" as Al-Quds; for example, as narrated by [[Abu Huraira]]: "On the night journey of Allah's Apostle, two cups, one containing wine and the other containing milk, were presented to him at Al-Quds (Jerusalem). He looked at them and took the cup of milk. Angel Gabriel said, "Praise be to Allah, who guided you to Al-Fitrah (the right path); if you had taken (the cup of) wine, your Ummah would have gone astray". However, much modern scholarship{{citation needed|reason=Who is 'much modern scholarship'?|date=September 2014}} argues that the 'Farthest Mosque' (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) was a building or prayer site just outside Medina. The present mosque of that name had not been built in Muhammad's day, nor does the Qur'an contain any reference to Jerusalem, apart from the reference to the change of the qibla from Jerusalem to Mecca. [[Jerusalem]] was Islam's first [[Qibla]] (direction of prayer), however, this was later changed to the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]] following a revelation to Muhammad by the Archangel Gabriel, by which it is understood by scholars that it was in answer to the rejection by the Jews of Muhammed's prophetship.<br />
<br />
The exact region referred to as "Blessed Land" in the Qur'an verse [21:71] has been interpreted differently by various scholars: [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] likens it to a wide land range including, [[Syria]], [[Palestine]] and the cities of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] and [[Sidon]] in Lebanon; Az-Zujaj describes it as, ''"[[Damascus]], Palestine, and a bit of [[Jordan]]"''; [[Qatada]] claims it to be, ''"the [[Levant]]"''; [[Muadh ibn Jabal]] as, ''"the area between [[al-Arish]] and the [[Euphrates]]"''; and [[Ibn Abbas]] as, ''"the land of [[Jericho]]"''.<ref>Ali (1991), p. 934</ref><br />
<br />
==Bahá'í Faith==<br />
Bahá'ís consider [[Acre,_Israel|Acre]] and [[Haifa]] sacred as [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], was exiled to the prison of Acre from 1868 and spent his life in its surroundings till his death in 1892. In his writings he set the slope of [[Mount Carmel]] to host the [[Shrine of the Báb]] which his appointed successor [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] erected in 1909 as a beginning of the [[Terraces (Bahá'í)|terraced gardens]] there. The Head of the religion after him, [[Shoghi Effendi]], began building other structures and the [[Universal House of Justice]] continued the work until the [[Bahá'í World Centre]] was brought to its current state as the spiritual and administrative centre of the religion.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Jay D. Gatrella | author2=Noga Collins-Kreinerb | title =Negotiated space: Tourists, pilgrims, and the Bahá’í terraced gardens in Haifa | journal =Geoforum | volume =37 | issue =5 | pages =765–778 | date =September 2006 | url =http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.01.002 | issn =0016-7185 | doi =10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.01.002| accessdate = 30 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title= Arc-buildings of; Bahá'í World Centre |year= 2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |isbn= 1-85168-184-1 |pages= 45–46;71–72}}</ref> Its gardens are highly popular places to visit<ref>{{cite web| last = Leichman | first =Abigail Klein | title =Israel’s top 10 public gardens | publisher =Israel21c.org | date =7 September 2011 | url =http://israel21c.org/travel/israels-top-10-public-gardens/ | accessdate = 30 March 2014}}</ref> and [[Mohsen Makhmalbaf]]'s 2012 film [[The Gardener (2012 film)|The Gardener]] featured them.<ref>{{cite news| last =Dargis | first =Mahohla | title =The Cultivation of Belief - ‘The Gardener,’ Mohsen Makhmalbaf’s Inquiry Into Religion | newspaper =New York Times | date =8 August 2013 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/movies/the-gardener-mohsen-makhmalbafs-inquiry-into-religion.html?_r=0 | accessdate = 30 March 2014}}</ref> The holiest places currently for [[Bahá'í pilgrimage]] are the [[Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh]] in Acre and the Shrine of the Báb in Haifa which are [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/452 |accessdate=2008-07-08 |date=2008-07-08 |title=Three new sites inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Commons category|Holy Land}}<br />
{{Wikipedia-Books<br />
|1=Abrahamic religions<br />
}}<br />
* [[Abrahamic religion]]<br />
* [[Archaeological sites in Israel]]<br />
* [[History of the Jews in the Land of Israel]]<br />
* [[Holiest sites in Islam (disambiguation)|Holiest sites in Islam]]<br />
* [[Holy places]]<br />
* [[List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land]]<br />
* [[List of significant religious sites]]<br />
* [[Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism]]<br />
* [[Religious significance of Jerusalem#In Islam|Religious significance of Jerusalem in Islam]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.shapell.org/journey.aspx?american-travelers-to-the-holy-land-in-the-19th-century American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century] Shapell Manuscript Foundation<br />
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2891 "Description of the Holy Land"], 1585 map depicting the Holy Land at the time of Jesus, World Digital Library<br />
* [http://catalog.franciscanmedia.org/Product.aspx?ProductCode=T36613 "The Holy Land An Armchair Pilgrimage"] by Father Mitch Pacwa, SJ<br />
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}<br />
* [http://www.svetazemlja.info About Holy land, Jerusalem and Sinai on serbian]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Southern Levant]]<br />
[[Category:Religious places]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of religion]]<br />
[[Category:Historical regions]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Levant]]<br />
[[Category:Biblical places]]<br />
[[Category:Crusade places]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic holy places]]<br />
[[Category:Abrahamic religions]]<br />
[[Category:History of Palestine]]<br />
[[Category:Land of Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Christian pilgrimages]]<br />
[[Category:Christian terminology]]<br />
[[Category:World Digital Library related]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Land&diff=659173342Holy Land2015-04-25T17:49:01Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
<br />
[[File:1759 map Holy Land and 12 Tribes.jpg|thumb|250px|A 1759 map entitled ''The Holy Land, or Palestine, showing not only the Ancient Kingdoms of Judah and Israel in which the 12 Tribes have been distinguished, but also their placement in different periods as indicated in the Holy Scriptures'' by Tobias Conrad [[Lotter]], [[Geographer]]. [[Augsburg]], [[Germany]]'']]<br />
<br />
The '''Holy Land''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: {{lang|he|אֶרֶץ הַקוֹדֵשׁ}} {{transl|he|''Eretz HaQodesh''}}, {{lang-la|Terra Sancta}}; [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|الأرض المقدسة}} {{transl|ar|''Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah''}}), as a term used by [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Christianity|Christians]], and [[Islam|Muslims]], is an area roughly located between the [[Jordan River]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] but also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River. Historically, it is synonymous with both the [[Land of Israel]] and [[Palestine]],<ref>as in the 1759 map (attached) which calls it "''The Holy Land, or Palestine ... (with) the Ancient Kingdoms of Judah and Israel in which the 12 Tribes have been distinguished''"</ref> and is thus inclusive of the 20th century concepts of both [[Palestine]] and [[Israel]]{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} and nowadays is part of [[Israel]], [[Palestine]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Jordan]].<br />
<br />
Part of the significance of the land stems from the [[religious significance of Jerusalem]], the holiest city to [[Judaism]], the historical region of [[Ministry of Jesus|Jesus's ministry]], and the [[Isra and Mi'raj]] event in [[Islam]] and [[Mount Nebo]], where [[Moses]] presumably died. The perceived holiness of the land to Christianity was part of the motivation for the [[Crusades]], as European Christians sought to win the Holy Land back from the Muslim [[Great Seljuq Empire|Suljuq]] Turks. The Turks had taken over the Holy Land after defeating the Muslim [[Arabs]], who had in turn taken control from the Christian [[Byzantine Empire]].<br />
<br />
Many sites in the Holy Land have long been [[pilgrimage]] destinations for adherents of the [[Abrahamic religions]], including Jews, Christians, Muslims, and [[Bahá'ís]]. [[Pilgrim]]s visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their [[faith]], confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and connect personally to the Holy Land.<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael Sebastian |last=Metti |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Jerusalem - the most powerful brand in history |url=http://www.metti-bronner.com/Jerusalem.pdf |work=[[Stockholm University School of Business]] |publisher= |date= 2011-06-01|accessdate=1 July 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Judaism==<br />
Jews do not commonly refer to the [[Land of Israel]] as "Holy Land" ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: {{lang|he|אֶרֶץ הַקוֹדֵשׁ}} {{transl|he|''Eretz HaQodesh''}}). The [[Tanakh]] explicitly refers to it as "holy land" in only one passage, in {{bibleverse||Zechariah|2:16|HE}}. The holiness of the Land of Israel is generally implied in the Tanakh by the Land being given to the [[Israelites]] by God, that is, it is the "[[promised land]]", an integral part of [[Covenant (biblical)|God's covenant]]. In the [[Torah]] many [[mitzvot]] commanded to the Israelites can only be performed in the Land of Israel,<ref>Aharon Ziegler, ''Halakhic positions of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik: Volume 4'', KTAV Publishing House, 2007, p.173</ref> which serves to differentiate it from other lands. For example, in the Land of Israel, "no land shall be sold permanently" (Lev. 25:23). [[Shmita]] is only observed with respect to the land of Israel, and the observance of many [[Jewish holiday|holy]] days is different, as an extra day is observed in the [[Jewish diaspora]].<br />
<br />
According to Eliezer Schweid:<br />
:"The uniqueness of the Land of Israel is...'geo-theological' and not merely climatic. This is the land which faces the entrance of the spiritual world, that sphere of existence that lies beyond the physical world known to us through our senses. This is the key to the land's unique status with regard to prophecy and prayer, and also with regard to the commandments"<ref>''The Land of Israel: National Home Or Land of Destiny'', By Eliezer Schweid, Translated by Deborah Greniman, Published 1985 Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, ISBN 0-8386-3234-3, p.56.</ref><br />
<br />
Jewish tradition regards "[[Four Holy Cities]]" in Israel: [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]], [[Tzfat]] and [[Tiberias]] - as [[Judaism]]'s holiest cities. Jerusalem, as the site of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]], is considered especially significant.<ref name=1000BCE><br />
Since the 10th century BCE. "For Jews the city has been the pre-eminent focus of their spiritual, cultural, and national life throughout three millennia." Yossi Feintuch, ''U.S. Policy on Jerusalem'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, p. 1. ISBN 0-313-25700-0<br />
</ref><br />
According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is Mount [[Moriah]], the location of the [[binding of Isaac]]. The [[Hebrew Bible]] mentions the name "[[Jerusalem]]" 669 times, often because many mitzvot can only be performed within its environs. The name "[[Zion]]", which usually refers to Jerusalem, but sometimes the Land of Israel, appears in the Hebrew Bible 154 times.<br />
<br />
==Christianity==<br />
{{see also|Jerusalem in Christianity|List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land}}<br />
[[File:Holy sepulchre mass.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Christianity, as it is the purported site of Christ's resurrection.]]<br />
<br />
For [[Christian]]s, the [[Land of Israel]] is considered holy because of its association with the birth, ministry, [[crucifixion]] and [[Death and Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] of [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]], whom Christians regard as the Savior or [[Messiah]], and because it is the land of his people, the Jews (according to the Bible). Christian books, including editions of the Bible, often had maps of the Holy Land (considered to be Galilee, Samaria, Judea. For instance, the ''Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae'' (Travel book through Holy Scripture) of Heinrich Bünting (1545-1606), a German Protestant pastor, featured such a map.<ref name="wdl"/> His book was very popular, and it provided "the most complete available summary of biblical geography and described the geography of the Holy Land by tracing the travels of major figures from the Old and New testaments."<ref name="wdl">{{cite wdl|2891}}</ref> <br />
<br />
As a geographic term, the description "Holy Land" loosely encompasses modern-day [[Israel]], the [[Palestinian territories]], [[Lebanon]], western [[Jordan]] and south-western [[Syria]].<br />
<br />
==Islam==<!-- This section is linked from [[Muslim history]] --><br />
[[File:Jerusalem Al-Aqsa Mosque BW 2010-09-21 06-38-12.JPG|thumb|right|240px|Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem]]<br />
{{See also|Jerusalem in Islam}}<br />
In the [[Qur'an]], the term {{lang|ar|'''الأرض المقدسة'''}} ({{transl|ar|''Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah''}}, {{lang-en|"Holy Land"}}) is mentioned at least seven times, once when [[Moses]] proclaims to the [[Children of Israel]]: "O my people! Enter the holy land which [[Allah]] hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin." ([[wikisource:The Holy Qur'an/Al-Meada|Surah 5:21]])<br />
<br />
Jerusalem (referred to as Al-Quds, meaning the "Holy") has particular significance in Islam. The Qur'an refers to [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] experiencing the [[Isra and Mi'raj]] as "a Journey by night from the Sacred ([[Mecca]]) Mosque to the Farthest ([[al-Aqsa]]) Mosque, whose precincts We did bless" (17:1). [[Hadith|Ahadith]] associate the "Farthest Mosque" as Al-Quds; for example, as narrated by [[Abu Huraira]]: "On the night journey of Allah's Apostle, two cups, one containing wine and the other containing milk, were presented to him at Al-Quds (Jerusalem). He looked at them and took the cup of milk. Angel Gabriel said, "Praise be to Allah, who guided you to Al-Fitrah (the right path); if you had taken (the cup of) wine, your Ummah would have gone astray". However, much modern scholarship{{citation needed|reason=Who is 'much modern scholarship'?|date=September 2014}} argues that the 'Farthest Mosque' (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) was a building or prayer site just outside Medina. The present mosque of that name had not been built in Muhammad's day, nor does the Qur'an contain any reference to Jerusalem, apart from the reference to the change of the qibla from Jerusalem to Mecca. [[Jerusalem]] was Islam's first [[Qibla]] (direction of prayer), however, this was later changed to the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]] following a revelation to Muhammad by the Archangel Gabriel, by which it is understood by scholars that it was in answer to the rejection by the Jews of Muhammed's prophetship.<br />
<br />
The exact region referred to as "Blessed Land" in the Qur'an verse [21:71] has been interpreted differently by various scholars: [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] likens it to a wide land range including, [[Syria]], [[Palestine]] and the cities of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] and [[Sidon]] in Lebanon; Az-Zujaj describes it as, ''"[[Damascus]], Palestine, and a bit of [[Jordan]]"''; [[Qatada]] claims it to be, ''"the [[Levant]]"''; [[Muadh ibn Jabal]] as, ''"the area between [[al-Arish]] and the [[Euphrates]]"''; and [[Ibn Abbas]] as, ''"the land of [[Jericho]]"''.<ref>Ali (1991), p. 934</ref><br />
<br />
==Bahá'í Faith==<br />
Bahá'ís consider [[Acre,_Israel|Acre]] and [[Haifa]] sacred as [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], was exiled to the prison of Acre from 1868 and spent his life in its surroundings till his death in 1892. In his writings he set the slope of [[Mount Carmel]] to host the [[Shrine of the Báb]] which his appointed successor [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] erected in 1909 as a beginning of the [[Terraces (Bahá'í)|terraced gardens]] there. The Head of the religion after him, [[Shoghi Effendi]], began building other structures and the [[Universal House of Justice]] continued the work until the [[Bahá'í World Centre]] was brought to its current state as the spiritual and administrative centre of the religion.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Jay D. Gatrella | author2=Noga Collins-Kreinerb | title =Negotiated space: Tourists, pilgrims, and the Bahá’í terraced gardens in Haifa | journal =Geoforum | volume =37 | issue =5 | pages =765–778 | date =September 2006 | url =http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.01.002 | issn =0016-7185 | doi =10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.01.002| accessdate = 30 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title= Arc-buildings of; Bahá'í World Centre |year= 2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |isbn= 1-85168-184-1 |pages= 45–46;71–72}}</ref> Its gardens are highly popular places to visit<ref>{{cite web| last = Leichman | first =Abigail Klein | title =Israel’s top 10 public gardens | publisher =Israel21c.org | date =7 September 2011 | url =http://israel21c.org/travel/israels-top-10-public-gardens/ | accessdate = 30 March 2014}}</ref> and [[Mohsen Makhmalbaf]]'s 2012 film [[The Gardener (2012 film)|The Gardener]] featured them.<ref>{{cite news| last =Dargis | first =Mahohla | title =The Cultivation of Belief - ‘The Gardener,’ Mohsen Makhmalbaf’s Inquiry Into Religion | newspaper =New York Times | date =8 August 2013 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/movies/the-gardener-mohsen-makhmalbafs-inquiry-into-religion.html?_r=0 | accessdate = 30 March 2014}}</ref> The holiest places currently for [[Bahá'í pilgrimage]] are the [[Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh]] in Acre and the Shrine of the Báb in Haifa which are [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/452 |accessdate=2008-07-08 |date=2008-07-08 |title=Three new sites inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Commons category|Holy Land}}<br />
{{Wikipedia-Books<br />
|1=Abrahamic religions<br />
}}<br />
* [[Abrahamic religion]]<br />
* [[Archaeological sites in Israel]]<br />
* [[History of the Jews in the Land of Israel]]<br />
* [[Holiest sites in Islam (disambiguation)|Holiest sites in Islam]]<br />
* [[Holy places]]<br />
* [[List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land]]<br />
* [[List of significant religious sites]]<br />
* [[Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism]]<br />
* [[Religious significance of Jerusalem#In Islam|Religious significance of Jerusalem in Islam]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.shapell.org/journey.aspx?american-travelers-to-the-holy-land-in-the-19th-century American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century] Shapell Manuscript Foundation<br />
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2891 "Description of the Holy Land"], 1585 map depicting the Holy Land at the time of Jesus, World Digital Library<br />
* [http://catalog.franciscanmedia.org/Product.aspx?ProductCode=T36613 "The Holy Land An Armchair Pilgrimage"] by Father Mitch Pacwa, SJ<br />
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}<br />
* [http://www.svetazemlja.info About Holy land, Jerusalem and Sinai on serbian]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Southern Levant]]<br />
[[Category:Religious places]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of religion]]<br />
[[Category:Historical regions]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Levant]]<br />
[[Category:Biblical places]]<br />
[[Category:Crusade places]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic holy places]]<br />
[[Category:Abrahamic religions]]<br />
[[Category:History of Palestine]]<br />
[[Category:Land of Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Christian pilgrimages]]<br />
[[Category:Christian terminology]]<br />
[[Category:World Digital Library related]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brukhin&diff=656600850Brukhin2015-04-15T12:50:10Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Israel village<br />
|name= Bruchin <br />
|image=<br />
|imgsize=<br />
|caption =<br />
|hebname={{Hebrew| ברוכין}}<br />
|meaning=<br />
|founded=1998<br />
|founded_by=<br />
|region=[[West Bank]]<br />
|council=[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]<br />
|population=<br />
|popyear=<br />
|pushpin_map=Israel shomron |pushpin_mapsize=250<br />
|latd=32 |latm=4 |lats=49.54<br />
|longd=35 |longm=5 |longs=10.05<br />
|website=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bruchin''' ({{lang-he|ברוכין}}) was an [[Israeli outpost]], the largest of such communities,<ref name="LevyOutposts">[[Gideon Levy]], [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/israel-independence-day-2012/outposts-2012-coming-to-a-west-bank-hill-near-you-1.426321 Outposts 2012: Coming to a West Bank hill near you], at [[Haaretz]], 24 April 2012.</ref> retroactively legalized in 2012,<ref name="RANYT" >Jodi Rudoren, [[Jeremy Ashkenas]],[http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/world/middleeast/netanyahu-west-bank-settlements-israel-election.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 'Netanyahu and the Settlements,'] [[New York Times]] 12 March 2015.</ref> located in the [[West Bank]]'s [[Samaria]]n mountains about thirty km east of [[Tel Aviv]] along the [[Highway 5 (Israel)|Trans-Samaria Highway]] near the Palestinian town [[Bruqin]] and between the [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] settlement and [[Rosh HaAyin]]. It was founded in 1998 on non-private land claimed as state land by Israel as a trailer neighbourhood,<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> and developed by Amishai Shav-Tal in October 2000,<ref name="Wpost">[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/feb/27/20070227-100433-9324r/ Washington Times] 27 February 2008 ''Unauthorized but aided by Israel'' page 1</ref> within the territory administered as part of its municipality by the [[Shomron Regional Council]]. The [[Sasson Report]] established that the Bruchin outpost was an [[unauthorized Israeli settlement]]. The report also said that $785,000 was spent on Bruchin's infrastructure and public buildings.<ref name="Wpost"/><br />
Construction in the village is frozen by an order from the Israeli High Court.<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> In 2012 the Israeli state provided the illegal outpost with official authorization.<ref>[[Amira Hass]], [http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.597294 'Israel building farm on Palestinian land,'] [[Haaretz]], 6 June 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
Over 101 [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Jews|Jewish]] families are living in Bruchin.<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> A further 100 families are due to move in as the settlement expands (2015).<ref name="RANYT" /><br />
<br />
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank [[International law and Israeli settlements|illegal under international law]], but the Israeli government disputes this.<ref name="BBC_GC4">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm |title=The Geneva Convention |publisher=BBC News |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Shomron Regional Council}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religious Israeli settlements]]<br />
[[Category:Unauthorized Israeli settlements]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1998]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brukhin&diff=656600556Brukhin2015-04-15T12:47:55Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Israel village<br />
|name= Bruchin <br />
|image=<br />
|imgsize=<br />
|caption =<br />
|hebname={{Hebrew| ברוכין}}<br />
|meaning=<br />
|founded=1998<br />
|founded_by=<br />
|region=[[West Bank]]<br />
|council=[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]<br />
|population=<br />
|popyear=<br />
|pushpin_map=Israel shomron |pushpin_mapsize=250<br />
|latd=32 |latm=4 |lats=49.54<br />
|longd=35 |longm=5 |longs=10.05<br />
|website=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bruchin''' ({{lang-he|ברוכין}}) was an [[Israeli outpost]], the largest of such communities,<ref name="LevyOutposts">[[Gideon Levy]], [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/israel-independence-day-2012/outposts-2012-coming-to-a-west-bank-hill-near-you-1.426321 Outposts 2012: Coming to a West Bank hill near you], at [[Haaretz]], 24 April 2012.</ref> retroactively legalized in 2012,<ref name="RANYT" >Jodi Rudoren, [[Jeremy Ashkenas]],[http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/world/middleeast/netanyahu-west-bank-settlements-israel-election.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 'Netanyahu and the Settlements,'] [[New York Times]] 12 March 2015.</ref> located in the [[West Bank]]'s [[Samaria]]n mountains about thirty km east of [[Tel Aviv]] along the [[Highway 5 (Israel)|Trans-Samaria Highway]] near the Palestinian town [[Bruqin]] and between the [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] settlement and [[Rosh HaAyin]]. It was founded in 1998 on non-private land claimed as state land by Israel as a trailer neighbourhood,<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> and developed by Amishai Shav-Tal in October 2000,<ref name="Wpost">[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/feb/27/20070227-100433-9324r/ Washington Times] 27 February 2008 ''Unauthorized but aided by Israel'' page 1</ref> within the territory administered as part of its municipality by the [[Shomron Regional Council]]. The [[Sasson Report]] established that the Brukhin outpost was an [[unauthorized Israeli settlement]]. The report also said that $785,000 was spent on Bruchin's infrastructure and public buildings.<ref name="Wpost"/><br />
Construction in the village is frozen by an order from the Israeli High Court.<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> In 2012 the Israeli state provided the illegal outpost with official authorization.<ref>[[Amira Hass]], [http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.597294 'Israel building farm on Palestinian land,'] [[Haaretz]], 6 June 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
Over 101 [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Jews|Jewish]] families are living in Bruchin.<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> A further 100 families are due to move in as the settlement expands (2015).<ref name="RANYT" /><br />
<br />
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank [[International law and Israeli settlements|illegal under international law]], but the Israeli government disputes this.<ref name="BBC_GC4">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm |title=The Geneva Convention |publisher=BBC News |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Shomron Regional Council}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religious Israeli settlements]]<br />
[[Category:Unauthorized Israeli settlements]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1998]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Brukhin&diff=656599901Talk:Brukhin2015-04-15T12:42:55Z<p>Nobilk: Nobilk moved page Talk:Brukhin to Talk:Bruchin</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Arab-Israeli Arbitration Enforcement}}<br />
{{WikiProject Palestine|class=stub|importance=mid}}<br />
{{WikiProject Israel|class=Stub|importance=|auto=yes}}<br />
{{reqphoto|in=Israel}}</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brukhin&diff=656599895Brukhin2015-04-15T12:42:53Z<p>Nobilk: Nobilk moved page Brukhin to Bruchin over redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Israel village<br />
|name= Brukhin <br />
|image=<br />
|imgsize=<br />
|caption =<br />
|hebname={{Hebrew| ברוכין}}<br />
|meaning=<br />
|founded=1998<br />
|founded_by=<br />
|region=[[West Bank]]<br />
|council=[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]<br />
|population=<br />
|popyear=<br />
|pushpin_map=Israel shomron |pushpin_mapsize=250<br />
|latd=32 |latm=4 |lats=49.54<br />
|longd=35 |longm=5 |longs=10.05<br />
|website=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bruchin''' ({{lang-he|ברוכין}}) was an [[Israeli outpost]], the largest of such communities,<ref name="LevyOutposts">[[Gideon Levy]], [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/israel-independence-day-2012/outposts-2012-coming-to-a-west-bank-hill-near-you-1.426321 Outposts 2012: Coming to a West Bank hill near you], at [[Haaretz]], 24 April 2012.</ref> retroactively legalized in 2012,<ref name="RANYT" >Jodi Rudoren, [[Jeremy Ashkenas]],[http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/world/middleeast/netanyahu-west-bank-settlements-israel-election.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 'Netanyahu and the Settlements,'] [[New York Times]] 12 March 2015.</ref> located in the [[West Bank]]'s [[Samaria]]n mountains about thirty km east of [[Tel Aviv]] along the [[Highway 5 (Israel)|Trans-Samaria Highway]] near the Palestinian town [[Bruqin]] and between the [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] settlement and [[Rosh Ha'ayin]]. It was founded in 1998 on non-private land claimed as state land by Israel as a trailer neighbourhood,<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> and developed by Amishai Shav-Tal in October 2000,<ref name="Wpost">[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/feb/27/20070227-100433-9324r/ Washington Times] 27 February 2008 ''Unauthorized but aided by Israel'' page 1</ref> within the territory administered as part of its municipality by the [[Shomron Regional Council]]. The [[Sasson Report]] established that the Brukhin outpost was an [[unauthorized Israeli settlement]]. The report also said that $785,000 was spent on Brukhin's infrastructure and public buildings.<ref name="Wpost"/><br />
Construction in the village is frozen by an order from the Israeli High Court.<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> In 2012 the Israeli state provided the illegal outpost with official authorization.<ref>[[Amira Hass]], [http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.597294 'Israel building farm on Palestinian land,'] [[Haaretz]], 6 June 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
Over 101 [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Jews|Jewish]] families are living in Brukhin.<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> A further 100 families are due to move in as the settlement expands (2015).<ref name="RANYT" /><br />
<br />
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank [[International law and Israeli settlements|illegal under international law]], but the Israeli government disputes this.<ref name="BBC_GC4">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm |title=The Geneva Convention |publisher=BBC News |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Shomron Regional Council}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religious Israeli settlements]]<br />
[[Category:Unauthorized Israeli settlements]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1998]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brukhin&diff=656599838Brukhin2015-04-15T12:42:28Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Israel village<br />
|name= Brukhin <br />
|image=<br />
|imgsize=<br />
|caption =<br />
|hebname={{Hebrew| ברוכין}}<br />
|meaning=<br />
|founded=1998<br />
|founded_by=<br />
|region=[[West Bank]]<br />
|council=[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]<br />
|population=<br />
|popyear=<br />
|pushpin_map=Israel shomron |pushpin_mapsize=250<br />
|latd=32 |latm=4 |lats=49.54<br />
|longd=35 |longm=5 |longs=10.05<br />
|website=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bruchin''' ({{lang-he|ברוכין}}) was an [[Israeli outpost]], the largest of such communities,<ref name="LevyOutposts">[[Gideon Levy]], [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/israel-independence-day-2012/outposts-2012-coming-to-a-west-bank-hill-near-you-1.426321 Outposts 2012: Coming to a West Bank hill near you], at [[Haaretz]], 24 April 2012.</ref> retroactively legalized in 2012,<ref name="RANYT" >Jodi Rudoren, [[Jeremy Ashkenas]],[http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/world/middleeast/netanyahu-west-bank-settlements-israel-election.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 'Netanyahu and the Settlements,'] [[New York Times]] 12 March 2015.</ref> located in the [[West Bank]]'s [[Samaria]]n mountains about thirty km east of [[Tel Aviv]] along the [[Highway 5 (Israel)|Trans-Samaria Highway]] near the Palestinian town [[Bruqin]] and between the [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] settlement and [[Rosh Ha'ayin]]. It was founded in 1998 on non-private land claimed as state land by Israel as a trailer neighbourhood,<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> and developed by Amishai Shav-Tal in October 2000,<ref name="Wpost">[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/feb/27/20070227-100433-9324r/ Washington Times] 27 February 2008 ''Unauthorized but aided by Israel'' page 1</ref> within the territory administered as part of its municipality by the [[Shomron Regional Council]]. The [[Sasson Report]] established that the Brukhin outpost was an [[unauthorized Israeli settlement]]. The report also said that $785,000 was spent on Brukhin's infrastructure and public buildings.<ref name="Wpost"/><br />
Construction in the village is frozen by an order from the Israeli High Court.<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> In 2012 the Israeli state provided the illegal outpost with official authorization.<ref>[[Amira Hass]], [http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.597294 'Israel building farm on Palestinian land,'] [[Haaretz]], 6 June 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
Over 101 [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Jews|Jewish]] families are living in Brukhin.<ref name="LevyOutposts"/> A further 100 families are due to move in as the settlement expands (2015).<ref name="RANYT" /><br />
<br />
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank [[International law and Israeli settlements|illegal under international law]], but the Israeli government disputes this.<ref name="BBC_GC4">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm |title=The Geneva Convention |publisher=BBC News |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Shomron Regional Council}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religious Israeli settlements]]<br />
[[Category:Unauthorized Israeli settlements]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1998]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Shomron_Regional_Council&diff=656599684Template:Shomron Regional Council2015-04-15T12:41:29Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Navbox<br />
|name = Shomron Regional Council<br />
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}<br />
|title = [[Shomron Regional Council]] <br />
|listclass = hlist<br />
<br />
|group1 = [[Moshav]]im<br />
|list1 =<br />
*[[Reihan]]<br />
*[[Sal'it]]<br />
<br />
|group2 = [[communal settlement (Israel)|Communal villages]]<br />
|list2 =<br />
*[[Alei Zahav]]<br />
*[[Avnei Hefetz]]<br />
*[[Barkan]]<br />
*[[Bruchin]]<br />
*[[Einav]]<br />
*[[Elon Moreh]]<br />
*[[Har Brakha]]<br />
*[[Hermesh]]<br />
*[[Hinanit]]<br />
*[[Itamar]]<br />
*[[Kfar Tapuach]]<br />
*[[Kiryat Netafim]]<br />
*[[Ma'ale Shomron]]<br />
*[[Mevo Dotan]]<br />
*[[Migdalim]]<br />
*[[Peduel]]<br />
*[[Rechelim]]<br />
*[[Revava]]<br />
*[[Sha'arei Tikva]]<br />
*[[Shaked]]<br />
*[[Shavei Shomron]]<br />
*[[Tal Menashe]]<br />
*[[Tzofim]]<br />
*[[Yakir]]<br />
*[[Yitzhar]]<br />
<br />
|group3 = Other villages<br />
|list3 =<br />
*[[Etz Efraim]]<br />
*[[Nofim]]<br />
<br />
|group4 = Outposts<br />
|list4 =<br />
*[[El Matan]]<br />
*[[Giv'ot Olam]]<br />
*[[Havat Gilad]]<br />
*[[Havat Skali]]<br />
*[[Havat Yair]]<br />
*[[Hill 777]]<br />
*[[Mitzpe Yosef]]<br />
*[[Nofei Nehemia]]<br />
*[[Homesh]]<br />
*[[Ramat Gilad]]<br />
*[[Seneh Ya'akov]]<br />
*[[Tapuah West]]<br />
<br />
|group5 = Settlements [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|demolished]]<br />
|list5 =<br />
*[[Ganim]]<br />
*[[Homesh]]<br />
*[[Kadim]]<br />
*[[Sa-Nur]]<br />
<br />
<br />
}}{{main other|<br />
[[Category:Shomron Regional Council]]<br />
}}<noinclude><br />
{{collapsible option}}<br />
[[Category:Shomron Regional Council| ]]<br />
[[Category:Israel regional council templates|Shomron]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highway_5_(Israel%E2%80%93Palestine)&diff=656599566Highway 5 (Israel–Palestine)2015-04-15T12:40:31Z<p>Nobilk: /* Interchanges */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox road<br />
|country=ISR<br />
|type=Hwy<br />
|route= 5<br />
|map=ILroute-5.png<br />
|translate= כביש 5 / כביש חוצה שומרון<br/>''Kvish Hameish / Kvish Hotze Shomron''<br />
|alternate_name= Cross [[Samaria]] Highway<br />
|length_km= 37<br />
|direction_a=West<br />
|terminus_a=[[Tel Aviv]] (Glilot Junction)<br />
|cities=[[Ramat HaSharon]], [[Hod HaSharon]], [[Petah Tikva]], [[Rosh HaAyin]], <br />
|direction_b=East<br />
|terminus_b= [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]]<br />
|junction=* Glilot Interchange<br />
* Morasha Interchange<br />
* [[Yarkon River|Yarkon]] Interchange<br />
* Kessem Interchange<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Highway 5''', or the '''Trans-Samaria Highway''' ({{lang-he|כביש חוצה שומרון}}, ''Kvish Hotze Shomron''), is one of [[Israel]]'s main highways, connecting the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coast immediately north of [[Tel Aviv]] with the central [[Sharon plain]] and eastwards to [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] and other [[Israeli settlement]]s in the northern [[West Bank]], known under the biblical name [[Samaria]].<br />
<br />
The name ''Highway 5'' is commonly used to describe a section of the highway running from the road's western end at the Glilot Interchange until where it until it reaches the main entrance of Ariel. In this capacity it intersects and creates a connection between four important arterial freeways in the northern Tel Aviv area - [[Highway 2 (Israel)|The Coastal Highway]] (Highway 2), the [[Ayalon Highway]] (Highway 20), [[Highway 4 (Israel)|Geha Highway]] (Highway 4) and the [[Highway 6 (Israel)|Cross-Israel Highway]] (Highway 6). An alternate name for the entire highway is ''Kvish Hotze Shomron'' (Cross-Samaria highway) though sometimes this name is used when referring specifically to the section of the road in the West Bank, i.e., past the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] where it continues east towards the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]] in the West Bank. This section from the Green Line to its eastern end has also been dedicated as "Derekh Haim" (Haim's Road, but also "Way of Life") after the late [[Haim Landau]], a former Israeli Minister of Transportation.<br />
<br />
''Highway 5'' with its 3-5 high-capacity lanes in each direction initially reached only the up to the Green Line, and served mainly the densely populated [[Gush Dan]] area. In the West Bank, the main road was still the old Road 505, which is now partially closed to [[Jew]]ish transportation. In the beginning of the 1990s, with the growth of Ariel and the [[Human settlement|settlements]] around it, arose the need for a more modern and wider road, than the single-lane low-quality Road 505. Therefore, ''Highway 5'' was extended some 20 km to the east of the Green Line, ending almost within sight of Ariel and serving the largest block of the Israeli settlements in the northern West Bank counting about 50,000 people, as well as the massive [[Barkan Industrial Park]]. To this day, this section of ''Highway 5'' remains one of the biggest infrastructure projects that Israel has undertaken in the West Bank.<br />
<br />
On November 10, 2008, the last section from the Gitai Avisar Junction east of [[Barkan]] until Ariel was opened. From a roundabout at the Ariel junction, the highway merges into Road 505 which continues east past Ariel until [[Petza'el]] which is located on [[Route 90 (Israel)|Route 90]], the north-south road parallel to the [[Israel]]-[[Jordan]] border in the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]].<br />
<br />
Partly due to the heavy traffic congestion in the Gush Dan section of the road, construction is set to start in 2013 on [[Highway 531 (Israel)|Highway 531]], a freeway which will parallel Highway 5 approximately 5-6 km to the north.<br />
<br />
==Interchanges==<br />
[[Image:Ramhash 042.jpg|thumb|Highway 5 near [[Ramat HaSharon]].]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=1<br />
!km<br />
!Name<br />
!Type<br />
!Meaning<br />
!Location<br />
!Road(s) Crossed<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 0<br />
| align="center" | מחלף גלילות מערב<br />''(Glilot Ma'arav Interchange)<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-Kreuz-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-glilot.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | West Glilot<br />
| align="center" | [[Tel Aviv]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW2.png|30px]]<br />[[Highway 2 (Israel)|Highway 2]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 1<br />
| align="center" | מחלף גלילות מזרח<br />''(Glilot Mizrah Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-Kreuz-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-glilot.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | East Glilot<br />
| align="center" | [[Tel Aviv]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW20.png|30px]]<br />[[Ayalon Highway]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 1.7<br />
| align="center" | מחלף שדרות ירוב<br />''(Yariv Blvd. Interchange)''<br /><small>eastbound only</small><br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-AS-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-sderotyariv.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <br />
| align="center" | Glilot Army Base<br />
| align="center" | Aharon Yariv Blvd.<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 3.3<br />
| align="center" | מחלף הכפר הירוק<br />''(HaKfar HaYarok Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-AS-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-yarok.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after nearby</small><br />[[HaKfar HaYarok]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Ramat HaSharon]]<br />[[Tel Aviv]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW482.PNG|30px]]<br />Route 482<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5.8<br />
| align="center" | מחלף מורשה<br />''(Morasha Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-Kreuz-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-morasha.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after location</small><br />
| align="center" | [[Ramat HaSharon]]<br /><small>(Morasha quarter)</small><br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW4 red.PNG|30px]]<br />[[Highway 4 (Israel)|Highway 4]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 8<br />
| align="center" | מחלף תקווה<br />''(Tikva Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-AS-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-tikva.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after location</small><br />
| align="center" | [[Petah Tikva]],<br /> [[Yarkon Cemetery]]<br />
| align="center" | Zevulun Hammer Road<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 10.5<br />
| align="center" | מחלף ירקון<br />''(Yarkon Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-AS-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-yarkon.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after nearby</small><br />[[Yarkon River]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Petah Tikva]]<br />[[Hod HaSharon]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW40.png|30px]]<br />[[Highway 40 (Israel)|Highway 40]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 13.5<br />
| align="center" | מחלף קסם<br />''(Kessem Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-Kreuz-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-kesem.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after nearby</small><br />[[Kafr Qasim]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Rosh HaAyin]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW6.png|30px]] [[Image:ISR-HW444.png|30px]]<br />[[Highway 6 (Israel)|Highway 6]]<br />Route 444<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 17<br />
| align="center" | מחלף ראש העין מזרח<br />''(Rosh HaAyin Mizrah Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-AS-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-roshhaayin.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | Rosh HaAyin East<br />
| align="center" | [[Rosh HaAyin]]<br />Kafr Qasim<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW5050.png|30px]]<br />Road 5050<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="1" align="center" bgcolor="#50 C8 78" | 19.4<br />
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#50 C8 78" | '''Green Line'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 21<br />
| align="center" | מחלף שער שומרון<br />''(Sha'ar Shomron Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-AS-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-shaarshomron.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Samaria]] Gate<br />
| align="center" | to [[Oranit]],<br />[[Elkana]],<br />stone quarry<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW505.PNG|30px]]<br />Route 505<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="1" align="center" bgcolor="#FF D8 00" | 22<br />
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#FF D8 00" | '''Qasim [[Israeli checkpoint|Security Checkpoint]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="#FF FF FF" | [[Image:Zeichen 267.svg|18px]] ↑<small>NO westbound through-traffic for green (Palestinian Authority) license plates</small>↑<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 33<br />
| align="center" | מחלף ברוכין<br />''(Bruchin Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-AS-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-bruchin.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after location</small><br />
| align="center" | [[Bruchin]]<br />[[Bruqin]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW446.png|30px]]<br />Route 446<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 35<br />
| align="center" | מחלף ברקן<br />''(Barkan Interchange)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:AB-AS-blau.svg|25px]][[File:ILjunction-barkan.png|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after location</small><br />
| align="center" | [[Barkan]]<br />[[Barkan Industrial Park]]<br />Ariel West Industrial Zone<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW4765.png|30px]]<br />Road 4765<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 37<br />
| align="center" | צומת גיתי<br />''(Gitai Junction)''<br />
| align="center" | [[File:ILramzor2.svg|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after</small><br />Gitai Avisar<br />
| align="center" | [[Haris, Salfit|Haris]]<br />[[Revava]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW505.PNG|30px]]<br />Route 505<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 40<br />
| align="center" | צומת אריאל<br />''(Ariel Junction)''<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:Zeichen_215_-_Kreisverkehr,_StVO_2000.svg|25px]]<br />
| align="center" | <small>Named after location</small><br />
| align="center" | [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]]<br />[[Kifl Haris]]<br />
| align="center" | [[Image:ISR-HW505.PNG|30px]]<br />Route 505<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Transportation in Israel}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|32|06|16|N|34|59|25|E|scale:200000|display=title}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:5}}<br />
[[Category:Limited-access roads in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in Israeli-occupied territories]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shomron_Regional_Council&diff=656599411Shomron Regional Council2015-04-15T12:39:14Z<p>Nobilk: /* List of settlements */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Israel village<br />
|name=Shomron Regional Council<br />
|image=ShomronRegCouncil.jpg<br />
|image_size= 250px<br />
|image_emblem=Shomron_Regional_Council.JPG<br />
|hebname={{Hebrew|מועצה אזורית שומרון}}<br />
|meaning=<br />
|pushpin_map= <br />
|pushpin_map_caption=<br />
|pushpin_mapsize= <br />
|latd= |latm=|lats=|latNS=N<br />
|longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=E<br />
|founded=<br />
|type=city<br />
|typefrom=<br />
|stdHeb=<br />
|altOffSp=<br />
|altUnoSp=<br />
|district=js<br />
|population=23,600<br />
|population_footnotes=<ref name="cbs-loc">{{cite web|title=Locality File|year=2011|url=http://cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuv2011/bycode.xls|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|format=XLS|accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref> <br />
|popyear=2011 <br />
|area_dunam=2800000<br />
|website= http://www.shomron.org.il/<br />
}}<br />
The '''Shomron Regional Council''' ({{lang-he|מועצה אזורית שומרון}}, ''Mo'atza Azorit Shomron'', English ''Samaria Regional Council'') is an [[Israel]]i [[Regional council (Israel)|regional council]] in the northern [[West Bank]]. It provides municipal services for the 29 [[Israeli settlement]]s in the Samarian hills within its jurisdiction with a total population of about 23,600 people. The council seat is located in [[Elon Moreh]], the offices are located in the [[Barkan Industrial Park]].<br />
<br />
The municipal area of the Council spreads across 2,800 square kilometers. Until the fall of 2005 when some of its municipal land was abandoned as part of [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]], the Shomron Regional Council had been the largest Israeli regional council in municipal area.<br />
<br />
The head of Shomron Regional Council is [[Gershon Mesika]], who was elected in November 2007, replacing Benzi Lieberman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mesika Sweeps Shomron Election|work=[[Arutz 7]]|date=2007-11-28| url= http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/137274|accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The municipal area of the Council spreads across 2,800 square kilometers, which corresponds to about 10 percent of the area of the [[State of Israel]] within the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]. In municipal area, Shomron Regional Council is among the largest Israeli authorities.<br />
[[File:Shomron map.png|thumb|upright|Map of communities of Shomron regional council]]<br />
<br />
The municipal boundaries:<br />
*'''North''': the (former) settlements of [[Ganim]] and [[Kadim]], reaching to [[Megiddo Junction]].<br />
*'''West''': the settlement of [[Tzofim]], reaching to [[Kfar Saba]].<br />
*'''South''': the settlements of [[Peduel]] and [[Alei Zahav]].<br />
The Council is divided into geographic regions, where each region has its own characteristics:<ref name="about">[http://www.shomron.org.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=938&CategoryID=53&Page=1 מועצה איזורית שומרון] Shomron Regional Council {{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref><br />
*The '''Northern Shomron''' region: [[Hinanit]], [[Hermesh]], [[Tal Menashe]], [[Mevo Dotan]], [[Reihan]], [[Shaked]]. All the communities are secular, except for Tal Menashe. Population is around 2,000.<br />
*'''Central-Western Shomron''': [[Avnei Hefetz]], [[Barkan]], [[Ma'ale Shomron]], [[Nofim]], [[Sal'it]], [[Einav]], [[Etz Efraim]], [[Peduel]], [[Tzufim]], [[Kiryat Netafim]], [[Revava]], [[Shavei Shomron]], [[Sha'arei Tikva]], [[Yakir]]: mixed population (secular and religious). Most of the communities are large and well established. If you add to them the [[Local council (Israel)|Local Authorities]] in Samaria ([[Alfei Menashe]], [[Elkana]], [[Immanuel (town)|Immanuel]], [[Karnei Shomron]], [[Kedumim]], [[Oranit]]; and the city of [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]]), all of which are located in this region, the Jewish population numbers about 60,000.<br />
*'''Mountain Communities''': [[Elon Moreh]], [[Itamar]], [[Har Brakha]], [[Yitzhar]] (one block, near [[Nablus]], population about 3,000), and farther south, [[Kfar Tapuach]], [[Rechelim]], and [[Migdalim]], with less than 1000 residents.<br />
==Public statements==<br />
In the run-up to the [[Israeli legislative election, 2015]], the council published a video portraying money-grabbing Jewish-Israeli leftists taking donations from Europeans in Nazi dress. The message has been interpreted as a characterization of human rights supporters in Europe, and joint Jewish-Arab initiatives, as neo-Nazi phenomena.<ref>Yonatan Mendel, [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n06/yonatan-mendel/diary ''Diary,''] [[London Review of Books]], Vol. 37 No. 6 • 19 March 6 March 2015<br />
<br />
</ref><br />
==Settlements==<br />
The largest settlement in the Shomron Regional Council today is [[Sha'arei Tikva]], numbering more than 1,000 families. <br />
<br />
===List of settlements===<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
*[[Alei Zahav]]<br />
*[[Avnei Hefetz]]<br />
*[[Barkan]]<br />
*[[Bruchin]]<br />
*[[Einav]]<br />
*[[Elon Moreh]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
*[[Etz Efraim]]<br />
*[[Har Bracha]]<br />
*[[Hermesh]]<br />
*[[Hinanit]]<br />
*[[Itamar (town)|Itamar]]<br />
*[[Kfar Tapuach]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
*[[Kiryat Netafim]]<br />
*[[Ma'ale Shomron]]<br />
*[[Mevo Dotan]]<br />
*[[Migdalim]]<br />
*[[Nofim]]<br />
*[[Peduel]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
*[[Rechelim]]<br />
*[[Reihan]]<br />
*[[Revava]]<br />
*[[Sal'it]]<br />
*[[Sha'arei Tikva]]<br />
*[[Shaked]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
*[[Shavei Shomron]]<br />
*[[Tel Menashe]]<br />
*[[Tzofim (village)|Tzofim]]<br />
*[[Yakir (town)|Yakir]]<br />
*[[Yitzhar]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
===Razed settlements===<br />
During the implementation of [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]] of August/September 2005, the residents of four of the Shomron Regional Council's settlements were evicted, their residential buildings destroyed, and land abandoned to the [[Palestinians]], including territory outlined in the [[Oslo Accords]] as Area 'C' in full [[Israel]]i control. <br />
{| margin="0"<br />
|-<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |In northern Shomron:<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|<br />
*[[Ganim]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Homesh]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Kadim]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Sa-Nur]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.shomron.org.il/ Shomron Regional Council website]<br />
<br />
{{Shomron Regional Council}}<br />
{{Regional councils (Israel)}}<br />
{{Judea and Samaria}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|32|13|50.62|N|35|19|46.47|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shomron Regional Council|*]]<br />
[[Category:Regional councils in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:West Bank]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Population_statistics_for_Israeli_settlements_in_the_West_Bank&diff=656599314Population statistics for Israeli settlements in the West Bank2015-04-15T12:38:23Z<p>Nobilk: /* Statistics */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:West Bank Dec 2012.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Map of Israeli settlements (magenta) in the [[West Bank]] in 2012.]]<br />
The '''population statistics for Israeli West Bank settlements''' are collected by the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]. As such, the data contains only population of settlements recognized by the Israeli authorities. [[Israeli outpost]]s are not tracked, and their population is hard to establish. In addition to these, [[Nahal settlement]]s are formally considered military outposts, and their population is counted, but not reported. Once a Nahal settlement becomes a civilian locality, it starts to be reported.<br />
<br />
While all settlements in the West Bank were advised by the [[International Court of Justice]] to be [[International law and Israeli settlements|unlawful]] in 2004,<ref>See the advisory opinion in ''[[Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory]]'' [2004] [http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICJ/2004/3.html ICJ 3]</ref> the construction of the [[West Bank Barrier]] would keep a significant number of settlements behind a wall. The largest settlements left beyond the barrier would include [[Kiryat Arba]] (population 7,593 in 2012), [[Kokhav Ya'akov]] (6,476), [[Beit El]] (5,897), [[Geva Binyamin]] (4,674), [[Eli, Mateh Binyamin]] (3,521), [[Ofra]] (3,489), [[Talmon]] (3,202), [[Shilo, Mateh Binyamin]] (2,706), [[Tekoa, Gush Etzion]] (2,518), and [[Mitzpe Yeriho]] (2,115). The total number of settlers east of the barrier lines in 2012 was at least 67,702, plus 11,528 in the [[Jordan Valley]]. By comparison, the number of [[Gaza Strip]] settlers in 2005 who refused to move voluntarily and be compensated, and that were forcibly evicted during the [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]] was around 9,000.<ref>For prior statistics, see [[Population statistics for Israeli Gaza Strip settlements]].</ref> The total population of all settlements in the West Bank was 344,391 in 2012, excluding [[East Jerusalem]].<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Population of Israeli West Bank settlements<br />
! Name<br />
! Hebrew<br />
! 2013<ref>Central Bureau of Statistics, [http://www.cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuvim_main.htm Localities in Israel (Hebrew)], [http://cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuv2013/bycode.xls]</ref><br />
! 2010<ref name="cbs2010">Central Bureau of Statistics, [http://www.cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuvim_main.htm Localities in Israel (Hebrew)], [http://www.cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuv2010/bycode.xls]</ref><br />
! 2005<ref>Central Bureau of Statistics, [http://www.cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuvim_main_03-08.htm Localities in Israel 2003-2008 (Hebrew)], [http://www.cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuv2005/bycode.xls]</ref><br />
! 2003<ref>[http://asp.fmep.org/app/settlement/ShowSettlementTablePage.aspx Settlement Search<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
! 2000<ref>List of Localities: Their Population and Codes, 31.12.2000. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2001.</ref><br />
! 1999<ref>List of Localities: Their Population and Codes, 31.12.1999. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2000.</ref><br />
! Est.<ref name="cbs2010"/><br />
! Fence<ref>W: West of [[Israeli West Bank barrier|barrier]] or on side towards Israel. E: East of barrier or on side towards major Palestinian areas. V: [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]] is even farther east.</ref><br />
! Council<br />
! Subarea or bloc<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Adora (town)|Adora]] || אדורה<br />
|| 330 || 240 || 206 ||191||271||291<br />
|1984<br />
||E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||West<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Alei Zahav]] ||עלי זהב<br />
|| 737 || 498 || 684 ||424||391||355<br />
|1982<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Alfei Menashe]] || אלפי מנשה<br />
|| 7583 || 7079 || 5541 ||5,347||4,580||4,410<br />
|1983<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<ref name="local">Governed by own [[Local council (Israel)]] instead of the regional council</ref><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Alon Shvut]] || אלון שבות<br />
|| 3112 || 3033 || 3291 ||3,146||2,680||2,230<br />
|1970<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Almog]] || אלמוג<br />
|| 175 || 170 || 159 ||141||167||156<br />
|1977<br />
|V||[[Megilot Regional Council|Megilot]]||Dead Sea<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Almon, Mateh Binyamin|Almon]] (Anatot)<br />
|dir="rtl"|עלמון (ענתות)<br />
|| 1190 || 893 || 762 ||726||698||672<br />
|1982<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Binyamin]]||Adumim<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|Argaman ||ארגמן<br />
|| 130 || 169 || 166 ||169||164||155<br />
|1968<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] || אריאל<br />
|| 18089 || 17668 || 16520 ||16,053||15,600||15,100<br />
|1978<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<ref name="city">Governed as [[List of cities in Israel|city]] instead of by the regional council</ref><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Asfar]] (Metzad)<br />
|dir="rtl"| מיצד (אספר)<br />
|| 510 || 401 || 258 ||232||361||356<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Judean Mtns<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ateret]] || עטרת<br />
|| 803 || 770 || 373 ||349||302||287<br />
|1981<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Western B.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Avnat]] || אבנת<br />
|| 112 || 101 || n/a || || || <br />
|1983<br />
|V||[[Megilot Regional Council|Megilot]]||Dead Sea<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Avnei Hefetz]] || אבני חפץ<br />
|| 1675 || 1553 || 1127 ||964||785||695<br />
|1990<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Barkan]] || ברקן<br />
|| 1536 || 1401 || 1231 ||1,217||1,150||1,080<br />
||1981<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Bat Ayin]] || בת עין<br />
|| 1186 || 987 || 804 ||767|| ||<br />
|1989<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Beit Aryeh]] || בית אריה<br />
|| 4322 || 3909 || 3457 ||2,522||2,380||2,330<br />
|1981<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Beit El]] ||בית אל<br />
|| 5899 || 5626 || 4967 ||4,627||4,120||3,800<br />
|1977<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||<ref name="local"/> Ramallah<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Beit HaArava]] || בית הערבה<br />
|| 132 || 120 || 83 ||54||55||45<br />
|1980<br />
|V||[[Megilot Regional Council|Megilot]]||Dead Sea<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Beit Horon]] ||בית חורון<br />
|| 1175 || 1115 || 848 ||822|||772||720<br />
||1977<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Giv'on<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Beit Yatir]]<br>(Mezadot Yehuda)<br />
|dir="rtl"| בית יתיר<br>(מצדות יהודה)<br />
|| 437 || 379 || 431 ||412||422||412<br />
|1983<br />
|W||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Beitar Illit]] || ביתר עילית<br />
|| 44927 || 37575 || 26996 ||22,926||15,800||12,700<br />
|1985<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<ref name="city"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Beka'ot]] || בקעות<br />
|| 172 || 162 || 156 ||145||144||144<br />
|1972<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Bruchin]] || ברוכין<br />
|| 602 || n/a || || || ||<br />
|2012<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Carmei Tzur]] || כרמי צור<br />
|| 975 || 725 || 713 ||623||481||422<br />
|1984<br />
|E||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Carmel, Har Hebron|Carmel]] || כרמל<br />
|| 389 || 383 || 330 ||321||246||252<br />
|1981<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Dolev]] || דולב<br />
|| 1310 || 1195 || 1034 ||973||880||850<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Western B.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Efrat|Efrat(a)]] || אפרת<br />
|| 7912 || 7454 || 7428 ||7,037||6,430||6,230<br />
|1980<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Elazar, Gush Etzion|El'azar]] || אלעזר<br />
|| 2389 || 1905 || 1131 ||882||784||747<br />
|1975<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Eli, Mateh Binyamin|Eli]] || עלי<br />
|| 3649 || 3108 || 2420 ||2,058||1,900||1,730<br />
|1984<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Eli<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Elkana]] || אלקנה<br />
|| 3871 || 3587 || 2963 ||3,050||2,990||2,940<br />
|1977<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Elon Moreh]] || אלון מורה<br />
|| 1653 || 1447 || 1212 ||1,097||1,060||1,050<br />
|1979<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Nablus<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Einav]] || ענב<br />
|| 684 || 604 || 538 ||473||500||504<br />
|1981<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Enav<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Eshkolot]] || אשכולות<br />
|| 491 || 619 || 225 ||220||171||148<br />
|1982<br />
|W||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Etz Efraim]] || עץ אפרים<br />
|| 1225 || 760 || 642 ||617||525||500<br />
|1985<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ganim]] || גנים<br />
|| || ||0<ref name=disengagement>The settlements of Ganim, Hodesh, Kaddim and Sa Nur were evacuated in 2005 in [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]].</ref> ||139||158||149<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Northern S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Geva Binyamin]]<br>(Adam)<br />
|dir="rtl"| גבע בנימין (אדם)<br />
|| 4860 || 4370 || 2436 ||1,801||1,020||707<br />
|1984<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Ramallah<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Gilgal, Bik'at HaYarden]] || גלגל<br />
|| 168 || 166 || 164 ||162||180|| 164<br />
|1970<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Gitit (Israeli settlement)|Gitit]] || גיתית<br />
|| 324 || 297 || 191 ||119||100||109<br />
|1973<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Giv'at Ze'ev]] || גבעת זאב<br />
|| 14349 || 11764 || 10656 ||10,790||10,300||10,000<br />
|1983<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||<ref name="local"/> Giv'on<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Giv'on Hadasha]] || גבעון החדשה<br />
|| 1152 || 1097 || 1147 ||1,224||1,190||1,180<br />
|1980<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Giv'on<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Beit Hagai|Hagai]]<br />
|dir="rtl"| בית חגי (חגי)<br />
|| 552 || 502 || 452 ||388||406||405<br />
|1984<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||Hebron<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Halamish]] || חלמיש<br />
|| 1172 || 1090 || 941 ||915||922||1,100<br />
|1977<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Western B.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Hamra, Bik'at HaYarden|Hamra]] || חמרה<br />
|| 114 || 88 || 132 ||131||147||149<br />
|1971<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Har Adar]]<br>(Giv'at HaRadar)<br />
|dir="rtl"| הר אדר<br>(גבעת הרדאר)<br />
|| 3757 || 3426 || 2260 ||1,839||1,420||1,380<br />
|1986<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||<ref name="local"/> Giv'on<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Har Brakha]]<br>(Brakha)<br />
|dir="rtl"| הר ברכה<br>(ברכה)<br />
|| 2047 || 1691 || 1094 ||880||752||714<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Nablus<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Har Gilo]] || הר גילה<br />
|| 1262 || 602 || 381 ||369||363||<br />
|1972<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Hashmonaim]] || חשמונאים<br />
|| 2661 || 2610 || 2225 ||2,097||1,830||1,770<br />
|1985<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Modi'in<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Hebron]] || חברון<br />
|| || || ||554 || ||<br />
|1980<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||Hebron<ref>Governed by own [[Regional Committee (Israel)]] instead of by the regional council</ref><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Hemdat]] ([[Nahal]]) || חמדת<br />
|| 182 || 178 || 140 ||107|| ||<br />
|1980<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Hermesh]] || חרמש<br />
|| 191 || 184 || 212 ||229||279||272<br />
|1982<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Rehan<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Hinanit]] || חיננית<br />
|| 979 || 813 || 760 ||669||481||432<br />
|1981<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Rehan<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Homesh]] || חומש<br />
|| || ||0<ref name=disengagement/>||156||159||163<br />
|1980<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Northern S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Immanuel (town)|Immanuel]] || עמנואל<br />
|| 3115 || 2948 || 2583 ||2,455||3,040||3,150<br />
|1983<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Itamar]] || איתמר<br />
|| 1026 || 1101 || 651 ||557||541||511<br />
|1984<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Nablus<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kadim]] || קדים<br />
|| || ||0<ref name=disengagement/>||128||148||138<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Northern S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kalia, Megilot|Kalia]] || קלי"ה<br />
|| 374 || 306 || 271 ||260||260||262<br />
|1968<br />
|V||[[Megilot Regional Council|Megilot]]||Dead Sea<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Karnei Shomron]] || קרני שומרון<br />
|| 6560 || 6284 || 6280 ||6,093||5,890||5,590<br />
|1978<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kedar, Gush Etzion|Kedar]] || קדר<br />
|| 1294 || 1028 || 728 ||624||447||393<br />
|1985<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Adumim<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kedumim]] || קדומים<br />
|| 4174 || 3877 || 3087 ||2,934||2,660||2,540<br />
|1977<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Kedumim<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kfar Adumim]] || כפר אדומים<br />
|| 3722 || 3286 || 2127 ||1,866||1,690||1,590<br />
|1979<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Adumim<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kfar Etzion]] || כפר עציון<br />
|| 1022 || 804 || 422 ||404||427||421<br />
|1967<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kfar Tapuach]] || כפר תפוח<br />
|| 916 || 1025 || 648 ||523||347||352<br />
|1978<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kiryat Arba]] || קרית ארבע<br />
|| 7166 || 7248 || 6819 ||6,605||6,380||6,240<br />
|1972<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||Hebron<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kiryat Netafim]] || קרית נטפים<br />
|| 758 || 690 || 438 ||384||249||240<br />
|1983<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kokhav HaShahar]] || כוכב השחר<br />
|| 1596 || 1557 || 1449 ||1,367||1,150||1,080<br />
|1977<br />
|V||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Jordan<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kokhav Ya'akov]]<br>(Abir Ya'akov)<br />
|dir="rtl"| כוכב יעקב<br>(אביר יעקב)<br />
|| 6694 || 6006 || 4919 ||3,819||1,640||1,260<br />
|1985<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Ramallah<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Lapid]] || לפיד<br />
|| 2524 || 2497 || 2247 ||2,176|| || <br />
|1996<br />
|W||[[Hevel Modi'in Regional Council|Hevel Modi'in]]||Modi'in<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'ale Adumim]] || מעלה אדומים<br />
|| 37138 || 35673 || 30162 ||27,259||24,900||23,800<br />
|1975<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]<ref name="city"/>||Adumim<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'ale Amos]] || מעלה עמוס<br />
|| 323 || 255 || 340 ||299||336||342<br />
|1981<br />
|E||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Judean Mtns<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'ale Efraim]] || מעלה אפרים<br />
|| 1098 || 1250 || 1423 ||1,443||1,480||1,460<br />
|1970<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]<ref name="local"/>||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'ale Levona]] || מעלה לבונה<br />
|| 734 || 686 || 545 ||497||445||447<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Eli<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'ale Mikhmas]] || מעלה מכמש<br />
|| 1287 || 1104 || 1126 ||980||826||753<br />
|1981<br />
|V||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'ale Shomron]] || מעלה שומרון<br />
|| 935 || 837 || 574 ||533||527||486<br />
|1980<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'on, Har Hebron|Ma'on]] || מעון<br />
|| 461 || 357 || 347 ||327||283||265<br />
|1981<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Maskiot]] || משכיות<br />
|| 159 || n/a || n/a || ||507||N/A<br />
|1986<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Massu'a]] || משואה<br />
|| 149 || 141 || 136 ||145||148||140<br />
|1970<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Matityahu, Mateh Binyamin|Matityahu]] || מתתיהו<br />
|| 607 || 465 || 1353 ||1,365||1,380||1,410<br />
|1981<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Modi'in<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Mehola]] || מחולה<br />
|| 436 || 400 || 362 ||327||306||315<br />
|1968<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Mekhora]] || מכורה<br />
|| 129 || 131 || 120 ||125||113||120<br />
|1973<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Kfar HaOranim|Menora]] ||כפר האורנים<br>\מנורה<br />
|| 2667 || 2509 || 1804 ||1,240||768||332<br />
|1998<br />
|V|||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Modi'in<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Mevo Dotan]] || מבוא דותן<br />
|| 272 || 280 || 303 ||289||310||314<br />
|1978<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Rehan<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Mevo Horon]] || מבוא חורון<br />
|| 2274 || 1771 || 950 ||712||497||494<br />
|1970<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Modi'in<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Migdal Oz]] || מגדל עוז<br />
|| 505 || 412 || 334 ||298||289||280<br />
|1977<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Migdalim]] || מגדלים<br />
|| 150 || 142 || 150 ||152||154||150<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Mitzpe Shalem]] || מצפה שלם<br />
|| 173 || 166 || 180 ||193||210||208<br />
|1971<br />
|V||[[Megilot Regional Council|Megilot]]||Dead Sea<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Mitzpe Yericho]] || מצפה יריחו<br />
|| 2164 || 1851 || 1536 ||1,430||1,210||1,160<br />
|1978<br />
|V||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Jordan<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Modi'in Illit]] || מודיעין עילית<br />
|| 60046 || 48639 || 30484 ||24,290||16,400||13,000<br />
|1996<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Modi'in<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Na'ale]] || נעלה<br />
|| 1324 || 1035 || 623 ||556||137||105<br />
|1988<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Nahliel]] || נחליאל<br />
|| 548 || 412 || 264 ||248||244||230<br />
|1984<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Western B.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Negohot]] || נגוהות<br />
|| 277 || 245 || 150 ||134||409||n/a<br />
|1999<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||West<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Nativ HaGdud]] || נתיב הגדוד<br />
|| 170 || 186 || 127 ||120||139||143<br />
|1976<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Neve Daniel]] || נווה דניאל<br />
|| 2149 || 1824 || 1467 ||1,073||933||868<br />
|1982<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Nili]] || נילי<br />
|| 1076 || 846 || 852 ||806||721||666<br />
|1981<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Niran]] || נירן<br />
|| 71 || 52 || 49 ||52||56||45<br />
|1977<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Nofim]] || נופים<br />
|| 464 || 421 || 400 ||402||385||362<br />
|1987<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Nokdim]] || נוקדים<br />
|| 1708 || 1413 || 729 ||646||611||526<br />
|1982<br />
|E||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Judean Mtns<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Na'omi]] || נעמ"ה<br />
|| 100 || 100 || 130 ||123||121||133<br />
|1982<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ofarim]] || עופרים<br />
|| || || n/a<ref name=ofarim>The settlement of Ofarim was appended to [[Beit Aryeh]] in 2004</ref> ||870||686||623<br />
|1989<br />
|W||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ofra]] || עפרה<br />
|| 3552 || 3296 || 2384 ||2,214||1,880||1,870<br />
|1975<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Ramallah<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Oranit]] || אורנית<br />
|| 7626 || 6205 || 5585 ||5,316||5,070||4,780<br />
|1985<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<ref name="local"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Otniel]] || עתניאל<br />
|| 953 || 787 || 747 ||698||560||553<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Peduel]] || פדואל<br />
|| 1371 || 1185 || 1113 ||1,088||885||834<br />
|1984<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'ale Hever]]<br>(Pnei Hever)<br />
|dir="rtl"| מעלה חבר<br>(פני חבר)<br />
|| 431 || 380 || 375 ||376||304||266<br />
|1982<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||Hebron<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Peza'el]] || פצאל<br />
|| 223 || 214 || 215 ||213||224||228<br />
|1975<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Psagot]] || פסגות<br />
|| 1775 || 1658 || 1464 ||1,278||1,090||1,030<br />
|1981<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Ramallah<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Rechelim]] || רחלים<br />
|| 414 || n/a || || || ||<br />
|2013<br />
| ||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Reihan|Rehan]] || ריחן<br />
|| 185 || 177 || 150 ||129||120||100<br />
|1977<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Rehan<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Revava]] || רבבה<br />
|| 1682 || 1262 || 827 ||703||504||389<br />
|1991<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Rimonim]] || רימונים<br />
|| 544 || 632 || 561 ||512||499||474<br />
|1977<br />
|V||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Jordan<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ro'i]] || רועי<br />
|| 148 || 157 || 117 ||118||141||133<br />
|1976<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Rosh Tzurim]] || ראש צורים<br />
|| 908 || 606 || 364 ||263||265||290<br />
|1969<br />
|W||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Etzion<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Rotem (village)|Rotem]] || רותם<br />
|| 131 || n/a || || || ||<br />
|1983<br />
|V||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Sa-Nur]] || שא-נור<br />
|| || ||0<ref name=disengagement/>||55||52||54<br />
|1982<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Northern S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Sal'it]] || סלעית<br />
|| 558 || 525 || 447 ||441||410||377<br />
|1977<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Enav<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Sansana]] || סנסנה<br />
|| 245 || n/a || || || ||<br />
|1997<br />
| ||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Sha'are Tikva]] || שערי תקווה<br />
|| 5259 || 4727 || 3709 ||3,692||3,380||3,220<br />
|1983<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Shadmot Mehola]] || שדמות מחולה<br />
|| 540 || 494 || 516 ||507||399||400<br />
|1979<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Shaked]] || שקד<br />
|| 744 || 661 || 527 ||524||497||468<br />
|1981<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Rehan<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Livne|Shani]] (Livne)<br />
|dir="rtl"| שני (לבנה)<br />
|| 446 || 441 || 424 ||438||483||490<br />
|1989<br />
|W||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Shavei Shomron]] || שבי שומרון<br />
|| 784 || 688 || 606 ||604||573||569<br />
|1977<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Shilo (town)|Shilo]] || שילה<br />
|| 2948 || 2172 || 1945 ||1,810||1,580||1,490<br />
|1979<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Eli<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Shim'a]] || שמעה<br />
|| 404 || 316 || 349 ||357||296||263<br />
|1985<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Susiya]] ||סוסיא<br />
|| 978 || 923 || 700 ||643||482||468<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Talmon]] || טלמון<br />
|| 3321 || 2797 || 1964 ||1,618||1,250||1,150<br />
|1989<br />
|E||[[Mateh Binyamin Regional Council|Mateh Binyamin]]||Western B.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Tekoa, Gush Etzion|Tekoa]] || תקוע<br />
|| 2752 || 1808 || 1243 ||1,116||980||948<br />
|1977<br />
|E||[[Gush Etzion Regional Council|Gush Etzion]]||Judean Mtns<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Telem, Har Hebron|Telem]] || תלם<br />
|| 261 || 241 || 152 ||127||97||101<br />
|1982<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||West<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Tene Omarim]] || טנא עומרים<br />
|| 727 || 608 || 532 ||563||561||580<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Har Hebron Regional Council|Har Hebron]]||South<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Tomer]] || תומר<br />
|| 226 || 234 || 281 ||298||308||307<br />
|1978<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Vered Jericho]] || ורד יריחו<br />
|| 221 || 196 || 156 ||161||164||155<br />
|1980<br />
|V||[[Megilot Regional Council|Megilot]]||Dead Sea<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Yafit]] || יפית<br />
|| 126 || 107 || 99 ||95||125||118<br />
|1980<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Yakir]] || יקיר<br />
|| 1716 || 1285 || 984 ||932||822||765<br />
|1981<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Western S.<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Yitav]]<br />
|dir="rtl"| ייט"ב<br />
|| 225 || 139 || 156 ||136||114||107<br />
|1970<br />
|V|||[[Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council|Bik'at HaYarden]]||[[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Yitzhar]] || יצהר<br />
|| 1220 || 982 || 590 ||440||329||328<br />
|1983<br />
|E||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Nablus<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Tzofim|Zofin]] || צופים<br />
|| 1622 || 1251 || 1043 ||1,040||857||794<br />
|1989<br />
|W||[[Shomron Regional Council|Shomron]]||Kedumim<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! Total (excl. East Jerusalem): !!<br />
! 358953 !! 313928 !! 249901 !! 226,852 !! 192,976 !! 177,411<br />
! !! !! !!<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! Total (incl. East Jerusalem): !!<br />
! !! !! !! 401,820 !! 362,945 !!<br />
! !! !! !!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Population of East Jerusalem neighborhoods<br />
! Name<br />
! Hebrew<br />
! 2003<ref>[http://asp.fmep.org/app/settlement/ShowSettlementTablePage.aspx Settlement Search<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
! 2000<ref>List of Localities: Their Population and Codes, 31.12.2000. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2001.</ref><br />
! Est.<ref name="cbs2010"/><br />
! Fence<ref>W: West of [[Israeli West Bank barrier|barrier]] or on side towards Israel. E: East of barrier or on side towards major Palestinian areas. V: [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]] is even farther east.</ref><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[East Talpiot]] ||תלפיות מזרח<br />
||12,439||12,845<br />
|1967||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[French Hill]] ||הגבעה הצרפתית<br />
||6,628||8,193<br />
|1969||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Gilo]] ||גילֹה<br />
||27,425||27,637<br />
|1973||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Givat HaMivtar|Giv'at Hamivtar]] ||גבעת המבתר<br />
||2,958||2,912<br />
|1970||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Har Homa|Har Homa, Givat Hamatos]] ||הר חומה<br />
||2,152||763<br />
|1997||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ma'alot Dafna]] ||מעלות דפנה<br />
||3,664||3,645<br />
|1972||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Neve Yaakov]] ||נווה יעקב<br />
||20,306||20,288<br />
|1972||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Pisgat Ze'ev]] ||פסגת זאב<br />
||39,747||36,649<br />
|1985||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ramat Eshkol]] ||רמת אשכול<br />
||3,123||2,917<br />
|1970||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ramat Shlomo]] ||רמת שלמה<br />
||13,390||11,348<br />
|1995||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Ramot, Jerusalem|Ramot]] ||רמות אלון<br />
||39,383||37,934<br />
|1974||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|[[Sanhedria Murhevet]] ||סנהדריה המורחבת<br />
||4,999||5,018<br />
|1970||W<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! Total: !!<br />
! 176,214 !! 170,149<br />
! !!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Unreported Nahal settlements:<br />
* [[Elisha, Israel|Elisha]] (population of 753 in 2000{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}})<br />
* [[Gvaot]] (population of 44 in 2003{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}})<br />
<br />
Localities of unknown status:<br />
* [[Bitronot]]<br />
* [[Doran, Israel|Doran]]<br />
* [[Ein Hogla]]<br />
* [[Mahane Giv'on]]<br />
<br />
Other localities:<br />
* [[Shvut Rachel]] (est. 1991) – an independently governed settlement which is formally designated as a neighborhood of [[Shilo]]. As such, its population is counted within Shilo.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Israeli settlements with city status in the West Bank]]<br />
* [[Israeli settlement]]<br />
* [[Demographics of the Palestinian territories]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<!--Two footnotes below did not appeared to be referenced from the text.<br />
# #Figure for 2003, AP, (December 30, 2003)<br />
# † -->Population data for Tzurit as of 2002. Source: http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2002/tab_5.pdf<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.moetzetyesha.co.il/arti.asp?id=44 Yesha Council]<br />
* [http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-west-bank-1 FMEP Reports: Settlements in the West Bank]<br />
<br />
{{Judea and Samaria}}<br />
{{Countries and territories of the Middle East}}<br />
<br />
<!--Categories--><br />
[[Category:West Bank]]<br />
[[Category:Israel geography-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Israeli settlements| ]]<br />
[[Category:Palestine-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Demographic lists]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruqin&diff=656599120Bruqin2015-04-15T12:36:38Z<p>Nobilk: /* Occupation of village lands */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality<br />
|name=Bruqin<br />
|image=Bruqin80.jpg<br />
|caption=<br />
|arname=إبروقين <br />
|meaning=Berukin<ref>Palmer 1881, p. [http://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/226/mode/1up 226]</ref><br />
|founded=<br />
|type=mund<br />
|typefrom=<br />
|altOffSp=Buruqin<br />
|altUnoSp=Ibruqin<br />
|governorate=sl<br />
|latd=32|latm=04|lats=16|latNS=N<br />
|longd=35 |longm=05|longs=58|longEW=E<br />
|palgrid=159/164<br />
|population=3,236<br />
|popyear=2007<br />
|area=13,237<br />
|areakm=13.2<br />
|mayor=Ekremah M. Samara<br />
}}<br />
'''Bruqin''' ({{lang-ar|<big>إبروقين</big>}}) is a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] town located 13 kilometers west of [[Salfit]] in the [[Salfit Governorate]] of the northern [[West Bank]] and adjacent to the [[Israeli settlement]] of [[Bruchin]]. According to the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], the town had a population of 3,236 in 2007.<ref name="PCBS">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 PCBS Census] [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]. p. 112.</ref> Bruqin used to be on a camel-trading route. There is evidence of Roman rule in the city due to the presence of three ancient pools and a tomb.<ref name="IWPS">[http://www.iwps.info/en/articles/article.php?id=127 Bruqin Village Profile] International Women's Peace Service.</ref><br />
<br />
The main families of the town are Barakat, Sabra and Samara.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Bruqin is an ancient site. Here French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] found a large number of cut stones in the walls of modern houses, and an ancient tomb near the village with two sepulchral chambers.<ref>Guérin, 1875, pp. [http://www.archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n173/mode/1up 148], [http://www.archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n178/mode/1up 153], as cited in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [http://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/306/mode/1up 306]</ref><br />
<br />
===Ottoman era===<br />
The place appeared in 1596 [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] [[daftar|tax registers]] as Bruqin, being in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' of Jabal Qubal of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of [[Sanjak of Nablus|Nablus]]. It had a population of 16 households, all [[Muslim]]. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, summercrops, olives, and goats or beehives, and a press for olives or grapes.<ref name=Hutteroth139>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 134.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1870, Guérin estimated that the village had 300 inhabitants.<ref>Guérin, 1875, p. [http://www.archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n178/mode/1up 153]</ref> <br />
In 1882, [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]'s "Survey of Western Palestine", the village (called ''Berukin'') was described as a "moderate-sized village on the end of a spur, with a steep slope to the valley beneath, in which are springs just below the houses. On the south are caves, on the north olives."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [http://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/283/mode/1up 283]</ref><br />
===British Mandate era===<br />
In a [[1922 census of Palestine|census]] conducted in 1922 by the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Bruqin had a population of 367, all [[Muslim]]s,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Nablus, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/PalestineCensus1922.pdf 26]</ref> while in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], Burqin had 90 occupied houses and a population of 534, again all Muslim.<ref>Mills, 1932, p. [http://ia701204.us.archive.org/15/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf 60]</ref> In 1945 the population was 690, all Arabs, while the total land area was 12,628 [[dunam]]s, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Nablus/Page-059.jpg 59]</ref> Of this, 3,175 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,301 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Nablus/Page-105.jpg 105]</ref> while 28 dunams were classified as built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Nablus/Page-155.jpg 155]</ref><br />
===1948-1967===<br />
In the wake of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], Bruqin came under [[Jordan]]ian rule.<br />
===Post-1967===<br />
After the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, Bruqin has been under [[Israel]]i occupation. Its villagers state that after 1987, the toxic output from Israeli industries located in settlement areas has produced chronic health problems for local Palestinians.<ref>Eric Reidy, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/palestinians-thirst-water-treatment-plant-2013121612171192492.html 'Palestinians thirst for water treatment plant,'] [[Al Jazeera]] 21 December 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
====Occupation of village lands====<br />
In 2014 the Shomron Regional Council began work to develop a 25 acre farm on a hill just northwest of Bruqin, forming part of 110 acres belonging to the nearby Palestinian villages of [[Adiq]] and [[Biddya]]. Though Adiq is in [[West_Bank_Areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord#Area_A|Area A]], under Palestinian jurisdiction, its village lands lie in Area C, where Palestinian construction is prohibited, and which Israel declared its state land in 1985. Access to the farmland is through Bruqin's land, which is planted with their olive groves. The apparent intent is to create territorial continuity between the Green line and the Israeli settlement of [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]], via new settlements such as [[Leshem (Israeli settlement)|Leshem]] and [[Bruchin]]. According to Bruqin villages, use of the access road is illegal, and Israel is blocking the villages' own roads to [[Sarta]].<ref>[[Amira Hass]], [http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.597294 'Israel building farm on Palestinian land,'] [[Haaretz]], 6 June 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
====Economy====<br />
Around 70% of working-age males were employed in [[Israel]] as laborers prior to the [[Second Intifada]]. Today, the unemployment rate is 80%. There is agricultural work it is seasonal. Around 150 out of 500 families are dependent on aid, from the [[Red Cross]] or the [[Social Affairs Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority]]. There are two mosques, a youth club and a gym in the town. There are also three schools in the town, including an all-girls school for grades 1 to 12, a boys primary and secondary school and a boys high school. For hospital care, residents travel to [[Ramallah]], but for emergency treatment they go to nearby Salfit.<ref name="IWPS"/><br />
<br />
Bruqin depends primarily on agriculture to meet its basic needs. The town's total land area is 13,237 [[dunam]]s, of which 1,336 dunams is built-up area. Around 1,200 dunams are planted with orchards, especially olive, about 3,000 dunams of land is used for shepherding while approximately 8,000 dunams are used for settlement purposes, including settlements and by-pass roads.<ref>[http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1020 More of Bruqin's and Kafr Ad Dik's land are targeted by the Segregation Wall] Land Research Center (LRC). 2007-03-05</ref><br />
<br />
====Government====<br />
Bruqin is governed by a municipal council led by the mayor Ekremah M. Samara, who succeeded Ghassan Sabra. Elections are scheduled to occur every four years however, there has not been an election since 1996. The municipal council states the "[Israeli] occupation" as the reason.<ref name="IWPS"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B.| title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/PalestineCensus1922.pdf| publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude Reignier|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}} <br />
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tulkarm/Page-075.jpg|first1=Sami|last1=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}<br />
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|ISBN= 3-920405-41-2}}<br />
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=http://ia701204.us.archive.org/15/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Buruqin_Ibruqin_932/index.html Welcome To Buruqin/Ibruqin]<br />
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8376 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.14.jpg Wikimedia commons] <br />
*[http://www.iwps.info/en/articles/article.php?id=127 Bruqin Village Profile]<br />
*[http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=3606 Bruchin settlement expands on lands of Bruqin village] 08, October, 2011, ARIJ<br />
*[http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=3905 Torching 340 Trees in Bruqin – Salfit Governorate] 14, November, 2011, ARIJ<br />
{{Salfit Governorate}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Salfit Governorate]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in the West Bank]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruqin&diff=656599064Bruqin2015-04-15T12:36:01Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality<br />
|name=Bruqin<br />
|image=Bruqin80.jpg<br />
|caption=<br />
|arname=إبروقين <br />
|meaning=Berukin<ref>Palmer 1881, p. [http://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/226/mode/1up 226]</ref><br />
|founded=<br />
|type=mund<br />
|typefrom=<br />
|altOffSp=Buruqin<br />
|altUnoSp=Ibruqin<br />
|governorate=sl<br />
|latd=32|latm=04|lats=16|latNS=N<br />
|longd=35 |longm=05|longs=58|longEW=E<br />
|palgrid=159/164<br />
|population=3,236<br />
|popyear=2007<br />
|area=13,237<br />
|areakm=13.2<br />
|mayor=Ekremah M. Samara<br />
}}<br />
'''Bruqin''' ({{lang-ar|<big>إبروقين</big>}}) is a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] town located 13 kilometers west of [[Salfit]] in the [[Salfit Governorate]] of the northern [[West Bank]] and adjacent to the [[Israeli settlement]] of [[Bruchin]]. According to the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], the town had a population of 3,236 in 2007.<ref name="PCBS">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 PCBS Census] [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]. p. 112.</ref> Bruqin used to be on a camel-trading route. There is evidence of Roman rule in the city due to the presence of three ancient pools and a tomb.<ref name="IWPS">[http://www.iwps.info/en/articles/article.php?id=127 Bruqin Village Profile] International Women's Peace Service.</ref><br />
<br />
The main families of the town are Barakat, Sabra and Samara.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Bruqin is an ancient site. Here French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] found a large number of cut stones in the walls of modern houses, and an ancient tomb near the village with two sepulchral chambers.<ref>Guérin, 1875, pp. [http://www.archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n173/mode/1up 148], [http://www.archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n178/mode/1up 153], as cited in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [http://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/306/mode/1up 306]</ref><br />
<br />
===Ottoman era===<br />
The place appeared in 1596 [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] [[daftar|tax registers]] as Bruqin, being in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' of Jabal Qubal of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of [[Sanjak of Nablus|Nablus]]. It had a population of 16 households, all [[Muslim]]. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, summercrops, olives, and goats or beehives, and a press for olives or grapes.<ref name=Hutteroth139>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 134.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1870, Guérin estimated that the village had 300 inhabitants.<ref>Guérin, 1875, p. [http://www.archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n178/mode/1up 153]</ref> <br />
In 1882, [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]'s "Survey of Western Palestine", the village (called ''Berukin'') was described as a "moderate-sized village on the end of a spur, with a steep slope to the valley beneath, in which are springs just below the houses. On the south are caves, on the north olives."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [http://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/283/mode/1up 283]</ref><br />
===British Mandate era===<br />
In a [[1922 census of Palestine|census]] conducted in 1922 by the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Bruqin had a population of 367, all [[Muslim]]s,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Nablus, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/PalestineCensus1922.pdf 26]</ref> while in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], Burqin had 90 occupied houses and a population of 534, again all Muslim.<ref>Mills, 1932, p. [http://ia701204.us.archive.org/15/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf 60]</ref> In 1945 the population was 690, all Arabs, while the total land area was 12,628 [[dunam]]s, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Nablus/Page-059.jpg 59]</ref> Of this, 3,175 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,301 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Nablus/Page-105.jpg 105]</ref> while 28 dunams were classified as built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Nablus/Page-155.jpg 155]</ref><br />
===1948-1967===<br />
In the wake of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], Bruqin came under [[Jordan]]ian rule.<br />
===Post-1967===<br />
After the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, Bruqin has been under [[Israel]]i occupation. Its villagers state that after 1987, the toxic output from Israeli industries located in settlement areas has produced chronic health problems for local Palestinians.<ref>Eric Reidy, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/palestinians-thirst-water-treatment-plant-2013121612171192492.html 'Palestinians thirst for water treatment plant,'] [[Al Jazeera]] 21 December 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
====Occupation of village lands====<br />
In 2014 the Shomron Regional Council began work to develop a 25 acre farm on a hill just northwest of Bruqin, forming part of 110 acres belonging to the nearby Palestinian villages of [[Adiq]] and [[Biddya]]. Though Adiq is in [[West_Bank_Areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord#Area_A|Area A]], under Palestinian jurisdiction, its village lands lie in Area C, where Palestinian construction is prohibited, and which Israel declared its state land in 1985. Access to the farmland is through Bruqin's land, which is planted with their olive groves. The apparent intent is to create territorial continuity between the Green line and the Israeli settlement of [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]], via new settlements such as [[Leshem (Israeli settlement)|Leshem]] and [[Brukhin]]. According to Bruqin villages, use of the access road is illegal, and Israel is blocking the villages' own roads to [[Sarta]].<ref>[[Amira Hass]], [http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.597294 'Israel building farm on Palestinian land,'] [[Haaretz]], 6 June 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
====Economy====<br />
Around 70% of working-age males were employed in [[Israel]] as laborers prior to the [[Second Intifada]]. Today, the unemployment rate is 80%. There is agricultural work it is seasonal. Around 150 out of 500 families are dependent on aid, from the [[Red Cross]] or the [[Social Affairs Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority]]. There are two mosques, a youth club and a gym in the town. There are also three schools in the town, including an all-girls school for grades 1 to 12, a boys primary and secondary school and a boys high school. For hospital care, residents travel to [[Ramallah]], but for emergency treatment they go to nearby Salfit.<ref name="IWPS"/><br />
<br />
Bruqin depends primarily on agriculture to meet its basic needs. The town's total land area is 13,237 [[dunam]]s, of which 1,336 dunams is built-up area. Around 1,200 dunams are planted with orchards, especially olive, about 3,000 dunams of land is used for shepherding while approximately 8,000 dunams are used for settlement purposes, including settlements and by-pass roads.<ref>[http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1020 More of Bruqin's and Kafr Ad Dik's land are targeted by the Segregation Wall] Land Research Center (LRC). 2007-03-05</ref><br />
<br />
====Government====<br />
Bruqin is governed by a municipal council led by the mayor Ekremah M. Samara, who succeeded Ghassan Sabra. Elections are scheduled to occur every four years however, there has not been an election since 1996. The municipal council states the "[Israeli] occupation" as the reason.<ref name="IWPS"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B.| title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/PalestineCensus1922.pdf| publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude Reignier|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}} <br />
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tulkarm/Page-075.jpg|first1=Sami|last1=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}<br />
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|ISBN= 3-920405-41-2}}<br />
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=http://ia701204.us.archive.org/15/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Buruqin_Ibruqin_932/index.html Welcome To Buruqin/Ibruqin]<br />
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8376 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.14.jpg Wikimedia commons] <br />
*[http://www.iwps.info/en/articles/article.php?id=127 Bruqin Village Profile]<br />
*[http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=3606 Bruchin settlement expands on lands of Bruqin village] 08, October, 2011, ARIJ<br />
*[http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=3905 Torching 340 Trees in Bruqin – Salfit Governorate] 14, November, 2011, ARIJ<br />
{{Salfit Governorate}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Salfit Governorate]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in the West Bank]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zbeng!&diff=655814031Zbeng!2015-04-10T10:37:19Z<p>Nobilk: /* Recurring characters by type */</p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="infobox" style="width: 18em; font-size: 3; text-align: left;"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold" | <span class="fn">'''Zbeng!'''<br /><small>'''זבנג!'''</small></span><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Zbeng15.jpg|250px]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <small>The cover of the book ''"Zbeng! 15"''</small><br />
|-<br />
|'''Created by:'''<br />
|[[Uri Fink]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''Genre:'''<br />
| [[Humor]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''Original publication period'''<br />
|17 August 1987 - [[Ongoing series|Ongoing]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''Country of origin:'''<br />
|{{flag|Israel}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''Language of origin:'''<br />
|[[Hebrew]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''Number of books published:'''<br />
|22 books in the "זבנג!" series<br><br />
9 books in the "זבנג אישי!" series<br><br />
6 issues in the "דיאט זבנג" series<br />
|-<br />
|'''Website:'''<br />
|[http://interzbeng.co.il official website]<br />
|}<br />
'''Zbeng!''' ({{lang-he|זבנג!}}) is a humorous weekly [[Israel]]i [[comic strips|comic series]] geared towards [[Israelis|Israeli]] [[teenagers]]. The creator of the series is the Israeli [[cartoonist]] [[Uri Fink]], who has both illustrated and written the series for over two decades.<br />
<br />
The series has been published in the Israeli weekly youth magazine "Ma'ariv La'Noar" on a weekly basis since the 17 August 1987. Most of the chapters published in "Ma'ariv La'Noar" contain between 1-3 pages and comprise a single, self-contained storyline. Most chapters also contain a [[punch line]] in the last frame of the comic. The plot of the series focuses on the everyday life of an average Israeli adolescent, Gal Tichon, and his classmates at a fictional Israeli high school located in [[Gush Dan]]. The plot usually focuses in a humorous way on [[adolescent]] experiences as well as lampooning [[Israeli culture]], society, and many aspects of the [[human condition]]. The characters' exaggerated personality traits are all based on common stereotypes (the [[geek]], the bully, the queen bee, the evil teacher, etc.).<br />
<br />
Since its inception, the series has attained unprecedented success amongst its Israeli audience. This popularity has prompted the production of various related products under the "Zbeng!" [[brand]]: including, amongst others, several series of books; student diaries; a spin-off version, portraying the "Zbeng!" characters as children; a monthly magazine; and even a [[#TV series|TV series]] loosely based on the comics.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
"Zbeng!" was published for the first time in the popular Israeli teen magazine "[[Ma'ariv La'noar]]" on August 17, [[1987 in comics|1987]] and attained popular success. Though originally published as a single-page item, the comic soon expanded to a multi-page format. Occasionally "Zbeng!" spoofed other regular columns in the magazine.<br />
<br />
The success of "Zbeng!" has been attributed in part to the author's willingness to make changes throughout the years and in response to reader feedback - for example, altering characters' appearances to reflect the latest fashions and trends. Despite the large fan base which the comics have acquired, "Zbeng!" has also been frequently and heavily criticized by Israeli parents and educators because of its portrayal of sexual activity, contempt for adult authority, and stereotypical characters.<br />
<br />
== Characters ==<br />
=== Main characters ===<br />
* '''Gal Tichon''' (גל תיכון) - the average teenager and series [[protagonist]]. Gal is popular and adored by all the other characters. He loves to [[surfing|surf]] and to play the [[electric guitar]]. He is a guitar player in the rock band "My Limpy Sister" (אחותי הצולעת). Gal is Sigal's boyfriend. Gal's frequent breakups with Sigal is a repeated common feature in the series. <br />
* '''Jinji (Ronen Sagiv)''' (ג'ינג'י) - Gal's sly [[Red hair|red headed]] friend. A stereotypical character, Jinji is obsessed with sex, nevertheless is hated by every woman he meets. He is a bassist in the rock band "My Limpy Sister".<br />
* '''Sigal Sagi''' (סיגל שגיא) - Gal's [[feminist]]-[[left wing]]-[[vegetarian]] girlfriend. Sigal is an excellent student who is well-liked by her peers. She became a vegan. The color of her hair changes again and again, it's related to how she feels. <br />
* '''Yaron Tichon''' (ירון תיכון) - Gal's [[twin]] brother. Yaron is a [[Bibliophilia|book worm]] [[nerd]] [[Geek|computer expert]] who loves to perform many experiments in his laboratory - the majority of which ends in various accidents. He was Stav's boyfriend.<br />
<br />
=== Recurring characters by type ===<br />
==== Teenagers ====<br />
* '''Asher Killer''' (אשר קילר) - A hot-tempered and dim-witted [[bullying|bully]] who tends to be very possessive about his girlfriend. His legs are tiny and because of the difference between his hands and his legs he cannot ride rollerblades.<br />
* '''Yosefa Rosenblum''' (יוספה רוזנבלום) - Asher's girlfriend. Her inability to cook is a running joke throughout the series. She made a lot of cookies for her boyfriend, cookies which can break teeth.<br />
* '''Maya Shalit''' (מאיה שליט) - A drop-dead beautiful and manipulative [[blond hair|blonde]]. She is a model and is considered to be the class "queen bee". She used to be "Aya", an ugly and unpopular girl which had a crush on Asher. <br />
* '''Nir Lacost''' (ניר לה-קוסט) - A rich [[narcissist]] [[snob]]. He looks down on his class mates because of their lower socio-economic status and considers himself superior to them. He also looks down on all Israelis in general. He enjoys trips abroad, mainly to London.<br />
* '''Yitzhak "Tzachi" Hamburger''' (יצחק "צחי" המבורגר) - A [[Morbid obesity|morbidly obese]] teenager with an unhealthy appetite for food. <br />
* '''Golan Pines''' (גולן פינס) - A handsome and attractive guy. He is the male equivalent of Maya. <br />
* '''Ido Ramon''' (עידו רמון) - The lead singer in the rock band "My Limpy Sister". He has an extremely limited vocabulary. When not singing, all he is capable of saying is "[[sex]], [[Sexual intercourse|intercourse]] and [[Rock 'n' roll]]!".<br />
* '''Ziv Ochovski-Robinson''' (זיו אוחובסקי-רובינסון) - The [[homosexual]] [[drummer]] in the rock band "My Limpy Sister."<br />
* '''Sivan Bar-Ratzon''' (סיוון בר-רצון) - A liberal teenage girl with a [[sexual addiction|sex addiction]].<br />
* '''Gili "Magili" Yefe-Nof''' (גילי "מגעילי" יפה-נוף) - An ugly teenager who is a big [[horror movie]] enthusiast. He loves disgusting things in general.<br />
* '''Herzl Hazon''' (הרצל חזון) - the ultimate [[Ars (slang)|Ars]]. Herzel is a dark-skinned teenager, who at one point in the series [[Hair coloring|bleaches his hair]], dresses in form-fitting clothes and wears [[jewelry]].<br />
* '''Stav Harov Tany''' (סתיו חרוב/תאני) - A dark, gloomy, [[Goth subculture|gothic]] teenage girl.<br />
* '''Sharon Zelig''' (שרון זליג) - A teenage girl who is highly interested in [[fashion]] and is always up to date with the latest [[fashion trends]].<br />
* '''Ron Rockafeller''' (רון רוקפלר) - A compulsive troublesome [[annoyance|pest]].<br />
* '''Aisha Sivan Raichel''' (אעישה סיון רייכל) - A teenage girl of [[Ethiopia]]n origin. She is very spiritual and has a great interest in matters of the [[soul]].<br />
* '''Asaf Netanyahu''' (אסף נתניהו) - A [[homeless]] but [[optimistic]] teenager.<br />
* '''Noga Cnaan''' (נגה כנען) - A dark-skinned girl with curly hair and glasses. Sigal's friend.<br />
* '''Shay''' (שי) - A religious teenager. He is a [[right-wing]] [[activist]]. He was Sigal's boyfriend for a short while after she separated from Gal.<br />
<br />
==== The School Faculty ====<br />
* '''Anuga Zaafani''' (ענוגה זעפני) - The gang's monstrous teacher and the ultimate nightmare for every student. She's married to Gershon.<br />
* '''Principal Zvulon Chartzueli''' (המנהל זבולון חרצואלי) - The principal of the high school who is stuck in his [[childhood]]. He is a big fan of [[cartoons]] and loves to play with [[action figures]] of [[super heroes]].<br />
* '''Mrs. Za'amon''' (גברת זעמון) - A [[substitute teacher]]. She is a less extreme version of Za'afani.<br />
* '''Avishai''' (אבישי) - Gal's sport teacher.<br />
<br />
==== Gal's family ====<br />
* '''Hana/Sara/Rachel Tichon née Reshef''' (חנה\שרה\רחל תיכון לשעבר רשף) - Gal, Yaron and Osnat's mother. Portrayed as the stereotypical [[Jewish mother]]. She is a big worrier. She tends to obsessively color her hair.<br />
* '''Yizhak Tichon''' (יצחק תיכון) - Gal, Yaron and Osnat's father. He is of Iraqi origin and is very proud of his heritage. He constantly tries to develop his children's sense of their Iraqi roots, without much success. He is hot tempered although most of the time he is just apathetic.<br />
* '''Osnat Tichon''' (אסנת תיכון) - Gal's sister.<br />
* '''Schwartze Tichon''' (שוורצה תיכון) - Gal's new [[dog]].<br />
<br />
==== Characters who died in the comics ====<br />
* '''Mordechai "Moti" Galil''' (מרדכי "מוטי" גליל) - Osnat's boyfriend. He appeared for many years as the eternal [[soldier]], coming for short visits during periods of leave from the army.<br />
* '''Nezek''' (נזק) - Gal's first dog.<br />
* '''The nurse Nightingreps'''-The evil school nurse. She died because of a skeleton's arm penetrated her back.<br />
<br />
== Published works ==<br />
In addition to the strips in the popular Israeli teen magazine "Ma'ariv La'noar," Fink has published 19 different "Zbeng!" comic books and many different pamphlets. Additional publications include a series of "Zbeng!" student diaries, "Zbeng!" notebooks, a series called "Zbengale" which featured the characters of "Zbeng!" as children, a series which spoofed "[[Harry Potter]]," Zbeng [[Manga]], a series called "TsvaZveng!" which featured the characters of "Zbeng!" as soldiers, and a monthly "Zbeng!" magazine. Fink has also published two instructional drawing books showing techniques for illustrating the Zbeng! characters.<br />
<br />
The book "Zbeng! Gold" summarizes the first ten years of the series. The book includes new drawings of 30 comics chosen by the readers, special features such as drawings of the neighborhoods where the characters live, "Zbeng!" in English and more.<br />
<br />
A subsequent book called "Zbeng! Platinum", which summarizes the second decade of the series, was released in 2007.<br />
<br />
== TV series ==<br />
In [[1998 in television|1998]], "Zbeng!" was adapted into a live-action TV series broadcast on the Israeli [[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]]. The show was based loosely on the plot and the characters of the comics, with slight changes from the original. The show lasted for two seasons.<br />
<br />
== Computer game ==<br />
In [[2007 in film|2007]], Corbomite Games announced the production of a computer game based on the comics, and designed by [[Oded Sharon]].<ref>[http://www.corbomitegames.com/zbeng/ זבנג! - המשחק<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{imdb title|id=0310546|title=Zbeng!}}<br />
* [http://www.interzbeng.co.il/ Official website]<br />
* [http://corbomitegames.com/zbang/ Zbeng! The game]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Israeli comics titles]]<br />
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1987]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasmid_preparation&diff=655813811Plasmid preparation2015-04-10T10:34:25Z<p>Nobilk: /* Minipreparation */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Plasmid miniprep.jpg|thumb|Plasmid miniprep. 0.8% [[agarose gel]] [[ethidium bromide]]-stained.]]<br />
<br />
A '''plasmid preparation''' is a method used to extract and purify [[plasmid|plasmid DNA]]. Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid [[DNA]] from [[bacteria]]. These methods invariably involve three steps: {{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
* Growth of the bacterial culture<br />
* Harvesting and [[lysis]] of the bacteria<br />
* Purification of plasmid DNA<br />
<br />
== Growth of the bacterial culture ==<br />
[[Plasmids]] are almost always purified from liquid [[Microbiological culture|bacteria cultures]], usually ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'', which have been [[transformation (genetics)|transformed]] and isolated. Virtually all plasmid vectors in common use encode one or more [[antibiotic resistance]] genes as a [[selectable marker]] for example a gene encoding ampicillin or kanamycin resistance, which allows bacteria that have been successfully transformed to multiply uninhibited. Bacteria that have not taken up the plasmid vector are assumed to lack the resistance gene, and thus only colonies representing successful transformations are expected to grow.<br />
Bacteria are grown under favourable conditions.<br />
<br />
It is important to use proper controls to make sure that the antibiotic is actually killing bacteria that have not taken up the plasmid. This can be accomplished by plating non-transformed cells on a plate with antibiotics. No growth is expected on that plate. Other systems of controls can also be helpful.<br />
<br />
== Harvesting and lysis of the bacteria ==<br />
When bacteria are lysed under [[alkaline]] conditions (pH 12.0-12.5) both chromosomal DNA and [[proteins|protein]] are denatured; the plasmid DNA however, remains stable. Some scientists reduce the concentration of NaOH used to 0.1M in order to reduce the occurrence of [[DNA#Base pairing|ssDNA]]. After the addition of [[acetate]]-containing neutralization [[Buffer solution|buffer]] the large and less [[supercoiled]] [[chromosomal]] DNA and proteins precipitate, but the small bacterial DNA plasmids stay in solution.<br />
<br />
== Preparations by size ==<br />
Kits are available from varying manufacturers to purify plasmid DNA, which are named by size of bacterial culture and corresponding plasmid yield. In increasing order, these are the miniprep, midiprep, maxiprep, megaprep, and gigaprep. The plasmid DNA yield will vary depending on the plasmid copy number, type and size, the bacterial strain, the growth conditions, and the kit.<br />
<br />
=== Minipreparation ===<br />
Minipreparation of plasmid DNA is a rapid, small-scale isolation of [[plasmid]] [[DNA]] from [[bacteria]]. It is based on the [[alkaline lysis]] method invented by the researchers Birnbaum and Doly in 1979. The extracted plasmid DNA resulting from performing a miniprep is itself often called a "miniprep".<br />
Minipreps are used in the process of [[molecular cloning]] to analyze bacterial [[Cloning|clones]]. A typical plasmid DNA yield of a miniprep is 50 to 100&nbsp;µg depending on the cell strain.<br />
Miniprep of large number of plasmids can also be done conveniently by on filter paper lysing, the elution of the filter paper that contains plasmid can be directly sequenced to produce more than 700 bp high quality sequencing data with CE sequencing.<ref>[http://www.fortiusbio.com/Recombinant_DNA_Extraction_Strip_Card.html High Throughput miniprep of plasmid for sequencing]</ref><br />
<br />
=== Midipreparation ===<br />
The starting E. coli culture volume is 15-25 mL of [[lysogeny broth]] (LB) and the expected DNA yield is 100-350&nbsp;µg.<br />
<br />
=== Maxipreparation ===<br />
The starting E. coli culture volume is 100-200 mL of LB and the expected DNA yield is 500-850&nbsp;µg.<br />
<br />
=== Megapreparation ===<br />
The starting E. coli culture volume is 500 mL – 2.5 L of LB and the expected DNA yield is 1.5-2.5&nbsp;mg.<br />
<br />
=== Gigapreparation ===<br />
The starting E. coli culture volume is 2.5-5 L of LB and the expected DNA yield is 7.5–10&nbsp;mg.<br />
<br />
== Purification of plasmid DNA ==<br />
Addition of [[phenol]]/[[chloroform]] can dissolve and denature proteins, like [[DNase]]. This is especially important if the plasmids are to be used for [[enzyme]] digestion. Otherwise, smearing may occur in enzyme restricted form of plasmid DNA.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{cite journal |author=Birnboim HC, Doly J |title=A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1513–23 |date=November 1979 |pmid=388356 |pmc=342324 |doi= 10.1093/nar/7.6.1513|url=http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=388356}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Molecular_Biology/Plasmid/Miniprep/<br />
*[http://wiki.biohackers.la/Miniprep A miniprep procedure using diatomaceous earth to bind DNA during purification and washing.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Molecular biology]]<br />
[[Category:Biological techniques and tools]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelis_in_the_United_Kingdom&diff=655736504Israelis in the United Kingdom2015-04-09T21:02:18Z<p>Nobilk: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Redirect|British Israeli|the belief that the British people are direct lineal descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel|British Israelism}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
|group = Israelis in the United Kingdom<br />
|image = [[image:Uri Geller in Russia2.jpg|84px]][[image:Avram Grant (2008).jpg|83px]][[image:Yossibenayounch.jpg|102px]]<br />
|caption = [[Uri Geller]]<br>[[Avram Grant]]{{·}}[[Yossi Benayoun]]</small><br />
|poptime = '''Israeli-born residents'''<br>11,892 (2001 Census)<br>'''Total Israelis'''<br>50,000-70,000<ref>{{cite news|last=HAVIV RETTIG GUR|title=Officials to US to bring Israelis home|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Officials-to-US-to-bring-Israelis-home|accessdate=19 October 2013|newspaper=[[Jpost]]|date=04/06/2008}}</ref><ref name=ISLON/><br />
|popplace = [[London]]<br />
|langs = [[British English]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Russian language|Russian]]<br />
|rels = [[Judaism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]]{{cn|date=October 2013}}<br />
}} <br />
'''Israelis in the United Kingdom''', also known as '''British Israelis''', are citizens or residents of the [[United Kingdom]] originally from [[Israel]] or with Israeli ancestry.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
In 2001 Israel was the 68th most common birthplace for British residents; some 11,892 Israeli natives called the UK home.<ref name=OECD>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls|title=Country-of-birth database|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> It is unknown how many British-born people are of Israeli descent, as this was not listed as a separate ethnic group in the [[2001 UK Census|2001 Census]].<ref name=ISLON>{{cite web|url=http://jta.org/news/article/2008/03/30/107719/israelisinlondon|title=Israelis in London prefer their own|publisher=|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> The majority of Israelis in the UK live in [[London]] and, in particular, the densely populated Jewish area of [[Golders Green]].<ref name=ISLON/> The vast majority of Israeli Britons follow the [[Jewish]] faith. The most common languages amongst the Israeli British community are [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[British English]].<br />
<br />
==Contemporary Issues==<br />
Some Israelis expatriates in Europe complain of being excluded from the rest of the Jewish community. Only two percent of expats in Britain and France who responded to a survey said that they feel like part of the local Jewish community. Despite many Israelis claiming not to feel connected to other Jewish groups in the country, around 33% of those interviewed feel more attached to their faith than to the identity of Israeli, compared to 11% who identify less as Jews.<ref>[http://www.thejc.com/articles/2008404122/expat-and-excluded-israelis-uk Expat and excluded, Israelis in the UK]</ref> A survey by JTA reported that the Israeli community in the UK had little involvement in the local Jewish community, even though they chose to live in predominantly Jewish areas. Israeli immigrants in the UK often complain of being discouraged by the "frosty" attitude of British Jews toward them. Yet at the same time, many Israelis in Britain are indifferent to the local Jewish community and reluctant to become part of it.<ref name=ISLON/><br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
'''Alondon''' is London's main Hebrew-language magazine that caters primarily to the Israeli British community.<ref>[http://www.alondon.net/ Alondon Official Website]</ref><br />
<br />
==Notables==<br />
One of the most notable British people of Israeli descent is [[Sacha Baron Cohen]], a comedian, writer and [[Golden Globe]]-winning actor. His mother came from Israel.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kirsty Scott|title='He becomes the character, certainly with Ali G and Borat. He has a mix of Sellers's acting and Rod Hull's bottle'|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|date=29 September 2006|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/sep/29/film.media|accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> Others include entertainer [[Uri Geller]], former Chelsea manager [[Avram Grant]], and footballer [[Yossi Benayoun]].<br />
<br />
In 2008, six Israelis were counted amongst the top 50 richest people in the UK, according to the [[Sunday Times Rich List]], equal to the number of people born in the UK who made the top 50.<ref name=SUNT>{{cite news|last=Harpaz|first=Moran|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArtStEng.jhtml?itemNo=978643&contrassID=1&subContrassID=1&title='Six%20Israelis%20make%20list%20of%2050%20richest%20people%20in%20Britain%20'&dyn_server=172.20.5.5|title=Six Israelis make list of 50 richest people in Britain|work=[[Haaretz]]|date=2008-04-24|accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref> They include [[Sammy Ofer|Sammy]] and [[Eyal Ofer]], who were listed as 15th with a total worth of £3.4 billion; [[Lev Leviev]] (worth £2.5 billion); [[Benny Steinmetz]]; and brothers [[Eddie Zakai|Eddie]] and [[Saul Zakai]].<ref name=SUNT/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Israel}}<br />
* [[British Israelism]]<br />
* [[Israeli diaspora]]<br />
* [[Yerida]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.spiroark.org/# The Spiroark Immigration Solutions for Israelis in the UK]<br />
<br />
{{AsiansinUK}}<br />
{{Israelis abroad and their descendants}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Israelis In The United Kingdom}}<br />
[[Category:British people of Israeli descent| ]]<br />
[[Category:British people of Asian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin]]<br />
[[Category:Israeli diaspora in Europe]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_for_Laughs_Gags&diff=655307882Just for Laughs Gags2015-04-07T06:31:44Z<p>Nobilk: /* International versions */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{refimprove|date=November 2014}}<br />
{{advert|date=April 2013}}<br />
}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
|show_name = Just for Laughs: Gags<br />
|image = [[File:Just For Laughs Gags Title Card 2012.png|200px]]<br />
|caption = Just for Laughs Gags title card<br />
|aka = Just for Laughs<br />
|genre = Comedy<br />
|creator = Pierre Girard and Jacques Chevalier<br />
|writer =<br />
|director =<br />
|creat_director =<br />
|developer =<br />
|presenter =<br />
|starring =<br />
|voices =<br />
|narrated =<br />
|theme_composer =<br />
|opentheme =<br />
|endtheme =<br />
|composer =<br />
|country = Canada<br />
|language = [[Silent film|Silent]], [[interjection]]<br />
|num_seasons = 13<br />
|num_episodes = 2,500+<br />
|list_episodes =<br />
|exec_producer =<br />
|co_exec =<br />
|producer = ''[[Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|sup_producer =<br />
|asst_producer =<br />
|cons_producer =<br />
|co-producer =<br />
|editor =<br />
|story_editor =<br />
|location = Canada (''[[Quebec City|Quebec]]'', ''[[Montreal]]'' and ''[[Vancouver]]'') and [[Mexico]]<br />
|cinematography =<br />
|camera_setup =<br />
|runtime = 30 minutes (''including commercials'')<br />
|channel = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[Telemundo]] (U.S.)<br />[[TVA (Canada)|TVA]]/[[CBC Television|CBC]]/[[The Comedy Network]] /[[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] (Canada) <br />[[BBC1]] (UK)<br />[[TF1]] (France) <br /> [[ETB 1]] (Basque Country) <br />[[Channel One Russia]] (Russia) <br />Chongqing Television (China) [[Hanoi Radio Television]] (Vietnam, 2011-2012)<br />
|picture_format =<br />
|audio_format =<br />
|first_run =<br />
|first_aired = 26 December 2000<br />
|last_aired = present<br />
|preceded_by =<br />
|followed_by =<br />
|related = ''[[Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|website = http://gags.justforlaughs.com/<br />
|prod_website =<br />
}}<br />
'''''Just for Laughs''''': '''''Gags''''' (in French, '''''Juste pour rire''''': '''''Gags''''') is a Canadian silent comedy/[[hidden camera]] [[Reality television#Hidden cameras|reality]] television show that is under the ''[[Just for Laughs]]'' brand. It is based on the similar American series ''[[Candid Camera]]''.<ref>[http://www.aoltv.com/show/just-for-laughs-gags/185761 Just for Laughs: Gags] "This crazy Quebec-based troupe uses the city as its stage, and its inhabitants, or victims, as characters! People are caught in a twisted yet funny web of comedic deception. This updated ''Candid Camera'' is a tad more risque and a little kookier with its practical jokes. The little snippets last only a few minutes, and some look more painful than others."</ref><br />
<br />
In 26 December 2000, ''JFL Gags'' began airing on French Canadian network [[Canal D]]. In the following years, the show was picked up by [[TVA (Canada)|TVA]], [[CBC Television|CBC]] and [[The Comedy Network]] in Canada, [[BBC1]] in the UK, [[TF1]] in France and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Telemundo]] in the United States.<br />
<br />
This series' format is a [[hidden camera]] comedy show, playing silly pranks on unsuspecting subjects while hidden cameras capture peoples' responses. The show plays [[public domain]] music in the background, but does not contain any sound or dialogue other than brief sound effects and a laugh track. Although some shorts have included brief dialogue. It is mostly filmed in [[Quebec City|Quebec]], Montreal and [[Vancouver]], although some segments have been filmed in Mexico as well. British and Asian versions have been produced in the UK and Singapore respectively. In 2011, the show spawned a spinoff titled ''Just Kidding'', which consists exclusively of kids playing pranks on adults.<br />
<br />
With its silent format and no translation required, ''Just for Laughs Gags'' has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and by airlines. Reactions to the gags range from "inane"<ref>Keyan Tomaselli ''Cultural Tourism and Identity: Rethinking Indigeneity'' 2012 – Page 29 "The inane Just for Laughs candid camera on the drop-down video screen is interspersed with silent movies on the … Mick Francis … responded to this note: “as a Canadian I must apologize for the Just for Laughs show as it a strange Canadian export filmed in the late 1980s and mysteriously shown around the world” (Francis, personal communication, October 2008).."</ref> to cross-culturally funny.<ref>Ray Wiss ''A Line in the Sand: Canadians at War in Kandahar'' 2010 Page 249 "It was an episode of Gags from the Just for Laughs organization in Montreal. For those who have not seen this, it is reminiscent of Candid Camera: the comedians set up an outlandish situation on a city street or in a mall and capture people's reactions. The Afghans got the jokes and laughed as hard as I did."</ref> The same distributors also distribute [[Surprise Sur Prise]], a similar show.<br />
[[File:Tv just for laughs gags.JPG|thumb|200px|A gag on 'Just for Laughs'.]]<br />
<br />
In March 2011, ''Just for Laughs Gags'' entered into a partnership with Montreal-based, entertainment site, Videobash.com<ref>{{cite web|title=Videobash JFL Channel|url=http://www.videobash.com/justforlaughs|publisher=Videobash|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> and now have their own devoted channel there. (No video has been posted as of this writing.)<br />
<br />
== Cast <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2486436/fullcredits imdb: Just for Laughs Gags</ref> ==<br />
{{refimprove|date=June 2014}}<br />
''this section requires specific casting related to Just for Laughs Gags .''<br />
<br />
* Denis Levasseur<br />
* Marie Pierre Bouchard<br />
* Dany Many<br />
* Jean-Pierre Alarie<br />
* Denise Jacques<br />
* Marie-Ève Larivière<br />
* Jacques Drolet<br />
* Philippe Bond<br />
<br />
== Pranks ==<br />
In the opening of each prank, the actors introduce how the prank was done and how it will be shown as well. Here are just a few illustrative examples from the thousands of pranks filmed for the 3,000+ shows include:<br />
* ''Alien in the bushes'': as people pass by a street, bushes shake uttering a strange language. As they try to check it, an [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] pops out and chases them away;<br />
* ''Hand out of the coffin'': a coffin is abandoned in a park and when people pass by, a hand pops out;<br />
* ''Stolen tires'': an elderly lady asks bystanders to help her carry two tires to her car. But as they do so, they pass a police vehicle which is missing them. They tell the officer that they were the lady's and they were helping her take it to her car but as they look back, she was nowhere to be found;<br />
* ''Dead bird in a race'': people passing are asked to fire a [[starting pistol]] to help start a race. Once they give a shot in the air, a [[pigeon]] falls down;<br />
* ''Honking at Hookers'': a traffic police officer stops drivers and checks their license. Two hot prostitutes walk by and the officer honks a horn and the women appear to believe the drivers honked at them.<br />
<br />
At the end of every prank, the hidden cameras are revealed. During the pranks, actors would also participate as victims for uninvolved bystanders or crowds.<br />
<br />
=== List of Pranks ===<br />
{{refimprove|date=June 2014}}<br />
To see the following list of pranks and its season of Just for Laughs Gags based in Canada, see [[List of pranks and its seasons on Just for Laughs Gags]].<br />
<br />
== International versions ==<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country !! Name !! Network !! Aired<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Finland}}<br />
|''Pilanpäiten''<br />
|[[MTV3]]<br />
|2001 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|United Kingdom}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs (UK TV series)|Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|[[BBC One]]<br />
|31 May 2003 – 21 July 2007<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Croatia}}<br />
|''Skrivena kamera''<br />
|[[RTL Television]]<br />
|2010 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|India}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags''<br />
|[[Zee Cafe]], [[Zee Trendz]] and [[Pogo TV|Pogo]]<br />
|1 January 2004 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Poland}}<br />
|''Ale numer!''<br />
|[[TV Puls]]<br />
|2007 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|South Africa}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs Gags ]]''<br />
|[[Comedy Central Africa]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|United States}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs (U.S. TV series)|Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Telemundo]]<br />
|17 July 2007 – 12 July 2009<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Portugal}}<br />
|''Não há crise!'' (''There's no crisis!'')<br />
|[[Sociedade Independente de Comunicação|SIC]]<br />
|2008 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Greece}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs''<br />
|[[Makedonia TV]]<br />
|2009 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Singapore}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs Gags Asia]]''<br />
|[[MediaCorp Channel 5]]<br />
|12 January 2010 – 13 April 2010<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Japan}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs''<br />
|[[Fox Channel Asia|Fox]]<br />
|2011 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Philippines}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags Philippines''<br />
|[[GMA Network]]<br />
|5 November 2011 – August 2012<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Russia}}<br />
|''Smeha Radi'' (in Russian, ''Смеха Ради'')<br />
|[[2×2 (TV channel)|2x2]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Turkey}}<br />
|''Komikler'' (''Just for Laughs Gags'')<br />
|[[Kanal D]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Indonesia}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags ''<br />
|[[Indosiar|INDOSIAR]]<br />
|2014 – present<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| {{Flagu|Brazil}}<br />
|''Só Risos'' (''Only Laughs'')<br />
|[[Rede Bandeirantes]] de Televisão (''[[Terrestrial television|terrestrial TV]]'')<br />
|15 July 2013 – present<br />
|-<br />
|''Pegadinhas'' (''Pranks'')<br />
|[[Canal Viva|Viva]] (''[[Pay television|pay TV]]'')<br />
|5 January 2013 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|''Тек Күлкі Үшін ''<br />
|[[НТК]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== DVD releases ==<br />
* ''Just for Laughs Gags 1''<br />
* ''Just for Laughs Gags 2''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/JustForLaughsTV Just For Laughs Gags Official YouTube Channel]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/justkiddingpranks Just Kidding Official YouTube Channel]<br />
*{{tv.com show|just-for-laughs-gags|Just for Laughs Gags}}<br />
*[http://www.videobash.com/profile/justforlaughs Just for Laughs Gags Channel on Videobash.com]<br />
also at:<br />
*[http://www.hahaha.com/ hahaha.com]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/gags Short site of Just For Laughs Gags YouTube Channel]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/ClassicHiddenCamera Hidden Camera classics]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/justforlaughscomedy Just for laughs standup channel]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 Canadian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2000 in Canadian television]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Montreal]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Quebec]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Vancouver]]<br />
[[Category:CBC Television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Hidden camera television series]]<br />
[[Category:The Comedy Network shows]]<br />
[[Category:Just for Laughs]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Canadian television series]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_for_Laughs_Gags&diff=655307749Just for Laughs Gags2015-04-07T06:29:39Z<p>Nobilk: /* International versions */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{refimprove|date=November 2014}}<br />
{{advert|date=April 2013}}<br />
}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
|show_name = Just for Laughs: Gags<br />
|image = [[File:Just For Laughs Gags Title Card 2012.png|200px]]<br />
|caption = Just for Laughs Gags title card<br />
|aka = Just for Laughs<br />
|genre = Comedy<br />
|creator = Pierre Girard and Jacques Chevalier<br />
|writer =<br />
|director =<br />
|creat_director =<br />
|developer =<br />
|presenter =<br />
|starring =<br />
|voices =<br />
|narrated =<br />
|theme_composer =<br />
|opentheme =<br />
|endtheme =<br />
|composer =<br />
|country = Canada<br />
|language = [[Silent film|Silent]], [[interjection]]<br />
|num_seasons = 13<br />
|num_episodes = 2,500+<br />
|list_episodes =<br />
|exec_producer =<br />
|co_exec =<br />
|producer = ''[[Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|sup_producer =<br />
|asst_producer =<br />
|cons_producer =<br />
|co-producer =<br />
|editor =<br />
|story_editor =<br />
|location = Canada (''[[Quebec City|Quebec]]'', ''[[Montreal]]'' and ''[[Vancouver]]'') and [[Mexico]]<br />
|cinematography =<br />
|camera_setup =<br />
|runtime = 30 minutes (''including commercials'')<br />
|channel = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[Telemundo]] (U.S.)<br />[[TVA (Canada)|TVA]]/[[CBC Television|CBC]]/[[The Comedy Network]] /[[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] (Canada) <br />[[BBC1]] (UK)<br />[[TF1]] (France) <br /> [[ETB 1]] (Basque Country) <br />[[Channel One Russia]] (Russia) <br />Chongqing Television (China) [[Hanoi Radio Television]] (Vietnam, 2011-2012)<br />
|picture_format =<br />
|audio_format =<br />
|first_run =<br />
|first_aired = 26 December 2000<br />
|last_aired = present<br />
|preceded_by =<br />
|followed_by =<br />
|related = ''[[Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|website = http://gags.justforlaughs.com/<br />
|prod_website =<br />
}}<br />
'''''Just for Laughs''''': '''''Gags''''' (in French, '''''Juste pour rire''''': '''''Gags''''') is a Canadian silent comedy/[[hidden camera]] [[Reality television#Hidden cameras|reality]] television show that is under the ''[[Just for Laughs]]'' brand. It is based on the similar American series ''[[Candid Camera]]''.<ref>[http://www.aoltv.com/show/just-for-laughs-gags/185761 Just for Laughs: Gags] "This crazy Quebec-based troupe uses the city as its stage, and its inhabitants, or victims, as characters! People are caught in a twisted yet funny web of comedic deception. This updated ''Candid Camera'' is a tad more risque and a little kookier with its practical jokes. The little snippets last only a few minutes, and some look more painful than others."</ref><br />
<br />
In 26 December 2000, ''JFL Gags'' began airing on French Canadian network [[Canal D]]. In the following years, the show was picked up by [[TVA (Canada)|TVA]], [[CBC Television|CBC]] and [[The Comedy Network]] in Canada, [[BBC1]] in the UK, [[TF1]] in France and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Telemundo]] in the United States.<br />
<br />
This series' format is a [[hidden camera]] comedy show, playing silly pranks on unsuspecting subjects while hidden cameras capture peoples' responses. The show plays [[public domain]] music in the background, but does not contain any sound or dialogue other than brief sound effects and a laugh track. Although some shorts have included brief dialogue. It is mostly filmed in [[Quebec City|Quebec]], Montreal and [[Vancouver]], although some segments have been filmed in Mexico as well. British and Asian versions have been produced in the UK and Singapore respectively. In 2011, the show spawned a spinoff titled ''Just Kidding'', which consists exclusively of kids playing pranks on adults.<br />
<br />
With its silent format and no translation required, ''Just for Laughs Gags'' has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and by airlines. Reactions to the gags range from "inane"<ref>Keyan Tomaselli ''Cultural Tourism and Identity: Rethinking Indigeneity'' 2012 – Page 29 "The inane Just for Laughs candid camera on the drop-down video screen is interspersed with silent movies on the … Mick Francis … responded to this note: “as a Canadian I must apologize for the Just for Laughs show as it a strange Canadian export filmed in the late 1980s and mysteriously shown around the world” (Francis, personal communication, October 2008).."</ref> to cross-culturally funny.<ref>Ray Wiss ''A Line in the Sand: Canadians at War in Kandahar'' 2010 Page 249 "It was an episode of Gags from the Just for Laughs organization in Montreal. For those who have not seen this, it is reminiscent of Candid Camera: the comedians set up an outlandish situation on a city street or in a mall and capture people's reactions. The Afghans got the jokes and laughed as hard as I did."</ref> The same distributors also distribute [[Surprise Sur Prise]], a similar show.<br />
[[File:Tv just for laughs gags.JPG|thumb|200px|A gag on 'Just for Laughs'.]]<br />
<br />
In March 2011, ''Just for Laughs Gags'' entered into a partnership with Montreal-based, entertainment site, Videobash.com<ref>{{cite web|title=Videobash JFL Channel|url=http://www.videobash.com/justforlaughs|publisher=Videobash|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> and now have their own devoted channel there. (No video has been posted as of this writing.)<br />
<br />
== Cast <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2486436/fullcredits imdb: Just for Laughs Gags</ref> ==<br />
{{refimprove|date=June 2014}}<br />
''this section requires specific casting related to Just for Laughs Gags .''<br />
<br />
* Denis Levasseur<br />
* Marie Pierre Bouchard<br />
* Dany Many<br />
* Jean-Pierre Alarie<br />
* Denise Jacques<br />
* Marie-Ève Larivière<br />
* Jacques Drolet<br />
* Philippe Bond<br />
<br />
== Pranks ==<br />
In the opening of each prank, the actors introduce how the prank was done and how it will be shown as well. Here are just a few illustrative examples from the thousands of pranks filmed for the 3,000+ shows include:<br />
* ''Alien in the bushes'': as people pass by a street, bushes shake uttering a strange language. As they try to check it, an [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] pops out and chases them away;<br />
* ''Hand out of the coffin'': a coffin is abandoned in a park and when people pass by, a hand pops out;<br />
* ''Stolen tires'': an elderly lady asks bystanders to help her carry two tires to her car. But as they do so, they pass a police vehicle which is missing them. They tell the officer that they were the lady's and they were helping her take it to her car but as they look back, she was nowhere to be found;<br />
* ''Dead bird in a race'': people passing are asked to fire a [[starting pistol]] to help start a race. Once they give a shot in the air, a [[pigeon]] falls down;<br />
* ''Honking at Hookers'': a traffic police officer stops drivers and checks their license. Two hot prostitutes walk by and the officer honks a horn and the women appear to believe the drivers honked at them.<br />
<br />
At the end of every prank, the hidden cameras are revealed. During the pranks, actors would also participate as victims for uninvolved bystanders or crowds.<br />
<br />
=== List of Pranks ===<br />
{{refimprove|date=June 2014}}<br />
To see the following list of pranks and its season of Just for Laughs Gags based in Canada, see [[List of pranks and its seasons on Just for Laughs Gags]].<br />
<br />
== International versions ==<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country !! Name !! Network !! Aired<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Finland}}<br />
|''Pilanpäiten''<br />
|[[MTV3]]<br />
|2001 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|United Kingdom}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs (UK TV series)|Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|[[BBC One]]<br />
|31 May 2003 – 21 July 2007<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Croatia}}<br />
|''Skrivena kamera''<br />
|[[RTL Television]]<br />
|2010 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|India}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags''<br />
|[[Zee Cafe]], [[Zee Trendz]] and [[Pogo TV|Pogo]]<br />
|1 January 2004 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Poland}}<br />
|''Ale numer!''<br />
|[[TV Puls]]<br />
|2007 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|South Africa}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs Gags ]]''<br />
|[[Comedy Central Africa]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|United States}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs (U.S. TV series)|Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Telemundo]]<br />
|17 July 2007 – 12 July 2009<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Portugal}}<br />
|''Não há crise!'' (''There's no crisis!'')<br />
|[[Sociedade Independente de Comunicação|SIC]]<br />
|2008 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Greece}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs''<br />
|[[Makedonia TV]]<br />
|2009 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Singapore}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs Gags Asia]]''<br />
|[[MediaCorp Channel 5]]<br />
|12 January 2010 – 13 April 2010<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Japan}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs''<br />
|[[Fox Channel Asia|Fox]]<br />
|2011 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Philippines}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags Philippines''<br />
|[[GMA Network]]<br />
|5 November 2011 – August 2012<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Russia}}<br />
|''Smeha Radi'' (in Russian, ''Смеха Ради'')<br />
|[[2×2 (TV channel)|2x2]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Israel}}<br />
|''קטעים איתכם''<br />
|[[Arutz HaYeladim]]<br />
|2011 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Turkey}}<br />
|''Komikler'' (''Just for Laughs Gags'')<br />
|[[Kanal D]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Indonesia}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags ''<br />
|[[Indosiar|INDOSIAR]]<br />
|2014 – present<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| {{Flagu|Brazil}}<br />
|''Só Risos'' (''Only Laughs'')<br />
|[[Rede Bandeirantes]] de Televisão (''[[Terrestrial television|terrestrial TV]]'')<br />
|15 July 2013 – present<br />
|-<br />
|''Pegadinhas'' (''Pranks'')<br />
|[[Canal Viva|Viva]] (''[[Pay television|pay TV]]'')<br />
|5 January 2013 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|''Тек Күлкі Үшін ''<br />
|[[НТК]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== DVD releases ==<br />
* ''Just for Laughs Gags 1''<br />
* ''Just for Laughs Gags 2''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/JustForLaughsTV Just For Laughs Gags Official YouTube Channel]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/justkiddingpranks Just Kidding Official YouTube Channel]<br />
*{{tv.com show|just-for-laughs-gags|Just for Laughs Gags}}<br />
*[http://www.videobash.com/profile/justforlaughs Just for Laughs Gags Channel on Videobash.com]<br />
also at:<br />
*[http://www.hahaha.com/ hahaha.com]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/gags Short site of Just For Laughs Gags YouTube Channel]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/ClassicHiddenCamera Hidden Camera classics]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/justforlaughscomedy Just for laughs standup channel]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 Canadian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2000 in Canadian television]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Montreal]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Quebec]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Vancouver]]<br />
[[Category:CBC Television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Hidden camera television series]]<br />
[[Category:The Comedy Network shows]]<br />
[[Category:Just for Laughs]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Canadian television series]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_for_Laughs_Gags&diff=655307681Just for Laughs Gags2015-04-07T06:28:39Z<p>Nobilk: /* International versions */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{refimprove|date=November 2014}}<br />
{{advert|date=April 2013}}<br />
}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
|show_name = Just for Laughs: Gags<br />
|image = [[File:Just For Laughs Gags Title Card 2012.png|200px]]<br />
|caption = Just for Laughs Gags title card<br />
|aka = Just for Laughs<br />
|genre = Comedy<br />
|creator = Pierre Girard and Jacques Chevalier<br />
|writer =<br />
|director =<br />
|creat_director =<br />
|developer =<br />
|presenter =<br />
|starring =<br />
|voices =<br />
|narrated =<br />
|theme_composer =<br />
|opentheme =<br />
|endtheme =<br />
|composer =<br />
|country = Canada<br />
|language = [[Silent film|Silent]], [[interjection]]<br />
|num_seasons = 13<br />
|num_episodes = 2,500+<br />
|list_episodes =<br />
|exec_producer =<br />
|co_exec =<br />
|producer = ''[[Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|sup_producer =<br />
|asst_producer =<br />
|cons_producer =<br />
|co-producer =<br />
|editor =<br />
|story_editor =<br />
|location = Canada (''[[Quebec City|Quebec]]'', ''[[Montreal]]'' and ''[[Vancouver]]'') and [[Mexico]]<br />
|cinematography =<br />
|camera_setup =<br />
|runtime = 30 minutes (''including commercials'')<br />
|channel = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[Telemundo]] (U.S.)<br />[[TVA (Canada)|TVA]]/[[CBC Television|CBC]]/[[The Comedy Network]] /[[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] (Canada) <br />[[BBC1]] (UK)<br />[[TF1]] (France) <br /> [[ETB 1]] (Basque Country) <br />[[Channel One Russia]] (Russia) <br />Chongqing Television (China) [[Hanoi Radio Television]] (Vietnam, 2011-2012)<br />
|picture_format =<br />
|audio_format =<br />
|first_run =<br />
|first_aired = 26 December 2000<br />
|last_aired = present<br />
|preceded_by =<br />
|followed_by =<br />
|related = ''[[Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|website = http://gags.justforlaughs.com/<br />
|prod_website =<br />
}}<br />
'''''Just for Laughs''''': '''''Gags''''' (in French, '''''Juste pour rire''''': '''''Gags''''') is a Canadian silent comedy/[[hidden camera]] [[Reality television#Hidden cameras|reality]] television show that is under the ''[[Just for Laughs]]'' brand. It is based on the similar American series ''[[Candid Camera]]''.<ref>[http://www.aoltv.com/show/just-for-laughs-gags/185761 Just for Laughs: Gags] "This crazy Quebec-based troupe uses the city as its stage, and its inhabitants, or victims, as characters! People are caught in a twisted yet funny web of comedic deception. This updated ''Candid Camera'' is a tad more risque and a little kookier with its practical jokes. The little snippets last only a few minutes, and some look more painful than others."</ref><br />
<br />
In 26 December 2000, ''JFL Gags'' began airing on French Canadian network [[Canal D]]. In the following years, the show was picked up by [[TVA (Canada)|TVA]], [[CBC Television|CBC]] and [[The Comedy Network]] in Canada, [[BBC1]] in the UK, [[TF1]] in France and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Telemundo]] in the United States.<br />
<br />
This series' format is a [[hidden camera]] comedy show, playing silly pranks on unsuspecting subjects while hidden cameras capture peoples' responses. The show plays [[public domain]] music in the background, but does not contain any sound or dialogue other than brief sound effects and a laugh track. Although some shorts have included brief dialogue. It is mostly filmed in [[Quebec City|Quebec]], Montreal and [[Vancouver]], although some segments have been filmed in Mexico as well. British and Asian versions have been produced in the UK and Singapore respectively. In 2011, the show spawned a spinoff titled ''Just Kidding'', which consists exclusively of kids playing pranks on adults.<br />
<br />
With its silent format and no translation required, ''Just for Laughs Gags'' has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and by airlines. Reactions to the gags range from "inane"<ref>Keyan Tomaselli ''Cultural Tourism and Identity: Rethinking Indigeneity'' 2012 – Page 29 "The inane Just for Laughs candid camera on the drop-down video screen is interspersed with silent movies on the … Mick Francis … responded to this note: “as a Canadian I must apologize for the Just for Laughs show as it a strange Canadian export filmed in the late 1980s and mysteriously shown around the world” (Francis, personal communication, October 2008).."</ref> to cross-culturally funny.<ref>Ray Wiss ''A Line in the Sand: Canadians at War in Kandahar'' 2010 Page 249 "It was an episode of Gags from the Just for Laughs organization in Montreal. For those who have not seen this, it is reminiscent of Candid Camera: the comedians set up an outlandish situation on a city street or in a mall and capture people's reactions. The Afghans got the jokes and laughed as hard as I did."</ref> The same distributors also distribute [[Surprise Sur Prise]], a similar show.<br />
[[File:Tv just for laughs gags.JPG|thumb|200px|A gag on 'Just for Laughs'.]]<br />
<br />
In March 2011, ''Just for Laughs Gags'' entered into a partnership with Montreal-based, entertainment site, Videobash.com<ref>{{cite web|title=Videobash JFL Channel|url=http://www.videobash.com/justforlaughs|publisher=Videobash|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> and now have their own devoted channel there. (No video has been posted as of this writing.)<br />
<br />
== Cast <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2486436/fullcredits imdb: Just for Laughs Gags</ref> ==<br />
{{refimprove|date=June 2014}}<br />
''this section requires specific casting related to Just for Laughs Gags .''<br />
<br />
* Denis Levasseur<br />
* Marie Pierre Bouchard<br />
* Dany Many<br />
* Jean-Pierre Alarie<br />
* Denise Jacques<br />
* Marie-Ève Larivière<br />
* Jacques Drolet<br />
* Philippe Bond<br />
<br />
== Pranks ==<br />
In the opening of each prank, the actors introduce how the prank was done and how it will be shown as well. Here are just a few illustrative examples from the thousands of pranks filmed for the 3,000+ shows include:<br />
* ''Alien in the bushes'': as people pass by a street, bushes shake uttering a strange language. As they try to check it, an [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] pops out and chases them away;<br />
* ''Hand out of the coffin'': a coffin is abandoned in a park and when people pass by, a hand pops out;<br />
* ''Stolen tires'': an elderly lady asks bystanders to help her carry two tires to her car. But as they do so, they pass a police vehicle which is missing them. They tell the officer that they were the lady's and they were helping her take it to her car but as they look back, she was nowhere to be found;<br />
* ''Dead bird in a race'': people passing are asked to fire a [[starting pistol]] to help start a race. Once they give a shot in the air, a [[pigeon]] falls down;<br />
* ''Honking at Hookers'': a traffic police officer stops drivers and checks their license. Two hot prostitutes walk by and the officer honks a horn and the women appear to believe the drivers honked at them.<br />
<br />
At the end of every prank, the hidden cameras are revealed. During the pranks, actors would also participate as victims for uninvolved bystanders or crowds.<br />
<br />
=== List of Pranks ===<br />
{{refimprove|date=June 2014}}<br />
To see the following list of pranks and its season of Just for Laughs Gags based in Canada, see [[List of pranks and its seasons on Just for Laughs Gags]].<br />
<br />
== International versions ==<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country !! Name !! Network !! Aired<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Finland}}<br />
|''Pilanpäiten''<br />
|[[MTV3]]<br />
|2001 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|United Kingdom}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs (UK TV series)|Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|[[BBC One]]<br />
|31 May 2003 – 21 July 2007<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Croatia}}<br />
|''Skrivena kamera''<br />
|[[RTL Television]]<br />
|2010 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|India}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags''<br />
|[[Zee Cafe]], [[Zee Trendz]] and [[Pogo TV|Pogo]]<br />
|1 January 2004 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Poland}}<br />
|''Ale numer!''<br />
|[[TV Puls]]<br />
|2007 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|South Africa}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs Gags ]]''<br />
|[[Comedy Central Africa]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|United States}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs (U.S. TV series)|Just for Laughs]]''<br />
|[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Telemundo]]<br />
|17 July 2007 – 12 July 2009<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Portugal}}<br />
|''Não há crise!'' (''There's no crisis!'')<br />
|[[Sociedade Independente de Comunicação|SIC]]<br />
|2008 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Greece}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs''<br />
|[[Makedonia TV]]<br />
|2009 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Singapore}}<br />
|''[[Just for Laughs Gags Asia]]''<br />
|[[MediaCorp Channel 5]]<br />
|12 January 2010 – 13 April 2010<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Japan}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs''<br />
|[[Fox Channel Asia|Fox]]<br />
|2011 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Philippines}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags Philippines''<br />
|[[GMA Network]]<br />
|5 November 2011 – August 2012<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Russia}}<br />
|''Smeha Radi'' (in Russian, ''Смеха Ради'')<br />
|[[2×2 (TV channel)|2x2]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Israel}}<br />
|''צוחקים אתכם''<br />
|[[Arutz HaYeladim]]<br />
|2011 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Turkey}}<br />
|''Komikler'' (''Just for Laughs Gags'')<br />
|[[Kanal D]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Indonesia}}<br />
|''Just for Laughs Gags ''<br />
|[[Indosiar|INDOSIAR]]<br />
|2014 – present<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| {{Flagu|Brazil}}<br />
|''Só Risos'' (''Only Laughs'')<br />
|[[Rede Bandeirantes]] de Televisão (''[[Terrestrial television|terrestrial TV]]'')<br />
|15 July 2013 – present<br />
|-<br />
|''Pegadinhas'' (''Pranks'')<br />
|[[Canal Viva|Viva]] (''[[Pay television|pay TV]]'')<br />
|5 January 2013 – present<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagu|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|''Тек Күлкі Үшін ''<br />
|[[НТК]]<br />
|2012 – present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== DVD releases ==<br />
* ''Just for Laughs Gags 1''<br />
* ''Just for Laughs Gags 2''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/JustForLaughsTV Just For Laughs Gags Official YouTube Channel]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/justkiddingpranks Just Kidding Official YouTube Channel]<br />
*{{tv.com show|just-for-laughs-gags|Just for Laughs Gags}}<br />
*[http://www.videobash.com/profile/justforlaughs Just for Laughs Gags Channel on Videobash.com]<br />
also at:<br />
*[http://www.hahaha.com/ hahaha.com]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/gags Short site of Just For Laughs Gags YouTube Channel]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/ClassicHiddenCamera Hidden Camera classics]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/justforlaughscomedy Just for laughs standup channel]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 Canadian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2000 in Canadian television]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Montreal]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Quebec]]<br />
[[Category:Television series produced in Vancouver]]<br />
[[Category:CBC Television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Hidden camera television series]]<br />
[[Category:The Comedy Network shows]]<br />
[[Category:Just for Laughs]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Canadian television series]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubnow_Garden&diff=655199570Dubnow Garden2015-04-06T15:28:08Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox park<br />
| name = Dubnow Park<br />
| photo = Dubnov Garden2.jpg<br />
| photo_width = 250<br />
| photo_caption = <br />
| type = [[Urban park]]<br />
| location = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]<br />
| area = |<br />
| created = |<br />
| operator = Tel Aviv municipality<br />
| visitation_num = |<br />
| status = Open all year<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dubnow Park''' ({{lang-he|גינת דובנוב}}) is a public park located in the center of [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]], lying at the back of the [[Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center]]. The park is named for [[Simon Dubnow]], a [[Jewish]] [[Belarus]]ian historian, writer and activist, with Dubnow Street running at its western end.<br />
<br />
It is a very popular relaxing place with young families, [[student]]s and dog owners.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Dubnov Garden|Dubnow Park}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|32|4|40.15|N|34|47|4.11|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Parks in Tel Aviv]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{TelAviv-stub}}</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HaAliya_HaShniya_Garden&diff=655197332HaAliya HaShniya Garden2015-04-06T15:10:47Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox park<br />
| name = HaAliya HaShniya Garden<br />
| photo = Aliya2 002.jpg<br />
| photo_width = 201<br />
| photo_caption = <br />
| type = [[Urban park]]<br />
| location = [[Givatayim]], [[Israel]]<br />
| area = |<br />
| created = |<br />
| operator = Givatayim municipality<br />
| visitation_num = |<br />
| status = Open all year<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. The Park is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includes playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond.<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Ha'Aliya HaShniya garden|HaAliya HaShniya Garden}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HaAliya_HaShniya_Garden&diff=655197255HaAliya HaShniya Garden2015-04-06T15:10:02Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox park<br />
| name = HaAliya HaShniya Garden<br />
| photo = Aliya2 002.jpg<br />
| photo_width = 201<br />
| photo_caption = <br />
| type = [[Urban park]]<br />
| location = [[Givatayim]], [[Israel]]<br />
| area = |<br />
| created = |<br />
| operator = Givatayim municipality<br />
| visitation_num = |<br />
| status = Open all year<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. The Park is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includes playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond.<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Ha'Aliya HaShniya Garden|HaAliya HaShniya Garden}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HaAliya_HaShniya_Garden&diff=655196519HaAliya HaShniya Garden2015-04-06T15:03:43Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox park<br />
| name = HaAliya HaShniya Garden<br />
| photo = Aliya2 002.jpg<br />
| photo_width = 201<br />
| photo_caption = <br />
| type = [[Urban park]]<br />
| location = [[Givatayim]], [[Israel]]<br />
| area = |<br />
| created = |<br />
| operator = Givatayim municipality<br />
| visitation_num = |<br />
| status = Open all year<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. The Park is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includes playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond.<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olevsk&diff=655174867Olevsk2015-04-06T11:41:45Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Olevsk''' ({{Lang-uk|Олевськ}}, [[Romanization of Ukrainian|translit.]] ''Olevs’k'', {{lang-yi|אלעווסק}}) is a city in [[Olevsk Raion]], [[Zhytomyr Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]. It is the administrative center of Olevsk Raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2013|10,231}} In 2001, population was 10,896.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Zhytomyr Oblast}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|51|13|N|27|39|E|region:UA_type:city|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities in Zhytomyr Oblast]]<br />
[[Category:Volhynian Governorate]]<br />
[[Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine]]<br />
<br />
{{Zhytomyr-geo-stub}}</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chudniv&diff=655174423Chudniv2015-04-06T11:37:09Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Н Орда Костьол Чуднів.JPG|thumb|[[Napoleon Orda]]]]<br />
'''Chudniv''' ({{lang-ua|Чуднів}}, {{lang-yi|טשודנאוו}}) is a city in [[Zhytomyr Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]. It is the administrative center of the [[Chudniv Raion]]. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2013|5,794}}<br />
<br />
[[Battle of Cudnów|A significant battle]] of the [[Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)]] was fought near the town in 1660.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|50|3|10|N|28|6|44|E|source:ukwiki_region:UA_scale:30000|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Zhytomyr Oblast}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities in Zhytomyr Oblast]]<br />
[[Category:Volhynian Governorate]]<br />
[[Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine]]<br />
<br />
{{Zhytomyr-geo-stub}}</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HaAliya_HaShniya_garden&diff=655159963HaAliya HaShniya garden2015-04-06T08:49:02Z<p>Nobilk: Nobilk moved page HaAliya HaShniya garden to HaAliya HaShniya Garden</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[HaAliya HaShniya Garden]]<br />
{{R from move}}</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HaAliya_HaShniya_Garden&diff=655159962HaAliya HaShniya Garden2015-04-06T08:49:01Z<p>Nobilk: Nobilk moved page HaAliya HaShniya garden to HaAliya HaShniya Garden</p>
<hr />
<div>{{multiple issues|<br />
{{Orphan|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{unreferenced|date=April 2015}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Aliya2 002.jpg|thumb|right|210px|HaAliya HaShniya garden]]<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. The Park is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
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HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includes playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond.<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)&diff=655092896Zechariah (New Testament figure)2015-04-05T21:04:28Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
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<div>{{Other people2|Zechariah (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2012}}<br />
<!-- leave in; navigate here via the Prophets of Islam template, and it may be helpful to have a disam route to reach Zechariah (Hebrew prophet) --><br />
{{Infobox saint<br />
|name=Zechariah<br />
|birth_date=1st century BC<br />
|death_date=1st century BC (or early AD)<br />
|birth_place=Hebron (Joshua 21:11)<br />
|death_place=Jerusalem (Matthew 23:35)<br />
|venerated_in=[[Christianity]]<br>[[Islam]]<br />
|image=Cappella tornabuoni, 10, annuncio dell'angelo a zaccaria.jpg<br />
|imagesize=250px<br />
|caption=''[[Tornabuoni Chapel#Apparition of the Angel to Zechariah|Annunciation of the Angel to Zechariah]]'' by [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] (1490, [[fresco]] in the [[Tornabuoni Chapel]], [[Florence]])<br />
|titles=Priest, Prophet<!-- prophet in Bible also -->, Guardian of Mary, Devotee<!-- These last two are titles accorded in the Qur'an --><br />
|canonized_date=Pre-Congregation <br />
|feast_day=September 5 – Eastern Orthodox<br>September 5 – Lutheran<br>September 23 – Roman Catholic<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Holy Cross Monastery in Jerusalem. Georgian frescoes 01.JPG|thumb|Zechariah and St. John the Baptist. A medieval Georgian fresco from Jerusalem.]]<br />
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'''Zechariah''' (זכריה in Hebrew, Ζαχαρίας in Greek, '''Zacharias''' in [[Authorized King James Version|KJV]], '''Zachary''' in the [[Douay-Rheims Bible]]) is a figure in the [[Bible]] and the [[Quran]]. In the Bible, he is the father of [[John the Baptist]], a priest of the sons of [[Aaron]], a prophet in {{bibleref2|Luke|1:67-79|KJV|Luke 1:67&ndash;79}}, and the husband of [[Elizabeth (Biblical person)|Elisabeth]] who is the cousin of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] the mother of Jesus.<br />
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In the [[Qur'an]], Zechariah ({{lang-ar|زَكَرِيَّا}}; ''Zakariya'') plays a similar role as the father of Yahya. He is ranked as a prophet alongside Yahya and Jesus and his role as one of the men of God is frequently referenced in verses of the Qur'an.<br />
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==Biblical account==<br />
According to the [[Gospel of Luke]], during the reign of king [[Herod the Great|Herod]], there was "a certain priest named Zecharias, of the course of [[Abijah|Abia]]", whose wife [[Elizabeth (Biblical person)|Elisabeth]] was also of the priestly family of [[Aaron]]. The [[Four Evangelists|evangelist]] states that both the parents were righteous before God, since they were "blameless" in observing the commandments and ordinances of the Lord. When the events related in Luke began, their marriage was still childless, because Elisabeth was barren, and they were both "well advanced in years" ({{bibleref2|Luke|1:5-7|9|Luke 1:5&ndash;7}}).<br />
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The duties at the [[temple in Jerusalem]] alternated between each of the family lines that had descended from those appointed by king [[David]] ({{bibleref2|1Chronicles|24:1-19|9|1st Chronicles 24:1&ndash;19}}).<ref>[http://www.avbtab.org/rc/read/dedicate.htm THE Dedication (Jesus' birth)] "The priests serve 4 weeks per year: 1 week twice a year in courses, and the two week-long feasts, unleavened bread and tabernacles. Pentecost is a one-day observance, which would have come before Zacharias' (the 8th) course began, or at the latest, the 1st day of his course, which was from 12 thru 18 Sivan, or noon on the 19th, if Josephus is correct that courses changed at noon on the sabbaths." Josephus Antiquities b.7 ch.14 s.7 "eight days, from sabbath to sabbath." Josephus against Apion b.2 sect.8 "mid-day".</ref> Luke states that during the week when it was the duty of Zechariah's family line to serve at "the temple of the Lord", the lot for performing the incense offering had fallen to Zechariah ({{bibleref2|Luke|1:8-11|9|Luke 1:8&ndash;11}}).<br />
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The Gospel of Luke states that while Zechariah ministered at the [[Altar (Bible)#Altar_of_Incense|altar of incense]], an angel of the Lord appeared and announced to him that his wife would give birth to a son, whom he was to name John, and that this son would be the forerunner of the Lord ({{bibleref2|Luke|1:12-17|9|Luke 1:12&ndash;17}}). Citing their advanced age, Zechariah asked with disbelief for a sign whereby he would know the truth of this prophecy. In reply, the angel identified himself as [[Gabriel]], sent especially by God to make this announcement, and added that because of Zechariah's doubt he would be struck dumb and "not able to speak, until the day that these things shall be performed". Consequently, when he went out to the waiting worshippers in the temple's outer courts, he was unable to speak the customary blessing ({{bibleref2|Luke|1:18-22|9|Luke 1:18&ndash;22}}).<br />
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After returning to his house in "Hebron, in the hill ''country'' of Judah",<ref>compare {{bibleref2|Josh.21:11;Luke.1:39-40||9|Luke 1:39&ndash;40 with Joshua 21:11}} The [http://tsk.scripturetext.com/luke/1.htm ''Treasury of Scripture Knowledge''] says, "This was most probably Hebron, a city of the priests, and situated in the hill country of Judea, (Jos 11:21; 21:11, 13,) about 25 miles south of Jerusalem, and nearly 100 from Nazareth."</ref> his wife Elisabeth conceived. After Elisabeth completed her fifth month of pregnancy, her cousin [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] was visited by the same angel, Gabriel, overshadowed by the Holy Ghost and – though still a virgin – became pregnant with Jesus. Mary then travelled to visit her cousin Elisabeth, having been told by the angel that Elisabeth was in her sixth month of pregnancy Mary remained about three months before she returned to her own house ({{bibleref2|Luke.1:23-45;Luke.1:56||9|Luke 1:23–45, 56}}).<br />
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Elisabeth gave birth, and on the eighth day, when their son was to be [[circumcision|circumcised]] according to the commandment, her cousins and neighbours assumed that he was to be named after his father. Elisabeth, however, insisted that his name was to be John; so the family then questioned her husband. As soon as Zechariah had written on a writing table: "His name is John", he regained the power of speech, and blessed "the Lord God of Israel" with a [[prophecy]] known to some as the [[Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)|''Benedictus'']] ({{bibleref|Luke|1:57–79|9}}). The child grew up and "waxed strong in spirit", but remained in the deserts of Judæa until he assumed the ministry that was to earn him the name "[[John the Baptist]]" ({{bibleref2|Luke.1:80;Luke.3:2-3;Matt.3:1||9|Luke 1:80, Luke 3:2–3, Matthew 3:1}}).<br />
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==Other Christian traditions==<br />
[[File:Tomb of Avshalom in the Kidron Valley;.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The so-called "[[Tomb of Absalom]]" or "Absalom's Pillar" in the [[Kidron Valley]]; an inscription suggests that it is Zechariah's tomb]]<br />
[[File:Cappella Tornabuoni, Zacharias Writes Down the Name of his Son 01.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Domenico Ghirlandaio]]'s fresco ''Zechariah Writes Down the Name of His Son'' (1490, [[fresco]] in the [[Tornabuoni Chapel]], [[Florence]]) ]]<br />
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[[Origen]] suggested that the Zechariah mentioned in {{bibleref|Matthew|23:35|9}} as having been killed between the temple and the altar may be the father of John the Baptist.<ref>Reimund Bieringer, ''The Corinthian Correspondence'' (Peeters Publishers, 1996), page 497, footnote 20, ISBN 978-9068317749.</ref> Orthodox [[Gospel of James|Christian tradition]] recounts that, at the time of the [[massacre of the Innocents]], when King [[Herod the Great|Herod]] ordered the slaughter of all males under the age of two in an attempt to prevent the prophesied Messiah from coming to Israel, Zechariah refused to divulge the whereabouts of his son (who was in hiding), and he was therefore murdered by Herod's soldiers. This is also recorded in the [[Infancy Gospel of James]], an [[New Testament apocrypha|apocryphal]] work from the 2nd century. Since according to the Gospel of Luke, Mary was a cousin of Elisabeth,<ref>{{bibleref|Luke|1:36|9}}</ref> Zechariah might have lived in the same area where Mary's family originated. However some modern scholars regard this relationship as dubious.<ref>Raymond Edward Brown, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a0Ik5DuD01cC&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=dubious%20%22family%20relationship%22&f=false The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus]'', Paulist Press (1973), page 54, ISBN 978-0809117680.</ref><ref>Geza Vermes, The Nativity, page 143.</ref><br />
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The Roman Catholic Church commemorates him as a [[saint]], along with Elisabeth, on September 23.<ref>''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)</ref> He is also venerated as a prophet in the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Calendar of Saints]] of the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod|Lutheran Church]] on September 5. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] also celebrates the [[feast day]] of Zechariah [[September 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|on September 5]], together with [[Elizabeth (Biblical person)|Elisabeth]], who is considered a matriarch. Zechariah and Elisabeth are invoked in several prayers during the Orthodox [[Sacred Mysteries|Mystery]] [[Christian views of marriage#View of the Eastern Orthodox Church|of Crowning]] (Sacrament of Marriage), as the priest blesses the newly married couple, saying "Thou who didst... accept Zechariah and Elizabeth, and didst make their offspring the [[John the Baptist|Forerunner]]..." and "...bless them, O Lord our God, as Thou didst Zechariah and Elizabeth...". In the [[Greek Orthodox]] calendar, Zechariah and Elizabeth are also commemorated on June 24.<br />
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[[Armenians]] believe that the [[Gandzasar Monastery]] in [[Nagorno Karabakh]], Azerbaijan contains relics of Zechariah. However, his relics were also kept in the Great Church of [[Constantinople]], where they were brought by the ''[[praefectus urbi]]'' [[Ursus (praefectus urbi)|Ursus]] on September 4, 415.<ref>''[[Chronicon Paschale]]'', ''sub anno'' 415.</ref><br />
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In 2003, a 4th-century inscription on the so-called [[Tomb of Absalom]], a 1st-century monument in Jerusalem, was deciphered as, "This is the tomb of Zachariah, the martyr, the holy priest, the father of John." This suggests to some scholars that it is the burial place of Zechariah the father of John the Baptist. Professor Gideon Foerster at the [[Hebrew University]] states that the inscription tallies with a 6th-century Christian text stating that Zechariah was buried with Simon the Elder and [[James the brother of Jesus]], and believes that both are authentic.<ref name=Haaretz>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=320531 Jewish Yad Avshalom revealed as a Christian shrine from Byzantine era], ''[[Haaretz]]'', July 22, 2003</ref> What makes the theory less plausible is the fact that the tomb is three centuries older than the Byzantine inscriptions, that a tomb with just two burial benches is unlikely to be used for three burials, as well as the fact that the identification of the tomb has repeatedly changed during its history.<ref name="ZiasPuech">{{cite web|url= http://tfba.co/content/index.php/projects/34-tomb-of-absalom/46-the-tomb-of-absalom-reconsidered |author=[[Joe Zias]] and [[Émile Puech]] |year=2004 |title=The Tomb of Absalom Reconsidered |work= |publisher=The Foundation for Biblical Archaeology |accessdate=4 January 2015 }}</ref><br />
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==In Islam==<br />
[[File:Aleppo - Prophet Zakariyya.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The tomb of Zechariah within the [[Great Mosque of Aleppo]] in Syria.]]<br />
'''Zechariah''' ([[Arabic]]: '''زكريا'''; meaning: ''God has remembered''<ref>[http://babynamesworld.parentsconnect.com/meaning_of_Zakaria.html Meaning of Zakaria] at babynamesworld</ref>) is also a [[Prophets of Islam|prophet]] in Islam, and is mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. Muslims also believe Zechariah to have been the guardian of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]], mother of Jesus, and they believe Zechariah to have been the father of [[John the Baptist]]. Zechariah is also believed by some Muslims to have been a [[martyr]]. An old tradition narrates that Zechariah was sawed in half,<ref>''A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', B. M. Wheeler, ''Zechariah, Father of John''</ref> in a death which resembles that attributed to [[Isaiah]] in ''[[Lives of the Prophets]]''.<br />
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Zechariah was a righteous priest<ref name="ReferenceA">''Lives of the Prophets'', Leila Azzam, ''Zacharias and John''</ref> and prophet of God whose office was in the temple of prayer in Jerusalem. He would frequently be in charge of managing the services of the temple<ref>Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Qur'anic commentary to Chapter 19</ref> and he would always remain steadfast in prayer to God. As he reached his old age, Zechariah began to worry over who would continue the legacy of preaching the message of God after his death and who would carry on the daily services of the temple after him.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Zechariah started to pray to God for a son. The praying for the birth of an offspring was not merely out of the desire for a child.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He prayed both for himself and for the public – they needed a messenger, a man of God who would work in the service of the Lord after Zechariah. Zechariah had character and virtue and he wanted to transfer this to his spiritual heir as his most precious possession. His dream was to restore the household to the posterity of the [[patriarch]] [[Jacob]] and to make sure the message of God was renewed for Israel. As the Qur'an recounts:<br />
{{Quote|And (Zechariah) said: "O my Lord, my bones decay, my head is white and hoary, yet in calling You, O Lord, I have never been deprived.<br>But I fear my relatives after me; and my wife is barren. So grant me a successor of Your own<br>Who will be heir to me, and heir to the house of Jacob; and make him obedient to You, O Lord"|Qur'an, [[sura]] 19 ([[Maryam (sura)|Maryam]]), [[Ayah|ayat]] 4–6<ref>{{Cite quran|19|4|e=6|s=ns}}</ref>}}<br />
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As a gift from God, Zechariah was given a son by the name of [[John the Baptist|John]] (Yaḥyā), a name specially chosen for this child alone. Muslim tradition narrates that Zechariah was ninety-two years old<ref>''Historical Dictionary of Prophets In Islam and Judaism'', B.M.Wheeler, ''Zechariah, father of John''</ref> when he was told of John's birth. In accordance with Zechariah's prayer, God made John renew the message of God, which had been corrupted and lost by the Israelites.<ref>{{bibleref|Luke|1:16|9}}: "And many of the children of Israel shall he turn to the Lord their God."</ref> As the Qur'an says:<br />
{{Quote|"O Zachariah," (it was said), "We give you good news of a son by the name of John. To none have we attributed that name before."<br>"How can I have a son, O Lord" he said, "when my wife is barren and I am old a decrepit?"<br>(The angel) answered: "Thus will it be. Your Lord said: 'This is easy for Me; for when I brought you into being you were nothing.'"<br>(Zachariah) said: "O Lord, give me a Sign." "Your sign" He answered, "shall be that you shall speak to no man for three days, although you are not dumb."|Qur'an, sura 19 ([[Maryam (sura)|Maryam]]), ayat 7–10<ref>{{Cite quran|19|7|e=10|s=ns}}</ref>}}<br />
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According to the Qur'an, Zechariah was the guardian of Mary, the mother of Jesus. The Qur'an states:<br />
{{Quote|Behold! A woman of [[Imran (father of Maryam)|'Imran]] said: "O my Lord! I do dedicate unto You what is in my womb for Your special service, so accept this of me, for You hear all and know all things."<br>And when she had given birth to the child, she said: "O Lord, I have delivered but a girl." But God knew best what she had delivered: A boy could not be as that girl was. "I have named her Mary, (she said), and I give her into your keeping. Preserve her and her children from [[Devil (Islam)|Satan]], the [[Satan|rejected]]."<br>Her Lord accepted her graciously, and she grew up with excellence, and was given into the care of Zachariah. Whenever Zachariah came to see her in the chamber, he found her provided with food, and he asked: "Where has this come from, O Mary?" And she said: "From God, who gives food in abundance to whomsoever He will."|Qur'an, sura 3 ([[Al-i-Imran]]), ayat 35–37<ref>{{Cite quran|3|35|e=37|s=ns}}</ref>}}<br />
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Muslim [[theology]] maintains that Zechariah, along with [[John the Baptist]] and Jesus, ushered in a new era of prophets – all of whom came from the priestly descent of [[Amram]], the father of the prophet [[Aaron]]. The fact that, of all the priests, it was Zechariah who was given the duty of keeping care of [[Islamic views of Mary|Mary]] shows his status as a pious man. Zechariah is frequently praised in the [[Qur'an]] as a prophet of God and righteous man. One such appraisal is in [[Sura]] [[Al-An'am]]:<br />
{{Quote|And Zachariah and John, and Jesus and Elias: all in the ranks of the righteous.|Qur'an, sura 6 ([[Al-An'am]]), ayah 85<ref>{{Cite quran|6|85|s=ns}}</ref>}}<br />
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Qur'an translator [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] offers commentary on this one line<ref>[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], ''[[The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary]]'', Note. '''905''': "The third group consists not of men of action, but Preachers of Truth, who led solitary lives. Their epithet is: "the Righteous." They form a connected group round Jesus. Zachariah was the father of John the Baptist, who is referenced as "Elias, which was for to come" (Matt 11:14); and Elias is said to have been present and talked to Jesus at the Transfiguration on the Mount (Matt. 17:3)."</ref> – suggesting that these particular prophets make a spiritual connection with one another. He points out that John the Baptist was a direct cousin of Jesus, while [[Elijah]] was one who was present at the [[Transfiguration of Jesus]]<ref>{{bibleref|Matthew|17:3|9}}: "And, behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking with him."</ref> on the [[Mount of Transfiguration|Mount]], as mentioned in the New Testament. Zechariah, meanwhile, through marriage, was the uncle of Jesus and his son John the Baptist was referred to as Elijah in the New Testament.<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|11:14-15|9|Matthew 11:14&ndash;15}}: "And if ye will receive it, this is Elias, which was for to come. [15] He that hath ears to hear, let him hear."</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Biblical narratives and the Quran|Biblical narratives and the Qur'an]]<br />
*[[Legends and the Quran|Legends and the Qur'an]]<br />
*[[Prophets of Islam]]<br />
*[[Stories of The Prophets]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
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{{EBD|Zacharias}}<br />
{{Commons category|Saint Zachary}}{{-}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102502 Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]]<br />
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{{s-hou|[[Gospel harmony|Life of Jesus]]: [[Virgin birth of Jesus|Conception of Jesus]]|||}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=Renovating the [[Second Temple]]<br>into [[Herod's Temple]] begins}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[New Testament]]<br>Events}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Annunciation|Gabriel announces to Mary<br>that she will give birth to Jesus]]}}<br />
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{{New Testament people|collapsed}}<br />
{{Catholic saints}}<br />
{{New Testament Prophets}}<br />
{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}<br />
{{Qur'anic people}}<br />
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Zechariah<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = First-century saint<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH =<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Hebron (Joshua 21:11)<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH = Jerusalem (Matthew 23:35)<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zechariah}}<br />
[[Category:1st-century BC clergy]]<br />
[[Category:1st-century clergy]]<br />
[[Category:People in the canonical gospels]]<br />
[[Category:Roman-era Jews]]<br />
[[Category:Saints from the Holy Land]]<br />
[[Category:Prophets in Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Gospel of Luke]]<br />
[[Category:Biblical figures in Islam]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)&diff=655092677Nathanael (follower of Jesus)2015-04-05T21:02:32Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
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<div>[[Image:StJohnsAshfield StainedGlass Nathanael.png|thumb|upright=0.5|right|The biblical Nathanael depicted in stained glass.|210px]]<br />
'''Nathanael''' (Hebrew נתנאל, "God has given") is a follower of [[Jesus]], mentioned only in the [[Gospel of John]] [[John 1|Chapter 1]] and [[John 21|Chapter 21]].<br />
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==History==<br />
In the Gospel of John, Nathanael is introduced as a friend of Philip. <ref name=Driscoll>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10711b.htm Driscoll, James F. "Nathanael." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 10 Aug. 2014]</ref> He is described as initially being skeptical about the Messiah coming from Nazareth, saying: "Can anything good come out of Nazareth?", but nonetheless, follows Philip's invitation. Jesus immediately characterizes him as "Here is a man in whom there is no deception." Some scholars{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} hold that Jesus' quote "Before Philip called you, when you were under the fig tree, I saw you", is based on a Jewish figure of speech{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} referring to studying the [[Torah]]. Nathanael recognizes Jesus as "the [[Son of God]]" and "the King of Israel".<br />
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He reappears (as "Nathanael of [[Cana]]") at the end of John's gospel as one of the disciples to whom Jesus appeared at the [[Sea of Galilee]] after the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]].<ref name=Driscoll/><br />
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Nathanael is often identified with [[Bartholomew the Apostle]] in the synoptic Gospels.<ref name=Driscoll/><br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Twelve Apostles]]<br />
[[Category:Gospel of John]]<br />
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{{New Testament people}}<br />
{{reli-bio-stub}}</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&diff=655092509Mary Magdalene2015-04-05T21:01:23Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
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<div>{{redirect|Mary Madeline|the American political activist|Mary Matalin}}<br />
{{About|a biblical figure|other uses|Mary Magdalene (disambiguation)}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox saint<br />
| name = Mary Magdalene<br />
| image = TINTORETTO - Magdalena penitente (Musei Capitolini, Roma, 1598-1602) - copia.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 225px<br />
| caption = [[Domenico Tintoretto]], ''The Penitent Magdalene'', c. 1598<br />
| birth_date = Date unknown<br />
| death_date = Date unknown<br />
| birth_place = Place unknown<br />
| death_place = Place: possibly [[Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], [[France]], or [[Ephesus]], [[Asia Minor]] <ref name="NCD">{{cite encyclopedia | title =Saint Mary Magdalen | encyclopedia =New Catholic Dictionary | year= 1910 | url =http://saints.sqpn.com/ncd05121.htm | accessdate =2007-02-28}}</ref><br />
| feast_day = July 22<br />
| venerated_in = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br/>[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br/>[[Anglican Communion]]<br/>[[Lutheranism]]<br/>[[Protestantism|other Protestant churches]] <br/>[[Bahá'í Faith]]<br />
| titles = Disciple<br />
| canonized_date = pre-Congregation <br />
| canonized_place =<br />
| canonized_by =<br />
| attributes = ''Western:'' [[alabaster]] box of [[ointment]]<br/><br />
''Eastern:'' container of ointment (as a myrrhbearer), or holding a [[red egg]] (symbol of the resurrection); embracing the feet of Christ after the Resurrection<br />
| patronage = [[Apothecary|Apothecaries]]; [[Kawit, Cavite]]; [[Atrani|Atrani, Italy]]; [[Casamicciola Terme|Casamicciola Terme, Ischia]]; contemplative life; [[religious conversion|convert]]s; [[glove|glove makers]]; [[hairdresser]]s; [[repentance|penitent sinners]]; people ridiculed for their [[piety]]; [[perfume]]ries; [[pharmacist]]s; reformed [[prostitute]]s; [[temptation|sexual temptation]]; [[Tanner (occupation)|tanners]]; [[woman|women]]<br />
| major_shrine =<br />
| major_works =<br />
| influences =<br />
}}<br />
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'''Mary Magdalene''' ({{lang-he|מרים המגדלית}}, original Greek: Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνή),<ref name="Magdalene">Μαρία η Μαγδαληνή in [[Matthew 27:56|Matt 27:56]]; [[Matthew 27:61|27:61]]; [[Matthew 28:1|28:1]]; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:40}}; {{Bibleref2-nb|Mark|15:47}}; {{Bibleref2-nb|Mark|16:1}}; {{Bibleref2-nb|Mark|16:9}} replaces "η" with "τη" because of the case change. {{Bibleref2|Luke|8:1}} says "Μαρία ... η Μαγδαληνή" and {{Bibleref2-nb|Luke|24:10}} says "η Μαγδαληνή Μαρία". {{Bibleref2|John|19:25}}, [[John 20:1|20:1]] and [[John 20:18|20:18]] all say "Μαρία η Μαγδαληνή".</ref> or '''Mary of Magdala''' and sometimes '''The Magdalene''', is a religious figure in [[Christianity]]. Mary Magdalene traveled with Jesus as one of his followers. She was present at Jesus' two most important moments: the crucifixion and the resurrection.<ref name="BBC">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/history/marymagdalene.shtml "Mary Magdalene, the clichés".] BBC, Religions, 2011-07-20.</ref> Within the four Gospels she is named at least 12 times,<ref name="Lyons">{{cite web|url=http://www.apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=10&article=1803 |title=Lyons, Eric. "The Real Mary Magdalene". Apologetics Press |publisher=Apologeticspress.org |date= |accessdate=2013-05-07}}</ref> more than most of the apostles. Carol Ann Morrow views the Gospel references as describing her as courageous, and brave enough to stand by Jesus in his hours of suffering, death and beyond.<ref name="Morrow">Morrow, Carol Ann. "St. Mary Magdalene: Redeeming Her Gospel Reputation". Liguori Publications [http://www.liguori.org/st-mary-magdalene-redeeming-her-gospel-reputation.html]</ref><br />
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The [[Gospel of Luke]] says seven demons had gone out of her,{{bibleref2c|Lk.|8:2}} and the [[longer ending of Mark]] says Jesus had cast seven demons out of her.{{bibleref2c|Mk.|16:9}} The "seven demons" may refer to a complex illness, as opposed to any form of sinfulness.<ref name="EB2">{{cite web |title=Saint Mary Magdalene |year=2011 |publisher= In Encyclopædia Britannica |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367559/Saint-Mary-Magdalene}}</ref> She is most prominent in the narrative of the [[crucifixion of Jesus]], at which she was present. She was also present two days later, immediately following the sabbath,<ref name="BBC"/> when, according to all four canonical Gospels,{{Bibleref2c|Matthew|28:1–8}} {{Bibleref2c|Mark|16:9–10}} {{Bibleref2c|Luke|24:10}} {{Bibleref2c|John|20:18}} she was either alone or as a member of a group of women the first to testify to the [[resurrection of Jesus]].<ref>Thompson, Mary R. ''Mary of Magdala, Apostle and Leader.'' New York: Paulist Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8091-3573-6</ref> {{Bibleref2|John|20}} and {{bibleref2|Mark|16:9}} specifically name her as the first person to see Jesus after his resurrection.<br />
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Mary Magdalene was there at the "beginning of a movement that was going to transform the West".<ref name="BBC"/> She was the "Apostle to the Apostles", an honorific that fourth-century orthodox theologian [[Augustine]] gave her<ref name="Doyle">Doyle, Ken. "Apostle to the apostles: The story of Mary Magdalene". ''Catholictimes'', 11 September 2011 [http://ct.dio.org/comment-and-dialogue/question-corner/apostle-to-the-apostles-the-story-of-mary-magdalene.html] Accessed 13 March 2013</ref> and that others earlier had possibly conferred on her.<br />
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Ideas that go beyond the gospel presentation of Mary Magdalene as a prominent representative of the women who followed Jesus have been put forward over the centuries. Some have considered her as fulfilling a role similar to that of [[Simon Peter]] among the male disciples. Others have suggested that she had been a [[prostitute|harlot]], or that she was the [[favourite|secret lover]] or wife of Jesus and the mother of [[Jesus bloodline|their child]].<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Lyons"/><ref name="Doyle"/><br />
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Mary Magdalene is considered to be a [[saint]] by the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] and [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches — with a [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] of July 22. Other [[Protestant]] churches honor her as a heroine of the faith. The Eastern Orthodox churches also commemorate her on the Sunday of the [[Myrrhbearers]], the Orthodox equivalent of one of the Western [[Three Marys]] traditions.<br />
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==Identity: Marys in the New Testament==<br />
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[[File:Gross St Martin - Grablegungsgruppe - Maria Magdalena.jpg|thumb|left|Mary in fine clothes, from a German group of the ''[[Entombment of Christ]]'']]<br />
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[[Mary (given name)|Mary]] was a very common name in New Testament times, held by a number of women in the [[canonical Gospels]]. The reception history of Mary Magdalene has been greatly affected by different interpretations that biblical references actually refer to her. Beyond those where she is identified by the [[toponym]] "Magdalene". Historically, the Greek Orthodox church Fathers, as a whole, distinguished among what they believed were three Marys:<ref>Catholic Encyclopedia Online [http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=7679 St Mary Magdalene]. Accessed 12 Jan 2013</ref><br />
* [[Mary, mother of Jesus|The Virgin Mary, mother of Christ]] <br />
* [[Mary of Bethany]], the sister of Martha and Lazarus {{Bibleref2|Luke|10:38-42}} and {{Bibleref2|John|11}} {{Bibleref2|John|12}}.<br />
* Mary Magdalene<br />
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In addition, there were [[Mary (mother of James the Less)|Mary, the mother of James]] and [[Mary Salome]].<br />
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In the four Gospels, Mary Magdalene is nearly always distinguished from other women named Mary by adding "the Magdalene" (ἡ Μαγδαληνή) to her name.<ref name="Magdalene"/> This has been interpreted to mean "the woman from [[Magdala]]", a town on the western shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]]. {{Bibleref2|Luke|8:2}} says that she was actually "called Magdalene". In [[Hebrew]] מגדל ''Migdal'' means "tower", "fortress"; in [[Aramaic]], "Magdala" means "tower" or "elevated, great, magnificent".<ref name="Meyer">See Marvin Meyer, with Esther A. de Boer, ''The Gospels of Mary: The Secret Traditions of Mary Magdalene the Companion of Jesus'' (Harper San Francisco) 2004;Esther de Boer provides an overview of the source texts excerpted in an essay "''Should we all turn and listen to her?': Mary Magdalene in the spotlight". pp.74-96.</ref> [[Talmud]]ic passages speak of a Miriam "hamegadela se’ar nasha", "Miriam, the plaiter of women’s hair" ([[Hagigah]] 4b; cf. [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]] 104b), which could be a reference to Mary Magdalene serving as a hairdresser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oztorah.com/2012/12/new-testament-names-some-jewish-notes/ |title=New Testament names - some Jewish notes |publisher=Oztorah.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-07}}</ref><br />
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In the [[Gospel of John]], Mary Magdalene is also referred to simply as "Mary" at least twice.<ref>[[John 20:11]] and [[John 20:16]].</ref> [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] writings use Mary, Mary Magdalene, or Magdalene.<br />
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Mary Magdalene's name is mostly given as Μαρία (Maria), but in Matthew 28:1 as Μαριάμ (Mariam),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/greek/3137.htm |title=Maria or Mariam |publisher=Bible Hub |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28%3A1-10&version=SBLGNT |title=SBL Greek New Testament (SBLGNT) |publisher=Biblegateway.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> both of which are regarded as [[Greek language|Greek]] forms of [[Miriam]], the [[Hebrew]] name for [[Moses]]' sister. The name had become very popular during Jesus' time due to its connections to the ruling [[Hasmonean]] and [[Herodian Dynasty|Herodian]] dynasties.<ref>''Mariam, The Magdalen, and The Mother'', Deirdre Good, editor, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN 47404-3797. Pages 9-10.</ref><br />
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== The "composite Magdalene" of the Middle Ages ==<br />
It is almost universally agreed today that Mary Magdalene has the reputation in [[Western Christianity]] as being a repentant prostitute or loose woman. However, these claims are unfounded. The identity of Mary Magdalene is believed to have been merged with the identity of the unnamed sinner.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Morrow"/><ref name="Doyle"/> [[conflation|conflating]] who [[Anointing of Jesus|anoints Jesus' feet]] in {{Bibleref2|Luke|7:36-50}}.<ref name="Morrow"/> Mary Magdalene, the anointing sinner of Luke, and [[Mary of Bethany]], who in {{Bibleref2|John|11:1-2|NIV}} also anoints Jesus' feet, were long regarded as the same person. Though Mary Magdalene is named in each of the four gospels in the New Testament, none of the clear references to her indicate that she was a prostitute or notable for a sinful way of life,<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Doyle"/> nor link her with Mary of Bethany. Modern scholarship has restored the understanding of Mary of Magdala as an important early Christian leader.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.futurechurch.org/marym/ |title=Schenk, Christine CSJ. "Mary of Magdala—Apostle to the Apostles" |publisher=Futurechurch.org |date= |accessdate=2013-05-07}}</ref><ref>Hufstader, Anselm, "Lefèvre d'Étaples and the Magdalen", p. 32, ''Studies in the Renaissance'', Vol. 16, (1969), pp. 31-60, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2857172 JSTOR]</ref><br />
[[File:Guido Reni - The Penitent Magdalene - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Penitent Magdalene'', [[Guido Reni]], In art, Mary Magdalene is usually shown with long flowing hair, worn down over her shoulders. Her hair is over her shoulders because she possibly used her hair to cover her nakedness in the desert and to dry the feet of Jesus after washing them. <ref>{{cite web |publisher= The Walters Art Museum|url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/40183 |title=The Penitent Magdalene}}</ref> The Walters Art Museum.]]<br />
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The notion of Mary Magdalene being a repentant sinner can be traced at least as far back as [[Ephraim the Syrian]] in the fourth century,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t5VDyVgP2TsC&pg=PA81&dq=Hooper+inference+Ephraim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zkQpU4OBLdCLhQef-oCACA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Hooper%20inference%20Ephraim&f=false |title=Richard J. Hooper, '&#39;The Crucifixion of Mary Magdalene'&#39; (Sanctuary Publications 2008 ISBN 978-0-97469954-7), p. 81 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IimfR3MWc2AC&pg=PA86&dq=%22Ephraim+the+Syrian%22+Magdalene&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IUkpU_aLA8WKhQeSxoCACw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Ephraim%20the%20Syrian%22%20Magdalene&f=false |title=Marcella Althaus-Reid, '&#39;Liberation Theology and Sexuality'&#39; (Hymns Ancient and Modern 2009 ISBN 978-0-33404185-6), p. 86 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> and became the generally accepted view in [[Western Christianity]] because of its acceptance in an influential homily of [[Pope Gregory I]] ("Gregory the Great") in about 591,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t5VDyVgP2TsC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=%22Mary+Magdalene%22+Gregory+sermon&source=bl&ots=PIBTq2ak8_&sig=PzXtlT9OrgXVv-8kVEu9GA6_Lzo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HU_XU_mMDqLC7AaxloCIDA&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Mary%20Magdalene%22%20Gregory%20sermon&f=false |title=Richard J. Hooper, '&#39;The Crucifixion of Mary Magdalene'&#39; (Sanctuary Publications 2008 ISBN 978-0-97469954-7), p. 81 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/magdalene.html#ixzz2PdkNRoyp |title=Who Was Mary Magdalene?|publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-07}}</ref> in which he identified Magdalene not only with the anonymous sinner with the perfume in Luke's gospel, but also with Mary of Bethany, the sister of Martha and Lazarus; this interpretation is often called the "composite Magdalene" in modern scholarship. The seven devils removed from her by Jesus "morphed into the seven capital sins, and Mary Magdalene began to be condemned not only for lust but for pride and covetousness as well."<ref name="Morrow"/><br />
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{{Quotation|She whom Luke calls the sinful woman, whom John calls Mary, we believe to be the Mary from whom seven devils were ejected according to Mark. What did these seven devils signify, if not all the vices? <br />
It is clear, that the woman previously used the unguent to perfume her flesh in forbidden acts. What she therefore displayed more scandalously, she was now offering to God in a more praiseworthy manner. She had coveted with earthly eyes, but now through penitence these are consumed with tears. She displayed her hair to set off her face, but now her hair dries her tears. She had spoken proud things with her mouth, but in kissing the Lord’s feet, she now planted her mouth on the Redeemer’s feet. For every delight, therefore, she had had in herself, she now immolated herself. She turned the mass of her crimes to virtues, in order to serve God entirely in penance.|Pope Gregory the Great (''homily XXXIII'')<ref name="Smithsonian"/>}}<br />
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The aspect of the repentant sinner became almost equally significant as the disciple in her ''persona'' as depicted in Western art and religious literature, fitting well with the great importance of [[penitence]] in medieval theology. In subsequent religious legend, Mary's story became conflated with that of St [[Mary of Egypt]], another repentant prostitute who then lived as a hermit. With that, Mary’s image was, according to Susan Haskins, author of ''Mary Magdalene: Myth and Metaphor,'' “finally settled...for nearly fourteen hundred years,”<ref>Haskins, Susan. ''Mary Magdalene: Myth and Metaphor''. Konecky (1993) ISBN 978-1568524962</ref> although in fact the most important late medieval popular accounts of her life describe her as a rich woman whose life of sexual freedom is purely for pleasure.<ref>Johnston, 64; the accounts are the Life in the ''Golden Legend'', French [[Passion Play]]s, and her main subject, the ''Vie de La Magdaleine'' by François Demoulins de Rochefort, written 1516-17 (see p. 11)</ref><br />
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The "composite Magdalene" was never accepted by the [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches, who saw only Mary the disciple, and believed that after the Resurrection she lived as a companion to the Virgin Mary, and not even in the West was it universally accepted. The [[Benedictine]] Order always celebrated Mary of Bethany together with Martha and Lazarus of Bethany on 29 July, while Mary Magdalene was celebrated on 22 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibenedictines.org/2011/07/29/ss-mary-martha-and-lazarus/ |title=SS Mary, Martha and Lazarus |publisher=Ibenedictines.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> Not only John Chrysostom in the East (''Matthew, Homily 88''), but also Ambrose (''De virginitate'' 3,14; 4,15) in the West, when speaking of Mary Magdalene after the resurrection of Jesus Christ, far from calling her a harlot, suggest she was a virgin. In 1518, on the brink of the [[Protestant Reformation]], the leading French [[Renaissance humanist]] [[Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples]] wrote arguing against the conflation of Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany and the unnamed sinner in Luke. There was a flurry of books and pamphlets, most opposing Lefèvre d'Étaples, but others supporting him. In 1521 his views were formally condemned by the theology faculty of the [[Sorbonne]], and debate died down, overtaken by the larger issues raised by [[Martin Luther]].<ref>Hufstader, 32-40, and throughout the rest of the article</ref> Although Protestant theologians and biblical commentators such as [[John Calvin]] rejected the composite Magdalene,<ref>Haskins, 250</ref> for Luther and Zwingli Mary Magdalene is the composite Magdalene of medieval tradition,<ref name="Henderson 2004, pp. 8-14">Henderson (2004), pp. 8-14</ref> belief in it long survived the Reformation in much Protestant devotional literature, where the emphasis of depictions of Mary Magdalene continued to be on the penitent whose sins had been forgiven because of her love for Jesus.<br />
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From the 12th century Abbot Hugh of Semur (died 1109), Peter Abelard (died 1142), and Geoffrey of Vendome (died 1132) all referred to Mary Magdalene as the sinner who merited the title ''apostolarum apostola'' (Apostle to the Apostles), with the title becoming commonplace during the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>[[Jane Schaberg]], ''The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene: Legends, Apocrypha and The Christian Testament'', page 88 (New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group, Inc., 2002). ISBN 0-8264-1645-4</ref><br />
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The common identification of Mary Magdalene with other New Testament figures was rejected in the [[Mysterii Paschalis|1969 revision]] of the [[General Roman Calendar]], with the comment regarding her [[liturgy|liturgical]] celebration on 22 July: "No change has been made in the title of today's [[memorial (liturgy)|memorial]], but it concerns only Saint Mary Magdalene, to whom Christ appeared after his resurrection. It is not about the sister of Saint Martha, nor about the sinful woman whose sins the Lord forgave ({{bibleverse||Luke|7:36–50}})."<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 131</ref> Elsewhere it said of the Roman liturgy of 22 July that "it will make mention neither of Mary of Bethany nor of the sinful woman of Luke 7:36–50, but only of Mary Magdalene, the first person to whom Christ appeared after his resurrection".<ref>''Calendarium Romanum (1969), p. 98</ref> Mary of Bethany's feast day and that of her brother Lazarus is now on 29 July, the memorial of their sister Martha.<ref>''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001, ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3), p. 398</ref><ref>Filteau, Jerry "Scholars seek to correct Christian tradition on Mary Magdalene," Catholic News Service May 1, 2006. [http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0602498.htm]</ref><br />
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Nevertheless, the reputation still lingers.<ref name="BBC"/> The misidentification of St. Mary Magdalene as a repentant prostitute was followed by many writers and artists into the 1990s. Even today it is promulgated by some secular groups. It is reflected in [[Martin Scorsese]]'s film adaptation of [[Nikos Kazantzakis]]'s novel ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]]'', in [[José Saramago]]'s ''[[The Gospel According to Jesus Christ]]'', [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]'s [[musical theatre|musical]] ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'', [[Mel Gibson]]'s ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'', [[Jean-Claude La Marre]]'s ''[[Color of the Cross]]'' and [[Hal Hartley]]'s ''[[The Book of Life (1998 film)|The Book of Life]]''.<br />
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It was because of this association of St. Mary Magdalene having been a prostitute that she became the patroness of "wayward women", and [[Magdalene asylum]]s became established to help save women from prostitution.<ref>John Trigilio, Jr., Kenneth Brighenti, ''Saints For Dummies'', pages 52-53 (Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2010). ISBN 978-0-470-53358-1</ref><br />
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== New Testament sources==<br />
[[File:Francken-simon-Rennes.jpg|thumb|The Magdalene washing the feet of Jesus, surrounded by [[grisaille]]s of other scenes from the life of the "composite Magdalen", [[Frans Francken the Younger|Frans Francken II]], 1637]] <br />
[[Primary sources]] about Mary Magdalene can be divided into [[Biblical canon|canonical]] texts that are collected into the [[Christian]] [[New Testament]] and [[apocryphal]] texts that were left out from the [[Bible]], being judged as [[heresy|heretical]] during the [[development of the New Testament canon]]. These apocryphal sources are usually dated from the end of the 1st to the early 4th century, all possibly written well after St. Mary's death. (The canonical gospels are often dated from the second half of the 1st century.)<ref>Larry Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. 260.</ref> In addition, the Gregorian figure of the composite Magdalen developed an elaborate literary and artistic tradition in the Middle Ages.<br />
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=== During Jesus' ministry ===<br />
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{{Bibleref2|Luke|8:1-3}}<br />
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The four Gospels included in the New Testament have little to say about Mary Magdalene. With a single exception in the [[Gospel of Luke]], there is no mention of her in the Gospels until the crucifixion.<ref>Bart D. Ehrman, ''Peter, Paul and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus In History and Legend'' (Oxford University Press, 2006). ISBN 0-19-530013-0</ref><br />
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{{quotation|After that, Jesus traveled about from one town and village to another. The Twelve were with him, and also some women who had been cured of evil spirits and diseases: Mary (called Magdalene) from whom seven demons had come out—and many others. These women were helping to support them out of their own means.|{{Bibleref2|Luke|8:1-3}}}}<br />
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{{bibleref2|Luke|8:2}} and {{bibleref2|Mark|16:9}} say Jesus cleansed her of "seven [[demon]]s". Some interpret this as meaning that he healed her from mental or physical illnesses.<ref>Jackson, Wayne. "Demons: Ancient Superstition or Historical Reality?" ''Apologetics Press: Reason & Revelation.'' April 1998 - 18[4]:25-31. Web. 26 March 2010.</ref> The statement in Mark is part of the [[Gospel of Mark#Textual variations|"longer ending"]] of that Gospel, not found in the earliest manuscripts, and which may have been a second-century addition to the original text, possibly based on the Gospel of Luke.<ref name="Metzger">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.</ref><br />
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[[File:Tolentino Basilica di San Nicola Cappellone 14.JPG|thumb|left|Detail of Mary kissing the feet of the crucified Jesus, Italian, early 14th century]]<br />
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=== During the crucifixion ===<br />
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{{main|Women at the crucifixion}}<br />
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: {{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:56}}, {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:40}}, {{Bibleref2|John|19:25}}<br />
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It is at the time of the crucifixion and resurrection that Mary Magdalene comes to the fore in the gospels. Uniquely among the followers of Jesus, she is specified by name (though not consistently by any one gospel) as a witness to three key events: Jesus' [[crucifixion]], his burial, and the discovery that his tomb was empty. {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:40}}, [[Matthew 27:56]] and {{Bibleref2|John|19:25}} mention Mary Magdalene as a witness to crucifixion, along with various other women. Luke does not name any witnesses, but mentions "women who had followed him from [[Galilee]]" standing at a distance.{{Bibleref2c|Lk.|23:49}}<br />
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=== After the crucifixion ===<br />
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: {{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:61}}, {{Bibleref2|Matthew|28:1}}, {{Bibleref2|Mark|16:1}}<br />
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In listing witnesses who saw where Jesus was buried by [[Joseph of Aramathea]], {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:47}} and [[Matthew 27:61]] both name only two people: Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary", who in Mark is "the mother of James". {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:55}} describes the witnesses as "the women who had come with Jesus from Galilee". {{Bibleref2|John|19:39-42}} mentions no other witness to Joseph's burial of Jesus except for [[Nicodemus]]. Mark 16:1 says "...Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices so that they might go to anoint Jesus’ body". The connection with the earlier [[Anointing of Jesus]], and his remarks then, was one of the arguments used in favour of the "composite Magdalen".<br />
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=== After the resurrection ===<br />
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: {{Bibleref2|Matthew|28:1}}, {{Bibleref2|Mark|16:9}}, {{Bibleref2|Luke|24}}, {{Bibleref2|John|20:1}}<br />
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In Mark, Matthew, and John, Mary Magdalene is first witness to the [[resurrection]]. [[John 20:1]] names Mary Magdalene in describing who discovered the tomb was empty. {{Bibleref2|Mark|16:9}} says she was accompanied by [[Salome (disciple)|Salome]] and Mary the mother of James, while [[Matthew 28:1]] omits Salome. {{Bibleref2|Luke|24:10}} says the group who reported to the disciples the finding of the empty tomb consisted of "Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the others with them". In {{Bibleref2|Luke|24}} the resurrection is announced to the women at the tomb by "two men in clothes that gleamed like lightning" who suddenly appeared next to them.<br />
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The final chapter of [[Mark's Gospel]] contains two narratives relating to Mary Magdalene: firstly<ref>Mark 16:1-8</ref> that along with [[Mary (mother of James the Less)|Mary the mother of James]] and [[Salome (disciple)|Salome]], she was advised by "a young man dressed in a white robe" that Jesus had risen, and given instructions to tell Jesus' disciples — and [[Simon Peter|Peter]] — that he was going before them into Galilee, but through fear they told no one; and secondly, in the [[Mark 16|longer ending]], that Jesus appeared "first" to Mary Magdalene (alone), who then related his appearance to "those who had been with him", but they did not believe her.<ref>Mark 16:9-11</ref> The occurrence of these two different accounts is one of the factors contributing to the theory that Mark 16:9-20 is a later addition to the Gospel.<br />
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[[File:Tizian 050.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Noli me tangere]]'' by [[Titian]], c. 1512.]]<br />
{{Bibleref2|John|20:16}} and {{Bibleref2|Mark|16:9}} both say that Jesus' first post-resurrection appearance was to Mary Magdalene, with no mention of others. In {{Bibleref2|Matthew|28:9}}, Mary Magdalene is with the other women returning from the empty tomb when they all see the first appearance of Jesus.<br />
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The first actual appearance by Jesus that Luke mentions is later that day, when Cleopas and an unnamed disciple walked with a fellow traveler who they later realized was Jesus. The longer ending of Mark describes the same appearance as happening after the private appearance to Mary Magdalene. According to Luke "the apostles", and according to the longer ending of Mark "those who had been with him", did not believe Mary's report of what she saw. Neither Mary Magdalene nor any of the other women are mentioned by name in Paul's catalog of appearances at {{Bibleref2|1Cor|15 || 1&nbsp;Cor&nbsp;15:5–8}}, which he begins with "he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve".<br />
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The Gospel of John{{Bibleref2c-nb|John|11:1-45}} {{Bibleref2c-nb|John|12:1-8}} and the Gospel of Luke{{Bibleref2c-nb|Luke|10:38-42}} also mention "[[Mary of Bethany]]", the sister of [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] and [[Martha of Bethany|Martha]]. Mary and Martha are among the most familiar sets of sisters in the Bible. Both Luke and John describe them as friends of Jesus. Luke's story, though only four verses long, has been a complex source of inspiration, interpretation, and debate for centuries. John's account, which says the sisters had a brother named Lazarus, spans seventy verses.<ref>"Mary & Martha: Friends of Jesus".</ref><br />
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Among the women who are specifically named in the canonical gospels, Mary Magdalene's name is one of the most frequently found, appearing 12 times, always, except for {{bibleverse||Luke|8:2|ESV}}, in connection with the death and resurrection of Jesus. In {{bibleref2|Matthew|27:56}}, the author names three women in sequence: "Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children". In the Gospel of Mark, the author lists a group of women three times, and each time Mary Magdalene’s name appears first. In the Gospel of Luke, the author enumerates the women who reported the tomb visit: "It was Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the other women with them." In the Gospel of John, on the other hand, Mary Magdalene is placed after [[Mary of Clopas]].<ref>{{bibleverse||John|19:25|ESV}}</ref><br />
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According to Carla Ricci,<ref name="Ricci">Ricci, Carla and Paul Burns. ''Mary Magdalene and Many Others''. Augsburg Fortress, 1994. ISBN 0-8006-2718-0</ref> "The place she [Mary Magdalene] occupied in the list cannot be considered fortuitous", because over and over Mary Magdalene's name is placed at the head of specifically named women, indicating her importance among the followers of Jesus. Ricci sees the significance of this as strengthened by a comparison with the lists of the twelve apostles, in which Peter occupies the first position, an indication of his importance.<ref name="Ricci"/><br />
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After giving her report that Jesus was risen, Mary Magdalene disappears from the New Testament. While she may have been among the women mentioned in {{bibleref|Acts|1:14}}), her name appears nowhere in the [[Acts of the Apostles]]. Nor is she mentioned in the [[Pauline epistles|epistles]] of [[Paul the Apostle]] or the [[General Epistles|other epistles]].<br />
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==Development of the composite Magdalene==<br />
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=== In art ===<br />
[[File:The-Cucifixion-157 Мастер Читта ди Кастелло. Манчестер..jpg|thumb|Mary, in red, gestures at the cross, as the [[Swoon of the Virgin|Virgin Mary swoons]] and John looks after her, Italian, c. 1320]]<br />
The early notion of Mary Magdalene as a sinner and adulteress was reflected in Western medieval Christian art, where she was the most commonly depicted female figure after the [[Virgin Mary]]. She may be shown either as very extravagantly and fashionably dressed, unlike other female figures wearing contemporary styles of clothes, or alternatively as completely naked but covered by very long blonde or reddish-blonde hair. The latter depictions represent the ''Penitent Magdalen'', who according to medieval legend (details in next section) had spent a period of repentance as a desert hermit after leaving her life as a follower of Jesus. Her story became conflated in the West with that of [[Saint Mary of Egypt]], a 4th-century prostitute turned hermit, whose clothes wore out and fell off in the desert.<ref name="Witcombe">Witcombe, 279</ref> In medieval depictions Mary's long hair entirely covers her body and preserves her modesty (supplemented in some German versions such as one by [[Tilman Riemenschneider]] by [[Feather tights#Mary Magdalene's hair suit|thick body hair]]), but from the 16th century some depictions, like those by [[Titian]], show part of her naked body, the amount of nudity tending to increase in successive periods. Even if covered, she often wears only a drape pulled around her, or an undergarment. In particular, Mary is often shown naked in the legendary scene of her "Elevation", where she is sustained in the desert by angels who raise her up and feed her heavenly manna, as recounted in the ''[[Golden Legend]]'' (quoted below).<ref>Witcombe, 282</ref><br />
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Mary Magdalene at the foot of the cross during the Crucifixion appears in an 11th-century English manuscript "as an expressional device rather than a historical motif", intended as "the expression of an emotional assimilation of the event, that leads the spectator to identify himself with the mourners".<ref>Schiller, II, 116</ref> Other isolated depictions occur, but from the 13th century additions to the Virgin Mary and [[John the Apostle|John]] as the spectators at the Crucifixion become more common, with Mary Magdalene as the most frequently found, either kneeling at the foot of the cross clutching the shaft, sometimes kissing Christ's feet, or standing, usually at the left and behind Mary and John, with her arms stretched upwards towards Christ in a gesture of grief, as in a damaged painting by [[Cimabue]] in the [[Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi|upper church at Assisi]] of c.1290. A kneeling Magdalene by [[Giotto]] in the [[Scrovegni Chapel]] (c. 1305) was especially influential.<ref>Schiller, II, 152-154</ref> As Gothic painted crucifixions became crowded compositions the Magdalene became a prominent figure, with a halo and identifiable by her long unbound blonde hair, and usually a bright red dress. As the [[swooning Virgin Mary]] became more common, generally occupying the attention of John, the unrestrained gestures of Magdalene increasingly represented the main display of the grief of the spectators.<ref>Schiller, II, 154-158</ref> <br />
[[File:Carlo Crivelli - Maria Magdalena 001.JPG|thumb|"Mary Magdalene" (1480), altarpiece in [[International Gothic]] style by [[Carlo Crivelli]] ]]<br />
Mary Magdalene is usually shown with long flowing hair, which she wears down over her shoulders, and may use either to cover her nakedness in the desert, or to dry Jesus's feet after washing them. The other women of the New Testament in these same depictions ordinarily have dark hair beneath a scarf, following contemporary standards of propriety by hiding their hair beneath headdresses or kerchiefs. Long hair was only worn loose in public by either prostitutes or (by the end of the Middle Ages) noblewomen; working and middle-class women were normally expected to keep their hair covered or at least bound up, with exceptions for festive occasions, in particular brides on their wedding day.<br />
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According to Robert Kiely, "No figure in the Christian Pantheon except Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and John the Baptist has inspired, provoked, or confounded the imagination of painters more than the Magdalene".<ref>Robert Kiely, "Picturing the Magdalene: how artists imagine the apostle to the apostles". [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_15_137/ai_n57042173/]</ref> Apart from the Crucifixion, Mary was often shown in scenes of the [[Passion of Jesus]], when mentioned in the Gospels, such as the Crucifixion, [[Christ Carrying the Cross]] and [[Noli me Tangere]], but usually omitted in other scenes showing the [[Twelve Apostles]], such as the [[Last Supper]]. As Mary of Bethany, she is shown as present at the [[Resurrection of Lazarus]], her brother, and in the [[Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary|scene with Jesus]] and her sister [[Martha]], which began to be depicted often in the 17th century, as in ''[[Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (Velázquez)|Christ in the House of Martha and Mary]]'' by [[Velázquez]].<ref>Schiller, Gertud, ''Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I'', pp. 158-159, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 0853312702</ref><br />
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=== Medieval legends ===<br />
[[File:Torun SS Johns Mary Magdalene.jpg|thumb|[[International Gothic]] ''Elevation of Mary Magdalene'' with angels raising her in [[Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, Toruń|SS. Johns' Cathedral]] in [[Toruń]]]]<br />
[[File:Piero di Cosimo 027.jpg|thumb|''Mary Magdalene reading'' by [[Piero di Cosimo]]]]<br />
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Between the time of [[Pope Gregory I]] (590-604 AD), until [[Jacobus de Voragine]]'s Golden Legend and [[Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples]] (Concerning Mary Magdalene) in 1519 AD, various versions of the Legend of Mary Magdalene circulated in the south of [[France]] and [[Germany]]. [[Odo of Cluny]] wrote a version in the 900s AD that described Mary's family as [[nobility]],<ref name="Th.D.1998">{{cite book|author=Ingrid Maisch, Th.D.|title=Mary Magdalene: The Image of a Woman Through the Centuries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Co8R1h7Te-cC&pg=PA49|accessdate=15 November 2012|year=1998|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-2471-5|pages=49–}}</ref> and in the ''Golden Legend'' they are magnates of royal descent, lords of [[Bethany]] and owning much property in Jerusalem. Her sinning is entirely non-commercial:<blockquote>...Magdalene abounded in riches, and because delight is fellow to riches and abundance of things; and for so much as she shone in beauty greatly, and in riches, so much the more she submitted her body to delight, and therefore she lost her right name, and was called customably a sinner.<ref>''Golden Legend'': "Mary Magdalene had her surname of Magdalo, a castle, and was born of right noble lineage and parents, which were descended of the lineage of kings. And her father was named Cyrus, and her mother Eucharis. She with her brother Lazarus, and her sister Martha, possessed the castle of Magdalo, which is two miles from Nazareth, and Bethany, the castle which is nigh to Jerusalem, and also a great part of Jerusalem, which, all these things they departed among them. In such wise that Mary had the castle Magdalo, whereof she had her name Magdalene. And Lazarus had the part of the city of Jerusalem, and Martha had to her part Bethany. And when Mary gave herself to all delights of the body, and Lazarus entended all to knighthood, Martha, which was wise, governed nobly her brother's part and also her sister's, and also her own, and administered to knights, and her servants, and to poor men, such necessities as they needed. Nevertheless, after the ascension of our Lord, they sold all these things, and brought the value thereof, and laid it at the feet of the apostles. Then when Magdalene abounded in riches, and because delight is fellow to riches and abundance of things; and for so much as she shone in beauty greatly, and in riches, so much the more she submitted her body to delight, and therefore she lost her right name, and was called customably a sinner."</ref></blockquote><br />
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[[File:George Romney - Lady Hamilton as The Magdalene.jpg|thumb|''The Magdalene'' by [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]] ]]<br />
Most of the later legends speak of a Mary who after the [[Ascension of Jesus]] lived as a hermit in a cave for thirty years, communicating with [[angel]]s.<ref name="Head2001">{{cite book|author=Thomas F. Head|title=Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kDD_0GztLYkC&pg=PA659|accessdate=16 November 2012|year=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|isbn=978-0-415-93753-5|pages=659–}}</ref> Single "portrait" figures of the Magdalene typically depicted her as the "Penitent Magdalene" in this period of her life (see above). In the words of [[William Caxton]]'s English translation of the ''Golden Legend'': <br />
<blockquote>...the blessed Mary Magdalene, desirous of sovereign contemplation, sought a right sharp desert, and took a place which was ordained by the angel of God, and abode there by the space of thirty years without knowledge of anybody. In which place she had no comfort of running water, ne solace of trees, ne of herbs. And that was because our Redeemer did do show it openly, that he had ordained for her refection celestial, and no bodily meats. And every day at every hour canonical she was lifted up in the air of angels, and heard the glorious song of the heavenly companies with her bodily ears. Of which she was fed and filled with right sweet meats, and then was brought again by the angels unto her proper place, in such wise as she had no need of corporal nourishing.<ref name="GoldenLegend">''Golden Legend''</ref></blockquote><br />
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The elaborately detailed (and conflicting) legends that brought Mary to Western Europe after Jesus's life on earth were very widely accepted in the Western church,<ref name="Witcombe" /> though not at all by Eastern Orthodoxy, which had her retiring with the Virgin Mary, and dying in [[Ephesus]]. In the ''Golden Legend'' the "right sharp desert" where Mary retires to repent is located near [[Aix-en-Provence]] in the South of France.<ref name="GoldenLegend" /> These legends are covered in the section below on the Roman Catholic tradition.<br />
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== New Testament Apocrypha and Gnostic texts ==<br />
{{Main|New Testament Apocrypha}}<br />
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In apocryphal texts, she is portrayed as a visionary and leader of the early movement whom Jesus loved more than he loved the other disciples.<ref name="KingFrontline">King, Karen L. "Women In Ancient Christianity: The New Discoveries". ''Frontline'': The First Christians. Web: 2 November 2009.</ref> Several [[Gnostic]] gospels, such as the [[Gospel of Mary]], written in the early 2nd century, see Mary as the special disciple of Jesus who has a deeper understanding of his teachings and is asked to impart this to the other disciples.<br />
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Several [[Gnostic]] writings, usually dated to 2nd and 3rd centuries, paint a drastically different picture of Mary Magdalene from that of the [[Canonical gospel|canonical]] Gospels. In Gnostic writings Mary Magdalene is seen as one of the most important of Jesus' disciples, whom he loved more than the others. The Gnostic Gospel of Philip names Mary Magdalene as Jesus' companion. Gnostic writings describe tensions and jealousy between Mary Magdalene and other disciples, especially [[Saint Peter|Peter]].<br />
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=== Gospel of Mary ===<br />
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{{Main|Gospel of Mary}}<br />
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In her introduction in ''The Complete Gospels,'' Karen King names the manuscripts available for the Gospel of Mary. She writes that only three fragmentary manuscripts are known to have survived into the modern period, two 3rd-century fragments (P. Rylands 463 and P. Oxyrhynchus 3525) published in 1938 and 1983, and a longer 5th-century Coptic translation (Berolinensis Gnosticus 8052,1) published in 1955.<ref name="GOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelmary.html |title=Gospel of Mary |publisher=Earlychristianwritings.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-07}}</ref><br />
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First discovered in 1896, the [[Gospel of Mary]] exalts Mary Magdalene over the male disciples of Jesus. The Gospel of Mary provides important information about the role of women in the early church,<ref name="GOM"/> although it is missing six pages from the beginning, and four from the middle.<ref name="de_boer">De Boer, Esther A., The Gospel of Mary Listening to the Beloved Disciple. London: Continuum, 2006 (2005).</ref> It is usually dated to about the same period as that of the Gospel of Philip.<br />
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The identity of "Mary" appearing as the main character in this Gospel is sometimes disputed, but she is generally believed to be Mary Magdalene. ''The Gospel of Mary'' presents her as one of the disciples, says she has seen a private vision from the resurrected Jesus<ref>Compare with {{Bibleref2|John|20:14-18}}.</ref> and describes it to other disciples:<br />
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<blockquote>Peter said to Mary, "Sister we know that the Savior loved you more than the rest of woman. Tell us the words of the Savior which you remember which you know, but we do not, nor have we heard them". Mary answered and said, "What is hidden from you I will proclaim to you". And she began to speak to them these words: "I", she said, "I saw the Lord in a vision and I said to Him, Lord I saw you today in a vision".<ref name="de_boer"/></blockquote><br />
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Almost all of Mary's vision is within the lost pages.<br />
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<blockquote>When Mary had said these things, she fell silent, since it was up to this point that the Savior had spoken to her.<ref>I. Miller, Robert J. (Robert Joseph). ''The Complete Gospels: Annotated Scholars Version''. Polebridge Press, 1992, p. 365.</ref></blockquote><br />
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Mary is then confronted by [[Saint Andrew|Andrew]] and Peter, who do not take for granted what she says, because she is a woman:<br />
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<blockquote>"Did he then speak secretly with a woman, in preference to us, and not openly? Are we to turn back and all listen to her? Did he prefer her to us?" Then Mary grieved and said to Peter, "My brother Peter, what do you think? Do you think that I thought this up myself in my heart or that I am lying concerning the Savior?"<ref name="de_boer"/></blockquote><br />
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Mary is defended by [[Saint Matthew|Levi]]:<br />
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<blockquote>"But if the Savior made her worthy, who are you to reject her? Surely the Savior knew her very well. For this reason he loved her more than us".<ref name="de_boer"/></blockquote><br />
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The repeated reference in the Gnostic texts of Mary as being loved by Jesus more than the others has been seen as supporting the theory that the [[Disciple whom Jesus loved|Beloved Disciple]] in the canonical [[Gospel of John]] was originally Mary Magdalene, before being later redacted in the Gospel.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}<br />
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=== Gospel of Philip ===<br />
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[[File:Régnier Penitent Mary Magdalene.jpg|thumb|''Penitent Mary Magdalene'' by [[Nicolas Régnier]], [[Łazienki Palace|Palace on the Water]], [[Warsaw]].]]<br />
{{Main|Gospel of Philip}}<br />
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[[Gospel of Philip]], dating from the 2nd or 3rd century, survives in part among the texts found in [[Nag Hammadi]] in 1945.<ref name="grant">The Old and New Testament and Gnostic contexts and the text are discussed by Robert M. Grant, "The Mystery of Marriage in the Gospel of Philip". Vigiliae Christianae 15.3 (September 1961:129-140).</ref> In a manner very similar to {{Bibleref2|John|19:25-26}}, the Gospel of Philip presents Mary Magdalene among Jesus' female entourage, adding that she was his ''koinônos,'' a Greek word variously translated in contemporary versions as partner, associate, comrade, companion.<ref>Thayer and Smith. "Greek Lexicon entry for Koinonos". ''The New Testament Greek Lexicon".'' [http://www.searchgodsword.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=2844 searchgodsword.org]</ref><br />
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<blockquote>There were three who always walked with the Lord: Mary, his mother, and [[Mary of Clopas|her sister]], and Magdalene, who was called his companion. His sister,<ref>This confusing reference is already in the original manuscript. It is not clear, if the text refers to Jesus' or his mother's sister, or whether the intention is to say something else.</ref> his mother and his companion were each a Mary.<ref name="grant"/></blockquote><br />
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Others' irritation from the love and affection presented by Jesus to Mary Magdalene is claimed in the apocryphal Gospel of Philip. The text is badly fragmented, and speculated but unreliable additions are shown in brackets:<br />
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<blockquote>And the companion of the saviour was Mary Magdalene. Christ loved Mary more than all the disciples, and used to kiss her often. The rest of the disciples were offended by it and expressed disapproval. They said to him, "Why do you love her more than all of us?" The Saviour answered and said to them, "Why do I not love you like her?"<ref name="grant"/></blockquote><br />
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=== Gospel of Thomas ===<br />
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{{Main|Gospel of Thomas}}<br />
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[[Gospel of Thomas]], usually dated to the late 1st or early 2nd century, was also among the finds in the Nag Hammadi library in 1945.<ref name="meyer_2004">Meyer, Marvin (2004). The Gospel of Thomas: The Hidden Sayings of Jesus. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-065581-5.</ref> It has two short references to a "Mary", generally regarded as Mary Magdalene. The latter of the two describes the sentiment towards female members of the early Gnostics:<br />
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<blockquote>Simon Peter said to them: Let Mary go forth from among us, for women are not worthy of the life. Jesus said: Behold, I shall lead her, that I may make her male, in order that she also may become a living spirit like you males. For every woman who makes herself male shall enter into the kingdom of heaven.<ref name="meyer_2004"/></blockquote><br />
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When the Gospel of Thomas was written, people commonly assumed that men were superior to women<ref name="Ehrman 2006">Ehrman, Bart. Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford University Press, USA. 2006. ISBN 0-19-530013-0</ref>.<br />
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The manuscript gives 114 "secret teachings" of Jesus. Mary is mentioned briefly in saying 21. Here, Mary asks Jesus, "Whom are your disciples like?" Jesus responds, "They are like children who have settled in a field which is not theirs. When the owners of the field come, they will say, 'Let us have back our field.' They (will) undress in their presence in order to let them have back their field and to give it back to them". Following this, Jesus continues his explanation with a parable about the owner of a house and a thief, ending with the common rhetoric, "Whoever has ears to hear let him hear".<br />
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=== Pistis Sophia ===<br />
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{{Main|Pistis Sophia}}<br />
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[[Pistis Sophia]], possibly dating as early as the 2nd century, is the best surviving of the Gnostic writings.<ref name="hurtak">Hurtak, J.J.; Desiree Hurtak (1999). Pistis Sophia: A Coptic Text of Gnosis with Commentary. Los Gatos, CA: Academy for Future Science.</ref> ''Pistis Sophia'' presents a long dialog with Jesus in the form of his answers to questions from his disciples. Of the 64 questions, 39 are presented by a woman who is referred to as Mary or Mary Magdalene. Jesus says of Mary:<br />
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<blockquote>"Mary, thou blessed one, whom I will perfect in all mysteries of those of the height, discourse in openness, thou, whose heart is raised to the kingdom of heaven more than all thy brethren".<ref name="hurtak"/></blockquote><br />
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There is also a short reference to a person named "[[Martha]]" among the disciples, possibly the same person who is named as the sister of [[Mary of Bethany]].<br />
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=== In historical fiction ===<br />
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[[Edgar Saltus]]'s historical fiction novel ''Mary Magdalene: A Chronicle'' (1891) depicts her as a heroine living in a castle at Magdala, who moves to Rome becoming the "toast of the tetrarchy", telling [[John the Baptist]] she will "drink pearls... sup on peacock's tongues".<ref>Robert Kiefer Webb, Richard J. Helmstadter (editors), ''Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: Essays in Honor of R.K. Webb'', page 119 (London: Routledge, 1991). ISBN 0-415-07625-0</ref><ref>Edgar Saltus, ''Mary Magdalene: A Chronicle'' (New York, Belford company, 1891). Available from Open Library [http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6738080M/Mary_Magdalen].</ref><br />
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[[Ki Longfellow]]'s novel ''[[The Secret Magdalene]]'' (2005) draws on the [[Gnostic]] gospels and other sources to portray Mary as a brilliant and dynamic woman who studies at the fabled [[library at Alexandria]], and shares her knowledge with Jesus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesecretmagdalene.com/index.html |title=The Secret Magdalene |publisher=The Secret Magdalene |date= |accessdate=2013-05-07}}</ref><br />
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== Religious views ==<br />
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=== Eastern Orthodox tradition ===<br />
[[File:Maria Magdalene icon.jpg|thumb|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[icon]] of Mary Magdalene as a [[Myrrhbearers|Myrrhbearer]]]]<br />
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The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] maintains that Mary Magdalene, distinguished from [[Mary of Bethany]] and the "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus in Luke,{{Bibleref2c|Lk|7:36–50|KJV}} had been a virtuous woman all her life, even before her conversion. They have never celebrated her as a penitent. This view finds expression both in her written ''life'' (βίος or vita) and in the liturgical service in her honor that is included in the [[Menaion]] and performed on her annual feast-day. There is a tradition that Mary Magdalene led so chaste a life that the devil thought she might be the one who was to bear Christ into the world, and for that reason he sent the seven demons to trouble her.<br />
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Mary Magdalene is honored as one of the first witnesses of the [[Resurrection of Jesus]], and received a special commission from him to tell the Apostles of his resurrection.{{Bibleref2c|Jn|20:11–18}} She is often depicted on [[icon]]s bearing a vessel of ointment, not because of the anointing by the "sinful woman", but because she was among those women who brought ointments to the [[Holy Sepulchre|tomb of Jesus]]. For this reason, she is called a [[Myrrhbearers|Myrrhbearer]].<br />
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According to Eastern traditions, she retired to [[Ephesus]] with the [[Theotokos]] (Mary, the [[Mother of God]]) and there she died. Her [[relic]]s were transferred to [[Constantinople]] in 886 and are preserved there.<br />
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=== Roman Catholic traditions ===<br />
[[File:Georges de La Tour - Magdalen of Night Light - WGA12337.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Magdalen with the Smoking Flame]]'', by [[Georges de La Tour]] (c.1640)]]<br />
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==== Connection with Gaul ====<br />
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[[Gregory of Tours]], writing in [[Tours]] in the 6th century,<ref>Gregory of Tours, ''De miraculis'', I, xxx.</ref> supported the tradition of the [[eastern Church]] that she retired to [[Ephesus]], with no mention of any connection to [[Gaul]]. But for most of the Middle Ages, the Western church believed that, after her period as a disciple of Jesus, Mary Magdalene had travelled to the south of France and died there.<br />
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How a cult of St. Mary Magdalene first arose in [[Provence]] has been summed up by Victor Saxer<ref>Saxer, ''La culte de St. Marie Magdalene en occident'' (1959).</ref> in the collection of essays in ''La Magdaleine, VIIIe – XIIIe siècle''<ref>Ecole française de Rome, (1992).</ref> and by Katherine Ludwig Jansen, drawing on popular devotions, sermon literature and iconology.<ref name="Jansen 2000">Jansen 2000.</ref> In Provence, Mary is said to have spent her last years alone in the wilderness, fasting and engaging in acts of penitential self-discipline, behavior that was rewarded with experiences of ecstatic union with the divine. Depictions of the ''Penitent Magdalen'' became enormously popular in preaching and art (see above).<ref>See Franco Mormando, "Virtual Death in the Middle Ages: The Apotheosis of Mary Magdalene in Popular Preaching", in ''Death and Dying in the Middle Ages'', ed. Edelgard DuBruck and Barbara I. Gusick, New York, Peter Lang, 1999, pp. 257-74.</ref><br />
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The French tradition of Saint [[Lazarus of Bethany]] is that Mary, her brother Lazarus, and [[Maximin of Trier|Maximinus]], one of the [[Seventy Disciples]] and some companions, expelled by persecutions from the [[Holy Land]], traversed the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] in a frail boat with neither rudder nor mast and landed at the place called ''[[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]]'' near [[Arles]]. Mary Magdalene came to Marseille and converted the whole of Provence. Magdalene is said to have retired to a cave on a hill by Marseille, La [[Sainte-Baume]] ("holy cave" ''baumo'' in Provençal), where she gave herself up to a life of penance for thirty years. When the time of her death arrived she was carried by angels to Aix and into the oratory of Maximinus, where she received the [[viaticum]]; her body was then laid in an oratory constructed by St. Maximinus at Villa Lata, afterwards called St. Maximin.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}<br />
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St. Mary Magdalene's relics were first venerated at the [[Abbey of la Madaleine, Vézelay]] in [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] from about 1050.<ref>See Johnston, 111-115 on the rise and fall of Vézelay as a cult centre</ref> Jacobus de Voragine gives the common account of the transfer of the relics of Mary Magdalene from her sepulchre in the [[Oratory (worship)|oratory]] of Saint Maximin at [[Aix-en-Provence]] to the newly founded [[Vézelay]];<ref>"the Abbey of Vesoul" in [[William Caxton]]'s translation.</ref> the transportation of the relics is entered as undertaken in 771 by the founder of the abbey, identified as Gerard, [[Duke of Burgundy]].<ref name="GoldenLegend" /> The earliest mention of this episode is the notice of the chronicler [[Sigebert of Gembloux]] (died 1112), who asserts that the relics were removed to Vézelay through fear of the [[Saracens]].<br />
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On December 9, 1279, an excavation ordered by [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II, King of Naples]] at [[Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume]], [[Provence]], led to the discovery of another purported burial of Mary Magdalene.<ref name="McCarthy2010p50">{{cite book|author=Rebecca Lea McCarthy|title=Origins of the Magdalene Laundries: An Analytical History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GIRJkAbmaiEC&pg=PA50|date=18 January 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5580-5|page=50}}</ref> The shrine was found intact, with an explanatory inscription stating why the relics had been hidden.<ref name="Haskins2011">{{cite book|author=Susan Haskins|title=Mary Magdalen: Truth and Myth|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nX5cz9psqtsC&pg=PA129|date=30 September 2011|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4464-9942-9|pages=129–132}}</ref> Charles II commissioned the building of a new [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[basilica]] on the site and, in return for providing accommodation for [[pilgrim]]s, the town's residents were exempt from taxes.<ref name="DavidsonGitlitz2002">{{cite book|author1=Linda Kay Davidson|author2=David Martin Gitlitz|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA562|date=1 January 2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|page=562}}</ref> Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume gradually displaced [[Vézelay]] in popularity and acceptance.<ref name="Haskins2011"/><br />
<br />
The competition between the [[Cluny Abbey|Cluniac]] [[Benedictine order|Benedictines]] of Vézelay and the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] of Saint-Maxime occasioned a rash of miraculous literature supporting the one or the other site. Jacobus de Voragine, compiling his ''Golden Legend'' before the competition arose, characterized Mary Magdalene as the [[emblem]] of penitence, washing the feet of Jesus with her copious tears following the "composite" figure, protectress of pilgrims to Jerusalem, daily lifting by angels at the meal hour in her fasting retreat and many other miraculous happenings in the [[Romance (heroic literature)|genre of Romance]], ending with her death in the oratory of Saint Maximin, all disingenuously claimed to have been drawn from the histories of [[Hegesippus (chronicler)|Hegesippus]] and of [[Josephus]].<br />
<br />
According to another legend, on the way they were shipwrecked on the island of [[Malta]], where [[Dingli]], Rabat, [[Madliena]] (Maltese for Magdalene), and [[Valletta]] all have chapels or other dedications. Madliena in [[Gozo]] also had a chapel dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, but this was demolished.<br />
<br />
[[File:Erhart-madalena.jpg|thumb|Mary Magdalene attributed to [[Gregor Erhart]] (d. 1525)]]<br />
<br />
==== Penitent ====<br />
<br />
During the Counter Reformation and Baroque periods (late 16th and 17th centuries), the cult of Mary Magdalene saw a great, new popularity as the Catholic Church publicized her as an attractive, persuasive model of repentance and reform, in keeping with the goals of the reform Council of Trent (1545–63). Numerous works of art and theater featuring the tearful penitent Magdalene appeared in the 17th century.<ref>See Franco Mormando, "Teaching the Faithful to Fly: Mary Magdalene and Peter in Baroque Italy" in ''Saints and Sinners: Caravaggio and the Baroque Image'', Chestnut Hill, MA, McMullen Museum of Art, 1999, pp. 107-135.</ref> As part of this new attention to the cult of the Magdalene, in 1600, her relics were placed in a sarcophagus commissioned by [[Pope Clement VIII]], the head being placed in a separate [[reliquary]]. The relics and free-standing images were scattered and destroyed at the [[French Revolution|Revolution]]. In 1814, the church of La Sainte-Baume, also wrecked during the Revolution, was restored. In 1822, the grotto was consecrated afresh. The head of the saint now lies there and has been the centre of many pilgrimages.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}<br />
<br />
In that period, the description "penitent" was added to the indication of her name on her feast day, 22 July. It had not yet been <br />
added at the time of the [[Tridentine Calendar]] of 1569 and is no longer found in the present [[General Roman Calendar]] but, once added, it remained until the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960]]. Mary Magdalene thus became a symbol of repentance from the vanities of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magdalineage.com/so.html |title=Deborah Rose, "So, Really ... Who was She?" |publisher=Magdalineage.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> The [[Gospel (liturgy)|Gospel reading]] in the [[Tridentine Mass]] was {{Bibleref2|Luke 7:36–50}} (the sinful woman anointing the feet of Jesus), while in the present version of the [[Roman Rite]] of [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] it is {{Bibleref2|John 20:1-2, 11-8}} (meeting of Mary Magdalene with Jesus after his resurrection).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecompassnews.org/compass/2007-07-20/foundations.shtml |title=Patricia Kasten, "A great saint with a big case of mistaken identity" |publisher=Thecompassnews.org |date=2007-07-20 |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwrn.org/articles/3488/?&section=general |title=John Rivera, "Restoring Mary Magdalene" in "Worldwide Religious News", '&#39;The Baltimore Sun'&#39;, April 18, 2003 |publisher=Wwrn.org |date=2003-04-18 |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><ref name="McLaughlin">Mclaughlin, Lisa and David Van Biema. "Mary Magdalene Saint or Sinner?" [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005391,00.html timeonline.com], August 11, 2003. Accessed 7 June 2009</ref> St. Mary Magdalene was the patron of [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], and [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]] (both colleges pronounce her name as "maudlin"). In contrast, her name was also used for the [[Magdalen Asylum]]s, institutions for "fallen women".<br />
<br />
==== Apostle to the apostles ====<br />
[[File:The Holy Women at the Sepulchre by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|thumb|''The [[Three Marys]] at the Tomb'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], with Mary Magdalene in red]]<br />
<br />
Mary Magdalene, who according to {{bibleverse||John|20:17–18|ESV}} and {{bibleverse||Mark|16:9-11|ESV}} was commissioned by the risen Jesus to inform the [[disciple (Christianity)|disciples]] of his resurrection, is called "the apostle to the apostles".<br />
<br />
{{bibleverse||Matthew|28:1-8|ESV}} and {{bibleverse||Luke|24:10}} speak of women (in the plural), including Mary Magdalene, carrying out this function. An early Christian commentary on the [[Song of Songs]], perhaps by [[Hippolytus of Rome]] (170–235), has Christ speak of two women, whom it calls Mary and Martha, as apostles to the apostles: "Christ showed himself to the (male) apostles and said to them: ... 'It is I who appeared to these women and I who wanted to send them to you as apostles.'"<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Tlvgp7WggvEC&pg=PA253&dq=Ehrman+%22to+you+as+apostles%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zPG8U4bQGvPb7Abb84DYCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ehrman%20%22to%20you%20as%20apostles%22&f=false |title=Bart Ehrman, '&#39;Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend'&#39; (Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-19974113-7), p. 253 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><ref name=Bock>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=j4MJ7tfUdUUC&pg=PT83&dq=Bock+%22appears+much+later%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pPa8U-SHOczo7AbvwYHoCQ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Bock%20%22appears%20much%20later%22&f=false |title=Darrell L. Bock, '&#39;Breaking The Da Vinci Code'&#39; (Thomas Nelson 2004 ISBN 978-1-41851338-2), pp. 143-144 |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2004-04-21 |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
Use of the actual term "apostle to the apostles" or "apostle of the apostles" is first attested much later than the time of Hippolytus. According to [[Darrell Bock]], it first appears in the 10th century,<ref name=Bock/> but Katherine Ludwig Jansen says she found no reference to it earlier than the 12th, by which time it was already commonplace.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tAxSQ7O4WogC&pg=PA63&dq=%22apostolorum+apostola%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jhu9U7P1Mqfb7Aa-54H4CQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22apostolorum%20apostola%22&f=false |title=Katherine Ludwig Jansen, '&#39;The Making of the Magdalen'&#39; (Princeton University Press 2001 ISBN 978-0-69108987-4), p. 63 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> She mentions in particular [[Hugh of Cluny]] (1024–1109), [[Peter Abelard]] (1079–1142), and [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] (1090–1153) among those who gave Mary Magdalene the title of ''apostolorum apostola'' (apostle of the apostles). Jane Schaberg adds [[Geoffrey of Vendôme]] (c. 1065/70–1132).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tNioAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88&dq=Jane+Schaberg+Geoffrey+Vend%C3%B4me&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5CS9U7byMOmI7AbQqIHQCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jane%20Schaberg%20Geoffrey%20Vend%C3%B4me&f=false |title=Jane Schaberg, '&#39;The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene'&#39; (Bloomsbury 2004 ISBN 978-1-44114175-0), p. 88 |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2004-08-31 |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><br />
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In fact, the equivalent of the phrase ''apostolorum apostola'' appears already in the 9th century. Chapter XXVII of the Life of Mary Magdalene written by [[Rabanus Maurus]] (c. 780 – 4 February 856) is headed: ''Ubi Magdalenam Christus ad apostolos mittit apostolam'' (Wherein Christ sends Magdalene as an apostle to the apostles).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/patrologiaecurs22goog#page/n742/mode/2up |title='&#39;Patrologia Latina'&#39;, vol. 112, col. 1474B |publisher=Archive.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> The same chapter says she did not delay in exercising the office of apostolate with which he had been honoured (''apostolatus officio quo honorata fuerat fungi non distulit'').<ref>PL 112, 1475A</ref> [[Raymond E. Brown]], commenting on this fact, remarks that Rabanus Maurus frequently applies the word "apostle"<ref>In the text of Rabanus Maurus, the word used is ''apostola'', the feminine form of ''apostolus''.</ref> to Mary Magdalene in this work.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oRCdxOJWvcQC&pg=PA190&dq=%22apostle+to+the+apostles%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QSq9U73bK8rF7AbotYGACg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22apostle%20to%20the%20apostles%22&f=false |title=Raymond Edward Brown, '&#39;The Community of the Beloved Disciple'&#39; (Paulist Press 1979 ISBN 978-0-80912174-8), p. 190 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
Because of Mary Magdalene's position as an apostle, though not one of those who became official witnesses to the resurrection, the [[Catholic Church]] honoured her by reciting the [[Nicene Creed|Creed]] on her feast day, the only woman to be so honoured apart from Mary, the mother of Jesus.<ref>Brown (1979), pp. 189-190</ref><br />
<br />
In his [[Ecclesiastical letter|apostolic letter]] ''[[Mulieris Dignitatem]]'' ("On the dignity and vocation of women", part 67-69) dated 15 August 1988, [[Pope John Paul II]] dealt with the Easter events in relation to the women being present at the tomb after the Resurrection, in a section entitled 'First Witnesses of the Resurrection':<br />
{{quote|The women ''are the first at the tomb''. They are the first to find it empty. They are the first to hear 'He is not here. ''He has risen'', as he said.'{{Bibleref2c|Mt|28:6}} They are the first to embrace his feet.{{Bibleref2c|Mt|28:9||cf. Mt 28:9}} The women are also the first to be called to announce this truth to the Apostles.{{Bibleref2c|Mt|28:1-10}} {{Bibleref2c|Lk|24:8-11}} The Gospel of John (cf. also {{Bibleref2|Mk|16:9}} emphasizes ''the special role of Mary Magdalene''. She is the first to meet the Risen Christ. [...] Hence she came to be called "the apostle of the Apostles". Mary Magdalene was the first eyewitness of the Risen Christ, and for this reason she was also ''the first to bear witness to him before the Apostles.'' This event, in a sense, crowns all that has been said previously about Christ entrusting divine truths to women as well as men.|John Paul II<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem_en.html |title=Mulieris Dignitatem, John Paul II, 15 August 1988 - Apostolic Letter |publisher=Vatican.va |date=1988-08-15 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref>}}<br />
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=== Protestant tradition ===<br />
[[File:Vasnetsov Maria Magdalene.JPG|thumb|[[Icon]] of St. Mary Magdalene depicted as one of the [[Myrrhbearers]] with the words [[Paschal greeting|Christ is Risen]] in [[Greek language|Greek]] at the top, depicting her discovery of the empty tomb]]<br />
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The 1549 [[Book of Common Prayer]] had on July 22 a feast of Saint Mary Magdalene, with the same Scripture readings as in the [[Tridentine Mass]] and with a newly composed [[collect]]: "Merciful father geue us grace, that we neuer presume to synne through the example of anye creature, but if it shall chaunce vs at any tyme to offende thy dyuine maiestie: that then we maye truly repent, and lament the same, after the example of Mary Magdalene, and by lyuelye faythe obtayne remission of all oure sinnes: throughe the onely merites of thy sonne oure sauiour Christ." The 1552 edition omitted the feast of Saint Mary Magdalene, which was restored to the Book of Common Prayer only after some 400 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfrankhenderson.com/pdf/Disappearance_Feast_MaryMagdalene.pdf |title=J. Frank Henderson, "The Disappearance of the Feast of Mary Magdalene from the Anglican Liturgy" (2004), pp. 1-4 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><br />
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Among the leaders of the [[Protestant Reformation]], for Luther and Zwingli, Mary Magdalene is the composite Magdalene of medieval tradition, but Calvin distinguishes between her, Mary of Bethany, and the sinful woman.<ref name="Henderson 2004, pp. 8-14"/><br />
<br />
Modern Protestants honor her as a disciple and friend of Jesus.<ref>H.D. Egan, ''An Anthology of Christian mysticism'', Pueblo Publishing Co. (1992), pp.407ff.; cf. also, C. Bourgeault,''The Meaning of Mary Magdalene: Discovering the Woman at the Heart of Christianity'', Shambhala Publ. (2010), ''passim''.</ref> Anglican Christians refer to her as a saint and may follow her example of repentance;<ref>T. Coletti, ''Mary Magdalene and the Drama of Saints'', University of Pennsylvania Press (2004); E. De Boer, ''Mary Magdalene: Beyond the Myth'', SCM Press (1997), pp.94ff.</ref> While some interpret the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] as forbidding them to call upon her for intercession,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thirtyninearticles.org/religion/#XXII._Of_Purgatory. |title=39 Articles of Religion - XXII. Of Purgatory. |accessdate=2014-08-15}}</ref> other Anglicans, citing the Episcopal burial service, say they can ask the saint to pray for them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O9_l9FLSKtkC&pg=PT67&dq=Markham+%22ask+the+saints%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sNH6U6aGLMyy7Ab0uIGwDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Markham%20%22ask%20the%20saints%22&f=false|title=Liturgical Life Principles|work=google.com}}</ref> The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] honors Mary Magdalene on July 22 as an Apostle, albeit as a Lesser Festival.<ref>Evangelical Lutheran Worship, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, 2006, p. 57</ref> The rationale for this change versus the previous worship book of the ELCA is not explained, nor is it clear that an authoritative council of the ELCA approved this change in any organized fashion, other than by adopting the new worshipbook.<br />
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=== Easter Egg tradition ===<br />
For centuries, it has been the custom of many Christians to share [[Easter egg|dyed and painted eggs]], particularly on [[Easter|Easter Sunday]]. The eggs represent new life, and Christ bursting forth from the tomb. Among [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] this sharing is accompanied by the proclamation [[Paschal greeting|"Christ is risen!"]]<br />
<br />
One tradition concerning Mary Magdalene says that following the death and resurrection of Jesus, she used her position to gain an invitation to a banquet given by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Tiberius]]. When she met him, she held a plain egg in her hand and exclaimed, "Christ is risen!" The Emperor laughed, and said that Christ rising from the dead was as likely as the egg in her hand turning red while she held it. Before he finished speaking, the egg in her hand turned a bright red and she continued proclaiming the Gospel to the entire imperial house.<ref>Abernethy and Beaty, ''The Folklore of Texan Cultures'', Denton University of North Texas Press, 2000, p. 261.</ref><br />
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Another version of this story can be found in popular belief, mostly in Greece. It is believed that after the Crucifixion, Mary Magdalene and the Virgin Mary put a basket full of eggs at the foot of the cross. There, the eggs were painted red by the blood of the Christ. Then, Mary Magdalene brought them to Tiberius Caesar.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}<br />
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=== Bahá'í tradition ===<br />
<br />
There are many references to Mary Magdalene in the sacred writings of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], where she enjoys an exalted status as a heroine of faith and the "archetypal woman of all cycles".<ref>Juliet Thompson, I, Mary Magdalene, Foreword</ref> [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]], the son of the founder of the religion, said that she was "the channel of confirmation" to Jesus' disciples, a "heroine" who "re-established the faith of the apostles" and was "a light of nearness in his kingdom".<ref>`Abdu'l-Bahá, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 420</ref> `Abdu'l-Bahá also wrote that "her reality is ever shining from the horizon of Christ", "her face is shining and beaming forth on the horizon of the universe forevermore" and that "her candle is, in the assemblage of the world, lighted till eternity".<ref>`Abdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'í World Faith - `Abdu'l-Bahá Section, p. 385</ref> `Abdu'l-Bahá considered her to be the supreme example of how women are completely equal with men in the sight of God and can at times even exceed men in holiness and greatness.<ref>`Abdu'l-Bahá in London, p. 105</ref> Indeed he claimed that she surpassed all the men of her time,<ref>`Abdu'l-Bahá, Divine Philosophy, p. 50</ref> and that "crowns studded with the brilliant jewels of guidance" were upon her head.<ref>`Abdu'l-Bahá, Tablets of the Divine Plan, pp. 39-40</ref><br />
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The Bahá'í writings also expand upon the scarce references to her life in the [[Development of the New Testament canon|canonical Gospels]], with a wide array of extra-canonical stories about her and sayings which are not recorded in any other extant historical sources. `Abdu'l-Bahá claimed that Mary traveled to Rome and spoke before the Emperor Tiberius, which is presumably why Pilate was later recalled to Rome for his cruel treatment of the Jews (a tradition also attested to in the Eastern Orthodox Church).<ref>`Abdu'l-Bahá, Tablets of `Abdu'l-Bahá Vol.2, p. 467</ref> According to the memoirs of [[Juliet Thompson]], `Abdu'l-Bahá also compared Mary to Juliet, one of his most devoted followers, claiming that she even physically resembled her and that Mary Magdalene was Juliet Thompson's "correspondence in heaven".<br />
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Bahá'ís have noted parallels between Mary Magdalene and the Babí heroine-poetess [[Tahirih]]. The two are similar in many respects, with Mary Magdalene often being viewed as a Christian antecedent of the latter, while Tahirih in her own right could be described as the spiritual return of the Magdalene; especially given their common, shared attributes of "knowledge, steadfastness, courage, virtue and will power", in addition to their importance within the religious movements of Christianity and the Bahá'í Faith as female leaders.<ref>{{cite web | first = Peter | last = Mazal | title= Selected Topics of Comparison in Christianity and the Bahá'í Faith | accessdate = 2006-06-25 | date = 2003-10-21 | url= http://bahai-library.com/mazal_comparison_christianity_bahai&chapter=2 | publisher = bahai-library.org}}</ref><br />
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== Speculations ==<br />
[[File:El Greco 009.jpg|thumb|Mary Magdalene; by [[El Greco]] ca. 1580]]<br />
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=== Name ===<br />
<br />
The name Mary occurs numerous times in the New Testament. There are several people named Mary in the Gospels. There also are several unnamed women who seem to share characteristics with Mary Magdalene. At different times in history, Mary Magdalene has been confused or misidentified with almost every woman in the four Gospels, except the mother of Jesus.<br />
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=== "Beloved Disciple" in the Gospel of John ===<br />
{{Main|Beloved Disciple}}<br />
In 1998, Ramon K. Jusino proposed an unprecedented argument that the "[[Beloved Disciple]]" of the [[Gospel of John]] is Mary Magdalene. Jusino based his argument largely on the [[Nag Hammadi]] [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] books, rejecting the view of [[Raymond E. Brown]] that these books were later developments, and maintaining instead that the extant Gospel of John is the result of modification of an earlier text that presented Mary Magdalene as the Beloved Disciple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ramon_k_jusino.tripod.com/magdalene.html |last=Jusino |first=Ramon K |title=Mary Magdalene: Author of the Fourth Gospel? |date=1998 |accessdate=30 December 2014 |publisher=Ramon K. Jusino}}</ref> Richard J. Hooper does not make the Jusino thesis his own, but says: "Perhaps we should not altogether reject the possibility that some Johannine Christians considered Mary Magdalene to be 'the disciple whom Jesus loved'".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5VDyVgP2TsC&pg=PA223&dq=Hooper+%22pure+speculation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8pWiVMzuFoL1aKjegrgL&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Hooper%20%22pure%20speculation%22&f=false|title=The Crucifixion of Mary Magdalene|work=google.com}}</ref> Esther A. de Boer likewise presents the idea as "one possibility among others", not as a definitive solution to the problem of the identity of the anonymous disciple.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0-vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190&dq=Esther+Boer+%22one+possibility%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KpyiVIEwg-fuBtCGgIAP&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Esther%20Boer%20%22one%20possibility%22&f=false|title=The Gospel of Mary|work=google.com}}</ref><br />
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=== Conflation with Mary of Bethany ===<br />
{{Main|Mary of Bethany}}<br />
<br />
In the Western "composite" tradition, [[Mary of Bethany]] was identified with Mary Magdalene.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09761a.htm St. Mary Magdalen], ''[[New Advent]]''.</ref> In the Eastern Orthodox traditions, they always were considered separate persons.<ref name="Pope">Pope, H. (1910). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09761a.htm St. Mary Magdalen], in The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><br />
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Mary of Bethany is referred to simply as "Mary" both in {{Bibleref2|Luke|10:38-42}} and the [[Gospel of John]]. Jesus seems to know her family well,{{Bibleref2c|Jn|11:3}} and is described as visiting them several times.{{Bibleref2c|Jn|11:17}} {{Bibleref2c-nb|John|12:1}} In {{Bibleref2|John|12:3-8}} Mary anoints Jesus with expensive perfume and wipes his feet with her hair, at which Jesus says that it was intended that "she should save this perfume for the day of my burial".<ref>The evangelist knew that there would not have been enough time to anoint the body of Jesus after his death for burial ([http://www.scandalon.co.uk/mark/Mk14v1-9.htm The Anointing at Bethany]). Note also that it is to anoint the body that in {{Bibleref2|Mark|16:1}} Mary Magdalene, among with other women, goes to Jesus' tomb.</ref> Following this, Mary of Bethany disappears from the narrative, while Mary Magdalene, already described not as receiving Jesus on his visits to Bethany in Judea, but as travelling about in Galilee with Jesus and the Twelve and with many other women, two of whom are named,{{Bibleref2c|Luke|8:2–4}} emerges at Jesus' crucifixion, finding later his tomb empty and being the first to see him after the Resurrection. In the Gospels, Mary Magdalene is referred to simply as "Mary" only in {{Bibleref2|John|20:11}} and {{Bibleref2-nb|John|20:16}}.<br />
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The [[Gnostic]] texts commonly refer to Mary Magdalene as Mary.<ref>"The Gospel According to Mary Magdalene". Gnostic Scriptures and Fragments; The Gnostic Society of America. [http://www.gnosis.org/library/marygosp.htm]</ref><br />
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=== Betrothed to John the Evangelist ===<br />
<br />
The monk and historian [[Domenico Cavalca]] (c. 1270-1342), citing [[Jerome]], suggested that Mary Magdalene was [[Engagement|betrothed]] to [[John the Evangelist|St John the Evangelist]]: "I like to think that the Magdalene was the spouse of John, not affirming it... I am glad and blythe that St Jerome should say so".<ref>Katherine Ludwig Jansen, ''The Making of The Magdalen: Preaching and Popular Devotion In The Later Middle Ages'', page 151, footnote 20 (Princeton University Press, 2000). ISBN 0-691-08987-6. Citing Cavalca, ''Vita'', 329; ''Life'', 2-3.</ref> They were sometimes thought to be the couple at the [[Wedding at Cana]], though the Gospel accounts say nothing of the ceremony being abandoned. The [[Dominican Order|Dominican friar]] [[Jacobus de Voragine]] (c. 1230–1298) in his ''[[Golden Legend]]'' dismisses talk of John and Mary being betrothed and that John had left his bride at the altar to follow Jesus.<ref name="GoldenLegend" /><br />
<br />
In 1449 [[René of Anjou|King René d'Anjou]] gave to [[Angers Cathedral]] the [[amphora]] from [[Cana]] in which Jesus changed water to wine, acquiring it from the nuns of Marseilles, who told him that Mary Magdalene had brought it with her from Judea, relating to the legend where she was the jilted bride at the wedding after which John the Evangelist received his calling from Jesus.<ref>Katherine Ludwig Jansen, citing Jacques Levron, ''Le bon roi René'' (Paris: Arthaud, 1972).</ref><br />
<br />
== Relationship with Jesus ==<br />
{{See also|Jesus bloodline}}<br />
<br />
=== Gnostic texts ===<br />
<br />
The [[Gospel of Philip]] describes Mary's relation to Jesus by [[Coptic language|Coptic]] variants of the [[Greek language|Greek]] κοινωνός (''koinōnos''). That work uses cognates of ''koinōnos'' and Coptic equivalents to refer to the literal pairing of men and women in marriage and sexual intercourse, but also metaphorically, referring to a spiritual partnership, and the reunification of the Gnostic Christian with the divine realm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marjanen|first=Antti|title=The Woman Jesus Loved: Mary Magdalene in the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Documents|year=1996|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9004106588|pages=151–60 et passim|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TalC9sUIgE0C}}</ref> Mary Magdalene is mentioned as one of three Marys "who always walked with the Lord" and as his companion (Philip 59.6-11). The work also says that the Lord loved her more than all the disciples, and used to kiss her often (63.34-36).<ref name="KingFrontline"/> Author [[John Dickson (author)|John Dickson]] argues that it was common in early Christianity to kiss a fellow believer by way of greeting,{{Bibleref2c|1Peter|5:14|ESV|1 Pet. 5:14}} thus such kissing would have no romantic connotations.<ref name="dickson95">''The Christ Files: How Historians Know What They Know About Jesus'', John Dickson, p. 95 (Sydney South: Blue Bottle Books, 2006). ISBN 1-921137-54-1</ref> Kripal writes that "the historical sources are simply too contradictory and simultaneously too silent" to make absolute declarations regarding Jesus' sexuality.<ref>Jeffrey John Kripal, ''The Serpent's Gift: Gnostic Reflections on the Study of Religion'', p. 52 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007). ISBN 0-226-45380-4 ISBN 0-226-45381-2</ref> Bart Ehrman concludes that historical evidence tells us nothing at all about Jesus' sexuality—"certainly nothing to indicate that Jesus and Mary had a sexual relationship of any kind". Ehrman (a scholar of the Greek New Testament and Early Christianity) says that the question people ask him most often is whether Mary Magdalene and Jesus of Nazareth married each other. His answer: "It is not true that the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] contained Gospels that discussed Mary and Jesus. (...) Nor is it true that the marriage of Mary and Jesus is repeatedly discussed in the Gospels that didn't make it into the New Testament. In fact, it is never discussed at all—never even mentioned, not even once. (...) It is not true that the Gospel of Philip calls Mary Jesus' spouse".<ref>B. D. Ehrman, ''Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend.'' New York: Oxford, 2006. p. 248.</ref><br />
<br />
The "[[Gospel of Jesus' Wife]]", a [[Coptic language|Coptic]] papyrus fragment unveiled in 2012, presents Jesus as speaking of his wife: "My wife ... she will be able to be my disciple." If genuine, it appears to date to around the 6th to 9th centuries AD, and would suggest that some Egyptian Christians of that period believed that Jesus was married. Although it does not contain the name of Mary Magdalene, there has been speculation that she is the woman referred to.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sam Masters |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jesus-had-a-wife-say-scientists-as-ancient-papyrus-scroll-verified-9255110.html |title=Jesus had a wife, say scientists, as ancient papyrus scroll verified - Americas - World |publisher=The Independent |date=2014-04-11 |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> However, there is substantial scholarly concern about the fragment's authenticity, with a number of scholars regarding it as a modern forgery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Andrew Brown |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/21/gospel-jesus-wife-forgery |title=Gospel of Jesus's Wife is fake, claims expert &#124; World news |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/us/fresh-doubts-raised-about-papyrus-scrap-known-as-gospel-of-jesuss-wife.html|title= Fresh Doubts Raised About Papyrus Scrap Known as ‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’|author= LAURIE GOODSTEIN|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ntweblog.blogspot.com.au/2014/05/more-evidence-of-forgery-jesus-wife.html |title=NT Blog: More evidence of forgery in the Jesus' Wife Sister Fragment |publisher=Ntweblog.blogspot.com.au |date=2014-05-01 |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Medieval dualism ===<br />
[[File:Capitel de Sta María la Real (Aguilar de Campoo) M.A.N. Inv.50201 01.jpg|thumb|13th century [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] [[Capital (architecture)|capital]] showing Jesus and Mary Magdalene (''[[Noli me tangere]]'')]]<br />
<br />
The 13th-century [[Cistercian]] monk and chronicler [[Peter of Vaux de Cernay]] claimed it was part of [[Catharism|Catharist]] belief that the earthly Jesus Christ had a relationship with Mary Magdalene, described as his [[concubinage|concubine]]. Quote: "Further, in their secret meetings they said that the Christ who was born in the earthly and visible Bethlehem and crucified at Jerusalem was 'evil', and that Mary Magdalene was his concubine – and that she was the woman taken in adultery who is referred to in the Scriptures; the 'good' Christ, they said, neither ate nor drank nor assumed the true flesh and was never in this world, except spiritually in the body of Paul. I have used the term 'the earthly and visible Bethlehem' because the heretics believed there is a different and invisible earth in which – according to some of them – the 'good' Christ was born and crucified".<ref>W.A. Sibly, M.D. Sibly, ''The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's "Historia Albigensis"'' (Boydell, 1998). ISBN 0-85115-658-4".</ref><br />
<br />
A document, possibly written by Ermengaud of [[Béziers]], undated and anonymous and attached to his ''Treatise against Heretics'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Christian Churches of God |url=http://www.ccg.org/english/s/b8.html |title=The Treatise of Ermengaudus (No. B8) |publisher=Ccg.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> makes a similar statement.<ref>Anne Bradford Townsend, ''The Cathars of Languedoc as heretics: From the Perspectives of Five Contemporary Scholars'', page 147 (UMI Microform, ProQuest, 2008). PhD Dissertation [http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=08-26-2016&FMT=7&DID=1528891521&RQT=309&attempt=1&cfc=1]</ref><br />
<br />
{{quote|Also they [the Cathars] teach in their secret meetings that Mary Magdalene was the wife of Christ. She was the Samaritan woman to whom He said, "Call thy husband". She was the woman taken into adultery, whom Christ set free lest the Jews stone her, and she was with Him in three places, in the temple, at the well, and in the garden. After the Resurrection, He appeared first to her.<ref>Walter L. Wakefield, Austin P. Evans, ''Heresies of the High Middle Ages: Translated with Notes'', page 234 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). ISBN 0-231-02743-5. The authors speculate on page 230 that this could have been the source used by Peter of Vaux de Cernay.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5"><br />
<!-- File:Richard Earlom (British, 1743-1822). Mary Magdalene Washing Christ's Feet, 1777.jpg|[[Richard Earlom]], ''Mary Magdalene Washing Christ's Feet'', 1777. Mezzotint on laid paper. [[Brooklyn Museum]] --><br />
File:Maino Magdalena penitente 1615 col par Ginebra.jpg|Mary Magdalene by [[Juan Bautista Maino]]<br />
File:Artemisia Gentileschi Mary Magdalene Pitti.jpg|Mary Magdalene by [[Artemisia Gentileschi]]<br />
File:José de Ribera 024.jpg|Mary Magdalene by [[José de Ribera]] <br />
File:Noli me tangere, fresco by Fra Angelico.jpg|''[[Noli me tangere]]'' fresco by [[Fra Angelico]]<br />
File:Georges de La Tour 009.jpg|[[Georges de La Tour]] ''Mary Magdalene''<br />
File:Ambrosius Benson - Mary Magdalene - WGA1890.jpg|Ambrosius Benson: Mary Magdalene<br />
File:Pietro da Cortona - Cristo appare a Maria Maddalena.jpg|''Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalene'', by [[Pietro da Cortona]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Christianity}}<br />
* [[Magdalene asylum]]<br />
* [[New Testament people named Mary]]<br />
* [[Saint Sarah]]<br />
* [[Sainte-Baume]]<br />
* [[St. Mary Magdalene's flood]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
'''Sources'''<br />
*[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/goldenlegend/GoldenLegend-Volume4.asp#Mary%20Magdalene "Life of Mary Magdalen"], [[William Caxton]]'s English version of the ''[[Golden Legend]]'' of [[Jacobus de Voragine]]<br />
*Johnston, Barbara, "Sacred Kingship and Royal Patronage in the La Vie de la Magdalene: Pilgrimage, Politics, Passion Plays, and the Life of Louise of Savoy" (Florida State), R. Neuman, Dissertation, [http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07092007-221421/unrestricted/02bjjohnstondissertation.pdf PDF], 88-93 <br />
*Witcombe, Christopher L. C. E., ''The Chapel of the Courtesan and the Quarrel of the Magdalens'', ''[[The Art Bulletin]]'', Vol. 84, No. 2 (Jun., 2002), pp.&nbsp;273–292, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3177269 JSTOR]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
<br />
* Acocella, Joan. "The Saintly Sinner: The Two-Thousand-Year Obsession with Mary Magdalene". ''[[The New Yorker]]'', February 13 & 20, 2006, p.&nbsp;140–49. Prompted by controversy surrounding Dan Brown's ''The Da Vinci Code''.<br />
* Brock, Ann Graham. ''Mary Magdalene, The First Apostle: The Struggle for Authority''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. ISBN 0-674-00966-5. Discusses issues of apostolic authority in the gospels and the ''Gospel of Peter'' the competition between Peter and Mary, especially in chapter 7, "The Replacement of Mary Magdalene: A Strategy for Eliminating the Competition".<br />
* Burstein, Dan, and Arne J. De Keijzer. ''Secrets of Mary Magdalene''. New York: CDS Books, 2006. ISBN 1-59315-205-1.<br />
* De Boer Esther A., ''Mary Magdalene, beyond the Myth ''(SCM Press London, 1997).<br />
* [[Jurgen Moltmann]] and E. Moltmann-Wendel, ''Humanity in God'' (London: SCM, 1984).<br />
* Jansen, Katherine Ludwig. ''The Making of the Magdalen: Preaching and Popular Devotion in the Later Middle Ages''. Princeton, N.J.: [[Princeton University Press]], 2000. ISBN 0-691-05850-4.<br />
* {{Cite book | last=Kripal | given=Jeffrey John. | title=The Serpent's Gift: Gnostic Reflections on the Study of Religion | publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] | place=[[Chicago]] | year=2007 |isbn=0-226-45380-4 | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "". for the cite to end in a "". , as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }} ISBN 0-226-45381-2.<br />
* Pearson, Birger A. "Did Jesus Marry?". ''Bible Review'', Spring 2005, pp 32–39 & 47. Discussion of ''complete'' texts.<br />
* Picknett, Lynn, and Clive Prince. ''[[The Templar Revelation]]''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. ISBN 0-593-03870-3. Presents a hypothesis that Mary Magdalene was a priestess who was Jesus' partner in a sacred marriage.<br />
* Shoemaker, Stephen J. "Rethinking the ‘Gnostic Mary’: Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Magdala in Early Christian Tradition". in ''Journal of Early Christian Studies'', 9 (2001) pp 555–595.<br />
* Thiering, Barbara. ''Jesus the Man: Decoding the Real Story of Jesus and Mary Magdalene''. New York: Simon & Schulster (Atria Books), 2006. ISBN 1-4165-4138-1.<br />
* Wellborn, Amy. ''De-coding Mary Magdalene: Truth, Legend, and Lies''. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor, 2006. ISBN 1-59276-209-3. A straightforward accounting of what is well-known of Mary Magdalene.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [http://hotellerie.sainte-baume.org La Sainte Baume (France) : where she spent the last 30 years of her life]<br />
* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/221.html St. Mary Magdalene] ([http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/magdalen.pdf pdf]) from [[Alban Butler|Fr. Alban Butler]]'s [http://www.bartleby.com/210/ ''Lives of the Saints'']<br />
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Mary Magdalene}}<br />
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367559/Saint-Mary-Magdalene "Saint Mary Magdalene".] Encyclopædia Britannica Online.<br />
* [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-mary-magdalene-bible-saint-of-the-catholic-church.html The Life of St. Mary Magdalene: Saint of the Christian Church]<br />
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09761a.htm St Mary Magdalene, Catholic Encyclopaedia 1911]<br />
* [http://www.jerusalem-mission.org/convent_magdalene.html Convent of Saint Mary Magdalene]<br />
* [http://www.thenazareneway.com/life_of_st_mary_magdalene.htm Legends of Mary Magdalene]<br />
* [http://www.psyche.com/psyche/lex/qbl/mary_magdalene.html Miriam/Myriam M'Gadola: Mary Magdalene]<br />
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelmary.html Early Christian Writings:] ''Gospel of Mary''<br />
* ''[http://www.gnosis.org/library/marygosp.htm Gospel of Mary Magdalene]''<br />
* {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/People/Saints/M/Saint_Mary_Magdalene|Saint Mary Magdalene}}<br />
* [http://www.bibletruths.net/archives/BTAR303.htm Showing inaccuracy of ''The Da Vinci Code'' in respect to Mary Magdalene]<br />
* [http://www.kotipetripaavola.com/marymagdalene.html Myths and legends of Mary Magdalene]<br />
*[http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/marys-house-in-provence The Skull and Bones of Mary Magdalene]<br />
<br />
{{New Testament people}}<br />
{{Catholic saints}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control|VIAF=75122895}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata<br />
| NAME =Magdalene, Mary<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Saint<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH =<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =Magdala?<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Ephesus]], [[Asia Minor]] or [[Marseilles]]<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magdalene, Mary}}<br />
[[Category:Mary Magdalene| ]]<br />
[[Category:1st-century Christian female saints]]<br />
[[Category:1st-century deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Anglican saints]]<br />
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox saints]]<br />
[[Category:Equal-to-apostles]]<br />
[[Category:Followers of Jesus]]<br />
[[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]]<br />
[[Category:Biblical Roman Catholic saints]]<br />
[[Category:Roman-era Jews]]<br />
[[Category:Saints from the Holy Land]]<br />
[[Category:Saints of the Golden Legend]]<br />
[[Category:Women in the Bible]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Jewish women]]<br />
[[Category:Demoniacs]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joses&diff=655092002Joses2015-04-05T20:57:22Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Joses''' is a name, usually regarded as a form of [[Joseph (given name)|Joseph]], occurring four times in the [[New Testament]]:<br />
* Jose, one of the names in the [[genealogy of Jesus]], Luke 3:29<br />
* Joses, one of the four [[brothers of Jesus]], Mark 6:3<br />
* Joses, brother of [[James the Less]], Mark 15:40<br />
* Joses, the first name of [[Barnabas]], Acts 4:36<ref>[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], ''Understanding the Bible''. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology of Joses==<br />
''Joses'' is a short Greek form of Joseph. Unlike Greek ''Joseph'' however, which remains frozen as ''Joseph'' in all grammatical cases, Joses functions like a true Greek name and is declined in Greek, taking the ending ''-etos'' in the genitive case, hence ''Josetos'', "of Joses."<br />
<br />
Although spelling of Joseph is fairly constant in Greek, spellings of the short forms Joses and Josis vary. [[Tal Ilan]]'s catalogue of Jewish name inscriptions of the period (2002) notes variation is the spelling of "Joseph" (indeclinable in Greek) and various shorter (and sometimes declined) Greek variants but also notes that the full form ''Joseph'' is dominant with 47 of 69 Greek inscriptions.<ref>Bauckham in Quarles ''Buried Hope Or Risen Savior: The Search for the Jesus Tomb'' 2008 Page 84 "In Greek this short form of the name is rarer and does not seem to have any consistent spelling.41 Among the Greek forms of the name Joseph, Iosepos (....) is overwhelmingly dominant, accounting for 47 of the 69 occurrences "</ref><br />
<br />
==Jose, ancestor of Jesus==<br />
The Jose mentioned as 15th descendant of [[David]] (in the line from [[Solomon]]'s younger brother [[Nathan (son of David)|Nathan]] in the [[Gospel of Luke]]) is otherwise unknown. The Greek spelling (Ἰωσή, ''Iōsē'') is a variant of Joses.<br />
<br />
==Joses, brother of Jesus==<br />
Joses is only mentioned twice in the New Testament, in parallel passages in Matthew 13:55 and Mark 6:3, which record the people of [[Nazareth]]'s rejection of Jesus:<br />
{{quotation|Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? And are not his sisters here with us?" And they took offense at him. Mark 6:3 ESV}}<br />
A minority of (Alexandrian, Western) Greek manuscripts in Matthew 13:55 read "Joseph" (Ἰωσήφ) the standard spelling of the name.<ref>Greek New Testament, United Bible Societies, - footnotes to Mark 6:3 and critical apparatus NA24.</ref><br />
<br />
==Joses, brother of James the younger==<br />
Joses brother of Jesus is usually distinguished from a second Joses mentioned in passing in three verses (Matthew 27:56 and Mark 15:40, 47) which mention among the women present at Jesus' crucifixion "Mary, the mother of James ("the Less" in Mark) and Joses". <br />
{{quotation|There were also women looking on from a distance, among whom were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joses, and Salome. Mark 15:40 ESV}}<br />
The text in Mark continues to say "[[Mary Magdalene]] and Mary the mother of Joses saw where [Jesus] was laid." (15:47 ESV). In the New Testament, the name "[[James the Less]]" appears only in this verse in Mark 15:40, who, by parallel accounts of the [[women at the crucifixion]] is usually equated with "Mary the mother of James," and with [[Mary of Clopas]], mentioned only in John 19:25. According to a tradition of [[Hegesippus (chronicler)|Hegesippus]] (Eusebius III.11) this [[Clopas]] was a brother of Joseph making his wife Mary, Jesus' aunt and this James the younger and Jose to be Jesus' cousins.<ref>ed. [[Wilhelm Schneemelcher]] ''New Testament Apocrypha - Gospels and Related Writings.'' p483</ref><br />
<br />
Mary the mother of James the Less and Joses might be unlikely to be Mary the mother of Jesus, but [[James Tabor]] suggests that she is, in fact, Mary, the mother of Jesus and that Clopas was her second husband.<br />
<br />
==Bishops of Jerusalem==<br />
A "Joses" appears in the bishop lists of [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] ("Josis") and [[Eusebius]] ("Joseph") of the early [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|bishops of Jerusalem]].<ref>[[Richard Bauckham]], ''Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church'' p 76.</ref><br />
<br />
==Christian traditions==<br />
In the medieval ''[[Golden Legend]]'', Joses is also identified with [[Joseph Barsabbas]],{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} also called Justus, who in the [[Acts of the Apostles]] 1:23 is mentioned as a candidate to fill the vacancy created by the death of [[Judas Iscariot]]. Justus is listed third in the hereditary line of succession of the [[Desposyni]] after [[James the Just]] and [[Simeon of Jerusalem]] as [[Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem#Bishops_of_Jerusalem|Bishops of Jerusalem]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[James the Just]]<br />
* [[James the Less]]<br />
* [[Jude, brother of Jesus]]<br />
* [[Simon (brother of Jesus)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{New Testament people}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata<br />
| NAME = Joses<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Brother of Jesus<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH =<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Followers of Jesus]]<br />
[[Category:People in the canonical gospels]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nazareth]]<br />
[[Category:Family of Jesus]]<br />
[[Category:Brothers of Jesus]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HaAliya_HaShniya_Garden&diff=655083657HaAliya HaShniya Garden2015-04-05T19:49:05Z<p>Nobilk: ←Created page with 'HaAliya HaShniya garden '''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an Urban park|...'</p>
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<div>[[File:Aliya2 002.jpg|thumb|right|210px|HaAliya HaShniya garden]]<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. The Park is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
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<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655083411User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:47:08Z<p>Nobilk: ←Blanked the page</p>
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<div></div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655083095User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:44:33Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
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<div>[[File:Aliya2 002.jpg|thumb|right|210px|HaAliya HaShniya garden]]<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. The Park is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655082897User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:42:58Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
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<div>[[File:Aliya2 002.jpg|thumb|right|210px|HaAliya HaShniya garden]]<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]] and administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655082816User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:42:22Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Aliya2 003.jpg|thumb|right|250px|HaAliya HaShniya garden]]<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]] and administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655082768User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:42:00Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Giv'atayim.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Aliya2 003.jpg]]<br />
<br />
'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]] and administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655082628User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:40:56Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]] and administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called after the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655082492User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:39:54Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]] and administered by the Givatayim Municipality. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. this park called by the [[Second Aliyah]].<br />
<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655082158User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:37:10Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality.<br />
<br />
<br />
HaAliya HaShniya garden was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655082049User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:36:09Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality.<br />
<br />
<br />
It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655081832User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:34:17Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares.<br />
<br />
<br />
It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Givatayim]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655081740User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:33:30Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares.<br />
<br />
<br />
It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Ramat Gan]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655081720User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:33:18Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It covers an area of 16 hectares.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Ramat Gan]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655081673User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:32:55Z<p>Nobilk: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. It covers an area of 16 hectares.<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Ramat Gan]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655081646User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:32:46Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel.<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. It covers an area of 16 hectares.<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Ramat Gan]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655081613User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:32:28Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel.<br />
<br />
'''History'''<br />
It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. It covers an area of 16 hectares.<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Ramat Gan]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655081521User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:31:48Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. It covers an area of 16 hectares.<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Park}}<br />
[[Category:Ramat Gan]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:Urban public parks]]<br />
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Tel Aviv District]]</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655081354User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:30:25Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park, curved paths and a fish pond. It covers an area of 16 hectares.</div>Nobilkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nobilk&diff=655080913User:Nobilk2015-04-05T19:26:40Z<p>Nobilk: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''HaAliya HaShniya garden''' ({{lang-he|גן העלייה השנייה}}) is an [[Urban park|urban park]], located on the Kozlovsky Hill in [[Givatayim]], it summit is overlooks over the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. This is the most of the oldest gardens in Israel. It was planned by landscape architect, Victor Meir in 1954 and have been a new renovation in 2013. The place is administered by the Givatayim Municipality. At the northeastern part of the park located the [[Givatayim Observatory]] which was established in 1968 by the [[Israeli Astronomical Association]] and the Givatayim municipality. The park includs playgrounds, a dog park and curved paths. It covers an area of 16 hectares.</div>Nobilk