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Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/India-related articles

2024-09-14T20:41:01Z

OfTheUsername: /* MOS:INDICSCRIPT alternative option */ new section

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== Use of Slokas ==

Can we use slokas in articles. A on going debate is at [[Talk:Sritattvanidhi#Why do we need the slokas???]]. I think this may be incorpoareted into this MOS. [[User:Amartyabag|Amartyabag]] [[User Talk:Amartyabag| TALK2ME]] 06:58, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

==Scope of this project==
So far the main development here is the incorporation of most of the content of [[Wikipedia: Naming conventions (Indic)]]. I suggest that that Naming convention article should remain separate and active, and that this Manual of Style should only make reference to the it for appropriate cases. Reasons;
*that naming convention would also apply to articles that were not specific to India (the modern country); including articles about some of the neighbouring countries, and to the Pali language.
*that article was always intended to deal with old Indian languages (for history, religion and so on). India has names that do not derive from Indic languages. These include Arabic, Persian, and English names.
*the naming convention was not intended or written with modern names in mind. For a current example, the naming convention (or this manual of style) would be of little help in the recent dispute over Bengaluru / Bangalore, which is the sort of thing that should be addressed here. (According to the naming convention, Bangalore should be renamed Bengalūru, not Bengaluru, and I don't suppose anyone will support that). The existing, very sketchy 'Modern names' section should be expanded to deal with these.

[[User:Imc|Imc]] 15:44, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

==Biographical naming conventions==
Editors behind this proposal may wish to step in at [[Talk:Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#Full_name]] (see also the immediately preceding discussions) where there is a discussion about whether to change the article name of Mahatma Gandhi. Currently it is named 'Mohandas Gandhi' while others are in favour of 'Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi', while other prefer the original 'Mahatma Gandhi'.
This MOS for India-related articles has been invoked at the current discussion but, despite saying so on the MOS articlespace that 'Mahatma Gandhi' is preferred, there is doubt as to whether this should be implemented on account of this MOS being a ''proposed'' guideline. So, in any case, editors may wish to step in over there and contribute their thoughts. Thanks, [[User:Ekantik|Ekantik]] [[User talk:Ekantik|talk]] 19:56, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

== Resurrection of this MoS page ==

A recent decision on the use of indic scripts in the leads of India-related articles was made (see main discussion [[Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics/Archive 48#Native languages in lead|here]] and clarification [[User talk:DeltaQuad/Archives/2012/January#Native languages in lead|here]]). This decision has not been properly communicated and [[User:DeltaQuad]] and I agree that it should be placed in the Manual of Style somewhere. The most appropriate place would be in this India-related articles subpage, but it is currently inactive. Surely there are now enough India-related article to warrant the resurrection of these guidelines. What are your thoughts? [[User:Bazonka|Bazonka]] ([[User talk:Bazonka|talk]]) 08:56, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
:I did not realise that this section of MOS had ever existed. By all means, resurrect it after a period of review. I'll wander through the thing over the next few hours. - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 09:04, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
::One for a section on lead sections: [[WT:INB]] reached a consensus sometime mid/late 2011 that specific [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] status should not be referred to in the lead section of caste/community articles. I'll try to find the link to the discussion. - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 09:09, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
:::[[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_47#Varna_status_in_the_lead_of_articles|This]] may be that varna discussion, although it seemed to deteriorate into a "bash Sitush" type of thread. Nothing new, then! - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 09:26, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
::::I can't be bothered to read all of that discussion now, but assumuing a decision was reached (which isn't clear from the little I've read), then that's exactly the sort of thing that should be in this MoS article. [[User:Bazonka|Bazonka]] ([[User talk:Bazonka|talk]]) 09:41, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
I'm no expert on India topics, so I will defer to the wider community: is there anything that's currently in this MoS article that shouldn't be there or needs to change? If not, I suggest taking the ''inactive'' template off the top, and relinking it into [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)]], etc. We can then start to improve it with stuff about varnas and indic scripts and so on. [[User:Bazonka|Bazonka]] ([[User talk:Bazonka|talk]]) 09:45, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
:I think that it needs some discussion ''before'' the template is removed. For example, I can see that some people might have problems with the guideline preferring British English and Indian units (lakhs etc). If this is made active now then some pretty fundamental concepts are raised to the status of something that has current consensus when in fact the consensus may have changed. We need a ''structured'' discussion here of the various aspects. I emphasis ''structured'' because my experience is that discussion of such things tend to deteriorate pretty fast.- [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 09:59, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
::I agree. One option would be to remove anything remotely controversial from the page, and make the uncontroversial stuff active (even if there isn't very much). Then separate discussions can be held about each controversial part, rather than one big amorphous bunfight of a discussion. The MoS page can then grow over time as (and if) consensus is reached for each discussion. [[User:Bazonka|Bazonka]] ([[User talk:Bazonka|talk]]) 10:05, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
:::I cannot really comment on the transliteration bit (I am monoglottal) but the section regarding district naming is also currently [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics#Why_WP:INDIA_sucks_big_time.21.21.21.21|being discussed]]. Tbh, I do not think that there is much in the inactive version that does not require review. The only dead cert is probably the recent RfC regarding scripts in lead sections. - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 11:28, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

I agree that this needs to be resurrected. IMO, the following are controversial:
* Scope: "Religions originating in India, including Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism. Articles on Buddhism may follow this convention, Mythology of India" All wikiProjects related to Indian Religions need to be consulted before imposing the MOS on articles related to them
* "Use only '''British English''' spellings as per the guidelines for India related pages": change to [[Indian English]]??? Eg. the word cock is usually used in Indian English for "the adult male of the domestic chicken", however America (or Britain not sure) use the vulgar connotation. The word "rooster" can be used in American English in this context.
* ''This is another proposed addition to the naming convention'' needs to be updated
* "However, exceptions may apply to individuals who are widely known by an honorific name or with a title. Examples are '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]''' where Mahatma is an honorific" The page is no more at the title ''Mahatma Gandhi''. The honorifics are dropped. Need to update the honorific policy and form a consensus
* "Naming and transliteration" is controversial. There are many written totally in IAST eg. [[Bhaṭṭikāvya]], which are affected. Needs to be discussed.
IMO, [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]] (linked in here) also needs to be discussed and made a policy, rather than ''proposed'' one. --[[User:Redtigerxyz|Redtigerxyz]] [[User talk:Redtigerxyz|Talk]] 16:16, 26 February 2012 (UTC)
===MOS is now live===
Since no-one objected to the resurrection of this page, I have made a few amendments and reinstated it under [[:Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)]]. The changes that I have made to it are:
# A few non-controversial spelling and punctuation fixes.
# Removal of the "Geographic articles" section because each of its subsections was disputed. I would recommend discussing and reinstating this as soon as possible.
# Change the spelling guideline from use of only [[British English]] to use of only [[Indian English]]. This seemed like an obvious change.
# Removal of text about religion and mythology as per [[User:Redtigerxyz]]'s concern above.
# Removal of the "Naming and transliteration" section as per [[User:Redtigerxyz]]'s concern above.
# Removal of text about people who are widely known by honorific titles, as per [[User:Redtigerxyz]]'s concern above.
I have not included anything about the decision mentioned above not to use Indic scripts in the leads of articles. This seems like a controversial decision requiring further discussion and consensus. The points raised above by [[User:Redtigerxyz]] also require further discussion. [[User:Bazonka|Bazonka]] ([[User talk:Bazonka|talk]]) 09:04, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

== Conflicting policies ==

At {{Section link|Wikipedia:WikiProject India#Indic scripts in lead}}, it says that Indic script is '''not''' to be used in the lede sentence of an article:
: There is community consensus that the lead sentence of an article should not contain any regional or Indic language script. It is suggested that [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] be used for help with pronunciation. For details, refer to this RfC: [[Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics/Archive 48#Native languages in lead|Native languages in lead]].

However, at {{Section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles|Preferred format for introducing the article subject}}, it says that Indic script '''is''' to be used in the lede and gives the example:
:<nowiki>'''Sikhism''' ({{indic|lang=pa|defaultipa='siːkɪz(ə)m|defaultaudio=Seekism.ogg|indic=ਸਿੱਖੀ|trans=sikkhī|indicipa='sɪk.kʰiː| indicaudio=Sikkhi.ogg}}) is a ...</nowiki>
:'''Sikhism''' ({{indic|lang=pa|defaultipa='siːkɪz(ə)m|defaultaudio=Seekism.ogg|indic=ਸਿੱਖੀ|trans=sikkhī|indicipa='sɪk.kʰiː| indicaudio=Sikkhi.ogg}}) is a ...
This is more consistent with article practice, too.

So, which is it? —[[[User:AlanM1|AlanM1]]([[User talk:AlanM1|talk]])]— 06:37, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

== Translations in Infoboxes ==

In Infoboxes for places, there are the parameters {{para|name}}, {{para|official_name}}, {{para|other_name}}, {{para|native_name}}, and {{para|native_name_lang}} (ignoring the tranlit* params for now). The first three are specified to be in English with Latin script.

The question is what to do with the others. The fact that {{Para|native_name_lang}} exists says to me that the design is to support the predominant non-English language/non-Latin script name of the place, like:
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahjahanpur
| native_name = शाहजहाँपुर
| native_name_lang = hi
}}
{{Clear}}
or this, using the {{tl|Lang-hi}} template wrapper around the script to prepend the [[Hindi]] link:
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahjahanpur
| native_name = {{Lang-hi|शाहजहाँपुर}}
| native_name_lang = hi
}}
{{Clear}}
The notes say that if multiple names/languages are to be specified, to wrap the names in {{tlp|Lang|xx}}, but this doesn't specify which language the names are in like {{tl|Lang-xx}} does. Example:
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kashmir
| native_name = {{Flatlist|
* {{Lang-hi|कश्मीर}}
* {{Lang-ur|کشمیر‎}}
}}
| native_name_lang =
}}

What about pronunciation guides, like {{IPAc-en|k|oʊ|l|ˈ|k|ɑː|t|ɑː}}? —[[[User:AlanM1|AlanM1]]([[User talk:AlanM1|talk]])]— 09:12, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
{{Clear}}

BTW, this came up because of a string of edits by [[User:101.0.38.163]], adding Indic script names to {{Para|native_name}} on various articles on places without moving what alternative names were already there or changing/adding the language to native_name_lang. —[[[User:AlanM1|AlanM1]]([[User talk:AlanM1|talk]])]— 10:30, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

:Are you familiar with [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]] and the various discussions that gave rise to it and that have subsequently taken place at [[WT:INB]]? - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 10:32, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
::Sorry, you've posted two queries in two sections, and I missed the one above. Clearly, you are aware to some extent. The quick solution that avoids all this mess and more is not to have the scripts anywhere. They cause a phenomenal number of problems, including outright vandalism that doesn't get picked up because insufficient contributors can understand the scripts. - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 10:37, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

== City names ==

Is there a convention for handling new/old city names, (Mumbai/Bombay), specifically in historical articles? Thanks for the help! [[User:Lfstevens|Lfstevens]] ([[User talk:Lfstevens|talk]]) 04:26, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

:Use the name that was used at the time the event occurred. This can be especially important for some geographical entities; for example, [[British India]] was geographically very different to India as it is known today. - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 17:14, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

== Handling numbers ==

I have just amended the wording [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FIndia-related_articles&diff=624401248&oldid=599139739 here]. - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 10:50, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

== Alphabetical order for names ==

When a list of personal names in an India-related article is sorted alphabetically, which [[Personal name#Name order|name order]] should be used for sorting? If the family name is usually placed last (western order) then a list of names should probably be sorted by the last name. I am looking at [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art#Famous alumni]], which is currently sorted by the full name, so that [[Francis Newton Souza]] is listed before [[John Fernandes]]. In a European or a North-American article I would change this. What should be the convention for India-related articles? [[User:Verbcatcher|Verbcatcher]] ([[User talk:Verbcatcher|talk]]) 12:54, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

== Naming conventions ==

This article says "After the initial mention of any name, the person may be referred to by surname only." This is not always true. Many people use the personal name. For example, see [[R. K. Narayan]], where he is known by his personal name (Narayanan) and not his surname (Rasipuram, actually village name). [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] is Anbumani, son of Dr. Ramadoss. Another example is V. Anand, sometimes wrongly expanded as Vishwanathan Anand. (Anand is his given name and the correct expansion is Anand Vishwanathan.) Also, "The last name or the family name is placed before the first name for Telugu people." This is also found in Kerala, as in [[V. S. Achuthanandan]], where Velikkakathu is his surname, and Achuthanandan his given name. As far as I know, this style is restricted to South India. [[User:Jose Mathew C|Jose Mathew]] ([[User talk:Jose Mathew C|talk]]) 11:23, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

== Merge [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]] to [[MOS:INDIA]]'s "Lead and infobox" section ==
{{Discussion top|result=After two months, no objection was raised, so the result of this discussion was to '''Merge'''. [[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 09:13, 21 December 2017 (UTC)}}
The rationale and consensus history (the links/diffs for which should be put into a footnote) at [[WP:WikiProject India#Indic scripts in lead]] belong in the [[MOS:INDIA]] page; they serve no purpose buried on the wikiproject page where no one will see them but active participants in the wikiproject. Without that material, the one-liner in the present guideline looks like arbitrary nonsense, and is easily dismissed as some consensus-free [[WP:CREEP]] someone added without discussion.

I did some cleanup work on the material to make it "MoS-styled" language, and actually guideline-worthy. It had a bunch of [[WP:OWN]]ish wording (I don't mean that too critically, it's just a common problem in stuff written at wikiprojects), was very unclear in certain ways, and had some grammar problems).

After merging, the [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]] shortcut (and a [[MOS:INDICSCRIPT]] one) should redirect to what is presently the "Lead and infobox" section in MOS:INDIA, though this would be better named "Indic script in leads and infoboxes" since it does not cover anything else, and it doesn't stand out in the table of contents without "Indic" in it.

 — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ< 02:04, 11 November 2017 (UTC)
* '''Support''' merge, and '''strong support''' [[MOS:INDICSCRIPT]] redirect, which I've been acting as if it is anyway. However, leave a meaningful stub in the current place as well, since this is one of the most common project guidelines newcomers will need to know, and the more places it is mentioned the better. --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 17:49, 11 November 2017 (UTC)
* '''Support''' per nom. [[User:Let There Be Sunshine|Let There Be Sunshine]] ([[User talk:Let There Be Sunshine|talk]]) 09:51, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
* '''Comment''' I may be too busy to implement this, should the idea gain consensus; I trust someone else can handle it. — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ< 11:20, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
{{Discussion bottom}}

== Implementation ==
This is regarding the implementation per [[#Merge WP:INDICSCRIPT to MOS:INDIA's "Lead and infobox" section|the above discussion]].

I moved the relevant material and updated the links. There is, however, the matter of the "Preferred format for introducing the article subject" section and onwards, which now makes much less sense. The example given, [[Sikhism]], is especially bad since it it can always be argued that it's not even predominantly within the scope of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]] but more in the scope of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Religion|WikiProject Religion]]. The entire point of the section was how to use {{tl|Indic}} in the lead section, are we now recommending its use at all? --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 12:04, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
I read it again and it is just too confusing to keep. I commented out the entire thing, here it is for further discussion
{{collapse top}}

===Preferred format for introducing the article subject===

Ideally, when introducing an article that is covered by this guideline, IPA transcriptions (with audio files if possible) and transliterations of the Indic script should be included. The format is:

:'''Simplified Transliteration''' (<nowiki>{{indic|lang=lang|defaultipa=English IPA text|defaultaudio=Audio file.ogg|indic=Indic Text|trans=ISO Transliteration|indicipa=Indic IPA text|indicaudio=Audio file.ogg}}</nowiki>) ...

A special <nowiki>{{indic}}</nowiki> template has been made to take care of formatting issues.

Use this format when you have the original script text, transliteration, IPA and audio pronunciation file.

:<code><nowiki>'''Simplified Transliteration''' ({{indic
| lang=Language code
| defaultipa=English IPA text
| defaultaudio=Audio file.ogg
| indic=Indic Text
| trans=ISO Transliteration
| indicipa=Indic IPA text
| indicaudio=Audio file.ogg
}}) ...</nowiki></code>

;Example:

:<code><nowiki>'''Sikhism''' ({{indic|lang=pa|defaultipa='siːkɪz(ə)m|defaultaudio=Seekism.ogg|indic=ਸਿੱਖੀ|trans=sikkhī|indicipa='sɪk.kʰiː| indicaudio=Sikkhi.ogg}}) is a...</nowiki></code>
:'''Sikhism''' ({{indic|lang=pa|defaultipa='siːkɪz(ə)m|defaultaudio=Seekism.ogg|indic=ਸਿੱਖੀ|trans=sikkhī|indicipa='sɪk.kʰiː| indicaudio=Sikkhi.ogg}}) is a...

====Without audio====

Use this when you have the original script text, transliteration and IPA but do not have the audio pronunciation. This is likely to be the most used format.

:<code><nowiki>'''Simplified Transliteration''' ({{indic
| lang=Language code
| defaultipa=English IPA text
| indic=Indic Text
| trans=ISO Transliteration
| indicipa=Indic IPA text
}}) ...</nowiki></code>

;Example:

:<code><nowiki>'''Mumbai''' ({{indic|lang=mr|defaultipa=mumbəi|indic=मुंबई|trans=mumbaī}}) is a...</nowiki></code>
:'''Mumbai''' ({{indic|lang=mr|defaultipa=mumbəi|indic=मुंबई|trans=mumbaī}}) is a...

{{collapse bottom}}
Pinging [[User:SMcCandlish]] and [[User:Let There Be Sunshine]] --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 12:17, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
:On a quick once-over, the problem appears to be that this is being written about leads when we don't want to use Indic in leads. If the material were rewritten to be about use of Indic in our text in general (with a reminder that we don't use it in the lead, "see above", then some of the material could be restored into "Non-English strings" somewhere, though Sikh stuff should just be an example. We would never do "'''Simplified Transliteration'''" which is against both [[MOS:BOLD]] and [[MOS:CAPS]] ("simplified transliteration" is just fine), and we would not normally include audio without a really good reason. The audio stuff is already covered, in a non-topic-specific manner, at <del>[[MOS:AUDIO]]</del> <ins>[[MOS:PRON]]</ins>, so it need not be covered here at all except with short cross-references, like "For when to include a link to an audio pronunciation file, see [[WP:Manual of Style/Pronunciation]]." — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ< 22:03, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
:: I'm thinking what I did as first-aid (commenting out the entire section) might be the best solution. The entire thing is just an explanation of how to use {{tl|Indic}} which does not seem to apply as a [[WP:MOS]] anyway and is covered elsewhere. --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 19:11, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

I suggest not to mention state/UT name because when reorganization of any state will occur, each assembly constituency state will need to be changed. [[User:Sid54126|Sid54126]] ([[User talk:Sid54126|talk]]) 14:00, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
: {{u|Sid54126}}, I think you meant this to go elsewhere (probably three sections below). --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 14:10, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

== Nonsense about wikiproject scope ==

Articles do not belong to wikiprojects. Someone added stuff about the "don't use Indic script in leads and infoboxes" somehow only applying to WikiProject India articles. I've objected to this, Corinne has as well, on another page, and it just doesn't make any sense. It's directly against [[WP:CONLEVEL]] and [[WP:OWN]] policy and the [[WP:ARBINFOBOX]] ruling against projects trying to assert authority over entire categories of articles. I've removed this twice and been reverted on the basis that there will allegedly be controversy if I"m not. Show us the controversy.

The wording of the contested material has now been changed to "This avoidance of Indic scripts only applies to articles that are predominantly India-related and is excluded from, among others, articles about Hinduism, Buddhism, Pakistan or any of India's neighbouring countries." What?! Articles about these religions are not magically disassociated from India as a topic. This result is literally {{em|not possible}} under policy. If Indic script is a problem for readers in articles that pertain to India, it does not magically become a non-problem when the topic is Bangladesh. Wikiprojects on Pakistan and Jainism cannot declare "their" article immune to guidelines that are based on a practical consensus that our leads and infoboxes should not have indic script in them for well-articulated reasons. That's Indic script, not Indian script. This is a site-wide MoS guideline, not a wikiproject [[WP:PROJPAGE|advice page essay]]. If projects on Hinduism and Bangladesh really want to assert that there is no consensus to apply this rule to any article they say is within their scope, then the Indic script rule actually does not have consensus. But I don't see any evidence of that. I see one editor trying very hard to shoe-horn wikilawyering language into this guideline for no clear reason.

PS: If we need to explain that there can be exceptions, e.g. where the very topic is an Indic word like [[Aum]], familiar even in written form around the world, then we should do so. There is no exception for "this politician is Maldivian, so we can use Indic script as much as we want to." — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ< 23:36, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
:It's not about Indic scripts, and never has been, it's about "Indian" scripts. If an article is related to India, then the community has decided that it's not desirable to include native scripts in the lede or the infobox regardless of whether those native scripts are Indic or something else, e.g. Urdu. Clarifying the scope is kind of redundant: this is after all, the MOS page for ''India''-related articles (and before this was moved here, it was within WP INDIA's internal project space). However, [[WP:INDICSRIPT]] is used and quoted so often that there was a history of incidents with editors missing that point and starting to remove e.g. Sanskrit names from Buddhism articles, or Urdu native names from Pakistan-related articles.
:Anyway, if you'd like to change the guideline to have broader scope than it currently has, you can of course start and RfC, but unlike all the previous ones it will need to 1) be on a page different from the talk page of WP INDIA, and 2) be advertised to the projects concerned. However, this is unlikely to draw much support as the situation that led to the adoption of this guideline (= regular editors being sick of people edit-warring over which script(s) to include and in what order) doesn't hold for any of the related projects. – [[User talk:Uanfala|Uanfala (talk)]] 00:45, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
::Really? I may be wrong but I thought the RfC etc said ''Indic''? The underlying problem, though, does have history either on this page or some other. Something to do with local (ie: project) consensus cannot over-ride general community consensus. That's a big issue because all someone has to do is add another project banner to a talk page and an article instantly becomes exempt from the India project consensus. Whether it is a problematic issue is another matter. Personally, I'd rather see it applied site-wide for the reasons that have already been discussed to death in numerous past threads and because I feel that if a project can re-work general notability guidelines with local consensus - NSPORT, NPROF etc - then we're on the cusp of doing the same sort of thing with Indic scripts anyway. The fact is, they're pretty much unworkable and the value of retention is really of minimal (not zero, but minimal) utility for our readership: if you know it, you know it ... and if you do not then you probably couldn't care less. - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 01:21, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
:::Sitush, do you suggest that any of the editors who opposed the inclusion of say Devanagari or Tamil scripts in the lede would have been happy with retaining Urdu? {{tq|all someone has to do is add another project banner to a talk page and an article instantly becomes exempt from the India project consensus}} – that's why that bit in the text says "predominantly India-related". – [[User talk:Uanfala|Uanfala (talk)]] 01:38, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
::::Any script is a problem. Defining ''India'' is also a problem, eg: in theory most Pakistan-related tribe articles are also India-related: Pakistan has only been around for a few years and it was a part of India for much longer. We have to assume a bit of common sense here. - [[User:Sitush|Sitush]] ([[User talk:Sitush|talk]]) 15:00, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

== blanket ban per [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]] ==

I understand the reasoning for [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]], but the ban seems excessive. For example, gujarati film [[Dhh]] has a clear case of indic script in lead and/or infobox. There are no claims of multiple language to be added here, so why can't we refine policy to allow such cases? [[User:Coderzombie|Coderzombie]] ([[User talk:Coderzombie|talk]]) 13:10, 13 April 2018 (UTC)
: There has been quite a number of discussions on the matter over the years, and I think the simplest way is to explain it is that there is no way to leave the door half-open. Since the alternative was worse, the community has chosen to leave the door tightly closed. Maybe one day consensus will change. --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 22:30, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

== Diacritics, use or not? ==
This guideline is unclear on whether or not to use diacritics, and in what circumstances. ''[[Devanagari]]'' or ''Devanāgarī''? ''[[Aryabhata]]'' or ''Āryabhaṭa''?

Should diacritics be "extended?" (''[[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara]]'', ''Brihadiśvara'', or ''Brihadishvara''?)

Should they be used for all terms that can be transcribed with IAST (this would be excessive, imo), or just technical Sanskrit terms/names for historical/religious topics? The latter is my preference, for words like ''[[parinirvāṇa]]''.

Should they be used for article names? In leads? General text?

Overall diacritic usage is very inconsistent across the wiki, I hope a standard can be set. - [[User:AMorozov|AMorozov]] [[User talk:AMorozov|〈talk〉]] 12:18, 9 May 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|AMorozov}} The question is not one of whether to use diacritics or not, but which transliteration standard to use. As the section on [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles#Non-English strings|Non-English strings]] outlines, [[ISO 15919]] should be used for all Indic languages except for Sanskrit, where [[IAST]] is used conventionally. I have proposed to switch to ISO for Sanskrit as well (see [[#Prefer_ISO_15919_over_IAST|the section below]]), but that's the policy for the moment. By "without diacritics", I assume you mean using the [[Hunterian transliteration]] scheme, the official scheme used by the Indian government. In that scheme, it can be written as ''Brihadishvara''. ''Brihadisvara'' is incorrect; it's not a matter of simply dropping the diacritics from the ISO/IAST transliteration to reach Hunterian transliteration. All in all, I'd say use ISO (preferably) or Hunterian for all Indic languages except for Sanskrit, for which you should be using IAST. [[User:Getsnoopy|Getsnoopy]] ([[User talk:Getsnoopy|talk]]) 01:52, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

== Gandhi ==

In section "Indic scripts in leads and infoboxes", we are admonished not to use Indic scripts in the lede section. In the very next section, "Linking to other Indian Language Wikipedias", an example lede fragment is given which violates this rule. The article it refers to, [[Mahatma Gandhi]], does not display the same lede. [[User:Elizium23|Elizium23]] ([[User talk:Elizium23|talk]]) 11:03, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

== Avoidance of Indic scripts makes no sense ==

The decision was made because there are too many Indian languages? This makes no sense, because there are only 2 official languages in India, English and Hindi. Adding Hindi can help millions of people who only know, speak and write in Hindi to find articles on wikipedia. Not all English wikipedia articles have a hindi translation. Such a decision only prevents wikipedia's accessibility. For people, companies, and organizations that operate mostly on the state level. State languages can be included as an when deemed necessary. It seems regressive to avoid the usage of Indic scripts when for every other country, a local language translation is offered — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Debitpixie|Debitpixie]] ([[User talk:Debitpixie#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Debitpixie|contribs]]) 11:50, 3 June 2020 (UTC) 

== Prefer BCE/CE ==

I propose a policy of preferring the secular BCE/CE as opposed to BC/AD for Indian articles being added under the "Basic India conventions". Many articles on Indian topics seem to follow this convention already (e.g., [[India]], [[Karma]], [[Hinduism]]), but my proposal is to codify it as a preference. [[User:Getsnoopy|Getsnoopy]] ([[User talk:Getsnoopy|talk]]) 04:37, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

== Prefer ISO 15919 over IAST ==

I propose preferring [[ISO 15919]] over [[IAST]] for all Indic-language transliterations, and adding this to the conventions page. IAST is essentially a subset of ISO 15919, barring a couple cases where it's different, and the latter allows for all Indic languages to be unambiguously represented. Along the same lines, the recommended template for transliterations should be changed to <code><nowiki>{{transl}}</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki></code>, as the former allow specifying the transliteration scheme used as well, which is important in many cases. [[User:Getsnoopy|Getsnoopy]] ([[User talk:Getsnoopy|talk]]) 17:17, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

== '''Category:Government of Bangalore''' should be deleted since it is named after a an entity which never existed ==

'''Category:Government of Bangalore''' should be deleted since it is named after a an entity which never existed.
Usage of terms Government of Karnataka and Government of India should be entertained but there is (or was) nothing by the name Government of Bangalore.
If you want to categorize agencies associated with Bangalore, then we can use '''Category:Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike''' for Pages dedicated to Agencies associated with Municipal Corporation.
Similarly other Pages which are using '''Category:Government of Bangalore''' can use '''Category:Bangalore'''.
Talk Page '''[[Category_talk:Government_of_Bangalore#Category%3AGovernment_of_Bangalore_should_be_deleted_since_it_is_named_after_a_an_entity_which_never_existed._Discussion_on_Wikipedia_talk%3AManual_of_Style%2FIndia-related_articles|Talk]]'''. -[[User:Vijethnbharadwaj|Vijethnbharadwaj]] ([[User talk:Vijethnbharadwaj|talk]]) 17:14, 19 January 2021 (UTC)

:This is the wrong forum for deleting or merging a category. Take it to [[WP:CFD]] where it will have wider attention. [[User:Timrollpickering|Timrollpickering]] ([[User talk:Timrollpickering|talk]]) 19:29, 19 January 2021 (UTC)
::Agree with Timrollpickering. --[[User:Rsrikanth05|Rsrikanth05]] ([[User talk:Rsrikanth05|talk]]) 21:31, 19 January 2021 (UTC)

== Is this okay? ==
So if on an India-related geography article, can I put Indic script and then Latin script? It doesn't say you can't according to [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]]. For example, can I put in the "nativename" section the Hindi name for a place and then below that the Latin transliteration? [[Special:Contributions/2001:8003:C829:E400:F091:1EFE:F47B:624B|2001:8003:C829:E400:F091:1EFE:F47B:624B]] ([[User talk:2001:8003:C829:E400:F091:1EFE:F47B:624B|talk]]) 07:03, 27 June 2021 (UTC)
: That's requires a very imaginative reading of {{tq|Avoid the use of [[Indic script]]s in [[WP:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead sections]] or [[WP:Infobox|infoboxes]].|q=yes}}. Avoid it. --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 09:15, 27 June 2021 (UTC)
:: Some geographical names in India have been used with multiple spellings in Roman. For example The name of the city in Hindi जबलपुर follows the exact native pronunciation and has not changed. In Roman it has been Jubbulpore, Jubbalpur, Jabalpur etc. In that case it is advantages to use the Indic text. One distinct advantage of using the Indic text is that the text string can be used to search publications in Indian languages (newspapers and books). For example see <ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0&source=lnms&tbm=nws Search जबलपुर news]</ref>which will search for जबलपुर in Hindi newspapers.
{{rlt}}
::[[User:Malaiya|Malaiya]] ([[User talk:Malaiya|talk]]) 02:01, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
:::I know what you mean. I have a lot of examples, for one being [[Guntur]] which was written as [[:te:గుంటూరు|గుంటూరు]] which transliterates to ''Gunturu''. Can't say about other languages in other countries, but this is common in Indic scripts. For this change, you'll need to achieve consensus in the [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]] context. [[User:DaxServer|-- DaxServer]] ([[User talk:DaxServer|talk]]) 08:59, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

== All non-Sanskrit transliterations should use ISO 15919 ==

This policy is already implied in the current policy and followed on most articles, but my proposal is to make it explicit. If no one objects to this in about a week's time, I will be amending the text accordingly in {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related articles|Non-English_strings}}. [[User:Getsnoopy|Getsnoopy]] ([[User talk:Getsnoopy|talk]]) 19:42, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==Legislative Assembly constituency names==
I am noticing some confusion about what are the correct and uniform names for the Indian state assembly constituencies. Articles are titled using Vidhan Sabha constituency, Vidhana Sabha constituency, Assembly constituency, Legislative Assembly, State Assembly constituency and Union Territory Assembly constituency etc.

I propose to name change of the all State and Union Territory assembly constituencies, for example, from [[Khanapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] to [[Khanapur (Maharashtra State Legislative Assembly constituency)]], [[Khanapur (Assembly constituency)]] to [[Khanapur (Telangana State Legislative Assembly constituency)]], [[Khanapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency (Karnataka))]] to [[Khanapur (Karnataka State Legislative Assembly constituency)]] and [[Islampur (Maharashtra) (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] to [[Islampur (Maharashtra State Legislative Assembly constituency)]] etc. [[User:Italawar|Italawar]] ([[User talk:Italawar|talk]]) 14:49, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

:The standard name should be "XYZ (Legislative Assembly constituency)". In the case of multiple constituencies in different states having the same name, the format should be "XYZ (ABC Legislative Assembly constituency)". Using "Vidhan Sabha" in the title will be a cause for conflicts. In the future, someone may argue that Karnataka constituencies should instead use the term "Vidhana Soudha". Better to go with the English term. [[User:Bharatiya29|'''Bharatiya''']][[User talk:Bharatiya29|29]] 15:04, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
:: <strike>I support Bharatiya suggestion, there is no need to list the state if no further disambiguation is needed.</strike> Number 57's proposal below is more complete so I prefer it. --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 16:41, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
::I too support Bharatiya's suggestion. [[User:TryKid|TryKid]] ([[User talk:TryKid|talk]]) 19:13, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
::Bit of a late reply, but Karnataka's Legislative Assembly ''is'' called a Vidhan Sabha. It's only the building that's called the Vidhana Soudha. [[User:Wilhelm Tell DCCXLVI|Wilhelm Tell DCCXLVI]] [[User talk:Wilhelm Tell DCCXLVI|converse]] | [[Special:contributions/Wilhelm Tell DCCXLVI|fings wot i hav dun]] 03:13, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

:I propose the uniformed nomenclature "XYZ (ABC Assembly constituency)", where XYZ is the constituency name and ABC is the State/UT name. That way we wouldn't need to put the titles, "State Legislative Assembly constituency" or "Union Territory Assembly constituency" separately the for the states and union territories.

:Also the "XYZ (Legislative Assembly constituency)" as proposed by [[User: Bharatiya29|Bharatiya29]] is unusually long title and thus not desirable. For example, "Ghosi (Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly constituency)" can simply be titled "Ghosi (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)" — [[User:Hemant Dabral|Hemant Dabral]][[User Talk:Hemant Dabral|Talk]] 17:15, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
:: There are two issues here. You propose to use "Assembly constituency" instead of "Legislative Assembly constituency". To this I do not oppose. However, you also propose to always use the state, which I think makes the titles unnecessarily too long in 99% of the cases. If there is no disambiguation needed, don't disambiguate. --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 17:44, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

::There is no need to put State/UT in the title irrespective of the fact ehther the State name is mentioned or not. The legislative body of a state is called the legislative assembly for both states and partial states (Delhi, Puducherry, J&K). [[User:Bharatiya29|'''Bharatiya''']][[User talk:Bharatiya29|29]] 19:36, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

:::Keeping the name of a State/UT in titles will bring the uniformity in all of these constituency pages and at the same time it will rule out any chance of ambiguity. It'd look odd if some constituencies in a state (disambiguation pages) have the state name in titles and other constituencies don't have it. It's rather more practical to use State/UT name to achieve uniformity so we don't have to use different titles (one for disambigous pages and other for normal pages) for the various consistencies of a same State/UT. — [[User:Hemant Dabral|Hemant Dabral]][[User Talk:Hemant Dabral|Talk]] 22:45, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
:::: While I see why uniformity can be valued, it is no excuse to needlessly extend all titles, and is generally not the way disambiguators work. There are thousands of examples of this in Wikipedia, but just one, in how song disambiguators work, we have [[Hope (Jack Johnson song)]] because there are many songs with the title "Hope", but we have [[As Tears Go By (song)]], not [[As Tears Go By (Marianne Faithfull song)]], although that would be more uniform. 99% of the titles will not need the state/UT, uniformity is not a reason to make the other 99% longer. --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 11:13, 2 February 2020 (UTC)
My view is that we should always keep disambiguation to a minimum and unnecessarily long names are not helpful. Having a standard disambiguator, especially as long as that proposed by Italawar is unnecessary IMO. I would propose the following disambiguation hierarchy:
#No other geographical area or entity with the same name: Do not disambiguate (e.g. [[Gwalior East]] as opposed to [[Gwalior East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]])
#Geographic entity with the same name, but not a constituency: Disambiguate with "(constituency)" (e.g. [[Alirajpur (constituency)]] as opposed to [[Alirajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]])
#Lok Sabha constituency with the same name: Disambiguate with "(Legislative Assembly constituency)" (e.g. [[Betul (Legislative Assembly constituency)]] as opposed to [[Betul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]])
#Legislative Assembly constituency with the same name in another state: Disambiguate with "(state name constituency)" (e.g. [[Islampur (Maharashtra constituency)]] rather than [[Islampur (Maharashtra) (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]])
#Legislative Assembly constituency with the same name in another state and a Lok Sabha constituency with the same name: Disambiguate with "(state name Legislative Assembly constituency)" (e.g. [[Footown (Maharashtra Legislative Assembly constituency)]]).
I don't see having slightly different titles across a range of articles as a significant issue – having unnecessarily long titles is more of an issue than a lack of uniformity IMO. Cheers, [[User:Number 57|Number]] [[User talk:Number 57|5]][[Special:Contributions/Number 57|7]] 13:54, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
: {{re|Number 57}} I fully support your proposal as it captures my thoughts about how disambiguation should be done. However, is #4 the furthest disambiguation needs to go? Is it not possible to have a constituency which is both the same name another state and a Lok Sabha constituency? There might not be such a case, but if there is, it may require the obnoxiously long [[Khanapur (Telangana Legislative Assembly constituency)]].--[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 14:18, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
::Yes, you're correct that it probably needs a #5 just in case such a situation did exist. I've added it above. Cheers, [[User:Number 57|Number]] [[User talk:Number 57|5]][[Special:Contributions/Number 57|7]] 14:22, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
::: Even better. {{ping|Italawar|Bharatiya29|TryKid|Hemant Dabral}} care to comment? --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 18:51, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
::::{{u|Number 57}}'s proposal looks quite good to me. I think we should extend it to Lok Sabha constituencies as well. [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)]] can be moved to [[Chennai South]] as per point one. I am not entirely sure about how to manage Lok Sabha constituencies with the same name in different states. Should it be [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)]] or [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra (Lok Sabha constituency)]]? Because the current title gives a feeling that there is a different Lok Sabha for each state. [[User:Bharatiya29|'''Bharatiya''']][[User talk:Bharatiya29|29]] 21:05, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
:::::Although I see your point about it making it look like there is a Maharashtra Lok Sabha, I think [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)]] is still slightly preferable as it avoids a double disambiguation in the same title (using a comma and brackets). [[User:Number 57|Number]] [[User talk:Number 57|5]][[Special:Contributions/Number 57|7]] 21:13, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
:: [[User:Number 57|Number 57]]'s proposal looks quite obnoxious and odd to me. For example:

1. [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra (Lok Sabha constituency)]] serves as a much better disambiguator than using "double brackets" [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra) (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. As an alternative, you can just use the official constituency number if you don't want double disambiguation. [[34-Aurangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] for Bihar and [[41-Aurangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] for Maharashtra. The constituency number is the part of official name of the constituency as it can be seen in the nomination papers filed by candidates.

2. Suggesting the constituency title [[Alirajpur (constituency)]] is also incorrect as there are Legislative Council constituencies too in the some states of same name. (Not in Madhya Pradesh though but I'm using Alirajpur as a reference point here) For example: [[Saharanpur]] in U.P. has three kind of constituencies — Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council and Lok Sabha, So it's better to clarify what kind of constituency is it, Assembly or Council or Lok Sabha.
Even within the Legislative Council, Saharanpur has three constituencies — Graduate's constituency, Teacher's constituency and Local Authority constituency.

3. The title [[Gwalior East]] denote a general locality or geographical area of that city. It doesn't have an article on Wikipedia as of today but in future there's a possibility that there might be an article related to this geographic area so it's better to use disambiguator instead of using just a generic title for a constituency article page.

4. It would be very inconvenient for a Wikipedia user to search for a specific constituency located in a specific state with all these non-uniform title names. For example: A person looking for Betul Assembly constituency would be expecting the same keywords for Alirajpur Assembly constituency and Gwalior East Assembly constituency to search for the articles, but all three of them having three different non-uniform titles would prove to be very inconvenient to a Wikipedia user to locate them.

— [[User:Hemant Dabral|Hemant Dabral]][[User Talk:Hemant Dabral|Talk]] 02:26, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
:::Happy to have a constructive debate, but I feel your first three points are a wilful misrepresentation/misinterpretation of my suggestion; regarding #1, I did not suggest using double brackets. Regarding #2 and #3, the examples I gave were illustrations of how it would work; if the specific examples I gave do require further disambiguation, then they would move to the next level (for example, if there are other Legislative Assembly constituencies called Alirajpurr, then they would fall under #4).
:::The suggestion made to use [[34-Aurangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] is worth consideration. However, I think adding the number would have to be applied to all Lok Sabha constituencies if it were adopted.
:::With regards to the final point, when editors search for a constituency, as they start typing its name in the search box, all the matches will come up. As a result, I don't see there being problems with locating articles, or that keywords are necessary in the title. [[User:Number 57|Number]] [[User talk:Number 57|5]][[Special:Contributions/Number 57|7]] 11:18, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
::I endorse all of [[User:Hemant Dabral|Hemant Dabral]]'s four points. HD clearly knows the set of articles very well, and is familiar with the degree of ambiguity involved.
::HD's description of it reminds me of the discussions we had in relation to Ireland, where a broad stable adminsitrative geography (Ireland has had the same set of counties for ~400 years) means that their names (and those of towns and cities) have been used for constituencies of
:::#The [[Parliament of Ireland]] (pre 1801)
:::#The [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] (since 1801 for [[Northern Ireland]], and 1801–1922 for the [[Republic of Ireland]])
:::#The [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] (1921–1972)
:::#The [[Northern Ireland Forum]] (1996–1998)
:::#The [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] (since 1999)
:::#[[Dáil Éireann]], since 1918
:::#The [[European Parliament]] (since 1979)
:::.... and that's not even a definitive list.
:::For examples of the permutations of name, see e.g. [[Template:County Antrim constituencies]] or [[Template:County Cork constituencies]]. The Indian situation seems just as complex, and trying to impose a multi-level disambiguation hierarchy would create absurd complexity. --[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 03:32, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
* I strongly oppose {{u|Number 57}}'s suggestion. That creates a complex 5-level hierarchy of disambiguation, which means that editors and readers have to guess what the canonical name is, with an inevitably high rate of error. The problem is simple:
:# every constituency is anmed after a pre-existing geographucal entity, so the bare name is always inherently ambiguous
:#the bare name such as "FooTown" or "FooTown East" may refer to any of
:#* an informal geographical area
:#* an administrative division
:#* a state assembly constituency
:#* a Lok Sabha constituency
:With a consistent naming format, readers and editors can ascertain the name of the constituency article just by applying the convention.
:But without it, the article's name can be determined only with extensive prior knowledge. In other words, the reader or can find the article only if they are already have info which most will need to learn from the article. If Number 57's plan is implemented, the result will be that it is impossible to conduct a rules-based check for the accuracy of links. Every one of them will have to be checked by hand, and we simply don't have enough dedicated editors to sustain that level of manual checking of such huge variability across such a huge set of articles.
: The same issues were debated at length in 2006/2007 in respect of constituencies in the UK and Ireland. Neither is a federal system, but both share the Indian characteristic have multiple types of constituency. In each case, the consensus was to use a consistent dismabiguator in all cases, and that consensus has remained stable ever since then. Similarly, see [[:Category:European Parliament constituencies]]+subcats: all articles use "Foo (European Parliament constituency)"
:So please, disambiguate ''all'' the constituencies, at least to the level of "Foo (assembly constituency)"/"Foo (Lok Sabha constituency)", and much preferably use the always-unambiguous "XYZ (ABC Assembly constituency)" proposed by [[User:Hemant Dabral|Hemant Dabral]].
:Maintainability is massively enhanced by consistency. Please please please don't undermine that maintainability. --[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 02:44, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
::'''PS''' Please note that the policy [[WP:NAMINGCRITERIA]] sets five criteria:
::*Recognizability
::*Naturalness
::*Precision
::*Conciseness
::*Consistency
::The format "XYZ (ABC Assembly constituency)" is a clear winner on 3 criteria: Recognizability, Precision, and Consistency.
::Number 57's provision wins only on conciseness, but fails on at least three of the other criteria.
::Some editors seem to prioritise conciseness over all the other 4 criteria, but there is no policy reason to do so. --[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 02:59, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
:::You have a point on consistency as I accepted above, but I disagree on the recognisability and precision criteria. We don't generally disambiguate where it's not necessary. I would imagine the vast, vast majority of readers would not know what the word [[Culpho]] refers to, but I doubt anyone would seriously suggest changing its name to [[Culpho (UK village)]] to make it recognisable or precise. This debate effectively boils down to a decision between consistency vs conciseness. [[User:Number 57|Number]] [[User talk:Number 57|5]][[Special:Contributions/Number 57|7]] 11:18, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

::::I agree with {{u|Number 57}} that this is primarily a consistency vs conciseness debate. But {{u|Hemant Dabral}}'s points are worth consideration. A lot of Lok Sabha constituency names can also refer to geographical entities. For example, [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]], [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]], [[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Paschim Champaran]], etc. Terms like Gwalior East should mostly refer to the LS constituency, but that depends on one's perspective and hence we have to assume that all constituency names can also refer to the geographical location irrespective of the existence of a Wikipedia article about the same. The idea of hierarchical disambiguation is no longer practical due to legislative council constituencies. In light of all this, we have to sacrifice conciseness for practicality and consistency. I will like to propose a much simpler naming scheme:
::::#All LS and legislative assembly constituencies should have "(Lok Sabha constituency)" and "(Legislative Assembly constituency)" in their title. Omitting the word "legislative" will not be appropriate IMO.
::::#If two assembly constituencies in different states have the same name, the state name should be mentioned in the disambiguator: "ABC (XYZ Legislative Assembly constituency)".
::::#If two LS constituencies in different states have the same name, the state name should be mentioned with a comma: "ABC, XYZ (Lok Sabha constituency)".
::::This proposal is mostly based on consistency, but also provides some conciseness by omitting the state name in most cases. As for mentioning the constituency name in the title, that would practically solve all of these issues. But it will look quite odd and will fail [[WP:NATURALNESS]]. [[User:Bharatiya29|'''Bharatiya''']][[User talk:Bharatiya29|29]] 17:00, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
::::The use of titles like [[Rajinder Nagar (constituency)]] might lead to confusion for the reader as it can refer to either the [[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Delhi legislative assembly constituency]] or the [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation]] ward. A constituency is defined as "a group of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body", and since municipal corporations are not legislative bodies, wards are technically not constituencies. But they do satisfy the first part of the definition and that can lead to confusion. [[User:Bharatiya29|'''Bharatiya''']][[User talk:Bharatiya29|29]] 17:20, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
:::::{{yo||Number 57|Bharatiya29}} no, this ''not'' a simple consistency vs conciseness debate. That stance is just denialism of the precision and recognisability criteria.
:::::Every constituency name is derived from an existing geographical term, so it is inherently ambiguous. Every constituency name (e.f. "FooTown", "FooTown Central", "FooTown and BarTown", "South DistrictName" etc) could equally well refer to a formal or informal geographical entity. So the undisambiguated form fails the precision criterion. Readers and editors are unlikely to know in advance whether we currently have an article on the informal area "South DistrictName", and the failure to disambiguate leaves them guessing.
:::::Number47's comparison with [[Culpho]] is a red herring, because the name [[Culpho]] is not derived from an existing geographical entity. The constituency name is derivative, so it is almost never the primary topic for a geographical term, where as the village nearly always is primary (unless ambiguous with an other village of the same name).
:::::Here's an example of the sort of absurdity which arises from the failure to disambiguate: [[Bhograi]]. The article is about a constituency named after an administrative division ... but because the article on the division hasn't yet been created, the constituency is occupying the slot.
:::::The undisambiguated term also fails the recognisability criterion, by failing to indicate that the article is about a primarily legal entity rather than a primarily geographical one.
:::::And I'm sorry to see that Number57 pays no attention to maintainability. There are currently 4,227 articles on Indian constituencies, of which only 181 omit the word "constituency". Number57 wants to introduce avoidable ambiguity to an unquantified number of the 4,046 articles which are already dismabiguated: why? How does this help anyone? Who benefits from this? Where is all the extra editorial effort going to come from to maintain this 5-level hierarchy of disambiguation? --[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 23:53, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

<blockquote style="border-bottom: 1px solid #008000;border-right: 1px solid #008000;">
*There is no need to put State/UT in the title irrespective of the fact ehther the State name is mentioned or not. The legislative body of a state is called the legislative assembly for both states and partial states (Delhi, Puducherry, J&K). [[User:Bharatiya29|'''Bharatiya''']][[User talk:Bharatiya29|29]] 19:36, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
:I oppose {{u| Bharatiya29}} for now [[User:Italawar|Italawar]] ([[User talk:Italawar|talk]]) 15:48, 15 February 2020 (UTC)
*Keeping the name of a State/UT in titles will bring the uniformity in all of these constituency pages and at the same time it will rule out any chance of ambiguity. It'd look odd if some constituencies in a state (disambiguation pages) have the state name in titles and other constituencies don't have it. It's rather more practical to use State/UT name to achieve uniformity so we don't have to use different titles (one for disambigous pages and other for normal pages) for the various consistencies of a same State/UT. — [[User:Hemant Dabral|Hemant Dabral]][[User Talk:Hemant Dabral|Talk]] 22:45, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
:Isupport {{u| Hemant Dabral}} [[User:Italawar|Italawar]] ([[User talk:Italawar|talk]]) 15:48, 15 February 2020 (UTC)
*All LS and legislative assembly constituencies should have "(Lok Sabha constituency)" and "(Legislative Assembly constituency)" in their title. Omitting the word "legislative" will not be appropriate IMO. [[User:Bharatiya29|'''Bharatiya''']][[User talk:Bharatiya29|29]] 17:00, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
:I support {{u| Bharatiya29}} [[User:Italawar|Italawar]] ([[User talk:Italawar|talk]]) 15:48, 15 February 2020 (UTC)
* Number 57's ...
:I strongly oppose {{u|Number 57}}'s suggestion. Probably a good compromise could be to use the official name of the constituency without number. [[https://eci.gov.in/files/category/145-delimitation/ 1]] [[https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf 2]] [[User:Italawar|Italawar]] ([[User talk:Italawar|talk]]) 05:28, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
</blockquote>

{{ping|Italawar|Bharatiya29|Number 57|TryKid|Muhandes|BrownHairedGirl}} Why the Karnataka Legislative Assembly constituencies pages were [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&offset=&limit=500&type=move&user=Vijethnbharadwaj&page=&tagfilter= moved] by [[User:Vijethnbharadwaj|Vijethnbharadwaj]] when the discussion about the correct title format of constituencies is still ongoing? — [[User:Hemant Dabral|'''H'''e'''m'''a'''n'''t '''D'''a'''b'''r'''a'''l]] ([[User talk:Hemant Dabral|📞]] • [[Special:Contributions/Hemant Dabral|✒]]) 07:32, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|Italawar|Bharatiya29|Number 57|TryKid|Muhandes|BrownHairedGirl|Hemant Dabral}} I see there is no clear outcome of this discussion. May be we should go for an RfC. What do you think? -- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 13:12, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ab207|Ab207]]: I agree. An RFC is needed to clear this up.
::But please, before launching the RFC, let's collaborate to make a neutral summary of the issues. That makes for a much better discussion at RFC. --[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 13:21, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
:::{{re|BrownHairedGirl}} Yeah, thats the ideal way to go. --[[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 13:59, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
=== Constituency names RFC drafting ===
*There are two topics here: Should we go for consistency or conciseness? If consistency, then how?
:#'''Lok Sabha constituencies''' where there is already some consistency [[XYZ (Lok Sabha constituency)]] ''e.g.'' [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
:#'''Legislative assembly constituencies''' where currently there is no consistency. Different proposals include:
:## Option 1: Disambiguation by generic name: [[Secunderabad (Assembly constituency)]] or [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)]]
:## Option 2: Disambiguation by State/UT name: [[Khanapur (Telangana Legislative Assembly constituency)]] or [[Sultan Pur Majra (Delhi Assembly constituency)]]
:## Option 3: Disambiguation by Indian language: [[Bangalore South (Vidhana Sabha constituency)]] or [[Begusarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
:I have tried to hit brief points, you may fill in your input--[[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 13:59, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
:::Thanks for that valuable start, @[[User:Ab207|Ab207]].
:::However, I think the the hierarchy of questions and options is little confusing. So I suggest this redraft:
:::'''Question 1: disambiguate selectively or always.''' Should constituency names in India be:
:::: '''Option 1a) always as concise as possible, i.e. include a disambiguator only when needed'''? (as with e.g. [[:Category:New Zealand electorates]] and [[:Category:Canadian federal electoral districts]], which don't always disambiguate)
:::: '''Option 1b) consistent, i.e. include a standard disambiguator in all cases'''? (as with e.g. the various types of constituencies under [[:Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Ireland]], [[:Category:Constituencies in the United Kingdom]]. Each set of constituencies for those countries has a standard disambiguator for each parliament/assembly. [[:Category:Australian electorates]] uses a pair of consistent but unparethesised naming formats: "Division of Foo" for federal constituencies, "Electoral district of Foo" for state assembly constituencies)
:::: Note that the underlying debate here is about two ways of viewing these titles:
::::* One view is that every constituency title as inherently ambiguous, because it is named after an existing geographical entity on which we may or may not have an article. Under this view "FooTown", "North FooTown", "West FooDistrict", "FooTown and BarTown" etc are all ambiguous because they describe a geographical area on which we could reasonably have an article.
::::* the other view is to individually test the ambiguity of each constituency article only by whether another article already exists with that title.
:::'''Question 2: How should we disambiguate the Lok Sabha constituencies?'''. Note that:
:::* this applies regardless of the answer to Q1, which decides whether we disambiguate in some cases or all cases.
:::* Currently, all article on Lok Sabha constituencies are disambiguated either as "(Lok Sabha constituency)", except in five cases where that is ambiguous and the dab is ("''StateName'' Lok Sabha constituency)".
:::*'''Option 2a''': disambiguate only as far as needed in this hierarchy: "constituency" / "Lok Sabha constituency" / "StateName Lok Sabha constituency"
:::*'''Option 2b''': (status quo) disambiguate only as far as needed in this hierarchy: "Lok Sabha constituency" / "StateName Lok Sabha constituency"
:::'''Question 3: How should we disambiguate the State Assembly constituencies?'''. Note that:
:::* this applies regardless of the answer to Q1, which decides whether we disambiguate in some cases or all cases.
:::* Currently, there is no consistency in the naming of State assembly constituencies
:::;Options for Q3:
::::* '''Option 3a''' disambiguation by generic name "Assembly constituency", e.g. [[Secunderabad (Assembly constituency)]]
::::* '''Option 3b''' disambiguation by generic name "state assembly constituency", e.g. [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)]]
::::* '''Option 3c''' disambiguation by specific name "[name of state or union territory]' assembly constituency": e.g. [[Sultan Pur Majra (Delhi Assembly constituency)]]
::::* '''Option 3d''' disambiguation by specific name "''[name of state or union territory]'' Legislative Assembly constituency": e.g. [[Bishnupur (Manipur Legislative Assembly constituency)]]
::::* '''Option 3e''' disambiguation by generic Indian-language name "Vidhan Sabha constituency": e.g. [[Bangalore South (Vidhana Sabha constituency)]]
::::* '''Option 3f''' disambiguation by specific Indian-language name "''[name of state or union territory]'' Vidhan Sabha constituency": e.g. [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
:::--[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 19:23, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::::{{re|BrownHairedGirl}}, The draft looks good, there's one minor issue though. example for Option 3e is incorrect. ''Vidhan'''a''' Sabha'' is [[Kannada]]-language term while generic [[Hindi]]-language term is ''Vidhan Sabha''. There are other Indic language terms include, ''Sasana Sabha'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), ''Niyamasabha'' ([[Malayalam]]) etc. which are not in use at this point.
::::It may also be worth mentioning that while there is no consistency for state assembly constituencies across India, there is consistency at state/UT level. "Assembly constituency" is used by [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]] and [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]; "state (or) Union Territory assembly constituency" by [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] and [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]; "[name of state or union territory] assembly constituency" by [[List of constituencies of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]; "Vidhana Sabha constituency" by [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]; "Vidhan Sabha constituency" used by several states, and so on. Hence, there is indeed an option of maintaining the status quo with consistency at State/UT level.-- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 19:58, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::Thanks, [[User:Ab207|Ab207]]. How about an Option 3g for "retain existing format of consistency at State/UT level"? --[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 20:06, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{re|BrownHairedGirl}} Sounds good -- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 20:10, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::::Pinging past participants who are currently active {{ping|Hemant Dabral|TryKid|Muhandes}} Do you have any inputs? -- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 05:45, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' I don't think the state assembly options are precise enough for an RfC, as each of them gives two options. I would suggest only having one method for each option, which could potentially be:
:#Option 1: Use (state assembly constituency), e.g. [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)]] (adding state where there are two with the same name in different states)
:#Option 2: Use (Assembly constituency), e.g. [[Secunderabad (Assembly constituency)]] (adding state where there are two with the same name in different states)
:#Option 3: Use (Vidhana Sabha constituency), e.g. [[Bangalore South (Vidhana Sabha constituency)]] (adding state where there are two with the same name in different states)
:#Option 4: Use the full name of the state assembly, e.g. [[Khanapur (Telangana Legislative Assembly constituency)]]
:Cheers, [[User:Number 57|Number]] [[User talk:Number 57|5]][[Special:Contributions/Number 57|7]] 16:32, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::{{re|Number 57}} Yeah, this version is better. But I'm not sure if you have realized ''Vidhana Sabha'' ([[Kannada]]-language) and ''Vidhan Sabha'' ([[Hindi]]-language) are also different. This would open a pandora box as each Indian language has its own name e.g., ''Sasana Sabha'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), ''Niyamasabha'' ([[Malayalam]]) etc. which are not in use at this point. -- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 17:30, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::We can add [[Indira Nagar (Union Territory Assembly constituency)]] in option 1 as an example for UTs. (Now there's an unaddressed issue of caps). Following options may also be added
:::Option 5 Use (State Legislative Assembly constituency), [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|full official name]], e.g. [[Tamenglong (State Legislative Assembly constituency)]]
:::Option 5.a Use '''ConstituencyName (StateName/UnionTerritoryaName State/Union Territory Legislative Assembly constituency)''', e.g. [[Gandhinagar (Rajasthan State Legislative Assembly constituency)]], [[Gandhi Nagar (Karnataka State Legislative Assembly constituency)]], [[Gandhi Nagar (Gujarat State Legislative Assembly constituency)]], [[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi National Capital Territory Legislative Assembly constituency)]] or [[(Delhi Union Territory Legislative Assembly constituency)]] etc. for assembly constituencies and Use '''ConstituencyName (StateName/UnionTerritoryaName State/Union Territory Lok Sabha constituency)''', e.g. [[Gandhinagar (Gujarat State Lok Sabha constituency)]], [[Gandhinagar (Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory Lok Sabha constituency)]] etc. for Lok Sabha constituencies.
:::Option 6 Use (Legislative Assembly constituency), concise official name, e.g. [[Uri (Legislative Assembly constituency)]] -- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 17:49, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::::Does anyone actually advocate [[Foo (State Legislative Assembly constituency)]]? The word "state" seems redundant. --[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 20:08, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::{{re|BrownHairedGirl}} I think no one yet (including me). I was brainstorming all possible options. -- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 20:19, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{re|Ab207|BrownHairedGirl}}The word "state" or "union territory" may require to rename [[Gandhinagar (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)]] to [[Gandhinagar (Jammu and Kashmir State Legislative Assembly constituency)]] (Historic) and [[Gandhinagar (Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory Legislative Assembly constituency)]] (Future). [[Special:Contributions/171.48.30.80|171.48.30.80]] ([[User talk:171.48.30.80|talk]]) 14:18, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::@[[User:Ab207|Ab207]], fair enough. Probably best to put everything on the table at the outset. Options added later get confusing. --[[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] [[User talk:BrownHairedGirl|(talk)]] • ([[Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl|contribs]]) 20:39, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::Ah, I didn't mean to write Vidhana – that was a typo... On a related note, is [[State Legislative Assembly (India)]] actually the right name for that article? Not [[State assembly (India)]]? [[User:Number 57|Number]] [[User talk:Number 57|5]][[Special:Contributions/Number 57|7]] 20:27, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{re|Number 57}}I think it uses [https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/ official terminology]. Alternatively it could be [[State Legislative Assemblies of India]] -- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 20:44, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::A user actually mass moved all the constituencies in Karnataka from ''Vidhan'' to ''Vidhana'' as recently as June. So we should be specific. -- [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 20:54, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

I have a more fundamental note / question. Since this ''is'' in English and we're trying to be clear to typical readers, we should look at the common meaning / interpretation of the word "constituency":
#'''98%''' I think that 98% of the time it means the group of supporters or group of people being represented, and so this is how the readers are going to read the word "constituency"
#'''1%''' of the meanings are the geographic district being represented
#'''1%''' of the meanings is that it is the assembly itself.

Keeping this in mind, IMO the above possibilities are confusing to the typical reader and/ or sometimes redundant. It appears that the "98%" meaning is not intended under any of the above. My suggestion is:
*Don't even use the word "constituency" in the title.
*Call a "district" simply a "district"
*Call an "assembly" simply an "assembly"
Sincerely, ''North8000'' ([[User talk:North8000#top|talk]]) 16:16, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

*'''Comment''': The Page names should always give an idea on the content of the Page. Hence it is also necessary to retain the names as used in local terminologies. '''(Assembly constituency)''' was the early used suffix for Legislative Assembly Constituency Pages (Example: [[Ayodhya (Assembly constituency)]]). There were other forms of usage as well (mentioned and listed by many, above). The use of Indic terminology started with using '''(Vidhan Sabha constituency)''' as a suffix (Example: [[Chhindwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]). So if more usage is considered, what we call popular usage or most Commonly used name in Wikipedia, '''(Vidhana Sabha constituency)''' suffix gets justified (Example: [[Bangalore South (Vidhana Sabha constituency)]]. So, if title Vidhan Sabha Constituency stands valid, Vidhan'''a''' can also co-exist.... If consistency is the key, I would suggest using '''(Assembly constituency)''' as suffix for all pages across India without mentioning State name or the word ''State'' / ''Union Territory'' or even mentioning the words ''Legislative'', since these characters makes the title lengthy. However, in case of disambiguation, we should use state name in the title. (Example: [[Shivajinagar (Maharashtra Assembly constituency)]] and [[Shivajinagar (Karnataka Assembly constituency)]] Since we have multiple seats in different states with same name. Whereas, [[Lucknow East (Assembly constituency)]] page title can continue without modification since no page exist with the given name else where in India. Vijeth N Bharadwaj 18:57, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
::I agree with "The Page names should always give an idea on the content of the Page." IMHO, for the majority of English readers, using "constituency" would violate that concept. ''North8000'' ([[User talk:North8000#top|talk]]) 19:45, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
===Discussion at [[:Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian politics/Archive 4#Proposal : Wikipedia:Naming conventions Indian constituencies|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian politics § Proposal : Wikipedia:Naming conventions Indian constituencies]]===
[[File:Symbol watching blue lashes high contrast.svg|25px|link=|alt=]] You are invited to join the discussion at [[:Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian politics/Archive 4#Proposal : Wikipedia:Naming conventions Indian constituencies|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian politics § Proposal : Wikipedia:Naming conventions Indian constituencies]]. [[User:Venkat TL|Venkat TL]] ([[User talk:Venkat TL|talk]]) 12:54, 27 March 2022 (UTC) 

=={{tl|Cleanup Indic script}}==
FYI {{lt|Cleanup Indic script}} has been nominated for deletion -- [[Special:Contributions/65.92.246.142|65.92.246.142]] ([[User talk:65.92.246.142|talk]]) 06:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

== Solution to the Indic script debate ==

Obviously I think banning all Indic scripts in the lead section of India-related articles is not a very good solution, so I came up with another: using a template like [[Template:Infobox Chinese]] to list the names of places in Indian languages. I have therefore created [[Template:Infobox Indian]]. It's currently a work-in-progress and please feel free to (and please do) help me fix it. I have used it on the page [[Indian Australians]] as an example. Thanks! [[User:Thiscouldbeauser|Thiscouldbeauser]] ([[User talk:Thiscouldbeauser|talk]]) 07:55, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

== Why just not use indonesia alone? ==

Where is the indonesia related articles for applying the manual of style in editing pages? [[Special:Contributions/2404:8000:1027:85F6:4D2C:4F6E:D2A6:F16F|2404:8000:1027:85F6:4D2C:4F6E:D2A6:F16F]] ([[User talk:2404:8000:1027:85F6:4D2C:4F6E:D2A6:F16F|talk]]) 15:36, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

== Revisiting exceptions to INDICSCRIPT: proper titles of creative works? ==

Would there be any appetite for an RfC to codify an exception to INDICSCRIPT for proper titles of published works in those languages (film, books, etc.) in articles? It seems like it should be relatively straightforward to determine/enforce. It doesn't appear to have been considered [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_48#Native_languages_in_lead|in the close for the original discussion]] , and I'm not aware of further revision discussions. The current implementation of INDICSCRIPT makes it very difficult to search for non-English sources. I note that FA-class ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' does include its Bengali name, although my impression is that for better or for worse, most articles about published works diligently toe the INDICSCRIPT line. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 22:59, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

:{{reply|Rosguill}} While craving an exception from [[WP:INDICSCRIPTS]] for ''some'' literary works and films, will be relatively straightforward, that won't be the case in general. For example, prior to adoption of this guideline, there have been numerous wiki-battles about whether classic Bollywood films and songs are in Hindi/Urdu/Hindustani and which script(s) should be included and in what order. And several high-profile South Indian films nowadays are simultaneously filmed in multiple languages, which makes determining their "actual" language(s) a target for wiki-fights too. Even the language of [[Jana Gana Mana|Indian national anthem]] has been subject to on and off-wiki-dispute. So while I ''personally'' support inclusion of পথের পাঁচালী at [[Pather Panchali]] and tacitly follow the practice of not removing Indic-scripts from articles about written literary works whose language/script is not subject of any dispute, don't expect formulating or enforcing a general exception to be easy! [[User:Abecedare|Abecedare]] ([[User talk:Abecedare|talk]]) 17:19, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
::I know it's common for films in India to be produced in multiple languages but am less familiar with how many languages are a common upper limit for simultaneous filming. If it's less than say, 5, I think it should be straightforward enough to include all of the languages of production. If films are commonly produced in more than 5 languages at once it becomes truly unwieldy. I think we could come up with a similar workaround for Hindi vs. Urdu or other languages (e.g. do not include Hindi or Urdu if at all ambiguous) that are similarly paired. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 17:23, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
:::Alright, absent anyone jumping out of the woodwork to identify major problems with this idea, I'm going to start an RfC shortly. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 04:36, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

===INDICSCRIPT RfC===
{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1689609680}}
Should we add the following exception to MOS:INDICSCRIPT (changes highlighted in bold)?

{{tq|Exceptions are articles on the script itself, articles on a language that uses the script, articles on '''creative works originally produced in Indic languages. This exception does not apply to dubs or translations of original works, but does apply to works produced and released in multiple languages simultaneously (e.g. ''[[Radhe Shyam]]''). For works whose spoken language is ambiguous (i.e. languages in the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani continuum]]), defer to the spelling/language(s) provided in the earliest publication of the work itself'''}}.

Note that the status quo text already provides for exceptions for {{tq|articles on texts originally written in a particular script.}}; the proposed change would expand this exception to include films, music, video games, and other creative works with specific, identifiable languages of production; text in the guideline related to written works was changed purely for copyediting purposes. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 15:33, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

====Discussion====

*'''Support''' As I noted in the above discussion, the current implementation of MOS:INDICSCRIPT makes it very difficult to search for non-English sources for these topics, and there already appears to be a tacit lack of application of INDICSCRIPT's restrictions in high-quality film articles such as ''[[Pather Panchali]]''. In prior discussions of INDICSCRIPT, suggestions to include carveouts for films and other creative works were suggested but not discussed in depth, and ultimately not included as part of the consensus results (despite not receiving direct opposition). I think that the nature of a creative work's original language of production is such that this exception would cause little additional disruption, and could provide significant benefit to both to readers in itself, and to editors searching for more sources to expand or establish the notability of articles. While multilingual productions are relatively common, the list of original languages of production rarely goes higher than a handful and should not present a significant obstacle. I am also open to further workshopping of how to handle Hindustani languages or other areas of potential confusion that I have not been able to anticipate. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 15:33, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*:'''Support''' That seems perfectly reasonable. I have pondered and can't think of any downsides - but if anyone has cogent arguments against......now is the time. [[User:Lukewarmbeer|Lukewarmbeer]] ([[User talk:Lukewarmbeer|talk]]) 16:35, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*::BTW It seems premature to have an RfC now but as this is a dark corner of WP I understand why you have. [[User:Lukewarmbeer|Lukewarmbeer]] ([[User talk:Lukewarmbeer|talk]]) 16:37, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*:::I initiated a discussion a week ago to test the waters and attempt to do an RFCBEFORE, and got a limited response. Given that this is a very wide-ranging guideline, an RfC seems more appropriate to me than boldly making the change--even if I took the perspective that this change was totally uncontroversial, the lack of publicity associated with a bold change would mean that we'd end up with confusion and inconsistent application of the guideline. (As a side note, I think you could even wikilawyer a case that the original RfC from a decade ago should have been closed with the inclusion of carveouts for creative works, as it was raised in that discussion as a reasonable exception by editors primarily arguing for wholesale removal--but I'd rather get community buy-in and a new consensus than legalistically challenging a decade-old, widely-applied decision). signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 16:41, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' The guideline has stood for a long time and for a good reason; the language battles are too frequent (Hindi-Urdu-Bengali, Tamil-Sanskrit-Devanagri etc.) and the script clutter too high whether it be for any topic including the arts, creating '''very specific''' exceptions while leaving other topics out will not work. Similar proposals were there in the RfCs back then (e.g. of allowing only local official languages on geographic articles) which were rightly shut down as they had not worked in the past as well. There are already not enough users to enforce the existing guideline (e.g. the Pather Panchali script you cite was only [incorrectly] added about [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pather_Panchali&diff=prev&oldid=1158391472 a week ago]) and creating further loophopes will deter anyone from further enforcing them (you can also expect a rollover effect where drive by editors will be adding scripts all over place [scripts in popular film etc. articles only serving to encourage them]). The guideline is already limited to India-specific topics and articles, the result being that you find the same script clutter for which this guideline was created playing out in broader topics (e.g. interboundary rivers, religious topics etc. where they have lead to the same language wars and in cases their removal entirely), we do not need to further weaken the guideline by creating a large exception that too for the most popular topic area. And "articles on texts originally written in a particular script" was incorporated for religious/older texts in a language not covering popular culture areas of literature et al.
:As for the comment about scripts being needed for non-English sources, that is easily resolvable by going to the apt language wiki for the same or Wikidata itself.
:I have consistently and strugglingly enforced the previous guideline for years now and will be heavily discouraged to enforce a guideline if such a gaping hole is brought forth. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
::The Wikidata method you suggest is not really workable, as typically new articles are not already linked on there, if an article even exists on the relevant projects. I'm a little confused by the logical jump from "this is already near-impossible to enforce" to "another exception will make it harder to enforce". If anything, our ability to enforce the current wording is undermined by the absence of these common-sense adjustments that people unfamiliar with our guidelines are going to continually make in perpetuity. I am also skeptical that names of Indian topics is really so much more of an intractable problem than anything else we face on Wikipedia, or that CTOP remedies are not sufficient for addressing disruption related to the region (case in point: we don't appear to need similar provisions for Pakistan topics, despite the presence of multiple sizable minority languages that use both Persian and Devanagari scripts, and plenty of ethno-politico-linguistc tensions both within the country and in relation to its neighbors). I can understand the wisdom of the guideline for matters such as people's personal names or the names of geographic locations, where the correct spelling/language is genuinely ambiguous much of the time, but the same is simply not true for creative works that have an unambiguous language of production. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 20:29, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::Google Translate would be your friend then, also finding sources for Indian films etc. topics has never been an issue as most of them are in English. The script sclutter has always been an intractable problem, the reason this guideline exists in the first place. And the reasoning is perfectly justifiable, language warriors always pop-up now and then and no-one is willing to put in the work to cleanup after they are done. Those who do (such as {{u|Fylindfotberserk}}) know how laborious it is and would not really be impressed by this proposal. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 20:41, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
::::I'd appreciate Fylindfotberserk's opinion, but am still mystified by the logical gap in your argument as to what creates more work for us to do. I'm no stranger to article cleanup, or dealing with intractable nationalist editors across a variety of regions (including naming disputes in particular) and can't say that your comments speak to my experience in this field of editing at all. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 20:47, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::The case of Pakistan is also not really applicable to India, Devanagari is not used in Pakistan ''at all'' Perso-Arabic is the standard (the language writing in Devanagari, i.e. Sindhi, Kashmiri, Punjabi (Gurmukhi) is not done in Pakistan but on the Indian side where these language are also spoken) and Urdu is universal. And unlike the multiple-language cinema of India, the cinema in Pakistan is also mostly in Urdu (Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto cinemas existed but are mostly extinct nowadays and anyhow they all use the same script). [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 20:53, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
::::Is that true of Pakistan-administered Kashmir as well? At any rate, while there may not be a single country that perfectly lines up to India's particularities, I'm still left a little skeptical that there's something inherently more problematic about linguistic rivalry in India as compared to Kurdish regions, the Caucasus, or Israel/Palestine, to name a few linguistically contentious regions. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 20:58, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::::Yes, and Kashmiri is barely spoken in the Pakistani-administered region in any case. The fact that the other mentioned regions don't have a similar policy would be a testament to that, the maximum scripts in any of them would at most be three (Cyrillic/Perso-Arabic/Latin), simply not the case with India. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 21:10, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
::::::Friend, you vastly underestimate the diversity of language in the Caucasus and Syria. Kurdish-adjacent conflicts can involve Kurmanji (written in Latin or Arabic), Arabic, Syriac (written in Aramaic, which looks a lot like but is distinct from Arabic) or Turkish (Latin-derived, but with a different character set than Kurmanji that intentionally excludes letters important for Kurmanji), Circassian (which can use Arabic, Cyrillic-derived, or Latin scripts) and Armenian, among other smaller minority languages. The Caucasus meanwhile, is home to about 30 different languages across seven entirely distinct families of languages, using (often heavily expanded, unique) variations of Cyrillic, Latin, Georgian, Armenian and Arabic scripts signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:24, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::::::I was talking from the perspective of single country applicability. I doubt all of the languages mentioned above would be applicable to a single article. In an Indian film article say for a film simultaneously filmed in three languages (Tamil, Telugu, Hindi) and released in dubs (such as Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi, Bhojpuri, Marathi, Bengali, Odia) the avenues for shenanigans become significantly higher. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 21:38, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
::::::::Turkish-Arabic-Kurmanji edit wars, with the occasional addition of Syriac, Circassian or Armenian for relevant villages, are frequent for northern Syrian topics; linguistic disputes in southern Russia and Georgia can easily include upwards of four languages, although you would be correct that Azerbaijan-Armenia disputes tend to be mercifully simple in their linguistic dimension. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:46, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Gotibro has expressed my misgivings with this very well. The bottom line is that our INDICSCRIPTS policy has put an end to the plague of script wars and I would much prefer to keep it that way. Additionally, carving out an exception for film articles is unnecessary since, almost always, a serviceable transliteration into English for a film title already exists. I don't see much point in including a polyglot set of non-Latin scripts (e.g., the Telegu and Hindi for [[Radhe Shyam]] - OP's example above) when a perfectly acceptable transliteration already exists (e.g., the poster image in that article). What purpose does it serve the English language reader of Wikipedia to see the Telegu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, and Devnagri scripts for [[RRR (film)]] stuck in the infobox or the lead sentence of the article, interrupting the textual flow? [[User:RegentsPark|RegentsPark]] ([[User talk:RegentsPark|comment]]) 20:46, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*:Maybe I'm missing something but it looks like [[RRR (film)]] was only produced in Telugu? Where would consideration of other scripts come in? signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 20:48, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*::It was dubbed in the other languages. --[[User:RegentsPark|RegentsPark]] ([[User talk:RegentsPark|comment]]) 20:52, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*:::The current proposal is to explicitly only include primary languages of production and to exclude dubs. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 20:53, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*::::Ah. The exception to the exception! I think you're getting stuck on trees and are missing seeing the forest. When you build an exception, we're going to see endless discussions on where the exception applies and where it doesn't. For example, if the dubbed Malayalam verion was advertised in Malayalam, does that mean we should include the Malayalam script as well? Since it does exist. Regardless, I'm not seeing any purpose in including any indic script for Indian films when they are also heavily advertised in using English. Or, to put it another way, if we think indic scripts are useful for films, why exclude other areas and not just toss the whole policy out? [[User:RegentsPark|RegentsPark]] ([[User talk:RegentsPark|comment]]) 21:13, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*:::::It's not an exception to the exception, it's a boundary, no more unenforceable than delimiting it to the country of India, or providing an exception for textual works but not films. My reasoning for the proposed scope is that I believe that the parameters are unambiguous (for the Malayalam-dub-and-ad example the answer would be "no"), that the titles are of some use to readers and editors (if not necessarily every reader and editor) and that the genuine confusion at the root of guessing the correct spelling/language the names of Indian people and places (or the languages notable enough to merit listing) is not present for creative works that typically have objectively-verifiable primary languages. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:30, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*:Also, has it {{tq|put an end to the plague of naming disputes}} or not? Gotitbro above implies that such disputes and enforcing the existing guideline are a constant battle, hardly something resolved by the guideline. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 20:54, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::That was put an outlay of how these problems will be exacerbated not a rebuke of the guidelines as a whole. Atleast with the current guideline you don't have multiple users vying for a place for ''their'' language when all can be removed in single swoop without the need of debating on what ''original'' language script needs to be there. The latter gets tricky as films in India a lot of times carry mutiple strands of lects, take [[Nadiya Ke Paar (1982 film)]] for example and see a back and forth of language wars, with scripts its all the more tiring. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 21:04, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
::::I would imagine that any conflict that would occur would be identical to the existing conflict or lack thereof over the listing of Hindi, Bhojpuri and Awadhi in English in the infobox. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:10, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::::Ib conflicts much easier to handle, but if you give prominence to one script in the lead there most definitely would be a significantly higher increase in drive-by script inserters (speaking with experience). [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 21:14, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' I may have been here too long, but I well remember the chaos before [[WP:NOINDICSCRIPT]] was first introduced in 2012, and then the repeated need to tighten it up over the next 5 years, as people kept trying to find/force loopholes in it. I find it difficult to explain how bad this was to any editors who did not experience it. This proposal seems a very retrograde step to a system that is currently working reasonably well, partially because of its simplicity. If the average reader, sees Indic script in one article, they will assume this is acceptable, and add it to others, without reading any guidelines, thus creating far more work for us [[WP:WikiGnomes|WikiGnomes]] who clear the mess up. The suggested "benefits" of the proposal seem insignificant compared to the drawbacks. Indian films are a battleground as it is, including arguments over releases in multiple languages and dubs, we don't need more chaos and language-warring. - [[User:Arjayay|Arjayay]] ([[User talk:Arjayay|talk]]) 21:19, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' I see a lot of oppositions based on script fighting but I think I have a potential solution. What if we create a collapsible template which has fields for a variety of Indic scripts (ordered alphabetically to be as neutral as possible)? It can be implemented on Indic script allowed pages and users can populate the fields with the Indic script they want to include (perhaps we have start off with all the officially recognized scripts of India as default fields and expand as needed). Since it would be collapsible (with its default state being closed and not expanded until users click “show”), it wouldn’t hug too much space in the article and it’ll keep Indic scripts out of the text of the article, where I assume most of the script fighting occurs. It can be titled “Template:Infobox Indic scripts” or something along those lines. I have no idea if an idea like this has been suggested in the past. What do you all think? [[User:ThethPunjabi|ThethPunjabi]] ([[User talk:ThethPunjabi|talk]]) 21:57, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
::Would not really serve any purpose for disparate language really. Pages where Indic scripts are allowed either do not really suffer language wars or are better off without any scripts. The issue is not the relegation of scripts but their removal, even if you include all official languages in such a template, users will still find a way for disruption. All manner of solutions for not removing scripts entirely were proposed in varied ways in the RfC for the guideline, they were not implemented for good reason. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 22:12, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
:::Having read through the prior discussions, while "lack of consensus" is in a sense a good reason to not implement something, I think it's an overstatement to imply that all alternatives were decisively rejected. The [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_48#Native_languages_in_lead|original discussion]] was closed as {{tq|There is ultimately no consensus about which language to use...}} defaulting to the encouragement of IPA by the closer as an attempt to resolve the impasse. The various discussions listed in the guideline itself since then are a rather confusing list of primarily one-off challenges by an editor unsatisfied with the status quo and which led to minimal further discussion, and a much more relevant 2017 discussion to expand the lead-ban to an infobox-ban. I'm not aware of any past discussion that has really taken up the question of exceptions to the rule. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 22:32, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
::::Yes, I had gone through each one of them thoroughly before I set off in implementation of the guideline on enwiki. The 2017 discussion's conclusion was pretty conclusive in not wanting any scripts in any manner whatsoever in India-specific articles. Localized solutions did not work, Infobox solutions did not work, expansion of exceptional areas was not done and templates are not going to work - keeping in line with the spirit that this guidelines set was put forth for, that of reduction and elimination of script clutter. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 23:03, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': Yes it is problematic for the very reasons discussed in the previous RfC and here. Another thing, I don't know people have noticed it or not, it is even problematic in articles that are exempt from the policy, e.g. language and religion-related ones that are relevant for more than one script. [[Bhojpuri language]] is one such article, that has faced POV additions and rearrangements of scripts. [[Durga]] is another one I used to patrol before, see these versions, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durga&oldid=927434699 this one with two scripts], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durga&oldid=987332517 only Devanagri], and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga current version with a list of scripts in the infobox]. - [[User:Fylindfotberserk|Fylindfotberserk]] ([[User talk:Fylindfotberserk|talk]]) 09:40, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
*:I feel Indic scripts should be in the infobox under the param "infobox name module". When Chinese and Japanese scripts are allowed, why disallow Indic ones? [[User:Kailash29792|Kailash29792]] [[User talk:Kailash29792|(talk)]] 09:47, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' I won't repeat the oppose reasons already stated above, which I agree with, but emphasize that it is not trivial to determine the language of Indic creative works or assign a script, even if a a language is determined. With regards to the former, consider, [[List of multilingual Indian films]]; [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani classical music]]; all Hindi/Urdu/Hindustani films, plays and songs, etc. For the latter, consider works in [[Hindustani languages|Hindustani]], [[Konkani]], [[Kokborok]] etc. While referring to the "earliest publication of the work itself" as prescribed by the proposed amendment may work for ''written'' literature, i don't see how that is supposed to help with oral, visual and performance arts. The ambiguity and complexity is best handled in the article body with appropriate sources rather than by adding clutter in the lede sentence, which more than a decade of experience has shown becomes a focal point for linguistic warriors to express their pride and mark ownership over the article's subject. [[User:Abecedare|Abecedare]] ([[User talk:Abecedare|talk]]) 16:38, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for the reasons noted above. Enough discussions that got extremely contentious, too much drama and not enough return. '''[[User talk:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]]''' ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 14:54, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

== Rupee formatting ==

I've noticed that most articles mentioning the Indian rupee appear to use the old [[Rupee sign|Rs]][.] symbol or the [[Indian numbering system|lakh crore system]], rather than the new (as of 2010) ₹ symbol. Is there a standard around which symbol to use, and should instances of "Rs" when referring to the Indian rupee be changed to the new symbol? [[User:Exobiotic|'''Exobiotic''']] [[User talk:Exobiotic|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Exobiotic|✒️]] 13:29, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

:@[[User:Exobiotic|Exobiotic]] You can use [[Template:INR]] and [[Template:INRConvert]] — [[User:DaxServer|DaxServer]] ([[User talk:DaxServer|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/DaxServerOnMobile|m]] · [[Special:Contributions/DaxServerEverywhere|e]] · [[Special:Contributions/DaxServer|c]]) 15:18, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

== MOS:INDICSCRIPT ==

Can someone provide an update for the MOS:INDICSCRIPT? Is the guideline still applicable or are there any exceptions to the guideline, especially in Wikiproject Hinduism? I'm seeing multiple articles with notes suggesting so. Thanks. [[User:The Herald|The Herald (Benison)]] ([[User talk:The Herald|talk]]) 16:36, 8 October 2023 (UTC)
:What multiple articles with what notes suggesting "so" what? — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] 😼 20:17, 8 October 2023 (UTC)
:[[Ashwatthama]] is one such article with a nowiki note. Is there such a guideline proposed and accepted? Thanks. [[User:The Herald|The Herald (Benison)]] ([[User talk:The Herald|talk]]) 20:40, 8 October 2023 (UTC)
::What is a "nonwiki note"? Note about what, where on the page, saying what? Please try to be clearer about what issue you are raising and what you expect to be done about it. No one here is a mind-reader. — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] 😼 22:34, 8 October 2023 (UTC)
:[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text|Hidden note]] on the lead about the MOS:INDICSCRIPT is what I'm talking about. Sorry for the confusion. [[User:The Herald|The Herald (Benison)]] ([[User talk:The Herald|talk]]) 02:34, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
::I see an HTML comment there that reads <code><nowiki></nowiki></code> That's a nonsensical statement, since there is [[WP:CONLEVEL|no such thing]] as a wikiproject that is magically immune to guidelines and policies applying to it. This may be a mangled attempt at referring to some consensus discussion that came to a conclusion that certain Indic script renditions might be particularly relevant at certain topical articles, but we'll need to see what that discussion might be, if there has actually been one. — [[User:SMcCandlish|'''SMcCandlish''']] [[User talk:SMcCandlish|☏]] [[Special:Contributions/SMcCandlish|¢]] 😼 19:45, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
:::Yes, the same. I've been searching all the pages on MOS for something of the sort, but couldn't find any such guideline. Thanks.

== MOS:INDICSCRIPT alternative option ==

Would it be at all possible to have an alternative system for Indic scripts in infoboxes rather than (in most cases) removing them all? Ex. something that looks/actsworks parallel to [[Template:Infobox Indic letter]] or [[Template:Infobox Chinese]]? [[User:OfTheUsername|OfTheUsername]] ([[User talk:OfTheUsername|talk]]) 20:41, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

Draft:List of vice presidents of the United States by previous experience

2024-08-05T14:49:27Z

OfTheUsername:

{{Template:Draft article}}

== List ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|-
! colspan=3 style=white-space:nowrap|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]]!! style="white-space:nowrap" |Previous 1 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 2 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 3 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 4 !! style="white-space:nowrap" |Occupation!! style="white-space:nowrap" |State{{efn|"State" refers to the state generally considered "home", not necessarily the state where the vice president was born}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 || [[File:Johnadams.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[John Adams]] || Foreign service|| [[Continental Congress]]|| State legislator|| || ||[[Massachusetts]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 || [[File:02 Thomas Jefferson 3x4.jpg|133x133px]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson]] || Secretary of State|| || || || ||[[Virginia]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 || || [[Aaron Burr]] || || || || || ||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 || || [[George Clinton]] || || || || || ||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 || || [[Elbridge Gerry]] || || || || || ||[[Massachusetts]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 || || [[Daniel D. Tompkins]] || || || || || ||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 || || [[John C. Calhoun]] || || || || || ||[[South Carolina]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 || || [[Martin Van Buren]] || Secretary of State|| State governor|| U.S. senator|| || Lawyer||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 || || style="white-space:nowrap" |[[Richard Mentor Johnson]] || || || || || ||[[Kentucky]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10 || || [[John Tyler]] || U.S. Senator|| State governor|| U.S. representative|| || Lawyer||[[Virginia]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11 || || [[George M. Dallas]] || || || || || ||[[Pennsylvania]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12 || || [[Millard Fillmore]] || State office|| style="text-align:center;" | Out of office|| style="text-align:center;" | U.S. representative|| style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13 || || [[William R. King]] || || || || || ||[[Alabama]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14 || || [[John C. Breckenridge]] || || || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || style="white-space:nowrap" |[[Kentucky]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15 || || [[Hannibal Hamlin]] || || || || || ||[[Maine]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16 || || [[Andrew Johnson]] || Military governor|| style="white-space:nowrap" | U.S. senator|| State governor|| || Tailor||[[Tennessee]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17 || || [[Schuyler Colfax]] || || || || || ||[[Indiana]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|18 || || [[Henry Wilson]] || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[Massachusetts]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|19 || || [[William A. Wheeler]] || || || || || ||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|20 || || [[Chester A. Arthur]] || Out of office|| Federal office|| || style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer, teacher, tariff collector||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|21 || || [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] || || || || || ||[[Indiana]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|22 || || [[Levi P. Morton]] || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|23 || || [[Adlai Stevenson]] I || || || || || ||[[Illinois]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|24 || || [[Garret Hobart]] || || || || || ||[[New Jersey]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|25 || || [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || State governor|| Military|| Federal office|| style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|26 || || [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] || || || || || ||[[Indiana]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|27 || || [[James S. Sherman]]|| || || || || ||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|28 || || [[Thomas R. Marshall]] || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[Indiana]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|29 || || [[Calvin Coolidge]] || State governor|| State office|| State legislator|| style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer||[[Massachusetts]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|30 || || [[Charles G. Dawes]] || || || || || ||[[Illinois]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|31 || || [[Charles Curtis]] || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[Kansas]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|32 || || [[John Nance Garner]] || || || || || ||[[Texas]]
|-
|33
|
|[[Henry A. Wallace]]
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Iowa]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |34 || || [[Harry S. Truman]] || || || || || ||[[Missouri]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |35 || || [[Alben W. Barkley]] || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[Kentucky]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |36 || || [[Richard Nixon]] || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[California]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |37 || || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]|| || || || || ||[[Texas]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |38 || || [[Hubert Humphrey]] || || || || || ||[[Minnesota]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |39 || || [[Spiro Agnew]] || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[Maryland]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |40 || || [[Gerald Ford]] || || || || || ||[[Michigan]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |41 || || [[Nelson Rockefeller]] || || || style="text-align:center;" | || || ||[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |42 || || [[Walter Mondale]] || || || || || ||[[Minnesota]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |43 || || [[George H. W. Bush]] || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[Texas]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |44 || || [[Dan Quayle]] || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[Indiana]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |45 || || [[Al Gore]] || || || align="center" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||[[Tennessee]]
|- ref
| align="center" |46 || || [[Dick Cheney]] || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" | || ||
|[[Wyoming]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |47 || || [[Joe Biden]] || || || || || ||[[Delaware]]
|-
|48
|
|[[Mike Pence]]
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Indiana]]
|-
|49
|
|[[Kamala Harris]]
|
|
|
|
|
|[[California]]
|}

<references group="lower-alpha" />

Draft:List of vice presidents of the United States by previous experience

2024-08-05T14:25:41Z

OfTheUsername: added john adams' portrait

{{Template:Draft article}}

== List ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|-
! colspan=3 style=white-space:nowrap|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]]!! style="white-space:nowrap" |Previous 1 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 2 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 3 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 4 !! style="white-space:nowrap" |Occupation!! style="white-space:nowrap" |State{{efn|"State" refers to the state generally considered "home", not necessarily the state where the vice president was born}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 || [[File:Official Presidential portrait of John Adams (by John Trumbull, circa 1792).jpg|125x125px]]
| [[John Adams]] || Foreign service|| || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 || || [[Thomas Jefferson]] || Secretary of State|| || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 || || [[Aaron Burr]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 || || [[George Clinton]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 || || [[Elbridge Gerry]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 || || [[Daniel D. Tompkins]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 || || [[John C. Calhoun]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 || || [[Martin Van Buren]] || Secretary of State|| State governor|| U.S. senator|| || Lawyer||New York
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 || || style="white-space:nowrap" |[[Richard Mentor Johnson]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10 || || [[John Tyler]] || U.S. Senator|| State governor|| U.S. representative|| || Lawyer||Virginia
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11 || || [[George M. Dallas]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12 || || [[Millard Fillmore]] || State office|| style="text-align:center;" | Out of office|| style="text-align:center;" | U.S. representative|| style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer||New York
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13 || || [[William R. King]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14 || || [[John C. Breckenridge]] || || || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || style="white-space:nowrap" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15 || || [[Hannibal Hamlin]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16 || || [[Andrew Johnson]] || Military governor|| style="white-space:nowrap" | U.S. senator|| State governor|| || Tailor||Tennessee
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17 || || [[Schuyler Colfax]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|18 || || [[Henry Wilson]] || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|19 || || [[William A. Wheeler]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|20 || || [[Chester A. Arthur]] || Out of office|| Federal office|| || style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer, teacher, tariff collector||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|21 || || [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|22 || || [[Levi P. Morton]] || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|23 || || [[Adlai Stevenson]] I || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|24 || || [[Garret Hobart]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|25 || || [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || State governor|| Military|| Federal office|| style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|26 || || [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|27 || || [[James S. Sherman] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|28 || || [[Thomas R. Marshall]] || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|29 || || [[Calvin Coolidge]] || State governor|| State office|| State legislator|| style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer||Massachusetts
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|30 || || [[Charles G. Dawes]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|31 || || [[Charles Curtis]] || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|32 || || [[John Nance Garner]] || || || || || ||
|-
|33
|
|[[Henry A. Wallace]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |34 || || [[Harry S. Truman]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |35 || || [[Alben W. Barkley]] || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |36 || || [[Richard Nixon]] || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |37 || || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |38 || || [[Hubert Humphrey]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |39 || || [[Spiro Agnew]] || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |40 || || [[Gerald Ford]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |41 || || [[Nelson Rockefeller]] || || || style="text-align:center;" | || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |42 || || [[Walter Mondale]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |43 || || [[George H. W. Bush]] || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |44 || || [[Dan Quayle]] || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |45 || || [[Al Gore]] || || || align="center" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|- ref
| align="center" |46 || || [[Dick Cheney]] || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" | || ||
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |47 || || [[Joe Biden]] || || || || || ||
|-
|48
|
|[[Mike Pence]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|49
|
|[[Kamala Harris]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

<references group="lower-alpha" />

Draft:List of vice presidents of the United States by previous experience

2024-08-04T23:44:21Z

OfTheUsername: filled in some content from here

{{Template:Draft article}}

== List ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|-
! colspan=3 style=white-space:nowrap|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]]!! style="white-space:nowrap" |Previous 1 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 2 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 3 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 4 !! style="white-space:nowrap" |Occupation!! style="white-space:nowrap" |State{{efn|"State" refers to the state generally considered "home", not necessarily the state where the vice president was born}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 || || John Adams || Foreign service|| || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 || || Thomas Jefferson || Secretary of State|| || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 || || Aaron Burr || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 || || George Clinton || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 || || Elbridge Gerry || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 || || Daniel D. Tompkins || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 || || John C. Calhoun || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 || || [[Martin Van Buren]] || Secretary of State|| State governor|| U.S. senator|| || Lawyer||New York
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 || || style="white-space:nowrap" |Richard Mentor Johnson || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10 || || [[John Tyler]] || U.S. Senator|| State governor|| U.S. representative|| || Lawyer||Virginia
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11 || || George M. Dallas || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12 || || Millard Fillmore || State office|| style="text-align:center;" | Out of office|| style="text-align:center;" | U.S. representative|| style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer||New York
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13 || || William R. King || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14 || || John C. Breckenridge || || || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || style="white-space:nowrap" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15 || || Hannibal Hamlin || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16 || || Andrew Johnson || Military governor|| style="white-space:nowrap" | U.S. senator|| State governor|| || Tailor||Tennessee
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17 || || Schuyler Colfax || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|18 || || Henry Wilson || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|19 || || William A. Wheeler || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|20 || || Chester A. Arthur || Out of office|| Federal office|| || style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer, teacher, tariff collector||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|21 || || Thomas A. Hendricks || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|22 || || Levi P. Morton || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|23 || || Adlai Stevenson I || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|24 || || Garret Hobart || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|25 || || Theodore Roosevelt || State governor|| Military|| Federal office|| style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|26 || || Charles W. Fairbanks || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|27 || || James S. Sherman || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|28 || || Thomas R. Marshall || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|29 || || Calvin Coolidge || State governor|| State office|| State legislator|| style="text-align:center;" | || Lawyer||Massachusetts
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|30 || || Charles G. Dawes || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|31 || || Charles Curtis || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|32 || || John Nance Garner || || || || || ||
|-
|33
|
|Henry A. Wallace
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |34 || || Harry S. Truman || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |35 || || Alben W. Barkley || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |36 || || Richard Nixon || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |37 || || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |38 || || Hubert Humphrey || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |39 || || Spiro Agnew || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |40 || || Gerald Ford || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |41 || || Nelson Rockefeller || || || style="text-align:center;" | || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |42 || || Walter Mondale || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |43 || || George H. W. Bush || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |44 || || Dan Quayle || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |45 || || Al Gore || || || align="center" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|- ref
| align="center" |46 || || Dick Cheney || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" | || ||
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |47 || || [[Joe Biden]] || || || || || ||
|-
|48
|
|Mike Pence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|49
|
|Kamala Harris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

<references group="lower-alpha" />

Draft:List of vice presidents of the United States by previous experience

2024-08-04T23:36:41Z

OfTheUsername:

{{Template:Draft article}}

== List ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|-
! colspan=3 style=white-space:nowrap|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]]!! style="white-space:nowrap" |Previous 1 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 2 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 3 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 4 !! style="white-space:nowrap" |Occupation!! style="white-space:nowrap" |State{{efn|"State" refers to the state generally considered "home", not necessarily the state where the vice president was born}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 || || John Adams || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 || || Thomas Jefferson || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 || || Aaron Burr || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 || || George Clinton || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 || || Elbridge Gerry || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 || || Daniel D. Tompkins || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 || || John C. Calhoun || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 || || [[Martin Van Buren]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 || || style="white-space:nowrap" |Richard Mentor Johnson || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10 || || [[John Tyler]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11 || || George M. Dallas || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12 || || Millard Fillmore || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13 || || William R. King || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14 || || John C. Breckenridge || || || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || style="white-space:nowrap" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15 || || Hannibal Hamlin || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16 || || Andrew Johnson || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17 || || Schuyler Colfax || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|18 || || Henry Wilson || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|19 || || William A. Wheeler || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|20 || || Chester A. Arthur || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|21 || || Thomas A. Hendricks || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|22 || || Levi P. Morton || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|23 || || Adlai Stevenson I || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|24 || || Garret Hobart || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|25 || || Theodore Roosevelt || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|26 || || Charles W. Fairbanks || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|27 || || James S. Sherman || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|28 || || Thomas R. Marshall || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|29 || || Calvin Coolidge || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|30 || || Charles G. Dawes || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|31 || || Charles Curtis || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|32 || || John Nance Garner || || || || || ||
|-
|33
|
|Henry A. Wallace
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |34 || || Harry S. Truman || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |35 || || Alben W. Barkley || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |36 || || Richard Nixon || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |37 || || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |38 || || Hubert Humphrey || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |39 || || Spiro Agnew || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |40 || || Gerald Ford || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |41 || || Nelson Rockefeller || || || style="text-align:center;" | || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |42 || || Walter Mondale || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |43 || || George H. W. Bush || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |44 || || Dan Quayle || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |45 || || Al Gore || || || align="center" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|- ref
| align="center" |46 || || Dick Cheney || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" | || ||
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |47 || || [[Joe Biden]] || || || || || ||
|-
|48
|
|Mike Pence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|49
|
|Kamala Harris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

<references group="lower-alpha" />

Draft:List of vice presidents of the United States by previous experience

2024-08-04T23:36:26Z

OfTheUsername: added draft template

[[Template:Draft article]]

== List ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|-
! colspan=3 style=white-space:nowrap|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]]!! style="white-space:nowrap" |Previous 1 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 2 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 3 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 4 !! style="white-space:nowrap" |Occupation!! style="white-space:nowrap" |State{{efn|"State" refers to the state generally considered "home", not necessarily the state where the vice president was born}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 || || John Adams || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 || || Thomas Jefferson || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 || || Aaron Burr || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 || || George Clinton || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 || || Elbridge Gerry || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 || || Daniel D. Tompkins || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 || || John C. Calhoun || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 || || [[Martin Van Buren]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 || || style="white-space:nowrap" |Richard Mentor Johnson || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10 || || [[John Tyler]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11 || || George M. Dallas || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12 || || Millard Fillmore || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13 || || William R. King || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14 || || John C. Breckenridge || || || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || style="white-space:nowrap" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15 || || Hannibal Hamlin || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16 || || Andrew Johnson || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17 || || Schuyler Colfax || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|18 || || Henry Wilson || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|19 || || William A. Wheeler || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|20 || || Chester A. Arthur || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|21 || || Thomas A. Hendricks || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|22 || || Levi P. Morton || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|23 || || Adlai Stevenson I || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|24 || || Garret Hobart || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|25 || || Theodore Roosevelt || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|26 || || Charles W. Fairbanks || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|27 || || James S. Sherman || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|28 || || Thomas R. Marshall || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|29 || || Calvin Coolidge || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|30 || || Charles G. Dawes || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|31 || || Charles Curtis || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|32 || || John Nance Garner || || || || || ||
|-
|33
|
|Henry A. Wallace
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |34 || || Harry S. Truman || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |35 || || Alben W. Barkley || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |36 || || Richard Nixon || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |37 || || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |38 || || Hubert Humphrey || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |39 || || Spiro Agnew || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |40 || || Gerald Ford || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |41 || || Nelson Rockefeller || || || style="text-align:center;" | || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |42 || || Walter Mondale || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |43 || || George H. W. Bush || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |44 || || Dan Quayle || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |45 || || Al Gore || || || align="center" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|- ref
| align="center" |46 || || Dick Cheney || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" | || ||
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |47 || || [[Joe Biden]] || || || || || ||
|-
|48
|
|Mike Pence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|49
|
|Kamala Harris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

<references group="lower-alpha" />

Draft:List of vice presidents of the United States by previous experience

2024-08-04T23:35:25Z

OfTheUsername: ←Created page with '== List == {{sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" |- ! colspan=3 style=white-space:nowrap|Vice president!! style="white-space:nowrap" |Previous 1 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 2 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 3 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 4 !! style="white-space:nowrap" |Occupation!! style="white-space:nowrap" |State{{efn|"State" refers to the state generally considered "ho...'

== List ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|-
! colspan=3 style=white-space:nowrap|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]]!! style="white-space:nowrap" |Previous 1 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 2 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 3 !! style=white-space:nowrap|Previous 4 !! style="white-space:nowrap" |Occupation!! style="white-space:nowrap" |State{{efn|"State" refers to the state generally considered "home", not necessarily the state where the vice president was born}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 || || John Adams || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 || || Thomas Jefferson || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 || || Aaron Burr || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 || || George Clinton || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 || || Elbridge Gerry || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 || || Daniel D. Tompkins || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 || || John C. Calhoun || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 || || [[Martin Van Buren]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 || || style="white-space:nowrap" |Richard Mentor Johnson || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10 || || [[John Tyler]] || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11 || || George M. Dallas || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12 || || Millard Fillmore || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13 || || William R. King || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|14 || || John C. Breckenridge || || || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || style="white-space:nowrap" |
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| style="text-align:center;"|15 || || Hannibal Hamlin || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|16 || || Andrew Johnson || || style="white-space:nowrap" | || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|17 || || Schuyler Colfax || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|18 || || Henry Wilson || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|19 || || William A. Wheeler || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|20 || || Chester A. Arthur || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|21 || || Thomas A. Hendricks || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|22 || || Levi P. Morton || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|23 || || Adlai Stevenson I || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|24 || || Garret Hobart || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|25 || || Theodore Roosevelt || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|26 || || Charles W. Fairbanks || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|27 || || James S. Sherman || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|28 || || Thomas R. Marshall || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|29 || || Calvin Coolidge || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|30 || || Charles G. Dawes || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|31 || || Charles Curtis || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|32 || || John Nance Garner || || || || || ||
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|33
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|Henry A. Wallace
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| style="text-align:center;" |34 || || Harry S. Truman || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |35 || || Alben W. Barkley || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |36 || || Richard Nixon || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |37 || || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]|| || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |38 || || Hubert Humphrey || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |39 || || Spiro Agnew || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |40 || || Gerald Ford || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |41 || || Nelson Rockefeller || || || style="text-align:center;" | || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |42 || || Walter Mondale || || || || || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |43 || || George H. W. Bush || || || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |44 || || Dan Quayle || || || || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |45 || || Al Gore || || || align="center" | || style="text-align:center;" | || ||
|- ref
| align="center" |46 || || Dick Cheney || align="center" | || align="center" | || align="center" | || ||
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| style="text-align:center;" |47 || || [[Joe Biden]] || || || || || ||
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|Mike Pence
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|Kamala Harris
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|}

<references group="lower-alpha" />

Guadalupe Mountains National Park

2024-07-25T12:19:23Z

OfTheUsername:

{{Short description|National park in Texas, United States}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Guadalupe Mountains National Park
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Guadalupe Peak from Hunter Peak.jpg
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = [[Guadalupe Peak]], the highest point in Texas, as seen from Hunter Peak
| photo_width =
| map = Texas#USA
| relief = 1
| map_caption = Location in the United States##Location in Texas
| location = [[Culberson County, Texas|Culberson County]] and [[Hudspeth County, Texas|Hudspeth County]], [[Texas]], United States
| nearest_city = [[Dell City, Texas|Dell City]], [[Texas]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|55|N|104|52|W|region:US|display=inline, title}}
| area_acre = 86367
| area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area|year=2011|accessdate=2012-03-07}}</ref>
| established = September 30, 1972
| visitation_num = 172,347
| visitation_year = 2018
| visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{NPS Visitation|accessdate=2019-03-07}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[National Park Service]]
| website = [https://www.nps.gov/gumo/ Guadalupe Mountains National Park]
}}
'''Guadalupe Mountains National Park''' is an American [[national park]] in the [[Guadalupe Mountains]], east of [[El Paso]], [[Texas]]. The mountain range includes [[Guadalupe Peak]], the highest point in Texas at {{convert|8,751|ft|m}}, and [[El Capitan (Texas)|El Capitan]] used as a landmark by travelers on the route later followed by the [[Butterfield Overland Mail]] [[stagecoach]] line. The ruins of a stagecoach station stand near the [[Pine Springs, Texas|Pine Springs]] visitor center. The restored Frijole Ranch contains a small museum of local history and is the trailhead for Smith Spring. The park covers {{convert|86,367|acre|sqmi km2|1}}<ref name="area"/> in the same mountain range as [[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]], about {{convert|25|mi|km|0}} to the north in [[New Mexico]]. The Guadalupe Peak Trail winds through [[Colorado Pinyon|pinyon pine]] and [[Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir|Douglas-fir]] forests as it ascends over {{convert|3,000|ft|m|-1}} to the summit of [[Guadalupe Peak]], with views of El Capitan and the [[Chihuahuan Desert]].

The [[McKittrick Canyon]] trail leads to a stone cabin built in the early 1930s as the vacation home of [[Wallace Pratt]], a [[petroleum geologist]] who donated the land. Dog Canyon, on the northern park boundary at the Texas-New Mexico State line, is accessed via [[Carlsbad, New Mexico]] or [[Dell City, Texas]]. Camping is available at the Pine Springs campground and at Dog Canyon. A public corral for livestock is available by reservation. The park observes Mountain Time.

The Gypsum sand dunes lie on the west side of the park near Dell City.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/gumo/planyourvisit/dunes.htm "Salt Basin Dunes"]. ''nps.gov''. [[National Park Service]]. August 13, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2018.</ref> A rough [[four-wheel drive]] road leads to the Williams Ranch.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/gumo/planyourvisit/4x4.htm "Guadalupe Mountains National Park - Williams Ranch"].''nps.gov''. [[National Park Service]]. March 31, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2018.</ref>

==Park purpose==
As stated in the foundation document:<ref>{{cite web |title=Foundation Document Guadalupe Mountains National Park |url=https://www.nps.gov/gumo/getinvolved/upload/GUMO_FD_2017_508.pdf |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=Guadalupe Mountains national park preserves, protects, and interprets an area of outstanding geological values, scenery, wilderness, and other natural resources in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of West Texas.
}}

==History==
[[File:Map of Guadalupe Mountains National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Park map (click map to enlarge)]]
The [[Guadalupe Mountains]] give their name to the [[Guadalupian]] series in the [[Permian]] period.<ref name="Paleos">{{cite web |title=The Guadalupian Epoch |url=http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/guadalupian.html|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=4th |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001 |isbn=9780199653065 }}</ref> The [[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] estimates the mountain range's age at 272–260 [[Year#Mya|Mya]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=International Commission on Stratigraphy |title=GSSPs |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-gssps |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> The mountains have had a tumultuous history for thousands of years. Archaeological evidence shows that people have lived there for over 10,000 years in and among the many [[cave]]s and [[Alcove (landform)|alcove]]s. Hunter-gatherers followed large game and collected edible vegetation, as evidenced by the discovery of projectile points, baskets, pottery and rock art.<ref name=history>[http://www.nps.gov/gumo/historyculture/index.htm National Park Service. History of Guadalupe National Park. United States Department of the Interior.]</ref>

The first Europeans to arrive in the area were the Spanish in the 16th century, but they did not make serious attempts to settle in the area. The Spanish introduced horses; nomadic indigenous tribes like the Apaches soon found them an asset for hunting and migrating. [[Mescalero Apaches]] followed game and harvested the agave (or mescal) for food and fiber (Mescalero is Spanish for mescal-maker). Agave roasting pits and other artifacts of Mescalero culture can be found in the park.

[[File:Guadalupe Ranch House TX NPS.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Frijole Ranch House]]
The Mescalero Apaches occupied the mountains through the mid-19th century, but were challenged by an American transportation route at the end of the [[American Civil War]]. During the 1840s and 1850s, many immigrants travelled west crossed the area. In 1858, [[Pinery Station]] was constructed near Pine Springs for the [[Butterfield Overland Mail]]. The Butterfield Overland Mail crossed Guadalupe Pass, located at {{convert|5534|ft|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The [[9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|9th Cavalry Regiment]] was ordered to the area to stop Indian raids on settlements and the mail stage route. During the winter of 1869, Lt. H.B. Cushing led his troops into the Guadalupe Mountains and destroyed two Mescalero Apache camps. They were eventually driven out of the area and into US [[Indian reservation|reservations]].

[[File:A552, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas, USA, Williams Ranch, 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|Williams Ranch House]]
Felix McKittrick was one of the first European settlers in the Guadalupe Mountains; he worked cattle during the 1870s. [[McKittrick Canyon]] is thought to be named after him. [[Frijole Ranch]] was the first permanent ranch house, constructed in 1876 by the Rader brothers. It became the only major building in the region and served as a community center and regional post office from 1916 to 1942. Today, it has been restored and serves as a cultural museum. In 1908 Williams Ranch House was built, and it was named after one of its inhabitants, James Adolphus Williams. Judge J.C. Hunter from [[Van Horn, Texas|Van Horn]], [[Texas]] consolidated most of the smaller ranches in the area into the Guadalupe Mountain Ranch.<ref name=history />

[[File:Wallace Pratt Lodge TX NPS.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Wallace Pratt Lodge]]
In 1921, [[Wallace Pratt]], a geologist for [[Humble Oil and Refining Company]], was impressed by the beauty of McKittrick Canyon and bought the land to build two houses there. Both were used as summer homes by Pratt and his family up until 1960. Wallace Pratt donated about {{convert|6000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of McKittrick Canyon which became part of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, which was dedicated and formally opened to the public in September 1972.<ref name=history />

In 1978, the [[United States Congress]] designated 46,850 acres (190 km2) of the park as a [[National Wilderness Preservation System|wilderness area]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guadalupe Mountains Wilderness|url=https://wilderness.net/visit-wilderness/?ID=225|website=Wilderness Connect}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:McKittrick Canyon from a distance 2006.JPG|thumb|right|[[McKittrick Canyon]] from a distance]]
The Guadalupe Mountains reach their highest point at Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in [[Texas]],<ref name="United States Geological Survey">{{cite web|date=April 29, 2005 |url=http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=2009-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116113632/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=January 16, 2008 }}</ref> with an elevation of {{convert|8751|ft|m|0}}.<ref name=ngs>{{cite ngs |id=CD0994 |name=El Capitan |access-date=2008-12-28}}</ref> The range lies southeast of the [[Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)|Sacramento Mountains]] and east of the Brokeoff Mountains. The mountain range extends north-northwest and northeast from Guadalupe Peak in Texas into New Mexico.<ref name=gnis>{{gnis |id=912587}}</ref> The northeastern extension ends about {{convert|10|mi}} southwest of [[Carlsbad, New Mexico|Carlsbad]], near [[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]]; the southwest tip ends with [[El Capitan (Texas)|El Capitan]] about {{convert|90|mi|km}} east of [[El Paso]]. The mountains rise more than {{convert|3000|ft|m}} above the arid floor of the [[Chihuahuan Desert]].<ref name="United States Geological Survey"/> The Guadalupe Mountains are surrounded by the [[South Plains]] to the east and north, [[Delaware Mountains]] to the south, and [[Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)|Sacramento Mountains]] to the west.

[[File:Manzanita Spring in Guadalupe Mountains National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Manzanita Spring]]
The northwestern extension, bounded by a dramatic escarpment known as "The Rim", extends much further into New Mexico, approaching close to the Sacramento Mountains. The range is bordered on the north by Four Mile Canyon; on the east by the valley of the [[Pecos River]]; and on the west by Piñon Creek, Big Dog Canyon, Valley Canyon, Middle Dog Canyon and West Dog Canyon. Much of the range is built from the ancient Capitán Reef, formed at the margins of a shallow sea during the [[Permian Period]]. As the range is built up almost entirely of [[limestone]], upland areas have little or no surface water. The only significant surface water is McKittrick Creek, in [[McKittrick Canyon]], which emerges from the eastern side of the massif, just south of the New Mexico border. Elevations at the base of the range vary from {{Convert|4000|ft|m|-2}} above [[sea level]] on the western side to {{Convert|5000|ft|m|-2}} on the east. Several peaks on the southern end exceed {{Convert|8000|ft|m|-2}}.

==Climate==
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system, Guadalupe Mountains National Park has a cold [[semi-arid climate]] (BSk). The [[plant hardiness zone]] on Guadalupe Peak is 7b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 6.1 °F (-14.4 °C).<ref name="USDA">{{cite web|url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/InteractiveMap.aspx|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|access-date=2019-07-08|title=USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map}}</ref>

The Guadalupe Mountains experience relatively hot summers, calm, mild autumn weather, and cool to cold weather in winter and early spring. Snow storms, sleet storms, freezing rain, or fog may occur in winter or early spring. Frequent high wind warnings are issued during winter through spring. Late summer monsoons produce thunderstorms. Nights are cool, even in summer.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Pine Springs, Texas, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1987–2009
|single line = Y
| Jan high F = 53.9
| Feb high F = 56.2
| Mar high F = 63.4
| Apr high F = 70.7
| May high F = 78.8
| Jun high F = 87.8
| Jul high F = 87.2
| Aug high F = 84.4
| Sep high F = 80.1
| Oct high F = 71.9
| Nov high F = 61.0
| Dec high F = 53.9
|year high F = 70.8
|Jan mean F = 42.7
|Feb mean F = 45.1
|Mar mean F = 51.5
|Apr mean F = 58.2
|May mean F = 67.0
|Jun mean F = 75.7
|Jul mean F = 75.6
|Aug mean F = 73.2
|Sep mean F = 69.1
|Oct mean F = 60.8
|Nov mean F = 50.1
|Dec mean F = 43.5
|year mean F = 59.4
| Jan low F = 31.5
| Feb low F = 34.1
| Mar low F = 39.5
| Apr low F = 45.7
| May low F = 55.2
| Jun low F = 63.5
| Jul low F = 64.0
| Aug low F = 62.0
| Sep low F = 58.0
| Oct low F = 49.7
| Nov low F = 39.2
| Dec low F = 33.2
|year low F = 48.0
|Jan record high F = 74
|Feb record high F = 76
|Mar record high F = 83
|Apr record high F = 90
|May record high F = 97
|Jun record high F = 105
|Jul record high F = 103
|Aug record high F = 99
|Sep record high F = 96
|Oct record high F = 90
|Nov record high F = 82
|Dec record high F = 82
|year record high F =
|Jan record low F = 1
|Feb record low F = 3
|Mar record low F = 9
|Apr record low F = 10
|May record low F = 31
|Jun record low F = 43
|Jul record low F = 50
|Aug record low F = 49
|Sep record low F = 32
|Oct record low F = 9
|Nov record low F = 8
|Dec record low F = 0
|year record low F =
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 0.63
| Feb precipitation inch = 0.70
| Mar precipitation inch = 0.54
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.50
| May precipitation inch = 0.85
| Jun precipitation inch = 1.52
| Jul precipitation inch = 2.78
| Aug precipitation inch = 3.11
| Sep precipitation inch = 2.29
| Oct precipitation inch = 1.34
| Nov precipitation inch = 0.96
| Dec precipitation inch = 0.77
|year precipitation inch = 15.99
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 4.1
| Feb precipitation days = 4.4
| Mar precipitation days = 3.8
| Apr precipitation days = 2.8
| May precipitation days = 5.4
| Jun precipitation days = 6.9
| Jul precipitation days = 9.2
| Aug precipitation days = 9.6
| Sep precipitation days = 7.7
| Oct precipitation days = 6.6
| Nov precipitation days = 3.8
| Dec precipitation days = 4.7
| year precipitation days = 69.0
|Jan snow inch = 0.7
|Feb snow inch = 0.4
|Mar snow inch = 0.0
|Apr snow inch = 0.2
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.1
|Nov snow inch = 0.0
|Dec snow inch = 1.4
|year snow inch = 2.8
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 0.2
|Feb snow days = 0.1
|Mar snow days = 0.0
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 0.0
|Dec snow days = 0.3
|year snow days = 0.8
|source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=maf
| title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = June 12, 2021
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00417044&format=pdf
| title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = June 12, 2021
}}</ref> }}

{{Weather box |width=auto
|location = Guadalupe Peak. Elevation {{convert|8749|ft|0}}.
|single line = Y
|Jan high F = 49.2
|Feb high F = 52.6
|Mar high F = 59.2
|Apr high F = 66.8
|May high F = 75.2
|Jun high F = 82.7
|Jul high F = 81.7
|Aug high F = 80.2
|Sep high F = 75.0
|Oct high F = 67.5
|Nov high F = 57.5
|Dec high F = 49.3
|year high F= 66.5
| Jan mean F = 40.1
| Feb mean F = 42.9
| Mar mean F = 48.3
| Apr mean F = 55.6
| May mean F = 64.4
| Jun mean F = 71.7
| Jul mean F = 71.7
| Aug mean F = 70.7
| Sep mean F = 65.4
| Oct mean F = 57.8
| Nov mean F = 48.3
| Dec mean F = 40.1
| year mean F = 56.5
|Jan low F = 31.0
|Feb low F = 33.2
|Mar low F = 37.5
|Apr low F = 44.5
|May low F = 53.7
|Jun low F = 60.6
|Jul low F = 61.8
|Aug low F = 61.1
|Sep low F = 55.8
|Oct low F = 48.1
|Nov low F = 39.0
|Dec low F = 30.9
|year low F= 46.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.56
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.98
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.69
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.54
|May precipitation inch = 1.09
|Jun precipitation inch = 1.72
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.51
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.89
|Sep precipitation inch = 2.72
|Oct precipitation inch = 1.47
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.23
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.07
|year precipitation inch= 19.47
| humidity colour = green
| Jan humidity = 40.5
| Feb humidity = 37.5
| Mar humidity = 32.4
| Apr humidity = 27.3
| May humidity = 28.7
| Jun humidity = 33.6
| Jul humidity = 46.3
| Aug humidity = 53.5
| Sep humidity = 52.6
| Oct humidity = 44.3
| Nov humidity = 38.4
| Dec humidity = 41.2
| year humidity = 39.7
| Jan dew point F = 18.0
| Feb dew point F = 18.7
| Mar dew point F = 20.1
| Apr dew point F = 22.4
| May dew point F = 31.2
| Jun dew point F = 41.5
| Jul dew point F = 50.0
| Aug dew point F = 53.0
| Sep dew point F = 47.6
| Oct dew point F = 36.2
| Nov dew point F = 24.1
| Dec dew point F = 18.4
| year dew point F= 31.8
|source 1 = PRISM Climate Group<ref name=prism>{{cite web|url=http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/|title=PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University|website=www.prism.oregonstate.edu|access-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref>}}

==Ecology==
[[File:McKittrick Canyon Trail 2008.jpg|thumb|left|[[McKittrick Canyon]] Trail]]
Three major ecosystems are contained within the park. The [[Chihuahuan Desert]] exhibits [[Dry lake|salt flats]], [[Larrea tridentata|creosote bushes]], and [[Prosopis glandulosa|honey mesquite]] on the western side of the park, with low elevations on the eastern side covered with [[grassland]], [[Pinus edulis|pinyon pine]], and [[juniper]]s. The canyon interiors, including [[McKittrick Canyon|McKittrick]], Bear, and Pine Springs Canyon, exhibit [[Acer grandidentatum|bigtooth maple]], [[Fraxinus velutina|velvet ash]], [[Quercus muehlenbergii|chinkapin oak]], and other [[deciduous]] trees that are fed by [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]] recharged by mountain [[stream]]s. Finally, alpine areas more than {{Convert|7000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}} above sea level contain forests of [[Pinus ponderosa|ponderosa pine]], [[Pinus arizonica|Arizona pine]], [[Pinus strobiformis|southwestern white pine]], [[Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca|Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir]], [[Juniperus deppeana|alligator juniper]], and small stands of [[Populus tremuloides|quaking aspen]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121019185816/http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/expowtre.html Powell, A. Michael. ''Trees and Shrubs of the Trans-Pecos and Adjacent Areas''] (archive). University of Texas Press. p. 91; {{ISBN|978-0-292-76573-3}}</ref>

The range contains many large [[cave]] systems, including [[Carlsbad Caverns National Park|Carlsbad Caverns]] and [[Lechuguilla Cave]]. The history of the range includes occupation by ancient [[Pueblo]] and [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]] peoples, and by the [[Apache]] and various outlaws in the 19th century.<ref name="butterfield_greene">Butterfield, Mike, and Greene, Peter, ''Mike Butterfield's Guide to the Mountains of New Mexico'', New Mexico Magazine Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-937206-88-1}}</ref>

===Flora===
The park is home to over 1000 species of plants, some of which include cacti, succulents, wildflowers, grasses and shrubs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plants |url=https://home.nps.gov/gumo/learn/nature/plants.htm |access-date=October 28, 2023 |website=National Park Service}}</ref> ''[[Viola guadalupensis]]'', the Guadalupe Mountains violet, is a rare plant that is endemic to the park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guadalupe Mountains Violet (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/guadalupe-mountains-violet-1.htm |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>
===Fauna===
Mammals that inhabit this national park include [[elk]], [[Collared peccary|javelina]], [[gray fox]], [[American black bear]], [[coyote]], [[bobcat]], [[striped skunk|striped]] and [[hog-nosed skunk]], [[American badger|badger]], sixteen species of [[bat]], [[mule deer]], and [[mountain lion]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Animals |url=https://www.nps.gov/gumo/learn/nature/animals.htm |website=Guadalupe Mountains |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Birds of this park include [[great horned owl]], [[chickadee]], [[American sparrow|sparrow]], [[woodpecker]], [[turkey vulture]], [[greater roadrunner]], [[hummingbird]], [[peregrine falcon]], [[golden eagle]], [[wren]], and [[grosbeak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Birds |url=https://www.nps.gov/gumo/learn/nature/birds.htm |website=Guadalupe Mountains |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Politics|Texas}}
*[[List of national parks of the United States]]
*[[List of birds of Guadalupe Mountains National Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no|commons=Guadalupe Mountains National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Guadalupe Mountains National Park|species=no|d=no}}
* {{Official website}} of the [[National Park Service]]
* The entry for [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/gkg02 Guadalupe Mountains National Park] in the [[Handbook of Texas]] Online.
* [https://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=31.9001&lon=-104.8672 Current weather forecast] - [[National Weather Service]]
* [http://carlsbadnewmexico.com/place/guadalupe-mountains-national-park/ Visit Carlsbad - Guadalupe Mountains National Park]
*[https://texasarchive.org/2015_01986?b=1543 Film footage of the Guadalupe Mountains National Park in ''Texas: Land of Contrast (1966)''] from the [[Texas Archive of the Moving Image]]

{{National parks of the United States}}
{{Protected areas of Texas}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Guadalupe Mountains National Park| ]]
[[Category:National parks in Texas]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Texas]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Culberson County, Texas]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Hudspeth County, Texas]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1966]]

List of Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign endorsements

2024-07-22T13:13:01Z

OfTheUsername: /* Political organizations */ +latino victory

{{Short description|none}}
<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=List of Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements|2=Talk:List of Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign endorsements#Requested move 21 July 2024}}
</noinclude>{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{US 2024 presidential elections series}}
{{Kamala Harris series|expanded=Presidential campaigns}}
This is a list of notable individuals and organizations who voiced their endorsement of the [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign]].

== Executive branch officials ==
===Presidents===
* [[Joe Biden]], 46th [[President of the United States]] (2021–present), 47th [[Vice President of the United States]] (2009–2017), [[List of United States Senators from Delaware|U.S. Senator from Delaware]] (1973–2009)<ref name="BidenEndorseKamalaHill">{{cite web|website=The Hill|date=July 21, 2024 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |title=Biden endorses Harris as Democratic nominee after ending his candidacy}}</ref>
* [[Bill Clinton]], 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001), 40th and 42nd [[Governor of Arkansas]] (1979–1981, 1983–1992), [[Attorney General of Arkansas]] (1977–1979)<ref name="clinton-tweet">{{Cite news |last=McCreesh |first=Shawn |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Clintons Endorse Kamala Harris to Be Democrats' Nominee for President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/21/us/politics/clintons-kamala-harris-endorsement.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Cabinet-level officials ===

==== Current ====
*[[Pete Buttigieg]], [[U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] (2021–present), Mayor of [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] (2012–2020), [[Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign|2020 Democratic presidential candidate]]<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1815170171327443041|user=PeteButtigieg|date=July 21, 2024|title=I will do all that I can to help elect @KamalaHarris the next President of the United States.}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Jennifer Granholm]], [[U.S. Secretary of Energy]] (2021–present), [[Governor of Michigan]] (2003–2011), [[Attorney General of Michigan]] (1999–2003)<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1815176404658729367|user=JenGranholm|date=July 21, 2024|title=I am going to do everything I can to make sure that President @KamalaHarris is able to continue the incredible work of @JoeBiden}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Miguel Cardona]], [[U.S. Secretary of Education]] (2021–present), Commissioner of the [[Connecticut State Department of Education]] (2019–2021)<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1815120106197795056|user=teachcardona|date=July 21, 2024|title= All in!}}</ref>{{bsn}}

==== Former ====
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]], [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] (2009–2013), [[U.S. Senator from New York]] (2001–2009), [[First Lady of the United States]] (1993–2001), [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 Democratic nominee]] for president<ref name="clinton-tweet" />
* [[John Kerry]], U.S. Secretary of State (2013–2017), [[U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate]] (2021–2024), [[U.S. Senator from Massachusetts]] (1985–2013), [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts]] (1983–1985), [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 Democratic nominee]] for president<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris" />
* [[Julian Castro]], 16th [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] (2014–2017), 181st [[List of mayors of San Antonio|Mayor of San Antonio]] (2009–2014)<gallery>
File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|[[Joe Biden]]
File:Bill Clinton.jpg|[[Bill Clinton]]
File:Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg|[[Hillary Clinton]]
File:John Kerry official Secretary of State portrait.jpg|[[John Kerry]]
File:Pete Buttigieg, Secretary of Transportation.jpg|[[Pete Buttigieg]]
File:Julián Castro's Official HUD Portrait.jpg|[[Julian Castro]]
</gallery>

==U.S. senators==
30 of the 47 incumbent Democratic U.S. senators have endorsed Harris.


===Current===
* [[Tammy Baldwin]], [[Wisconsin]] (2013–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lundak |first=Marlo |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Wisconsin politicians respond after Biden drops out of 2024 presidential race |url=https://fox11online.com/news/local/wisconsin-politicians-respond-after-biden-drops-out-of-2024-presidential-race |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=WLUK |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Michael Bennet]], [[Colorado]] (2009–present), [[Michael Bennet 2020 presidential campaign|2020 candidate]] for the Democratic nomination for president<ref name="Caraveo" />
* [[Sherrod Brown]], [[Ohio]] (2007–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferek |first=Katy |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Who Has—and Hasn't—Endorsed Kamala Harris for President |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/biden-drops-out-election-2024/card/who-has-and-has-not-endorsed-kama-harris-for-president-YoGpDhIZ56S27Ls0mdkP |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
* [[Laphonza Butler]], [[California]] (2023–present)<ref name=california>{{Cite web |last=[[Sacramento Bee]] |date=July 21, 2024 |title=California Democrats hail Joe Biden after president drops from race, endorses Kamala Harris|url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/election/presidential-election/article290282224.html |access-date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ben Cardin]], [[Maryland]] (2007–present)<ref name="Cardin">{{cite news |last1=Gaskill |first1=Hannah |last2=Janesch |first2=Sam |title=Maryland Democrats back Kamala Harris to replace Joe Biden as president ends campaign |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2024/07/21/maryland-democrats-back-kamala-harris-to-replace-biden-as-president/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Bob Casey Jr.]], [[Pennsylvania]] (2007–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Peter Hall, Kim |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Pennsylvania Democrats line up behind Kamala Harris, with some endorsing Josh Shapiro as VP • Pennsylvania Capital-Star |url=https://penncapital-star.com/election-2024/pennsylvania-democrats-line-up-behind-kamala-harris-with-some-endorsing-josh-shapiro-as-vp/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=Pennsylvania Capital-Star |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Chris Coons]], [[Delaware]] (2010–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Antoinette Radford, Michelle Shen, Maureen Chowdhury, Elise Hammond, Jack Forrest, Zoe Sottile, Ashley R. |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Live updates: Biden drops out of 2024 presidential race {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24/index.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Catherine Cortez Masto]], [[Nevada]] (2017–present)<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Hugh |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Nevada congressional Democrats back Harris as nominee • Nevada Current |url=https://nevadacurrent.com/2024/07/21/lee-horsford-sign-off-on-harris-as-nominee-while-other-nv-democrats-noncommittal-for-now/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=Nevada Current |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Kirsten Gillibrand]], [[New York]] (2009–present)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gamio |first1=Lazaro |last2=Keefe |first2=John |last3=Kim |first3=June |last4=Mcfadden |first4=Alyce |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Many Elected Democrats Quickly Endorsed Kamala Harris. See Who Did. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Martin Heinrich]], [[New Mexico]] (2013–present)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lerer |first1=Lisa |last2=Goldmacher |first2=Shane |last3=Glueck |first3=Katie |last4=Epstein |first4=Reid J. |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris rapidly picks up Democratic support as the 2024 race is reborn. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[John Hickenlooper]], [[Colorado]] (2021–present)<ref name="Caraveo" />
* [[Mazie Hirono]], [[Hawaii]] (2013–present)<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Alfonseca |first=Kiara |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Read Vice President Kamala Harris' full statement following Joe Biden's endorsement |url=https://abc7chicago.com/post/2024-presidential-race-kamala-harris-biden-endorsement/15078513/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tim Kaine]], [[Virginia]] (2013–present), [[2016 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|2016]] Democratic nominee for Vice President<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris" />
* [[Mark Kelly]], [[Arizona]] (2020–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burkholder |first=Katie |date=July 21, 2024 |title=AZ Senator on short list of possible Democratic Presidential candidates shares support for Harris Presidency |url=https://www.kvoa.com/news/politics/az-senator-on-short-list-of-possible-democratic-presidential-candidates-shares-support-for-harris-presidency/article_de854034-479e-11ef-bb5b-0f638603e23a.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=KVOA |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Amy Klobuchar]], [[Minnesota]] (2007–present), [[Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign|2020 candidate]] for the Democratic nomination for president<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Czachor |first=Emily Mae |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Democrats line up behind Kamala Harris after Biden drops reelection bid |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-support-kamala-harris-biden-drops-reelection-bid/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ben Ray Luján]], New Mexico (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Yvonne |last2=Marshburn |first2=Tyuan |last3=Hoggard |first3=Emma |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Live Updates: President Joe Biden ends campaign, endorses Kamala Harris |url=https://kvia.com/your-voice-your-vote/2024/07/21/president-joe-biden-announces-he-will-step-down-from-his-presidential-campaign/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=KVIA |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ed Markey]], [[Massachusetts]] (2013–present)<ref name="auto4"/>
* [[Chris Murphy]], [[Connecticut]] (2013–present)<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Biden drops out, and CT Democrats largely line up behind Harris|website=Connecticut Mirror|date=July 21, 2024|url=https://ctmirror.org/2024/07/21/biden-drops-out-ct-democrats-kamala-harris/}}</ref>
* [[Patty Murray]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (1993–present), [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]] (2023–present)<ref name="auto1"/>
* [[Jon Ossoff]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Georgia leaders, lawmakers react to Pres. Biden dropping out of presidential race |url=https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/atlanta/georgia-leaders-lawmakers-react-pres-biden-dropping-out-presidential-race/OH4PZ2HV2BCLTAHGQBZOLFYBEU/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=WSB-TV Channel 2 – Atlanta |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Alex Padilla]], California (2021–present)<ref name="california" />
* [[Jacky Rosen]], Nevada (2019–present)<ref name="auto2"/>
* [[Brian Schatz]], Hawaii (2012–present)<ref name="Schatz" />
* [[Tina Smith]], Minnesota (2018–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[KTTC]] |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Sen. Smith reacts to Pres. Biden's withdrawal from 2024 race |url=https://www.kttc.com/2024/07/21/sen-smith-reacts-pres-bidens-withdrawal-2024-race/ |access-date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Debbie Stabenow]], [[Michigan]] (2001–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friess |first=Steve |date=July 18, 2024 |title=Stabenow, Stevens Back Harris if Biden Drops Out |url=https://www.hourdetroit.com/political-topics/stabenow-stevens-back-harris-if-biden-drops-out/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=Hour Detroit Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Elizabeth Warren]], Massachusetts (2013–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelleher |first=Caitlyn |title='Thank you for your service, Mr. President. Now let's win': Massachusetts reacts to Biden |url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/politics/elections/national/2024/07/21/massachusetts-senators-house-of-representatives-governor-democrates-react-joe-biden-drop-out/74476058007/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=The Patriot Ledger |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Mark Warner]], Virginia (2009–present)<ref name="DonScottVA" />
* [[Raphael Warnock]], Georgia (2021–present)<ref name="Warnock">{{cite news |last1=Nolin |first1=Jill |title=Georgia Dems quickly rally behind Harris as replacement for Biden after the president withdraws • Georgia Recorder |url=https://georgiarecorder.com/briefs/georgia-dems-quickly-rally-behind-harris-as-replacement-for-biden-after-the-president-withdraws/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Georgia Recorder |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Sheldon Whitehouse]], [[Rhode Island]] (2007–present)<ref name="Amo">{{cite news |last1=Baccari |first1=Raymond |title=Amo endorses Harris, praises Biden for 'selfless act' of dropping out |url=https://www.wpri.com/news/elections/amo-endorses-harris-praises-biden-for-selfless-act-of-dropping-out/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=WPRI |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ron Wyden]], [[Oregon]] (1996–present)<ref name="Oregonian" />

===Former===
* [[Doug Jones (politician)|Doug Jones]], [[Alabama]] (2018–2021)<ref name="AlabamaWKRG">{{cite news |last1=Goffin |first1=Isaac |last2=Holiday |first2=A. J. |title=Alabama leaders react to President Joe Biden dropping out of 2024 presidential race |url=https://www.wkrg.com/alabama-news/alabama-leaders-react-to-president-joe-biden-dropping-out-of-2024-presidential-race/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=WKRG-TV |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref><gallery>
File:Elizabeth Warren, official portrait, 114th Congress.jpg|[[Elizabeth Warren]]
File:Amy Klobuchar, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg|[[Amy Klobuchar]]
File:Patty Murray, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg|[[Patty Murray]]
File:Sherrod Brown 117th Congress (2) (cropped).jpg|[[Sherrod Brown]]
File:Jon Ossoff Senate Portrait 2021.jpg|[[Jon Ossoff]]
File:Raphael Warnock official photo.jpg|[[Raphael Warnock]]
File:Tim Kaine 116th official portrait.jpg|[[Tim Kaine]]
File:Edward Markey, official portrait, 114th Congress.jpg|[[Ed Markey]]
File:Alex Padilla 117th Congress portrait (3) (cropped).jpg|[[Alex Padilla]]
File:Chris Coons, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg|[[Chris Coons]]
File:Catherine Cortez Masto official portrait.jpg|[[Catherine Cortez Masto]]
File:Tammy Baldwin, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg|[[Tammy Baldwin]]
File:Bob Casey Jr. official photo.jpg|[[Bob Casey Jr.]]
File:Mark Kelly, Official Portrait 117th.jpg|[[Mark Kelly]]
File:Ben Cardin official Senate portrait.jpg|[[Ben Cardin]]
File:Debbie Stabenow, official photo, 116th Congress.jpg|[[Debbie Stabenow]]
File:Mark Warner, official 112th Congress Senate portrait.jpg|[[Mark Warner]]
File:Heinrich Official Headshot 2019.jpg|[[Martin Heinrich]]
File:John Hickenlooper, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpeg|[[John Hickenlooper]]
</gallery>

==U.S. representatives==
105 of the 212 incumbent Democratic U.S. representatives have endorsed Harris.

==== Current ====
{{Div col}}
* [[Colin Allred]], [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|TX-32]] (2019–present), [[2024 United States Senate election in Texas|2024 Democratic nominee]] for [[U.S. Senate]] in [[Texas]]<ref name="TX Dems" />
* [[Gabe Amo]], [[RI-01]] (2023–present)<ref name="Amo" />
* [[Jake Auchincloss]], [[MA-04]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nesi |first1=Ted |title=Auchincloss backs Harris for president, praises Biden for 'passing the torch' |url=https://www.wpri.com/news/elections/auchincloss-backs-harris-for-president-praises-biden-for-passing-the-torch/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=WPRI |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Becca Balint]], [[Vermont's at-large congressional district|VT-AL]] (2023–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinzel |first=Bob |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Vermont's Congressional delegation thanks Biden for his service, split on endorsing Harris |url=https://www.vermontpublic.org/local-news/2024-07-21/vermonts-congressional-delegation-thanks-biden-for-his-service-split-on-endorsing-harris |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=Vermont Public Broadcasting}}</ref>
* [[Nanette Barragán]], [[California's 44th congressional district|CA-44]] (2017–present)<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris" />
* [[Ami Bera]], [[CA-06]] (2013–present)<ref name="CaliforinaKXTV">{{cite news |last1=Muegge |first1=Alex |title=Newsom endorses Harris, other California leaders react after Biden ends presidential reelection campaign |url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/california/california-leaders-react-biden-ends-presidential-reelection-campaign-endorses-harris/103-81b5b3c3-271e-4d5e-92b5-06a2da3e48aa |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=KXTV |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Don Beyer]], [[Virginia's 8th congressional district|VA-08]] (2015–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Jordan |title=Here's what DC-area leaders say about Biden leaving 2024 presidential race |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/heres-what-dc-area-leaders-say-about-biden-leaving-2024-presidential-race/3670675/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=WRC-TV |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Lisa Blunt Rochester]], [[Delaware's at-large congressional district|DE-AL]] (2017–present), [[2024 United States Senate election in Delaware|2024 Democratic nominee]] for U.S. Senate in [[Delaware]]<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1815106589973717497|user=JacobRubashkin|date=July 21, 2024|title=Lisa Blunt Rochester endorses Kamala Harris}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* [[Suzanne Bonamici]], [[Oregon's 1st congressional district|OR-01]] (2012–present)<ref name="Oregonian">{{Cite news |last=Slovic |first=Beth |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Oregon politicians react to Biden's withdrawal from presidential election |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/nation/2024/07/oregon-politicians-react-to-bidens-withdrawal-from-presidential-election.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[The Oregonian/OregonLive]]}}</ref>
* [[Jamaal Bowman]], [[New York's 16th congressional district|NY-16]] (2021–present)<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris" />
* [[Brendan Boyle]], [[PA-02]] (2015–present)<ref name="SummerLee" />
* [[Shontel Brown]], [[Ohio's 11th congressional district|OH-11]] (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Troy |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Ohio officials react to Biden dropping out, Harris endorsement|url=https://www.axios.com/local/cleveland/2024/07/21/biden-drops-out-kamala-harris}}</ref>
* [[Julia Brownley]], [[California's 26th congressional district|CA-26]] (2013–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Caleb |title=Central Coast reacts to Biden dropping out of presidential race |url=https://keyt.com/news/california/2024/07/21/central-coast-reacts-to-biden-dropping-out-of-presidential-race/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=KEYT |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Nikki Budzinski]], [[IL-13]] (2023–present)<ref name="BillFoster" />
* [[Cori Bush]], [[Missouri's 1st congressional district|MO-01]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trudo |first1=Hanna |title=Cori Bush becomes first Squad member to back Harris |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4784786-progressive-rep-cori-bush-backs-harris/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The Hill |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Yadira Caraveo]], [[Colorado's 8th congressional district|CO-08]] (2023-present)<ref name="Caraveo">{{cite news |last1=Luning |first1=Ernest |title=Colorado's Democratic convention delegates throw support behind Kamala Harris as party's nominee |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/elections/2024/colorado-democrats-support-harris/article_3de481d2-47c4-11ef-8300-ab870519aef7.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Colorado Politics |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Salud Carbajal]], [[California's 24th congressional district|CA-24]] (2017–present)<ref name="Garamendi" />
*[[Troy Carter (politician)|Troy Carter]], [[LA-02]] (2021–present)<ref name="LouisianaDems" />
*[[Greg Casar]], [[Texas's 35th congressional district|TX-35]] (2023–present)<ref name="TX Dems" />
*[[Sean Casten]], [[IL-06]] (2019–present)<ref name="BillFoster" />
*[[Joaquin Castro]], [[TX-20]] (2013–present)<ref name="TX Dems" />
*[[Judy Chu]], [[CA-28]] (2009–present)<ref name="Garamendi" />
* [[Jim Clyburn]], [[South Carolina's 6th congressional district|SC-06]] (1993–present), Vice Chair of the [[House Democratic Caucus]] (2003–2007), Chair of the House Democratic Caucus (2006–2007), House Majority Whip (2007–2011; 2019–2023), House Assistant Democratic Leader (2011–2019; 2023–2024)<ref name="auto2"/>
* [[Steve Cohen (politician)|Steve Cohen]], [[Tennessee's 9th congressional district|TN-09]] (2007–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Kathryn |last2=Wire |first2=Sarah D. |title=Top senators, representatives react to Biden dropping out of 2024 election |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/21/congress-reacts-to-biden-dropping-out-endorsement-of-harris/74490865007/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=USA TODAY |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Gerry Connolly]], [[Virginia's 11th congressional district|VA-11]] (2009–present)<ref name="SpanbergerVA">{{cite news |title=Virginia political leaders react to President Biden exiting the race |url=https://www.insidenova.com/headlines/virginia-political-leaders-react-to-president-biden-exiting-the-race/article_4614e6ae-47a5-11ef-9e08-2fa2f55c2727.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=InsideNoVa |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Joe Courtney (politician)|Joe Courtney]], [[Connecticut's 2nd congressional district|CT-02]] (2007–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[The Bulletin (Norwich)|The Bulletin]] |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Connecticut's senators, representatives react to Biden decision to withdraw |url=https://eu.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/politics/elections/national/2024/07/21/connecticut-senators-house-of-representatives-governor-democrats-react-joe-biden-drop-out/74477574007/}}</ref>
* [[Jasmine Crockett]], [[Texas's 30th congressional district|TX-30]] (2023–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Dallas Morning News]] |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Jasmine Crockett calls for Democrats to support Kamala Harris after Biden withdraws|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2024/07/21/jasmine-crockett-calls-for-democrats-to-support-kamala-harris-after-biden-withdraws/}}</ref>
* [[Jason Crow]], [[CO-06]] (2019–present)<ref name="PolisAxios" />
* [[Diana DeGette]], [[CO-01]] (1997–present)<ref name="PolisAxios">{{cite news |last1=Alvarez |first1=Alayna |title=Colorado Gov. Jared Polis, other local Dems, line up behind Kamala Harris |url=https://www.axios.com/local/denver/2024/07/21/biden-drops-out-colorado-governor-jared-polis-election-2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Axios |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Rosa DeLauro]], [[CT-03]] (1991-present)<ref>https://ctmirror.org/2024/07/21/biden-drops-out-ct-democrats-kamala-harris/</ref>
* [[Debbie Dingell]], [[Michigan's 6th congressional district|MI-06]] (2015–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Detroit Free Press]] |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Michigan Democrats start to coalesce around VP Harris — but no word from Gov. Whitmer yet|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/21/joe-biden-drops-out-michigan-dems-coalesce-around-kamala-harris/74491362007/}}</ref>
* [[Veronica Escobar]], [[TX-16]] (2019–present)<ref name="Allred">{{cite news |last1=Scherer |first1=Jasper |last2=Choi |first2=Matthew |last3=Yu |first3=Isaac |last4=Salhotra |first4=Pooja |last5=Barragán |first5=James |title=Several Texas delegates coalesce behind Kamala Harris after Joe Biden abandons reelection |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2024/07/21/joe-biden-withdraw-2024-texas-democrats/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Texas Tribune |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dwight Evans (politician)|Dwight Evans]], [[PA-03]] (2016–present)<ref name="SharifStreet" />
*[[Lizzie Fletcher]], [[Texas's 7th congressional district|TX-07]] (2019–present)<ref name="TX Dems" />
* [[Bill Foster (politician)|Bill Foster]], [[Illinois's 11th congressional district|IL-11]] (2013–present), [[Illinois's 14th congressional district|IL-14]] (2008–2011)<ref name="BillFoster">{{cite news |title=How Illinois Democrats stand on VP Harris as presidential nominee |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/how-illinois-democrats-stand-on-vp-harris-as-presidential-nominee/3496675/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=WMAQ-TV |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Maxwell Alejandro Frost]], [[Florida's 10th congressional district|FL-10]] (2023–present)<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris" />
* [[John Garamendi]], [[CA-08]] (2009–present)<ref name="Garamendi">{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Shira |title=Democrats rush to endorse Kamala Harris — with some notable exceptions |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/kamala-harris-endorsements-19587320.php |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chuy García]], [[IL-04]] (2019–present)<ref name="BillFoster" />
* [[Robert Garcia (California politician)|Robert Garcia]], [[CA-42]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schallhorn |first1=Kaitlyn |last2=Carter |first2=Ryan |title=President Biden praised by Southern California Democrats after dropping re-election bid |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2024/07/21/president-biden-praised-by-southern-california-democrats-after-dropping-re-election-bid/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Orange County Register |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Sylvia Garcia]], [[Texas's 29th congressional district|TX-29]] (2019–present)<ref name="TxDemsMixed">{{cite news |last1=Hao |first1=Claire |last2=Romero |first2=Jhair |title=Elected officials in Texas share mixed reactions to the news Biden is exiting the race |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2024/article/biden-out-endorses-vp-kamala-harris-texan-19587277.php |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Houston Chronicle |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Jahana Hayes]], [[Connecticut's 5th congressional district|CT-05]] (2019–present)<ref>https://ctmirror.org/2024/07/21/biden-drops-out-ct-democrats-kamala-harris/</ref>
* [[Steven Horsford]], [[Nevada's 4th congressional district|NV-04]] (2013–2015; 2019–present), Chair of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]]<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris" />
* [[Steny Hoyer]], [[MD-05]] (1981–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fox Shannon |first1=Caley |title=Maryland Democrats praise Biden's withdrawal, Republicans blast Harris over border |url=https://cnsmaryland.org/2024/07/21/maryland-democrats-praise-bidens-withdrawal-republicans-blast-harris-over-border/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Capital News Service |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Val Hoyle]], [[Oregon's 4th congressional district|OR-04]] (2023–present)<ref name="Oregonian"/>
* [[Jared Huffman]], [[California's 2nd congressional district|CA-02]] (2013–present)<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris" />
* [[Glenn Ivey]], [[MD-04]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |title=Rep. Glenn Ivey endorses Vice President Kamala Harris |url=https://www.fox5dc.com/video/1488844 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=WTTG |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Jonathan Jackson (Illinois politician)|Jonathan Jackson]], [[IL-01]] (2023–present)<ref name="BillFoster" />
* [[Pramila Jayapal]], [[Washington's 7th congressional district|WA-07]] (2017–present), Chair of the [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite web|title=Joe Biden endorses Kamala Harris to replace him as Democrats begin to throw support behind vice-president – live|website=The Guardian|date=July 21, 2024|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2024/jul/21/biden-drops-out-presidential-election}}</ref>
*[[Hank Johnson]], [[Georgia's 4th congressional district|GA-04]] (2007–present)<ref name="Warnock" />
* [[Bill Keating (politician)|Bill Keating]], [[MA-09]] (2011–present)<ref name="Amo" />
* [[Tim Kennedy (politician)|Tim Kennedy]], [[New York's 26th congressional district|NY-26]] (2024–present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/kennedyforny26/status/1815119825477280183|title=x.com}}</ref>{{bsn|date=July 2024}}
* [[Ro Khanna]], [[CA-17]] (2017–present)<ref name="Garamendi" />
* [[Dan Kildee]], [[Michigan's 8th congressional district|MI-08]] (2023–present), [[Michigan's 5th congressional district|MI-05]] (2013–2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kildee |first=Dan |date=July 21, 2024 |title=I strongly support and endorse @KamalaHarris to be our Democratic nominee for President of the United States. She has already been elected and earned the trust of the American people, and she has served honorably as Vice President. She is uniquely qualified to serve. |url=https://x.com/dankildee/status/1815105466663653533}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Andy Kim (politician)|Andy Kim]], [[New Jersey's 3rd congressional district|NJ-03]] (2019–present), [[2024 United States Senate election in New Jersey|2024 Democratic nominee]] for U.S. Senate in [[New Jersey]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wildstein |first=David |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Andy Kim endorses Kamala Harris |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/andy-kim-endorses-kamala-harris/}}</ref>
* [[Annie Kuster]], [[New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district|NH-02]] (2013–present), Chair of the [[New Democrat Coalition]] (2023–present)<ref>[https://www.axios.com/2024/07/21/biden-drop-out-house-senate-democrat-reaction Biden sends shockwaves through Capitol Hill with 2024 exit] Axios</ref>
* [[Summer Lee]], [[Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district|PA-12]] (2023–present)<ref name="SummerLee">{{cite news |last1=Lyons |first1=Kim |last2=Hall |first2=Peter |title=Pennsylvania Democrats line up behind Kamala Harris, with some endorsing Josh Shapiro as VP |url=https://penncapital-star.com/election-2024/pennsylvania-democrats-line-up-behind-kamala-harris-with-some-endorsing-josh-shapiro-as-vp/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Pennsylvania Capital-Star |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Susie Lee]], [[NV-03]] (2019–present)<ref name="auto2"/>
* [[Mike Levin]], [[CA-49]] (2019–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marzorati |first1=Guy |last2=Lagos |first2=Marisa |title=California Democrats Re-Energized for Race Against Trump |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11996641/time-to-save-the-presidency-california-democrats-re-energized-for-race-against-trump |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=KQED |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ted Lieu]], [[California's 36th congressional district|CA-36]] (2023–present), [[California's 33rd congressional district|CA-33]] (2015–2023), Vice Chair of the [[House Democratic Caucus]] (2023–present)<ref name="auto2"/>
* [[Seth Magaziner]], [[RI-02]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reynolds |first1=Mark |title=RI Democrats praise President Biden; Republicans go on offensive |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/politics/elections/local/2024/07/21/ri-political-leaders-react-to-bidens-withdrawal-from-presidential-race/74491197007/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Providence Journal |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Lucy McBath]], [[GA-07]] (2019–present)<ref name="Warnock" />
* [[Jennifer McClellan]], [[VA-04]] (2023–present)<ref name="DonScottVA" />
* [[Kweisi Mfume]], [[MD-07]] (1987–1996, 2020–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ng |first1=Greg |title=Marylanders on Biden's exit: 'Maryland has had a stalwart ally' |url=https://www.wbaltv.com/article/president-biden-drops-out-endorses-kamala-harris-maryland-reacts/61656242 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[WBAL-TV]] |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gwen Moore]], [[Wisconsin's 4th congressional district|WI-04]] (2005–present)<ref>[https://www.wpr.org/news/biden-drops-out-reelection-wisconsin-reacts As Biden drops out of reelection bid, Wisconsin leaders react] [[Wisconsin Public Radio]]</ref><ref>[https://www.wisn.com/article/joe-biden-ends-reelection-bid-wisconsin-reaction/61656182 Wisconsin politicians react to news that Biden is dropping out of presidential race] [[WISN-TV]]</ref>
* [[Jared Moskowitz]], [[Florida's 23rd congressional district|FL-23]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Democrats weigh in on Biden's exit from 2024 race|website=Miami Herald|date=July 21, 2024|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article290281294.html}}</ref>
* [[Seth Moulton]], [[MA-06]], (2015–present)<ref>{{cite news|last=Creamer|first=Lisa|date=July 21, 2024|url=https://www.wliw.org/radio/news/mass-politicians-react-to-bidens-withdrawal-from-race-endorsement-of-harris/|title=Mass. politicians react to Biden's withdrawal from race, endorsement of Harris|publisher=[[WLIW-FM]]}}</ref>
* [[Jerry Nadler]], [[NY-12]] (1992–present)<ref>{{cite news |title=New York officials react to Biden dropping reelection bid |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/bronx/politics/2024/07/21/new-york-officials-react-to-president-biden-dropping-his-reelection-bid |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Spectrum News |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Joe Neguse]], [[CO-02]] (2019–present)<ref name="PolisAxios" />
* [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], [[New York's 14th congressional district|NY-14]] (2019–present)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/biden-drops-out-election-2024/card/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-endorses-kamala-harris-after-earlier-warning-of-enormous-peril-for-replacing-biden-HS35H6WKkTLGui38OIZ7 |title=Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Endorses Kamala Harris After Earlier Warning of 'Enormous Peril' for Replacing Biden |last=Russolillo |first=Steven |website=Wall Street Journal |date=July 21, 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Ilhan Omar]], [[Minnesota's 5th congressional district|MN-05]] (2019–present)<ref name="CBS Squad"/>
* [[Brittany Pettersen]], [[CO-07]] (2023–present)<ref name="PolisAxios" />
* [[Katie Porter]], [[CA-47]] (2019–present)<ref name="Bonta" />
* [[Ayanna Pressley]], [[Massachusetts's 7th congressional district|MA-07]] (2019–present)<ref name="CBS Squad">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/rep-ilhan-omar-other-members-of-the-squad-endorse-kamala-harris-for-president/ |title=Re. Ilhan Omar, other members of 'The Squad' endorse Kamala Harris for president |last=Moser |first=Riley |website=CBS News |date=July 21, 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Mike Quigley]], [[IL-05]] (2009–present)<ref name="BillFoster" />
* [[Delia Ramirez]], [[Illinois's 3rd congressional district|IL-03]] (2023–present)<ref name="BillFoster" />
* [[Jamie Raskin]], [[Maryland's 8th congressional district|MD-08]] (2017–present)<ref name="MdDems">{{cite news |last1=Sanderlin |first1=Lee O. |title=Maryland Democrats say Harris should succeed Biden as presidential nominee |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/politics-power/national-politics/biden-harris-maryland-democrats-G226RBAIQVDOHBEP4Q3I7IOSOQ/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Baltimore Banner |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dutch Ruppersberger]], [[Maryland's 2nd congressional district|MD-02]] (2003–present)<ref name="MdDems" />
* [[Mary Gay Scanlon]], [[PA-05]] (2018–present)<ref name="SharifStreet" />
* [[Jan Schakowsky]], [[IL-09]] (1999–present)<ref name="BillFoster" />
* [[Adam Schiff]], [[California's 30th congressional district|CA-30]] (2023–present), [[California's 28th congressional district|CA-28]] (2013–2023), [[CA-29]] (2003–2013), [[California's 27th congressional district|CA-27]] (2001–2003), [[2024 United States Senate elections in California|2024 Democratic candidate]] for U.S. Senator from California<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris" />
* [[Brad Schneider]], [[Illinois's 10th congressional district|IL-10]] (2013–2015, 2017–present)<ref>[https://www.dailyherald.com/20240721/news/suburban-democrats-praise-biden-in-wake-of-decision-to-end-reelection-bid/ Suburban Democrats praise Biden in wake of decision to end reelection bid] [[Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois)|Daily Herald]]</ref>
* [[Hillary Scholten]], [[Michigan's 3rd congressional district|MI-03]] (2023–present)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Bobby Scott (politician)|Bobby Scott]], [[VA-03]] (1993–present)<ref name="DonScottVA" />
* [[Terri Sewell]], [[AL-07]] (2011–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flanagan |first1=Ben |title=Terri Sewell: 'I plan to do everything in my power' to elect Kamala Harris |url=https://www.al.com/politics/2024/07/alabama-rep-terri-sewell-i-plan-to-do-everything-in-my-power-to-elect-kamala-harris.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=AL.com |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mikie Sherrill]], [[NJ-11]] (2019–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Joey |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Sherrill, who called on Biden to step aside, 'wholeheartedly' endorses Harris |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/sherrill-who-called-on-biden-to-step-aside-wholeheartedly-endorses-harris/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=New Jersey Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Abigail Spanberger]], [[VA-07]] (2019–present)<ref name="SpanbergerVA" />
* [[Melanie Stansbury]], [[NM-01]] (2021–present) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C9ss3rqPsB4/?igsh=dDRqcWRtYXk5Mnpv|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* [[Greg Stanton]], [[AZ-04]] (2019–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Valencia |first1=Peter |title=Biden drops out of 2024 presidential race; endorses Kamala Harris |url=https://www.azfamily.com/2024/07/21/biden-drops-out-2024-presidential-race/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=KTVK |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en |quote=Greg Stanton tweeted a brief statement in support of the vice president}}</ref>
* [[Haley Stevens]], [[Michigan's 11th congressional district|MI-11]] (2019–present)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Eric Swalwell]], [[CA-14]] (2013–present)<ref name="Garamendi" />
* [[Emilia Sykes]], [[Ohio's 13th congressional district|OH-13]] (2023–present)<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1815114306851123582|user=JacobRubashkin|date=July 21, 2024|title=OH-13 Democratic Rep. Emilia Sykes, a Frontline freshman, endorses Harris}}</ref>
* [[Mark Takano]], [[California's 39th congressional district|CA-39]] (2013–present)<ref name="Garamendi" />
* [[Shri Thanedar]], [[Michigan's 13th congressional district|MI-13]] (2023–present)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Dina Titus]], [[NV-01]] (2013–present)<ref name="auto2"/>
* [[Paul Tonko]], [[NY-20]] (2009–present)<ref name="PaulTonko">{{cite news |last1=Donaldson |first1=Sahalie |last2=McDonough |first2=Annie |last3=Lewis |first3=Rebecca C. |last4=Holmberg |first4=Eric |title=New York politicians react to Biden dropping out |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/politics/2024/07/new-york-politicians-react-biden-dropping-out/398207/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=City & State NY |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jill Tokuda]], [[HI-02]] (2023–present)<ref name="Schatz">{{cite news |title='A true friend to Hawaii': Hawaii Democratic lawmakers offer support, thanks to Biden as he ends reelection bid |url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2024/07/21/hawaii-democratic-lawmakers-applaud-bidens-decision-end-2024-reelection-bid/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Hawaii News Now |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ritchie Torres]], [[NY-15]] (2021–present)<ref>https://www.elnuevodia.com/corresponsalias/washington-dc/notas/nydia-velazquez-aoc-y-ritchie-torres-respaldan-a-kamala-harris-para-la-candidatura-democrata-a-la-presidencia/</ref>
*[[Gabe Vasquez]], [[NM-02]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/what-do-new-mexico-officials-think-of-president-biden-dropping-out-of-the-race/article_38b731c2-4793-11ef-b23f-ab2e4462c660.html |title=What do New Mexico officials think of President Biden dropping out of the race? |website=Albuquerque Journal |date=July 21, 2024 }}</ref>
*[[Marc Veasey]], [[Texas's 33rd congressional district|TX-33]] (2013–present)<ref name="TX Dems" />
*[[Nydia Velazquez]], [[NY-07]], (2013–present)<ref>https://www.elnuevodia.com/corresponsalias/washington-dc/notas/nydia-velazquez-aoc-y-ritchie-torres-respaldan-a-kamala-harris-para-la-candidatura-democrata-a-la-presidencia/</ref>
* [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], [[Florida's 25th congressional district|FL-25]] (2005-present)<ref name=FLHarris/>
* [[Maxine Waters]], [[CA-43]] (1991–present)<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's how Los Angeles officials are reacting to Biden dropping out of presidential race |url=https://www.foxla.com/news/los-angeles-officials-react-biden-dropping-presidential-race |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=KTTV |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Bonnie Watson Coleman]], [[New Jersey's 12th congressional district|NJ-12]] (2015–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Joey |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Watson Coleman endorses Harris for president |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/watson-coleman-endorses-harris-for-president/}}</ref>
*[[Jennifer Wexton]], [[VA-10]] (2019–present)<ref name="DonScottVA" />
* [[Susan Wild]], [[PA-07]] (2018–present)<ref name="SummerLee" />
* [[Nikema Williams]], [[Georgia's 5th congressional district|GA-05]] (2021–present); Chair of [[Democratic Party of Georgia]]<ref name="Warnock" />
{{div col end}}

==== Former ====
* [[G. K. Butterfield]], [[North Carolina's 1st congressional district|NC-01]] (2004–2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=NC Governor Cooper, other lawmakers reacts President Biden's decision to end 2024 campaign |url=https://abc11.com/post/roy-cooper-north-carolina-governor-name-dropped-president-bidens-ends-reelection-bid/15078378/}}</ref>
* [[Gabby Giffords]], [[AZ-08]] (2007–2012)<ref>{{cite news |title=These top Democrats are endorsing Harris in presidential race |url=https://www.foxla.com/news/kamala-harris-endorsements |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=KTTV |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Debbie Mucarsel-Powell]], [[Florida's 26th congressional district|FL-26]] (2019–2021)<ref name=FLHarris>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=These Florida Democrats have already lined up behind Kamala Harris |url=https://amp.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article290282674.html}}</ref><gallery>
File:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Official Portrait.jpg|[[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]]
File:Adam Schiff official portrait.jpg|[[Adam Schiff]]
File:Jim Clyburn official portrait 116th Congress.jpg|[[Jim Clyburn]]
File:Jamie Raskin Official Portrait 2019.jpg|[[Jamie Raskin]]
File:Rep. Maxwell Frost - 118th Congress.jpg|[[Maxwell Frost]]
File:Pramila Jayapal, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg|[[Pramila Jayapal]]
File:Andy Kim, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg|[[Andy Kim (politician)|Andy Kim]]
File:Ilhan Omar, official portrait, 116th Congress (cropped) A.jpg|[[Ilhan Omar]]
File:Jamaal Bowman 117th U.S Congress.jpg|[[Jamaal Bowman]]
File:Debbie Wasserman Schultz official photo.jpg|[[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]]
File:P20220707AS-1381 (52308218001) (cropped).jpg|[[Gabby Giffords]]
File:Maxine_Waters_Official.jpg|[[Maxine Waters]]
</gallery>

==Statewide officials==

=== Governors ===
11 of the 23 incumbent Democratic governors have endorsed Harris.
* [[Roy Cooper]], [[North Carolina]] (2017–present)<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Cochrane |first1=Emily |title=Biden Drops Out of Presidential Race and Endorses Harris |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election/f3f36d40-5a68-52b8-b545-e6eb3226ea44?smid=url-share |access-date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Josh Green (politician)|Josh Green]], [[Hawaii]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hubler |first1=Shawn |title=Biden Drops Out of Presidential Race and Endorses Harris |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election/0b3cea4f-9b47-5cdd-806b-ad4ed458952d?smid=url-share |access-date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Kathy Hochul]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite news |last=null |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Update from Emma Fitzsimmons |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Janet Mills]], [[Maine]] (2019–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Gina |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Gov. Janet Mills releases statement on Biden's withdrawal from presidential race |url=https://wgme.com/news/local/gov-janet-mills-releases-statement-on-bidens-withdrawal-from-presidential-race |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=WGME |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wes Moore]], [[Maryland]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wood |first1=Pamela |title=With Biden out, what's next for Maryland Gov. Wes Moore? |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/politics-power/state-government/wes-moore-future-joe-biden-4AQSARZFONGL5HR75T3HR24BFY/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Baltimore Banner |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en |quote=A source familiar with the governor's thinking said he'd endorse Vice President Kamala Harris, potentially as soon as Monday.}}</ref>
* [[Phil Murphy]], [[New Jersey]] (2018-present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wildstein |first=David |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Murphy endorses Harris |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/murphy-endorses-harris/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=New Jersey Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Gavin Newsom]], [[California]] (2019–present)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Jared Polis]], [[Colorado]] (2019–present)<ref name="Business-Insider-Harris">{{Cite web |last=Nelken-Zitser |first=Joshua |date=July 21, 2024 |title=All the Democrats who have endorsed Kamala Harris to replace Joe Biden after he dropped out |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/democrats-endorsing-kamala-harris-to-replace-joe-biden-2024-7 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Josh Shapiro]], [[Pennsylvania]] (2023–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Governor Josh Shapiro endorses Kamala Harris for president |url=https://pennwatch.org/governor-josh-shapiro-endorses-kamala-harris-for-president/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=Pennwatch |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gretchen Whitmer]], [[Michigan]] (2019–present)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Gov. Gretchen Whitmer of Michigan is said to have joined a Harris for President staff call on Sunday, seeking to lift staff morale in her crucial battleground state, according to a person with knowledge of the call. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After Biden, who else has endorsed Kamala Harris – and who hasn’t? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/22/us-election-after-biden-who-has-endorsed-kamala-harris-and-who-hasnt |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Andy Beshear]], [[Kentucky]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov. Beshear: VP Harris has my full endorsement |url=https://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/watch/gov-beshear-vp-harris-has-my-full-endorsement-215371333701 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en}}</ref> (2019–present)

===Lieutenant Governors===
*[[Sabina Matos]], [[Rhode Island]] (2021–present)<ref name="Amo" />

===Attorneys general===
*[[Anthony Brown (Maryland politician)|Anthony Brown]], [[Attorney General of Maryland]] (2023–present)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Erik |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Illinois AG Kwame Raoul supports Kamala Harris' presidential bid |url=https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/kwame-raoul-endorses-kamala-harris-illinois-ag-19587887.php |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>
*[[Rob Bonta]], [[California Attorney General]] (2021–present)<ref name="Bonta">{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Jacque |title=Gavin Newsom, other California leaders react to Biden dropping out of presidential race |url=https://fox40.com/news/california-connection/california-leaders-react-to-biden-dropping-out/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=KTXL |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Andrea Campbell]], [[Massachusetts Attorney General]] (2023–present)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Keith Ellison]], [[Attorney General of Minnesota]] (2019–present)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Bob Ferguson (politician)|Bob Ferguson]], [[Attorney General of Washington]] (2013–present)<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|title=Western Washington leaders react as Biden exits 2024 race, endorses VP Harris|website=[[KOMO-TV]]|date=July 21, 2024|url=https://komonews.com/news/local/local-leaders-react-as-biden-exits-2024-race-endorses-vice-president-harris-washington-jay-inslee-lawmakers-politics-trump-bow-out-presidential-race}}</ref>
*[[Aaron D. Ford]], [[Nevada Attorney General]] (2019–present)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Letitia James]], [[Attorney General of New York]] (2019–present)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Kwame Raoul]], [[Illinois Attorney General]] (2019–present)<ref name=":0" />

===Treasurers===
*[[Erick Russell]], [[Connecticut]] (2023–present)<ref name=":4" />
*[[Henry Beck]], [[Maine]] (2019–present), Member of the [[Maine House of Representatives]] (2014-2016) <ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1815161373921280377|user=HenryBeckMaine|date=July 21, 2024|title= Times and needs change.}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Mike Pieciak]], [[Vermont]] (2023–present)<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1815207515543441429|user=MikePieciak|date=July 21, 2024|title= Looking forward to voting for
@KamalaHarris}}</ref>{{bsn}}

===Secretaries of State===
*[[Jena Griswold]], [[Colorado]] (2019–present)<ref name="Caraveo" />

<gallery>
File:Newsom April 2024 (cropped).jpg|[[Gavin Newsom]]
File:Gretchen Whitmer Taiwan 20240304.jpg|[[Gretchen Whitmer]]
File:Kathy Hochul March 2024.jpg|[[Kathy Hochul]]
File:Gov. Shapiro.jpg|[[Josh Shapiro]]
File:Gov.Phil Murphy2022.jpg|[[Phil Murphy]]
File:Wes Moore Official Governor Portrait (9x12).jpg|[[Wes Moore]]
File:Jared Polis in Taiwan (cropped).jpg|[[Jared Polis]]
File:RoyCooper2023.jpg|[[Roy Cooper]]
</gallery>

==State legislative leaders==
===Current===
*[[Raumesh Akbari]], minority leader of the [[Tennessee Senate]] (2023–present) from the 29th district (2019–present)<ref name="LondonLamar" />
*[[Lauren Book]], minority leader of the [[Florida Senate]] (2021–present) from the 35th district (2016–present)<ref name=FLHarris/>
*[[Karen Camper]], minority leader of the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]] (2019–present) from the 87th district (2008–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salvemini |first1=Chris |title=Lawmakers, leaders from East TN speak after President Biden announces he won't seek reelection |url=https://www.wbir.com/article/news/local/east-tennessee-lawmakers-react-to-president-biden-dropping-out/51-48b252ef-2576-443d-b1ac-88d4ee25462b |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Knoxville 10 News |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Fentrice Driskell]], minority leader of the [[Florida House of Representatives]] (2022–present) from the 67th District (2018–present)<ref name=FLHarris/>
*[[Bill Ferguson (politician)|Bill Ferguson]], [[President of the Maryland Senate|President]] (2020–present) of the [[Maryland Senate]] from the 46th district (2011–present)<ref name="MdDems" />
*[[Adrienne A. Jones]], [[Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates|Speaker]] (2019–present) of the [[Maryland House of Delegates]] from the [[Maryland Legislative District 10|10th district]] (1997–present)<ref name="MdDems" />
*[[Joanna McClinton]], [[List of speakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives|Speaker]] (2023–present) of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] from the 191st district (2015–present)<ref name="SummerLee" />
*[[Matthew Ritter]], [[Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives|speaker]] (2021–present) and majority leader (2017–2021) of the [[Connecticut House of Representatives]] from the 1st district (2011–present)<ref name=":4"/>
*[[Angela Romero]], minority leader of the [[Utah House of Representatives]] (2023–present) from the 26th district (2013–2023) and the 25th district (2023–present)<ref name=UTdemDisappointed>{{cite news |last1=Bensen |first1=Samuel |title=Utah Democrats 'disappointed,' 'in shock' by Biden decision to drop out |url=https://www.deseret.com/politics/2024/07/21/utah-democrats-disappointed-in-shock-by-biden-decision-to-drop-out/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Deseret |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Don Scott (Virginia politician)|Don Scott]], [[Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates|Speaker]] (2024–present) of the [[Virginia House of Representatives]] from the 88th district (2020–present)<ref name="DonScottVA">{{cite news |last1=Ress |first1=Dave |last2=Martz |first2=Michael |title=Biden's withdrawal resets elections in Virginia |url=https://richmond.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/elections/president-joe-biden-vice-president-kamala-harris-white-house-politics-virginia/article_a37b863c-478b-11ef-84a8-77e7df646887.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Richmond Times-Dispatch |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Scott Surovell]], majority leader of the [[Virginia Senate]] (2024–present) from the 34th district (2016–present)<ref name="LevarStoney" />

===Former===
*[[Scott Howell (politician)|Scott Howell]], minority leader of the [[Utah Senate]] (1992–2000) from the 8th district (1989–2000) and Democratic nominee for [[U.S. Senator]] in 2000 and 2012<ref name=UTdemDisappointed/>

==State legislators==
===Current===
*[[Samra Brouk]], member of the [[New York State Senate]] from the 57th district (2020–present)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Local and regional reaction to President Biden's decision |url=https://www.wxxinews.org/live-updates/local-reaction-to-president-bidens-decision |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=WXXI News |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Delisha Boyd]], member of the [[Louisiana House of Representatives]] from the 102nd district (2021–present)<ref name="LouisianaDems" />
*[[Sarah Clark (politician)|Sarah Clark]], member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from the 136th district (2020–present)<ref name="auto"/>
*[[Merika Coleman]], member of the [[Alabama Senate]] from the 19th district (2022–present)<ref name="ALdemThrow" />
*[[Barbara Drummond]], member of the [[Alabama House of Representatives]] from the 103rd district (2014–present)<ref name="ALdemThrow">{{cite news |last1=Rocha |first1=Alander |last2=Stephenson |first2=Jemma |title=Alabama Democrats throw support behind Kamala Harris |url=https://alabamareflector.com/2024/07/21/alabama-democrats-throw-support-behind-kamala-harris/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Alabama Reflector |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Phillip Ensler]], member of the Alabama House of Representatives from the 74th district (2022–present)<ref name="AlabamaWKRG" />
*[[Anna V. Eskamani]], member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 42nd District (2018–present)<ref name=FLHarris/>
*[[La Shawn Ford]], member of the [[Illinois House of Representatives]] from the 8th district (2007–present)<ref name="pritzkerfuture">{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Rick |title=Biden's decision to drop out creates big questions for Chicago convention, Gov. J.B. Pritzker's political future |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2024/07/21/bidens-decision-to-drop-out-creates-big-questions-for-chicago-convention-gov-j-b-pritzkers-political-future/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Deborah J. Glick]], member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from the 66th district (1991–present)<ref name="PaulTonko" />
*[[Leslie Herod]], member of the [[Colorado House of Representatives]] from the 8th district (2017–present)<ref name="Caraveo" />
*[[Gloria Johnson (politician)|Gloria Johnson]], member of the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]] from the 13th district (2019–2023) and the 90th district (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Aneena |title=Biden drops out: Knoxville leaders react |url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/21/biden-drops-out-knoxville-leaders-react/74490490007/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Knox News |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Junie Joseph]], member of the [[Colorado House of Representatives]] from the 10th district (2023–present)<ref name="Caraveo" />
*[[Malcolm Kenyatta]], member of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] from the 181st district (2019–present)<ref name="SharifStreet" />
*[[London Lamar]], member of the [[Tennessee Senate]] from the 33rd district (2022–present)<ref name="LondonLamar">{{cite news |last1=Gertler |first1=Jessica |title=Local politicians react to Biden’s exit from presidential race |url=https://wreg.com/news/local-politicians-react-to-bidens-exit-from-presidential-race/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=WREG |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Jeffrie Long Jr.]], member of the [[Maryland House of Delegates]] from district 27B (2023–present)<ref name="MdDems" />
*[[Theresa Mah]], member of the Illinois House of Representatives from the 24th district (2023–present)<ref name="pritzkerfuture"/>
*[[Sarah McBride]], member of the [[Delaware Senate]] from the 1st district (2020–present)<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SarahEMcBride|number=1815109583821848935|title=I'm proud to support Kamala Harris for President -- and am ready to work my heart out to call her "Madam President" come January 2025.}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Zellnor Myrie]], member of the [[New York Senate]] from the 20th district (2019–present)<ref name="PaulTonko" />
*[[Antonio Parkinson]], member of the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]] from the 89th district (2011–present)<ref name="ShelbyCountyTN">{{cite news |last1=Muckerman |first1=Brooke |title=Memphis, Shelby County leaders react to President Joe Biden dropping out of 2024 race |url=https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/politics/2024/07/21/biden-dropping-out-2024-election-memphis-shelby-county/74469596007/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The Commercial Appeal |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Justin J. Pearson]], member of the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]] from the 86th district (2023–present)<ref name="LondonLamar" />
*[[Jessica Ramos]], member of the [[New York Senate]] from the 13th district (2019–present)<ref name="PaulTonko" />
*[[James Rosapepe]], member of the [[Maryland Senate]] from the 21st district (2007–present)<ref name="Cardin" />
*[[Nikil Saval]], member of the [[Pennsylvania Senate]] from the 1st district (2021–present)<ref>{{cite tweet|user=NikilSaval|number=1815171480801747240|title=For these reasons and more, I am proud to endorse Kamala Harris for President, and will be doing everything in my power to help ensure she wins Pennsylvania and the Presidency in November. 4/}}</ref>
*[[Casey Weinstein]], member of the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] from the 34th district (2019–present).<ref>{{cite post|user=repweinstein|title=I am proud to endorse Kamala Harris, who will be our next President 🇺🇸 (Post) July 21, 2024 – via Threads </ref>
*[[Jheanelle Wilkins]], member of the [[Maryland House of Delegates]] from the 20th district (2017–present)<ref name="ScrambleWP">{{cite news |last1=Abutaleb |first1=Yasmeen |last2=Itkowitz |first2=Colby |last3=Sotomayor |first3=Marianna |last4=Caldwell |first4=Leigh Ann |last5=Wang |first5=Amy B. |title=Democrats scramble to endorse Harris and forestall nomination fight |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/21/democrats-scramble-endorse-harris-forestall-nomination-fight/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Gene Wu]], member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]] from the 137th district (2013–present)<ref name="TxDemsMixed" />

===Former===
*[[Jacqueline Collins]], member of the [[Illinois Senate]] from the 16th district (2003–2023)<ref name="pritzkerfuture"/>

== Municipal and local officials ==
=== County officials ===
* [[Angela Alsobrooks]], [[county executive]] of [[Prince George's County, Maryland]] (2018–present), nominee for [[U.S. Senator from Maryland]] in [[2024 United States Senate election in Maryland|2024]]<ref name="MdDems" />
* [[Lee Harris (politician)|Lee Harris]], mayor of [[Shelby County, Tennessee]] (2018–present)<ref name="ShelbyCountyTN" />
* [[Lina Hidalgo]], [[county judge]] of [[Harris County, Texas]] (2019–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cobler |first1=Paul |last2=Zhang |first2=Michael |title=Harris County Democrats praise Biden, say his decision to drop out could help local races |url=https://houstonlanding.org/harris-county-democrats-praise-biden-say-his-decision-to-drop-out-could-help-local-races/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Houston Landing |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Christian Menefee]], [[county attorney]] of [[Harris County, Texas]] (2021–present)<ref name="TxDemsMixed" />
* [[Johnny Olszewski (politician)|Johnny Olszewski]], [[Baltimore County Executive]] (2018–present)<ref name="MdDems" />

=== Mayors ===
==== Current ====
*[[Karen Bass]], [[mayor of Los Angeles, California]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite news |title=LA Mayor Bass praises Biden, then swiftly endorses Harris |url=https://www.sgvtribune.com/2024/07/21/la-mayor-bass-praises-biden-then-swiftly-endorses-harris/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=San Gabriel Daily Tribune |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Justin Bibb]], [[mayor of Cleveland, Ohio]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Castele |first1=Nick |title=Justin Bibb, Shontel Brown endorse Vice President Kamala Harris in race for president |url=https://signalcleveland.org/justin-bibb-shontel-brown-endorse-vice-president-kamala-harris-in-race-for-president/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Signal Cleveland |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[London Breed]], [[Mayor of San Francisco|mayor of San Francisco, California]] (2018–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gardiner |first1=Dustin |title=California Democrats line up behind Harris — with big exceptions |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/21/california-democrats-behind-harris-00170109 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[Politico]] |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]] |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Sharon Weston Broome]], mayor-president of [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] and [[East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana|East Baton Rouge Parish]] (2017–present)<ref name="LousianaDems2" />
*[[Donna Deegan]], [[mayor of Jacksonville, Florida]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bauerlein |first1=David |title=Kamala Harris has visited Jacksonville three times since becoming vice president |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/local/2024/07/21/vice-president-kamala-harris-has-made-jacksonville-a-go-to-city/74484078007/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Florida Times-Union |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Andre Dickens]], [[List of mayors of Atlanta|mayor of Atlanta, Georgia]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Darnell |first1=Tim |title=Georgia Democrat Party chair endorses Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.walb.com/2024/07/21/georgia-democrat-party-chair-endorses-kamala-harris-president/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[WALB]] |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Jacob Frey]], [[List of mayors of Minneapolis|mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota]] (2018–present)<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Jacob Frey |user=Jacob_Frey |number=1815092196779151603 |title=I agree with President Biden and am proud to support Kamala Harris for President of the United States.}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Ed Gainey]], [[List of mayors of Pittsburgh|mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] (2022–present)<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Ed Gainey |user=gainey_ed |number=1815160981233819971 |title=I am proud to endorse @KamalaHarris to be our 47th President of the United States of America. Kamala has the passion, energy, and experience to win this race and deliver for the people of Pittsburgh. I look forward to joining her on the campaign trail soon.}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Kate Gallego]], [[List of mayors of Phoenix|mayor of Phoenix, Arizona]] (2019–present)<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Kate Gallego |user=KateWGallego |number=1815129016208441815 |title=I am riding with @KamalaHarris!}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Todd Gloria]], [[Mayor of San Diego|mayor of San Diego, California]] (2020–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Kate |title=San Diego Democrats endorse Harris as Biden drops out of presidential race |url=https://www.axios.com/local/san-diego/2024/07/21/democrats-endorse-kamala-harris-biden-exits-2024-presidential-race |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |publisher=[[Cox Enterprises]] |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Bruce Harrell]], [[Mayor of Seattle|mayor of Seattle, Washington]] (2022–present)<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Bruce Harrell |user=bruceforseattle |number=1815132380472209869 |title=Joanne and I are proud to endorse @KamalaHarris for president. A proven leader across local, state, and federal government, she will be a champion for safe communities, affordable housing, climate action, good jobs, and a strong economy for all. She has our full support.}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Brandon Johnson]], [[mayor of Chicago, Illinois]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawrence |first1=Beth |title=Chicago Mayor Brandon Johnson endorses Vice President Kamala Harris as nominee |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/chicago-brandon-johnson-endorse-kamala-harris-democratic-nominee-joe-biden/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=CBS News |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Cavalier Johnson]], mayor of [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Conniff |first1=Ruth |title=Wisconsin Democrats endorse Kamala Harris after Biden drops out |url=https://wisconsinexaminer.com/2024/07/21/wisconsin-democrats-endorse-kamala-harris-after-biden-drops-out/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Wisconsin Examiner |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Mike Johnston (Colorado politician)|Mike Johnston]], [[mayor of Denver, Colorado]] (2023–present)<ref name="PolisAxios" />
*[[Tishaura Jones]], [[Mayor of St. Louis|mayor of St. Louis, Missouri]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenbaum |first1=Jason |last2=Llorico |first2=Abby |last3=Munoz |first3=Brian |last4=Bauer |first4=Will |title=St. Louis-area Democrats express relief on Biden's exit and hope for Harris |url=https://www.stlpr.org/government-politics-issues/2024-07-21/st-louis-area-democrats-express-relief-on-bidens-exit-and-hope-for-harris |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[KWMU]] |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Quinton Lucas]], [[mayor of Kansas City, Missouri]] (2019–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bayless |first1=Kacen |title=KC mayor calls Biden 'one of the finest public servants,' signals donation to Harris |url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article290282869.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[The Kansas City Star]] |publisher=[[McClatchy]] |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Erin Mendenhall]], [[List of mayors of Salt Lake City|mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah]] (2020–present) <ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Erin Mendenhall |user=erinforslc |number=1815150948001448099 |title=Vice President Harris will make an excellent President and I have faith in her ability to defeat Donald Trump in November. I hope Democrats urgently unite around VP Harris and refocus our energy on defeating President Trump and preserving democracy.}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Ron Nirenberg]], [[List of mayors of San Antonio|mayor of San Antonio, Texas]] (2017–present)<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Ron Nirenberg |user=Ron_Nirenberg |number=1815124946844270859 |title=All in for our next President, Kamala Harris.}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Aftab Pureval]], [[List of mayors of Cincinnati|mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keel |first1=Fletcher |last2=Knue |first2=Kurt |last3=Keith |first3=Chloe |title=Ohio, Kentucky politicians react to President Biden's dropping out of Presidential race |url=https://www.wlwt.com/article/ohio-kentucky-politicians-joe-biden-drops-out-re-election/61656133 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[WLWT]] |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Regina Romero]], mayor of [[Tucson, Arizona]] (2019–present)<ref name="AZdemPraise">{{cite news |last1=Steller |first1=Tim |title=Arizona Democrats praise Biden decision, some embrace Harris |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/government-politics/elections/arizona-reaction-president-biden-drops-out-presidential-race/article_314ab206-4798-11ef-9890-df4279751a8c.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Tucson.com |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Brandon Scott]], [[mayor of Baltimore|mayor of Baltimore, Maryland]] (2020–present)<ref name="MdDems" />
*[[Frank Scott Jr.]], [[mayor of Little Rock, Arkansas]] (2019–present)<ref name="ARdemLaud">{{cite news |last1=Albarado |first1=Sonny |last2=Antoinette |first2=Grajeda |title=Arkansas Democrats laud Biden's 'selfless' campaign withdrawal, vow to support Harris as nominee |url=https://arkansasadvocate.com/2024/07/21/arkansas-democrats-laud-bidens-selfless-campaign-withdrawal-vow-to-support-harris-as-nominee/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Arkansas Advocate |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Darrell Steinberg]], [[mayor of Sacramento, California]] (2016–present)<ref name="CaliforinaKXTV" />
*[[Levar Stoney]], [[mayor of Richmond, Virginia]] (2017–present)<ref name="LevarStoney">{{cite news |title=Virginia political figures react to Biden leaving presidential race |url=https://richmond.com/news/nation-world/government-politics/elections/virginia-political-figures-react-to-biden-leaving-presidential-race/collection_e207e122-479d-11ef-add4-ff1faa632af4.html#2 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Richmond Times-Dispatch |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Tyrin Truong]], mayor of [[Bogalusa, Louisiana]] (2023–present)<ref name="LouisianaDems" />
*[[Kirk Watson]], [[Mayor of Austin|mayor of Austin, Texas]] (2023–present)<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Kirk Watson |user=KirkPWatson |number=1815095293886796160 |title=I'm proud of President Biden for doing what he believes is best for America, and ready to get to work for our new Democratic ticket. Let's go!}}</ref>{{bsn}}
*[[Randall Woodfin]], [[List of mayors of Birmingham, Alabama|mayor of Birmingham, Alabama]] (2017–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flanagan |first1=Ben |title=Birmingham Mayor Randall Woodfin endorses Kamala Harris for president: 'Let's get to work' |url=https://www.al.com/politics/2024/07/birmingham-mayor-randall-woodfin-endorses-kamala-harris-for-president-lets-get-to-work.html |website=AL.com |access-date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Paul Young (American politician)|Paul Young]], [[List of mayors of Memphis, Tennessee|mayor of Memphis, Tennessee]] (2023–present)<ref name="LondonLamar" />

==== Former ====
* [[Sylvester Turner]], [[mayor of Houston, Texas]] (2016–2024)<ref name="ScrambleWP" />
* [[Lori Lightfoot]], [[Mayor of Chicago|mayor of Chicago, Illinois]] (2019–2023)<ref>[https://x.com/LoriLightfoot/status/1815101321995026773] Lori Lightfoot [@LoriLightfoot] (July 21, 2024). "I'm all in for @KamalaHarris" - via X</ref>{{bsn}}

===Other===
*[[Adrienne Adams (politician)|Adrienne Adams]], [[speaker of the New York City Council]] (2022–present) from the 28th district (2017–present)<ref name="PaulTonko" />
*[[Chi Ossé]], member of the [[New York City Council]] from the 36th district (2022–present)<ref name="PaulTonko" />

== Party officials ==
=== Democratic National Committee Officers ===
* [[Ken Martin (politician)]] Vice Chair of the [[Democratic National Committee]] (2017 - present), Chair of the [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] (2011 - present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Ken |title=STATEMENT FROM MINNESOTA DFL CHAIR KEN MARTIN
|url=https://dfl.org/statement-from-minnesota-dfl-chair-ken-martin/|website=Minnesota DFL}}</ref>{{bsn}}

=== National Convention delegations ===
* Louisiana's Democratic delegates<ref name="LouisianaDems">{{cite news |last1=Via y Rada |first1=Nicole |title=Louisiana delegates throw their support for Kamala Harris as the new Democratic presidential nominee |url=https://www.wdsu.com/article/louisiana-delegates-endorse-kamala-harris/61657773 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=WDSU |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Tennessee's Democratic delegates<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Melissa |title=Tennessee's Democratic delegates vote to endorse VP Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/21/tennessees-democratic-delegates-vote-to-endorse-vp-kamala-harris/74491639007/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=The Tennessean |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Democratic National Delegation from Denton County, Texas <ref>{{Cite web |last=Villarreal |first=Jordan |title=The Denton County Democratic National Delegation & the Denton County Democratic Party leadership team thanks President Biden for his steadfast leadership these past three and a half years, and unanimously endorses Vice President #Harris for the Democratic nomination. #DNCC #DNC |url=https://x.com/JVillarrealTX/status/1815171081889575203?t=cj4R94FMOyRuxkoSBI3pkw&s=09 |website=Twitter}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* North Carolina's Democratic delegates <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/NCDemParty/status/1815183673328570489|title=x.com}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* New Hampshire Democratic delegates <ref>{{cite web | url=https://mailchi.mp/nhdp.org/new-hampshire-democratic-pledged-delegates-unanimously-endorse-kamala-harris-as-nominee-for-president-of-the-united-states-of-america | title=New Hampshire Democratic Pledged Delegates Unanimously Endorse Kamala Harris as Nominee for President of the United States of America }}</ref>
* South Carolina Democratic delegates <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/scdp/status/1815181349176881469|title=x.com}}</ref>{{bsn}}

=== Party chairs ===
*[[Anderson Clayton]], Chair of the [[North Carolina Democratic Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglia |first=Danielle |date=July 21, 2024 |title=NC’s Democratic National Convention delegates support Harris — and a possible running mate |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article290289994.html |website=The News & Observer}}</ref>
*Shasti Conrad, Chair of the [[Washington State Democratic Party]]<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Nancy DiNardo]], Chair of the [[Democratic Party of Connecticut|Connecticut Democratic Party]]<ref name=":4" />
*[[Randal Gaines]], Chair of the [[Louisiana Democratic Party]] (2024–present)<ref name="LouisianaDems" />
*[[Shad Murib]], Chair of the [[Colorado Democratic Party]] (2023–present)<ref name="Caraveo" />
*[[Sharif Street]], Chair of the [[Pennsylvania Democratic Party]] (2022–present)<ref name="SharifStreet">{{cite news |last1=Bernard |first1=Katie |last2=Orso |first2=Anna |last3=Terruso |first3=Julia |title=Philly-area Democrats are urging the party to back Kamala Harris for president: 'The time to unify is now' |url=https://www.inquirer.com/politics/nation/biden-drops-out-kamala-harris-local-politician-reaction-20240721.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mike Wenstrup]], Chair of the [[Alaska Democratic Party]] (2013–2016; 2022–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cole |first1=Shannon |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Alaska delegates react to Biden ending 2024 reelection bid, endorsing VP Harris |url=https://www.alaskasnewssource.com/2024/07/21/alaska-delegates-react-biden-ending-2024-reelection-bid/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Alaska's News Source}}</ref>

==Organizations==
=== National Democratic Party Organizations ===
* Association of State Democratic Committees<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1815196887323980062 |user=DemStateParties |title= Democratic State Party Chairs and Leaders Announce Overwhelming Support for Vice President @KamalaHarris for President of the United States of America|date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
=== State and county Democratic Parties ===
*[[Louisiana Democratic Party]]<ref name="LousianaDems2">{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Athina |title=Louisiana politicians react to Biden's election withdrawal |url=https://www.wwno.org/politics/2024-07-21/louisiana-politicians-react-to-bidens-election-withdrawal |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=WWNO |date=July 21, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandberg |first1=Diane |title=Minnesota politicians react to Biden dropping out of 2024 race |url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/politics/joe-biden-dropping-out-2024-presidential-race-minnesota/89-56288eeb-7ce1-4839-8186-774d37d4800c |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=KARE |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>

=== Political organizations ===
* [[AAPI Victory Fund]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Qin |first=Amy |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Biden Drops Out of Presidential Race and Endorses Harris: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election/bed44272-fd40-50af-9d44-c4036ab1a11b?smid=url-share |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Congressional Black Caucus]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Browning |first=Kellen |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Republican candidates down the ballot use Biden's decision to hammer rivals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election/republican-candidates-down-the-ballot-use-bidens-decision-to-hammer-rivals?smid=url-share |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Emily's List]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ferek |first=Katy Stech |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Who Has—and Hasn't—Endorsed Kamala Harris for President |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/biden-drops-out-election-2024/card/who-has-and-has-not-endorsed-kama-harris-for-president-YoGpDhIZ56S27Ls0mdkP |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>
* [[Haley Voters for Harris]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Taheri|first=Mandy|date=July 21, 2024|url=https://www.newsweek.com/nikki-haley-voters-pac-announces-support-kamala-harris-1928198|title=Nikki Haley Voters PAC Announces Support for Kamala Harris|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Latino Victory]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=info@latinovictory.us |date=2024-07-21 |title=Latino Victory Fund Endorses Kamala Harris for President of the United States |url=https://latinovictory.org/latino-victory-fund-endorses-kamala-harris-for-president-of-the-united-states/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Latino Victory |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[LPAC]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Local Dems, LGBTQ organizations back Harris for president |url=https://dallasvoice.com/local-dems-lgbtq-organizations-back-harris-for-president/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Dallas Voice |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Priorities USA Action]]<ref>{{Cite web |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |first=Theodore|last=Schleifer|date=July 21, 2024 |title=Democratic billionaires and donors are rushing to back Harris after Biden's exit |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/biden-drops-out-election-2024/card/who-has-and-has-not-endorsed-kama-harris-for-president-YoGpDhIZ56S27Ls0mdkP}}</ref>
* [[Way to Win]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schleifer |first1=Theodore |last2=Vogel |first2=Kenneth P. |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Democratic Billionaires and Donors Rush to Back Harris After Biden's Exit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/21/us/politics/democrat-donors-harris-biden.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Young Democrats of America]]<ref name="YDA">{{Cite tweet |number=1815145966720131074 |user=youngdems |title=Earlier today, the Executive Board of the Young Democrats of America voted unanimously to endorse Vice President Kamala Harris in her candidacy for President of the United States of America. Read our endorsement below |date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
* Pennsylvania College Democrats<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pennsylvania College Democrats via Twitter |url=https://x.com/pacollegedems/status/1815184571350089898 |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=Twitter}}</ref>
* [[Human Rights Campaign]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRC - X |url=https://x.com/HRC/status/1815167107438453185}}</ref>

== Newspapers ==
* [[Daily Kos]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Kos endorses Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2024/7/21/2255468/-Daily-Kos-endorses-Kamala-Harris-for-president |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=Daily Kos |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
* [[Yvette Nicole Brown]], actress<ref name=":1" />
* [[Jessica Caloza]], candidate for [[California State Assembly]] in [[California's 52nd State Assembly district|52 District]] for 2024<ref>{{cite web|title = I'm with her Experience matter's. Let's go!|url = https://www.facebook.com/share/p/D88op8N2ggenQZce/?mibextid=oFDknk|publisher = Jessica Caloza|website = [[Facebook]]|date = 2024-07-22|access-date = 2024-07-22}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* [[Jon Cryer]], actor<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Chelsea |date=July 21, 2024 |title=14 Celebs Who Are Seemingly Supporting Kamala Harris In 2024 After Biden's Unexpected Exit From The Race |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/chelseastewart/celebrities-who-have-endorsed-kamala-harris-2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=BuzzFeed |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jamie Lee Curtis]], actress<ref name=":1" />
* [[Reid Hoffman]], founder of [[LinkedIn]] and major Democratic donor<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Dem Donor Reid Hoffman Backs Kamala Harris
|website=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=July 21, 2024|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/biden-drops-out-election-2024/card/top-dem-donor-reid-hoffman-backs-kamala-harris-Kq2JcA4qpV97palPXYVD}}</ref>
* [[Bernice King]], activist and daughter of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref>{{cite tweet|user=BerniceKing|number=1815192175610671508|title=Bernice King - X|date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* [[Martin Luther King III]], activist and son of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref>{{cite tweet|user=OfficialMLK3|number=1815132851618394283|title=@ArndreaKing and I are proud to endorse Kamala Harris for president. Our statement|date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>{{bsn|date=July 2024}}
* [[John Legend]], singer, actor<ref name=":1" />
* [[Stephanie Miller]], political commentator<ref>{{cite tweet|user=StephMillerShow|number=1815101467700973623|title=I am overwhelmed with emotion, but mostly love and respect for @JoeBiden And now, we do what our @POTUS asks of us, make @VP our next President in a landslide. #Harris2024|date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>{{bsn|date=July 2024}}
* [[Janelle Monáe]], singer, actress<ref name=":1" />
* [[Mandy Moore]], singer, actress<ref name=":1" />
* [[Chloë Grace Moretz]], actress<ref name=":1" />
* [[Otis Moss III]], pastor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fp%2FC9tN-14NpMr%2F%3Fhl%3Den&is_from_rle |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* [[Robert De Niro]], actor<ref name="Harris" />
* [[Conor Oberst]], singer-songwriter<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oberst |first=Conor |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/stories/brighteyesofficial/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* [[Annie Potts]], actress<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potts |first=Annie |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C9s_GIFJmxQ/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* [[Sheryl Lee Ralph]], singer, actress<ref name=":1" />
* [[Aaron Sorkin]], filmmaker<ref name="Harris">{{cite web|title=‘Harris for America!’: Hollywood reacts with gratitude – and relief – as Joe Biden steps aside|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 21, 2024|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/22/joe-biden-kamala-harris-standing-down-us-celebrities-reaction}}</ref>
* [[Alexander Soros|Alex Soros]], chair of [[Open Society Foundations]], philanthropist<ref name=":3" />
* [[Octavia Spencer]], actress<ref name=":1" />
* [[Dawn Staley]], basketball coach<ref>{{cite tweet|user=dawnstaley|number=1815141998128500854|title=Thank you, @POTUS @JoeBiden! Job well done! Your historical endorsement of @VP @KamalaHarris is saluted!|date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* [[Barbara Streisand]], singer, actress<ref name="Harris" />
* [[Wanda Sykes]], stand-up comedian, actress, writer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sykes |first=Wanda |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C9ta61FpGpE/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* [[George Takei]], actor, writer<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Takei - X |url=https://x.com/GeorgeTakei/status/1815179369414893710}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* [[Eugene Vindman]], former deputy legal advisor to the [[U.S. National Security Council]] (2018–2020)<ref name="SpanbergerVA" />
* [[Michelle Visage]], television personality<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visage |first=Michelle |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C9tLVMlvMbc/?igsh=M3o2MnFwNncwbXl2 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* [[Kerry Washington]], actress<ref>{{cite tweet|user=kerrywashington|number=1815155621781541063|title=In the name of democracy, @JoeBiden did a brave and bold thing. I'm tremendously grateful for his years of service - and I am awed by his selfless leadership. Make no mistake. Our fight now remains EXACTLY the same. We must do everything we can to prevent another Trump presidency and an authoritarian government. @KamalaHarris can and will win this! I believe in her and I believe in us. Let's gooooooooooooo!|date=July 21, 2024}}</ref>{{bsn}}
* [[Charli XCX]], singer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Uribe |first=Raquel Coronell |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Pop musician Charli XCX tweets support for Kamala Harris |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/live-blog/trump-biden-president-election-live-updates-rcna162646/rcrd47552?canonicalCard=true |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=NBC News}}</ref>
* [[Ken Jeong]], actor<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=kenjeong |number=1815218284608078010 |title=Im with her.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kamala Harris}}
{{2024 United States presidential election}}
{{Democratic presidential campaigns}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Kamala, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 United States presidential election endorsements]]
[[Category:Lists of United States presidential candidate endorsements]]
[[Category:Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|Endorsements]]

Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign

2024-07-22T13:01:40Z

OfTheUsername: added candid

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|American political campaign}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}

{{Current related|date=July 2024|2=Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|4=recent event}}{{Infobox U.S. federal election campaign
| committee = Harris for President 2024
| campaign = [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential election]]
| candidate = {{unbulleted list
| '''[[Kamala Harris]]'''
| 49th [[Vice President of the United States]]
| ''(2021–present)''}}
| status=Active
| announced= July 21, 2024
| suspended=
| cand_id =P80000722
| fec_date =
| affiliation = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]
| headquarters =
| key_people = {{^|Plainlist|
* ''TBA''
* }}
| receipts =
| slogan =
| chant =
| homepage =
|logo=File:Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign logo.png}}
{{US 2024 presidential elections series}}
{{Kamala Harris series|expanded=Presidential campaigns}}

[[Kamala Harris]], the [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|49th]] and incumbent [[vice president of the United States]], announced her 2024 campaign for president on July 21, 2024,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|title=Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination |date=2024-07-21 |website=CNN}}</ref> after President [[Joe Biden]] [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|withdrew]] his [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|bid for reelection]] and endorsed her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schrader |first=Adam |last2=Moran |first2=Mark |date=2024-07-21 |title=Biden drops out of presidential race, endorses Harris |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2024/07/21/biden-endorses-harris-president-2024/1071721586809 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=United Press International |language=en}}</ref>

Harris rose to national prominence in 2016 during her campaign for the United States Senate. She became more widely known when she became a "high-profile" candidate for the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020 presidential primaries]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Enten |first=Harry |date=December 23, 2018 |title=Kamala Harris shows potential strength in 2020 primary |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/23/politics/kamala-harris-2020-early-primary-signs/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121233133/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/23/politics/kamala-harris-2020-early-primary-signs/index.html |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |access-date=January 21, 2019 |website=[[CNN]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis {{!}} The top 15 Democratic presidential candidates for 2020, ranked |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/06/the-top-15-democratic-presidential-candidates-for-2020-ranked-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710101929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/06/the-top-15-democratic-presidential-candidates-for-2020-ranked-3/ |archive-date=July 10, 2018 |access-date=July 10, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Beckett |first1=Lois |date=July 22, 2017 |title=Kamala Harris: young, black, female – and the Democrats' best bet for 2020? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/22/kamala-harris-democratic-candidate-for-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706172032/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/22/kamala-harris-democratic-candidate-for-2020 |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |access-date=July 10, 2018 |website=[[The Guardian]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chat |first=A. FiveThirtyEight |date=May 16, 2018 |title=It's Time For A New 2020 Democratic Primary Draft! |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/its-time-for-a-new-2020-democratic-primary-draft/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122043911/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/its-time-for-a-new-2020-democratic-primary-draft/ |archive-date=January 22, 2019 |access-date=January 21, 2019 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dottle |first=Rachael |date=January 14, 2019 |title=Why Harris And O'Rourke May Have More Upside Than Sanders And Biden |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-kamala-and-beto-have-more-upside-than-joe-and-bernie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122043951/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-kamala-and-beto-have-more-upside-than-joe-and-bernie/ |archive-date=January 22, 2019 |access-date=January 21, 2019 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> She [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign|sought the Democratic nomination for the 2020 election]] but withdrew from the race on December 3, 2019 without winning a single state.<ref name="drop">{{cite news |last1=Breuninger |first1=Kevin |date=December 3, 2019 |title=Kamala Harris drops out of presidential race after plummeting from top tier of Democratic candidates |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/kamala-harris-drops-out-of-2020-presidential-race.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref name="skelton">{{cite news |last1=Skelton |first1=George |date=December 4, 2019 |title=Kamala Harris should have never run for president |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-12-04/skelton-california-senator-kamala-harris-drops-out-presidential-race |access-date=December 4, 2019 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location=Sacramento, CA}}</ref> She endorsed Joe Biden on March 8, 2020,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=William |title='I believe in Joe': Sen. Kamala Harris endorses Biden for president |url=https://www.usatoday.com/amp/4993899002|website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=March 8, 2020 |date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> and was chosen by Biden to be [[2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|his running mate]] on August 11, 2020.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Zeleny |first1=Jeff |last2=Merica |first2=Dan |last3=Saenz |first3=Arlette |last4=Reston |first4=Maeve |last5=Bradner |first5=Eric |title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=August 11, 2020 |date=August 11, 2020}}</ref> After Biden and Harris won the [[2020 United States presidential election|general election]], she became the first female vice president of the United States upon her [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inauguration]] on January 20, 2021.<ref name="cnn-Harris-first">{{cite web |last1=Tensley |first1=Brandon |first2=Jasmine |last2=Wright |title=Harris becomes the first female, first Black and first South Asian vice president-elect |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html |work=[[CNN]]|access-date=November 7, 2020|date=November 7, 2020}}</ref>

If Harris wins the nomination, she would become the second woman in U.S. history to be nominated for president by a major political party, after [[Hillary Clinton]] in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]. She would also become the first black woman and the first Asian-American in U.S. history to be nominated for president by a major political party.

If elected president, Harris would become the first female and first Asian-American president of the United States, as well as the second black American president after [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Arit |date=2024-07-21 |title=Harris will seek Democratic nomination and could be the first Black woman and Asian American to lead a major party ticket {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/21/politics/kamala-harris-biden-endorsement-democratic-nominee/index.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> She would also become the first incumbent vice president since [[George H. W. Bush]] to be elected president, and the fourth president whose home state is California.{{efn|After [[Herbert Hoover]], [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Ronald Reagan]]{{cn|date=July 2024}}}}

==Background==
{{Main|Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election}}
[[File:Kamala Harris statement.jpg|thumb|Harris's statement announcing her candidacy]]
The [[2024 United States presidential debates|first presidential debate]], held on June 27, 2024, sparked concerns about then-[[Presumptive nominee|presumptive]] Democratic nominee and incumbent President Joe Biden's age and fitness to serve a second term.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-28 |title=Biden's debate performance spurs Democratic panic about his ability to lead party against Trump |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-panic-performance-democrats-debate-trump-cnn-fe6546f2c9762e80e6067ba10abedea8 |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> Following [[List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|pressure from other Democrats]], Biden withdrew from the election on July 21, 2024, and endorsed Harris as his successor.<ref name="BidenEndorseKamalaHill2">{{cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Biden endorses Harris as Democratic nominee after ending his candidacy |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |website=The Hill}}</ref>

==Campaign==
===Announcement===
On July 21, 2024, Harris announced her intention to run for the [[2024 Democratic National Convention|Democratic nomination]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|title=Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination |date=2024-07-21 |website=CNN}}</ref> and the "Biden for President" campaign committee filed paperwork with the [[Federal Election Commission]] to change the name of the committee to "Harris for President".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldmacher |first=Shane |date=21 July 2024 |title=The "Biden for President" campaign committee has officially filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission to rename itself "Harris for President." The paperwork was submitted at 4:51 p.m., according to the FEC. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election/dc33d9ab-ffaa-5439-89da-eeea2e83a678 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> The day the withdrawal was announced, Democratic fundraising platform [[ActBlue]] reported raising more than $50 million in the largest single-day donations tally since [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]'s death in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/21/us/biden-drops-out-election/bidens-exit-leads-to-the-biggest-day-for-democratic-donations-online-in-years|title=Biden’s exit leads to the biggest day for Democratic donations online in years — $30 million and counting.|first=Shane|last=Goldmacher|website=The New York Times|date=2024-07-21}}</ref>

==Platform==
{{main| Political positions of Kamala Harris}}
===Domestic issues===
====Abortion====
Harris supports national protections for [[abortion]], which were reversed after ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' (1973) was overturned by ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'' (2022). Under the Biden administration, she prominently campaigned for abortion rights.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web |title=Where Kamala Harris Stands on the Issues: Abortion, Immigration and More |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/21/us/politics/kamala-harris-abortion-immigration-economy-israel.html |website=nytimes.com |publisher=NY Times |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>

====Climate change====
Harris supports [[Environmental justice|environmental justice]], which would address the impact of climate change on lower-income areas and people of color. Under Biden, she supported his climate legislation.<ref name=NYT/>
====Immigration====
As Vice President, Harris invested $950 million USD into Central American companies to address the causes of mass migration, such as poverty. She supported a proposed bill which would close the border if too crowded and fund border patrol agents. She believes the immigration system is "broken" and needs to be fixed, and she says most Americans believe this.<ref name=NYT/>

===Foreign policy===
====NATO and Ukraine====
Harris is expected and has signaled to generally follow Biden's foreign policy on NATO and Ukraine, supporting both in the aftermath of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name=NYT/><ref name="Ruet">{{cite web |title=Tougher tone on Israel, steady on NATO: how a Harris foreign policy could look |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/tougher-tone-israel-steady-nato-how-harris-foreign-policy-could-look-2024-07-21/ |website=reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>
====Israel–Hamas war====
Harris is noted to have tougher positions on Israel than Biden. She supported Israel's offensive against [[Hamas]] in the aftermath of its [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|attack]] on Israel, but criticized it throughout the war because of the [[Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|Gaza humanitarian crisis]]. She also has been noted to be more allied to progressive Democrats who oppose Israel.<ref name=NYT/><ref name="Ruet"/><ref>{{cite web |title=What a Kamala Harris foreign policy could look like |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/21/kamala-harris-foreign-policy-00170143 |website=politico.com |publisher=Politico |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> Under the Biden administration, she called for a ceasefire and pushed for more humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite web |title=After Biden's endorsement: What has Kamala Harris said about Israel? |url=https://www.jpost.com/us-elections/article-811309 |website=jpost.com |publisher=Jerusalem Post |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> Reports have said she is more sympathetic to Palestinians than Biden, though it is disputed whether she would immediately change policy.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIDEN SHOULD HAVE QUIT OVER GAZA, BUT HIS EXIT COULD BE AN INFLECTION POINT |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/07/21/biden-quit-harris-president-gaza/ |website=the intercept.com |publisher=The Intercept |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Harris may be more willing to criticize Netanyahu than Biden |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/investigations/harris-may-willing-criticize-netanyahu-biden-rcna162954 |website=nbcnews.com |publisher=NBC News |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>

==== China ====
Like Biden's administration officials, Harris has advocated for "de-risking" from Beijing, a policy that encourages reducing the economic dependence on China.<ref name="y771">{{cite web | last=Garrity | first=Kelly | title=Harris on China: We need to lead | website=POLITICO | date=2023-09-10 | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/09/10/kamala-harris-china-relationship-00114893 | access-date=2024-07-22}}</ref> She also raises the issues of Hong Kong, Xinjiang, Tibet, Taiwan, etc., just like any other Democrat government, with the intention of curbing China's rising power both economically and militarily.<ref name="h160">{{cite web | last=Bazail-Eimil | first=Eric | last2=Gould | first2=Joe | last3=Herszenhorn | first3=Miles J. | last4=Kine | first4=Phelim | title=What a Kamala Harris foreign policy could look like | website=POLITICO | date=2024-07-21 | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/21/kamala-harris-foreign-policy-00170143 | access-date=2024-07-22}}</ref> But the Chinese social medias do not look favorably on her candidacy.<ref name="x531">{{cite web | title=China Social Media Embraces Trump After Harris Steps Into Race | website=Bloomberg.com | date=2024-07-22 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-22/china-social-media-embraces-trump-after-harris-steps-into-race | access-date=2024-07-22}}</ref> The Chinese public opinion believes that she will lose to Trump anyway, and considered that Harris is not familiar with China, on the contrary, [[Antony Blinken]] or [[Jake Sullivan]] is more experienced.<ref name="t275">{{cite web | last=Loh | first=Matthew | title=China finally agrees with Trump on something | website=Business Insider | date=2024-07-22 | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/china-social-media-trump-kamala-harris-cant-win-president-2024-7 | access-date=2024-07-22}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
{{main|List of Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign endorsements}}

==Polling==
{{main|Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election}}
In election polls, Harris has been shown to perform slightly better than Biden in the general election, but still trails Trump {{as of|2024|07|21|df=US|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mueller |first1=Julia |title=Harris vs. Trump: What the polls tell us |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4785009-kamala-harris-polls-donald-trump/ |website=The Hill |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/21/us/politics/kamala-harris-trump-polls.html|website=The New York Times |date=2024-07-21 |first=Ruth |last=Igielnik|title=How Kamala Harris Performs Against Donald Trump in the Polls}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/kamala-harris-trump-2024-polls-biden-rcna162934|title=How Kamala Harris fares against Trump in the 2024 polls |first=Mark |last=Murray |date=2024-07-21 |website=NBC News}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign]]
* [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Kamala Harris}}
{{2024 United States presidential election}}
{{Democratic presidential campaigns}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Kamala, 2024}}
[[Category:Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign| ]]
[[Category:2024 Democratic Party (United States) presidential campaigns]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:2024 in women's history]]
[[Category:2024 United States presidential campaigns]]
[[Category:African-American presidential campaigns]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Palestine/Tasks

2024-06-19T15:16:38Z

OfTheUsername: already an article

<big>'''Current to do:'''</big>
;Requests


*Geography: [[Wadi Qadum, Jerusalem]] • [[al-Buss]] • [[Ein al-Tal]] • [[Jabal al-Hussein]] • [[Khan al-Shiah]] • [[Qabr al-Sitt]] • [[Siyafa]] • [[Tell al-Muntar]] • [[Wadi Al-Nes]]
*People: [[Fahmy al-Zaarir]] • [[Fawzi Barhoum]] • [[Ismail Radwan]] • [[Salih Touqan]] • [[Hashem Sabi]] • [[Khaldoun Al-Halman]] • {{ill|Khaled Nashef|de|Khaled Nashef}}
*Buildings/Places of Worship: [[Dar al-Tifl]]• [[Masakin Mosque]] • [[Qazzazeen Mosque]] • [[Sheikh Zakariya Mosque]] • [[Koka (burial chamber)|Koka]], plural [[Kokim]]
*Culture and Demographics: [[Weaving in Majdal]] • ''[[Qabaday]]''
*History/Conflicts: [[1657 Ottoman campaign in Palestine]] • [[1946 Palestine general strike]] • [[Qais (faction)]] and [[Yaman (faction)]]
*Government: [[Religious Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] • [[Prisoners' Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] • [[Higher Council of Youth & Sports for the State of Palestine]]
*Organizations/Programs: [[National Coalition for Justice and Democracy]] • [[Federation of Employees in the Education Sector in the West Bank]] • [[Committee Confronting the Iron Fist]] • [[Jerusalem Arab Council]] • [[Lajee Center]] • [[Badil (Palestine)]] • [[Silwan SC]]

;To Expand
*History: [[Jewish land purchase in Palestine]]
*Geography/Localities: [[Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)]] • [[Christian Quarter]] • [[Tel al-Hawa]] • [[Wadi Auja]]
*Persons: [[Walid Khalidi]] • [[Rami Hamdallah]]
*Buildings/Places of Worship: [[Mukataa]] • [[East Jerusalem Central Bus Station]]
*Culture: [[Cinema of Palestine]] • [[Palestinian literature]] • [[Musakhan]] • [[Arabic salad]] • [[Culture of Palestine]] • [[Islam in Palestine]]
*Events/Conflicts/Politics: [[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] • [[Death of Iain Hook]] • [[Palestine Monetary Authority]]
*Organizations/Programs: [[Education in the Palestinian territories]] • [[Preventive Security Service]] • [[General Union of Palestinian Students]] • [[Palestinian Scout Association]] • [[Palestinian Centre for the Study of Nonviolence]]

;Missing geographical coordinates:
*[[:Category:Palestine articles missing geocoordinate data]] -- please see [[WP:COORD]] for how-to information

;Translate to English
*https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_de_Rozière
*https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Zuallart
*https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmone_Roffael
*https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Nashef
*https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Mariti
*https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Jaussen

'''Archived to-do lists:'''
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Palestine/Tasks/Archive]]
* [[Portal:Palestine/Opentask]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Palestine/to do]]

[[Category:WikiProject Palestine|Tasks]]
[[Category:WikiProjects task lists|Palestine]]

Renal cell carcinoma

2024-04-21T16:58:35Z

OfTheUsername: Undid revision 1220066875 by OfTheUsername (talk)

{{Other uses|RCC (disambiguation)}}
{{More medical citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Renal cell carcinoma
| synonyms =
| image = Clear cell renal cell carcinoma high mag.jpg
| caption = [[Micrograph]] of the most common type of '''renal cell carcinoma''' (clear cell)—on right of the image; non-tumour kidney is on the left of the image. Nephrectomy specimen. [[H&E stain]]
| pronounce =
| field = [[Oncology]]
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes =
| risks =
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'''Renal cell carcinoma''' ('''RCC''') is a [[kidney cancer]] that originates in the lining of the [[Proximal tubule|proximal convoluted tubule]], a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90–95% of cases.<ref name=MSR>{{cite web |title= Renal Cell Carcinoma |website= Medscape Reference |publisher= WebMD |date= 26 February 2014 |access-date= 7 March 2014 |url= http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/281340-overview#showall |last1= Curti |first1= B |last2= Jana |first2= BRP |last3= Javeed |first3= M |last4= Makhoul |first4= I |last5= Sachdeva |first5= K |last6= Hu |first6= W |last7= Perry |first7= M |last8= Talavera |first8= F |editor= Harris, JE |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140307024450/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/281340-overview#showall |archive-date= 7 March 2014}}</ref> It is more common in men (with a male-to-female ratio of up to 2:1).<ref name=EAU2023>{{cite web |title=EAU Guidelines: Renal Cell Carcinoma – limited update March 2023 |url=https://d56bochluxqnz.cloudfront.net/documents/full-guideline/EAU-Guidelines-on-Renal-Cell-Carcinoma-2023.pdf |publisher=[[European Association of Urology]] |date=2023 |isbn=978-94-92671-19-6}}</ref> It is most commonly diagnosed in the elderly (especially in people over 75 years of age).<ref name=Znaor2015>{{cite journal |vauthors=Znaor A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Laversanne M, Jemal A, Bray F |title=International variations and trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality |journal=European Urology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=519–30 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25449206 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.002 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=d5ea9c0113dd75a86a3257140a2f1b36332d1af3}}</ref>

Initial treatment is most commonly either partial or complete removal of the affected kidney(s).<ref name="r">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rini BI, Rathmell WK, Godley P |title=Renal cell carcinoma |journal=Curr Opin Oncol |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=300–6 |year=2008 |pmid=18391630 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e3282f9782b }}</ref> Where the cancer has not [[metastasise]]d (spread to other organs) or burrowed deeper into the tissues of the kidney, the [[five-year survival rate]] is 65–90%,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cancer-of-the-kidney/Pages/Introduction.aspx |title=Kidney cancer |date=2017-10-23 |website=nhs.uk |access-date=19 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003091241/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer-of-the-kidney/Pages/Introduction.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> but this is lowered considerably when the cancer has spread.

The body is remarkably good at hiding the symptoms and as a result people with RCC often have advanced disease by the time it is discovered.<ref name="path">{{cite book |author=Fausto, V |author2=Abbas, A |author3=Fausto, N |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of disease |date=2004 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-0721601878 |edition=7th}}</ref> The initial symptoms of RCC often include [[haematuria|blood in the urine]] (occurring in 40% of affected persons at the time they first seek medical attention), [[Abdominal pain|flank pain]] (40%), a mass in the abdomen or flank (25%), [[weight loss]] (33%), [[fever]] (20%), [[hypertension|high blood pressure]] (20%), [[night sweats]] and [[malaise|generally feeling unwell]].<ref name="MSR" /> When RCC metastasises, it most commonly spreads to the [[lymph nodes]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[adrenal glands]], [[brain]] or bones.<ref name = MM/> [[Immunomodulatory|Immunotherapy]] and [[targeted therapy]] have improved the outlook for metastatic RCC.<ref name=singer>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32835fc857|pmid=23455028|title=Evolving therapeutic targets in renal cell carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Singer |first1=Eric A. |last2=Gupta |first2=Gopal N. |last3=Marchalik |first3=Daniel |last4=Srinivasan |first4=Ramaprasad |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=273–80 |s2cid=11526724}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Syn |first1=Nicholas L |last2=Teng |first2=Michele W L |last3=Mok |first3=Tony S K |last4=Soo |first4=Ross A |title=De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting |journal=The Lancet Oncology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e731–e741 |doi=10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1 |pmid=29208439 |year=2017}}</ref>

RCC is also associated with a number of [[paraneoplastic syndromes]] (PNS) which are conditions caused by either the hormones produced by the tumour or by the body's attack on the tumour and are present in about 20% of those with RCC.<ref name="MSR" /> These syndromes most commonly affect tissues which have not been invaded by the cancer.<ref name="MSR" /> The most common PNSs seen in people with RCC are: [[hypercalcaemia|high blood calcium levels]], [[polycythaemia|high red blood cell count]], [[thrombocytosis|high platelet count]] and secondary [[amyloidosis]].<ref name = MM/>
{{TOC limit|3}}

== Signs and symptoms ==
Historically, medical practitioners expected a person to present with three findings. This classic triad<ref name="cohen" /> is 1: [[haematuria]], which is when there is blood present in the urine, 2: flank pain, which is pain on the side of the body between the hip and ribs, and 3: an abdominal mass, similar to bloating but larger. It is now known that this classic triad of symptoms only occurs in 10–15% of cases, and is usually indicative that the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is in an advanced stage.<ref name="cohen" /> Today, RCC is often asymptomatic (meaning few to no symptoms) and is generally detected incidentally when a person is being examined for other ailments.<ref name="motzer" />

Other signs and symptom may include [[haematuria]];<ref name="cohen" /> loin pain;<ref name="cohen" /> abdominal mass;<ref name="motzer" /> [[malaise]], which is a general feeling of unwellness;<ref name="motzer" /> weight loss and/or loss of appetite;<ref name="kim" /> [[anaemia]] resulting from depression of [[erythropoietin]];<ref name="cohen" /> [[erythrocytosis]] (increased production of [[red blood cell]]s) due to increased erythropoietin secretion;<ref name="cohen" /> [[varicocele]], which is seen in males as an enlargement of the pampiniform plexus of veins draining the testis (more often the left testis)<ref name="motzer" /> [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure) resulting from secretion of [[renin]] by the tumour;<ref name="Birkhauser2013" /> [[hypercalcemia]], which is elevation of calcium levels in the blood;<ref name="LaneBook" /> sleep disturbance or night sweats;<ref name="kim" /> recurrent [[fever]]s;<ref name="kim" /> and chronic fatigue.<ref name="metz" />

== Risk factors ==

=== Lifestyle ===
The greatest risk factors for RCC are lifestyle-related; smoking, obesity and [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure) have been estimated to account for up to 50% of cases.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057475|title=Metabolic Factors Associated with Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma|year=2013|editor1-last=Miller|editor1-first=Todd W|last1=Häggström|first1=Christel|last2=Rapp|first2=Kilian|last3=Stocks|first3=Tanja|last4=Manjer|first4=Jonas|last5=Bjørge|first5=Tone|last6=Ulmer|first6=Hanno|last7=Engeland|first7=Anders|last8=Almqvist|first8=Martin|last9=Concin|first9=Hans|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=2|pages=e57475|pmid=23468995|pmc=3585341|last10=Selmer|first10=R|last11=Ljungberg|first11=B|last12=Tretli|first12=S|last13=Nagel|first13=G|last14=Hallmans|first14=G|last15=Jonsson|first15=H|last16=Stattin|first16=P|bibcode=2013PLoSO...857475H|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Occupational exposure to some chemicals such as asbestos, cadmium, lead, chlorinated solvents, petrochemicals and PAH ([[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]) has been examined by multiple studies with inconclusive results.<ref name="Ljungberg et al 2011" /><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00708.x|title=Risk factors for adult renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and implications for prevention|year=2007|last1=Dhôte|first1=R.|last2=Pellicer-Coeuret|first2=M.|last3=Thiounn|first3=N.|last4=Debré|first4=B.|last5=Vidal-Trecan|first5=G.|journal=BJU International|volume=86|pages=20–7|pmid=10886077|issue=1|s2cid=21271953}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/oem.2010.056341|title=Occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel, and renal cell carcinoma: A case-control study from Central and Eastern Europe|year=2011|last1=Boffetta|first1=P.|last2=Fontana|first2=L.|last3=Stewart|first3=P.|last4=Zaridze|first4=D.|last5=Szeszenia-Dabrowska|first5=N.|last6=Janout|first6=V.|last7=Bencko|first7=V.|last8=Foretova|first8=L.|last9=Jinga|first9=V.|journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine|volume=68|issue=10|pages=723–8|pmid=21217163|last10=Matveev|first10=V.|last11=Kollarova|first11=H.|last12=Ferro|first12=G.|last13=Chow|first13=W.-H.|last14=Rothman|first14=N.|last15=Van Bemmel|first15=D.|last16=Karami|first16=S.|last17=Brennan|first17=P.|last18=Moore|first18=L. E.|hdl=11585/682305 |s2cid=29328889|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
Another suspected risk factor is the long term use of [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDS).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2011.356|title=Prospective Evaluation of Analgesic Use and Risk of Renal Cell Cancer|year=2011|last1=Cho|first1=Eunyoung|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=171|issue=16|pages=1487–93|pmid=21911634|last2=Curhan|first2=G|last3=Hankinson|first3=SE|last4=Kantoff|first4=P|last5=Atkins|first5=MB|last6=Stampfer|first6=M|last7=Choueiri|first7=TK|pmc=3691864}}</ref>

Finally, studies have found that women who have had a [[hysterectomy]] are at more than double the risk of developing RCC than those who have not.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ijc.23750|title=Reproductive, menstrual, and other hormone-related factors and risk of renal cell cancer|year=2008|last1=Zucchetto|first1=Antonella|last2=Talamini|first2=Renato|last3=Dal Maso|first3=Luigino|last4=Negri|first4=Eva|last5=Polesel|first5=Jerry|last6=Ramazzotti|first6=Valerio|last7=Montella|first7=Maurizio|last8=Canzonieri|first8=Vincenzo|last9=Serraino|first9=Diego|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=123|issue=9|pages=2213–6|pmid=18711701|last10=La Vecchia|first10=Carlo|last11=Franceschi|first11=Silvia|doi-access=free}}</ref> Moderate alcohol consumption, on the other hand, has been shown to have a protective effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bellocco|first1=R.|last2=Pasquali|first2=E.|last3=Rota|first3=M.|last4=Bagnardi|first4=V.|last5=Tramacere|first5=I.|last6=Scotti|first6=L.|last7=Pelucchi|first7=C.|last8=Boffetta|first8=P.|last9=Corrao|first9=G.|date=2012-09-01|title=Alcohol drinking and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=23|issue=9|pages=2235–2244|doi=10.1093/annonc/mds022|issn=1569-8041|pmid=22398178|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Genetics ===
Hereditary factors have a minor impact on individual susceptibility with immediate relatives of people with RCC having a two to fourfold increased risk of developing the condition.<ref name="Lipworth2009" /> Other genetically linked conditions also increase the risk of RCC, including [[hereditary papillary renal carcinoma]], hereditary [[leiomyomatosis]], [[Birt–Hogg–Dube syndrome]], [[hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome]], familial [[papillary thyroid carcinoma]], [[von Hippel–Lindau disease]]<ref name="Pavlovich2004" /> and [[sickle cell disease]].<ref name="rini" />

The most significant disease affecting risk however is not genetically linked – patients with acquired [[cyst]]ic disease of the kidney requiring dialysis are 30 times more likely than the general population to develop RCC.<ref name="Baldewijns2008" />

== Pathophysiology ==
The tumour arises from the cells of the [[proximal renal tubule|proximal renal tubular]] epithelium.<ref name = MSR/> It is considered an [[adenocarcinoma]].<ref name=MM>{{cite web|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma|website=Merck Manual Professional|publisher=Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.|date=November 2013|access-date=7 March 2014|url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/genitourinary_cancer/renal_cell_carcinoma.html|author=Master, VA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307051746/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/genitourinary_cancer/renal_cell_carcinoma.html|archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> There are two subtypes: sporadic (that is, non-hereditary) and hereditary.<ref name = MSR/> Both such subtypes are associated with mutations in the short-arm of [[chromosome 3]], with the implicated genes being either tumour suppressor genes ([[Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor|VHL]] and [[tuberous sclerosis protein|TSC]]) or oncogenes (like [[c-Met]]).<ref name = MSR/>

== Diagnosis ==

The first steps taken to diagnose this condition are consideration of the signs and symptoms, and a [[medical history]] (the detailed medical review of past health state) to evaluate any risk factors. Based on the symptoms presented, a range of [[biochemical]] tests (using blood and/or urine samples) may also be considered as part of the screening process to provide sufficient quantitative analysis of any differences in [[electrolytes]], kidney and liver function, and blood clotting times.<ref name="rini" /> Upon physical examination, palpation of the abdomen may reveal the presence of a mass or an organ enlargement.<ref name=Tjaden>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1015-9584(11)60019-5 |title=Reactive Hypertrophy of an Accessory Spleen Mimicking Tumour Recurrence of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2011 |last1=Tjaden |first1=Christin |last2=Werner |first2=Jens |last3=Buechler |first3=Markus W. |last4=Hackert |first4=Thilo |journal=Asian Journal of Surgery |volume=34 |pages=50–2 |pmid=21515214 |issue=1|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although this disease lacks characterization in the early stages of tumor development, considerations based on diverse clinical manifestations, as well as resistance to [[radiation]] and [[chemotherapy]] are important. The main diagnostic tools for detecting renal cell carcinoma are [[ultrasound]], [[computed tomography]] (CT) scanning and [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) of the kidneys.<ref name=agabegi2nd>{{cite book |author1=Elizabeth D Agabegi |author2=Agabegi, Steven S. |title=Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7817-7153-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stepuptomedicine0000agab }}</ref>

=== Classification ===
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not a single entity, but rather a collection of different types of [[Tumor|tumours]], each derived from the various parts of the [[nephron]] ([[epithelium]] or [[Renal tubules#Renal tubule|renal tubules]]) and possessing distinct genetic characteristics, [[Histology|histological]] features, and, to some extent, clinical phenotypes.<ref name="rini" />
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:88%; width:100%"
! colspan=4 | Classification of the Common [[Histology|Histological]] Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma<ref name=rini />
|-
! Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtype !! Frequency !! Genetic Abnormalities !! Characteristics
|-
|
'''Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CCRCC)'''
[[File:Renal clear cell ca (1) Nephrectomy.jpg|thumb|centre|Generally the cells have a clear [[cytoplasm]], are surrounded by a distinct [[cell membrane]] and contain round and uniform [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]].]]
|| 60–70%
||
* Alterations of [[chromosome 3]]p segments occurs in 70–90% of CCRCCs
* Inactivation of [[Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor|von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene]] by [[mutation]] and promoter [[Methylation#Epigenetics|hypermethylation]]
* Gain of chromosome 5q
* Loss of chromosomes 8p, 9p, and 14q
* In 2009–2010, five new frequently mutated genes were discovered in CCRCC; KDM6A/UTX, SETD2, KDM5C/JARID1C, and MLL2<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2012.09.049 |title=The Changing Face of Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Impact of Systematic Genetic Sequencing on Our Understanding of This Tumor's Biology |year=2013 |last1=Catto |first1=James W.F. |last2=Shariat |first2=Shahrokh F. |journal=European Urology |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=855–7; discussion 857–8 |pmid=23026395}}</ref>
||
* CCRCC is derived from the [[Proximal convoluted tubules|proximal convoluted tubule]]
* Most commonly affects male patients in their sixties and seventies<ref name=zhou>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_2 |chapter=Pathology of Renal Cell Carcinoma |title=Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Zhou |first1=Ming |last2=He |first2=Huiying |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8 |pages=23–41|s2cid=2101851 }}</ref>
* Majority of CCRCC arise [[Sporadic cancer#Heredity|sporadically]]<ref name=zhou />
* Only 2 – 4% of the cases presenting as part of an [[Heredity|inherited]] cancer syndrome<ref name=zhou />
|-
| '''Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC)'''
[[File:Papillary renal cell carcinoma 1.jpg|thumb|centre|Type 1 PRCC consist of [[Renal papilla|papillae]] covered with a single or double layer of small [[Cuboidal epithelial cell|cuboid cells]] with scanty [[cytoplasm]] and Type 2 PRCC consist of papillae covered by large [[eosinophilic]] cells arranged in an irregular or [[Epithelium|pseudostratified]] manner.]]
|| 10–15%
||
* [[Trisomy]] of chromosomes 7 and 17, loss of chromosome Y in men in sporadic PRCC<ref>{{cite book |title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease |year=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780808924500 |pages=954 |edition=Ninth}}</ref>
* [[Trisomy]] of chromosome 7 in hereditary PRCC<ref>{{cite book |title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease |isbn=9780808924500 |pages=954 |edition=Ninth|last1=Kumar |first1=Vinay |last2=Abbas |first2=Abul K. |last3=Aster |first3=Jon C. |year=2015 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders }}</ref>
* Gain of chromosomes 12, 16, and 20
* Rare mutations of [[Met proto-oncogene#proto-oncogene|Met]] [[Proto-oncogene#Proto-oncogene|proto-oncogene]]
||
* PRCC is derived from the [[distal convoluted tubule]]
* PRCCs most commonly affect males in their sixties and seventies<ref name=zhou />
* Less aggressive tumour than clear cell RCC, with 5-year survival rates of 80% to 85%.
* Majority of tumours occur [[Sporadic cancer|sporadically]], but some may develop in members of families with [[hereditary]] PRCC<ref name=zhou />
|-
| '''[[Chromophobe]] Renal Cell Carcinoma (ChRCC)'''
[[File:Histopathology of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.png|thumb|centre|ChRCC consists of tumor cells with well demarcated borders and abundant pale to eosinophilic cytoplasm.]]
|| 3–5%
||
* Loss of chromosomes Y, 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 21
||
* ChRCC is derived from the [[cortical collecting duct]]
* ChRCC has a much better [[prognosis]] than clear cell and papillary RCC, with 5-year survival rate of greater than 90%.
* Most cases arise [[Sporadic cancer|sporadically]], while some familial cases are associated with [[Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome|Birt–Hogg–Dube (BHD) syndrome]]<ref name=zhou />
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:88%; width:100%"
! colspan=5 | Clinical, Pathological and Genetic Features of Uncommon RCC Subtypes Included in the 2004 WHO Classification of RCC Pathology<ref name=zhou /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2005.11.035 |title=2004 WHO Classification of the Renal Tumors of the Adults |year=2006 |last1=Lopez-Beltran |first1=Antonio |last2=Scarpelli |first2=Marina |last3=Montironi |first3=Rodolfo |last4=Kirkali |first4=Ziya |journal=European Urology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=798–805 |pmid=16442207}}</ref>
|-
! RCC subtype !! Clinical features !! Cell/Tissue Characteristics !! Genetics !! Prognosis
|-
| '''Multilocular Cystic RCC'''
||
* Variant of CCRCC (5% of CCRCC)
* Mean age 51 years (range 20–76)
* Male:female = 2–3:1
|| Clear [[cytoplasm]], small dark [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]]
|| 3p deletion as observed in CCRCC
||
* Favorable
* No local or distant [[metastasis]] after complete surgical removal
|-
| '''[[Collecting duct carcinoma|Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini]]'''
||
* Less than 1% of all renal tumors; arising in the [[duct of Bellini|collecting ducts of Bellini]]
* Mean age 55 years (range 40–70)
* Male:female = 2:1
|| High-grade tumor cells with [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]
|| Variable results: LOH on chromosomes 1q, 6p, 8p,9p, 13q, 19q32 and 21q; c-erB2 amplification associated with unfavorable outcome
||
* Poor prognosis
* 1/3 presenting with [[metastasis]]
* 2/3 patients succumb to the disease within 2 years of diagnosis
|-
| '''Medullary Carcinoma'''
||
* Exceedingly rare; almost exclusively in patients with [[Sickle-cell disease|sickle cell hemoglobinopathies or traits]]
* Majority are African-Americans
* Mean age 19 years (5–69)
* Male:female = 2:1
|| [[Haemorrhage]] and [[necrosis]], high-grade tumour cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm
|| Not well defined
||
* Highly aggressive
* 95% presenting with [[metastasis]]
* Often succumb to the disease within 6 months of diagnosis
|-
| '''Xp11.2 Translocation Carcinoma'''
||
* Predominantly affecting children and young adults
* Accounts for 40% of RCCs in this age group
* Affects adult patients with a striking female predominance
||
* May resemble PRCC
* Clear and [[eosinophilic]] cells
|| [[Chromosomal translocation]] involving [[TFE3]] gene on Xp11.2 resulting in [[overexpression]] of the TFE3 protein
||
* Present at advanced stage, but with indolent clinical course in children
* Adult patients may pursue more aggressive course
|-
| '''Mucinous Tubular Spindle Cell Carcinoma'''
||
* Mean age 53 years (range 13–82)
* Affects predominantly female patients (male:female = 1:4) incidental finding in most cases
|| Tubules, extracellular [[mucin]] and [[spindle cells]]
|| Not well defined; Losses involving chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 22 reported; 3p alterations and gain of chromosome 7, and 17 not present
||
* Favourable
* Majority of patients remain disease free after surgical resection
|-
| '''Post-Neuroblastoma Renal Cell Carcinoma'''
||
* Mean age of RCC diagnosis is 13.5 years (range 2–35)

|| Eosinophilic cells with [[Oncocytoma|oncocytoid]] features (same as CCRCC)
|| Not well defined; Loss of multiple chromosomal [[Locus (genetics)|loci]] observed
|| Similar to other common RCC subtypes
|}

Array-based karyotyping can be used to identify characteristic chromosomal aberrations in renal tumors with challenging morphology.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1746-1596-3-44 |title=Virtual karyotyping with SNP microarrays reduces uncertainty in the diagnosis of renal epithelial tumors |year=2008 |last1=Hagenkord |first1=Jill M |last2=Parwani |first2=Anil V |last3=Lyons-Weiler |first3=Maureen A |last4=Alvarez |first4=Karla |last5=Amato |first5=Robert |last6=Gatalica |first6=Zoran |last7=Gonzalez-Berjon |first7=Jose M |last8=Peterson |first8=Leif |last9=Dhir |first9=Rajiv |last10=Monzon |first10=Federico A |journal=Diagnostic Pathology |volume=3 |pages=44 |pmid=18990225 |pmc=2588560 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2008.20 |title=Whole genome SNP arrays as a potential diagnostic tool for the detection of characteristic chromosomal aberrations in renal epithelial tumors |year=2008 |last1=Monzon |first1=Federico A |last2=Hagenkord |first2=Jill M |last3=Lyons-Weiler |first3=Maureen A |last4=Balani |first4=Jyoti P |last5=Parwani |first5=Anil V |last6=Sciulli |first6=Christin M |last7=Li |first7=Jia |last8=Chandran |first8=Uma R |last9=Bastacky |first9=Sheldon I |last10=Dhir |first10=Rajiv |journal=Modern Pathology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=599–608 |pmid=18246049|doi-access=free }}</ref> Array-based karyotyping performs well on paraffin embedded tumours<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lyons-Weiler M, Hagenkord J, Sciulli C, Dhir R, Monzon FA |title=Optimization of the Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 10K 2.0 Assay for routine clinical use on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues |journal=Diagn. Mol. Pathol. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2008 |pmid=18303412 |doi=10.1097/PDM.0b013e31815aca30 |s2cid=24420204 }}</ref> and is amenable to routine clinical use. See also [[Virtual Karyotype]] for CLIA certified laboratories offering array-based karyotyping of solid tumours.

The 2004 [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) classification of genitourinary tumours recognizes over 40 subtypes of [[Kidney cancer|renal neoplasms]]. Since the publication of the latest iteration of the WHO classification in 2004, several novel renal tumour subtypes have been described:<ref name="pmid24364021">{{Cite journal | pmid = 24364021| year = 2013| last1 = Crumley| first1 = S. M.| title = Renal cell carcinoma: Evolving and emerging subtypes| journal = World Journal of Clinical Cases| volume = 1| issue = 9| pages = 262–275| last2 = Divatia| first2 = M| last3 = Truong| first3 = L| last4 = Shen| first4 = S| last5 = Ayala| first5 = A. G.| last6 = Ro| first6 = J. Y.| pmc = 3868710 | doi=10.12998/wjcc.v1.i9.262| doi-access = free}}</ref>
* [[Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma]] and [[clear cell renal cell carcinoma with smooth muscle stroma]]<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 21602815| year = 2011| last1 = Rohan| first1 = S. M.| title = Clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis with emphasis on the von Hippel-Lindau gene and hypoxia-inducible factor pathway-related proteins| journal = Modern Pathology| volume = 24| issue = 9| pages = 1207–20| last2 = Xiao| first2 = Y| last3 = Liang| first3 = Y| last4 = Dudas| first4 = M. E.| last5 = Al-Ahmadie| first5 = H. A.| last6 = Fine| first6 = S. W.| last7 = Gopalan| first7 = A| last8 = Reuter| first8 = V. E.| last9 = Rosenblum| first9 = M. K.| last10 = Russo| first10 = P| last11 = Tickoo| first11 = S. K.| doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2011.80| doi-access = free}}</ref>
* [[Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma]] (MTSCC) <ref name="pmid24364021"/>
* [[Multilocular cystic clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid24364021"/>
* [[Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Thyroid-like follicular renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Acquired cystic kidney disease-associated renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Renal cell carcinoma with t(6;11) translocation]] (TFEB)
* [[Hybrid oncocytoma/chromophobe renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma]] (HLRCC)

=== Laboratory tests ===
Laboratory tests are generally conducted when the patient presents with signs and symptoms that may be characteristic of kidney impairment. They are not primarily used to diagnose kidney cancer, due to its [[asymptomatic]] nature and are generally found incidentally during tests for other illnesses such as [[gallbladder]] disease.<ref name=Wood>{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Laura S.|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma|journal=Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing|date=30 November 2009|volume=13|pages=3–7|doi=10.1188/09.CJON.S2.3-7|pmid=19948453}}</ref> In other words, these cancers are not detected usually because they do not cause pain or discomfort when they are discovered. Laboratory analysis can provide an assessment on the overall health of the patient and can provide information in determining the staging and degree of [[metastasis]] to other parts of the body (if a renal [[lesion]] has been identified) before treatment is given.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==== Urine analysis ====
The presence of blood in urine is a common presumptive sign of renal cell carcinoma. The [[haemoglobin]] of the blood causes the urine to be rusty, brown or red in colour. Alternatively, [[urinalysis]] can test for [[sugar]], [[protein]] and [[bacteria]] which can also serve as indicators for [[cancer]]. A complete blood cell count can also provide additional information regarding the severity and spreading of the cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bonn|first=Dorothy|title=Urine test for renal-cell carcinoma|journal=The Lancet Oncology|date=31 Jan 2004|volume=5|issue=2|pages=72|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01368-3|pmid=14974475}}</ref>

==== Complete blood cell count ====
The CBC provides a quantified measure of the different cells in the whole blood sample from the patient. Such cells examined for in this test include red blood cells ([[erythrocytes]]), white blood cells ([[leukocytes]]) and [[platelets]] ([[thrombocytes]]). A common sign of renal cell carcinoma is [[anaemia]] whereby the patient exhibits deficiency in red blood cells.<ref name=Johann>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ac902204k |title=Combined Blood/Tissue Analysis for Cancer Biomarker Discovery: Application to Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2010 |last1=Johann |first1=Donald J. |last2=Wei |first2=Bih-Rong |last3=Prieto |first3=Darue A. |last4=Chan |first4=King C. |last5=Ye |first5=Xiaying |last6=Valera |first6=Vladimir A. |last7=Simpson |first7=R. Mark |last8=Rudnick |first8=Paul A. |last9=Xiao |first9=Zhen |last10=Issaq |first10=Haleem J. |last11=Linehan |first11=W. Marston |last12=Stein |first12=Stephen E. |last13=Veenstra |first13=Timothy D. |last14=Blonder |first14=Josip |journal=Analytical Chemistry |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1584–8 |pmid=20121140 |pmc=3251958}}</ref> CBC tests are vital as a screening tool for examination the health of patient prior to surgery. Inconsistencies with platelet counts are also common amongst these cancer patients and further coagulation tests, including [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR), prothrombin time (PT), [[activated partial thromboplastin time]] (APTT) should be considered.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==== Blood chemistry ====
Blood chemistry tests are conducted if renal cell carcinoma is suspected as [[cancer]] has the potential to elevate levels of particular chemicals in blood. For example, liver [[enzymes]] such as [[aspartate aminotransferase]] (AST) and [[alanine aminotransferase]] (ALT) are found to be at abnormally high levels.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00495.x |title=A multi-institution analysis of outcomes of liver-directed surgery for metastatic renal cell cancer |year=2012 |last1=Hatzaras |first1=Ioannis |last2=Gleisner |first2=Ana L. |last3=Pulitano |first3=Carlo |last4=Sandroussi |first4=Charbel |last5=Hirose |first5=Kenzo |last6=Hyder |first6=Omar |last7=Wolfgang |first7=Christopher L. |last8=Aldrighetti |first8=Luca |last9=Crawford |first9=Michael |last10=Choti |first10=Michael A. |last11=Pawlik |first11=Timothy M. |journal=HPB |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=532–8 |pmid=22762401 |pmc=3406350}}</ref> The staging of the cancer can also be determined by abnormal elevated levels of calcium, which suggests that the cancer may have metastasised to the bones.<ref name="Motzer2003">{{cite journal|last=Motzer|first=RJ|title=Renal cell carcinoma: a priority malignancy for development and study of novel therapies|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|date=Apr 1, 2003|volume=21|issue=7|pages=1193–4|pmid=12663704|doi=10.1200/JCO.2003.12.072}}</ref> In this case, a doctor should be prompted for a CT scan. Blood chemistry tests also assess the overall function of the kidneys and can allow the doctor to decide upon further radiological tests.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=== Radiology ===
The characteristic appearance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a solid renal lesion which disturbs the renal contour. It will frequently have an irregular or lobulated margin and may be seen as a lump on the lower pelvic or abdomen region. Traditionally, 85 to 90% of solid renal masses will turn out to be RCC but cystic renal masses may also be due to RCC.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sahni|first=V.A.|title=REVIEW: Biopsy of renal masses: when and why|journal=Cancer Imaging|date=1 January 2009|volume=9|issue=1|pages=44–55|doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0005|pmid=19602467|pmc=2739685}}</ref> However, the advances of diagnostic modalities are able to incidentally diagnose a great proportion of patients with renal lesions that may appear to be small in size and of benign state. Ten percent of RCC will contain [[calcification]]s, and some contain [[macroscopic]] fat (likely due to invasion and encasement of the perirenal fat).<ref name=Nakada>{{cite journal |pmid=6675440 |year=1983 |last1=Nakada |first1=G |last2=Machida |first2=T |last3=Masuda |first3=F |last4=Onishi |first4=T |last5=Yamazaki |first5=H |last6=Kiyota |first6=H |last7=Suzuki |first7=M |last8=Goto |first8=H |title=A case of arteriovenous fistulae secondary to renal cell carcinoma accompanied by congestive heart failure |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=901–5 |journal=Hinyokika Kiyo. Acta Urologica Japonica}}</ref>

Deciding on the [[benign]] or [[malignant]] nature of the renal mass on the basis of its localized size is an issue as renal cell carcinoma may also be cystic. As there are several benign cystic renal lesions (simple renal cyst, [[hemorrhage|haemorrhagic]] renal cyst, [[multilocular cystic nephroma]], [[polycystic kidney disease]]), it may occasionally be difficult for the radiologist to differentiate a benign cystic lesion from a malignant one.<ref name="Pattamapaspong">{{cite journal |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1293492 |title=Tuberculosis Arthritis and Tenosynovitis |year=2011 |last1=Pattamapaspong |first1=Nuttaya |last2=Muttarak |first2=Malai |last3=Sivasomboon |first3=Chate |journal=Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=459–69 |pmid=22081281|s2cid=260321430 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Bosniak classification system for cystic renal [[lesions]] classifies them into groups that are benign and those that need [[surgical resection]], based on specific imaging features.<ref name="Israel">{{cite journal |doi=10.1148/radiol.2362040218 |title=How I Do It: Evaluating Renal Masses1 |year=2005 |last1=Israel |first1=Gary M. |last2=Bosniak |first2=Morton A. |journal=Radiology |volume=236 |issue=2 |pages=441–50 |pmid=16040900|s2cid=1916092 }}</ref>

The main imaging tests performed in order to identify renal cell carcinoma are pelvic and abdominal CT scans, ultrasound tests of the kidneys (ultrasonography), MRI scans, intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or renal angiography.<ref name=Jubelirer>{{cite journal |pmid=8421912 |year=1993 |last1=Jubelirer |first1=SJ |last2=Rubin |first2=M |title=The use of modern radiologic methods in identifying incidental renal cell carcinoma |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=21–3 |journal=The West Virginia Medical Journal}}</ref> Among these main diagnostic tests, other radiologic tests such as excretory [[urography]], [[positron-emission tomography]] (PET) scanning, [[ultrasonography]], [[arteriography]], [[venography]], and bone scanning can also be used to aid in the evaluation of staging renal masses and to differentiate non-malignant tumours from malignant tumours.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==== Computed tomography ====
Contrast-enhanced [[computed tomography]] (CT) scanning is routinely used to determine the stage of the renal cell carcinoma in the [[abdominal]] and [[pelvic]] regions. CT scans have the potential to distinguish solid masses from cystic masses and may provide information on the localization, stage or spread of the cancer to other organs of the patient. Key parts of the human body which are examined for [[metastatic]] involvement of renal cell carcinoma may include the [[renal vein]], [[lymph node]] and the involvement of the [[inferior vena cava]].<ref name=Beck>{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=AD|title=Renal cell carcinoma involving the inferior vena cava: radiologic evaluation and surgical management|journal=The Journal of Urology|date=Oct 1997|volume=118|issue=4|pages=533–7|pmid=916043|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58098-2}}</ref> According to a study conducted by Sauk et al., multidetector CT imaging characteristics have applications in diagnosing patients with clear renal cell carcinoma by depicting the differences of these cells at the cytogenic level.<ref name=Sauk>{{cite journal |doi=10.1148/radiol.11101508 |title=Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Multiphasic Multidetector CT Imaging Features Help Predict Genetic Karyotypes |year=2011 |last1=Sauk |first1=Steven C. |last2=Hsu |first2=Margaret S. |last3=Margolis |first3=Daniel J. A. |last4=Lu |first4=David S. K. |last5=Rao |first5=Nagesh P. |last6=Belldegrun |first6=Arie S. |last7=Pantuck |first7=Allan J. |last8=Raman |first8=Steven S. |journal=Radiology |volume=261 |issue=3 |pages=854–62 |pmid=22025734}}</ref>

==== Ultrasound ====
Ultrasonographic examination can be useful in evaluating questionable [[asymptomatic]] kidney [[tumours]] and cystic renal [[lesions]] if [[computed tomography]] imaging is inconclusive. This safe and non-invasive radiologic procedure uses high frequency sound waves to generate an interior image of the body on a computer monitor. The image generated by the [[ultrasound]] can help diagnose renal cell carcinoma based on the differences of sound reflections on the surface of organs and the abnormal tissue masses. Essentially, ultrasound tests can determine whether the composition of the kidney mass is mainly solid or filled with fluid.<ref name="Jubelirer" />

A [[percutaneous biopsy]] can be performed by a radiologist using ultrasound or computed tomography to guide sampling of the tumour for the purpose of diagnosis by [[pathology]]. However this is not routinely performed because when the typical imaging features of renal cell carcinoma are present, the possibility of an incorrectly negative result together with the risk of a medical complication to the patient may make it unfavourable from a risk-benefit perspective.<ref name=Lane>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.124 |title=Renal Mass Biopsy—A Renaissance? |year=2008 |last1=Lane |first1=Brian R. |last2=Samplaski |first2=Mary K. |last3=Herts |first3=Brian R. |last4=Zhou |first4=Ming |last5=Novick |first5=Andrew C. |last6=Campbell |first6=Steven C. |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=179 |pages=20–7 |pmid=17997455 |issue=1}}</ref> However, biopsy tests for molecular analysis to distinguish benign from malignant renal tumours is of investigative interest.<ref name="Lane" />

==== Magnetic resonance imaging ====
[[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) scans provide an image of the soft tissues in the body using radio waves and strong magnets. MRI can be used instead of CT if the patient exhibits an allergy to the contrast media administered for the test.<ref name=Hricak>{{cite journal |doi=10.1148/radiology.154.3.3969475 |pmid=3969475 |year=1985 |last1=Hricak |first1=H |last2=Demas |first2=BE |last3=Williams |first3=RD |last4=McNamara |first4=MT |last5=Hedgcock |first5=MW |last6=Amparo |first6=EG |last7=Tanagho |first7=EA |title=Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and staging of renal and perirenal neoplasms |volume=154 |issue=3 |pages=709–15 |journal=Radiology}}</ref><ref name=Janus>{{cite journal |pmid=1863349 |year=1991 |last1=Janus |first1=CL |last2=Mendelson |first2=DS |title=Comparison of MRI and CT for study of renal and perirenal masses |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=69–118 |journal=Critical Reviews in Diagnostic Imaging}}</ref> Sometimes prior to the MRI scan, an [[intravenous]] injection of a contrasting material called [[gadolinium]] is given to allow for a more detailed image. Patients on dialysis or those who have renal insufficiency should avoid this contrasting material as it may induce a rare, yet severe, side effect known as nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.<ref name=Nishimura>{{cite journal |hdl=2433/119684 |pmid=3195400 |year=1988 |last1=Nishimura |first1=Kazuo |last2=Hida |first2=Shuichi |last3=Okada |first3=Kenichiro |last4=Yoshida |first4=Osamu |last5=Nishimuara |first5=Kazumasa |title=Staging and differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma: A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1323–31 |journal=Acta Urologica Japonica}}</ref> A bone scan or brain imaging is not routinely performed unless signs or symptoms suggest potential metastatic involvement of these areas.
MRI scans should also be considered to evaluate [[tumor|tumour]] extension which has grown in major blood vessels, including the [[vena cava]], in the abdomen. MRI can be used to observe the possible spread of cancer to the [[brain]] or [[spinal cord]] should the patient present symptoms that suggest this might be the case.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==== Intravenous pyelogram ====
[[Intravenous pyelogram]] (IVP) is a useful procedure in detecting the presence of abnormal renal mass in the [[urinary tract]]. This procedure involves the injection of a contrasting dye into the arm of the patient. The dye travels from the blood stream and into the kidneys which in time, passes into the kidneys and bladder. This test is not necessary if a CT or MRI scan has been conducted.<ref name=Reznek>{{cite journal|last=Reznek|first=RH|title=CT/MRI in staging renal cell carcinoma|journal=Cancer Imaging|date=Feb 14, 2004|volume=4 Spec No A|pages=S25–32|pmid=18215972|doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2004.0012|pmc=1435344|issue=Spec No A}}</ref>

==== Renal angiography ====
Renal [[angiography]] uses the same principle as IVP, as this type of [[X-ray]] also uses a contrasting dye. This radiologic test is important in diagnosing renal cell carcinoma as an aid for examining [[blood vessels]] in the kidneys. This diagnostic test relies on the contrasting agent which is injected in the renal artery to be absorbed by the cancerous cells.<ref name=Kocak>{{cite journal |doi=10.2214/ajr.177.3.1770659 |title=Using MR Angiography for Surgical Planning in Pelvic Kidney Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2001 |last1=Kocak |first1=Mehmet |last2=Sudakoff |first2=Gary S. |last3=Erickson |first3=Scott |last4=Begun |first4=Frank |last5=Datta |first5=Milton |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |volume=177 |issue=3 |pages=659–60 |pmid=11517066}}</ref> The contrasting dye provides a clearer outline of abnormally-oriented blood vessels believed to be involved with the tumour. This is imperative for surgeons as it allows the patient's blood vessels to be mapped prior to operation.<ref name="Beck" />

=== Staging ===
The [[Cancer staging|staging]] of renal cell carcinoma is the most important factor in predicting its prognosis.<ref name=cornellurology>[http://www.cornellurology.com/kidney/gi/rcc.shtml Kidney Cancer / General Information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101172045/http://www.cornellurology.com/kidney/gi/rcc.shtml |date=2011-11-01 }} at Weill Cornell Medical College, James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology</ref> Staging can follow the [[TNM staging system]], where the size and extent of the tumour (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N) and metastases (M) are classified separately. Also, it can use overall stage grouping into stage I–IV, with the 1997 revision of AJCC described below:<ref name=cornellurology/>
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Stage I''' || Tumour of a diameter of 7 cm (approx. 2 3⁄4 inches) or smaller, and limited to the kidney. No lymph node involvement or metastases to distant organs.
|-
| '''Stage II''' || Tumour larger than 7.0 cm but still limited to the kidney. No lymph node involvement or metastases to distant organs.
|-
|rowspan=2| '''Stage III''' any of the following || Tumor of any size with involvement of a nearby lymph node but no metastases to distant organs. Tumour of this stage may be with or without spread to fatty tissue around the kidney, with or without spread into the large veins leading from the kidney to the heart.
|-
| Tumour with spread to fatty tissue around the kidney and/or spread into the large veins leading from the kidney to the heart, but without spread to any lymph nodes or other organs.
|-
|rowspan=4| '''Stage IV''' any of the following || Tumour that has spread directly through the fatty tissue and the fascia ligament-like tissue that surrounds the kidney.
|-
| Involvement of more than one lymph node near the kidney
|-
| Involvement of any lymph node not near the kidney
|-
| Distant metastases, such as in the lungs, bone, or brain.
|}

At diagnosis, 30% of renal cell carcinomas have spread to the ipsilateral renal vein, and 5–10% have continued into the inferior vena cava.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2214/ajr.171.6.9843299 |title=Inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: Staging by MR imaging and impact on surgical treatment |year=1998 |last1=Oto |first1=A |last2=Herts |first2=B R |last3=Remer |first3=E M |last4=Novick |first4=A C |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=1619–24 |pmid=9843299}}</ref>

=== Histopathology ===
[[Image:Renal cell carcinoma.jpg|thumb|Renal cell carcinoma]]
[[File:Renal tumors by relative incidence and prognosis.png|thumb|250px|Histopathologic types of kidney tumor, with relative [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidences]] and prognoses, including renal cell carcinoma and its subtypes]]
[[Image:Kidney cancer.jpg|thumb|Renal cell carcinoma]]

The gross and microscopic appearance of renal cell carcinomas is highly variable. The renal cell carcinoma may present reddened areas where [[blood vessels]] have bled, and cysts containing watery fluids.<ref name="Brit">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497921/renal-carcinoma |title=Clear-cell Carcinoma, Hypernephroid Tumour, or Hypernephroma |access-date=2010-03-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507015655/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497921/renal-carcinoma |archive-date=2010-05-07 }}</ref> The body of the tumour shows large blood vessels that have walls composed of cancerous cells.
[[Gross examination]] often shows a yellowish, multilobulated tumor in the [[renal cortex]], which frequently contains zones of [[necrosis]], [[hemorrhage|haemorrhage]] and [[scarring]]. In a microscopic context, there are four major histologic subtypes of renal cell cancer: clear cell (conventional RCC, 75%), papillary (15%), chromophobic (5%), and collecting duct (2%). Sarcomatoid changes (morphology and patterns of IHC that mimic sarcoma, spindle cells) can be observed within any RCC subtype and are associated with more aggressive clinical course and worse prognosis. Under light microscopy, these [[tumour]] cells can exhibit [[papilla (disambiguation)|papillae]], tubules or nests, and are quite large, atypical, and polygonal.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Recent studies have brought attention to the close association of the type of cancerous cells to the aggressiveness of the condition. Some studies suggest that these cancerous cells accumulate glycogen and lipids, their cytoplasm appear "clear", the nuclei remain in the middle of the cells, and the cellular membrane is evident.<ref name=Vasileva>{{cite journal |pmid=1016084 |year=1976 |last1=Vasil'Eva |first1=NN |last2=Koriakina |first2=RF |title=Morphological diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Histo-cytological parallels |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=12–7 |journal=Arkhiv Patologii}}</ref> Some cells may be smaller, with eosinophilic cytoplasm, resembling normal tubular cells. The stroma is reduced, but well vascularised. The tumour compresses the surrounding [[renal parenchyma|parenchyma]], producing a pseudocapsule.<ref name="title">{{cite web |url=http://www.pathologyatlas.ro/renal-cell-carcinoma-grawitz-tumor-kidney-pathology.php |title=Renal clear cell carcinoma (Grawitz tumor) |date=January 30, 2009 |website=Atlas of Pathology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310101234/http://www.pathologyatlas.ro/renal-cell-carcinoma-grawitz-tumor-kidney-pathology.php |archive-date=March 10, 2009 }}</ref>

The most common cell type exhibited by renal cell carcinoma is the [[Clear cell renal cell carcinoma|clear cell]], which is named by the dissolving of the cells' high lipid content in the cytoplasm. The clear cells are thought to be the least likely to spread and usually respond more favourably to treatment. However, most of the tumours contain a mixture of cells. The most aggressive stage of renal cancer is believed to be the one in which the tumour is mixed, containing both clear and granular cells.<ref name=Lopez>{{cite journal|last=López|first=JI|title=Renal tumors with clear cells. A review|journal=Pathology, Research and Practice|date=Mar 2013|volume=209|issue=3|pages=137–46|pmid=23433880|doi=10.1016/j.prp.2013.01.007}}</ref>

The recommended histologic grading schema for RCC is the Fuhrman system (1982), which is an assessment based on the microscopic morphology of a [[neoplasm]] with [[haematoxylin]] and [[eosin]] (H&E staining). This system categorises renal cell carcinoma with grades 1, 2, 3, 4 based on nuclear characteristics. The details of the Fuhrman grading system for RCC are shown below:<ref name=Rioux>{{cite journal |id={{INIST|18271804}} |last=Rioux-Leclercq |first=Nathalie |title=Le grade nucléaire de fuhrman, facteur pronostique du cancer du rein depuis 25 ans |trans-title=The Fuhrman grading system for kidney cancer prognosis |language=fr |journal=Progrès en Urologie |date=November 2006 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=5–8 |pmid=17183964}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grade Level !! Nuclear Characteristics
|-
| '''Grade I''' || Nuclei appear round and uniform, 10 μm; nucleoli are inconspicuous or absent.
|-
| '''Grade II''' || Nuclei have an irregular appearance with signs of lobe formation, 15 μm; nucleoli are evident.
|-
| '''Grade III''' || Nuclei appear very irregular, 20 μm; nucleoli are large and prominent.
|-
| '''Grade IV''' || Nuclei appear bizarre and multilobated, 20 μm or more; nucleoli are prominent.
|}

Nuclear grade is believed to be one of the most imperative prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma.<ref name="rini" /> However, a study by [[Brett Delahunt|Delahunt]] et al. (2007) has shown that the Fuhrman grading is ideal for clear cell carcinoma but may not be appropriate for chromophobe renal cell carcinomas and that the staging of cancer (accomplished by CT scan) is a more favourable predictor of the prognosis of this disease.<ref name="Delahunt">{{cite journal |last1=Delahunt |first1=Brett |last2=Sika-Paotonu |first2=Dianne |author-link2=Dianne Sika-Paotonu |last3=Bethwaite |first3=Peter B. |last4=McCredie |first4=Margaret R. E. |last5=Martignoni |first5=Guido |last6=Eble |first6=John N. |last7=Jordan |first7=T. |year=2007 |title=Fuhrman Grading is not Appropriate for Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=957–60 |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000249446.28713.53 |pmid=17527087 |s2cid=27154220}}</ref> In relation to renal cancer staging, the Heidelberg classification system of renal tumours was introduced in 1976 as a means of more completely correlating the histopathological features with the identified genetic defects.<ref name=Kovacs>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199710)183:2<131::AID-PATH931>3.0.CO;2-G |title=The Heidelberg classification of renal cell tumours |year=1997 |last1=Kovacs |first1=Gyula |last2=Akhtar |first2=Mohammed |last3=Beckwith |first3=Bruce J. |last4=Bugert |first4=Peter |last5=Cooper |first5=Colin S. |last6=Delahunt |first6=Brett |last7=Eble |first7=John N. |last8=Fleming |first8=Stewart |last9=Ljungberg |first9=Börje |last10=Medeiros |first10=L. Jeffrey |last11=Moch |first11=Holger |last12=Reuter |first12=Victor E. |last13=Ritz |first13=Eberhard |last14=Roos |first14=Göran |last15=Schmidt |first15=Dietmar |last16=Srigley |first16=John R. |last17=Störkel |first17=Stephan |last18=Van Den Berg |first18=Eva |last19=Zbar |first19=Bert |journal=The Journal of Pathology |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=131–3 |pmid=9390023|s2cid=34796951 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Prevention==
The risk of renal cell carcinoma can be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lauby-Secretan|first1=B|last2=Scoccianti|first2=C|last3=Loomis|first3=D|last4=Grosse|first4=Y|last5=Bianchini|first5=F|last6=Straif|first6=K|last7=International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working|first7=Group|title=Body Fatness and Cancer—Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=25 August 2016|volume=375|issue=8|pages=794–798|pmid=27557308|pmc=6754861|doi=10.1056/nejmsr1606602|url=https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/81847828-6457-4530-99ed-7b3c639705fb}}</ref>

== Management ==
[[Image:Embolization kidney.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Micrograph]] of embolic material in a kidney removed because of renal cell carcinoma (cancer not shown). H&E stain.]]
The type of treatment depends on multiple factors and the individual, some of which include the stage of renal cell carcinoma (organs and parts of the body affected/unaffected), type of renal cell carcinoma, pre-existing or comorbid conditions and overall health and age of the person.<ref name=cohen /><ref name="simmons">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|publisher=Humana Pr Inc.|isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=105–118|author=Simmons|author2=Campbell|chapter=Assessment of Oncologic Risk for Clinical Stage T1 Renal Tumours|date=2012-09-26}}</ref>
Every form of treatment has both risks and benefits; a health care professional will provide the best options that suit the individual circumstances.

If it has spread outside of the kidneys, often into the [[lymph nodes]], the [[lung]]s or the main vein of the kidney, then multiple therapies are used including surgery and medications. RCC is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in most cases but does respond well to immunotherapy with interleukin-2 or interferon-alpha, biologic, or targeted therapy. In early-stage cases, cryotherapy and surgery are the preferred options.

=== Active surveillance ===
Active surveillance or "watchful waiting" is becoming more common as small renal masses or tumours are being detected and also within the older generation when surgery is not always suitable.<ref name="smaldone" /> Active surveillance involves completing various diagnostic procedures, tests and imaging to monitor the progression of the RCC before embarking on a more high risk treatment option like surgery.<ref name="smaldone">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_10 |chapter=Active Surveillance of the Small Renal Mass |title=Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Smaldone |first1=Marc C. |last2=Canter |first2=Daniel |last3=Kutikov |first3=Alexander |last4=Uzzo |first4=Robert G. |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8 |pages=167–94}}</ref> In the elderly, patients with co-morbidities, and in poor surgical candidates, this is especially useful.

=== Surgery ===
Different procedures may be most appropriate, depending on circumstances.

The recommended treatment for renal cell cancer may be [[nephrectomy]] or [[nephrectomy#partial nephrectomy|partial nephrectomy]], surgical removal of all or part of the kidney.<ref name="r"/> This may include some of the surrounding organs or tissues or lymph nodes. If cancer is only in the kidneys, which is about 60% of cases, it can be cured roughly 90% of the time with [[surgery]].

Small renal tumors (< 4 cm) are treated increasingly by partial nephrectomy when possible.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Novick AC |title=Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma |journal=Br J Urol |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=321–4 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9772865 |doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1998.00751.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Herr HW |title=Partial nephrectomy for unilateral renal carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney: 10-year followup |journal=J. Urol. |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=33–4; discussion 34–5 |date=January 1999 |pmid=10037361 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62052-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Poppel H, Bamelis B, Oyen R, Baert L |title=Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma can achieve long-term tumor control |journal=J. Urol. |volume=160 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=674–8 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9720519 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62751-4}}</ref> Most of these small renal masses manifest indolent biological behavior with excellent prognosis.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattar K, Jewett MA |title=Watchful waiting for small renal masses |journal=Curr Urol Rep |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=22–5 |date=January 2008 |pmid=18366970 |doi=10.1007/s11934-008-0006-3|s2cid=26763264 }}</ref> [[Nephrectomy#Partial Nephrectomy|Nephron-sparing partial nephrectomy]] is used when the tumor is small (less than 4 cm in diameter) or when the patient has other medical concerns such as [[diabetes]] or [[hypertension]].<ref name="cohen" /> The partial nephrectomy involves the removal of the affected tissue only, sparing the rest of the kidney, Gerota's fascia and the regional lymph nodes. This allows for more renal preservation as compared to the radical nephrectomy, and this can have positive long-term health benefits.<ref name="pn vs rn weight">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.12.030 |title=Nephrectomy Induced Chronic Renal Insufficiency is Associated with Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Death and Death from Any Cause in Patients with Localized cT1b Renal Masses |year=2010 |last1=Weight |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Larson |first2=Benjamin T. |last3=Fergany |first3=Amr F. |last4=Gao |first4=Tianming |last5=Lane |first5=Brian R. |last6=Campbell |first6=Steven C. |last7=Kaouk |first7=Jihad H. |last8=Klein |first8=Eric A. |last9=Novick |first9=Andrew C.|journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=183 |issue=4 |pages=1317–23 |pmid=20171688 }}</ref> Larger and more complex tumors can also be treated with partial nephrectomy by surgeons with a lot of kidney surgery experience.<ref name="cw bjui">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11112.x |title=Practice-setting and surgeon characteristics heavily influence the decision to perform partial nephrectomy among American Urologic Association surgeons |year=2013 |last1=Weight |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Crispen |first2=Paul L. |last3=Breau |first3=Rodney H. |last4=Kim |first4=Simon P. |last5=Lohse |first5=Christine M. |last6=Boorjian |first6=Stephen A. |last7=Thompson |first7=R. Houston |last8=Leibovich |first8=Bradley C. |journal=BJU International |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=731–8 |pmid=22502641|s2cid=829345 }}</ref>

Surgical nephrectomy may be "radical" if the procedure removes the entire affected kidney including [[Renal fascia|Gerota's fascia]], the [[adrenal gland]] which is on the same side as the affected kidney, and the regional retroperitoneal lymph nodes, all at the same time.<ref name="cohen" /> This method, although severe, is effective. But it is not always appropriate, as it is a major surgery that contains the risk of complication both during and after the surgery and can have a longer recovery time.<ref name="casey">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.surge.2013.02.007 |title=Renal cell carcinoma with IVC and atrial thrombus: A single centre's 10 year surgical experience |year=2013 |last1=Casey |first1=R.G. |last2=Raheem |first2=O.A. |last3=Elmusharaf |first3=E. |last4=Madhavan |first4=P. |last5=Tolan |first5=M. |last6=Lynch |first6=T.H. |journal=The Surgeon |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=295–9 |pmid=23510704}}</ref> It is important to note that the other kidney must be fully functional, and this technique is most often used when there is a large tumour present in only one kidney.

[[File:Large left renal tumor with tumor thrombus all the way to the heart.jpg|thumb|Left renal tumor with inferior vena cava thrombus into the right atrium]]
In cases where the tumor has spread into the renal vein, inferior vena cava, and possibly the right atrium, this portion of the tumor can be surgically removed, as well. When the tumor involved the inferior vena cava, it is important to classify which parts of the vena cava are involved and to plan accordingly, as sometimes complete resection will involve an incision into the chest with increased morbidity. For this reason, Dr. [[Gaetano Ciancio]] adapted liver mobilization techniques from liver transplant to address retrohepatic or even suprahepatic inferior vena caval thrombus associated with renal tumors.<ref name="Ciancio Livingstone Soloway 2007 pp. 988–995">{{cite journal | last1=Ciancio | first1=Gaetano | last2=Livingstone | first2=Alan S. | last3=Soloway | first3=Mark | title=Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus in the Renal and Inferior Vena Cava: The University of Miami Experience in Using Liver Transplantation Techniques | journal=European Urology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=51 | issue=4 | year=2007 | issn=0302-2838 | doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.055 | pages=988–995| pmid=17175095 }}</ref> With this technique, the whole abdominal [[inferior vena cava]] is able to be mobilized. This facilitates milking of the tumor down below the major [[hepatic vein]]s by the surgeon's fingers, bypassing the need for a thoracoabdominal incision or [[cardiopulmonary bypass]].<ref name="Ciancio Soloway 2005 pp. 266–270">{{cite journal | last1=Ciancio | first1=Gaetano | last2=Soloway | first2=Mark S. | title=Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending above diaphragm: Avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass | journal=Urology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=66 | issue=2 | year=2005 | issn=0090-4295 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.039 | pages=266–270| pmid=16098354 }}</ref> In cases of known metastases, surgical resection of the kidney ("cytoreductive nephrectomy") may improve survival,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, Tangen C, Van Poppel H, Crawford ED |title=Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis |journal=J. Urol. |volume=171 |issue=3 |pages=1071–6 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14767273 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000110610.61545.ae |citeseerx=10.1.1.469.2497 }}</ref> as well as resection of a solitary metastatic lesion. Kidneys are sometimes [[embolization|embolized]] prior to surgery to minimize blood loss.<ref name="pmid18380384">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mulders PF, Brouwers AH, Hulsbergen-van der Kaa CA, van Lin EN, Osanto S, de Mulder PH | title = [Guideline 'Renal cell carcinoma'] | language = nl| journal = Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde | volume = 152 | issue = 7 | pages = 376–80 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18380384 }}</ref>

[[Laparoscopic surgery|Surgery]] is increasingly performed via [[laparoscopy|laparoscopic]] techniques. Commonly referred to as key hole surgery, this surgery does not have the large incisions seen in a classically performed radical or partial nephrectomy, but still successfully removes either all or part of the kidney. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with shorter stays in the hospital and quicker recovery time but there are still risks associated with the surgical procedure. These have the advantage of being less of a burden for the patient and the disease-free survival is comparable to that of open surgery.<ref name="r"/> For small exophytic lesions that do not extensively involve the major vessels or urinary collecting system, a [[nephrectomy#partial nephrectomy|partial nephrectomy]] (also referred to as "nephron sparing surgery") can be performed. This may involve temporarily stopping blood flow to the kidney while the mass is removed as well as renal cooling with an ice slush. [[Mannitol]] can also be administered to help limit damage to the kidney. This is usually done through an open incision although smaller lesions can be done laparoscopically with or without robotic assistance.

Laparoscopic [[cryotherapy]] can also be done on smaller lesions. Typically a biopsy is taken at the time of treatment. Intraoperative ultrasound may be used to help guide placement of the freezing probes. Two freeze/thaw cycles are then performed to kill the tumor cells. As the tumor is not removed followup is more complicated (see below) and overall disease-free rates are not as good as those obtained with surgical removal.

'''Surgery for metastatic disease:''' If metastatic disease is present surgical treatment may still a viable option. Radical and partial nephrectomy can still occur, and in some cases, if the metastasis is small this can also be surgically removed.<ref name=cohen /> This depends on what stage of growth and how far the disease has spread.

=== Percutaneous ablative therapies ===
[[Percutaneous]] [[ablation]] therapies use image-guidance by [[radiologists]] to treat localized tumors if a surgical procedure is not a good option. Although the use of laparoscopic surgical techniques for complete nephrectomies has reduced some of the risks associated with surgery,<ref name="Russo2013" /> surgery of any sort in some cases will still not be feasible. For example, the elderly, people who already have severe renal dysfunction, or people who have several [[comorbidities]], surgery of any sort is not warranted.<ref name="Matin2013" />

A probe is placed through the skin and into the tumor using real-time imaging of both the probe tip and the tumor by [[computed tomography]], [[ultrasound]], or even [[magnetic resonance imaging]] guidance, and then destroying the tumor with heat ([[radiofrequency ablation]]) or cold ([[cryotherapy]]). These modalities are at a disadvantage compared to traditional surgery in that pathologic confirmation of complete tumor destruction is not possible. Therefore, long-term follow-up is crucial to assess completeness of tumour ablation.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mogami T, Harada J, Kishimoto K, Sumida S |title=Percutaneous MR-guided cryoablation for malignancies, with a focus on renal cell carcinoma |journal=Int. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=79–84 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17443274 |doi=10.1007/s10147-006-0654-6|s2cid=5743758 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boss A, Clasen S, Kuczyk M, Schick F, Pereira PL |title=Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma |journal=Eur Radiol |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=725–33 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17021704 |doi=10.1007/s00330-006-0415-y|s2cid=12651841 }}</ref> Ideally, percutaneous ablation is restricted to tumours smaller than 3.5 cm and to guide the treatment. However, there are some cases where ablation can be used on tumors that are larger.<ref name="Matin2013" />

The two main types of ablation techniques that are used for renal cell carcinoma are [[radio frequency ablation]] and [[cryoablation]].<ref name="Matin2013" />

'''Radio frequency ablation''' uses an electrode [[wikt:probe|probe]] which is inserted into the affected tissue, to send radio frequencies to the tissue to generate heat through the friction of water molecules. The heat destroys the tumor tissue.<ref name="cohen" /> Cell death will generally occur within minutes of being exposed to temperatures above 50 °C.

'''Cryoablation''' also involves the insertion of a probe into the affected area,<ref name="cohen" /> however, cold is used to kill the tumor instead of heat. The probe is cooled with chemical fluids which are very cold. The freezing temperatures cause the tumor cells to die by causing [[osmotic dehydration]], which pulls the water out of the cell destroying the [[enzyme]], [[organelle]]s, [[cell membrane]] and freezing the [[cytoplasm]].<ref name="Matin2013" />

=== Targeted drugs ===
Cancers often grow in an unbridled fashion because they are able to evade the immune system.<ref name=":0"/> [[Immunomodulatory|Immunotherapy]] is a method that activates the person's immune system and uses it to their own advantage.<ref name=":0"/> It was developed after observing that in some cases there was spontaneous regression.<ref name="davar">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|year=2013|publisher=Humana |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=279–302|author=Davar|author2=Fenton|author3=Appleman|chapter=Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma}}</ref> Immunotherapy capitalises on this phenomenon and aims to build up a person's immune response to cancer cells.<ref name="davar" />

Other [[targeted therapy]] medications inhibit growth factors that have been shown to promote the growth and spread of tumours.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Santoni|first1=M|last2=De Tursi|first2=M|last3=Felici|first3=A|last4=Lo Re|first4=G|last5=Ricotta|first5=R|last6=Ruggeri|first6=EM |last7=Sabbatini|first7=R|last8=Santini|first8=D|last9=Vaccaro|first9=V|last10=Milella|first10=M|title=Management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients with poor-risk features: current status and future perspectives|journal=Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy|date=June 2013|volume=13|issue=6|pages=697–709|doi=10.1586/era.13.52|pmid=23773104|s2cid=36871651}}</ref><ref name="stroup">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|year=2013|publisher=Humana |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=219–230|author=Stroup|chapter=Neoadjuvant Targeted Therapy and Consolidative Surgery}}</ref> Most of these medications were approved within the past ten years.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shoji|first1=S|last2=Nakano|first2= M|last3= Sato|first3= H|last4= Tang|first4= XY|last5= Osamura|first5= YR|last6= Terachi|first6= T|last7= Uchida|first7= T|last8= Takeya|first8= K|title=The current status of tailor-made medicine with molecular biomarkers for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma|journal=Clinical & Experimental Metastasis|date=January 2014|volume=31|issue=1|pages=111–34|doi=10.1007/s10585-013-9612-7|pmid=23959576|s2cid=15100003}}</ref> These treatments are:<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jonasch|first1=E|last2=Futreal|first2= PA|last3= Davis|first3= IJ|last4= Bailey|first4= ST|last5= Kim|first5= WY|last6= Brugarolas|first6= J|last7= Giaccia|first7= AJ|last8= Kurban|first8= G|last9= Pause|first9= A|last10= Frydman|first10= J|last11= Zurita|first11= AJ|last12= Rini|first12= BI|last13= Sharma|first13= P|last14= Atkins|first14= MB|last15= Walker|first15= CL|last16= Rathmell|first16= WK|title=State of the science: an update on renal cell carcinoma|journal=Molecular Cancer Research|date=July 2012|volume=10|issue=7|pages=859–80|doi=10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-12-0117|pmid=22638109|pmc=3399969}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Nivolumab]]<ref name=Quinn2015>{{cite journal |vauthors=Quinn DI, Lara PN |title=Renal-Cell Cancer – Targeting an Immune Checkpoint or Multiple Kinases |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=373 |issue=19 |pages=1872–4 |year=2015 |pmid=26406149 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe1511252 |pmc=7526749 }}</ref>
* [[Axitinib]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dranitsaris|first1=G|last2=Schmitz|first2=S|last3=Broom|first3=RJ|title=Small molecule targeted therapies for the second-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and indirect comparison of safety and efficacy|journal=Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology|date=November 2013|volume=139|issue=11|pages=1917–26|doi=10.1007/s00432-013-1510-5|pmid=24037486|s2cid=27524034}}</ref>
* [[Sunitinib]]<ref name="MotzerHutson2007">{{cite journal|last1=Motzer|first1=Robert J.|last2=Hutson|first2=Thomas E.|last3=Tomczak|first3=Piotr|last4=Michaelson|first4=M. Dror|last5=Bukowski|first5=Ronald M.|last6=Rixe|first6=Olivier|last7=Oudard|first7=Stéphane|last8=Negrier|first8=Sylvie|last9=Szczylik|first9=Cezary|last10=Kim|first10=Sindy T.|last11=Chen|first11=Isan|last12=Bycott|first12=Paul W.|last13=Baum|first13=Charles M.|last14=Figlin|first14=Robert A.|title=Sunitinib versus Interferon Alfa in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=356|issue=2|year=2007|pages=115–124|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa065044|pmid=17215529|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Cabozantinib]]<ref name=Quinn2015/>
* [[Everolimus]]
* [[Lenvatinib]]
* [[Pazopanib]]
* [[Bevacizumab]]
* [[Sorafenib]]
* [[Tivozanib]]
* [[Temsirolimus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torisel.com/|title=TORISEL® (temsirolimus) -Safety Info- Renal Cell Carcinoma Treatment|website=www.torisel.com|access-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413191552/http://www.torisel.com/|archive-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Interleukin 2|Interleukin-2]] (IL-2) has produced "durable remissions" in a small number of patients, but with substantial toxicity.<ref>[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000516.htm/ Renal Cell Carcinoma] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705053508/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000516.htm |date=2016-07-05 }} MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2010-09-10</ref>
* [[Interferon-α]]
{{div col end}}

For patients with metastatic cancer, sunitinib probably results in more progression of the cancer than pembrolizumab, axitinib and avelumab.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Hofmann|first1=Fabian|last2=Hwang|first2=Eu Chang|last3=Lam|first3=Thomas BL|last4=Bex|first4=Axel|last5=Yuan|first5=Yuhong|last6=Marconi|first6=Lorenzo SO|last7=Ljungberg|first7=Börje|date=2020-10-14|title=Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012796.pub2|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2020|issue=10|pages=CD012796|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd012796.pub2|pmid=33058158|pmc=8094280|issn=1465-1858|hdl=2164/11109|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In comparison to [[pembrolizumab]] and axitinib, it probably results in more death, but it may slightly reduce serious unwanted effects.<ref name=":1" /> When compared with combinations of immunotherapy (nivolumab and ipilimumab), sunitinib may lead to more progression and serious effects.<ref name=":1" /> There may be little to no difference in progression, survival and serious effects between pazopanib and sunitib.<ref name=":1" />

Activity has also been reported for [[ipilimumab]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang JC, Hughes M, Kammula U, Royal R, Sherry RM, Topalian SL, Suri KB, Levy C, Allen T, Mavroukakis S, Lowy I, White DE, Rosenberg SA |title=Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 antibody) causes regression of metastatic renal cell cancer associated with enteritis and hypophysitis |journal=J. Immunother. |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=825–30 |year=2007 |pmid=18049334 |pmc=2134980 |doi=10.1097/CJI.0b013e318156e47e }}</ref> but it is not an approved medication for renal cancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_yervoy.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206103033/http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_yervoy.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-06 }}</ref>

More medications are expected to become available in the near future as several clinical trials are currently being conducted for new targeted treatments,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cancerresearch.org/scientists/science-of-immunotherapy/cancer-types/kidney-cancer|title=Kidney Cancer|website=Cancer Research Institute|access-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224042416/https://www.cancerresearch.org/scientists/science-of-immunotherapy/cancer-types/kidney-cancer|archive-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> including: [[atezolizumab]], [[varlilumab]], [[durvalumab]], [[avelumab]], [[LAG525]], [[MBG453]], [[TRC105]], and [[savolitinib]].

=== Chemotherapy ===
[[Chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]] are not as successful in the case of RCC. RCC is resistant in most cases but there is about a 4–5% success rate, but this is often short-lived with more tumours and growths developing later.<ref name=cohen />

=== Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy ===
[[Adjuvant therapy]], which refers to therapy given after a primary surgery, had for a long time not been found to be beneficial in renal cell cancer.<ref name="nejm" /> However in 2021 [[Pembrolizumab]] was approved for adjuvant treatment after showing promising disease-free survival improvements.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-adjuvant-treatment-renal-cell-carcinoma | title=FDA approves pembrolizumab for adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma | journal=FDA | date=17 November 2021 }}</ref>

Conversely, [[neoadjuvant therapy]] is administered before the intended primary or main treatment. In some cases neoadjuvant therapy has been shown to decrease the size and stage of the RCC to then allow it to be surgically removed.<ref name="stroup" /> This is a new form of treatment and the effectiveness of this approach is still being assessed in [[clinical trial]]s.

== Metastasis ==
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is the spread of the primary renal cell carcinoma from the kidney to other organs. Approximately 25–30% of people have this [[Metastasis|metastatic spread]] by the time they are diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma.<ref name="DoisMissing">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00345-004-0466-0|title=Novel approaches in the therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma|year=2005|last1=Lam|first1=John S.|last2=Leppert|first2=John T.|last3=Belldegrun|first3=Arie S.|last4=Figlin|first4=Robert A.|journal=World Journal of Urology|volume=23|issue=3|pages=202–12|pmid=15812574|s2cid=12091991}}</ref> This high proportion is explained by the fact that clinical signs are generally mild until the disease progresses to a more severe state.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.035|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Guideline|year=2007|last1=Ljungberg|first1=Börje|last2=Hanbury|first2=Damian C.|last3=Kuczyk|first3=Marcus A.|last4=Merseburger|first4=Axel S.|last5=Mulders|first5=Peter F.A.|last6=Patard|first6=Jean-Jacques|last7=Sinescu|first7=Ioanel C.|journal=European Urology|volume=51|issue=6|pages=1502–10|pmid=17408850|author8=European Association of Urology Guideline Group for renal cell carcinoma}}</ref> The most common sites for metastasis are the lymph nodes, lung, bones, liver and brain.<ref name="motzer" /> How this spread affects the staging of the disease and hence prognosis is discussed in the "Diagnosis" and "Prognosis" sections.

MRCC has a poor prognosis compared to other cancers, although average survival times have increased in the last few years due to treatment advances. Average survival time in 2008 for the metastatic form of the disease was under a year,<ref name="DoictrvMissing" /> and by 2013 this improved to an average of 22 months.<ref name="DoiCADbeecMissing">{{cite journal|doi=10.1097/CAD.0b013e3283609ec1|pmid=23552469|title=Chemotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma today? A systematic review|year=2013|last1=Buti|first1=Sebastiano|last2=Bersanelli|first2=Melissa|last3=Sikokis|first3=Angelica|last4=Maines|first4=Francesca|last5=Facchinetti|first5=Francesco|last6=Bria|first6=Emilio|last7=Ardizzoni|first7=Andrea|last8=Tortora|first8=Giampaolo|last9=Massari|first9=Francesco|journal=Anti-Cancer Drugs|volume=24|issue=6|pages=535–54|s2cid=205529087}}</ref> Despite this improvement the five-year survival rate for mRCC remains under 10%<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.026|title=Improvement in Overall Survival of Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Prognostic Factor Trend Analysis from an International Data Set of Clinical Trials|year=2012|last1=Patil|first1=Sujata|last2=Manola|first2=Judith|last3=Elson|first3=Paul|last4=Negrier|first4=Sylvie|last5=Escudier|first5=Bernard|last6=Eisen|first6=Tim|last7=Atkins|first7=Michael|last8=Bukowski|first8=Ronald|last9=Motzer|first9=Robert J.|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=188|issue=6|pages=2095–100|pmid=23083849}}</ref> and 20–25% of patients remain unresponsive to all treatments and in these cases, the disease has a rapid progression.<ref name="DoiCADbeecMissing" />

The available treatments for RCC discussed in the "Treatment" section are also relevant for the metastatic form of the disease. Options include interleukin-2, which is a standard therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma.<ref name="nejm" /> From 2007 to 2013, seven new treatments have been approved specifically for mRCC (sunitinib, temsirolimus, bevacizumab, sorafenib, everolimus, pazopanib and axitinib).<ref name=singer /> These new treatments are based on the fact that renal cell carcinomas are very vascular tumours – they contain a large number of blood vessels. The drugs aim to inhibit the growth of new blood vessels in the tumours, hence slowing growth and in some cases, reducing the size of the tumours.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.06.010|title=What is the optimal therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who progress on an initial VEGFr-TKI?|year=2013|last1=Calvo|first1=Emiliano|last2=Ravaud|first2=Alain|last3=Bellmunt|first3=Joaquim|journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews|volume=39|issue=4|pages=366–74|pmid=22832091}}</ref>
Side effects unfortunately are quite common with these treatments and include:<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.12.006|title=A contemporary update on rates and management of toxicities of targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma|year=2013|last1=Alasker|first1=Ahmed|last2=Meskawi|first2=Malek|last3=Sun|first3=Maxine|last4=Ismail|first4=Salima|last5=Hanna|first5=Nawar|last6=Hansen|first6=Jens|last7=Tian|first7=Zhe|last8=Bianchi|first8=Marco|last9=Perrotte|first9=Paul|journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews|volume=39|issue=4|pages=388–401|pmid=23317510|last10=Karakiewicz|first10=Pierre I.}}</ref>
* Gastrointestinal effects – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
* Respiratory effects – coughing, dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
* Cardiovascular effects – hypertension (high blood pressure)
* Neurological effects – intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding into the brain), thrombosis (blood clots) in the brain
* Effects on the skin and mucous membranes – rashes, [[Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema|hand-foot syndrome]], stomatitis
* Bone marrow suppression – resulting in reduced white blood cells, increasing the risk of infections plus anemia and reduced platelets
* Renal effects – impaired kidney function
* Fatigue

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are more commonly used in the metastatic form of RCC to target the secondary tumours in the bones, liver, brain and other organs. While not curative, these treatments do provide relief for symptoms associated with the spread of tumours.<ref name="DoiCADbeecMissing" />

== Prognosis ==
The prognosis is influenced by several factors, including tumour size, degree of invasion and metastasis, histologic type, and nuclear grade.<ref name="rini"/> Staging is the most important factor in the outcome of renal cell cancer. The following numbers are based on patients first diagnosed in 2001 and 2002 by the National Cancer Data Base:<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003107-pdf.pdf/ Kidney Cancer (Adult) – Renal Cell Carcinoma] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405223318/http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003107-pdf.pdf |date=2016-04-05 }} American Cancer Society. Retrieved on 2010-09-10</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stage !! Description !! 5 Year Survival Rate
|-
| I|| Confined to the kidney || 81%
|-
| II || Extend through the renal capsule, confined to Gerota's Fascia || 74%
|-
| III || Include the renal vein, or the hilar lymph nodes || 53%
|-
| IV || Includes tumors that are invasive to adjacent organs (except the adrenal glands), or distant metastases || 8%
|}

A Korean study estimated a [[Survival rate#Cause-specific survival and disease-specific survival|disease-specific]] overall [[five-year survival rate]] of 85%.<ref>{{cite journal|title=IN THIS ISSUE|journal=Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume=41|issue=1|year=2010|pages=NP|issn=0368-2811|doi=10.1093/jjco/hyq238|doi-access=free}}</ref> Taken as a whole, if the disease is limited to the kidney, only 20–30% develop metastatic disease after nephrectomy.<ref>[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/renal_cell_cancer/page11_em.htm#Outlook/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205085643/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/renal_cell_cancer/page11_em.htm|date=2015-12-05}} Renal Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Treatment. eMedicine Health. Retrieved on 2010-09-10</ref> More specific subsets show a [[five-year survival rate]] of around 90–95% for tumors less than 4 cm. For larger tumors confined to the kidney without venous invasion, survival is still relatively good at 80–85%.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} For tumors that extend through the renal capsule and out of the local [[fascial]] investments, the survivability reduces to near 60%.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Factors as general health and fitness or the severity of their symptoms impact the survival rates. For instance, younger people (among 20–40 years old) have a better outcome despite having more symptoms at presentation, possibly due to lower rates spread of cancer to the lymph nodes (stage III).

Histological grade is related to the aggressiveness of the cancer, and it is classified in 4 grades, with 1 having the best prognosis (five-year survival over 89%), and 4 with the worst prognosis (46% of five-year survival).

Some people have the renal cell cancer detected before they have symptoms (incidentally) because of the [[CT scan]] (Computed Tomography Imaging) or [[ultrasound]]. Incidentally diagnosed renal cell cancer (no symptoms) differs in outlook from those diagnosed after presenting symptoms of renal cell carcinoma or metastasis. The five-year survival rate was higher for incidental than for symptomatic tumours: 85.3% versus 62.5%. Incidental lesions were significantly lower stage than those that cause symptoms, since 62.1% patients with incidental renal cell carcinoma were observed with Stage I lesions, against 23% were found with symptomatic renal cell carcinoma.<ref name="pmid10647646">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Smith RB, Figlin R, de Kernion JB, Belldegrun A | title = Renal cell carcinoma: prognostic significance of incidentally detected tumors | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 163 | issue = 2 | pages = 426–30 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10647646 | doi = 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67892-5}}</ref>

If it has metastasized to the lymph nodes, the five-year survival is around 5% to 15%. For metastatic renal cell carcinoma, factors which may present a poor prognosis include a low [[Performance status#Karnofsky scoring|Karnofsky performance-status score]] (a standard way of measuring functional impairment in patients with cancer), a low [[haemoglobin]] level, a high level of serum lactate dehydrogenase, and a high corrected level of serum calcium.<ref name=Motzer1>{{cite journal |doi=10.1200/JCO.2004.06.132 |title=Prognostic Factors for Survival in Previously Treated Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2003 |last1=Motzer |first1=R. J. |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=454–63 |pmid=14752067 |last2=Bacik |first2=J |last3=Schwartz |first3=LH |last4=Reuter |first4=V |last5=Russo |first5=P |last6=Marion |first6=S |last7=Mazumdar |first7=M|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Motzer2>{{cite journal |pmid=10561319 |year=1999 |last1=Motzer |first1=RJ |last2=Mazumdar |first2=M |last3=Bacik |first3=J |last4=Berg |first4=W |last5=Amsterdam |first5=A |last6=Ferrara |first6=J |title=Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2530–40 |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |doi=10.1200/jco.1999.17.8.2530}}</ref> For non-metastatic cases, the Leibovich scoring algorithm may be used to predict post-operative disease progression.<ref name=Leibovich>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/cncr.11234 |title=Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma |year=2003 |last1=Leibovich |first1=Bradley C. |last2=Blute |first2=Michael L. |last3=Cheville |first3=John C. |last4=Lohse |first4=Christine M. |last5=Frank |first5=Igor |last6=Kwon |first6=Eugene D. |last7=Weaver |first7=Amy L. |last8=Parker |first8=Alexander S. |last9=Zincke |first9=Horst |journal=Cancer |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=1663–71 |pmid=12655523 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Renal cell carcinoma is one of the cancers most strongly associated with [[paraneoplastic syndrome]]s, most often due to ectopic hormone production by the tumour. The treatment for these complications of RCC is generally limited beyond treating the underlying cancer.

== Epidemiology ==
The incidence of the disease varies according to geographic, demographic and, to a lesser extent, hereditary factors. There are some known risk factors, however the significance of other potential risk factors remains more controversial. The incidence of the cancer has been increasing in frequency worldwide at a rate of approximately 2–3% per decade<ref name="DoictrvMissing">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.12.001|title=Epidemiologic and socioeconomic burden of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): A literature review|year=2008|last1=Gupta|first1=Kiran|last2=Miller|first2=Jeffrey D.|last3=Li|first3=Jim Z.|last4=Russell|first4=Mason W.|last5=Charbonneau|first5=Claudie|journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews|volume=34|issue=3|pages=193–205|pmid=18313224}}</ref> until the last few years where the number of new cases has stabilised.<ref name="Ljungberg et al 2011">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.049|title=The Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma|year=2011|last1=Ljungberg|first1=Börje|last2=Campbell|first2=Steven C.|last3=Choi|first3=Han Yong|last4=Jacqmin|first4=Didier|last5=Lee|first5=Jung Eun|last6=Weikert|first6=Steffen|last7=Kiemeney|first7=Lambertus A.|journal=European Urology|volume=60|issue=4|pages=615–21|pmid=21741761}}</ref>

The incidence of RCC varies between sexes, ages, races and geographic location around the world. Men have a higher incidence than women (approximately 1.6:1)<ref name="nejm">{{cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJMra043172|title=Renal-Cell Carcinoma|year=2005|last1=Cohen|first1=Herbert T.|last2=McGovern|first2=Francis J.|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=23|pages=2477–90|pmid=16339096|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55f232dcc1c38655f4215c2fd9cefaf4775eff29}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the vast majority are diagnosed after 65 years of age.<ref name="nejm" /> Asians reportedly have a significantly lower incidence of RCC than whites and while African countries have the lowest reported incidences, African Americans have the highest incidence of the population in the United States.<ref name="Ljungberg et al 2011" /> Developed countries have a higher incidence than developing countries, with the highest rates found in North America, Europe and Australia / New Zealand.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_1 |chapter=Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Incidence, Demographics, and Environmental Factors |title=Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Birkhäuser |first1=Frédéric D. |last2=Kroeger |first2=Nils |last3=Pantuck |first3=Allan J. |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8 |pages=3–22}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Daniel Sennert]] made the first reference suggesting a [[tumour]] arising in the [[kidney]] in his text ''Practicae Medicinae'', first published in 1613.<ref name=history>{{cite journal|last=Delahunt|first=Brett|title=History of Renal Neoplasia|journal=United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology 2009 Annual Meeting|date=March 8, 2009|url=http://www.uscap.org/site~/98th/pdf/companion09h02.pdf|access-date=April 27, 2013|archive-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329054018/http://www.uscap.org/site~/98th/pdf/companion09h02.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Miril published the earliest unequivocal case of renal [[carcinoma]] in 1810.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Delahunt|first=Brett|author2=Thornton A|title=Renal cell carcinoma. A historical perspective|journal=J Urol Pathol|year=1996|volume=4|pages=31–49}}</ref> He described the case of Françoise Levelly, a 35-year-old woman, who presented to Brest Civic Hospital on April 6, 1809, supposedly in the late stages of pregnancy.<ref name=history />

Koenig published the first classification of renal tumours based on macroscopic morphology in 1826. Koenig divided the tumors into scirrhous, steatomatous, fungoid and medullary forms.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2005.01.007 |title=History of the Development of the Classification of Renal Cell Neoplasia |year=2005 |last1=Delahunt |first1=Brett |last2=Eble |first2=John N. |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=231–46, v |pmid=15848734}}</ref>

=== Hypernephroma controversy ===

Following the classification of the tumour, researchers attempted to identify the tissue of origin for renal carcinoma.

The [[pathogenesis]] of renal epithelial tumours was debated for decades. The debate was initiated by [[Paul Grawitz]] when in 1883, he published his observations on the morphology of small, yellow renal [[tumors|tumours]]. Grawitz concluded that only alveolar tumours were of [[adrenal]] origin, whereas papillary tumours were derived from [[renal]] tissue.<ref name=history />

In 1893, Paul Sudeck challenged the theory postulated by Grawitz by publishing descriptions of renal tumours in which he identified atypical features within [[Renal tubules#Renal tubule|renal tubules]] and noted a gradation of these atypical features between the tubules and neighboring [[malignant tumour]]. In 1894, [[Otto Lubarsch]], who supported the theory postulated by Grawitz coined the term ''hypernephroid tumor'', which was amended to ''hypernephroma'' by [[Felix Victor Birch-Hirschfeld]] to describe these tumours.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/archinte.1929.00140050123011 |title=Carcinoma of the Renal Cortex with Factors Bearing on Prognosis |year=1929 |last1=Judd |first1=E. Starr |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=746}}</ref>

Vigorous criticism of Grawitz was provided by Oskar Stoerk in 1908, who considered the [[adrenal]] origin of renal tumours to be unproved. Despite the compelling arguments against the theory postulated by Grawitz, the term hypernephroma, with its associated adrenal connotation, persisted in the literature.<ref name=history />

Foot and Humphreys, and Foote et al. introduced the term ''Renal Celled Carcinoma'' to emphasize a [[Renal tubular#Renal tubule|renal tubular]] origin for these [[tumors|tumours]]. Their designation was slightly altered by Fetter to the now widely accepted term ''Renal Cell Carcinoma''.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14861941 |year=1951 |last1=Foot |first1=NC |last2=Humphreys |first2=GA |last3=Whitmore |first3=WF |title=Renal tumors: Pathology and prognosis in 295 cases |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=190–200 |journal=The Journal of Urology|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(17)74326-1 }}</ref>

Convincing evidence to settle the debate was offered by Oberling et al. in 1959 who studied the [[ultrastructure]] of clear cells from eight renal [[carcinomas]]. They found that the tumour cell [[cytoplasm]] contained numerous [[mitochondria]] and deposits of [[glycogen]] and fat. They identified [[cytoplasmic membrane]]s inserted perpendicularly onto the [[basement membrane]] with occasional cells containing [[microvilli]] along the free borders. They concluded that these features indicated that the tumours arose from the [[epithelial]] cells of the [[Renal tubule|renal convoluted tubule]], thus finally settling one of the most debated issues in [[tumour]] pathology.<ref name=history /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/186402a0 |title=Ultrastructure of the Clear Cells in Renal Carcinomas and its Importance for the Demonstration of their Renal Origin |year=1960 |last1=Oberling |first1=CH. |last2=Rivière |first2=M. |last3=Haguenau |first3=FR. |journal=Nature |volume=186 |issue=4722 |pages=402–403|pmid=14428164 |bibcode=1960Natur.186..402O |s2cid=4224899 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dysuria]]
* [[Interferon]]
* [[Interleukin-2]]
* [[Kidney cancer]]
* [[Knudson hypothesis]]<ref name="Valladares2008" />
* [[Rapamycin]]
* [[Stauffer syndrome]]
* [[Vinblastine]]
* [[Vasculogenic mimicry|Vasculogenic Mimicry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=


<ref name="Baldewijns2008">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.002|pmid=18187049|title=Genetics and epigenetics of renal cell cancer|year=2008|last1=Baldewijns|first1=Marcella M.L.|last2=Van Vlodrop|first2=Iris J.H.|last3=Schouten|first3=Leo J.|last4=Soetekouw|first4=Patricia M.M.B.|last5=De Bruïne|first5=Adriaan P.|last6=Van Engeland|first6=Manon|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer|volume=1785|issue=2|pages=133–155}}</ref>

<ref name="Birkhauser2013">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management |year=2013|publisher=Humana Pr Inc.|isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=3–22|author=Birkhauser|last2=Kroeger|first2=Pantuck|chapter=Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Incidence, Demographics, and Environmental Factors}}</ref>

<ref name="cohen">{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJMra043172|pmid=16339096 |title=Renal-Cell Carcinoma |year=2005 |last1=Cohen |first1=Herbert T. |last2=McGovern |first2=Francis J. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=23 |pages=2477–90|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55f232dcc1c38655f4215c2fd9cefaf4775eff29 }}</ref>

<ref name="kim">{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000092764.81308.6a |title=Paraneoplastic Signs and Symptoms of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Prognosis |year=2003 |last1=Kim |first1=Hyung L. |last2=Belldegrun |first2=Arie S. |last3=Freitas |first3=Danielo G. |last4=Bui |first4=Matthew H.T. |last5=Han |first5=KEN-RYU |last6=Dorey |first6=Frederick J. |last7=Figlin |first7=Robert A. |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=170 |issue=5 |pages=1742–6 |pmid=14532767}}</ref>

<ref name="LaneBook">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_5 |chapter=Prognostic Factors for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma |title=Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Lane |first1=Brian R. |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8 |pages=83–102}}</ref>

<ref name="Lipworth2009">{{cite journal |pmid=20865085 |year=2009 |last1=Lipworth |first1=L |last2=Tarone |first2=RE |last3=Lund |first3=L |last4=McLaughlin |first4=JK |title=Epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors for renal cell cancer |volume=1 |pages=33–43 |pmc=2943168 |journal=Clinical Epidemiology|doi=10.2147/clep.s4759 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Matin2013">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management |year=2013|publisher=Humana |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=155–166|author=Matin|author2=Ahrar|chapter=Thermal Ablation}}</ref>

<ref name="metz">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|year=2013|publisher=Humana |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=339–348|author=Metz|author2=Davis|chapter=Palliative and Supportive Care for Renal Cancer}}</ref>

<ref name ="motzer">{{cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM199609193351207|title=Renal-Cell Carcinoma|year=1996|last1=Motzer|first1=Robert J.|last2=Bander|first2=Neil H.|last3=Nanus|first3=David M.|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=335|issue=12|pages=865–75|pmid=8778606}}</ref>

<ref name="Pavlovich2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nrc1364 |title=Searching for the hereditary causes of renal-cell carcinoma |year=2004 |last1=Pavlovich |first1=Christian P. |last2=Schmidt |first2=Laura S. |journal=Nature Reviews Cancer |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=381–93 |pmid=15122209|s2cid=17905393 }}</ref><ref name=rini>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60229-4 |pmid=19269025 |title=Renal cell carcinoma |year=2009 |last1=Rini |first1=Brian I |last2=Campbell |first2=Steven C |last3=Escudier |first3=Bernard |journal=The Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9669 |pages=1119–1132|s2cid=24535138 }}</ref>

<ref name="Russo2013">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|year=2013|publisher=Humana Pr Inc.|isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=119–132|author=Russo|chapter=Radical Nephrectomy for Localised Renal Tumours: Oncological and Renal Functional Considerations}}</ref>

<ref name="Valladares2008">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12094-008-0276-8 |title=Origin of renal cell carcinomas |year=2008 |last1=Valladares Ayerbes |first1=Manuel |last2=Aparicio Gallego |first2=Guadalupe |last3=Díaz Prado |first3=Silvia |last4=Jiménez Fonseca |first4=Paula |last5=García Campelo |first5=Rosario |last6=Antón Aparicio |first6=Luis Miguel |journal=Clinical and Translational Oncology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=697–712 |pmid=19015066|hdl=2183/19413 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|64||c|64}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|189.0}}
| ICDO = {{ICDO|8312|3}}
| OMIM = 144700
| OMIM_mult = {{OMIM|605074||none}}
| MedlinePlus = 000516
| eMedicineSubj = med
| eMedicineTopic = 2002
| DiseasesDB = 11245
| MeSH1 = D002292
}}
{{Urologic neoplasia}}
{{Tumor morphology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renal Cell Carcinoma}}
[[Category:Kidney cancer]]
[[Category:Medical triads]]

Renal cell carcinoma

2024-04-21T16:53:25Z

OfTheUsername: /* History */ wikilink

{{Other uses|RCC (disambiguation)}}
{{More medical citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Renal cell carcinoma
| synonyms =
| image = Clear cell renal cell carcinoma high mag.jpg
| caption = [[Micrograph]] of the most common type of '''renal cell carcinoma''' (clear cell)—on right of the image; non-tumour kidney is on the left of the image. Nephrectomy specimen. [[H&E stain]]
| pronounce =
| field = [[Oncology]]
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes =
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
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}}
'''Renal cell carcinoma''' ('''RCC''') is a [[kidney cancer]] that originates in the lining of the [[Proximal tubule|proximal convoluted tubule]], a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90–95% of cases.<ref name=MSR>{{cite web |title= Renal Cell Carcinoma |website= Medscape Reference |publisher= WebMD |date= 26 February 2014 |access-date= 7 March 2014 |url= http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/281340-overview#showall |last1= Curti |first1= B |last2= Jana |first2= BRP |last3= Javeed |first3= M |last4= Makhoul |first4= I |last5= Sachdeva |first5= K |last6= Hu |first6= W |last7= Perry |first7= M |last8= Talavera |first8= F |editor= Harris, JE |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140307024450/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/281340-overview#showall |archive-date= 7 March 2014}}</ref> It is more common in men (with a male-to-female ratio of up to 2:1).<ref name=EAU2023>{{cite web |title=EAU Guidelines: Renal Cell Carcinoma – limited update March 2023 |url=https://d56bochluxqnz.cloudfront.net/documents/full-guideline/EAU-Guidelines-on-Renal-Cell-Carcinoma-2023.pdf |publisher=[[European Association of Urology]] |date=2023 |isbn=978-94-92671-19-6}}</ref> It is most commonly diagnosed in the elderly (especially in people over 75 years of age).<ref name=Znaor2015>{{cite journal |vauthors=Znaor A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Laversanne M, Jemal A, Bray F |title=International variations and trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality |journal=European Urology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=519–30 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25449206 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.002 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=d5ea9c0113dd75a86a3257140a2f1b36332d1af3}}</ref>

Initial treatment is most commonly either partial or complete removal of the affected kidney(s).<ref name="r">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rini BI, Rathmell WK, Godley P |title=Renal cell carcinoma |journal=Curr Opin Oncol |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=300–6 |year=2008 |pmid=18391630 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e3282f9782b }}</ref> Where the cancer has not [[metastasise]]d (spread to other organs) or burrowed deeper into the tissues of the kidney, the [[five-year survival rate]] is 65–90%,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cancer-of-the-kidney/Pages/Introduction.aspx |title=Kidney cancer |date=2017-10-23 |website=nhs.uk |access-date=19 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003091241/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer-of-the-kidney/Pages/Introduction.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> but this is lowered considerably when the cancer has spread.

The body is remarkably good at hiding the symptoms and as a result people with RCC often have advanced disease by the time it is discovered.<ref name="path">{{cite book |author=Fausto, V |author2=Abbas, A |author3=Fausto, N |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of disease |date=2004 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-0721601878 |edition=7th}}</ref> The initial symptoms of RCC often include [[haematuria|blood in the urine]] (occurring in 40% of affected persons at the time they first seek medical attention), [[Abdominal pain|flank pain]] (40%), a mass in the abdomen or flank (25%), [[weight loss]] (33%), [[fever]] (20%), [[hypertension|high blood pressure]] (20%), [[night sweats]] and [[malaise|generally feeling unwell]].<ref name="MSR" /> When RCC metastasises, it most commonly spreads to the [[lymph nodes]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[adrenal glands]], [[brain]] or bones.<ref name = MM/> [[Immunomodulatory|Immunotherapy]] and [[targeted therapy]] have improved the outlook for metastatic RCC.<ref name=singer>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32835fc857|pmid=23455028|title=Evolving therapeutic targets in renal cell carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Singer |first1=Eric A. |last2=Gupta |first2=Gopal N. |last3=Marchalik |first3=Daniel |last4=Srinivasan |first4=Ramaprasad |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=273–80 |s2cid=11526724}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Syn |first1=Nicholas L |last2=Teng |first2=Michele W L |last3=Mok |first3=Tony S K |last4=Soo |first4=Ross A |title=De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting |journal=The Lancet Oncology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e731–e741 |doi=10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1 |pmid=29208439 |year=2017}}</ref>

RCC is also associated with a number of [[paraneoplastic syndromes]] (PNS) which are conditions caused by either the hormones produced by the tumour or by the body's attack on the tumour and are present in about 20% of those with RCC.<ref name="MSR" /> These syndromes most commonly affect tissues which have not been invaded by the cancer.<ref name="MSR" /> The most common PNSs seen in people with RCC are: [[hypercalcaemia|high blood calcium levels]], [[polycythaemia|high red blood cell count]], [[thrombocytosis|high platelet count]] and secondary [[amyloidosis]].<ref name = MM/>
{{TOC limit|3}}

== Signs and symptoms ==
Historically, medical practitioners expected a person to present with three findings. This classic triad<ref name="cohen" /> is 1: [[haematuria]], which is when there is blood present in the urine, 2: flank pain, which is pain on the side of the body between the hip and ribs, and 3: an abdominal mass, similar to bloating but larger. It is now known that this classic triad of symptoms only occurs in 10–15% of cases, and is usually indicative that the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is in an advanced stage.<ref name="cohen" /> Today, RCC is often asymptomatic (meaning few to no symptoms) and is generally detected incidentally when a person is being examined for other ailments.<ref name="motzer" />

Other signs and symptom may include [[haematuria]];<ref name="cohen" /> loin pain;<ref name="cohen" /> abdominal mass;<ref name="motzer" /> [[malaise]], which is a general feeling of unwellness;<ref name="motzer" /> weight loss and/or loss of appetite;<ref name="kim" /> [[anaemia]] resulting from depression of [[erythropoietin]];<ref name="cohen" /> [[erythrocytosis]] (increased production of [[red blood cell]]s) due to increased erythropoietin secretion;<ref name="cohen" /> [[varicocele]], which is seen in males as an enlargement of the pampiniform plexus of veins draining the testis (more often the left testis)<ref name="motzer" /> [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure) resulting from secretion of [[renin]] by the tumour;<ref name="Birkhauser2013" /> [[hypercalcemia]], which is elevation of calcium levels in the blood;<ref name="LaneBook" /> sleep disturbance or night sweats;<ref name="kim" /> recurrent [[fever]]s;<ref name="kim" /> and chronic fatigue.<ref name="metz" />

== Risk factors ==

=== Lifestyle ===
The greatest risk factors for RCC are lifestyle-related; smoking, obesity and [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure) have been estimated to account for up to 50% of cases.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057475|title=Metabolic Factors Associated with Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma|year=2013|editor1-last=Miller|editor1-first=Todd W|last1=Häggström|first1=Christel|last2=Rapp|first2=Kilian|last3=Stocks|first3=Tanja|last4=Manjer|first4=Jonas|last5=Bjørge|first5=Tone|last6=Ulmer|first6=Hanno|last7=Engeland|first7=Anders|last8=Almqvist|first8=Martin|last9=Concin|first9=Hans|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=2|pages=e57475|pmid=23468995|pmc=3585341|last10=Selmer|first10=R|last11=Ljungberg|first11=B|last12=Tretli|first12=S|last13=Nagel|first13=G|last14=Hallmans|first14=G|last15=Jonsson|first15=H|last16=Stattin|first16=P|bibcode=2013PLoSO...857475H|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Occupational exposure to some chemicals such as asbestos, cadmium, lead, chlorinated solvents, petrochemicals and PAH ([[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]) has been examined by multiple studies with inconclusive results.<ref name="Ljungberg et al 2011" /><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00708.x|title=Risk factors for adult renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and implications for prevention|year=2007|last1=Dhôte|first1=R.|last2=Pellicer-Coeuret|first2=M.|last3=Thiounn|first3=N.|last4=Debré|first4=B.|last5=Vidal-Trecan|first5=G.|journal=BJU International|volume=86|pages=20–7|pmid=10886077|issue=1|s2cid=21271953}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/oem.2010.056341|title=Occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel, and renal cell carcinoma: A case-control study from Central and Eastern Europe|year=2011|last1=Boffetta|first1=P.|last2=Fontana|first2=L.|last3=Stewart|first3=P.|last4=Zaridze|first4=D.|last5=Szeszenia-Dabrowska|first5=N.|last6=Janout|first6=V.|last7=Bencko|first7=V.|last8=Foretova|first8=L.|last9=Jinga|first9=V.|journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine|volume=68|issue=10|pages=723–8|pmid=21217163|last10=Matveev|first10=V.|last11=Kollarova|first11=H.|last12=Ferro|first12=G.|last13=Chow|first13=W.-H.|last14=Rothman|first14=N.|last15=Van Bemmel|first15=D.|last16=Karami|first16=S.|last17=Brennan|first17=P.|last18=Moore|first18=L. E.|hdl=11585/682305 |s2cid=29328889|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
Another suspected risk factor is the long term use of [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDS).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2011.356|title=Prospective Evaluation of Analgesic Use and Risk of Renal Cell Cancer|year=2011|last1=Cho|first1=Eunyoung|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=171|issue=16|pages=1487–93|pmid=21911634|last2=Curhan|first2=G|last3=Hankinson|first3=SE|last4=Kantoff|first4=P|last5=Atkins|first5=MB|last6=Stampfer|first6=M|last7=Choueiri|first7=TK|pmc=3691864}}</ref>

Finally, studies have found that women who have had a [[hysterectomy]] are at more than double the risk of developing RCC than those who have not.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ijc.23750|title=Reproductive, menstrual, and other hormone-related factors and risk of renal cell cancer|year=2008|last1=Zucchetto|first1=Antonella|last2=Talamini|first2=Renato|last3=Dal Maso|first3=Luigino|last4=Negri|first4=Eva|last5=Polesel|first5=Jerry|last6=Ramazzotti|first6=Valerio|last7=Montella|first7=Maurizio|last8=Canzonieri|first8=Vincenzo|last9=Serraino|first9=Diego|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=123|issue=9|pages=2213–6|pmid=18711701|last10=La Vecchia|first10=Carlo|last11=Franceschi|first11=Silvia|doi-access=free}}</ref> Moderate alcohol consumption, on the other hand, has been shown to have a protective effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bellocco|first1=R.|last2=Pasquali|first2=E.|last3=Rota|first3=M.|last4=Bagnardi|first4=V.|last5=Tramacere|first5=I.|last6=Scotti|first6=L.|last7=Pelucchi|first7=C.|last8=Boffetta|first8=P.|last9=Corrao|first9=G.|date=2012-09-01|title=Alcohol drinking and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=23|issue=9|pages=2235–2244|doi=10.1093/annonc/mds022|issn=1569-8041|pmid=22398178|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Genetics ===
Hereditary factors have a minor impact on individual susceptibility with immediate relatives of people with RCC having a two to fourfold increased risk of developing the condition.<ref name="Lipworth2009" /> Other genetically linked conditions also increase the risk of RCC, including [[hereditary papillary renal carcinoma]], hereditary [[leiomyomatosis]], [[Birt–Hogg–Dube syndrome]], [[hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome]], familial [[papillary thyroid carcinoma]], [[von Hippel–Lindau disease]]<ref name="Pavlovich2004" /> and [[sickle cell disease]].<ref name="rini" />

The most significant disease affecting risk however is not genetically linked – patients with acquired [[cyst]]ic disease of the kidney requiring dialysis are 30 times more likely than the general population to develop RCC.<ref name="Baldewijns2008" />

== Pathophysiology ==
The tumour arises from the cells of the [[proximal renal tubule|proximal renal tubular]] epithelium.<ref name = MSR/> It is considered an [[adenocarcinoma]].<ref name=MM>{{cite web|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma|website=Merck Manual Professional|publisher=Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.|date=November 2013|access-date=7 March 2014|url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/genitourinary_cancer/renal_cell_carcinoma.html|author=Master, VA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307051746/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/genitourinary_cancer/renal_cell_carcinoma.html|archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> There are two subtypes: sporadic (that is, non-hereditary) and hereditary.<ref name = MSR/> Both such subtypes are associated with mutations in the short-arm of [[chromosome 3]], with the implicated genes being either tumour suppressor genes ([[Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor|VHL]] and [[tuberous sclerosis protein|TSC]]) or oncogenes (like [[c-Met]]).<ref name = MSR/>

== Diagnosis ==

The first steps taken to diagnose this condition are consideration of the signs and symptoms, and a [[medical history]] (the detailed medical review of past health state) to evaluate any risk factors. Based on the symptoms presented, a range of [[biochemical]] tests (using blood and/or urine samples) may also be considered as part of the screening process to provide sufficient quantitative analysis of any differences in [[electrolytes]], kidney and liver function, and blood clotting times.<ref name="rini" /> Upon physical examination, palpation of the abdomen may reveal the presence of a mass or an organ enlargement.<ref name=Tjaden>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1015-9584(11)60019-5 |title=Reactive Hypertrophy of an Accessory Spleen Mimicking Tumour Recurrence of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2011 |last1=Tjaden |first1=Christin |last2=Werner |first2=Jens |last3=Buechler |first3=Markus W. |last4=Hackert |first4=Thilo |journal=Asian Journal of Surgery |volume=34 |pages=50–2 |pmid=21515214 |issue=1|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although this disease lacks characterization in the early stages of tumor development, considerations based on diverse clinical manifestations, as well as resistance to [[radiation]] and [[chemotherapy]] are important. The main diagnostic tools for detecting renal cell carcinoma are [[ultrasound]], [[computed tomography]] (CT) scanning and [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) of the kidneys.<ref name=agabegi2nd>{{cite book |author1=Elizabeth D Agabegi |author2=Agabegi, Steven S. |title=Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7817-7153-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stepuptomedicine0000agab }}</ref>

=== Classification ===
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not a single entity, but rather a collection of different types of [[Tumor|tumours]], each derived from the various parts of the [[nephron]] ([[epithelium]] or [[Renal tubules#Renal tubule|renal tubules]]) and possessing distinct genetic characteristics, [[Histology|histological]] features, and, to some extent, clinical phenotypes.<ref name="rini" />
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:88%; width:100%"
! colspan=4 | Classification of the Common [[Histology|Histological]] Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma<ref name=rini />
|-
! Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtype !! Frequency !! Genetic Abnormalities !! Characteristics
|-
|
'''Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CCRCC)'''
[[File:Renal clear cell ca (1) Nephrectomy.jpg|thumb|centre|Generally the cells have a clear [[cytoplasm]], are surrounded by a distinct [[cell membrane]] and contain round and uniform [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]].]]
|| 60–70%
||
* Alterations of [[chromosome 3]]p segments occurs in 70–90% of CCRCCs
* Inactivation of [[Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor|von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene]] by [[mutation]] and promoter [[Methylation#Epigenetics|hypermethylation]]
* Gain of chromosome 5q
* Loss of chromosomes 8p, 9p, and 14q
* In 2009–2010, five new frequently mutated genes were discovered in CCRCC; KDM6A/UTX, SETD2, KDM5C/JARID1C, and MLL2<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2012.09.049 |title=The Changing Face of Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Impact of Systematic Genetic Sequencing on Our Understanding of This Tumor's Biology |year=2013 |last1=Catto |first1=James W.F. |last2=Shariat |first2=Shahrokh F. |journal=European Urology |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=855–7; discussion 857–8 |pmid=23026395}}</ref>
||
* CCRCC is derived from the [[Proximal convoluted tubules|proximal convoluted tubule]]
* Most commonly affects male patients in their sixties and seventies<ref name=zhou>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_2 |chapter=Pathology of Renal Cell Carcinoma |title=Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Zhou |first1=Ming |last2=He |first2=Huiying |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8 |pages=23–41|s2cid=2101851 }}</ref>
* Majority of CCRCC arise [[Sporadic cancer#Heredity|sporadically]]<ref name=zhou />
* Only 2 – 4% of the cases presenting as part of an [[Heredity|inherited]] cancer syndrome<ref name=zhou />
|-
| '''Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC)'''
[[File:Papillary renal cell carcinoma 1.jpg|thumb|centre|Type 1 PRCC consist of [[Renal papilla|papillae]] covered with a single or double layer of small [[Cuboidal epithelial cell|cuboid cells]] with scanty [[cytoplasm]] and Type 2 PRCC consist of papillae covered by large [[eosinophilic]] cells arranged in an irregular or [[Epithelium|pseudostratified]] manner.]]
|| 10–15%
||
* [[Trisomy]] of chromosomes 7 and 17, loss of chromosome Y in men in sporadic PRCC<ref>{{cite book |title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease |year=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780808924500 |pages=954 |edition=Ninth}}</ref>
* [[Trisomy]] of chromosome 7 in hereditary PRCC<ref>{{cite book |title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease |isbn=9780808924500 |pages=954 |edition=Ninth|last1=Kumar |first1=Vinay |last2=Abbas |first2=Abul K. |last3=Aster |first3=Jon C. |year=2015 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders }}</ref>
* Gain of chromosomes 12, 16, and 20
* Rare mutations of [[Met proto-oncogene#proto-oncogene|Met]] [[Proto-oncogene#Proto-oncogene|proto-oncogene]]
||
* PRCC is derived from the [[distal convoluted tubule]]
* PRCCs most commonly affect males in their sixties and seventies<ref name=zhou />
* Less aggressive tumour than clear cell RCC, with 5-year survival rates of 80% to 85%.
* Majority of tumours occur [[Sporadic cancer|sporadically]], but some may develop in members of families with [[hereditary]] PRCC<ref name=zhou />
|-
| '''[[Chromophobe]] Renal Cell Carcinoma (ChRCC)'''
[[File:Histopathology of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.png|thumb|centre|ChRCC consists of tumor cells with well demarcated borders and abundant pale to eosinophilic cytoplasm.]]
|| 3–5%
||
* Loss of chromosomes Y, 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 21
||
* ChRCC is derived from the [[cortical collecting duct]]
* ChRCC has a much better [[prognosis]] than clear cell and papillary RCC, with 5-year survival rate of greater than 90%.
* Most cases arise [[Sporadic cancer|sporadically]], while some familial cases are associated with [[Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome|Birt–Hogg–Dube (BHD) syndrome]]<ref name=zhou />
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:88%; width:100%"
! colspan=5 | Clinical, Pathological and Genetic Features of Uncommon RCC Subtypes Included in the 2004 WHO Classification of RCC Pathology<ref name=zhou /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2005.11.035 |title=2004 WHO Classification of the Renal Tumors of the Adults |year=2006 |last1=Lopez-Beltran |first1=Antonio |last2=Scarpelli |first2=Marina |last3=Montironi |first3=Rodolfo |last4=Kirkali |first4=Ziya |journal=European Urology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=798–805 |pmid=16442207}}</ref>
|-
! RCC subtype !! Clinical features !! Cell/Tissue Characteristics !! Genetics !! Prognosis
|-
| '''Multilocular Cystic RCC'''
||
* Variant of CCRCC (5% of CCRCC)
* Mean age 51 years (range 20–76)
* Male:female = 2–3:1
|| Clear [[cytoplasm]], small dark [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]]
|| 3p deletion as observed in CCRCC
||
* Favorable
* No local or distant [[metastasis]] after complete surgical removal
|-
| '''[[Collecting duct carcinoma|Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini]]'''
||
* Less than 1% of all renal tumors; arising in the [[duct of Bellini|collecting ducts of Bellini]]
* Mean age 55 years (range 40–70)
* Male:female = 2:1
|| High-grade tumor cells with [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]
|| Variable results: LOH on chromosomes 1q, 6p, 8p,9p, 13q, 19q32 and 21q; c-erB2 amplification associated with unfavorable outcome
||
* Poor prognosis
* 1/3 presenting with [[metastasis]]
* 2/3 patients succumb to the disease within 2 years of diagnosis
|-
| '''Medullary Carcinoma'''
||
* Exceedingly rare; almost exclusively in patients with [[Sickle-cell disease|sickle cell hemoglobinopathies or traits]]
* Majority are African-Americans
* Mean age 19 years (5–69)
* Male:female = 2:1
|| [[Haemorrhage]] and [[necrosis]], high-grade tumour cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm
|| Not well defined
||
* Highly aggressive
* 95% presenting with [[metastasis]]
* Often succumb to the disease within 6 months of diagnosis
|-
| '''Xp11.2 Translocation Carcinoma'''
||
* Predominantly affecting children and young adults
* Accounts for 40% of RCCs in this age group
* Affects adult patients with a striking female predominance
||
* May resemble PRCC
* Clear and [[eosinophilic]] cells
|| [[Chromosomal translocation]] involving [[TFE3]] gene on Xp11.2 resulting in [[overexpression]] of the TFE3 protein
||
* Present at advanced stage, but with indolent clinical course in children
* Adult patients may pursue more aggressive course
|-
| '''Mucinous Tubular Spindle Cell Carcinoma'''
||
* Mean age 53 years (range 13–82)
* Affects predominantly female patients (male:female = 1:4) incidental finding in most cases
|| Tubules, extracellular [[mucin]] and [[spindle cells]]
|| Not well defined; Losses involving chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 22 reported; 3p alterations and gain of chromosome 7, and 17 not present
||
* Favourable
* Majority of patients remain disease free after surgical resection
|-
| '''Post-Neuroblastoma Renal Cell Carcinoma'''
||
* Mean age of RCC diagnosis is 13.5 years (range 2–35)

|| Eosinophilic cells with [[Oncocytoma|oncocytoid]] features (same as CCRCC)
|| Not well defined; Loss of multiple chromosomal [[Locus (genetics)|loci]] observed
|| Similar to other common RCC subtypes
|}

Array-based karyotyping can be used to identify characteristic chromosomal aberrations in renal tumors with challenging morphology.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1746-1596-3-44 |title=Virtual karyotyping with SNP microarrays reduces uncertainty in the diagnosis of renal epithelial tumors |year=2008 |last1=Hagenkord |first1=Jill M |last2=Parwani |first2=Anil V |last3=Lyons-Weiler |first3=Maureen A |last4=Alvarez |first4=Karla |last5=Amato |first5=Robert |last6=Gatalica |first6=Zoran |last7=Gonzalez-Berjon |first7=Jose M |last8=Peterson |first8=Leif |last9=Dhir |first9=Rajiv |last10=Monzon |first10=Federico A |journal=Diagnostic Pathology |volume=3 |pages=44 |pmid=18990225 |pmc=2588560 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2008.20 |title=Whole genome SNP arrays as a potential diagnostic tool for the detection of characteristic chromosomal aberrations in renal epithelial tumors |year=2008 |last1=Monzon |first1=Federico A |last2=Hagenkord |first2=Jill M |last3=Lyons-Weiler |first3=Maureen A |last4=Balani |first4=Jyoti P |last5=Parwani |first5=Anil V |last6=Sciulli |first6=Christin M |last7=Li |first7=Jia |last8=Chandran |first8=Uma R |last9=Bastacky |first9=Sheldon I |last10=Dhir |first10=Rajiv |journal=Modern Pathology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=599–608 |pmid=18246049|doi-access=free }}</ref> Array-based karyotyping performs well on paraffin embedded tumours<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lyons-Weiler M, Hagenkord J, Sciulli C, Dhir R, Monzon FA |title=Optimization of the Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 10K 2.0 Assay for routine clinical use on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues |journal=Diagn. Mol. Pathol. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2008 |pmid=18303412 |doi=10.1097/PDM.0b013e31815aca30 |s2cid=24420204 }}</ref> and is amenable to routine clinical use. See also [[Virtual Karyotype]] for CLIA certified laboratories offering array-based karyotyping of solid tumours.

The 2004 [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) classification of genitourinary tumours recognizes over 40 subtypes of [[Kidney cancer|renal neoplasms]]. Since the publication of the latest iteration of the WHO classification in 2004, several novel renal tumour subtypes have been described:<ref name="pmid24364021">{{Cite journal | pmid = 24364021| year = 2013| last1 = Crumley| first1 = S. M.| title = Renal cell carcinoma: Evolving and emerging subtypes| journal = World Journal of Clinical Cases| volume = 1| issue = 9| pages = 262–275| last2 = Divatia| first2 = M| last3 = Truong| first3 = L| last4 = Shen| first4 = S| last5 = Ayala| first5 = A. G.| last6 = Ro| first6 = J. Y.| pmc = 3868710 | doi=10.12998/wjcc.v1.i9.262| doi-access = free}}</ref>
* [[Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma]] and [[clear cell renal cell carcinoma with smooth muscle stroma]]<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 21602815| year = 2011| last1 = Rohan| first1 = S. M.| title = Clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis with emphasis on the von Hippel-Lindau gene and hypoxia-inducible factor pathway-related proteins| journal = Modern Pathology| volume = 24| issue = 9| pages = 1207–20| last2 = Xiao| first2 = Y| last3 = Liang| first3 = Y| last4 = Dudas| first4 = M. E.| last5 = Al-Ahmadie| first5 = H. A.| last6 = Fine| first6 = S. W.| last7 = Gopalan| first7 = A| last8 = Reuter| first8 = V. E.| last9 = Rosenblum| first9 = M. K.| last10 = Russo| first10 = P| last11 = Tickoo| first11 = S. K.| doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2011.80| doi-access = free}}</ref>
* [[Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma]] (MTSCC) <ref name="pmid24364021"/>
* [[Multilocular cystic clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid24364021"/>
* [[Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Thyroid-like follicular renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Acquired cystic kidney disease-associated renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Renal cell carcinoma with t(6;11) translocation]] (TFEB)
* [[Hybrid oncocytoma/chromophobe renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma]] (HLRCC)

=== Laboratory tests ===
Laboratory tests are generally conducted when the patient presents with signs and symptoms that may be characteristic of kidney impairment. They are not primarily used to diagnose kidney cancer, due to its [[asymptomatic]] nature and are generally found incidentally during tests for other illnesses such as [[gallbladder]] disease.<ref name=Wood>{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Laura S.|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma|journal=Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing|date=30 November 2009|volume=13|pages=3–7|doi=10.1188/09.CJON.S2.3-7|pmid=19948453}}</ref> In other words, these cancers are not detected usually because they do not cause pain or discomfort when they are discovered. Laboratory analysis can provide an assessment on the overall health of the patient and can provide information in determining the staging and degree of [[metastasis]] to other parts of the body (if a renal [[lesion]] has been identified) before treatment is given.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==== Urine analysis ====
The presence of blood in urine is a common presumptive sign of renal cell carcinoma. The [[haemoglobin]] of the blood causes the urine to be rusty, brown or red in colour. Alternatively, [[urinalysis]] can test for [[sugar]], [[protein]] and [[bacteria]] which can also serve as indicators for [[cancer]]. A complete blood cell count can also provide additional information regarding the severity and spreading of the cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bonn|first=Dorothy|title=Urine test for renal-cell carcinoma|journal=The Lancet Oncology|date=31 Jan 2004|volume=5|issue=2|pages=72|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01368-3|pmid=14974475}}</ref>

==== Complete blood cell count ====
The CBC provides a quantified measure of the different cells in the whole blood sample from the patient. Such cells examined for in this test include red blood cells ([[erythrocytes]]), white blood cells ([[leukocytes]]) and [[platelets]] ([[thrombocytes]]). A common sign of renal cell carcinoma is [[anaemia]] whereby the patient exhibits deficiency in red blood cells.<ref name=Johann>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ac902204k |title=Combined Blood/Tissue Analysis for Cancer Biomarker Discovery: Application to Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2010 |last1=Johann |first1=Donald J. |last2=Wei |first2=Bih-Rong |last3=Prieto |first3=Darue A. |last4=Chan |first4=King C. |last5=Ye |first5=Xiaying |last6=Valera |first6=Vladimir A. |last7=Simpson |first7=R. Mark |last8=Rudnick |first8=Paul A. |last9=Xiao |first9=Zhen |last10=Issaq |first10=Haleem J. |last11=Linehan |first11=W. Marston |last12=Stein |first12=Stephen E. |last13=Veenstra |first13=Timothy D. |last14=Blonder |first14=Josip |journal=Analytical Chemistry |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1584–8 |pmid=20121140 |pmc=3251958}}</ref> CBC tests are vital as a screening tool for examination the health of patient prior to surgery. Inconsistencies with platelet counts are also common amongst these cancer patients and further coagulation tests, including [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR), prothrombin time (PT), [[activated partial thromboplastin time]] (APTT) should be considered.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==== Blood chemistry ====
Blood chemistry tests are conducted if renal cell carcinoma is suspected as [[cancer]] has the potential to elevate levels of particular chemicals in blood. For example, liver [[enzymes]] such as [[aspartate aminotransferase]] (AST) and [[alanine aminotransferase]] (ALT) are found to be at abnormally high levels.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00495.x |title=A multi-institution analysis of outcomes of liver-directed surgery for metastatic renal cell cancer |year=2012 |last1=Hatzaras |first1=Ioannis |last2=Gleisner |first2=Ana L. |last3=Pulitano |first3=Carlo |last4=Sandroussi |first4=Charbel |last5=Hirose |first5=Kenzo |last6=Hyder |first6=Omar |last7=Wolfgang |first7=Christopher L. |last8=Aldrighetti |first8=Luca |last9=Crawford |first9=Michael |last10=Choti |first10=Michael A. |last11=Pawlik |first11=Timothy M. |journal=HPB |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=532–8 |pmid=22762401 |pmc=3406350}}</ref> The staging of the cancer can also be determined by abnormal elevated levels of calcium, which suggests that the cancer may have metastasised to the bones.<ref name="Motzer2003">{{cite journal|last=Motzer|first=RJ|title=Renal cell carcinoma: a priority malignancy for development and study of novel therapies|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|date=Apr 1, 2003|volume=21|issue=7|pages=1193–4|pmid=12663704|doi=10.1200/JCO.2003.12.072}}</ref> In this case, a doctor should be prompted for a CT scan. Blood chemistry tests also assess the overall function of the kidneys and can allow the doctor to decide upon further radiological tests.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=== Radiology ===
The characteristic appearance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a solid renal lesion which disturbs the renal contour. It will frequently have an irregular or lobulated margin and may be seen as a lump on the lower pelvic or abdomen region. Traditionally, 85 to 90% of solid renal masses will turn out to be RCC but cystic renal masses may also be due to RCC.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sahni|first=V.A.|title=REVIEW: Biopsy of renal masses: when and why|journal=Cancer Imaging|date=1 January 2009|volume=9|issue=1|pages=44–55|doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0005|pmid=19602467|pmc=2739685}}</ref> However, the advances of diagnostic modalities are able to incidentally diagnose a great proportion of patients with renal lesions that may appear to be small in size and of benign state. Ten percent of RCC will contain [[calcification]]s, and some contain [[macroscopic]] fat (likely due to invasion and encasement of the perirenal fat).<ref name=Nakada>{{cite journal |pmid=6675440 |year=1983 |last1=Nakada |first1=G |last2=Machida |first2=T |last3=Masuda |first3=F |last4=Onishi |first4=T |last5=Yamazaki |first5=H |last6=Kiyota |first6=H |last7=Suzuki |first7=M |last8=Goto |first8=H |title=A case of arteriovenous fistulae secondary to renal cell carcinoma accompanied by congestive heart failure |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=901–5 |journal=Hinyokika Kiyo. Acta Urologica Japonica}}</ref>

Deciding on the [[benign]] or [[malignant]] nature of the renal mass on the basis of its localized size is an issue as renal cell carcinoma may also be cystic. As there are several benign cystic renal lesions (simple renal cyst, [[hemorrhage|haemorrhagic]] renal cyst, [[multilocular cystic nephroma]], [[polycystic kidney disease]]), it may occasionally be difficult for the radiologist to differentiate a benign cystic lesion from a malignant one.<ref name="Pattamapaspong">{{cite journal |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1293492 |title=Tuberculosis Arthritis and Tenosynovitis |year=2011 |last1=Pattamapaspong |first1=Nuttaya |last2=Muttarak |first2=Malai |last3=Sivasomboon |first3=Chate |journal=Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=459–69 |pmid=22081281|s2cid=260321430 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Bosniak classification system for cystic renal [[lesions]] classifies them into groups that are benign and those that need [[surgical resection]], based on specific imaging features.<ref name="Israel">{{cite journal |doi=10.1148/radiol.2362040218 |title=How I Do It: Evaluating Renal Masses1 |year=2005 |last1=Israel |first1=Gary M. |last2=Bosniak |first2=Morton A. |journal=Radiology |volume=236 |issue=2 |pages=441–50 |pmid=16040900|s2cid=1916092 }}</ref>

The main imaging tests performed in order to identify renal cell carcinoma are pelvic and abdominal CT scans, ultrasound tests of the kidneys (ultrasonography), MRI scans, intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or renal angiography.<ref name=Jubelirer>{{cite journal |pmid=8421912 |year=1993 |last1=Jubelirer |first1=SJ |last2=Rubin |first2=M |title=The use of modern radiologic methods in identifying incidental renal cell carcinoma |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=21–3 |journal=The West Virginia Medical Journal}}</ref> Among these main diagnostic tests, other radiologic tests such as excretory [[urography]], [[positron-emission tomography]] (PET) scanning, [[ultrasonography]], [[arteriography]], [[venography]], and bone scanning can also be used to aid in the evaluation of staging renal masses and to differentiate non-malignant tumours from malignant tumours.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==== Computed tomography ====
Contrast-enhanced [[computed tomography]] (CT) scanning is routinely used to determine the stage of the renal cell carcinoma in the [[abdominal]] and [[pelvic]] regions. CT scans have the potential to distinguish solid masses from cystic masses and may provide information on the localization, stage or spread of the cancer to other organs of the patient. Key parts of the human body which are examined for [[metastatic]] involvement of renal cell carcinoma may include the [[renal vein]], [[lymph node]] and the involvement of the [[inferior vena cava]].<ref name=Beck>{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=AD|title=Renal cell carcinoma involving the inferior vena cava: radiologic evaluation and surgical management|journal=The Journal of Urology|date=Oct 1997|volume=118|issue=4|pages=533–7|pmid=916043|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58098-2}}</ref> According to a study conducted by Sauk et al., multidetector CT imaging characteristics have applications in diagnosing patients with clear renal cell carcinoma by depicting the differences of these cells at the cytogenic level.<ref name=Sauk>{{cite journal |doi=10.1148/radiol.11101508 |title=Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Multiphasic Multidetector CT Imaging Features Help Predict Genetic Karyotypes |year=2011 |last1=Sauk |first1=Steven C. |last2=Hsu |first2=Margaret S. |last3=Margolis |first3=Daniel J. A. |last4=Lu |first4=David S. K. |last5=Rao |first5=Nagesh P. |last6=Belldegrun |first6=Arie S. |last7=Pantuck |first7=Allan J. |last8=Raman |first8=Steven S. |journal=Radiology |volume=261 |issue=3 |pages=854–62 |pmid=22025734}}</ref>

==== Ultrasound ====
Ultrasonographic examination can be useful in evaluating questionable [[asymptomatic]] kidney [[tumours]] and cystic renal [[lesions]] if [[computed tomography]] imaging is inconclusive. This safe and non-invasive radiologic procedure uses high frequency sound waves to generate an interior image of the body on a computer monitor. The image generated by the [[ultrasound]] can help diagnose renal cell carcinoma based on the differences of sound reflections on the surface of organs and the abnormal tissue masses. Essentially, ultrasound tests can determine whether the composition of the kidney mass is mainly solid or filled with fluid.<ref name="Jubelirer" />

A [[percutaneous biopsy]] can be performed by a radiologist using ultrasound or computed tomography to guide sampling of the tumour for the purpose of diagnosis by [[pathology]]. However this is not routinely performed because when the typical imaging features of renal cell carcinoma are present, the possibility of an incorrectly negative result together with the risk of a medical complication to the patient may make it unfavourable from a risk-benefit perspective.<ref name=Lane>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.124 |title=Renal Mass Biopsy—A Renaissance? |year=2008 |last1=Lane |first1=Brian R. |last2=Samplaski |first2=Mary K. |last3=Herts |first3=Brian R. |last4=Zhou |first4=Ming |last5=Novick |first5=Andrew C. |last6=Campbell |first6=Steven C. |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=179 |pages=20–7 |pmid=17997455 |issue=1}}</ref> However, biopsy tests for molecular analysis to distinguish benign from malignant renal tumours is of investigative interest.<ref name="Lane" />

==== Magnetic resonance imaging ====
[[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) scans provide an image of the soft tissues in the body using radio waves and strong magnets. MRI can be used instead of CT if the patient exhibits an allergy to the contrast media administered for the test.<ref name=Hricak>{{cite journal |doi=10.1148/radiology.154.3.3969475 |pmid=3969475 |year=1985 |last1=Hricak |first1=H |last2=Demas |first2=BE |last3=Williams |first3=RD |last4=McNamara |first4=MT |last5=Hedgcock |first5=MW |last6=Amparo |first6=EG |last7=Tanagho |first7=EA |title=Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and staging of renal and perirenal neoplasms |volume=154 |issue=3 |pages=709–15 |journal=Radiology}}</ref><ref name=Janus>{{cite journal |pmid=1863349 |year=1991 |last1=Janus |first1=CL |last2=Mendelson |first2=DS |title=Comparison of MRI and CT for study of renal and perirenal masses |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=69–118 |journal=Critical Reviews in Diagnostic Imaging}}</ref> Sometimes prior to the MRI scan, an [[intravenous]] injection of a contrasting material called [[gadolinium]] is given to allow for a more detailed image. Patients on dialysis or those who have renal insufficiency should avoid this contrasting material as it may induce a rare, yet severe, side effect known as nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.<ref name=Nishimura>{{cite journal |hdl=2433/119684 |pmid=3195400 |year=1988 |last1=Nishimura |first1=Kazuo |last2=Hida |first2=Shuichi |last3=Okada |first3=Kenichiro |last4=Yoshida |first4=Osamu |last5=Nishimuara |first5=Kazumasa |title=Staging and differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma: A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1323–31 |journal=Acta Urologica Japonica}}</ref> A bone scan or brain imaging is not routinely performed unless signs or symptoms suggest potential metastatic involvement of these areas.
MRI scans should also be considered to evaluate [[tumor|tumour]] extension which has grown in major blood vessels, including the [[vena cava]], in the abdomen. MRI can be used to observe the possible spread of cancer to the [[brain]] or [[spinal cord]] should the patient present symptoms that suggest this might be the case.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==== Intravenous pyelogram ====
[[Intravenous pyelogram]] (IVP) is a useful procedure in detecting the presence of abnormal renal mass in the [[urinary tract]]. This procedure involves the injection of a contrasting dye into the arm of the patient. The dye travels from the blood stream and into the kidneys which in time, passes into the kidneys and bladder. This test is not necessary if a CT or MRI scan has been conducted.<ref name=Reznek>{{cite journal|last=Reznek|first=RH|title=CT/MRI in staging renal cell carcinoma|journal=Cancer Imaging|date=Feb 14, 2004|volume=4 Spec No A|pages=S25–32|pmid=18215972|doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2004.0012|pmc=1435344|issue=Spec No A}}</ref>

==== Renal angiography ====
Renal [[angiography]] uses the same principle as IVP, as this type of [[X-ray]] also uses a contrasting dye. This radiologic test is important in diagnosing renal cell carcinoma as an aid for examining [[blood vessels]] in the kidneys. This diagnostic test relies on the contrasting agent which is injected in the renal artery to be absorbed by the cancerous cells.<ref name=Kocak>{{cite journal |doi=10.2214/ajr.177.3.1770659 |title=Using MR Angiography for Surgical Planning in Pelvic Kidney Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2001 |last1=Kocak |first1=Mehmet |last2=Sudakoff |first2=Gary S. |last3=Erickson |first3=Scott |last4=Begun |first4=Frank |last5=Datta |first5=Milton |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |volume=177 |issue=3 |pages=659–60 |pmid=11517066}}</ref> The contrasting dye provides a clearer outline of abnormally-oriented blood vessels believed to be involved with the tumour. This is imperative for surgeons as it allows the patient's blood vessels to be mapped prior to operation.<ref name="Beck" />

=== Staging ===
The [[Cancer staging|staging]] of renal cell carcinoma is the most important factor in predicting its prognosis.<ref name=cornellurology>[http://www.cornellurology.com/kidney/gi/rcc.shtml Kidney Cancer / General Information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101172045/http://www.cornellurology.com/kidney/gi/rcc.shtml |date=2011-11-01 }} at Weill Cornell Medical College, James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology</ref> Staging can follow the [[TNM staging system]], where the size and extent of the tumour (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N) and metastases (M) are classified separately. Also, it can use overall stage grouping into stage I–IV, with the 1997 revision of AJCC described below:<ref name=cornellurology/>
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Stage I''' || Tumour of a diameter of 7 cm (approx. 2 3⁄4 inches) or smaller, and limited to the kidney. No lymph node involvement or metastases to distant organs.
|-
| '''Stage II''' || Tumour larger than 7.0 cm but still limited to the kidney. No lymph node involvement or metastases to distant organs.
|-
|rowspan=2| '''Stage III''' any of the following || Tumor of any size with involvement of a nearby lymph node but no metastases to distant organs. Tumour of this stage may be with or without spread to fatty tissue around the kidney, with or without spread into the large veins leading from the kidney to the heart.
|-
| Tumour with spread to fatty tissue around the kidney and/or spread into the large veins leading from the kidney to the heart, but without spread to any lymph nodes or other organs.
|-
|rowspan=4| '''Stage IV''' any of the following || Tumour that has spread directly through the fatty tissue and the fascia ligament-like tissue that surrounds the kidney.
|-
| Involvement of more than one lymph node near the kidney
|-
| Involvement of any lymph node not near the kidney
|-
| Distant metastases, such as in the lungs, bone, or brain.
|}

At diagnosis, 30% of renal cell carcinomas have spread to the ipsilateral renal vein, and 5–10% have continued into the inferior vena cava.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2214/ajr.171.6.9843299 |title=Inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: Staging by MR imaging and impact on surgical treatment |year=1998 |last1=Oto |first1=A |last2=Herts |first2=B R |last3=Remer |first3=E M |last4=Novick |first4=A C |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=1619–24 |pmid=9843299}}</ref>

=== Histopathology ===
[[Image:Renal cell carcinoma.jpg|thumb|Renal cell carcinoma]]
[[File:Renal tumors by relative incidence and prognosis.png|thumb|250px|Histopathologic types of kidney tumor, with relative [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidences]] and prognoses, including renal cell carcinoma and its subtypes]]
[[Image:Kidney cancer.jpg|thumb|Renal cell carcinoma]]

The gross and microscopic appearance of renal cell carcinomas is highly variable. The renal cell carcinoma may present reddened areas where [[blood vessels]] have bled, and cysts containing watery fluids.<ref name="Brit">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497921/renal-carcinoma |title=Clear-cell Carcinoma, Hypernephroid Tumour, or Hypernephroma |access-date=2010-03-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507015655/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497921/renal-carcinoma |archive-date=2010-05-07 }}</ref> The body of the tumour shows large blood vessels that have walls composed of cancerous cells.
[[Gross examination]] often shows a yellowish, multilobulated tumor in the [[renal cortex]], which frequently contains zones of [[necrosis]], [[hemorrhage|haemorrhage]] and [[scarring]]. In a microscopic context, there are four major histologic subtypes of renal cell cancer: clear cell (conventional RCC, 75%), papillary (15%), chromophobic (5%), and collecting duct (2%). Sarcomatoid changes (morphology and patterns of IHC that mimic sarcoma, spindle cells) can be observed within any RCC subtype and are associated with more aggressive clinical course and worse prognosis. Under light microscopy, these [[tumour]] cells can exhibit [[papilla (disambiguation)|papillae]], tubules or nests, and are quite large, atypical, and polygonal.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Recent studies have brought attention to the close association of the type of cancerous cells to the aggressiveness of the condition. Some studies suggest that these cancerous cells accumulate glycogen and lipids, their cytoplasm appear "clear", the nuclei remain in the middle of the cells, and the cellular membrane is evident.<ref name=Vasileva>{{cite journal |pmid=1016084 |year=1976 |last1=Vasil'Eva |first1=NN |last2=Koriakina |first2=RF |title=Morphological diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Histo-cytological parallels |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=12–7 |journal=Arkhiv Patologii}}</ref> Some cells may be smaller, with eosinophilic cytoplasm, resembling normal tubular cells. The stroma is reduced, but well vascularised. The tumour compresses the surrounding [[renal parenchyma|parenchyma]], producing a pseudocapsule.<ref name="title">{{cite web |url=http://www.pathologyatlas.ro/renal-cell-carcinoma-grawitz-tumor-kidney-pathology.php |title=Renal clear cell carcinoma (Grawitz tumor) |date=January 30, 2009 |website=Atlas of Pathology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310101234/http://www.pathologyatlas.ro/renal-cell-carcinoma-grawitz-tumor-kidney-pathology.php |archive-date=March 10, 2009 }}</ref>

The most common cell type exhibited by renal cell carcinoma is the [[Clear cell renal cell carcinoma|clear cell]], which is named by the dissolving of the cells' high lipid content in the cytoplasm. The clear cells are thought to be the least likely to spread and usually respond more favourably to treatment. However, most of the tumours contain a mixture of cells. The most aggressive stage of renal cancer is believed to be the one in which the tumour is mixed, containing both clear and granular cells.<ref name=Lopez>{{cite journal|last=López|first=JI|title=Renal tumors with clear cells. A review|journal=Pathology, Research and Practice|date=Mar 2013|volume=209|issue=3|pages=137–46|pmid=23433880|doi=10.1016/j.prp.2013.01.007}}</ref>

The recommended histologic grading schema for RCC is the Fuhrman system (1982), which is an assessment based on the microscopic morphology of a [[neoplasm]] with [[haematoxylin]] and [[eosin]] (H&E staining). This system categorises renal cell carcinoma with grades 1, 2, 3, 4 based on nuclear characteristics. The details of the Fuhrman grading system for RCC are shown below:<ref name=Rioux>{{cite journal |id={{INIST|18271804}} |last=Rioux-Leclercq |first=Nathalie |title=Le grade nucléaire de fuhrman, facteur pronostique du cancer du rein depuis 25 ans |trans-title=The Fuhrman grading system for kidney cancer prognosis |language=fr |journal=Progrès en Urologie |date=November 2006 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=5–8 |pmid=17183964}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grade Level !! Nuclear Characteristics
|-
| '''Grade I''' || Nuclei appear round and uniform, 10 μm; nucleoli are inconspicuous or absent.
|-
| '''Grade II''' || Nuclei have an irregular appearance with signs of lobe formation, 15 μm; nucleoli are evident.
|-
| '''Grade III''' || Nuclei appear very irregular, 20 μm; nucleoli are large and prominent.
|-
| '''Grade IV''' || Nuclei appear bizarre and multilobated, 20 μm or more; nucleoli are prominent.
|}

Nuclear grade is believed to be one of the most imperative prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma.<ref name="rini" /> However, a study by [[Brett Delahunt|Delahunt]] et al. (2007) has shown that the Fuhrman grading is ideal for clear cell carcinoma but may not be appropriate for chromophobe renal cell carcinomas and that the staging of cancer (accomplished by CT scan) is a more favourable predictor of the prognosis of this disease.<ref name="Delahunt">{{cite journal |last1=Delahunt |first1=Brett |last2=Sika-Paotonu |first2=Dianne |author-link2=Dianne Sika-Paotonu |last3=Bethwaite |first3=Peter B. |last4=McCredie |first4=Margaret R. E. |last5=Martignoni |first5=Guido |last6=Eble |first6=John N. |last7=Jordan |first7=T. |year=2007 |title=Fuhrman Grading is not Appropriate for Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=957–60 |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000249446.28713.53 |pmid=17527087 |s2cid=27154220}}</ref> In relation to renal cancer staging, the Heidelberg classification system of renal tumours was introduced in 1976 as a means of more completely correlating the histopathological features with the identified genetic defects.<ref name=Kovacs>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199710)183:2<131::AID-PATH931>3.0.CO;2-G |title=The Heidelberg classification of renal cell tumours |year=1997 |last1=Kovacs |first1=Gyula |last2=Akhtar |first2=Mohammed |last3=Beckwith |first3=Bruce J. |last4=Bugert |first4=Peter |last5=Cooper |first5=Colin S. |last6=Delahunt |first6=Brett |last7=Eble |first7=John N. |last8=Fleming |first8=Stewart |last9=Ljungberg |first9=Börje |last10=Medeiros |first10=L. Jeffrey |last11=Moch |first11=Holger |last12=Reuter |first12=Victor E. |last13=Ritz |first13=Eberhard |last14=Roos |first14=Göran |last15=Schmidt |first15=Dietmar |last16=Srigley |first16=John R. |last17=Störkel |first17=Stephan |last18=Van Den Berg |first18=Eva |last19=Zbar |first19=Bert |journal=The Journal of Pathology |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=131–3 |pmid=9390023|s2cid=34796951 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Prevention==
The risk of renal cell carcinoma can be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lauby-Secretan|first1=B|last2=Scoccianti|first2=C|last3=Loomis|first3=D|last4=Grosse|first4=Y|last5=Bianchini|first5=F|last6=Straif|first6=K|last7=International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working|first7=Group|title=Body Fatness and Cancer—Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=25 August 2016|volume=375|issue=8|pages=794–798|pmid=27557308|pmc=6754861|doi=10.1056/nejmsr1606602|url=https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/81847828-6457-4530-99ed-7b3c639705fb}}</ref>

== Management ==
[[Image:Embolization kidney.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Micrograph]] of embolic material in a kidney removed because of renal cell carcinoma (cancer not shown). H&E stain.]]
The type of treatment depends on multiple factors and the individual, some of which include the stage of renal cell carcinoma (organs and parts of the body affected/unaffected), type of renal cell carcinoma, pre-existing or comorbid conditions and overall health and age of the person.<ref name=cohen /><ref name="simmons">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|publisher=Humana Pr Inc.|isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=105–118|author=Simmons|author2=Campbell|chapter=Assessment of Oncologic Risk for Clinical Stage T1 Renal Tumours|date=2012-09-26}}</ref>
Every form of treatment has both risks and benefits; a health care professional will provide the best options that suit the individual circumstances.

If it has spread outside of the kidneys, often into the [[lymph nodes]], the [[lung]]s or the main vein of the kidney, then multiple therapies are used including surgery and medications. RCC is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in most cases but does respond well to immunotherapy with interleukin-2 or interferon-alpha, biologic, or targeted therapy. In early-stage cases, cryotherapy and surgery are the preferred options.

=== Active surveillance ===
Active surveillance or "watchful waiting" is becoming more common as small renal masses or tumours are being detected and also within the older generation when surgery is not always suitable.<ref name="smaldone" /> Active surveillance involves completing various diagnostic procedures, tests and imaging to monitor the progression of the RCC before embarking on a more high risk treatment option like surgery.<ref name="smaldone">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_10 |chapter=Active Surveillance of the Small Renal Mass |title=Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Smaldone |first1=Marc C. |last2=Canter |first2=Daniel |last3=Kutikov |first3=Alexander |last4=Uzzo |first4=Robert G. |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8 |pages=167–94}}</ref> In the elderly, patients with co-morbidities, and in poor surgical candidates, this is especially useful.

=== Surgery ===
Different procedures may be most appropriate, depending on circumstances.

The recommended treatment for renal cell cancer may be [[nephrectomy]] or [[nephrectomy#partial nephrectomy|partial nephrectomy]], surgical removal of all or part of the kidney.<ref name="r"/> This may include some of the surrounding organs or tissues or lymph nodes. If cancer is only in the kidneys, which is about 60% of cases, it can be cured roughly 90% of the time with [[surgery]].

Small renal tumors (< 4 cm) are treated increasingly by partial nephrectomy when possible.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Novick AC |title=Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma |journal=Br J Urol |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=321–4 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9772865 |doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1998.00751.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Herr HW |title=Partial nephrectomy for unilateral renal carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney: 10-year followup |journal=J. Urol. |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=33–4; discussion 34–5 |date=January 1999 |pmid=10037361 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62052-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Poppel H, Bamelis B, Oyen R, Baert L |title=Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma can achieve long-term tumor control |journal=J. Urol. |volume=160 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=674–8 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9720519 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62751-4}}</ref> Most of these small renal masses manifest indolent biological behavior with excellent prognosis.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattar K, Jewett MA |title=Watchful waiting for small renal masses |journal=Curr Urol Rep |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=22–5 |date=January 2008 |pmid=18366970 |doi=10.1007/s11934-008-0006-3|s2cid=26763264 }}</ref> [[Nephrectomy#Partial Nephrectomy|Nephron-sparing partial nephrectomy]] is used when the tumor is small (less than 4 cm in diameter) or when the patient has other medical concerns such as [[diabetes]] or [[hypertension]].<ref name="cohen" /> The partial nephrectomy involves the removal of the affected tissue only, sparing the rest of the kidney, Gerota's fascia and the regional lymph nodes. This allows for more renal preservation as compared to the radical nephrectomy, and this can have positive long-term health benefits.<ref name="pn vs rn weight">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.12.030 |title=Nephrectomy Induced Chronic Renal Insufficiency is Associated with Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Death and Death from Any Cause in Patients with Localized cT1b Renal Masses |year=2010 |last1=Weight |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Larson |first2=Benjamin T. |last3=Fergany |first3=Amr F. |last4=Gao |first4=Tianming |last5=Lane |first5=Brian R. |last6=Campbell |first6=Steven C. |last7=Kaouk |first7=Jihad H. |last8=Klein |first8=Eric A. |last9=Novick |first9=Andrew C.|journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=183 |issue=4 |pages=1317–23 |pmid=20171688 }}</ref> Larger and more complex tumors can also be treated with partial nephrectomy by surgeons with a lot of kidney surgery experience.<ref name="cw bjui">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11112.x |title=Practice-setting and surgeon characteristics heavily influence the decision to perform partial nephrectomy among American Urologic Association surgeons |year=2013 |last1=Weight |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Crispen |first2=Paul L. |last3=Breau |first3=Rodney H. |last4=Kim |first4=Simon P. |last5=Lohse |first5=Christine M. |last6=Boorjian |first6=Stephen A. |last7=Thompson |first7=R. Houston |last8=Leibovich |first8=Bradley C. |journal=BJU International |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=731–8 |pmid=22502641|s2cid=829345 }}</ref>

Surgical nephrectomy may be "radical" if the procedure removes the entire affected kidney including [[Renal fascia|Gerota's fascia]], the [[adrenal gland]] which is on the same side as the affected kidney, and the regional retroperitoneal lymph nodes, all at the same time.<ref name="cohen" /> This method, although severe, is effective. But it is not always appropriate, as it is a major surgery that contains the risk of complication both during and after the surgery and can have a longer recovery time.<ref name="casey">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.surge.2013.02.007 |title=Renal cell carcinoma with IVC and atrial thrombus: A single centre's 10 year surgical experience |year=2013 |last1=Casey |first1=R.G. |last2=Raheem |first2=O.A. |last3=Elmusharaf |first3=E. |last4=Madhavan |first4=P. |last5=Tolan |first5=M. |last6=Lynch |first6=T.H. |journal=The Surgeon |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=295–9 |pmid=23510704}}</ref> It is important to note that the other kidney must be fully functional, and this technique is most often used when there is a large tumour present in only one kidney.

[[File:Large left renal tumor with tumor thrombus all the way to the heart.jpg|thumb|Left renal tumor with inferior vena cava thrombus into the right atrium]]
In cases where the tumor has spread into the renal vein, inferior vena cava, and possibly the right atrium, this portion of the tumor can be surgically removed, as well. When the tumor involved the inferior vena cava, it is important to classify which parts of the vena cava are involved and to plan accordingly, as sometimes complete resection will involve an incision into the chest with increased morbidity. For this reason, Dr. [[Gaetano Ciancio]] adapted liver mobilization techniques from liver transplant to address retrohepatic or even suprahepatic inferior vena caval thrombus associated with renal tumors.<ref name="Ciancio Livingstone Soloway 2007 pp. 988–995">{{cite journal | last1=Ciancio | first1=Gaetano | last2=Livingstone | first2=Alan S. | last3=Soloway | first3=Mark | title=Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus in the Renal and Inferior Vena Cava: The University of Miami Experience in Using Liver Transplantation Techniques | journal=European Urology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=51 | issue=4 | year=2007 | issn=0302-2838 | doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.055 | pages=988–995| pmid=17175095 }}</ref> With this technique, the whole abdominal [[inferior vena cava]] is able to be mobilized. This facilitates milking of the tumor down below the major [[hepatic vein]]s by the surgeon's fingers, bypassing the need for a thoracoabdominal incision or [[cardiopulmonary bypass]].<ref name="Ciancio Soloway 2005 pp. 266–270">{{cite journal | last1=Ciancio | first1=Gaetano | last2=Soloway | first2=Mark S. | title=Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending above diaphragm: Avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass | journal=Urology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=66 | issue=2 | year=2005 | issn=0090-4295 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.039 | pages=266–270| pmid=16098354 }}</ref> In cases of known metastases, surgical resection of the kidney ("cytoreductive nephrectomy") may improve survival,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, Tangen C, Van Poppel H, Crawford ED |title=Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis |journal=J. Urol. |volume=171 |issue=3 |pages=1071–6 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14767273 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000110610.61545.ae |citeseerx=10.1.1.469.2497 }}</ref> as well as resection of a solitary metastatic lesion. Kidneys are sometimes [[embolization|embolized]] prior to surgery to minimize blood loss.<ref name="pmid18380384">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mulders PF, Brouwers AH, Hulsbergen-van der Kaa CA, van Lin EN, Osanto S, de Mulder PH | title = [Guideline 'Renal cell carcinoma'] | language = nl| journal = Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde | volume = 152 | issue = 7 | pages = 376–80 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18380384 }}</ref>

[[Laparoscopic surgery|Surgery]] is increasingly performed via [[laparoscopy|laparoscopic]] techniques. Commonly referred to as key hole surgery, this surgery does not have the large incisions seen in a classically performed radical or partial nephrectomy, but still successfully removes either all or part of the kidney. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with shorter stays in the hospital and quicker recovery time but there are still risks associated with the surgical procedure. These have the advantage of being less of a burden for the patient and the disease-free survival is comparable to that of open surgery.<ref name="r"/> For small exophytic lesions that do not extensively involve the major vessels or urinary collecting system, a [[nephrectomy#partial nephrectomy|partial nephrectomy]] (also referred to as "nephron sparing surgery") can be performed. This may involve temporarily stopping blood flow to the kidney while the mass is removed as well as renal cooling with an ice slush. [[Mannitol]] can also be administered to help limit damage to the kidney. This is usually done through an open incision although smaller lesions can be done laparoscopically with or without robotic assistance.

Laparoscopic [[cryotherapy]] can also be done on smaller lesions. Typically a biopsy is taken at the time of treatment. Intraoperative ultrasound may be used to help guide placement of the freezing probes. Two freeze/thaw cycles are then performed to kill the tumor cells. As the tumor is not removed followup is more complicated (see below) and overall disease-free rates are not as good as those obtained with surgical removal.

'''Surgery for metastatic disease:''' If metastatic disease is present surgical treatment may still a viable option. Radical and partial nephrectomy can still occur, and in some cases, if the metastasis is small this can also be surgically removed.<ref name=cohen /> This depends on what stage of growth and how far the disease has spread.

=== Percutaneous ablative therapies ===
[[Percutaneous]] [[ablation]] therapies use image-guidance by [[radiologists]] to treat localized tumors if a surgical procedure is not a good option. Although the use of laparoscopic surgical techniques for complete nephrectomies has reduced some of the risks associated with surgery,<ref name="Russo2013" /> surgery of any sort in some cases will still not be feasible. For example, the elderly, people who already have severe renal dysfunction, or people who have several [[comorbidities]], surgery of any sort is not warranted.<ref name="Matin2013" />

A probe is placed through the skin and into the tumor using real-time imaging of both the probe tip and the tumor by [[computed tomography]], [[ultrasound]], or even [[magnetic resonance imaging]] guidance, and then destroying the tumor with heat ([[radiofrequency ablation]]) or cold ([[cryotherapy]]). These modalities are at a disadvantage compared to traditional surgery in that pathologic confirmation of complete tumor destruction is not possible. Therefore, long-term follow-up is crucial to assess completeness of tumour ablation.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mogami T, Harada J, Kishimoto K, Sumida S |title=Percutaneous MR-guided cryoablation for malignancies, with a focus on renal cell carcinoma |journal=Int. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=79–84 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17443274 |doi=10.1007/s10147-006-0654-6|s2cid=5743758 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boss A, Clasen S, Kuczyk M, Schick F, Pereira PL |title=Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma |journal=Eur Radiol |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=725–33 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17021704 |doi=10.1007/s00330-006-0415-y|s2cid=12651841 }}</ref> Ideally, percutaneous ablation is restricted to tumours smaller than 3.5 cm and to guide the treatment. However, there are some cases where ablation can be used on tumors that are larger.<ref name="Matin2013" />

The two main types of ablation techniques that are used for renal cell carcinoma are [[radio frequency ablation]] and [[cryoablation]].<ref name="Matin2013" />

'''Radio frequency ablation''' uses an electrode [[wikt:probe|probe]] which is inserted into the affected tissue, to send radio frequencies to the tissue to generate heat through the friction of water molecules. The heat destroys the tumor tissue.<ref name="cohen" /> Cell death will generally occur within minutes of being exposed to temperatures above 50 °C.

'''Cryoablation''' also involves the insertion of a probe into the affected area,<ref name="cohen" /> however, cold is used to kill the tumor instead of heat. The probe is cooled with chemical fluids which are very cold. The freezing temperatures cause the tumor cells to die by causing [[osmotic dehydration]], which pulls the water out of the cell destroying the [[enzyme]], [[organelle]]s, [[cell membrane]] and freezing the [[cytoplasm]].<ref name="Matin2013" />

=== Targeted drugs ===
Cancers often grow in an unbridled fashion because they are able to evade the immune system.<ref name=":0"/> [[Immunomodulatory|Immunotherapy]] is a method that activates the person's immune system and uses it to their own advantage.<ref name=":0"/> It was developed after observing that in some cases there was spontaneous regression.<ref name="davar">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|year=2013|publisher=Humana |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=279–302|author=Davar|author2=Fenton|author3=Appleman|chapter=Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma}}</ref> Immunotherapy capitalises on this phenomenon and aims to build up a person's immune response to cancer cells.<ref name="davar" />

Other [[targeted therapy]] medications inhibit growth factors that have been shown to promote the growth and spread of tumours.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Santoni|first1=M|last2=De Tursi|first2=M|last3=Felici|first3=A|last4=Lo Re|first4=G|last5=Ricotta|first5=R|last6=Ruggeri|first6=EM |last7=Sabbatini|first7=R|last8=Santini|first8=D|last9=Vaccaro|first9=V|last10=Milella|first10=M|title=Management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients with poor-risk features: current status and future perspectives|journal=Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy|date=June 2013|volume=13|issue=6|pages=697–709|doi=10.1586/era.13.52|pmid=23773104|s2cid=36871651}}</ref><ref name="stroup">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|year=2013|publisher=Humana |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=219–230|author=Stroup|chapter=Neoadjuvant Targeted Therapy and Consolidative Surgery}}</ref> Most of these medications were approved within the past ten years.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shoji|first1=S|last2=Nakano|first2= M|last3= Sato|first3= H|last4= Tang|first4= XY|last5= Osamura|first5= YR|last6= Terachi|first6= T|last7= Uchida|first7= T|last8= Takeya|first8= K|title=The current status of tailor-made medicine with molecular biomarkers for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma|journal=Clinical & Experimental Metastasis|date=January 2014|volume=31|issue=1|pages=111–34|doi=10.1007/s10585-013-9612-7|pmid=23959576|s2cid=15100003}}</ref> These treatments are:<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jonasch|first1=E|last2=Futreal|first2= PA|last3= Davis|first3= IJ|last4= Bailey|first4= ST|last5= Kim|first5= WY|last6= Brugarolas|first6= J|last7= Giaccia|first7= AJ|last8= Kurban|first8= G|last9= Pause|first9= A|last10= Frydman|first10= J|last11= Zurita|first11= AJ|last12= Rini|first12= BI|last13= Sharma|first13= P|last14= Atkins|first14= MB|last15= Walker|first15= CL|last16= Rathmell|first16= WK|title=State of the science: an update on renal cell carcinoma|journal=Molecular Cancer Research|date=July 2012|volume=10|issue=7|pages=859–80|doi=10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-12-0117|pmid=22638109|pmc=3399969}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Nivolumab]]<ref name=Quinn2015>{{cite journal |vauthors=Quinn DI, Lara PN |title=Renal-Cell Cancer – Targeting an Immune Checkpoint or Multiple Kinases |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=373 |issue=19 |pages=1872–4 |year=2015 |pmid=26406149 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe1511252 |pmc=7526749 }}</ref>
* [[Axitinib]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dranitsaris|first1=G|last2=Schmitz|first2=S|last3=Broom|first3=RJ|title=Small molecule targeted therapies for the second-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and indirect comparison of safety and efficacy|journal=Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology|date=November 2013|volume=139|issue=11|pages=1917–26|doi=10.1007/s00432-013-1510-5|pmid=24037486|s2cid=27524034}}</ref>
* [[Sunitinib]]<ref name="MotzerHutson2007">{{cite journal|last1=Motzer|first1=Robert J.|last2=Hutson|first2=Thomas E.|last3=Tomczak|first3=Piotr|last4=Michaelson|first4=M. Dror|last5=Bukowski|first5=Ronald M.|last6=Rixe|first6=Olivier|last7=Oudard|first7=Stéphane|last8=Negrier|first8=Sylvie|last9=Szczylik|first9=Cezary|last10=Kim|first10=Sindy T.|last11=Chen|first11=Isan|last12=Bycott|first12=Paul W.|last13=Baum|first13=Charles M.|last14=Figlin|first14=Robert A.|title=Sunitinib versus Interferon Alfa in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=356|issue=2|year=2007|pages=115–124|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa065044|pmid=17215529|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Cabozantinib]]<ref name=Quinn2015/>
* [[Everolimus]]
* [[Lenvatinib]]
* [[Pazopanib]]
* [[Bevacizumab]]
* [[Sorafenib]]
* [[Tivozanib]]
* [[Temsirolimus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torisel.com/|title=TORISEL® (temsirolimus) -Safety Info- Renal Cell Carcinoma Treatment|website=www.torisel.com|access-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413191552/http://www.torisel.com/|archive-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Interleukin 2|Interleukin-2]] (IL-2) has produced "durable remissions" in a small number of patients, but with substantial toxicity.<ref>[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000516.htm/ Renal Cell Carcinoma] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705053508/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000516.htm |date=2016-07-05 }} MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2010-09-10</ref>
* [[Interferon-α]]
{{div col end}}

For patients with metastatic cancer, sunitinib probably results in more progression of the cancer than pembrolizumab, axitinib and avelumab.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Hofmann|first1=Fabian|last2=Hwang|first2=Eu Chang|last3=Lam|first3=Thomas BL|last4=Bex|first4=Axel|last5=Yuan|first5=Yuhong|last6=Marconi|first6=Lorenzo SO|last7=Ljungberg|first7=Börje|date=2020-10-14|title=Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012796.pub2|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2020|issue=10|pages=CD012796|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd012796.pub2|pmid=33058158|pmc=8094280|issn=1465-1858|hdl=2164/11109|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In comparison to [[pembrolizumab]] and axitinib, it probably results in more death, but it may slightly reduce serious unwanted effects.<ref name=":1" /> When compared with combinations of immunotherapy (nivolumab and ipilimumab), sunitinib may lead to more progression and serious effects.<ref name=":1" /> There may be little to no difference in progression, survival and serious effects between pazopanib and sunitib.<ref name=":1" />

Activity has also been reported for [[ipilimumab]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang JC, Hughes M, Kammula U, Royal R, Sherry RM, Topalian SL, Suri KB, Levy C, Allen T, Mavroukakis S, Lowy I, White DE, Rosenberg SA |title=Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 antibody) causes regression of metastatic renal cell cancer associated with enteritis and hypophysitis |journal=J. Immunother. |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=825–30 |year=2007 |pmid=18049334 |pmc=2134980 |doi=10.1097/CJI.0b013e318156e47e }}</ref> but it is not an approved medication for renal cancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_yervoy.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206103033/http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_yervoy.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-06 }}</ref>

More medications are expected to become available in the near future as several clinical trials are currently being conducted for new targeted treatments,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cancerresearch.org/scientists/science-of-immunotherapy/cancer-types/kidney-cancer|title=Kidney Cancer|website=Cancer Research Institute|access-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224042416/https://www.cancerresearch.org/scientists/science-of-immunotherapy/cancer-types/kidney-cancer|archive-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> including: [[atezolizumab]], [[varlilumab]], [[durvalumab]], [[avelumab]], [[LAG525]], [[MBG453]], [[TRC105]], and [[savolitinib]].

=== Chemotherapy ===
[[Chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]] are not as successful in the case of RCC. RCC is resistant in most cases but there is about a 4–5% success rate, but this is often short-lived with more tumours and growths developing later.<ref name=cohen />

=== Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy ===
[[Adjuvant therapy]], which refers to therapy given after a primary surgery, had for a long time not been found to be beneficial in renal cell cancer.<ref name="nejm" /> However in 2021 [[Pembrolizumab]] was approved for adjuvant treatment after showing promising disease-free survival improvements.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-adjuvant-treatment-renal-cell-carcinoma | title=FDA approves pembrolizumab for adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma | journal=FDA | date=17 November 2021 }}</ref>

Conversely, [[neoadjuvant therapy]] is administered before the intended primary or main treatment. In some cases neoadjuvant therapy has been shown to decrease the size and stage of the RCC to then allow it to be surgically removed.<ref name="stroup" /> This is a new form of treatment and the effectiveness of this approach is still being assessed in [[clinical trial]]s.

== Metastasis ==
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is the spread of the primary renal cell carcinoma from the kidney to other organs. Approximately 25–30% of people have this [[Metastasis|metastatic spread]] by the time they are diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma.<ref name="DoisMissing">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00345-004-0466-0|title=Novel approaches in the therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma|year=2005|last1=Lam|first1=John S.|last2=Leppert|first2=John T.|last3=Belldegrun|first3=Arie S.|last4=Figlin|first4=Robert A.|journal=World Journal of Urology|volume=23|issue=3|pages=202–12|pmid=15812574|s2cid=12091991}}</ref> This high proportion is explained by the fact that clinical signs are generally mild until the disease progresses to a more severe state.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.035|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Guideline|year=2007|last1=Ljungberg|first1=Börje|last2=Hanbury|first2=Damian C.|last3=Kuczyk|first3=Marcus A.|last4=Merseburger|first4=Axel S.|last5=Mulders|first5=Peter F.A.|last6=Patard|first6=Jean-Jacques|last7=Sinescu|first7=Ioanel C.|journal=European Urology|volume=51|issue=6|pages=1502–10|pmid=17408850|author8=European Association of Urology Guideline Group for renal cell carcinoma}}</ref> The most common sites for metastasis are the lymph nodes, lung, bones, liver and brain.<ref name="motzer" /> How this spread affects the staging of the disease and hence prognosis is discussed in the "Diagnosis" and "Prognosis" sections.

MRCC has a poor prognosis compared to other cancers, although average survival times have increased in the last few years due to treatment advances. Average survival time in 2008 for the metastatic form of the disease was under a year,<ref name="DoictrvMissing" /> and by 2013 this improved to an average of 22 months.<ref name="DoiCADbeecMissing">{{cite journal|doi=10.1097/CAD.0b013e3283609ec1|pmid=23552469|title=Chemotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma today? A systematic review|year=2013|last1=Buti|first1=Sebastiano|last2=Bersanelli|first2=Melissa|last3=Sikokis|first3=Angelica|last4=Maines|first4=Francesca|last5=Facchinetti|first5=Francesco|last6=Bria|first6=Emilio|last7=Ardizzoni|first7=Andrea|last8=Tortora|first8=Giampaolo|last9=Massari|first9=Francesco|journal=Anti-Cancer Drugs|volume=24|issue=6|pages=535–54|s2cid=205529087}}</ref> Despite this improvement the five-year survival rate for mRCC remains under 10%<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.026|title=Improvement in Overall Survival of Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Prognostic Factor Trend Analysis from an International Data Set of Clinical Trials|year=2012|last1=Patil|first1=Sujata|last2=Manola|first2=Judith|last3=Elson|first3=Paul|last4=Negrier|first4=Sylvie|last5=Escudier|first5=Bernard|last6=Eisen|first6=Tim|last7=Atkins|first7=Michael|last8=Bukowski|first8=Ronald|last9=Motzer|first9=Robert J.|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=188|issue=6|pages=2095–100|pmid=23083849}}</ref> and 20–25% of patients remain unresponsive to all treatments and in these cases, the disease has a rapid progression.<ref name="DoiCADbeecMissing" />

The available treatments for RCC discussed in the "Treatment" section are also relevant for the metastatic form of the disease. Options include interleukin-2, which is a standard therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma.<ref name="nejm" /> From 2007 to 2013, seven new treatments have been approved specifically for mRCC (sunitinib, temsirolimus, bevacizumab, sorafenib, everolimus, pazopanib and axitinib).<ref name=singer /> These new treatments are based on the fact that renal cell carcinomas are very vascular tumours – they contain a large number of blood vessels. The drugs aim to inhibit the growth of new blood vessels in the tumours, hence slowing growth and in some cases, reducing the size of the tumours.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.06.010|title=What is the optimal therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who progress on an initial VEGFr-TKI?|year=2013|last1=Calvo|first1=Emiliano|last2=Ravaud|first2=Alain|last3=Bellmunt|first3=Joaquim|journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews|volume=39|issue=4|pages=366–74|pmid=22832091}}</ref>
Side effects unfortunately are quite common with these treatments and include:<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.12.006|title=A contemporary update on rates and management of toxicities of targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma|year=2013|last1=Alasker|first1=Ahmed|last2=Meskawi|first2=Malek|last3=Sun|first3=Maxine|last4=Ismail|first4=Salima|last5=Hanna|first5=Nawar|last6=Hansen|first6=Jens|last7=Tian|first7=Zhe|last8=Bianchi|first8=Marco|last9=Perrotte|first9=Paul|journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews|volume=39|issue=4|pages=388–401|pmid=23317510|last10=Karakiewicz|first10=Pierre I.}}</ref>
* Gastrointestinal effects – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
* Respiratory effects – coughing, dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
* Cardiovascular effects – hypertension (high blood pressure)
* Neurological effects – intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding into the brain), thrombosis (blood clots) in the brain
* Effects on the skin and mucous membranes – rashes, [[Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema|hand-foot syndrome]], stomatitis
* Bone marrow suppression – resulting in reduced white blood cells, increasing the risk of infections plus anemia and reduced platelets
* Renal effects – impaired kidney function
* Fatigue

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are more commonly used in the metastatic form of RCC to target the secondary tumours in the bones, liver, brain and other organs. While not curative, these treatments do provide relief for symptoms associated with the spread of tumours.<ref name="DoiCADbeecMissing" />

== Prognosis ==
The prognosis is influenced by several factors, including tumour size, degree of invasion and metastasis, histologic type, and nuclear grade.<ref name="rini"/> Staging is the most important factor in the outcome of renal cell cancer. The following numbers are based on patients first diagnosed in 2001 and 2002 by the National Cancer Data Base:<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003107-pdf.pdf/ Kidney Cancer (Adult) – Renal Cell Carcinoma] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405223318/http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003107-pdf.pdf |date=2016-04-05 }} American Cancer Society. Retrieved on 2010-09-10</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stage !! Description !! 5 Year Survival Rate
|-
| I|| Confined to the kidney || 81%
|-
| II || Extend through the renal capsule, confined to Gerota's Fascia || 74%
|-
| III || Include the renal vein, or the hilar lymph nodes || 53%
|-
| IV || Includes tumors that are invasive to adjacent organs (except the adrenal glands), or distant metastases || 8%
|}

A Korean study estimated a [[Survival rate#Cause-specific survival and disease-specific survival|disease-specific]] overall [[five-year survival rate]] of 85%.<ref>{{cite journal|title=IN THIS ISSUE|journal=Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume=41|issue=1|year=2010|pages=NP|issn=0368-2811|doi=10.1093/jjco/hyq238|doi-access=free}}</ref> Taken as a whole, if the disease is limited to the kidney, only 20–30% develop metastatic disease after nephrectomy.<ref>[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/renal_cell_cancer/page11_em.htm#Outlook/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205085643/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/renal_cell_cancer/page11_em.htm|date=2015-12-05}} Renal Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Treatment. eMedicine Health. Retrieved on 2010-09-10</ref> More specific subsets show a [[five-year survival rate]] of around 90–95% for tumors less than 4 cm. For larger tumors confined to the kidney without venous invasion, survival is still relatively good at 80–85%.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} For tumors that extend through the renal capsule and out of the local [[fascial]] investments, the survivability reduces to near 60%.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Factors as general health and fitness or the severity of their symptoms impact the survival rates. For instance, younger people (among 20–40 years old) have a better outcome despite having more symptoms at presentation, possibly due to lower rates spread of cancer to the lymph nodes (stage III).

Histological grade is related to the aggressiveness of the cancer, and it is classified in 4 grades, with 1 having the best prognosis (five-year survival over 89%), and 4 with the worst prognosis (46% of five-year survival).

Some people have the renal cell cancer detected before they have symptoms (incidentally) because of the [[CT scan]] (Computed Tomography Imaging) or [[ultrasound]]. Incidentally diagnosed renal cell cancer (no symptoms) differs in outlook from those diagnosed after presenting symptoms of renal cell carcinoma or metastasis. The five-year survival rate was higher for incidental than for symptomatic tumours: 85.3% versus 62.5%. Incidental lesions were significantly lower stage than those that cause symptoms, since 62.1% patients with incidental renal cell carcinoma were observed with Stage I lesions, against 23% were found with symptomatic renal cell carcinoma.<ref name="pmid10647646">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Smith RB, Figlin R, de Kernion JB, Belldegrun A | title = Renal cell carcinoma: prognostic significance of incidentally detected tumors | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 163 | issue = 2 | pages = 426–30 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10647646 | doi = 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67892-5}}</ref>

If it has metastasized to the lymph nodes, the five-year survival is around 5% to 15%. For metastatic renal cell carcinoma, factors which may present a poor prognosis include a low [[Performance status#Karnofsky scoring|Karnofsky performance-status score]] (a standard way of measuring functional impairment in patients with cancer), a low [[haemoglobin]] level, a high level of serum lactate dehydrogenase, and a high corrected level of serum calcium.<ref name=Motzer1>{{cite journal |doi=10.1200/JCO.2004.06.132 |title=Prognostic Factors for Survival in Previously Treated Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2003 |last1=Motzer |first1=R. J. |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=454–63 |pmid=14752067 |last2=Bacik |first2=J |last3=Schwartz |first3=LH |last4=Reuter |first4=V |last5=Russo |first5=P |last6=Marion |first6=S |last7=Mazumdar |first7=M|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Motzer2>{{cite journal |pmid=10561319 |year=1999 |last1=Motzer |first1=RJ |last2=Mazumdar |first2=M |last3=Bacik |first3=J |last4=Berg |first4=W |last5=Amsterdam |first5=A |last6=Ferrara |first6=J |title=Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2530–40 |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |doi=10.1200/jco.1999.17.8.2530}}</ref> For non-metastatic cases, the Leibovich scoring algorithm may be used to predict post-operative disease progression.<ref name=Leibovich>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/cncr.11234 |title=Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma |year=2003 |last1=Leibovich |first1=Bradley C. |last2=Blute |first2=Michael L. |last3=Cheville |first3=John C. |last4=Lohse |first4=Christine M. |last5=Frank |first5=Igor |last6=Kwon |first6=Eugene D. |last7=Weaver |first7=Amy L. |last8=Parker |first8=Alexander S. |last9=Zincke |first9=Horst |journal=Cancer |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=1663–71 |pmid=12655523 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Renal cell carcinoma is one of the cancers most strongly associated with [[paraneoplastic syndrome]]s, most often due to ectopic hormone production by the tumour. The treatment for these complications of RCC is generally limited beyond treating the underlying cancer.

== Epidemiology ==
The incidence of the disease varies according to geographic, demographic and, to a lesser extent, hereditary factors. There are some known risk factors, however the significance of other potential risk factors remains more controversial. The incidence of the cancer has been increasing in frequency worldwide at a rate of approximately 2–3% per decade<ref name="DoictrvMissing">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.12.001|title=Epidemiologic and socioeconomic burden of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): A literature review|year=2008|last1=Gupta|first1=Kiran|last2=Miller|first2=Jeffrey D.|last3=Li|first3=Jim Z.|last4=Russell|first4=Mason W.|last5=Charbonneau|first5=Claudie|journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews|volume=34|issue=3|pages=193–205|pmid=18313224}}</ref> until the last few years where the number of new cases has stabilised.<ref name="Ljungberg et al 2011">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.049|title=The Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma|year=2011|last1=Ljungberg|first1=Börje|last2=Campbell|first2=Steven C.|last3=Choi|first3=Han Yong|last4=Jacqmin|first4=Didier|last5=Lee|first5=Jung Eun|last6=Weikert|first6=Steffen|last7=Kiemeney|first7=Lambertus A.|journal=European Urology|volume=60|issue=4|pages=615–21|pmid=21741761}}</ref>

The incidence of RCC varies between sexes, ages, races and geographic location around the world. Men have a higher incidence than women (approximately 1.6:1)<ref name="nejm">{{cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJMra043172|title=Renal-Cell Carcinoma|year=2005|last1=Cohen|first1=Herbert T.|last2=McGovern|first2=Francis J.|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=23|pages=2477–90|pmid=16339096|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55f232dcc1c38655f4215c2fd9cefaf4775eff29}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the vast majority are diagnosed after 65 years of age.<ref name="nejm" /> Asians reportedly have a significantly lower incidence of RCC than whites and while African countries have the lowest reported incidences, African Americans have the highest incidence of the population in the United States.<ref name="Ljungberg et al 2011" /> Developed countries have a higher incidence than developing countries, with the highest rates found in North America, Europe and Australia / New Zealand.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_1 |chapter=Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Incidence, Demographics, and Environmental Factors |title=Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Birkhäuser |first1=Frédéric D. |last2=Kroeger |first2=Nils |last3=Pantuck |first3=Allan J. |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8 |pages=3–22}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Daniel Sennert]] made the first reference suggesting a [[tumour]] arising in the [[kidney]] in his text ''Practicae Medicinae'', first published in 1613.<ref name=history>{{cite journal|last=Delahunt|first=Brett|title=History of Renal Neoplasia|journal=United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology 2009 Annual Meeting|date=March 8, 2009|url=http://www.uscap.org/site~/98th/pdf/companion09h02.pdf|access-date=April 27, 2013|archive-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329054018/http://www.uscap.org/site~/98th/pdf/companion09h02.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Miril published the earliest unequivocal case of renal [[carcinoma]] in 1810.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Delahunt|first=Brett|author2=Thornton A|title=Renal cell carcinoma. A historical perspective|journal=J Urol Pathol|year=1996|volume=4|pages=31–49}}</ref> He described the case of Françoise Levelly, a 35-year-old woman, who presented to Brest Civic Hospital on April 6, 1809, supposedly in the late stages of pregnancy.<ref name=history />

[[Alexander Koenig]] published the first classification of renal tumours based on macroscopic morphology in 1826. Koenig divided the tumors into scirrhous, steatomatous, fungoid and medullary forms.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2005.01.007 |title=History of the Development of the Classification of Renal Cell Neoplasia |year=2005 |last1=Delahunt |first1=Brett |last2=Eble |first2=John N. |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=231–46, v |pmid=15848734}}</ref>

=== Hypernephroma controversy ===

Following the classification of the tumour, researchers attempted to identify the tissue of origin for renal carcinoma.

The [[pathogenesis]] of renal epithelial tumours was debated for decades. The debate was initiated by [[Paul Grawitz]] when in 1883, he published his observations on the morphology of small, yellow renal [[tumors|tumours]]. Grawitz concluded that only alveolar tumours were of [[adrenal]] origin, whereas papillary tumours were derived from [[renal]] tissue.<ref name=history />

In 1893, Paul Sudeck challenged the theory postulated by Grawitz by publishing descriptions of renal tumours in which he identified atypical features within [[Renal tubules#Renal tubule|renal tubules]] and noted a gradation of these atypical features between the tubules and neighboring [[malignant tumour]]. In 1894, [[Otto Lubarsch]], who supported the theory postulated by Grawitz coined the term ''hypernephroid tumor'', which was amended to ''hypernephroma'' by [[Felix Victor Birch-Hirschfeld]] to describe these tumours.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/archinte.1929.00140050123011 |title=Carcinoma of the Renal Cortex with Factors Bearing on Prognosis |year=1929 |last1=Judd |first1=E. Starr |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=746}}</ref>

Vigorous criticism of Grawitz was provided by Oskar Stoerk in 1908, who considered the [[adrenal]] origin of renal tumours to be unproved. Despite the compelling arguments against the theory postulated by Grawitz, the term hypernephroma, with its associated adrenal connotation, persisted in the literature.<ref name=history />

Foot and Humphreys, and Foote et al. introduced the term ''Renal Celled Carcinoma'' to emphasize a [[Renal tubular#Renal tubule|renal tubular]] origin for these [[tumors|tumours]]. Their designation was slightly altered by Fetter to the now widely accepted term ''Renal Cell Carcinoma''.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14861941 |year=1951 |last1=Foot |first1=NC |last2=Humphreys |first2=GA |last3=Whitmore |first3=WF |title=Renal tumors: Pathology and prognosis in 295 cases |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=190–200 |journal=The Journal of Urology|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(17)74326-1 }}</ref>

Convincing evidence to settle the debate was offered by Oberling et al. in 1959 who studied the [[ultrastructure]] of clear cells from eight renal [[carcinomas]]. They found that the tumour cell [[cytoplasm]] contained numerous [[mitochondria]] and deposits of [[glycogen]] and fat. They identified [[cytoplasmic membrane]]s inserted perpendicularly onto the [[basement membrane]] with occasional cells containing [[microvilli]] along the free borders. They concluded that these features indicated that the tumours arose from the [[epithelial]] cells of the [[Renal tubule|renal convoluted tubule]], thus finally settling one of the most debated issues in [[tumour]] pathology.<ref name=history /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/186402a0 |title=Ultrastructure of the Clear Cells in Renal Carcinomas and its Importance for the Demonstration of their Renal Origin |year=1960 |last1=Oberling |first1=CH. |last2=Rivière |first2=M. |last3=Haguenau |first3=FR. |journal=Nature |volume=186 |issue=4722 |pages=402–403|pmid=14428164 |bibcode=1960Natur.186..402O |s2cid=4224899 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dysuria]]
* [[Interferon]]
* [[Interleukin-2]]
* [[Kidney cancer]]
* [[Knudson hypothesis]]<ref name="Valladares2008" />
* [[Rapamycin]]
* [[Stauffer syndrome]]
* [[Vinblastine]]
* [[Vasculogenic mimicry|Vasculogenic Mimicry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=


<ref name="Baldewijns2008">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.002|pmid=18187049|title=Genetics and epigenetics of renal cell cancer|year=2008|last1=Baldewijns|first1=Marcella M.L.|last2=Van Vlodrop|first2=Iris J.H.|last3=Schouten|first3=Leo J.|last4=Soetekouw|first4=Patricia M.M.B.|last5=De Bruïne|first5=Adriaan P.|last6=Van Engeland|first6=Manon|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer|volume=1785|issue=2|pages=133–155}}</ref>

<ref name="Birkhauser2013">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management |year=2013|publisher=Humana Pr Inc.|isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=3–22|author=Birkhauser|last2=Kroeger|first2=Pantuck|chapter=Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Incidence, Demographics, and Environmental Factors}}</ref>

<ref name="cohen">{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJMra043172|pmid=16339096 |title=Renal-Cell Carcinoma |year=2005 |last1=Cohen |first1=Herbert T. |last2=McGovern |first2=Francis J. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=23 |pages=2477–90|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55f232dcc1c38655f4215c2fd9cefaf4775eff29 }}</ref>

<ref name="kim">{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000092764.81308.6a |title=Paraneoplastic Signs and Symptoms of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Prognosis |year=2003 |last1=Kim |first1=Hyung L. |last2=Belldegrun |first2=Arie S. |last3=Freitas |first3=Danielo G. |last4=Bui |first4=Matthew H.T. |last5=Han |first5=KEN-RYU |last6=Dorey |first6=Frederick J. |last7=Figlin |first7=Robert A. |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=170 |issue=5 |pages=1742–6 |pmid=14532767}}</ref>

<ref name="LaneBook">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-062-5_5 |chapter=Prognostic Factors for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma |title=Renal Cell Carcinoma |year=2013 |last1=Lane |first1=Brian R. |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8 |pages=83–102}}</ref>

<ref name="Lipworth2009">{{cite journal |pmid=20865085 |year=2009 |last1=Lipworth |first1=L |last2=Tarone |first2=RE |last3=Lund |first3=L |last4=McLaughlin |first4=JK |title=Epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors for renal cell cancer |volume=1 |pages=33–43 |pmc=2943168 |journal=Clinical Epidemiology|doi=10.2147/clep.s4759 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Matin2013">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management |year=2013|publisher=Humana |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=155–166|author=Matin|author2=Ahrar|chapter=Thermal Ablation}}</ref>

<ref name="metz">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|year=2013|publisher=Humana |isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=339–348|author=Metz|author2=Davis|chapter=Palliative and Supportive Care for Renal Cancer}}</ref>

<ref name ="motzer">{{cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM199609193351207|title=Renal-Cell Carcinoma|year=1996|last1=Motzer|first1=Robert J.|last2=Bander|first2=Neil H.|last3=Nanus|first3=David M.|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=335|issue=12|pages=865–75|pmid=8778606}}</ref>

<ref name="Pavlovich2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nrc1364 |title=Searching for the hereditary causes of renal-cell carcinoma |year=2004 |last1=Pavlovich |first1=Christian P. |last2=Schmidt |first2=Laura S. |journal=Nature Reviews Cancer |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=381–93 |pmid=15122209|s2cid=17905393 }}</ref><ref name=rini>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60229-4 |pmid=19269025 |title=Renal cell carcinoma |year=2009 |last1=Rini |first1=Brian I |last2=Campbell |first2=Steven C |last3=Escudier |first3=Bernard |journal=The Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9669 |pages=1119–1132|s2cid=24535138 }}</ref>

<ref name="Russo2013">{{cite book|title=Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Management|year=2013|publisher=Humana Pr Inc.|isbn=978-1-62703-061-8|pages=119–132|author=Russo|chapter=Radical Nephrectomy for Localised Renal Tumours: Oncological and Renal Functional Considerations}}</ref>

<ref name="Valladares2008">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12094-008-0276-8 |title=Origin of renal cell carcinomas |year=2008 |last1=Valladares Ayerbes |first1=Manuel |last2=Aparicio Gallego |first2=Guadalupe |last3=Díaz Prado |first3=Silvia |last4=Jiménez Fonseca |first4=Paula |last5=García Campelo |first5=Rosario |last6=Antón Aparicio |first6=Luis Miguel |journal=Clinical and Translational Oncology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=697–712 |pmid=19015066|hdl=2183/19413 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|64||c|64}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|189.0}}
| ICDO = {{ICDO|8312|3}}
| OMIM = 144700
| OMIM_mult = {{OMIM|605074||none}}
| MedlinePlus = 000516
| eMedicineSubj = med
| eMedicineTopic = 2002
| DiseasesDB = 11245
| MeSH1 = D002292
}}
{{Urologic neoplasia}}
{{Tumor morphology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renal Cell Carcinoma}}
[[Category:Kidney cancer]]
[[Category:Medical triads]]

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matthew Turpin

2024-01-20T22:32:36Z

OfTheUsername: /* Matthew Turpin */ Reply

===[[:Matthew Turpin]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|B}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=Matthew Turpin}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matthew Turpin|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 January 20#{{anchorencode:Matthew Turpin}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1197474356/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Matthew Turpin}})
I can find no indication that this article meets [[WP:NPEOPLE|the person-specific notability policy]], including [[WP:BASIC]]. The article uses a number of [[WP:PRIMARY|primary sources]], and none of the others meet [[WP:SIGCOV]] -- they're all brief quotes or interviews with the subject. [[User:The ed17|Ed]] [[User talk:The ed17|[talk]]] [[WP:OMT|[OMT]]] 20:36, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

:I fully agree - I honestly have absolutely no idea why this is featured on the front page. [[User:Alfolfin|Alfolfin]] ([[User talk:Alfolfin|talk]]) 21:43, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
:'''Speedy Keep''' The page/image is currently linked from the [[Main Page]]. Please wait until the link is no longer on the Main Page before nominating. [[User:OfTheUsername|OfTheUsername]] ([[User talk:OfTheUsername|talk]]) 22:32, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

Israel–Hamas war

2023-12-21T20:36:03Z

OfTheUsername: /* International */ condensed toi article and skynews tweet into one newer toi article, as a source - in order to reduce number of "extra" citations

{{Short description|Armed conflict in the Middle East}}
{{About|the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas|the October 7 Palestinian attack|2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|the October 27 Israeli invasion|2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|other conflicts|Gaza–Israel conflict}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{POV|date=December 2023|talk=Hamas denial of sexual violence in lede}}
{{Excessive citations|date=December 2023|details= '''The large number of citations are causing this article to '''exceed Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Template limits#Post-expand include size|template size limit]].}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023|cs1-dates=l}}
{{2023 Israel–Hamas war infobox}}
An [[armed conflict]] between [[Israel]] and [[Hamas]]-led Palestinian militant groups{{efn|The list of groups included [[Hamas]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], and the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]].}} has been taking place chiefly in and around the [[Gaza Strip]] since 7 October 2023, with ches also taking place in the [[West Bank]] and [[Israel–Lebanon border]]. On that day, militant groups launched [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel|a surprise attack]] on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, marking the start of the most significant military escalation in the region since the [[Yom Kippur War]] in 1973.<ref name="Deeb"/> After clearing Hamas militants, the [[Israeli military]] retaliated by conducting an extensive [[aerial bombardment]] campaign on Gazan targets, followed by a [[2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|large-scale ground invasion of Gaza]]. The current hostilities constitute the fifth war of the [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], which is part of the broader [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]. Around 1.9 million Palestinians, more than 85% of Gaza's population,<ref name="UN1">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Desperation intensifies in Gaza amid uncertainty of 'safe zones' |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144387 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=news.un.org |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> and around 500,000 Israelis have been [[internally displaced]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |title=Around Half A Million Israelis Displaced Inside Israel: Military |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/around-half-a-million-israelis-displaced-inside-israel-military-139782b3 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Barron’s |language=en-US |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119040557/https://www.barrons.com/news/around-half-a-million-israelis-displaced-inside-israel-military-139782b3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The war began when Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups targeted Israel with [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023|a barrage of rockets]], while around 3,000 militants breached the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]] and [[List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|attacked]] civilian communities and military bases in Israel, resulting in 1,139 deaths, including 695 Israeli civilians, 373 security forces personnel and 71 foreigners.<ref name=F24231215>{{cite news |title=Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |work=[[France 24]]}}</ref>
The total includes an unknown number of deaths from friendly fire.<ref name="YnetFF" /><ref name=haaretz_helo/>
An estimated 240 Israeli soldiers, civilians and foreigners were taken to the Gaza Strip as captives or [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|hostages]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mills |first1=Andrew |last2=Hassan |first2=Ahmed Mohamed |title=Exclusive: Qatar seeking Israel-Hamas deal to free 50 hostages and 3-day truce |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-seeking-israel-hamas-deal-release-50-hostages-3-day-truce-sources-say-2023-11-15/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What we know about the captives taken by Hamas |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what-do-we-know-about-the-israeli-captives-held-by-hamas |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> Israel has reported [[Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October attack on Israel|rape and sexual assault]] by Hamas fighters, which Hamas has denied.<ref name='"gettleman"/><ref name="Williamson-2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67629181 |title=Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |last=Williamson |first=Lucy}}</ref><ref name=reuters_rapeaccusations /> Hamas stated that its attack was in response to the continued [[Israeli occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] of the [[Palestinian territories]], the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], the expansion of [[International law and Israeli settlements|illegal Israeli settlements]], rising [[Israeli settler violence]] and recent escalations.<ref name="aj7oct-invasion" /><ref name="McKernan-2023">{{cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Graham-Harrison |first3=Emma |last4=Kierszenbaum |first4=Quique |last5=Balousha |first5=Hazem |last6=Taha |first6=Sufian |last7=Sherwood |first7=Harriet |last8=Beaumont |first8=Peter |date=14 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |title=Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East |agency=Anadolu Agency |work=[[The Observer]] |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="HamasLeader">{{cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/hamas-leader-says-operation-heroic-epic-in-response-to-aggression-against-al-aqsa/3010615 |title=Hamas leader says operation 'heroic epic' in response to aggression against Al-Aqsa |work=Anadolu Agency |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Pacchiani2023">{{cite news |last=Pacchiani |first=Luca |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ |title=Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>

The Israeli [[aerial bombardment|bombardment]] campaign, over the first six days of which more than 6,000 bombs were dropped on Gazan targets,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Manisha |last2=Graham-Harrison |first2=Emma |last3=Burke |first3=Jason |last4=Morresi |first4=Elena |last5=Kirk |first5=Ashley |last6=Swan |first6=Lucy |date=18 October 2023 |title=Al-Ahli Arab hospital: piecing together what happened as Israel insists militant rocket to blame |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/al-ahli-arab-hospital-piecing-together-what-happened-as-israel-insists-militant-rocket-to-blame |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> caused, compared to any other conflict since 2017, an unprecedented and unparalleled civilian death toll.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://palestine.un.org/en/253284-gaza-unprecedented-and-unparalleled-civilian-death-toll-guterres|title=Gaza: 'Unprecedented and unparalleled' civilian death toll: Guterres | United Nations in Palestine |website=palestine.un.org |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> Israel also imposed a [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|total blockade of the Gaza Strip]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/disease-runs-rampant-gaza-clean-water-runs-rcna125091 |title=Disease runs rampant in Gaza as clean water runs out |date=15 November 2023 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Rushdi">{{Cite news |last1=Abu Alouf |first1=Rushdi |last2=Slow |first2=Oliver |date=10 October 2023 |title=Gaza 'soon without fuel, medicine and food' – Israel authorities |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67051292 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="cnbc20231012">{{Cite news |last1=Macias |first1=Amanda |last2=Iordache |first2=Ruxandra |title=Israel calls for evacuation of 1.1 million Palestinians in Gaza; at least 27 Americans killed |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/12/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-latest-news-on-gaza.html |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> leading to accusations that Israel was using starvation as a weapon and forcing Gazans to drink contaminated, salty water.<ref>{{cite web | title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=18 December 2023 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/12/gaza-undrinkable-water-slowly-poisoning-people |title='Uninhabitable place': Gaza suffers with water 97% polluted |first=Maram |last=Humaid |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=16 November 2023 |title=In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/24/middleeast/gaza-water-war-climate-intl-cmd/index.html |title=Gazans forced to drink dirty, salty water as the fuel needed to run water systems runs out |first1=Laura |last1=Paddison |first2=Rene |last2=Marsh |date=24 October 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Israel then launched a [[2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|large-scale ground invasion of Gaza]] with the stated goal of destroying Hamas and controlling Gaza afterwards.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-dismisses-international-pressure-nothing-will-stop-us-destroy-hamas/ |title=Netanyahu dismisses international pressure: 'Nothing will stop us' destroying Hamas | The Times of Israel |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel-gaza-war-can-hamas-actually-be-eliminated-experts-weigh-in.html |title=Can Hamas actually be eliminated? This is what military and security analysts think |first=Natasha |last=Turak |date=12 December 2023 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/ |title=Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force | The Times of Israel |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

{{as of|2023|12|19}}, more than 19,000 Palestinians, including over 8,000 children, have been killed.<ref name=Mikayla /><ref>{{cite news |title=From north to south, nowhere safe in Gaza as 700 killed in 24 hours |date=3 December 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/3/from-north-to-south-nowhere-safe-in-gaza-as-700-killed-in-24-hours |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203201125/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/12/3/from-north-to-south-nowhere-safe-in-gaza-as-700-killed-in-24-hours#:~:text=More%20than%2015%2C500%20people%20have,Ministry%20of%20Health%20in%20Gaza |archive-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Widespread civilian [[Casualties of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|deaths]] have led to both Israel and Hamas [[War crimes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|being accused of war crimes]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel/occupied Palestinian territory: UN experts deplore attacks on civilians, call for truce and urge international community to address root causes of violence |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israeloccupied-palestinian-territory-un-experts-deplore-attacks-civilians |access-date=15 October 2023 |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014225409/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israeloccupied-palestinian-territory-un-experts-deplore-attacks-civilians |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Corder-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Corder |first1=Mike |last2=Frankel |first2=Julia |date=13 October 2023 |title=Experts say Hamas and Israel are committing war crimes in their fight |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-icc-1a42212b95a7f6ce54909fb22e0d681d |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Israel ordered Gazans to [[2023 Gaza Strip evacuations|evacuate from northern to southern Gaza]],<ref name="Corder-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Hamas tells Gaza residents to stay put as Israel ground offensive looms |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tells-gaza-residents-stay-home-israel-ground-offensive-looms-2023-10-13/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013165455/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tells-gaza-residents-stay-home-israel-ground-offensive-looms-2023-10-13/ |url-status=live}}</ref> but also bombed locations to which it told Palestinians to evacuate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel intensifies bombardment in southern Gaza, including areas it had deemed safe |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-hamas-war-day-59-1.7048019 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-continues-bombarding-gaza-including-places-it-told-palestinians-to-evacuate-to |title=Israel continues bombarding Gaza, including places it told Palestinians to evacuate to |date=9 December 2023 |work=[[PBS NewsHour]]}}</ref> It was widely reported that there was "no safe place in Gaza".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/israel-gaza-there-is-no-safe-place-in-gaza-warns-humanitarian-organisations-as-israel-moves-assault-to-the-south-4434105 |title=Israel-Gaza: 'There is no safe place in Gaza', warns humanitarian organisations, as Israel moves assault to the south |first=Jane |last=Bradley |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/gaza-airstrikes-warnings-invs/index.html|title=In Gaza, Palestinians have no safe place from Israel's bombs |first=Yahya |last=Abou-Ghazala |date=13 October 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The war has led to a severe [[2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis|humanitarian crisis in Gaza]] due to the cut off of water, electricity and fuel by Israel as part of the announced blockade of the area.<ref name="Rushdi"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ioanes |first1=Ellen |title=Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014224531/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Healthcare in the State of Palestine|health system]] is in a [[Timeline of the 2023 Gaza Strip healthcare collapse|state of partial collapse]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2023 |title=Gaza health officials say they lost the ability to count dead as Israeli offensive intensifies |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-health-ministry-gaza-hamas-fe30cbc76479fa437d5f5a0e96c36e52 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125000510/https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-health-ministry-gaza-hamas-fe30cbc76479fa437d5f5a0e96c36e52 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=[[Associated Press]] |title=Live updates: Israel-Hamas truce begins with swap of hostages and prisoners; more expected Saturday |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/live-updates-israel-hamas-truce-begins-cease-fire-105132246 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[ABC News]] |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124180010/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/live-updates-israel-hamas-truce-begins-cease-fire-105132246 |url-status=live}}</ref> most hospitals are out of service,<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 November 2023 |title=Under US Pressure, Israel Agrees to Allow Limited Fuel Into Gaza Strip |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/under-us-pressure-israel-agrees-to-allow-limited-fuel-into-gaza-strip/7360075.html |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118010421/http://www.voanews.com/a/under-us-pressure-israel-agrees-to-allow-limited-fuel-into-gaza-strip/7360075.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and there are acute shortages of drinking water, food, fuel and medical supplies; Israel has cut off the supply of fuel to Gaza, alleging that it would be diverted by Hamas for military use.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andrew |first=Sadie |date=5 November 2023 |title=In Gaza, being a mother is a matter of life and death |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/05/middleeast/israel-strikes-gaza-women-children-health-crisis-mime-intl/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108032839/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/05/middleeast/israel-strikes-gaza-women-children-health-crisis-mime-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=WHO: Over 160 health care workers have died on duty in Gaza |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-palestinians-who-idUSL8N3C83IN |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206180511/https://www.reuters.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rushdi"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=5 November 2023 |title=Besieged Gaza residents face bombardment and hardship |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/besieged-gaza-residents-face-bombardment-hardship-2023-11-05/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108122221/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/besieged-gaza-residents-face-bombardment-hardship-2023-11-05/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |date=17 November 2023 |title=Gaza faces 'immediate possibility' of starvation as disease spreads, UN says |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/gaza-un-starvation-disease |access-date=17 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117152044/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/gaza-un-starvation-disease |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2023 |title=The UN stops delivery of food and supplies to Gaza as a communications blackout hinders coordination |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-17-2023-1811384fac6394329dd71e3aaf461eb5 |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout the duration of the war, there have been [[2023 Israel–Hamas war protests|widespread global protests]] that primarily calls for a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Paris to Karachi, protesters rally in support of Palestine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/11/photos-from-paris-to-karachi-protesters-rally-in-support-of-palestine |agency=Al-Jazeera |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120045102/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/11/photos-from-paris-to-karachi-protesters-rally-in-support-of-palestine |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds of thousands rally for Gaza in London as police arrest far-right protesters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/11/hundreds-of-thousands-rally-for-gaza-in-london-as-police-arrest-far-right-protesters |agency=The Guardian |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120135632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/11/hundreds-of-thousands-rally-for-gaza-in-london-as-police-arrest-far-right-protesters |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|The United States has sided with Israel]] in rejecting calls for a ceasefire, vetoing multiple [[UN Security Council]] resolutions calling for a humanitarian ceasefire to send aid to Gaza, saying that they believed that a ceasefire was in Hamas' best interest,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=7 December 2023 |title=UN chief rings alarm bell on global security threat from Gaza war |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-rings-alarm-bell-global-security-threat-gaza-war-2023-12-06/ |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas hails UN resolution calling for ceasefire, demands its immediate implementation |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-hails-un-resolution-calling-for-ceasefire-demands-its-immediate-implementation/ |agency=Times of Israel |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref name ="Al-Mughrabi"/><ref name="DixonHugoReuters">{{cite news |last=Dixon |first=Hugo |date=30 October 2023 |title=Israel war tests US appeal to global swing states |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/israel-war-tests-us-appeal-global-swing-states-2023-10-30/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104115825/https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/israel-war-tests-us-appeal-global-swing-states-2023-10-30/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Double standards': World reacts to US veto on Gaza truce resolution at UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |agency=[[Al Jazeer English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=9 Dec 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2023 |title=US vetoes UN resolution backed by many nations demanding immediate humanitarian cease-fire in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-un-resolution-ceasefire-humanitarian-6d3bfd31d6c25168e828274d96b85cf8 |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> although a humanitarian pause [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2712|was approved]] on 15 November with the US abstaining.<ref name="PoliticoUNSec">{{Cite news |last=Starcevic |first=Seb |date=16 November 2023 |title=UN Security Council adopts resolution for 'humanitarian pauses' in Gaza |language=en |work=[[POLITICO]] |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/un-security-council-adopts-gaza-resolution-calling-for-humanitarian-pauses/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116003121/https://www.politico.eu/article/un-security-council-adopts-gaza-resolution-calling-for-humanitarian-pauses/ |archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> During [[2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire|a seven-day truce]], 105 Israeli hostages were [[2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners|exchanged]] for 240 Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |title=CIA Director Discusses Resuming Hostage Swaps Between Israel and Hamas |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/18/world/middleeast/cia-director-burns-israel-hostages-hamas-gaza-prisoners.html |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> The war still continues with [[United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|United States military and diplomatic support]] which has been condemned by various human rights groups.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lederer |first=Edith M. |title=US vetoes UN resolution backed by many nations demanding immediate humanitarian cease-fire in Gaza |work=[[AP News]] |date=9 December 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-un-resolution-ceasefire-humanitarian-6d3bfd31d6c25168e828274d96b85cf8 |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=US risks 'complicity in war crimes', says Human Rights Watch – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/08/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-gaza-palestine-idf-civilians-blinken |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Double standards': World reacts to US veto on Gaza truce resolution at UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=9 Dec 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US President Biden sued for 'complicity' in Israel's 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/us-president-biden-sued-for-complicity-in-israels-genocide-in-gaza |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=14 Nov 2023}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|5}}

== Background ==
{{See also|Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Gaza–Israel conflict}}
The [[Gaza Strip]] and Israel have been in conflict since the [[Israeli withdrawal from Gaza]] in 2005, which it had [[Israeli Military Governorate|occupied since 1967]]. The United Nations and several human rights organizations continue to classify Gaza as held under Israeli occupation, due to its effective military control over the territory.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Frequently asked questions on ICRC's work in Israel and the occupied territories |journal=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |date=13 October 2023 |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories |ref={{sfnref |International Committee of the Red Cross |2023}} |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029201111/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know |work=[[NBC News]] |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031095143/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hamas, an Islamist militant group, won the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election]] and [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|a subsequent battle]] in the Gaza Strip between it and [[Fatah]], which led to it taking over governance in the strip, and further escalating tensions with Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Tom |last2=McDowall |first2=Angus |date=7 October 2023 |title=Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza |work=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Jan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007105909/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kane-2023">{{Cite magazine |last1=Kane |first1=Alex |last2=Cohen |first2=Mari |last3=Shamir |first3=Jonathan |last4=Scher |first4=Isaac |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |magazine=[[Jewish Currents]] |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014223844/https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel, along with Egypt, imposed a [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]] that significantly damaged Gaza's economy, citing security concerns as the justification.<ref name="Meakem-2023">{{Cite news |last=Meakem |first=Allison |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015213033/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> International rights groups have characterized the blockade as a form of [[collective punishment]],<ref>* {{Cite news |last=Nebehay |first=Stephanie |date=13 September 2011 |title=U.N. experts say Israel's blockade of Gaza illegal |work=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Peter |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615210724/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |url-status=live |quote=A panel of five independent U.N. rights experts [said] the blockade had subjected Gazans to collective punishment in 'flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law.'}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |title=Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The State of the World's Human Rights |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-86210-502-0 |location=London |pages=206–211 |language=en |chapter=Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=This compounded the impact of a 15-year ongoing Israeli blockade that amounts to illegal collective punishment |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016210727/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news |date=13 January 2009 |title=Deprived and Endangered: Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/13/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=The blockade is a form of collective punishment in violation of international law. |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404041422/http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/12/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hamas hardliner Yahya Sinwar elected as Gaza leader |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38955499 |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade around Gaza aimed at preventing attacks by militants there, though the measure has been condemned by rights groups as a form of collective punishment. |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022080210/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38955499 |url-status=live}}</ref> while Israel defended it as necessary to prevent weapons and [[dual-use goods]] from entering the territory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza Has Suffered Under 16-Year Blockade |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053734/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ynet Cabinet">{{cite news |last=Benhorin |first=Yitzhak |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=20 June 2010 |title=Cabinet: All non-military items can enter Gaza freely |work=[[Ynet]] |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623014021/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the blockade, Israel and Palestinian militants have had several clashes and made attacks on each other.<ref name="Meakem-2023"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Kane |first1=Alex |last2=Cohen |first2=Mari |last3=Shamir |first3=Jonathan |last4=Scher |first4=Isaac |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |magazine=[[Jewish Currents]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=Since Israel's disengagement from Gaza in 2006... Hamas has sometimes used rocket fire to exact concessions from Israel... Israel has frequently reacted to Hamas rocket attacks with bombing campaigns, an approach Israeli strategists have referred to as 'mowing the grass'... |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014223844/https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Beauchamp2023">{{cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |title=Why did Hamas invade Israel? |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=7 October 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007185123/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Palestinian Authority]] has not held national elections since 2006.<ref name="Meakem-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=15 July 2022 |title=A New Palestinian Leader Rises in the West Bank. He's Very Unpopular. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/15/world/middleeast/hussein-al-sheikh-palestinian-authoritywest-bank.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718205910/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/15/world/middleeast/hussein-al-sheikh-palestinian-authoritywest-bank.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas tunneled under the border wall to launch cross-border attacks and fired rockets into Israeli territory. This led to multiple conflicts, escalating into outright wars. Israel relied on the Iron Dome rocket defense system for defense, and responded with targeted strikes into Gaza, aiming to minimize the militant threat.<ref name="Beauchamp2023"/> Surveys in 2023 of Palestinians in Gaza and the [[West Bank]] before the war indicated that a majority supported the use of "armed struggle", the creation of "militant groups", and an ''[[intifada]]'' ("uprising") against the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muaddi |first=Qassam |date=19 June 2023 |title=Most Palestinians 'back armed resistance' as Israeli occupation intensifies |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/amid-israeli-violence-palestinians-back-armed-resistance |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]] |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920065745/https://www.newarab.com/news/amid-israeli-violence-palestinians-back-armed-resistance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Sudesh |last=Baniya |date=16 November 2023 |title=Two-state solution losing grounds in Israel and Palestine even before terror attacks, surveys show |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/10/15/two-state-solution-losing-grounds-in-israel-and-palestine-even-before-terror-attacks-surve |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=[[Euronews]] |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029192035/https://www.euronews.com/2023/10/15/two-state-solution-losing-grounds-in-israel-and-palestine-even-before-terror-attacks-surve |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hamas is designated as a terrorist entity by the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[European Union]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Bigg |first=Matthew |title=What We Know About the War Between Israel and Hamas |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143358/https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who are the Hamas leaders behind the attacks on Israel? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/11/who-is-hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-deif/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030031426/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/11/who-is-hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-deif/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Deeb">{{cite web |last=El Deeb |first=Sarah |date=9 October 2023 |title=What is Hamas? The group that rules the Gaza Strip has fought several rounds of war with Israel |url=https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a |access-date=5 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140259/https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a |url-status=live}}</ref> but not by other [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|UNSC permanent members]] [[China]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOhJQbP77h0C&pg=PA84 |title=The Terrorism Reader |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-68731-7 |editor-last=Whittaker |editor-first=David J. |page=84 |access-date=4 November 2023 |orig-date=2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175212/https://books.google.com/books?id=SOhJQbP77h0C&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=16 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Freedman |first=Robert O. |title=The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780415778626 |editor1-last=Peters |editor1-first=Joel |pages=325–333 [331] |chapter=Russia |editor2-last=Newman |editor2-first=David |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kftqQdNNDWAC&pg=PA331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175214/https://books.google.com/books?id=kftqQdNNDWAC&pg=PA331#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="DixonHugoReuters" /><ref name="WI-Waldo" /> A 2018 attempt to condemn Hamas for "acts of terror" at the [[United Nations]] failed to achieve the required two thirds majority, with 87 votes in favor, 58 votes against, 32 abstentions and 16 non-votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN rejects US motion to condemn Hamas |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/un-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas/a-46623413 |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023192107/https://www.dw.com/en/un-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas/a-46623413 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In February–March 2021, Fatah and Hamas reached agreement to [[Next Palestinian legislative election|jointly conduct elections for a new Palestinian legislative assembly]], in accordance with the [[Oslo Accords]]. Hamas committed to upholding international law, transferring control of Gaza to the [[Palestinian Authority]] and to allowing it to negotiate with Israel to establish a [[Palestinian state]] along the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 ceasefire lines]], with [[East Jerusalem]] as its capital. According to Menachem Klein, Israeli Arabist and political scientist at [[Bar-Ilan University]], [[Mahmood Abbas]] subsequently cancelled the elections under pressure from Israel and the United States.<ref name="MKlein" >{{cite magazine |quote=The Fatah-Hamas agreement did not come out of the blue. Four years earlier, Hamas published its "General Principles and Policies," a revised organizational document that significantly deviated from the fundamentalist principles of the group's original charter from 1987, and that effectively accepted the Oslo Accords as an existing political fact. Even earlier, in 2014, in the presence and mediations of the Emir of Qatar in Doha, the Fatah leadership headed by Abbas met with the Hamas leadership headed by Khaled Mash'al. The full minutes of the talks were published in an official Emirati document. In essence, the message of the Hamas leadership was clear: "If you in Fatah are convinced that you can get a state from Israel along the 1967 lines through negotiations, go for it. We will not interfere." |first=Menachem |last=Klein |url=https://www.972mag.com/hamas-fatah-elections-israel-arrogance/ |title=Israeli arrogance thwarted a Palestinian political path. October 7 revealed the cost |magazine=[[+972 magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129173047/https://www.972mag.com/hamas-fatah-elections-israel-arrogance/ |archive-date=29 November 2023 |date=28 November 2023}}</ref> Soon after, the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]] exploded and the [[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades|Al-Aqsa Brigades]] started planning the operation which would break out on 7 October 2023.<ref name="MKlein"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas Says Its Attack on Israel Was Planned for Two Years |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113232117/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hamas motivations ===
{{Further|Governance of the Gaza Strip}}
Hamas officials said their attack was a response to the Israeli occupation, [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], [[Israeli settler violence]] against Palestinians, [[Palestinian freedom of movement|restrictions on the movement of Palestinians]], and [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians.]]<ref name="aj7oct-invasion"/><ref name="McKernan-2023"/><ref name="Pacchiani2023"/><ref name="HamasLeader"/>

[[Mohammad Deif]], the head of Hamas's military wing, the [[Qassam Brigades]], said in a recorded message on the first day of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, that it was in response to what he called the "desecration" of the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]], and Israel killing and wounding hundreds of Palestinians in 2023.<ref name="TOI1"/> He called on Palestinians and Arab Israelis to "expel the occupiers and demolish the walls".<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-commander-says-attacks-are-in-defense-of-al-aqsa-claims-5000-missiles-fired |title=Hamas commander says attacks are in defense of Al-Aqsa, claims 5,000 missiles fired |first=Gianluca |last=Pacchiani |access-date=7 October 2023 |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094309/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-commander-says-attacks-are-in-defense-of-al-aqsa-claims-5000-missiles-fired/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |title=What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel's Response |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143358/https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He continued, "in light of the continuing crimes against our people, in light of the orgy of occupation and its denial of international laws and resolutions, and in light of American and western support, we've decided to put an end to all this, so that the enemy understands that he can no longer revel without being held to account."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-secretive-hamas-commander-masterminded-attack-israel-2023-10-10/ |title=How a secretive Hamas commander masterminded the attack on Israel |first1=Samia |last1=Nakhoul |first2=Laila |last2=Bassam |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017133933/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-secretive-hamas-commander-masterminded-attack-israel-2023-10-10/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d52e8653-8ee6-40fd-a9b0-14fb5e1794c9 |title='The Guest': the Palestinian mastermind behind deadly Israel incursion |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008222504/https://www.ft.com/content/d52e8653-8ee6-40fd-a9b0-14fb5e1794c9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Many scholars state that [[Hamas]]'s objective is the establishment of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders,<ref name="borders1967">Sources that believe that Hamas has accepted the 1967 borders:
* {{cite book |last=Brenner |first=Bjorn |title=Gaza Under Hamas |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |page=206}}
* {{cite book |last=Ayoob |first=Mohammed |author-link=Mohammed Ayoob |title=The Many Faces of Political Islam |edition=Second |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |page=133}}
* {{cite book |last=Koinova |first=Maria |title=Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=150}}
* {{cite news |last=Zartman |first=Jonathan |title=Conflict in the Modern Middle East:An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change |year=2021 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=230}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Siniver |editor-first=Asaf |title=Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780367135942}}
* {{cite book |last=Seurat |first=Leila |title=The Foreign Policy of Hamas |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2019 |isbn=9781838607449 |pages=61–62}}
</ref> while others say that [[Hamas]] has repeatedly [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|called for the destruction of the state of Israel]].<ref>Sources that say Hamas has called for Israel's destruction: {{Cite news |last=May |first=Tiffany |date=8 October 2023 |title=A Quick Look at Hamas |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014102435/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html |archive-date=14 October 2023 |issn=}} {{Cite web |last=Staff |first=The |date=9 October 2023 |title=Two-state solution: Israeli-Palestinian history |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/two-state-solution |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}} {{Cite news |last=Edwards |first=Christian |date=16 November 2023 |title=Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza and what laws govern the conflict? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/16/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-international-law-explainer-intl/index.html |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116210611/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/16/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-international-law-explainer-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Sources that say Hamas calls for Israel's destruction cite the [[1998 Hamas charter]], while sources that say Hamas has accepted the 1967 borders cite the [[2017 Hamas charter]], 2005 [[Palestinian Cairo Declaration]] and 2006 [[Palestinian Prisoners' Document]].}} In 2017, Hamas replaced it with [[2017 Hamas charter|a new charter]] that removed antisemitic language and said Hamas's struggle was with Zionists, not Jews.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Foreign Policy of Hamas |last=Seurat |first=Leila |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2019 |isbn=9781838607449 |page=17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation |first=Qossay |last=Hamed |page=161 |year=2023 |publisher=IGI Global}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |first=Timea |last=Spitka |year=2023 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |pages=88–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Khaled Meshaal: Struggle is against Israel, not Jews |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2017/5/6/khaled-meshaal-struggle-is-against-israel-not-jews |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=6 May 2017 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Israeli policy ===
[[Benjamin Netanyahu]] has been Israel's prime minister for most of the two decades preceding the war, and was criticized for having championed a policy of empowering Hamas in Gaza.<ref name="TOI123"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/israels-big-new-shift-in-hamas-policy/ |title=Israel's Big New Shift in Hamas Policy |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |access-date=28 October 2023 |date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027132032/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/israels-big-new-shift-in-hamas-policy/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/middleeast/israel-intelligence-hamas-attack.html |title=How Years of Israeli Failures on Hamas Led to a Devastating Attack |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030000459/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/middleeast/israel-intelligence-hamas-attack.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He has been accused of doing this to sabotage a [[two-state solution]] by confining the [[Fatah]]-controlled [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] to the West Bank and weakening it in order to demonstrate to the Israeli public and to Western countries that Israel has no Palestinian partner for peace.<ref name="CBS11"/> This criticism was leveled by several Israeli officials, including former prime minister [[Ehud Barak]] and former head of the [[Shin Bet]] internal security service [[Yuval Diskin]].<ref name="CBS11">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/netanyahu-israel-gaza-hamas-1.7010035 |title=How Netanyahu's Hamas policy came back to haunt him — and Israel |access-date=28 October 2023 |date=28 October 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028090732/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/netanyahu-israel-gaza-hamas-1.7010035 |url-status=live}}</ref> Along with the Palestinian Authority, [[Saudi Arabia]] was also critical of Netanyahu's government allowing [[Qatar]] to deliver suitcases of money to Hamas,<ref name="CBS11"/> in exchange for maintaining the ceasefire.<ref name="TOI123"/> Moreover, in recent years, Israel allowed up to 18,000 [[Israeli permit regime in the Gaza Strip|Palestinian laborers from Gaza to work in Israel]] as an incentive to maintain relative calm.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |title=How Hamas duped Israel as it planned devastating attack |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009020650/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-attack-intel-a5287a18773232f26ca171233be01721 |title=What went wrong? Questions emerge over Israel's intelligence prowess after Hamas attack |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107033735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-attack-intel-a5287a18773232f26ca171233be01721 |url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[Times of Israel]]'' op-ed argued after the Hamas attack that Netanyahu's policy to treat the Palestinian Authority as a burden and Hamas as an asset had "blown up in our faces".<ref name="TOI123">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |title=For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010105701/https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2023 local escalation ===
{{See also|2023 Neve Yaakov shooting|2023 Al-Aqsa clashes|2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings|May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes|July 2023 Jenin incursion}}

Over the course of 2023, before the attack, 39 Israelis and two foreign nationals had been killed, 116 wounded in Palestinian attacks, while at least 247 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces.<ref name="aj1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |title=Israel retaliation kills 230 Palestinians after Hamas operation |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007053106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |url-status=live}}</ref> Increases in settler attacks had displaced hundreds of Palestinians, and there were [[2023 Al-Aqsa clashes|clashes]] around the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] which sits on the [[Temple Mount]], a contested holy site in Jerusalem.<ref name="apn1">{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel declares war, goes after Hamas fighters and bombards Gaza |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2023, 1,264 Palestinians were held in administrative detention in Israel, without charge or trial, the highest number in three decades.<ref name=APDetention>{{Cite news |last=Frankel |first=Julia |date=1 August 2023 |title=Israel holds over 1,200 detainees without charge. That's the most in 3 decades, a rights group says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-detention-jails-palestinians-west-bank-793a3b2a1ce8439d08756da8c63e5435 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122095502/https://apnews.com/article/israel-detention-jails-palestinians-west-bank-793a3b2a1ce8439d08756da8c63e5435 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shefaz |first=Hagar |date=3 August 2023 |title=A Quarter of Palestinians Jailed in Israel Are Imprisoned Without Charges or Trial |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-03/ty-article/.premium/a-quarter-of-palestinians-jailed-in-israel-are-imprisoned-without-charges-or-trial/00000189-bce5-d9f3-a1cd-bfff64f00000 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805151758/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-03/ty-article/.premium/a-quarter-of-palestinians-jailed-in-israel-are-imprisoned-without-charges-or-trial/00000189-bce5-d9f3-a1cd-bfff64f00000 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel says this tactic is necessary in order to contain dangerous militants.<ref name=APDetention/>

Tensions between Israel and Hamas rose in September 2023, and the ''[[Washington Post]]'' described the two "on the brink of war".<ref name="wapo">{{cite news |title=What's behind the violence in Israel and Gaza? Here's what to know. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-violence-conflict-faq/ |first1=Brian |last1=Murphy |first2=Adam |last2=Taylor |first3=Sammy |last3=Westfall |first4=Bryan |last4=Pietsch |first5=Steve |last5=Hendrix |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008184041/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-violence-conflict-faq/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel found explosives hidden in a shipment of jeans and halted all exports from Gaza.<ref name="wapo"/> In response, Hamas put its forces on high alert, and conducted military exercises with other groups, including openly practicing storming Israeli settlements.<ref name="wapo"/> Hamas also allowed Palestinians to resume protests at the [[Israel-Gaza barrier]].<ref name="wapo"/> On 13 September, five Palestinians were killed at the border. According to the ''Washington Post'', the Palestinians were attempting to detonate an explosive device.<ref name="wapo"/> [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]] reported that a Palestinian Explosives Engineering Unit was working to deactivate the device.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/deadly-explosion-hits-gaza-rally-marking-2005-israel-pullout |title=Explosion kills five at Gaza rally marking 2005 Israel pullout |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017163027/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/deadly-explosion-hits-gaza-rally-marking-2005-israel-pullout |url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 September, [[Qatar]], the UN, and Egypt mediated an agreement between Israel and Hamas officials in the Gaza Strip to reopen closed crossing points and deescalate tensions.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Qatar mediates opening of Gaza-Israel crossing as protests end |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/29/qatar-mediates-opening-of-gaza-israel-crossing-as-protests-end |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010153410/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/29/qatar-mediates-opening-of-gaza-israel-crossing-as-protests-end |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=28 September 2023 |title=Israel reopens Gaza crossings, lets Palestinians back to work after two weeks |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-reopens-gaza-crossings-lets-palestinians-back-work-after-two-weeks-2023-09-28/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009220907/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-reopens-gaza-crossings-lets-palestinians-back-work-after-two-weeks-2023-09-28/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Israeli intelligence failure===
Israeli intelligence officials initially claimed they had no warnings or indications of the 7 October attack by Hamas, despite Israel exercising extensive monitoring over Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas Attack Raises Questions Over an Israeli Intelligence Failure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/us/politics/israel-hamas-intelligence.html |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008234117/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/us/politics/israel-hamas-intelligence.html |archive-date=8 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, the United States warned the Israeli government of the possibility of a surprise attack from Hamas a few days before the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=US intelligence warned of the potential for violence days before Hamas attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/13/politics/us-intelligence-warnings-potential-gaza-clash-days-before-attack/index.html |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122212221/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/13/politics/us-intelligence-warnings-potential-gaza-clash-days-before-attack/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2023 |location=Washington |language=en}}</ref> Egypt said it warned Israel days before the attack, "an explosion of the situation is coming, and very soon, and it would be big."<ref name="egyptint">{{cite news |title=Egypt intelligence official says Israel ignored repeated warnings of 'something big' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009113011/https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel denied receiving such a warning,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-13/ty-article/.premium/israels-national-security-adviser-denies-receiving-egyptian-warning-of-hamas-attack/0000018b-28c9-d1bc-a58b-69ef2ed70000 |title='Utterly Fake': Israel's National Security Adviser Denies Receiving Egyptian Warning of Hamas Attack |first=Jonathan |last=Lis |work=[[Haaretz]] |url-access=subscription|date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013215956/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-13/ty-article/.premium/israels-national-security-adviser-denies-receiving-egyptian-warning-of-hamas-attack/0000018b-28c9-d1bc-a58b-69ef2ed70000 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the Egyptian statement was corroborated by [[Michael McCaul]], Chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|US House Foreign Relations Committee]], who said warnings were made three days before the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior US lawmaker says Egypt warned Israel 3 days before onslaught |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-us-lawmaker-says-egypt-warned-israel-3-days-before-onslaught/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011163145/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-us-lawmaker-says-egypt-warned-israel-3-days-before-onslaught/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', Israeli officials had obtained detailed attack plans more than a year prior to the actual attack. The document described operational plans and targets, including the size and location of Israeli forces, and raised questions in Israel as to how Hamas was able to learn these details. The document provided a plan that included a large scale rocket assault prior to an invasion, drones to knock out the surveillance cameras and gun turrets that Israel has deployed along the border, and gunmen invading Israel, including with [[paraglider]]s. The ''Times'' reported that "Hamas followed the blueprint with shocking precision." According to the ''Times'', the document was circulating among Israeli military and intelligence leadership, who largely dismissed the plan as being beyond Hamas' capabilities, though it was unclear if the political leadership was informed. In July 2023, a member of the [[Unit 8200|Israeli signals intelligence unit]] alerted her superiors that Hamas was conducting preparations for the assault, saying that "I utterly refute that the scenario is imaginary". An Israeli colonel ignored her concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |last2=Goldman |first2=Adam |title=Israel Knew Hamas's Attack Plan Over a Year Ago |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/30/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-attack-intelligence.html?campaign_id=307&emc=edit_igwb_20231201&instance_id=109019&nl=israel-hamas-war-briefing&regi_id=64680187&segment_id=151409&te=1&user_id=1e9c9142246ac5796beabc2f49486341 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206180618/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/30/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-attack-intelligence.html?campaign_id=307&emc=edit_igwb_20231201&instance_id=109019&nl=israel-hamas-war-briefing&regi_id=64680187&segment_id=151409&te=1&user_id=1e9c9142246ac5796beabc2f49486341 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', alerts from the signals unit were ignored because they came from lower-ranking soldiers, contradicted the belief that Hamas was contained by Israel's [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], bombing, and placation via aid, and the belief that Hamas was seeking to avoid a full war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Mehul |date=23 November 2023 |title=Israeli intelligence 'dismissed' detailed warning of Hamas raid |work=[[The Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/277573ae-fbbc-4396-8faf-64b73ab8ed0a |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124204856/https://www.ft.com/content/277573ae-fbbc-4396-8faf-64b73ab8ed0a |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dettmer |first1=Jamie |title=Our warnings on Hamas were ignored, Israel's women border troops say |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-border-troops-women-hamas-warnings-war-october-7-benjamin-netanyahu/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[Politico]] |date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122015508/https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-border-troops-women-hamas-warnings-war-october-7-benjamin-netanyahu/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Israel–Saudi normalization talks ===
{{Main |Israel–Saudi Arabia relations}}
At the time of the attack, Israel and Saudi Arabia were conducting [[Arab–Israeli normalization|negotiations to normalize relations]]. Saudi Arabian crown prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] said normalization was "for the first time real".<ref name="nyt7oct"/> [[Saudi Arabia's Foreign Ministry]] said it had "repeatedly warned that Israel's ongoing occupation of Gaza would propel further violence".<ref name="nyt7oct">{{Cite news|last1=Kingsley|first1=Patrick|last2=Kershner|first2=Isabel|date=7 October 2023|title=Israel-Gaza Conflict: Gaza and Israel on War Footing After Militants Launch Surprise Assaults|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075901/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

== Historical context ==
{{See also |Iran–Israel proxy conflict |Gaza–Israel conflict |Israeli-occupied territories}}
[[File:Timeline of Israel-Palestine fatalities 2008-2023.png|thumb|300px|[[Israeli casualties of war|Israeli]] and [[Palestinian casualties of war|Palestinian deaths]] preceding the war. Most were civilians.<ref name="OCHAoPt"/><ref name="alfonseca"/>|alt=A bar chart from 2008 to before October 2023. 6,407 Palestinians have been killed during this time frame, while a smaller 308 Israelis have been killed.]]
[[File:Rocket Attacks fired at Israel from the Gaza Strip by year.png|thumb|300px|[[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|Rockets fired at Israel]] from the Gaza Strip, 2001–2021<ref name="pinfold">{{cite journal |last1=Pinfold |first1=Rob Geist |year=2023 |title=Security, Terrorism, and Territorial Withdrawal: Critically Reassessing the Lessons of Israel's "Unilateral Disengagement" from the Gaza Strip |url=https://academic.oup.com/isp/article/24/1/67/6762979 |journal=International Studies Perspectives |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=67–87 |doi=10.1093/isp/ekac013 |institution=[[King's College London]], UK and [[Charles University]], Czech Republic |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017014412/https://academic.oup.com/isp/article/24/1/67/6762979 |url-status=live |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]

Israel occupied the [[Palestinian territories]] (which include the Gaza Strip) during the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arab Perspectives on the Middle East Crisis |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/10/13/arab-perspectives-on-middle-east-crisis-pub-90774 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116150803/https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/10/13/arab-perspectives-on-middle-east-crisis-pub-90774 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1987, the [[First Intifada]] began, a popular uprising by the Palestinians against the Israeli occupation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Intifada |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifada |date=23 October 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114071751/https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifada |url-status=live}}</ref> The conflict lasted five years and ended with the [[Oslo Accords]], creating the [[Palestinian National Authority]] and [[West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord|dividing the West bank into three administrative areas]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=What are areas A, B, and C of the occupied West Bank? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/11/what-are-areas-a-b-and-c-of-the-occupied-west-bank |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426195631/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/areas-occupied-west-bank-190911093801859.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the failure of the subsequent peace talks at the [[2000 Camp David Summit|Camp David Summits in 2000]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline: How the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process Fell Apart in the Three Decades After the 1993 Oslo Accord |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-israeli-palestinian-peace-process-1993-oslo-accord/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050448/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-israeli-palestinian-peace-process-1993-oslo-accord/ |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=FRONTLINE |language=en-US}}</ref> violence once again escalated during the [[Second Intifada|Second Intifada, which ended with the]] [[Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005|Sharm el-Sheikh Summit]] and [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|Israel's military withdrawal from Gaza]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palestinian, Israeli leaders announce cease-fire – Feb 8, 2005 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/02/08/mideast/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020124803/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/02/08/mideast/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2007 |title=Jewish Settlers Receive Hundreds of Thousands in Compensation for Leaving Gaza While Palestinians Working for Them Get Nothing |url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/08/16/1326221 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509035456/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/08/16/1326221 |archive-date=9 May 2007 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref>

In 2006, Hamas won a majority in the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]]. Israel responded by threatening to impose sanctions unless Hamas agreed to follow prior Israel-Palestinian agreements; Hamas refused.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2006 |title=Hamas faults Israeli sanction plan |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/world/middleeast/hamas-leader-faults-israeli-sanction-plan.html |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205553/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/world/middleeast/hamas-leader-faults-israeli-sanction-plan.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fatah–Hamas conflict|A power struggle]] ensued between the Fatah and Hamas wherein Hamas took full control of the Gaza Strip. In 2006, Israel imposed a blockade, restricting the flow of goods and people in and out of Gaza. Egypt has also participated in the blockade, partially lifting it in 2011 and reinstating it in full in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaza Strip – Blockade, Occupation, Conflict |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip/Blockade |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114172350/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip/Blockade |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Gaza Strip's economy declined greatly due to the blockade, with a 30% drop in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) within a year. By 2015, the unemployment rate had risen to 45% (compared to the pre-blockade level of 10%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2016 |title=Economic Recovery in the Gaza Strip |url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620121/cs-economic-recovery-gaza-strip-271016-en.pdf;jsessionid=E806042F3A359D1CDDAEED58F95E125A?sequence=1 |url-status=live |website=Oxfam Library |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175217/https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620121/cs-economic-recovery-gaza-strip-271016-en.pdf;jsessionid=E806042F3A359D1CDDAEED58F95E125A?sequence=1}}</ref> In 2023, [[UNRWA]] statistics for Gaza reported 81% of people living below the poverty level, and 63% being food insecure and dependent on international assistance.<ref name="alfonseca"/> According to UNICEF, "Israel only approves 64%" of patients requests to leave Gaza for specialized medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[UNICEF]] |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115160019/https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to an analysis in ''[[The Independent]]'', the Gaza blockade created hopelessness among Palestinians, which was exploited by Hamas, convincing young Palestinian men that violence was their only solution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Richard |title=The US has ignored the hopelessness of the Israel-Palestine conflict for too long |work=[[The Independent]] |department=Voices |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-palestine-biden-us-gaza-b2426841.html |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010034130/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-palestine-biden-us-gaza-b2426841.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Daoud Kuttab]] wrote that Palestinian attempts to solve the conflict via negotiations or non-violent boycotts have been fruitless.<ref name="kuttab"/>

The [[Associated Press]] wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza."<ref>{{Cite news |last2=Adwan |first2=Issam |last1=Federman |first1=Josef |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |title=Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |url-status=live}}</ref> Several human rights organizations, including [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="amnesty">{{cite report |title=Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |date=January 2022 |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[B'Tselem]]<ref name="B'Tselem">{{cite web |title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |work=[[B'Tselem]] |access-date=6 November 2023 |date=12 January 2021 |quote=A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met. |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref name="Holmes">{{Cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=27 April 2021 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live}}</ref> have [[Israel and apartheid|likened the Israeli occupation to apartheid]], although this characterization is disputed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Figaro with AFP |date=4 May 2023 |title=Israël : l'Assemblée nationale rejette une résolution communiste dénonçant un "régime d'apartheid" |trans-title=Israel: National Assembly rejects communist resolution denouncing 'apartheid regime' |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Le Figaro]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hutzler |first1=Alexandra |last2=Peller |first2=Lauren |title=House passes resolution saying Israel isn't a 'racist or apartheid state' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |work=ABC News |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030033122/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hopper |first1=Tristin |title=It is not apartheid: A quick debunking of the most obvious lies about the State of Israel |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/israeli-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175217/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/israeli-history |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[National Post]]}}</ref> The UN [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) reported roughly [[Palestinian casualties of war|6,400 Palestinians]] and [[Israeli casualties of war|300 Israelis]] were killed in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict, from 2008 through September 2023, before the start of this war.<ref name="alfonseca">{{cite news |last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |title=Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel-Gaza crossfire as death toll rises |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[ABC News]] |date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012150320/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Where We Work. Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip |work=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ([[UNRWA]]) |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012075032/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OCHAoPt">{{cite web |title=Data on casualties |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231012194834/https://ochaopt.org/data/casualties |archive-date=12 October 2023 |work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory ([[OCHAoPt]]) |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

[[Simon Tisdall]] argues that an uptick in Israeli–Palestinian violence in the West Bank in the first half of 2023 had portended war,<ref name="tisdall">{{cite news |last=Tisdall |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Tisdall |date=9 October 2023 |title=In the midst of war, Benjamin Netanyahu is a liability who can only make things worse. He must go |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/09/war-netanyahu-liability-must-go-israel-palestine-hamas |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010013653/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/09/war-netanyahu-liability-must-go-israel-palestine-hamas |url-status=live}}</ref> and stated that Netanyahu's "refusal to contemplate any type of peace process" added "fuel to the smouldering fire" in the context of "the relentless expansion of illegal Israeli settlements".<ref name="tisdall"/> Prior to the attack, Saudi Arabia warned Israel of an "explosion" as a result of the continued occupation,<ref name="edwardwong">{{Cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Nereim |first2=Vivian |date=7 October 2023 |title=The war could upend Biden's diplomacy on Saudi-Israel normalization. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008012102/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref> Egypt had warned of a catastrophe unless there was political progress,<ref name="kuttab">{{cite news |title=The lesson from the Hamas attack: The U.S. should recognize a Palestinian state |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/10/09/gaza-war-israel-palestinians-recognition/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215129/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/10/09/gaza-war-israel-palestinians-recognition/ |url-status=live |department=Opinion |url-access=limited}}</ref> and similar warnings were given by Palestinian Authority officials.<ref name="kuttab"/> Two months before the attacks, [[King Abdullah II of Jordan]] commented that Palestinians have "no civil rights; no freedom of mobility".<ref name="kuttab"/>

Iranian officials publicly boasted for years about their role in arming militants in Gaza, and a 2020 US State Department report said [[Iran–Israel proxy conflict|Iran funnels]] $100 million a year to Hamas.<ref name="NBC-Kube">{{Cite news |last1=Kube |first1=Courtney |last2=Lee |first2=Carol E. |last3=De Luce |first3=Dan |title=U.S. investigating whether Iran gave advanced training to Hamas militants |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/us-investigating-whether-iran-gave-advanced-training-hamas-militants-rcna119824 |date=10 October 2023 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015020823/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/us-investigating-whether-iran-gave-advanced-training-hamas-militants-rcna119824 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Events ==
{{for timeline |Timeline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
{{main list |List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

=== 7 October attack ===
{{Main |2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023}}
[[File:October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict (7– 8 October).svg|thumb|Approximate situation on 7–8 October|alt=The map of the Gaza Strip and some of Israel. A large amount of territory in Israel is marked as having a Hamas presence.]]
[[File:Footage of bodycam of Israeli elite unit clearing the Nova music festival area on 7th October.webm|thumb|Footage of Israeli elite unit clearing after the [[Re'im music festival massacre]]]]

The attack took place during the [[Jews|Jewish]] holiday of [[Simchat Torah]] on [[Shabbat]],<ref name="npr">{{Cite news |last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[NPR]] |title=In surprise deadly attacks, Israel says Palestinian militants infiltrated from Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090901/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> and one day after the 50th anniversary of the start of the [[Yom Kippur War]], which also began with a surprise attack.<ref name="ap1"/> At around 6:30 a.m. [[Israel Summer Time|IDT]] (UTC+3) on 7 October 2023,<ref name="aj1"/> Hamas announced the start of what it called "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", stating it had fired over 5,000 rockets from the Gaza Strip into Israel within a span of 20 minutes. Israeli sources reported that at least 3,000 projectiles had been launched from Gaza. At least five people were killed by the rocket attacks.<ref name="scmp8oct">{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aj7oct">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |title=Israel-Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct">{{Cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |url-status=live}}</ref> Explosions were reported in areas surrounding the strip and in cities in the [[Sharon Plain]] including [[Gedera]], [[Herzliyya]],<ref name="ynet">{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Netanyahu: 'We are at war' |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007052803/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tel Aviv]], and [[Ashkelon]].<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67036625 |title=Strikes on Gaza after Palestinian militants enter Israel |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |first=David |last=Gritten |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67036625 |url-status=live}}</ref> Air raid sirens were activated in [[Beer Sheva]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Rehovot]], [[Rishon Lezion]], and [[Palmachim Airbase]].<ref name="aa1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-army-declares-state-of-readiness-for-war/3009882 |title=Israeli army declares 'state of readiness' for war |date=7 October 2023 |work=Anadolu Ajansi |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094111/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-army-declares-state-of-readiness-for-war/3009882 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas issued a call to arms, with commander Mohammad Deif calling on "Muslims everywhere to launch an attack" and to "kill them [the enemy] wherever you may find them".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Lloyd |title=Mastermind of Hamas terror attacks is so secretive that one of the few images linked to him only shows his shadow |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-mohammad-deif-mastermind-hamas-attack-israel-palestine-gaza-2023-10 |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026085752/https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-mohammad-deif-mastermind-hamas-attack-israel-palestine-gaza-2023-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct"/>

Hamas employed tactics such as using aerial drones to disable Israeli observation posts, paragliders for infiltration into Israel, and motorcycles, which was unusual for Hamas.<ref name=wsj20231025>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |title=Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=25 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinian militants opened fire on Israeli boats, while clashes broke out between Palestinians and the [[Israel Defense Forces]] along the [[Gaza–Israel barrier|Gaza perimeter fence]].<ref name="aa1"/> In the evening, Hamas launched another barrage of 150 rockets towards Israel, with explosions reported in [[Yavne]], [[Givatayim]], [[Bat Yam]], [[Beit Dagan]], Tel Aviv, and Rishon Lezion.<ref name="aj7oct"/>

Simultaneously, around 3,000 Hamas militants<ref name="strength1">{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Pacchiani |first2=Gianluca |title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101214815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ |url-status=live}}</ref> infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, pickup trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and [[paraglider]]s.<ref name="ap1"/><ref name="aj1"/><ref name="nyt7oct"/> They took over checkpoints at [[Kerem Shalom border crossing|Kerem Shalom]] and [[Erez Crossing|Erez]], and created openings in the border fence in five other places.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beaule |first=Victoria |date=12 October 2023 |title=A detailed look at how Hamas secretly crossed into Israel |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182 |access-date=12 October 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015144511/https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182 |url-status=live}}</ref> Images and videos showed armed and masked militants, riding pickup trucks<ref name="bbc1"/><ref name="cnn1">{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Netanyahu says Israel is 'at war' after Hamas launches surprise air and ground attack from Gaza |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and opening fire in [[Sderot]]. Other videos display Israelis taken prisoner, a burning Israeli tank,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Federman |first1=Josef |last2=Adwan |first2=Issam |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas militant group launches unprecedented operation against Israel with rockets and infiltration |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct"/> and militants driving Israeli military vehicles.<ref name="bbc1"/>

Hamas has also stated that its attack was in response to the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the expansion of [[illegal Israeli settlements]], rising Israeli settler violence and recent escalations at [[Al-Aqsa]].<ref name="aj7oct-invasion"/><ref name="McKernan-2023"/><ref name="HamasLeader"/><ref name="Pacchiani2023"/> Intelligence and security officials from multiple Western countries say that Hamas initiated the war in order to create a "permanent" state of war and to revive interest in the Palestinian cause.<ref name="nytimeshubbard"/><ref name="wpostrubin">{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Shira |last2=Warrick |first2=Joby |date=13 November 2023 |title=Hamas envisioned deeper attacks, aiming to provoke an Israeli war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113024604/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Military base attacks ====
{{further |Battle of Re'im |Battle of Zikim}}
Hamas militants carried out an amphibious [[Battle of Zikim|landing in Zikim]].<ref name="bbc1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=This is How Al-Qassam's Naval Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – Video |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Palestine Chronicle |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A military base near Nahal Oz was also taken by the militants, leaving at least two Israeli soldiers dead and six others captured. The IDF said it killed two attackers on the beach and destroyed four vessels, including two rubber boats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Videos show new details on how Hamas launched surprise assault on Israel |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/08/middleeast/hamas-videos-visual-timeline/index.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009082745/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/08/middleeast/hamas-videos-visual-timeline/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Fighting was reported at [[Re'im]] military base, headquarters of Israel's [[Gaza Division]].<ref name="ani">{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=At least 7 Nepali injured, 17 held captive by Hamas in Israel: Nepal's envoy |work=ANI |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163708/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later reported that Hamas took control of the base and took several Israeli soldiers captive,<ref name="ani"/> before the IDF regained control later in the day.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=IDF regains control of Re'im military base from Hamas terrorists in southern Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-regains-control-of-reim-military-base-from-hamas-terrorists-in-southern-israel/ |work=[[Times of Israel]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007204043/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-regains-control-of-reim-military-base-from-hamas-terrorists-in-southern-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The police station of Sderot came under Hamas control, with militants killing 30 Israelis, including policemen and civilians.<ref name="Margulies">{{Cite news |author=Margulies |first=Joanie |date=8 October 2023 |title=IDF regains control over Sderot police station |newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-763198 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007170438/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gunmen-homes-captives-abducted-gaza-leave-israelis-shock-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live}}</ref> At least six Israeli military bases near the Gaza border were attacked.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war: Images reveal the strategy behind the militant group's attack |language=en |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/14/israel-hamas-war-images-reveal-the-strategy-behind-the-militant-group-s-attack_6173112_4.html |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108015744/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/14/israel-hamas-war-images-reveal-the-strategy-behind-the-militant-group-s-attack_6173112_4.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Towns and rural settlements ====
{{further |Battle of Sderot |Battle of Sufa}}
{{main list |List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war#Surprise attacks on 7 October}}
[[File:Fires in Israel and the Gaza strip - 7 October 2023 (53245908850).jpg|thumb|Satellite view of widespread fires in Israel on 7 October 2023<ref name="ynet"/>]] [[File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg|thumb|A blood-stained home floor in the aftermath of the [[Nahal Oz massacre]] in [[Nahal Oz]], Israel|alt=Caked blood on the floor inside a house.]]

Militants killed civilians at [[Nir Oz]],<ref name="cnn1"/> [[Be'eri]], and [[Netiv HaAsara]], and other [[kibbutz|agricultural communities]], where they took hostages<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Militants infiltrate Israel from Gaza as Hamas claims major rocket attack |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075445/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and set fire to homes.<ref name="ynet"/> This resulted in widespread fires and smoke across the region.<ref name="ynet"/> 52 civilians were killed in the [[Kfar Aza massacre]], 108 in the [[Be'eri massacre]] (a loss of 10% of the [[kibbutz]]'s population) and 15 in the [[Netiv HaAsara attack|Netiv HaAsara massacre]],<ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Border town identifies at least 15 of its residents killed in Hamas attack |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234157/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Percent of Kibbutz Population Found Dead After Hamas Massacre in Southern Israel |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/10-percent-of-kibbutz-population-found-dead-after-hamas-massacre-in-southern-israel/0000018b-191c-df31-a99f-7ddf54fa0000 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170120/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/10-percent-of-kibbutz-population-found-dead-after-hamas-massacre-in-southern-israel/0000018b-191c-df31-a99f-7ddf54fa0000 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{Cite news |title=Hamas's attack was the bloodiest in Israel's history |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014231955/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> in what has been described as the bloodiest day in Israel's history and the worst single-day massacre of Jews since [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="The Economist"/> In Sderot, gunmen targeted civilians and set houses ablaze. In [[Ofakim]], hostages were taken during Hamas's deepest incursion.<ref name="f24-2">{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=In pictures: Scenes of war and chaos after Hamas launch surprise attack on Israel |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163706/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Economist"/> Hamas said it took prisoners to force Israel to release Palestinian prisoners.<ref name="aj9"/> In [[Be'eri massacre|Be'eri]], Hamas militants took up to [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|50 people hostage]].<ref name="NYT-Vinograd"/> Videos showed hostages being led barefoot across a street in the town.<ref name="BBChostage">{{cite news |title=What we know about Israeli hostages taken by Hamas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 |date=8 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |first=Alys |last=Davies |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008025612/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas also [[Re'im music festival massacre|massacred at least 325 and injured many more at an outdoor music festival near Re'im]] and took at least 37 attendees hostage.<ref name=haaretz_helo/><ref name=HDOIH/><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115142350/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hostages Held by Hamas: The Names of Those Abducted From Israel |date=22 October 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115193110/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref> Hamas and the Palestinian Authority denied the massacre, claiming that Israeli helicopters and fighter jets were behind the high number of casualties;<ref name="Halabiynetnews">{{cite news |last1=Halabi |first1=Einav |title=Palestinian Authority denies Hamas music festival massacre |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1nngcpnp |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=Ynetnews |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120022004/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1nngcpnp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite news |title=Palestinian Authority claims Israel, not Hamas, committed Re'im massacre |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774081 |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119204749/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774081 |url-status=live}}</ref> An Israeli Police investigation stated that the first helicopters at the scene arrived hours after the massacre began, and that they were likely responsible for only a few [[friendly fire]] casualties.<ref name="Halabiynetnews"/><ref name=haaretz_helo/> In Be'eri, a tank fired on a house known to contain around 40 terrorists and 14 hostages, among them 2 children; only one of the hostages in the house survived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Limone |first=Noa |date=13 December 2023 |title=If Israel Used a Controversial Procedure Against Its Citizens, We Need to Talk About It Now |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-12-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/if-israel-used-a-procedure-against-its-citizens-we-need-to-talk-about-it-now/0000018c-6383-de43-affd-f783212e0000 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.is/yfSE0 |archive-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> A [[Ynet]] article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the October 7 attack that "it would not be morally sound to investigate" given their number and the challenges soldiers were facing at the time.<ref name="YnetFF">{{Cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=12 December 2023 |title=One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |access-date=15 December 2023 |quote=Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time.}}</ref><ref name=Cook121215>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |date=15 December 2023 |title=Why is western media ignoring evidence of Israel's own actions on 7 October? |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-war-media-ignoring-evidence-actions-7-october |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en}}</ref>

Witnesses recounted militants on motorcycles opening fire on participants who were already fleeing due to rocket fire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israeli music festival: 260 bodies recovered from site where people fled in hail of bullets |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG3OY2Esm_0 |title=How the Supernova massacre unfolded, according to analysis of eyewitness and terrorist video |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020131441/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=rckLM4vVfUYRtulf&v=gG3OY2Esm_0&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Graeme Wood (journalist)|Graeme Wood]] reported that the video footage retrieved from the body cameras of Hamas militants displayed several victims "in the beginning of the footage they are alive, by the end they're dead. Sometimes, in fact frequently, after their death their bodies are still being desecrated."<ref name="CBC News">{{Cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title=Journalist describes footage of Hamas atrocities compiled by the IDF |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW0Atcdy38g |work=[[CBC News]] |language=en |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026041233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW0Atcdy38g&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 240 people were [[Kidnappings during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|taken hostage during the attacks]], mostly civilians.<ref name="NYT-Vinograd"/><ref name="Atlantic-Kidnapping"/> [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|Captives in Gaza]] include children, festivalgoers, peace activists, caregivers, elderly people, and soldiers.<ref name="Guardian-Jones">{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Sam |last2=Fidler |first2=Matt |date=18 October 2023 |title=Who are the hostages taken by Hamas from southern Israel? |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/who-are-hostages-taken-by-hamas-from-southern-israel |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018104401/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/who-are-hostages-taken-by-hamas-from-southern-israel |url-status=live}}</ref>

An Israeli spokesman said militants had entered Israel through at least seven locations from both land and sea,<ref name="ap1"/> and invaded four small rural Israeli communities, the border city of [[Sderot]], and two military bases.<ref name="nyt7oct"/> Israeli media reported that seven communities came under Hamas control, including [[Nahal Oz]], [[Kfar Aza]], [[Magen, Israel|Magen]], [[Be'eri]], and [[Sufa, Israel|Sufa]],<ref name="guardianlive"/> and there were 21 active high-confrontation locations in southern Israel.<ref name="jordan1">{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war |language=en |work=Jordan News |url=https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 |url-status=live |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094646/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

Israel has reported that [[Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October attack on Israel|rape and sexual violence against Israeli women]] took place during the Re'im music festival massacre, in private homes and an Israeli military base, and [[Physicians for Human Rights–Israel]] issued a report calling for an investigation into what it called the "accounts indicating that sexual and gender-baded violence occurred across several locations".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Georgina |date=11 October 2023 |title=What is a war crime and did Hamas commit war crimes in its attack on Israel? |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-what-is-a-war-crime-and-did-hamas-commit-war-crimes-in-its-attack-on-israel |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012015606/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-what-is-a-war-crime-and-did-hamas-commit-war-crimes-in-its-attack-on-israel |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ben Canaan |first1=Ron |last2=Ziv |first2=Hadas |date=26 November 2023 |editor-last=Grossman |editor-first=Lital |editor2-last=Shalev |editor2-first=Guy |others=Proofreading: Nili Alexandrovitz. Background research: Timor Tal. Cover photo: Oren Ziv |title=Sexual & Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War During the October 7, 2023 Hamas Attacks |url=https://www.phr.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/5771_Sexual_Violence_paper_Eng-final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127212104/https://www.phr.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/5771_Sexual_Violence_paper_Eng-final.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Physicians for Human Rights-Israel]]}}</ref> An 8 October report by ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' referenced videos it said "have raised concerns of sexual assault against women".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharon |first=Jeremy |date=8 October 2023 |title=Footage of Hamas assault on civilians shows likely war crimes, experts say |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/footage-of-hamas-assault-on-civilians-shows-likely-war-crimes-experts-say/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008204916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/footage-of-hamas-assault-on-civilians-shows-likely-war-crimes-experts-say/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Spencer-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Spencer |first1=Saranac Hale |last2=Gore |first2=D'Angelo |date=13 October 2023 |title=What We Know About Three Widespread Israel-Hamas War Claims |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2023/10/what-we-know-about-three-widespread-israel-hamas-war-claims/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014041932/https://www.factcheck.org/2023/10/what-we-know-about-three-widespread-israel-hamas-war-claims/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 October, Israel's military [[forensic]] teams attested that there were indications of torture and multiple rapes among the deceased.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 10 |language=en |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/16/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-10 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018035015/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/16/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 October, Israeli authorities screened footage of atrocities committed during Hamas's incursion to a small group of foreign journalists. In one clip a partially burnt female corpse was seen, with her dress pulled up to around her waist and underwear missing. An Israeli official said that authorities had evidence of rape.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Rory |title=Israel shows footage of Hamas killings 'to counter denial of atrocities' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/israel-shows-footage-of-hamas-killings-to-counter-denial-of-atrocities |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028212742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/israel-shows-footage-of-hamas-killings-to-counter-denial-of-atrocities |url-status=live}}</ref> An NBC News report on 27 October stated "there are signs of rape" in some of the videos.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schecter |first=Anna |date=27 October 2023 |title=Videos of Hamas attack suggest a chilling evolution of jihadist tactics |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/videos-hamas-attack-suggest-jihadism-evolved-chilling-new-ways-rcna122564 |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102132727/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/videos-hamas-attack-suggest-jihadism-evolved-chilling-new-ways-rcna122564 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Initial Israeli counter-operation (7–27 October) ===
[[File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Destruction of the residential Palestine Tower in Gaza following an Israeli airstrike|alt=Two buildings are enveloped in clouds of black smoke with one damaged and falling.]]
[[File:نمایی از راهروی ساختمان بیمارستان اشکلون در جنوب اسرائیل که هدف راکت گروه حماس قرار گرفته.png|thumb|Aftermath of a Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of [[Barzilai Medical Center]], a hospital in [[Ashkelon]], Israel, on October 8, 2023<ref>{{cite news |last=Efrati |first=Ido |title=Direct Rocket Hits, Partial Protection: How a Hospital Operates in Israel's Most Bombarded City |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-01/ty-article/.premium/hospital-serving-israels-most-bombarded-city-operating-at-30-percent-capacity/0000018b-8887-dd28-a7df-9897d1dd0000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=1 November 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>]]

After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants, it took hours for the Israeli military to respond by sending troops to counter-attack.<ref name=MIAGO>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/ |title=Many Israelis accuse government's of inept, chaotic response to October 7 massacre |publisher=Times of Israel |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113074458/https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The first helicopters sent to support the military were launched from the north of Israel, and arrived at the Gaza Strip an hour after fighting began.<ref name="HDOIH">{{cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=15 October 2023 |title=הטעיה של חמאס למסוקי צה"ל והכוונת טייסים בוואטסאפ |language=he |trans-title=Hamas deception of IDF helicopters |publisher=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b111niukzt |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050601/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b111niukzt |archive-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> They immediately encountered difficulty in determining which outposts and settlements were occupied, and distinguishing between Palestinian militants and the soldiers and civilians on the ground.<ref name=HDOIH/> The helicopter crews initially poured down fire at a tremendous rate, and in 4 hours, about 300 targets were attacked. Later on the crews began to slow down the attacks and carefully select targets.<ref name=HDOIH/>
According to ''[[Haaretz]]'''s journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation indicated an IDF helicopter which had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in [[Re'im music festival massacre]].<ref name=haaretz_helo>{{cite news |last=Breiner |first=Josh |title=Israeli Security Establishment: Hamas Likely Didn't Have Advance Knowledge of Nova Festival |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=18 November 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-security-establishment-hamas-likely-didnt-have-prior-knowledge-of-nova-festival/0000018b-e2ee-d168-a3ef-f7fe8ca20000 |quote=According to a police source, the investigation also indicates that an IDF combat helicopter that arrived to the scene and fired at terrorists there apparently also hit some festival participants. |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119001351/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-security-establishment-hamas-likely-didnt-have-prior-knowledge-of-nova-festival/0000018b-e2ee-d168-a3ef-f7fe8ca20000 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Israeli police denied the Haaretz report.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel Police slams 'Haaretz' claim IDF helicopter may have harmed civilians on Oct. 7 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=19 November 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-police-slams-haaretz-claim-idf-helicopter-may-have-harmed-civilians-on-oct-7/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119164605/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-police-slams-haaretz-claim-idf-helicopter-may-have-harmed-civilians-on-oct-7/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Subsequent investigation has determined that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air force would think they were Israelis.<ref name=HDOIH/> This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9:00 a.m., amid the chaos and confusion, some helicopters started laying down fire without prior authorization.<ref name=HDOIH/>

The attack appeared to have been a complete surprise to the Israelis.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-sirens-heard-as-dozens-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-towards-israel |title=Barrages of rockets fired from Gaza as Hamas launches unprecedented operation against Israel |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-sirens-heard-as-dozens-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-towards-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities, and the IDF launched '''Operation Swords of Iron''' in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="IDF-RT">{{cite web |title=Hamas-Israel War – Real Time Updates |website=idf.il |url=https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-october-2023/real-time-updates-hamas-israel-war/ |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013102344/https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-october-2023/real-time-updates-hamas-israel-war/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aj7oct"/> In a televised broadcast, Netanyahu said, "We are at war".<ref name="nyt7oct"/> He threatened to "turn all the places where Hamas is organized and hiding into cities of ruins", called Gaza "the city of evil", and urged its residents to leave.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu: We will turn places where Hamas is hiding into 'cities of ruins' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skforn1za |work=Ynetnews |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015164027/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skforn1za |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aj7oct-invasion">{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008024318/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> Netanyahu and Defense Minister [[Yoav Gallant]] conducted security assessments at IDF headquarters in Tel Aviv.<ref name="cnn1"/><ref name="bbc1"/> Overnight, Israel's [[Security Cabinet of Israel|Security Cabinet]] voted to act to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad".<ref>{{cite news |title=Security cabinet says Israel will destroy military, governmental abilities of Hamas, Islamic Jihad |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-cabinet-says-israel-will-destroy-military-governmental-abilities-of-hamas-islamic-jihad/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000150/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-cabinet-says-israel-will-destroy-military-governmental-abilities-of-hamas-islamic-jihad/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Israel Electric Corporation]], which supplies 80% of the Gaza Strip's electricity, cut off power to the area.<ref name="bbc1"/> This reduced Gaza's power supply from 120 MW to 20 MW, provided by power plants paid for by the Palestinian Authority.<ref name="aj4">{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/8/israeli-strikes-flatten-buildings-mosques-in-gaza |title=Israeli strikes flatten buildings, mosques in Gaza |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008150411/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/8/israeli-strikes-flatten-buildings-mosques-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref>

The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",<ref name="aj7oct"/> mobilized tens of thousands of army [[reservist]]s,<ref name="aj1"/><ref name="bbc1"/> and declared a state of emergency for areas within {{convert|80|km|mi|sp=us}} of Gaza.<ref name="guardianlive">{{Cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Lili |last2=Ho |first2=Vivian |last3=Fulton |first3=Adam |last4=Yang |first4=Maya  |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel declares state of war after Hamas fires thousands of rockets and 'militants cross border' – live |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007071116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Yamam]] counterterrorism unit was deployed,<ref name="jordan1"/> along with four new divisions, augmenting 31 existing battalions.<ref name="ap1"/> Reservists were reported deployed in Gaza, in the West Bank, and along borders with Lebanon and Syria.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air- |title=Army says it is fighting Gaza militants who entered Israel by land, sea and air |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Arabiya]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007112343/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air- |url-status=live}}</ref>

Residents near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters".<ref name="bbc1"/> The southern region of Israel was closed to civilian movement,<ref name="jordan1"/> and roads were closed around Gaza<ref name="ap1">{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |title=Hamas militant group has started a war that 'Israel will win,' defense minister says |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Josef |last1=Federman |first2=Issam |last2=Adwan |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Tel Aviv.<ref name="bbc1"/> While Ben Gurion Airport and [[Ramon Airport]] remained operational, multiple airlines cancelled flights to and from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ben Gurion airport stays open as foreign airlines cancel flights |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-ben-gurion-airport-stays-open-as-foreign-airlines-cancel-flights-1001459661 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Globes |date=10 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230802/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-ben-gurion-airport-stays-open-as-foreign-airlines-cancel-flights-1001459661 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Israel Railways]] suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus routes,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rail.co.il/?page=special-update-081023 |trans-title=Updates and changes in train traffic until further notice |script-title=he:עדכונים ושינויים בתנועת הרכבות, עד להודעה חדשה |language=he |work=רַכֶּבֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל |trans-work=Israel Railways |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012021622/https://rail.co.il/?page=special-update-081023 |url-status=live |title=Page Capture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/middle-east/war-with-gaza-cuts-train-services-in-israel/ |title=War with Gaza cuts train services in Israel |work=International Railway Journal |first=Jeremaya |last=Goldberg |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011093427/https://www.railjournal.com/regions/middle-east/war-with-gaza-cuts-train-services-in-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> while [[cruise ship]]s removed the ports of [[Ashdod]] and [[Haifa]] from their itineraries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cruisecritic.com/news/cruise-lines-change-cancel-itineraries-following-israel-attack/ |title=Cruise Lines Change, Cancel Itineraries Following Israel Attack |work=[[Cruise Critic]] |first=Aaron |last=Saunders |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190604/https://www.cruisecritic.com/news/cruise-lines-change-cancel-itineraries-following-israel-attack |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Israeli blockade and bombardment ====
{{further|2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip}}
[[File:The remains of the Sderot city police Photo by Yoav Keren.jpg|thumb|Remains of the Sderot police station, following recapture by IDF|alt=A severely-damaged building, looking as if it were a cross-section. In front is a burned car partially submerged in murky brown water.]]
[[File:Tasnim News Agency - Footage from Israeli airstrikes levelling Gazan buildings.webm|thumb|Building in the Gaza Strip being destroyed by Israeli missiles]]

Following the surprise attack, the Israeli Air Force conducted airstrikes that they said targeted Hamas compounds, command centers, tunnels, and other targets.<ref name="aj7oct"/><ref name="guardianlive"/><ref name="bbc2">{{cite news |last1=Knell |first1=Yolande |last2=Abu Alouf |first2=Rushi |last3=Gritten |first3=David |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045138 |title=Israeli forces fight to drive out Hamas militants and free hostages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008100223/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045138 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> Two days after the surprise attack, Israel said that 426 Hamas targets had been hit, including destroying [[Beit Hanoun]], homes of Hamas officials, a mosque, and an internet hub.<ref name="bbc2"/><ref name="ap5">{{cite news |last1=Federman |first1=Josef |last2=Adwan |first2=Issam |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-hostages-4377e096f62bf535bebcdff38cf16049 |title=Israel strikes and seals off Gaza after incursion by Hamas, which vows to execute hostages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009073701/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-hostages-4377e096f62bf535bebcdff38cf16049 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="bbc3">{{cite news |last=Abu Alouf |first=Rushdi |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045078 |title=Gaza: Fear and chaos for Palestinians as Israel strikes back |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008144624/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045078 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rahhou |first=Jihane |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/10/358152/israeli-strike-destroys-al-amin-muhammad-mosque-in-gaza |title=Israeli Strike Destroys Al-Amin Muhammad Mosque in Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000405/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/10/358152/israeli-strike-destroys-al-amin-muhammad-mosque-in-gaza |archive-date=9 October 2023 |work=Morocco World News |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Israel also rescued two hostages before declaring a [[state of war]] for the first time since the [[1973 Yom Kippur War]].<ref name="ap3">{{cite news |last1=Goldenberg |first1=Tia |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |title=Hamas fighters storm Israeli towns in surprise attack; Israel responds with deadly strikes on Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="war dec">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-officially-declares-war-for-1st-time-since-1973-as-death-toll-mounts-to-600/articleshow/104261182.cms |title=Israel officially declares war for 1st time since 1973 as death toll mounts to 600 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008131015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-officially-declares-war-for-1st-time-since-1973-as-death-toll-mounts-to-600/articleshow/104261182.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> Defense Minister Gallant announced a "total" blockade of the Gaza Strip, cutting off electricity and blocking the entry of food and fuel, adding "We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly".<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |title=Defense minister announces 'complete siege' of Gaza: No power, food or fuel |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105739/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This drew criticism from Human Rights Watch who described the order as "abhorrent" and as a "call to commit a war crime".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-war-gaza-violence/#link-ZY5JY3JP4NCXXAK3JYNMMSRUEE |title=Israel-Hamas war live updates: 9 Americans killed; Gaza Strip faces full siege |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009132415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-war-gaza-violence/#link-ZY5JY3JP4NCXXAK3JYNMMSRUEE |archive-date=9 October 2023 |date=9 October 2023}}</ref> The IDF later deployed [[C-130]] and [[C-130J]] transport aircraft to retrieve off-duty personnel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iaf-flies-hundreds-of-off-duty-troops-back-to-israel/ |title=IAF flies hundreds of off-duty troops back to Israel from Europe |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011064226/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iaf-flies-hundreds-of-off-duty-troops-back-to-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a part of a bombing run targeting Hamas command centers and weapon caches, the IDF stated that it had bombed the [[Nukhba (Hamas)|Nukhba]] forces—a Hamas special forces unit that is thought to have led the attack on Israel.<ref name="newsweek nukhba">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=Ellie |date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/israel-hamas-air-strikes-elite-nukhba-1834045 |title="Elite" Hamas unit behind Saturday massacre targeted in Israel air strikes |work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013082300/https://www.newsweek.com/israel-hamas-air-strikes-elite-nukhba-1834045 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Human Rights Watch accused Israel of using [[white phosphorus munitions]] over Gaza on 10 and 11 October, claiming it violated international law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012210108/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon |archive-date=12 October 2023 |location=Beirut |language=en |date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel denied the allegations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Israel denies using white phosphorus munitions in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/13/israel-military-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027052756/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/13/israel-military-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon |archive-date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Evacuation of Northern Gaza ====
{{main|Evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip}}
{{see also|Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City}}

Almost a week after the initial attack on Israel, on 13 October, the IDF issued an evacuation warning for communities north of the [[Wadi Gaza]]. All Palestinians in that region, including those in Gaza City, were given 24 hours to evacuate to the south. The Hamas Authority for Refugee Affairs responded by telling residents in northern Gaza to "remain steadfast in your homes and stand firm in the face of this disgusting psychological war waged by the occupation".<ref name="APEvacuation">{{Cite news |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Lederer |first2=Edith M. |last3=Shurafa |first3=Wafaa |date=13 October 2023 |title=Israel's military orders civilians to evacuate Gaza City, ahead of a feared ground offensive |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183110/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c |url-status=live}}</ref>

The statement by Israel faced widespread backlash; with numerous agencies, such as [[Doctors Without Borders]], the [[World Health Organization]], the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], among others, condemning the order as "outrageous" and "impossible" while calling for an immediate reversal of the order.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khraiche |first=Dana |date=13 October 2023 |title=UN Calls Israel Order to Evacuate 1.1 Million in Gaza Impossible |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-13/un-calls-israel-order-to-evacuate-1-1-million-in-gaza-impossible |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=Bloomberg |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013054305/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-13/un-calls-israel-order-to-evacuate-1-1-million-in-gaza-impossible |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MSF: Israeli order to evacuate northern Gaza 'outrageous' |publisher=[[Doctors Without Borders]] |date=13 October 2023 |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous |ref={{sfnref |Doctors Without Borders – USA |2023}} |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013220725/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ohchr-rescind">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international |work=OHCHR |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014175126/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO pleads for immediate reversal of Gaza evacuation order to protect health and reduce suffering |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering |access-date=14 October 2023 |publisher=[[WHO]] |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013232108/https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a part of the order, the IDF announced a six-hour window from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. local time on 13 October, for refugees to flee south along specified routes within the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Israel announces 6-hour window for Gazans fleeing south, as troops gather near border |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/gaza-israel-evacuation-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014115624/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/gaza-israel-evacuation-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An [[Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City|explosion]] at 5:30 p.m. along one of the safe routes killed 70 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes |title=Gaza civilians afraid to leave home after bombing of 'safe routes' |first1=Bethan |last1=McKernan |first2=Sufian |last2=Taha |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020000224/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes |url-status=live}}</ref> Some sources attributed it to an IDF airstrike, while CNN said the cause was unclear. The Jerusalem Post said open-source analysts believed the explosion originated from a car on the ground, but the cause was unclear.<ref>{{cite news |title=CNN authenticates video that show explosions along Gaza evacuation routes |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-news-hamas-war-10-14-23/h_bfac4f076809b2dbddbfbd8f8751ce6a |first1=Kareem |last1=El Damanhoury |first2=Gianluca |last2=Mezzofiore |first3=Paul |last3=Murphy |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |quote=It's unclear what caused the widespread devastation |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014140340/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-news-hamas-war-10-14-23/h_bfac4f076809b2dbddbfbd8f8751ce6a |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas seen blocking evacuation routes in Gaza – IDF |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-768382 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015045235/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-768382 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' carried out an investigation, concluding "analysis of the video footage rules out most explanations aside from an Israeli strike", although it was "difficult to conclusively prove whether these blasts came from an IDF strike, a potential Palestinian rocket misfire or even a car bomb".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Mehul |last2=Joiner |first2=Sam |last3=Andringa |first3=Peter |date=15 October 2023 |title=Did Israel bomb a civilian evacuation route in Gaza? |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/95c5fcf1-c756-415f-85b8-1e4bbff24736 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018044416/https://www.ft.com/content/95c5fcf1-c756-415f-85b8-1e4bbff24736 |archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

The IDF stated Hamas set up roadblocks to keep Gaza residents from evacuating south and caused traffic jams.<ref name="roadblocks">{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |date=14 October 2023 |title=IDF says it's completing preparations to strike Gaza 'from air, sea and land' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014232648/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli officials stated this was done to use civilians as "human shields", which Hamas denied.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |date=15 October 2023 |title=Palestinians fleeing to the south find no escape from danger |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-fleeing-fighting-south-find-no-escape-danger-2023-10-15/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113135535/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-fleeing-fighting-south-find-no-escape-danger-2023-10-15/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A number of countries and international organizations condemned what they called Hamas's use of hospitals and [[Usage of human shields by Hamas|civilians as human shields]].<ref name="Guterres202311">{{Cite web |title=Secretary-General's press conference on the Middle East |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[United Nations]] |date=6 November 2023 |first1=António |last1=Guterres |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108083954/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2023 |title=EU nations condemn Hamas for what they describe as use of hospitals, civilians as 'human shields' |url=https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113235931/https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Hamas are notorious for using civilians as 'human shields' |work=[[news.com.au]] |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/hamas-are-notorious-for-using-civilians-as-human-shields/video/f7c77dcc2111a710e4efb25b9fa7ed4b}}</ref><ref name="Ynet 14 November">{{Cite news |last=רויטרס |date=14 November 2023 |title=הבית הלבן: יש מידע שחמאס משתמש בבתי החולים בעזה, גם להחזקת חטופים |language=he |trans-title=The White House: There is information that Hamas uses the hospitals in Gaza, also to hold hostages |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/syan5bbnp |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114201011/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/syan5bbnp |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to an unnamed Israeli official, Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] left Gaza City using a vehicle associated with a [[humanitarian relief]] mission.<ref>{{Cite news |last=שרון |first=רועי |date=9 December 2023 |title=עזב בשיירה הומניטרית: יחיא סינוואר נמצא בחאן יונס |language=he |trans-title=Left in a humanitarian convoy: Yahya Sinwar is in Khan Yunis |work=כאן חדשות |url=https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/defense/647984/ |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

==== 17 October Israeli airstrikes ====
{{Further|al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion|October 2023 UNRWA school airstrike}}

On 17 October, Israel bombed areas of southern Gaza.<ref name="Jobain-refuge">{{Cite news |last1=Jobain |first1=Najib |last2=Kullab |first2=Samya |last3=Nessman |first3=Ravi |date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel bombs Gaza region where civilians were told to seek refuge, as mediators try to unlock aid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-biden-rafah-e062825a375d9eb62e95509cab95b80c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017144838/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-biden-rafah-e062825a375d9eb62e95509cab95b80c |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> Ministry of Health officials in Gaza reported heavy overnight bombing killing over 70 people, including families who had evacuated from Gaza City in the north.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel bombs homes in southern Gaza, kills more than 70 people |date=17 October 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/17/israel-bombs-homes-in-southern-gaza-kills-more-than-70-people |access-date=18 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024031355/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/17/israel-bombs-homes-in-southern-gaza-kills-more-than-70-people |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the airstrikes killed a senior Hamas military commander [[Ayman Nofal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brennan |first=David |date=17 October 2023 |title=Top Hamas commander killed in Israeli strike |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ayman-nofal-top-hamas-commander-killed-israeli-strike-gaza-palestinian-1835403 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=[[Newsweek]] |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017214129/https://www.newsweek.com/ayman-nofal-top-hamas-commander-killed-israeli-strike-gaza-palestinian-1835403 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the afternoon, an [[October 2023 UNRWA school airstrike|Israeli strike hit a UNWRA school]] in the [[Maghazi (camp)|Al-Maghazi refugee camp]], killing six and injuring 12.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |last1=Magid |first1=Jacob |date=17 October 2023 |title='They had nowhere else to go': UN says Israeli strike on school in Gaza kills 6 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-says-israeli-strike-on-school-in-gaza-kills-6/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017171605/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-says-israeli-strike-on-school-in-gaza-kills-6/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 36.jpg|thumb|Wounded child and man receive treatment on the floor at [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] in Gaza City|alt=A bloodied child on the floor of a hospital being treated by a nurse. A man with his head wrapped in a bandage wearing blood-stained clothes lays on the floor nearby.]]

Late in the evening, an [[Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion|explosion occurred]] in the parking lot of the [[Al-Ahli Arabi Baptist Hospital]] in the center of Gaza City, burning some nearby vehicles. The cause of the explosion was disputed by Hamas and the IDF, and the ongoing conflict prevented independent on-site analysis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2023 |title=Gaza hospital blast: What does new analysis tell us? |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67216929 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192242/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67216929 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinian claims that it was an Israeli airstrike were denied by the IDF, which stated that the explosion resulted from a failed rocket launch by [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]].<ref name="TOI Baptist">{{Cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Bachner |first2=Michael |date=18 October 2023 |title=IDF presents evidence misfired Gazan rocket caused hospital blast, slams Hamas 'lies' |language=en-US |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-presents-evidence-misfired-gazan-rocket-caused-hospital-blast-slams-hamas-lies/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140437/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-presents-evidence-misfired-gazan-rocket-caused-hospital-blast-slams-hamas-lies/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The PIJ denied any involvement.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel and Palestinian militants blame each other after hospital blast kills hundreds in Gaza |language=en-AU |publisher=ABC News (Australia) |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-18/gaza-hospital-blast-kills-hundreds-israel-hamas-war/102989448 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024201724/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-18/gaza-hospital-blast-kills-hundreds-israel-hamas-war/102989448 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Iran Helped Plot Attack"/> An independent analysis by [[Human Rights Watch]] indicated that the evidence pointed to a misfired Palestinian rocket as the cause, but stated that further investigation was required.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2023 |title=Human Rights Watch says rocket misfire likely cause of deadly Gaza hospital blast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-rocket-misfire-likely-cause-deadly-gaza-hospital-blast-2023-11-26/ |location=Reuters |access-date=27 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126215601/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-rocket-misfire-likely-cause-deadly-gaza-hospital-blast-2023-11-26/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 October, President Biden said the Pentagon had independently concluded that the explosion was not caused by Israel, but by "the other team", based on data from the [[US Department of Defense|Defense Department]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watson |first=Kathryn |date=18 October 2023 |title=In Israel, Biden says it appears "the other team" is to blame for Gaza hospital explosion |language=en-US |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-israel-denial-hospital-explosion-gaza/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018141306/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-israel-denial-hospital-explosion-gaza/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Over the next few days, Canadian, British, and French officials announced that their respective intelligence agencies concluded the cause to be a failed Palestinian rocket and not an Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Canada says it is confident Israel not behind deadly blast at Gaza hospital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/canada-says-it-is-confident-israel-not-behind-deadly-blast-at-gaza-hospital |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110170319/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/canada-says-it-is-confident-israel-not-behind-deadly-blast-at-gaza-hospital |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=French intel says Palestinian rocket likely cause of Gaza hospital blast |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/21/french-intel-says-palestinian-rocket-likely-cause-of-gaza-hospital-blast |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103013956/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/21/french-intel-says-palestinian-rocket-likely-cause-of-gaza-hospital-blast |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |first2=Peter |last2=Walker |date=23 October 2023 |title=Gaza hospital blast caused by militants' rocket, UK agencies believe |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/gaza-hospital-blast-caused-by-militants-rocket-uk-intelligence-sunak-israel-palestine |access-date=15 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103013948/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/gaza-hospital-blast-caused-by-militants-rocket-uk-intelligence-sunak-israel-palestine |url-status=live}}</ref> In its article dated 2 November, CNN stated that multiple experts said "they believe this to be the most likely scenario – although they caution the absence of munition remnants or shrapnel from the scene made it difficult to be sure. All agreed that the available images of evidence of the damage at the site was not consistent with an Israeli airstrike."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/02/middleeast/al-jazeera-video-gaza-hospital-blast-intl/ |title=Revisiting a key video used to assess the Gaza hospital blast |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105202337/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/02/middleeast/al-jazeera-video-gaza-hospital-blast-intl/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Invasion of the Gaza Strip until the truce (27 October–24 November) ===
{{Main|2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}
[[File:SoI-War 23-10-29 IDF 01-11.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers preparing for the [[2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|ground invasion]] of the Gaza Strip on 29 October|alt=Men in desert-brown fatigues walk towards rows of tanks. All of them have backpacks, and some have firearms.]]
On 27 October, the IDF launched a large-scale ground incursion into northern Gaza. Clashes between Hamas and the IDF were reported near Beit Hanoun and [[Bureij]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravid |first1=Barak |title=Israeli military launches major ground incursion in Gaza |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-ground-invasion-gaza |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028002239/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-ground-invasion-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> The Israeli invasion of Gaza was confirmed after Israel said its units were still in Gaza the next day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackenzie |first1=James |title=Hamas vows 'full force'; Israel says troops still on the ground in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233518/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas leader [[Ali Baraka]] said the invading Israeli forces suffered heavy casualties and loss of equipment due to an ambush.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/politics/16950 |title=Israel suffered heavy losses in last night's attack: Hamas leader Ali Baraka |website=Turkiye Newspaper |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103032947/https://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/politics/16950 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two days later, [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]], the head of the World Health Organization (WHO), described as "deeply concerning" reports from the Palestinian Red Crescent that the [[al-Quds hospital]] had received an urgent evacuation warning along with a notice that it was "going to be bombarded". He reiterated that it was "impossible to evacuate hospitals full of patients without endangering their lives".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/29/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-declares-offensives-second-stage-gaza-internet-coming-back-online?page=with:block-653e4a1a8f0837aa4c22d148#block-653e4a1a8f0837aa4c22d148 |title=Israel-Hamas war live: WHO 'deeply concerned' by report of evacuation warning to Gaza's al-Quds hospital |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=29 October 2023 |last1=Lowe |first1=Yohannes |last2=Hall |first2=Rachel |last3=Ratcliffe |first3=Rebecca |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029132131/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/29/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-declares-offensives-second-stage-gaza-internet-coming-back-online?page=with%3Ablock-653e4a1a8f0837aa4c22d148#block-653e4a1a8f0837aa4c22d148 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli airstrikes targeted the area around the hospital, filling parts of the building with smoke and dust, prompting staff to give breathing masks to some patients.<ref name="BBCquds1029">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Patrick |title=Israel Gaza live news: Doctors in Gaza say Israel has told them to evacuate a key hospital in Gaza City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67246761 |access-date=29 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030000224/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67246761 |url-status=live}}</ref> Around 14,000 civilians were believed to be sheltering in or near the hospital.<ref name="BBCquds1029"/> Associated Press reported that Israeli airstrikes also destroyed roads leading to the Al-Shifa hospital, making it increasingly difficult to reach.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/29/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-declares-offensives-second-stage-gaza-internet-coming-back-online?page=with:block-653df77a8f08b48bad7c3fcc#block-653df77a8f08b48bad7c3fcc |title=Israel-Hamas war live: WHO 'deeply concerned' by report of evacuation warning to Gaza's al-Quds hospital |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=29 October 2023 |last1=Lowe |first1=Yohannes |last2=Hall |first2=Rachel |last3=Ratcliffe |first3=Rebecca |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163942/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/29/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-declares-offensives-second-stage-gaza-internet-coming-back-online?page=with%3Ablock-653df77a8f08b48bad7c3fcc#block-653df77a8f08b48bad7c3fcc |url-status=live}}</ref>

Three days following the beginning of ground operations, the IDF blocked the [[Salah al-Din Road]]; a major thoroughfare connecting the northern and southern parts of the Gaza Strip. A video showed an Israeli tank firing on a taxi with a white flag on its roof that had attempted to turn around. An IDF spokesperson said they were "not shown any proof" that the vehicle was civilian, adding, "terrorists use civilian infrastructure like cars."<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2023 |title=Witness Describes Seeing Israeli Tank Fire on Taxi Southeast of Gaza City |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-gaza-war-latest/card/witness-describes-seeing-israeli-tank-fire-on-taxi-southeast-of-gaza-city-MxFhMYxmv3QxQXpGcpHk |url-access=limited |access-date=30 October 2023 |ref={{sfnref |WSJ |2023}} |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030113723/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-gaza-war-latest/card/witness-describes-seeing-israeli-tank-fire-on-taxi-southeast-of-gaza-city-MxFhMYxmv3QxQXpGcpHk |url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day heavy fighting occurred between the IDF and the Al-Qassam brigades alongside [[DFLP]]'s [[National Resistance Brigades]] in northwest Gaza.

{{external media|video1=[https://www.irishtimes.com/video/world/middle-east/2023/11/04/gazan-child-speaks-of-having-to-carry-decapitated-body-after-israeli-strike-on-jabalia/ Gazan child speaks of having to carry decapitated body after Israeli strike on Jabalia] (via ''[[The Irish Times]]'')}}
The following day, the IDF [[31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike|struck]] the densely-populated [[Jabalia]] [[Jabalia refugee camp|refugee camp]], killing 50 and wounding 150 Palestinians according to the Hamas run Gaza Health Ministry. According to Israel, a senior Hamas commander and dozens of militants in a vast underground tunnel complex were among those killed. Hamas denied the presence of a senior commander on the scene.<ref name="BBCJabalia">{{cite news |title=Dozens reported killed in Gaza refugee camp blast |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67258466 |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=30 October 2023 |language=en-gb |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101025004/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67258466?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=65418cfb8ae7803bb6845e16%26IDF%20gives%20more%20details%20about%20attack%20on%20Jabalia%262023-10-31T23:39:27.247Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:bfe645c9-1a79-457a-996f-76ac44d98154&pinned_post_asset_id=65418cfb8ae7803bb6845e16&pinned_post_type=share |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ReutersJabalia>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Rose |first2=Emily |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |date=31 October 2023 |title=Israel strikes dense Gaza camp, says it kills Hamas commander |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-says-it-fires-israeli-troops-pressing-gaza-ground-assault-2023-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103134432/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-says-it-fires-israeli-troops-pressing-gaza-ground-assault-2023-10-31/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Photos: Dozens killed in Israeli air attack on Jabalia refugee camp in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/31/photos-dozens-killed-in-israeli-air-attack-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031230450/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/31/photos-dozens-killed-in-israeli-air-attack-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the IDF, the destruction of the tunnels caused the collapse of the foundations of several nearby buildings, leading to their collapse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=IDF says Jabaliya strike killed top Hamas commander, collapsed terror tunnels |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-jabaliya-strike-killed-top-hamas-commander-collapsed-terror-tunnels/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031235916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-jabaliya-strike-killed-top-hamas-commander-collapsed-terror-tunnels/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Eyewitnesses interviewed by CNN and ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' spoke of "apocalyptic" scenes, with dozens of collapsed buildings, children carrying other injured children, and bodies lying in the rubble.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raine |first=Andrew |date=31 October 2023 |title='Children were carrying other injured children.' Witness describes aftermath of Israeli strike on Gaza refugee camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/31/middleeast/jabalya-blast-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031235749/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/31/middleeast/jabalya-blast-gaza-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=Israelische Armee bestätigt Beschuss von Flüchtlingslager Dschabalia |trans-title=Israeli army confirms shelling of Jabalia refugee camp |language=de |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/israelischer-armeesprecher-bestaetigt-angriff-auf-fluechtlingslager-dschabalija-a-00e1cd38-bf2f-4688-8281-e9d691bf9e7d |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101013057/https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/israelischer-armeesprecher-bestaetigt-angriff-auf-fluechtlingslager-dschabalija-a-00e1cd38-bf2f-4688-8281-e9d691bf9e7d |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Willis |first1=Haley |last2=Koettl |first2=Christoph |last3=Erden |first3=Bora |date=31 October 2023 |title=Videos show a densely populated area of Gaza decimated by Israel's airstrike. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/world/middleeast/jabaliya-camp-strike-israel-gaza.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101001055/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/world/middleeast/jabaliya-camp-strike-israel-gaza.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The nearby Indonesian Hospital's surgical director said they had received 120 dead bodies and treated 280 wounded, the majority of them women and children.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=Jabalia: Israel air strike reportedly kills dozens at Gaza refugee camp |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67276822 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104223551/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67276822 |url-status=live}}</ref> The attack resulted in several ambassador recalls (see {{slink|#Ambassador recalls}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pacchiani |first=Gianluca |title=Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Qatar condemn Israeli strikes in Gaza's Jabaliya |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/egypt-and-jordan-condemn-israeli-strikes-on-jabaliya-refugee-camp/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031235917/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/egypt-and-jordan-condemn-israeli-strikes-on-jabaliya-refugee-camp/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramos |first=Daniel |date=1 November 2023 |title=Bolivia severs ties with Israel, others recall envoys over Gaza |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-israel-citing-crimes-against-humanity-2023-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031234549/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-israel-citing-crimes-against-humanity-2023-10-31/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post-2023-1">{{Cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza war live updates: Injured Gazans enter Egypt; new strike on Jabalya camp, hospital says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/01/israel-war-hamas-news-gaza-palestine/#link-N3D3KADIIVFXFNRD5KKZ7PEW54 |access-date=1 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101172621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/01/israel-war-hamas-news-gaza-palestine/#link-N3D3KADIIVFXFNRD5KKZ7PEW54 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Josep Borrell]], the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]], wrote on the social media platform X that he was "appalled by the high number of casualties" from the bombing.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Inhumane': World reacts to Israeli attacks on Jabalia refugee camp |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/a-wake-up-call-world-reacts-to-jabalia-camp-attack |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101150617/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/a-wake-up-call-world-reacts-to-jabalia-camp-attack |url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''The New York Times'' at least two 2,000-pound bombs, the second largest type in Israel's arsenal, were used.<ref name=NYT2KBombs>{{Cite news |last1=Koettl |first1=Christoph |last2=Tiefenthäler |first2=Ainara |last3=Willis |first3=Haley |last4=Cardia |first4=Alexander |date=3 November 2023 |title=Israel Used 2,000-Pound Bombs in Strike on Jabaliya, Analysis Shows |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/world/middleeast/israel-bomb-jabaliya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104021525/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/world/middleeast/israel-bomb-jabaliya.html |archive-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>

[[File:SoI-War 23-11-01 IDF 13-04.jpg|thumb|upright|IDF tanks on operations in the Gaza Strip on 31 October|alt=Two tanks roll on dirt, surrounded by a massive amount of destruction. There is rubble on the ground, and buildings that have been exploded]]
On 1 November, the first group of evacuees left Gaza into Egypt. 500 evacuees, comprising critically wounded and foreign nationals, would be evacuated over the course of several days, with 200 evacuees already waiting at the border crossing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Williams |first2=Dan |date=1 November 2023 |title=First evacuees leave Gaza after another night of Israeli bombardments |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-jets-strike-gaza-camp-says-hamas-commander-killed-2023-11-01/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101233626/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-jets-strike-gaza-camp-says-hamas-commander-killed-2023-11-01/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, the Jabalia refugee camp was bombed for a second time; the [[UN Human Rights Office]] expressed "serious concerns" that these were "disproportionate attacks that could amount to war crimes".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=Israel's strikes on Gaza refugee camp could be war crimes, UN says |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3240027/israels-strikes-gaza-refugee-camp-could-be-war-crimes-un-says |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101235934/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3240027/israels-strikes-gaza-refugee-camp-could-be-war-crimes-un-says |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/nasrallah-says-oct-7-assault-100-palestinian-hezbollah-knew-nothing-about-it/ |title=Nasrallah says Oct. 7 assault '100% Palestinian,' Hezbollah knew nothing about it |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103145014/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/nasrallah-says-oct-7-assault-100-palestinian-hezbollah-knew-nothing-about-it/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The IDF released what it claimed was an intercepted call between Hamas operatives and the head of the [[Indonesia Hospital]], where they discuss diverting some of the hospital's fuel supply to Hamas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Hamas siphons fuel from hospitals, IDF reveals in intercepted call |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjhcwfl7p |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122111713/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjhcwfl7p |url-status=live}}</ref>

Two days later, the Gaza health ministry stated that [[Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike|Israel struck an ambulance convoy]] directly in front of Al-Shifa Hospital, killing at least 15 people and injuring 60 more.<ref name=reutershospital1104>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/health-ministry-gaza-says-israel-targeted-convoy-ambulances-leaving-al-shifa-2023-11-03/ |title=Israel strikes ambulance near Gaza hospital, 15 reported killed |access-date=4 November 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103235417/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/health-ministry-gaza-says-israel-targeted-convoy-ambulances-leaving-al-shifa-2023-11-03/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The IDF acknowledged having launched an airstrike at "an ambulance that was identified by forces as being used by a Hamas terrorist cell in close proximity to their position in the battle zone", adding that a "number of Hamas terrorist operatives were killed in the strike".<ref name=Guardianhospital1104/> The IDF did not provide evidence that the ambulances were being used by Hamas combatants but said that additional information would be released.<ref name=Guardianhospital1104/> A Hamas official described the Israeli claim as "baseless".<ref name="Guardianhospital1104"/> The Palestinian Red Crescent Society (PRCS) said one of its ambulances was struck "by a missile fired by the Israeli forces" about two metres from the entrance to al-Shifa hospital.<ref name="Guardianhospital1104">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/04/israel-hamas-war-live-blinken-set-to-meet-with-middle-east-foreign-ministers-in-jordan-airstrike-on-gaza-ambulance-kills-15?page=with:block-6545d8f88f08d1827a66bd99#block-6545d8f88f08d1827a66bd99 |title=Palestinian Red Crescent condemns deadly strike on Gaza ambulance |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 November 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104094005/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/04/israel-hamas-war-live-blinken-set-to-meet-with-middle-east-foreign-ministers-in-jordan-airstrike-on-gaza-ambulance-kills-15?page=with:block-6545d8f88f08d1827a66bd99#block-6545d8f88f08d1827a66bd99 |url-status=live}}</ref> The PRCS said another ambulance was fired on about a kilometre from the hospital.<ref name="Guardianhospital1104"/> WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said on X that he was "utterly shocked by reports of attacks on ambulances evacuating patients", adding that patients, health workers and medical facilities must always be protected.<ref name=reutershospital1104/><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1720492377796743196 |user=DrTedros |date=3 November 2023 |title=Utterly shocked by reports of attacks on ambulances evacuating patients close to Al-Shifa hospital in #Gaza, leading to deaths, injuries and damage. We reiterate: patients, health workers, facilities, and ambulances must be protected at all times. Always. Ceasefire NOW. #NotATarget}}</ref>

On 4 November a UNRWA spokeswoman confirmed reports that Israel had conducted [[Al-Fakhoora school airstrike|an airstrike]] against a UN-run school in the Jabalia refugee camp.<ref name=ReutersUNSchool1104/> According to the Gaza health ministry, the attack killed 15 and wounded dozens more.<ref name=ReutersUNSchool1104>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Lewis |first2=Simon |last3=Al-Khalidi |first3=Suleiman |date=4 November 2023 |title=Palestinians say Israeli strike hits U.N.-run school as Blinken meets Arab leaders |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-arab-leaders-meet-over-gaza-palestinian-deaths-mount-2023-11-03/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105010423/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-arab-leaders-meet-over-gaza-palestinian-deaths-mount-2023-11-03/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey recalled its ambassador to Israel "in view of the unfolding humanitarian tragedy in Gaza caused by the continuing attacks by Israel against civilians, and Israel's refusal (to accept) a ceasefire." President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] told reporters he held Netanyahu personally responsible for civilian deaths in Gaza and said that he was "no longer someone we can talk to".<ref name=France24Erdogan>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231104-turkey-recalls-envoy-to-israel-blasts-netanyahu |title=Turkey recalls envoy to Israel, 'writes off' Netanyahu |work=[[France 24]] |date=4 November 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104144953/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231104-turkey-recalls-envoy-to-israel-blasts-netanyahu |url-status=live}}</ref>

Abu Ubaida, the spokesperson for the Izz el-Deen al-Qassam Brigades, reported that due to Israeli air strikes, the bodies of 23 missing Israeli hostages were buried under the rubble.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas armed wing: More than 60 hostages are missing due to Israeli airstrikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-armed-wing-more-than-60-hostages-are-missing-due-israeli-airstrikes-2023-11-04/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109204130/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-armed-wing-more-than-60-hostages-are-missing-due-israeli-airstrikes-2023-11-04/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Protests in Israel target Netanyahu over release of captives |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=4 November 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/4/protests-in-israel-target-netanyahu-over-release-of-hostages |ref={{sfnref |Al Jazeera |2023}} |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107235338/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/4/protests-in-israel-target-netanyahu-over-release-of-hostages |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{External media
| topic = Instagram videos by Ahmed Hijazi of the Al-Shifa Hospital strike shown in the Visual Investigations report published by ''The New York Times''. Contains graphic images of severe injury.
| video1 = [https://www.instagram.com/p/CzcXxGztkC1/ A video of the airstrikes and immediate injuries.]
| video2 = [https://www.instagram.com/p/CzdNR0CAluI/ Shows dead and injured in the aftermath.]
}}

Fighting continued through the middle of November and on 18 November Israeli strikes killed more than 80 people in Jabalia refugee camp.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli airstrikes kill 80 in Palestinian refugee camp |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/18/israeli-airstrikes-kill-80-in-palestinian-refugee-camp |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120053637/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/18/israeli-airstrikes-kill-80-in-palestinian-refugee-camp |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 November, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day "pause"<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite news |title=Israel agrees to ceasefire deal, paving way for some captives' release |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/israel-agrees-to-ceasefire-deal-paving-way-for-some-captives-release |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> or "lull"<ref name="Burke-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Borger |first3=Julian |date=22 November 2023 |title=Israel and Hamas agree deal for release of some hostages and four-day ceasefire |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/israel-hamas-war-hostages-freed-deal-ceasefire |access-date=22 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2023 |title=Israel, Hamas agree to ceasefire deal that also sees captives exchanged |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-hamas-hostages-deal-1.7033147 |work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> in hostilities, to allow for the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref name="Burke-2023"/> The deal also provided for the release of approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by Israel.<ref name="Burke-2023"/> The agreement was approved by the Israeli cabinet in the early hours of the day; in a statement, the Israeli Prime Minister's Office stated Israel's intention to continue the war.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref name="Burke-2023"/>

=== Duration of the truce (24 November–1 December) ===
{{main|2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}
Following the introduction of a Qatari-brokered [[2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire|truce]] on 24 November, starting at 7:00 AM Israel time, active fighting in the Gaza Strip ceased and some of the Israeli and foreign hostages were released by Hamas in [[2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners|exchange]] for the release of some of the Palestinian political prisoners held by Israel. The truce was announced for a period of four days, but was extended for a longer period.

From 24 to 30 November, Hamas released hostages and Israel released prisoners. On 27 November Qatar announced that an agreement between Israel and Hamas to extend the truce by two days had been reached.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel-Hamas truce extends by two days, Qatar says: Live updates |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-27-23/index.html |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce on 28 November. On 30 November Hamas released two more hostages as the truce, which was supposed to end minutes later, was extended by another day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war live updates: Gaza cease-fire extended a day; Jerusalem shooting kills 3 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna127335 |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Resumption of hostilities (1 December–present) ===
The truce expired in the morning on 1 December, as both Israel and Hamas blamed the other side for failing to agree on an extension. According to the ''New York Times'', the disagreement centred on "how to define soldiers versus civilians and how many Palestinian prisoners Israel would release for its hostages".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Hubbard |first2=Ben |last3=Fuller |first3=Thomas |title=Israel Resumes Offensive in Gaza Strip After Truce With Hamas Ends |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/01/world/middleeast/01gaza-israel-fighting-resumes.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=New York Times |date=1 December 2023}}</ref> A Hamas official said that after the exchange, the only remaining hostages were "soldiers and civilian men who served in the occupation army", and refused to exchange them until "all our prisoners are freed and a ceasefire takes hold".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pietromarchi |first1=Usaid |last2=Siddiqui|first2=Virginia |date=2 December 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza war updates: 'No negotiations now on truce', says Hamas |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/2/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-bombs-rain-down-on-gaza-after-truce-collapse |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> US National Security Advisor John Kirby said that "Hamas agreed to allow the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] access to these hostages while the pause was in place," which did not "happen and is still not happening".<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=White House says Israel 'making effort' to better protect Gaza civilians |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/white-house-says-israel-making-effort-to-protect-gaza-civilians/}}</ref>

Israel adopted a grid system to order precise evacuations within Gaza, released a map online, and dropped leaflets with a [[QR code]] for the link. The maps were criticized for being hard to access due to the lack of electricity and internet connectivity, and for causing confusion or panic. Some evacuation instructions have been vague or contradictory,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/02/israeli-grid-system-makes-life-in-gaza-macabre-game-of-battleships-say-aid-workers |title=Israel has started using its new grid system for evacuation warnings |first1=Emma |last1=Graham-Harrison |first2=Jason |last2=Burke |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel-Gaza live news: IDF resumes strikes as ceasefire with Hamas ends |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67584895 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |last2=Talmazan |first2=Yuliya |title=Israel's new grid maps add to confusion and anger in Gaza |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-gaza-grid-maps-hamas-khan-younis-rcna128057 |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=NBC News |date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hendrix |first1=Steve |last2=Berger |first2=Miriam |title=Israel touts civilian warning system, but for Gazans, nowhere is safe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/06/israel-gaza-civilians-protection/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=6 December 2023}}</ref> and Israel has struck areas it had told people to evacuate to.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barbakh |first1=Arafat |last2=Salem |first2=Mohammed |title=Israel presses ground offensive in southern Gaza, air strikes intensify |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-ground-forces-operating-across-gaza-strip-offensive-builds-2023-12-04/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |work=Reuters |date=4 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Experts said they had not seen significant changes in Israeli prosecution of the war due to its warnings to civilians appearing ineffective and it being unclear if anywhere in Gaza is safe.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/12/05/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |title=Israel-Hamas War: New Phase of Israel's Military Campaign Remains Deadly for Gazans |first=Ben |last=Hubbard |date=5 December 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Agnes Callamard, Secretary General of Amnesty International, said in a press release that "US-made weapons facilitated the mass killings of extended families". Amnesty found no evidence of military targets at the sites of the strikes, or any indication that the occupants of the homes were affiliated with Hamas, prompting the group to request that the airstrikes be investigated as possible war crimes.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hammer |first1=Mathias |title=U.S. Military Equipment Traced to Possible War Crimes in Gaza, Report Finds |url=https://time.com/6342821/israel-airstrike-us-military-war-crimes/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=5 December 2023}}</ref> Several decomposed babies were found in the ICU of Al-Nasr Children's Hospital in northern Gaza, two weeks after its forced evacuation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/abandoned-babies-found-decomposing-gaza-hospital-evacuated-rcna127533 |title=Abandoned babies found decomposing in Gaza hospital weeks after it was evacuated |first1=Yasmine |last1=Salam |first2=Rima |last2=Abdelkader |first3=Matthew |last3=Mulligan |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin warned against replacing "a tactical victory with a strategic defeat" if Israel does not work towards protecting Palestinian civilians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/4339335-lloyd-austin-israel-risks-defeat-if-civilians-not-protected/ |title=Israel risks 'strategic defeat' if civilians aren't protected, Pentagon chief says |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=2 December 2023}}</ref> The US State Department said it was too early to definitively assess whether Israel was heeding US calls to protect civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/too-early-assess-if-israel-heeding-us-calls-protect-civilians-us-spokesperson-2023-12-04/ |title=Too early to assess if Israel heeding US calls to protect civilians -US spokesperson |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 December 2023 |last1=Lewis |first1=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Mason |first3=Jeff |last4=Pamuk |first4=Humeyra |last5=Mason |first5=Jeff}}</ref>

The IDF reported that its troops had reached the centers of Khan Younis, Jabalia, and Shejaiya reporting the most "intense fighting" since the ground invasion of Gaza began.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=IDF: Troops fighting in the heart of Khan Younis in most intensive battles since ground op began |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/troops-fighting-in-heart-of-khan-younis-as-battles-intensify-idf/ |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> Intensified bombing pushed Palestinian civilians further south to Rafah.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/israeli-army-surrounds-khan-younis-as-southern-gaza-attacks-intensify |title=Israeli army surrounds Khan Younis as southern Gaza attacks intensify |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

On 7 December, Israel [[Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war#December 7 mass detention|detained 150 men]] in the Gaza Strip, with dozens more detained on 10 December. According to Israel, the detentions followed a mass surrender of Hamas militants.<ref>{{Cite news |title=היום ה-65 של המלחמה {{!}} עדכונים שוטפים |trans-title=The 65th day of the war {{!}} Regular updates |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/gazawarday65mor |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=ynet |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=i24NEWS |date=7 December 2023 |title=Over 150 Hamas terrorists surrender to IDF forces in Khan Yunis |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1701980659-over-150-hamas-terrorists-surrender-to-idf-forces-in-khan-yunis |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=I24news |language=en}}</ref> The ''New York Times'' reported that the claim of Hamas fighters surrendering was made after video and photographs of "men stripped to their underwear, sitting or kneeling on the ground, with some bound and blindfolded" were seen on social media.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |title=Israel Says It Detained Hundreds of Terrorism Suspects in Gaza |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/08/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-surrender-gaza.html |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>''The Guardian'' reported that among the people seen in the images were people identified as civilians, among them a journalist. The ICRC said it was concerned by the images and that it strongly emphasized "the importance of treating all those detained with humanity and dignity, in accordance with international humanitarian law".<ref>{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Footage shows IDF parading scores of Palestinian men around in underwear |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 December 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/08/footage-idf-israel-military-parading-palestinian-men-around-in-underwear |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> The ''BBC'' reported that a video of the apparent surrender of weapons is unclear whether a man is "surrendering" weapons or just moving them as instructed, suggested the event was performed for the camera, rather than as an act of authentic surrender, and that it not known whether the individuals shown have any involvement with Hamas or the 7 October attack.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67675407 |title=Israel-Gaza war: Video shows Gaza detainees allegedly 'surrendering guns' – what we know |date=10 December 2023 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' reported that Israeli security officials believed that approximately 10–15% of the people shown in the video were actually affiliated with Hamas, and that despite the public claims by Israel that this was not a "massive surrender" by Hamas units.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-10/ty-article-live/israels-ground-offensive-in-gaza-deepens-as-arab-eu-leaders-push-for-a-cease-fire/0000018c-5187-df2f-adac-ffaf03700000#1308272871 |title=Israel-Hamas War Day 65 | Israeli Army Kills Hamas Commander in Gaza; Syria: Israel Struck Near Damascus |date=10 December 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref>

On 8 and 9 December, the IDF released footage of what it said was its soldiers engaging combatants near and inside two schools in Shejaiya. According to the IDF, fighters also discovered a tunnel leading from one of the schools to a nearby mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=8 December 2023 |title=Watch: Dramatic footage shows IDF troops battling Hamas operatives in Gaza City school |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/watch-dramatic-footage-shows-idf-troops-battling-hamas-operatives-in-gaza-city-school/ |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Halabi |first=Einav |date=9 December 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war: IDF finds elevator in Gaza tunnel, weapons in school |language=en-US |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/gaza-news/article-777308 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> It also released footage of armament that it claimed was found on the campus of [[Al-Azhar University – Gaza|Al-Azhar University]], along with a tunnel shaft leading to a school 1 km away.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=8 December 2023 |title=IDF says it destroyed buildings containing Hamas infrastructure at Gaza City's Al-Azhar University |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-destroyed-buildings-containing-hamas-infrastructure-at-gaza-citys-al-azhar-university/ |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> The Israeli military said that, since it designated a humanitarian zone for civilians in the Gaza Strip on October 18, 116 rockets had been fired from there toward Israel, including 38 falling inside Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel suffers heaviest combat losses since October, diplomatic isolation |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-demands-ceasefire-gaza-israel-us-show-increasing-divisions-2023-12-13/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

The Pentagon announced on 9 December that the Biden administration had authorized the sale of around 14,000 rounds of tank ammunition to Israel without congressional authorization by using an emergency power.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden bypasses Congress to sell tank shells to Israel amid further fighting in Khan Younis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/09/biden-administration-emergency-authority-tank-shells-israel |agency=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

On 15 December, the IDF released a statement announcing that they had [[Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka|killed three of their own hostages]] by [[friendly fire]]. According to the Israeli military, they "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in [[Shuja'iyya]] and subsequently fired at them, killing them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tabachnick |first1=Cara |date=15 December 2023 |title=3 hostages in Gaza were killed by friendly fire, Israeli military says – CBS News |work=www.cbsnews.com |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/3-hostages-in-gaza-killed-by-friendly-fire-israeli-military-says/ |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post-2023">{{cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war live updates: IDF says it mistakenly killed 3 Israeli hostages during fighting |language=en |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna129901 |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IDF troops mistakenly open fire and kill 3 hostages in northern Gaza battlefield |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-troops-mistakenly-open-fire-and-kill-3-hostages-in-northern-gaza-battlefield/ |publisher=Times of Israel}}</ref> According to an Israeli military official on 16 December, the three hostages were shirtless and were carrying "a stick with a white cloth on it” when an Israeli soldier, who declared them to be “terrorists” after feeling “threatened”, opened fire, killing two hostages and injuring the third, who was killed by Israeli reinforcements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |date=16 December 2023 |title=Israeli hostages killed in Gaza were holding white flag, official says |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-hostages-killed-mistakenly-gaza-were-holding-white-flag-official-says-2023-12-16/ |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

== Other confrontations ==
A wider regional military conflict, specifically with the well armed [[Hezbollah]] could bring the entire region into an escalated military conflict, a situation that Israel, Iran and the United States are vocally against. The Iranian backed Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and Houthi militias in Yemen have launched attacks on a limited scale against Israel. Iranian backed militias in Iraq and Syria have also traded attacks with the US and Israeli military.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=1 November 2023 |title=After Years of Vowing to Destroy Israel, Iran Faces a Dilemma |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/world/middleeast/iran-israel-hamas.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Over 100 Palestinians have been killed in confrontations with Israeli soldiers and settlers in the West Bank since 7 October. Settler violence has been heavily criticized by the IDF.<ref name="Tharoor-2023">{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=As Israel pummels Gaza, the crisis in the West Bank comes into focus |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Ishaan |last=Tharoor |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/31/west-bank-violence-settler-crisis-gaza-israel-palestine/ |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title="האלימות של המתנחלים ביו"ש מפריעה לצה"ל. חייבים להבין, זה עלול להביא להסלמה שתוביל לפתיחת עוד זירה" |trans-title="The violence of the settlers in Yosh disturbs the IDF. We must understand, this may lead to an escalation that will lead to the opening of another arena" |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sys11f009qa |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=ynet |language=he}}</ref>

=== West Bank ===
{{further |Late 2023 Jenin incursion |October 2023 Tulkarm raid |Al-Ansar Mosque airstrike |2023 Givat Shaul shooting|Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
[[File:2023 Israel–Hamas war - West Bank.svg|thumb|West Bank sector of war {{Legend |#e71313ff|West Bank [[Palestinian enclaves]] ([[West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord|Areas A & B]])}} {{Legend|#0038b8ff|West Bank under Israeli control ([[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]])}} {{Legend|#13e7dbff|Israeli-annexed [[East Jerusalem]]}}]]

Even before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the West Bank in 20 years. From 7 to 31 October, B'tselem said that Israeli forces had killed more than 100 Palestinians while Israeli settlers had killed at least seven, leading to fears that the situation would escalate out of control.<ref name="Tharoor-2023"/> About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers since 7 October and almost half of clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Nazzal |first2=Rami |date=30 October 2023 |title=Settler Violence Against Palestinians in the West Bank Is Rising |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/world/middleeast/west-bank-settlers-palestinians-violence.html}}</ref> According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, which is funded by the European Union, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned due to the violence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loveluck |first=Louisa |date=9 November 2023 |title=Settler violence is erasing Palestinian communities in the West Bank |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/09/west-bank-israel-settlers-violence/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

By 10 October, confrontations between rock-throwing Palestinians and Israeli forces had left 15 Palestinians dead, including two in East Jerusalem.<ref name="ap6">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinians scramble for safety as Israel pounds sealed-off Gaza Strip to punish Hamas |language=en |publisher=[[Associated Press]]|first1=Josef|last1=Federman|first2=Issam|last2=Adwan |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-hostages-bf6c42f84526c4d9416978c8effd932a |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> On 11 October, Israeli settlers attacked the village of [[Qusra]], killing four Palestinians. A 16-year-old was fatally shot by the IDF in [[Bani Naim]], while another person was shot dead by the IDF near [[Bethlehem]].<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Four Palestinians killed in Israeli settler attack: ministry |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231011-four-palestinians-killed-in-israeli-settler-attack-ministry}}</ref> On 12 October, two Palestinians were killed after Israeli settlers interrupted a funeral procession for Palestinians killed in prior settler attacks and opened fire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=aistishhad 'ab wanajlih birasas almustawtinin janub nabulus |script-title=ar:استشهاد أب ونجله برصاص المستوطنين جنوب نابلس |trans-title=Father and son killed by settlers' gunfire south of Nablus |url=https://www.alquds.com/ar/posts/95970 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=Al Quds |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=2 Palestinians killed after settlers said to ambush funeral in West Bank |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/2-palestinians-killed-after-settlers-said-to-ambush-funeral-in-west-bank/ |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap8">{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Palestinians rush to buy food and struggle under strikes as Israel readies possible ground operation |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-cabinet-beb1fa2b9e4ede6cf4568dd6c86ff11a |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

On 18 October, protests broke out over the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, with clashes reported in [[Ramallah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Amir |first=Khitam |date=18 October 2023 |title=Jordan cancels US President Biden's visit to Amman, quartet summit |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/jordan-cancels-us-president-bidens-visit-to-amman-quartet-summit-1.1697579329973 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> In [[Jenin]], a 12-year-old girl was shot dead by crossfire from Palestinian Authority security forces, and another youth was injured by PA forces in [[Tubas (city)|Tubas]]. One Palestinian was killed in confrontations with Israeli forces in [[Nabi Saleh]], and 30 others were injured across the West Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Al Tahhan |first=Zena |date=18 October 2023 |title=Palestinian Authority cracks down on protests over Israel Gaza attacks |language=en-US |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/18/palestinian-authority-cracks-down-on-protests-over-israel-gaza-attacks |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight [[October 2023 Tulkarm raid|Israeli raids]] across the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's spokesperson in the West Bank, [[Hassan Yousef (Hamas leader)|Hassan Yousef]].<ref name="cnnarrest">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2023 |title=Hamas spokesman reportedly among scores arrested in occupied West Bank |language=en |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/19/middleeast/hamas-spokesperson-detained-west-bank-intl/index.html |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>

On 22 October, Israel [[Al-Ansar Mosque airstrike|struck the al-Ansar Mosque]] in Jenin, saying that it had killed several "terror operatives" from Hamas and Islamic Jihad who were planning attacks inside.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel strikes mosque in occupied West Bank refugee camp |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/israeli-air-strike-kills-two-in-west-bank-palestinian-medics-say |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> Within a few days Ayser Mohammad Al-Amer, a senior commander of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad was killed during a clash with IDF in the Jenin refugee camp.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2023 |title=IDF confirms deadly clashes with gunmen in West Bank raids; 36 arrested |work=[[The Times of Israel]]|first=Emanuel|last=Fabian |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-confirms-deadly-clashes-with-gunmen-in-west-bank-raids-36-arrested/ |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref> On 31 October, the IDF engaged Hamas around [[Shuweika]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jhaveri |first1=Ashka |last2=Moore |first2=Johanna |last3=Tyson |first3=Kathryn |last4=Carter |first4=Brian |last5=Ganzeveld |first5=Annika |author6=Nicholas Carl |date=31 October 2023 |title=Iran Update, October 31, 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-31-2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of War]] |quote=The al Quds Brigades and the Tulkarm Battalion of the al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades conducted a combined small arms attack on Israeli forces in Shuweika near Tulkarm, indicating growing coordination between the two groups. This was the first combined attack between the al Quds Brigades and al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in the West Bank since October 19.}}</ref>

On 1 November, [[Issa Amro]] stated the situation in the West Bank had become "very hard", noting "All the checkpoints are closed. Israeli settlers and soldiers are acting violently with the Palestinians."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |title=Situation in occupied West Bank 'very hard': Hebron-based activist |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2455280 |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> The [[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] warned Israeli settler violence against Palestinians was on the rise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Settler violence against Palestinians in West Bank on the rise, OCHA says |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2455649 |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

On 30 November, two Palestinian gunmen [[2023 Givat Shaul shooting|killed]] three and wounded eleven Israelis at a bus stop on the [[Givat Shaul]] Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halabi |first1=Liran Tamari Einav |first2=Yoav |last2=Zitun |date=30 November 2023 |title=3 killed, at least 11 injured in shooting attack near entrance to Jerusalem |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hylzfssh6 |work=Ynet |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Israel–Lebanon border ===
{{main |2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict}}
[[File:Israel-Lebanon-Syria-border-Conflict-2023.svg|thumb|Northern Israel sector of war {{leftlegend|#0038b8ff|[[Israel]]}}{{leftlegend|#13e7dbff|Israeli-occupied [[Golan Heights]]}}{{leftlegend|#f7e117ff|[[Hezbollah]] presence in [[Lebanon]]}}{{leftlegend|#ce1126ff|[[Syria]]}}{{legend-line|blue dashed 2px|Areas ordered evacuated by Israel}}]]

A [[2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes|series of border clashes]] occurred along the [[Blue Line (withdrawal line)|Israel-Lebanon]] border. On 8 October, [[Hezbollah]] launched an artillery attack on Israeli positions in [[Shebaa Farms]]; this was met with immediate retaliation.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israel, Hezbollah exchange fire raising regional tensions |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/israel-hezbollah-exchange-fire-raising-regional-tensions |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |date=8 October 2023 |title=IDF artillery strikes targets in Lebanon as mortar shells fired toward Israel |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-artillery-strikes-targets-in-lebanon-as-mortar-shells-fired-toward-israel/ |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Skirmishes have occurred every day since. The clashes resulted in the deaths of 89 Lebanese militants and nine Israeli soldiers,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1356193/hamas-israel-war-day-30.html |title=Israeli strike in southern Lebanon kills civilians, including children; intense bombardment of Gaza City commences: Hamas-Israel war, day 30 |website=L'Orient Today}}</ref><ref name="shinbet1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |title=Authorities name 347 soldiers, 58 police officers killed in Gaza war |first=Emanuel |last=Fabian |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=5 November 2023 |quote=Six soldiers have also been killed in attacks claimed by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Hezbollah terror group on the border with Lebanon since the fighting started. One soldier was killed in a West Bank terror attack. The military's list also includes a soldier killed by friendly fire in the West Bank, a soldier killed due to malfunctioning ammunition on the Lebanon border, and two soldiers killed in a tank accident in northern Israel.}}</ref> as well as 19 Lebanese and three Israeli civilians,<ref>{{cite news |title=A woman and 3 children are killed by an Israeli airstrike in south Lebanon, local officials say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/woman-3-children-killed-israeli-airstrike-south-lebanon-104644462 |access-date=2 November 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="4relatives">{{Cite news |title=Lebanon says Israeli strike kills reporter's 4 relatives |date=5 November 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231105-lebanon-says-israeli-strike-kills-reporter-s-4-relatives |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> one Lebanese Army soldier,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lebanon army says one soldier killed in Israeli shelling on border post |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/lebanese-army-says-one-soldier-killed-in-israeli-shelling-near-border |access-date=6 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> and the displacement of 55,000 people in [[Lebanon]] and tens of thousands more in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tensions high in south Lebanon in anticipation of Hezbollah's next move |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2418661/amp |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zilber |first=Neri |date=16 November 2023 |title=Israel's dilemma in confronting the threat from Hezbollah |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2023/1116/Israel-s-dilemma-in-confronting-the-threat-from-Hezbollah |access-date=19 November 2023 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref>

=== Syria ===
{{See also|Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war|Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war}}

From 12 to 22 October, Israel launched at least three attacks on airports in Syria, particularly on [[Damascus]] and [[Aleppo]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria says Israeli missiles hit Damascus, Aleppo airports |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-state-tv-says-israeli-attack-targets-aleppo-damascus-airports-2023-10-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Israeli attack on Syrian Aleppo airport puts it out of service |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-attack-syrian-aleppo-airport-puts-it-out-service-2023-10-14/ |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> killing two workers from the Syrian meteorology service based at [[Damascus International Airport]].<ref name="reutersairport">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-air-strikes-kill-two-workers-syrias-damascus-airport-official-2023-10-22/ |title=Israeli air strikes kill two workers at Syria's Damascus airport, official says |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref>

On 24 October, Israeli airstrikes in [[Daraa Governorate]] reportedly resulted in the death of eight Syrian soldiers and injuries to seven others, as per Syria's state-run news agency SANA. The IDF acknowledged the airstrikes, stating they were a response to two rockets fired from Syria into Northern Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Syria says 8 soldiers killed in Israeli strikes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/syria-says-8-soldiers-killed-in-israeli-strikes/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 20 December, four rockets were fired from Syria at the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, setting off sirens in [[Mas'ade]] and [[Ein Qiniyye]]. The IDF shelled the source of the fire and targeted a [[Syrian Army]] position in response.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=20 December 2023 |title=Israel hits Hezbollah command center in Lebanon; 4 rockets from Syria target Golan |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-hits-hezbollah-command-center-in-lebanon-4-rockets-from-syria-target-golan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210155/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-hits-hezbollah-command-center-in-lebanon-4-rockets-from-syria-target-golan/ |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

=== Iraq ===
On 2 November, the [[Islamic Resistance in Iraq (2020–present)|Islamic Resistance In Iraq]] claimed responsibility for an attack against a "vital Israeli target" on the [[Dead Sea]] coastline in retaliation to Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilians in Gaza. In a statement later that day, the group stated it would continue to "strike enemy strongholds."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran-Backed 'Islamic Resistance In Iraq' Claims Attack Against Israeli Target On Dead Sea Coastline |url=https://www.memri.org/jttm/iran-backed-islamic-resistance-iraq-claims-attack-against-israeli-target-dead-sea-coastline |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=MEMRI |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 November, the Islamic Resistance In Iraq claimed responsibility for a missile attack on [[Eilat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muwaffaq |first=Dastan |date=3 November 2023 |title=Iraqi militant group claims responsibility for missile attack on Israel |work=Kurdistan24 |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/33041-Iraqi-militant-group-claims-responsibility-for-missile-attack-on-Israel |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> On 12 November, it claimed responsibility for another missile attack on Eilat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraq's Islamic Resistance attacks Eilat with "appropriate weapons" |url=https://shafaq.com/en/Iraq-News/Iraq-s-Islamic-Resistance-attacks-Eilat-with-appropriate-weapons |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Shafaq News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Yemen and the Red Sea ===
{{Main|Houthi involvement in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
[[File:2023 Israel–Hamas war - Bab-el-Mandeb.svg|thumb|right|Houthi attacks on commercial ships in the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait]]
Several strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the [[Red Sea]] are thought to have launched by Iran-backed [[Houthi movement|Houthi]] militants in [[Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2023 |title=US warship intercepts missiles fired from Yemen 'potentially towards Israel' |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67166863 |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=US warship in Red Sea intercepts 3 missiles fired from Yemen, possibly at Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-warship-in-red-sea-intercepts-3-missiles-fired-from-yemen-possibly-at-israel/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yemen seen as source of fire on Eilat |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemen-seen-as-source-of-fire-on-eilat/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On 19 October, the United States Navy destroyer {{USS|Carney|DDG-64|6}} shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the [[Red Sea]] towards Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US Navy destroyer in Red Sea shoots down cruise missiles potentially headed toward Israel: Pentagon
|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/security-incident-involving-us-navy-destroyer-red-sea/story?id=104147141 |access-date=12 November 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref> On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson Yahya Saree said that the group had launched [[ballistic missile]]s and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-enter-mideast-fray-hardening-spillover-fears-2023-10-31/ |title=Yemen's Houthis enter Mideast fray, hardening spillover fears |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=31 October 2023 |last1=Dahan |first1=Maha El}}</ref> in an event that has been misrepresented in some news sites as a [[declaration of war]] by Yemen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Yemen hasn't declared war on Israel, contrary to online claims. Houthi rebels have launched missiles |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-israel-hamas-war-yemen-houthis-363471853927 |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref>
On 19 November, tensions increased when the {{ship||Galaxy Leader}}, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jon|last=Gambrell |date=22 November 2023 |title=Yemen rebels' helicopter-borne attack on ship raises risks in Red Sea|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-red-sea-ship-yemen-houthis-65b611ff878a411900037e7c9a8ee17b|work=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

On 3 December, the Houthis claimed to have attacked two ships, the ''Unity Explorer'' and ''Number 9'', allegedly linked to Israel, in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".<ref>{{cite news |title=US destroyer shoots down drones after Houthi attack on ships in Red Sea |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231204-us-destroyer-shoots-down-drones-after-houthi-attack-on-ships-in-red-sea |agency=France 24 |date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yemen's Houthis say they targeted two Israeli ships in Red Sea: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/3/yemens-houthis-say-they-targeted-two-israeli-ships-in-red-sea-report |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en |date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser [[Tzachi Hanegbi]] called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country "would will act in order to remove this naval siege".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Michaelis |first1=Tamar |title=Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, national security adviser says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html |agency=[[CNN]] |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
On 24 November, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the [[CMA CGM]] Symi owned by Israeli billionaire [[Idan Ofer]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] according to a US defense official. The drone was suspected to have been a [[Shahed-136]] drone. The attack caused damage to the ship but did not injure any of the crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2023 |title=An Israeli-owned ship was targeted in suspected Iranian attack in Indian Ocean, US official tells AP |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-ship-drone-attack-symi-39929cae42a191b2f242896a053123a7 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref>

In December, the US military was reportedly looking to build a maritime task force to protect trade against harassment, which the Iranian military cautioned "would cause issues".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://new.thecradle.co/articles/us-led-red-sea-task-force-to-face-extraordinary-issues-iran |title=US-led Red Sea task force to face 'extraordinary issues': Iran |website=The Cradle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Jake |last=Epstein |date=14 December 2023 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/exploding-iranian-drones-cause-chaos-us-navy-warships-are-ready-2023-12 |title=Exploding Iranian drones cause chaos, no match for US Navy warships |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
{{main |Casualties of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
{{see also |Killing of journalists in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
[[File:מבנה מגורים שרוף בקיבוץ בארי לאחר התקפת הפתע. צילום-יואב קרן.jpg|thumb|Aftermath of the [[Be'eri massacre|attack on Be'eri]]]]


{{2023 Israel–Hamas war casualties}}

Monitoring group [[Action on Armed Violence]] said that each Israeli airstrike caused an average of 10.1 civilian deaths and that the figure suggested a notable change in Israel's targeting approach. The previous Israeli campaigns in Gaza produced the averages of 1.3–1.7, while in the sieges of [[Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)|Mosul]], [[Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)|Aleppo]] the ratio exceeded 20 civilian casualties per airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/10/civilian-death-rate-in-israeli-airstrikes-higher-than-in-past-conflicts-study-finds |title=Civilian death rate in Israeli airstrikes higher than in past conflicts, study finds |first1=Dan |last1=Sabbagh |date=10 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=As Gaza death toll soars, secrecy shrouds Israel's targeting process |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/05/israel-strike-targets-gaza-civilians-hamas/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=5 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Numbers of civilian deaths per airstrike in 2023 Gaza far higher than previous Israeli bombings, but half that of Russian/Syrian attacks in Mosul and Aleppo. Under-reporting of the dead or less lethal tactics? |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/numbers-civilian-deaths-airstrike-2023-gaza-far-higher-previous-israeli-bombings-half-russiansyrian-attacks-mosul-and-aleppo-under-reporting-dead-or-less-lethal-tactics |website=ReliefWeb |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> Israel uses an [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] system known as ''Gospel'' for its targeting process and experts are sceptical that such a system reduces civilian harm.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets |title='The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza |first1=Harry |last1=Davies |first2=Bethan |last2=McKernan |first3=Dan |last3=Sabbagh |date=1 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ |title='A mass assassination factory': Inside Israel's calculated bombing of Gaza |first=Ben |last=Reiff |date=30 November 2023 |website=+972 Magazine}}</ref>

The rate of killing exceeds that of US-led attacks in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan, which were widely criticized by rights groups while, according to Professor Neta C. Crawford, the number of women and children killed is comparable to the number of civilians killed in Afghanistan over 20 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/25/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-death-toll.html |title=Gaza Civilians, Under Israeli Barrage, Are Being Killed at Historic Pace |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 November 2023 |last1=Leatherby |first1=Lauren}}</ref> Israel's war on Gaza has been the deadliest conflict for children this century<ref name="ITV1110">{{Cite news |title='A lot of dreams are being lost': 5,000 Gazan children feared killed since conflict began |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2023-11-10/dreams-are-being-lost-the-gazan-children-left-dead-by-the-israel-hamas-war |work=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |date=12 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124194407/https://www.itv.com/news/2023-11-10/dreams-are-being-lost-the-gazan-children-left-dead-by-the-israel-hamas-war |url-status=live}}</ref>

Multiple generations of families have been killed in Israeli attacks. As of October 31, [[Amnesty International]] has documented five cases of entire families being killed in Israeli airstrikes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza |website=[[Amnesty International]] |date=20 October 2023 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> AP News reported that the killing of entire families in single airstrikes by Israel has "raised troubling questions about Israeli military tactics."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kullab |first1=Samya |last2=Jobain |first2=Najib |title=Their families wiped out, grieving Palestinians in Gaza ask why |work=[[AP News]] |date=16 November 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-airstrikes-gaza-hamas-war-689624bc9069c10b5fa154a762f6da6f |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> As of 15 October, 47 families had been completely wiped away from the population registry, according to the Palestinian Ministry of Health.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |title=Israeli Airstrikes Have 'Wiped Out Entire Families' |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=31 October 2023 |url=https://time.com/6330210/israel-hamas-gaza-families-amnesty-international/ |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that how Palestinian families would have multiple generations living in a single multistory building has had the effect of those families being nearly completely wiped out by airstrikes. As of November 23, according to Gazan health officials, 312 families had suffered the loss of more than 10 members. This had also led to children being left without any surviving family, with the acronym "WCNSF" for "wounded child, no surviving family" being increasingly used.<ref>{{cite news |title=How the loss of entire families is ravaging the social fabric of Gaza |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c09cc412-ae5c-423e-8e1d-b888d9f65598 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

== Humanitarian situation ==
{{main|2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis}}
{{See also|2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|International aid to Palestinians}}[[File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 13.jpg|thumb|Residents inspect the ruins of an apartment in Gaza destroyed by Israeli airstrikes|alt=People stand amid the rubble of a building and looking at the ground. A man is carrying a large flower-patterned object.]]

The humanitarian situation in Gaza has been termed a "crisis" and a "catastrophe".<ref name="spiraling humanitarian crisis">{{cite web |last1=Ioanes |first1=Ellen |title=Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="humanitarian catastrophe">{{cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |title=Gaza doctors warn of a humanitarian catastrophe after Israeli attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/supplies-exhausted-doctors-exhausted-in-gaza-catastrophe-looms-large |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> As a result of the [[October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|Israel's siege]] and [[Hamas|Hamas's]] hoarding of resources, Gaza faces shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and medical supplies.<ref name="spiraling humanitarian crisis"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gottbrath |first1=Laurin-Whitney |title=Gaza "fast becoming hell hole" on "brink of collapse" amid Israel strikes: UN |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/14/gaza-humanitarian-crisis-hamas-israel-war-death-toll |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref> The siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mellen |first1=Ruby |last2=Chen |first2=Szu Yu |title=See how Israel's siege has plunged Gaza into darkness and isolation |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=26 October 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/26/gaza-israel-siege-blackout-isolation/ |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> According to WHO, 27 out of 35 hospitals in Gaza have been shut down by 23 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza has become a moonscape in war. When the battles stop, many fear it will remain uninhabitable |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/11/23/gaza-battles-unihabitable-israel-00128573 |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[Politico]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=23 November 2023|language=en}}</ref> On 13 October, [[UNRWA]] commissioner [[Philippe Lazzarini]] said, "The scale and speed of the unfolding humanitarian crisis is bone-chilling".<ref name="Residents flee Gaza City">{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=John |last2=Mehul |first2=Srivastava |date=13 October 2023 |title=Residents flee Gaza City as Israel tells 1.1mn to leave |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa?shareType=nongift# |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>

===Healthcare collapse===
{{main|Timeline of the 2023 Gaza Strip healthcare collapse}}
{{see also|Attacks on health facilities during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|Al-Shifa Hospital siege}}
{{External media|video1=[https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/08/american-nurse-gaza-emily-cali-callahan-intv-ac360-vpx.cnn Emily "Cali" Callahan, an American nurse who worked in Gaza for Doctors Without Borders until early November, describes the humanitarian situation in Gaza to CNN's Anderson Cooper]<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2023 |title=Gaza: Krankenschwester aus den USA berichtet von »massiven Verbrennungen« bei Kindern |language=de |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/gaza-us-krankenschwester-berichtet-von-massiven-verbrennungen-bei-kindern-a-23c08e6d-4a19-4bf5-a67b-f1f7c37b5eff |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why an American nurse who got out of Gaza says she would go back |date=8 November 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/08/american-nurse-gaza-emily-cali-callahan-intv-ac360-vpx.cnn |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}

Hospitals faced a lack of fuel and relied on [[backup generator]]s for the first two weeks of the war.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Browne |first1=Grace |title='The whole health system is collapsing around us.' Doctors say Gaza is on the brink |url=https://wired.me/science/gaza-health-system-collapse-israel-hamas/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> By 23 October, however, the Indonesia Hospital ran out of fuel and completely shut down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza hospital generators to run out of fuel in 48 hours: Health Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/24/gaza-hospital-generators-to-run-out-of-fuel-in-48-hours-health-ministry |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> Hospitals around Gaza also warned they would soon lose power completely, which would lead to the death of 140 [[Premature babies during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|premature babies]] in [[Neonatal intensive care unit|NICUs]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magdy |first1=Samy |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |last3=Kullab |first3=Samya |title=Dwindling fuel supplies for Gaza's hospital generators put premature babies in incubators at risk |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dwindling-fuel-supplies-gazas-hospital-generators-put-premature-104211808 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> The Gaza Health Ministry said that more than 192 medical staffers had been killed by Israeli airstrikes, as well as ambulances, health institutions, its headquarters, the Rimal Clinic, and the International Eye Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel: Flash Update #35 |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] said it had counted 18 ambulances destroyed and eight medical facilities destroyed or damaged.<ref name="ajmedic">{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> On 24 October, a Health Ministry spokesman announced the healthcare system had "totally collapsed".<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare system in Gaza has 'totally collapsed' |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2023/healthcare-system-in-gaza-has-totally-collapsed |work=The Peninsula Qatar |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref>

On 16 October, doctors warned of disease outbreaks due to hospital overcrowding and unburied bodies.<ref name="humanitarian catastrophe"/> The World Health Organization stated the situation was "spiralling out of control".<ref name="aj-hosp">{{cite news |title=Israel-Hamas war live: Biden in Israel, anger over Gaza hospital attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-after-israeli-strike-kills-500-in-hospital |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Palestinian Red Crescent]] reported that it had lost contact with its headquarters on 27 October, disrupting Gazans' ability to contact emergency services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Bergman |first2=Ronen |last3=Yazbek |first3=Hiba |title=Israel Says It Is Expanding Operations as It Steps Up Gaza Bombardment |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 October 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/27/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news/f592bb4a-f66c-52f9-ae12-888473879b76?smid=url-share |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027192102/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/27/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news/f592bb4a-f66c-52f9-ae12-888473879b76?smid=url-share |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 November, Reuters reported that Israel was coordinating the transfer of medical incubators to [[Al-Shifa Hospital|Al Shifa hospital]] in order to assist in the evacuation of newborn babies.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Williams |first2=Dan |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |date=14 November 2023 |title=Israeli forces outside main Gaza hospital, offer to send in incubators |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-says-gaza-hospitals-must-be-protected-2023-11-14/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |quote=The Israeli military said it was coordinating the transfer of incubators into Gaza, in a possible measure to enable the evacuation of newborn babies from the hospital.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel-Hamas war: Fighting continues around hospitals as IDF pledges incubators for sick babies |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-war-fighting-continues-around-hospitals-as-idf-pledges-incubators-for-sick-babies-13008057 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=[[Sky News]] |language=en}}</ref> The director of Al-Shifa stated Israel's claim to provide [[Incubator (neonatal)|incubators]] to premature babies was false.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's claims of providing incubators 'false', says al-Shifa director |url=https://aje.io/2jzuwp?update=2494252 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118163021/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/17/israel-hamas-war-live-thousands-in-danger-of-death-amid-hospital-siege?update=2494252 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Gazan malnourishment ===
According to the [[World Food Program]], as of 9 December more than half of the population of Gaza was "starving" and more than nine in ten were not eating everyday and 48% suffering from "extreme hunger".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Namita |title=UN says half of Gaza's population is now starving |work=[[The Independent]] |date=10 December 2023 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-starving-un-wfp-b2461488.html |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Pietromarchi |first2=Virginia |last3=Quillen |first3=Stephen |title=Israel-Hamas war updates: Fierce battles rage in southern and northern Gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=10 December 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/10/israel-hamas-war-live-no-safe-place-in-gaza-as-severe-hunger-spreads |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref> One of the few bakeries that had still been standing in the Gaza Strip was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike in [[Deir al-Balah]] overnight, and Gazans were reported to be searching through the rubble of bombed bakeries attempting to find bags of flour.<ref name=cnn_hunger>{{cite news |last=Ebrahim |first=Nadeen |title='It's chaos': Starving Gazans dig for food, supplies under the rubble |work=[[CNN]] |date=5 December 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/middleeast/gaza-bakery-hunger-israel-hamas-war-intl/index.html |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref> The United Nations has warned that a collapse of social order could result from the intense hunger among Palestinians.<ref name=cnn_hunger /> The Associated Press reported that rare instances of public dissent against Hamas were taking place, with reports of angry chants against Hamas by hundreds of people taking refuge in a UN shelter.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=Fights in bread lines, despair in shelters: War threatens to unravel Gaza's close-knit society |language=en |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-palestinians-gaza-water-food-f225bf0723bb5b3ae1961ba6cdef1917 |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

The Palestinian Foreign Minister [[Riyad al-Maliki]], part of the [[Palestinian Authority]], said Israel was using starvation as a weapon, saying "they are starving because of Israel's deliberate use of starvation as a weapon of war against the people it occupied." An Israeli official responded that the charge was "blood-libellous and "delusional".<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinian minister accuses Israel of starving Gazans; Israel says charge 'obscene' |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 December 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-foreign-minister-accuses-israel-deliberately-starving-gazans-2023-12-12/ |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

===Responses to crisis===
On 20 October, [[Doctors Without Borders]] stated it was "deeply concerned for the fate of everyone in Gaza right now".<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Doctors w/o Borders |user=MSF_USA |number=1715416018594529450 |date=20 October 2023 |title=You need that fuel to run generators for life saving medical equipment.' There is a lack of painkillers. Access to supplies means life or death at this point. We're deeply concerned for the fate of everyone in Gaza right now. |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> On 21 October, a joint statement by [[UNICEF]], [[WHO]], [[UNDP]], [[UNFPA]], and [[WFP]] stated, "the world must do more" for Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |title='The world must do more' for Gaza, 5 UN agencies say|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142652 |work=UN News |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> On 26 October, the World Organization stated Gaza's humanitarian and health crisis had "reached catastrophic proportions".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=WHOEMRO |number=1717555357864677477 |date=26 October 2023 |title='The humanitarian and health crisis in Gaza has reached catastrophic proportions. It is our moral duty, an imperative that transcends political boundaries, to demand unobstructed access for delivering life-saving aid.' – Dr Ahmed Al-Mandhari, @WHOEMRO Regional Director |author=WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref> On 28 October, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross|Red Cross]] president [[Mirjana Spoljaric Egger]] stated she was "shocked by the intolerable level of human suffering".<ref>{{cite news |title=Red Cross president says 'shocked by the intolerable level of human suffering' |url=https://aje.io/nw7juv?update=2445050 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref> During the course of the first month of the war, the Gaza Ministry of Health recorded more than 4,000 children killed in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |title=Gaza death toll tops 10,000; UN calls it a children's graveyard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pressure-israel-over-civilians-steps-up-ceasefire-calls-rebuffed-2023-11-06/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=6 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> UN General Secretary António Guterres said on 6 November that Gaza is "fast becoming a graveyard for children". Israeli UN Ambassador [[Gilad Erdan]] responded directly to Guterres, stating "Shame on [Guterres]... More than 30 minors – among them a 9-month-old baby as well as toddlers and children who witnessed their parents being murdered in cold blood – are being held against their will in the Gaza Strip. Hamas is the problem in Gaza, not Israel's actions to eliminate this terrorist organization."<ref>{{cite news |title=UN chief: Gaza has become 'graveyard for kids'; Israeli envoy calls for him to resign |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-chief-gaza-has-become-graveyard-for-kids-israeli-envoy-urges-his-resignation/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN chief says Gaza becoming a 'graveyard for children' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-says-gaza-becoming-graveyard-children-2023-11-06/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> On 8 November, UN Human Rights chief [[Volker Turk]] described the [[Rafah Crossing]] as "gates to a living nightmare".<ref>{{cite news |title='We have fallen off a precipice', UN human rights chief says |url=https://aje.io/d5kugr?update=2472540 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> On 10 November, spokesman for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Jens Laerke stated, "if there is a hell on earth, it is the north of Gaza."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tens of thousands flee on foot as UN says north of Gaza is 'hell on earth' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/israel-says-more-than-100000-palestinians-have-moved-from-the-north-to-the-south-of-gaza-in-the-last-two-days |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref>

Retired Israeli major general [[Giora Eiland]] compared Israel's situation to that of the United States after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in 1941.<ref name="Eiland 2023-10-10"/> He argued that if Israel wanted to disarm Hamas, it had "no choice" but to make Gaza a place "that is temporarily or permanently impossible to live in".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalidi |first1=Rashid |title=The U.S. Should Think Twice About Israel's Plans for Gaza |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/15/opinion/israel-united-states-gaza.html |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Eiland 2023-10-10">{{Cite news |last=איילנד |first=גיורא |date=10 October 2023 |title=זו לא נקמה. זה או אנחנו או הם |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/yedioth/article/yokra13625377 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref> This, he stated, was not a "program for revenge", but a way to get the hostages back.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitman |first=Ariel |date=10 August 2023 |title=Giora Eiland outlines plan to get hostages back alive |language=en |work=Globes |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-giora-eiland-outlines-plan-to-get-hostages-back-alive-1001459631 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

On 18 October, the United States UN representative [[Linda Thomas-Greenfield]] vetoed a UN Security Council resolution urging humanitarian aid to Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lederer |first1=Edith |title=US vetoes UN resolution condemning Hamas' attacks on Israel and all violence against civilians |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-security-council-resolution-gaza-hamas-1c23913f8552f5379b2c158a83493835 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> On 27 October, the UN General Assembly voted overwhelmingly for a resolution on immediate humanitarian truce in Gaza and aid access.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/27/israel-hamas-war-live-us-strikes-iran-linked-targets-in-syria-eu-calls-for-humanitarian-pauses-in-gaza |title=Israel-Hamas war live: Gaza phone and internet cut off as Israel intensifies attacks |first1=Adam |last1=Fulton |first2=Léonie |last2=Chao-Fong |first3=Ashifa |last3=Kassam |first4=Helen |last4=Sullivan |first5=Adam |last5=Fulton |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027052142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/27/israel-hamas-war-live-us-strikes-iran-linked-targets-in-syria-eu-calls-for-humanitarian-pauses-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> The resolution attracted 121 votes in favor and 44 abstentions; 14 countries voted against, namely Israel, the United States, [[Austria]], [[Croatia]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Fiji]], [[Guatemala]], [[Hungary]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[Papua New Guinea]], Paraguay and [[Tonga]].<ref name="UNGA urges humanitarian truce in Gaza">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/unga-calls-for-humanitarian-truce-in-israel-hamas-war-how-countries-voted |title=UNGA urges humanitarian truce in Gaza: How did your country vote? |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028001329/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/unga-calls-for-humanitarian-truce-in-israel-hamas-war-how-countries-voted |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN overwhelmingly calls for aid truce between Israel and Hamas |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-overwhelmingly-calls-aid-truce-between-israel-hamas-2023-10-27/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=28 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028145904/https://www.reuters.com/world/un-overwhelmingly-calls-aid-truce-between-israel-hamas-2023-10-27/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 November, Israel agreed to daily four-hour "humanitarian pauses" to allow civilians to obtain food and medicine, as well as evacuate to the south.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=Israel agrees to daily 4-hour humanitarian pauses in northern Gaza fighting |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-gaza-daily-4-hour-humanitarian-pauses-civilians/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> Evacuees described the evacuation path as full of death and horror.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abu Riash |first1=Abdelhakim |title=In Pictures: 'Saw death in every colour': Palestinians fleeing north Gaza recount horror |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/19/saw-death-in-every-colour-palestinians-fleeing-north-gaza-recount-horror |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mousa |first1=Aseel |title='Soldiers started shooting at my feet': Palestinians describe fleeing northern Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/26/palestinians-describe-fleeing-northern-gaza |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 November 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> [[Jan Egeland]], the Secretary General of the [[Norwegian Refugee Council]], said on 5 December that "The pulverising of Gaza now ranks amongst the worst assaults on any civilian population in our time and age. Each day we see more dead children and new depths of suffering for the innocent people enduring this hell".<ref>{{cite web |title=Civilian deaths in Gaza are a stain on Israel and its allies |website=[[Norwegian Refugee Council]] |url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2024/december/gaza-statement-december/ |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

On 12 December, the UN General Assembly once again voted overwhelmingly for a resolution on immediate humanitarian truce in Gaza and aid access. The resolution attracted 153 votes in favor and 23 abstentions; 10 countries voted against, namely Israel, the United States, Austria, the Czech Republic, Guatemala, Liberia, Micronesia, Nauru, Papua New Guinea and Paraguay.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/12/un-general-assembly-votes-overwhelmingly-in-favour-of-gaza-ceasefire |title=UN General Assembly votes overwhelmingly in favour of Gaza ceasefire |date=12 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>{{efn|At the same time the vote was being held at the [[United Nations headquarters]] in New York, Israeli airstrikes killed dozens of Palestinians in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |last1=El Atti |first1=Basma |last2=Husseini |first2=Ibrahim |title=Israeli strikes kill dozens in Gaza amid UN vote |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-strikes-kill-dozens-gaza-amid-un-vote |website=The New Arab |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>}}

== Destruction of cultural heritage ==
Over 100 landmarks have been destroyed or damaged by Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip according to a report by Heritage for Peace group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip – Palestine |url=https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf |website=Heritage for Peace |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Great Mosque of Gaza]] was left with only the minaret standing<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/outrage-after-israel-destroys-gazas-largest-oldest-mosque |title=Outrage after Israel destroys Gaza's largest, oldest mosque |first=The New Arab |last=Staff |date=8 December 2023 |website=newarab.com/}}</ref> while sites that have been damaged include [[Rafah Museum]], [[Al Qarara Cultural Museum]], and [[Rashad Shawa Cultural Center]]. The [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]] was damaged in an [[Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike|airstrike]]. The destruction of Gaza City's public library and central archives have been compared to the 1992 attacks on the [[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osman |first=Nadda |date=7 December 2023 |title=Israel-Palestine war: Israeli forces destroy central archive of Gaza city |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-israeli-forces-destroy-central-archive-gaza-city |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Veltman-2023">{{Cite news |last=Veltman |first=Chloe |date=3 December 2023 |title=More than 100 Gaza heritage sites have been damaged or destroyed by Israeli attacks |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2023 |title=Israeli Airstrikes Destroys Ancient Mosque in Gaza City |work=Palestine Chronicle |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/israeli-airstrikes-destroys-ancient-mosque-in-gaza-city/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Israel/OPT: 'Nowhere safe in Gaza': Unlawful Israeli strikes illustrate callous disregard for Palestinian lives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-nowhere-safe-in-gaza-unlawful-israeli-strikes-illustrate-callous-disregard-for-palestinian-lives/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Forensic Architecture]] reported on 19 December that Israel had destroyed one of Gaza's most important archaeological sites, located near al-Shati refugee camp.<ref>{{cite web |title=Important Gaza archaeological site mostly destroyed: Research group |url=https://aje.io/unfg1h?update=2567393 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]], which was agreed to by both Palestinians and Israelis, protects sites of [[cultural heritage]].<ref name="Veltman-2023" />

== War crimes ==
{{Main|War crimes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}{{See also|2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis}}

=== 7 October 2023 Hamas attack on Israel ===

==== Genocide accusation ====
{{Main article|Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel|2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel}}
Several experts in international law and genocide studies characterized Hamas' assault as [[genocide]].<ref name="Watch-2023">{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Genocide |date=19 October 2023 |title=Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WINER-2023">{{Cite news |last=WINER |first=STUART |date=15 October 2023 |title=Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz">{{Cite news |title=Deadly Hamas Rampage Constitutes 'International Crime of Genocide,' Hundreds of Legal Experts Say |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-16/ty-article/hamas-deadly-rampage-constitutes-crime-of-genocide-hundreds-of-legal-experts-say/0000018b-37d1-d450-a3af-7fddda070000 |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Legal and genocide experts have condemned the attack, during which 1,200 civilians were killed, mutilated, and subjected to [[sexual violence]]. Israeli police said dozens of women and some men were raped. ''The New York Times'' reported that "videos of naked and bloodied women filmed by Hamas on the day of the attack, and photographs of bodies taken at the sites afterwards, suggest that women were sexually targeted by their attackers."<ref name='"gettleman">{{Cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Sella |first2=Adam |last3=Schwartz |first3=Anat |date=4 December 2023 |title=What We Know About Sexual Violence During the Oct. 7 Attacks on Israel |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/04/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-israel-hamas-sexual-violence.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2023 |title=Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en}}</ref> They argue that these actions by Hamas constitute a significant violation of international law and were carried out with the intent to destroy the Israeli national group.<ref name="Haaretz"/><ref name="WINER-2023"/><ref name="Watch-2023"/> Some commentators highlight [[1988 Hamas charter|Hamas' founding charter]], which calls for the destruction of Israel, includes [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] language, and, according to certain researchers, implies a call for the genocide of Jews. This has led to suggestions that the attacks on October 7 were an attempt to fulfill this agenda.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayefsky |first1=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Incitement to Terrorism |last2=Blank |first2=Laurie R. |date=22 March 2018 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |isbn=978-90-04-35982-6 |quote=The governing charter of Hamas, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement," openly dedicates Hamas to genocide against the Jewish people.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Breedon |first=Jennifer R. |date=2015–2016 |title=Why the Combination of Universal Jurisdiction and Polical Lawfare Will Destroy the Sacred Sovereignty of States |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection= |journal=[[Journal of Global Justice and Public Policy]] |volume=2 |pages=389 |quote=The Hamas Charter not only calls for the militant, perhaps genocidal, liberation of Palestine (e.g., "raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine"), but also demonstrates anti-Semitic, murderous intent.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=2014–2015 |title=Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection= |journal=[[Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=16 |pages=352 |quote=For Jews, the Holocaust remains a real concern in an age when Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist organization, continues to advocate genocide in its core Charter.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How the term "genocide" is misused in the Israel-Hamas war |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/11/10/how-the-term-genocide-is-misused-in-the-israel-hamas-war |access-date=7 December 2023 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==== Sexual and gender based violence ====
{{Main|Sexual violence in the 7 October attack on Israel}}

During the 7 October attacks by Hamas on Israeli communities, reports indicated that Israeli women and girls were raped, assaulted, and mutilated by Hamas militants.<ref name="Associated Press-2023">{{Cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Biden calls reports of Hamas raping Israeli hostages 'appalling,' says world can't look away |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-hamas-rape-israel-sexual-violence-155Jq5pu3245d4418M19YnRvau7Rc14hVB}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Shira |date=25 November 2023 |title=Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war |language=en |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128081253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |archive-date=28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sexual Violence Evidence Against Hamas Is Mounting, but the Road to Court Is Still Long |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000 |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123215829/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000 |archive-date=23 November 2023}}</ref> In the months following the attacks, the ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'' reported on 21 December, there was "mounting evidence of sexual violence, based on survivor accounts, first responders and witnesses."<ref name="WSJ 12-21">{{Cite web |last=Stancati |first=Margherita |last2=Ayyoub |first2=Abeer |date=2023-12-21 |title=Gazans Are Starting to Blame Hamas for Wartime Suffering |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gazans-are-starting-to-blame-hamas-for-wartime-suffering-066256b0 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref> These acts were denounced as gender-based violence, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, aligning with the International Criminal Court's recognition of sexual violence as such.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Women in War Under International Law |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/51505 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=en.idi.org.il |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lawless |first=Jill |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=5 November 2023 |title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-11-05/how-international-law-applies-to-war-and-why-hamas-and-israel-are-both-alleged-to-have-broken-it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128175241/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-11-05/how-international-law-applies-to-war-and-why-hamas-and-israel-are-both-alleged-to-have-broken-it |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2023">{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67629181 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Witnesses recounted scenes, including instances of rape, beheadings, and other brutalities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tapper |first=Jake |date=18 November 2023 |title=Israel investigates sexual violence committed by Hamas as part of October 7 horror |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/17/world/israel-investigates-sexual-violence-hamas/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126232432/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/17/world/israel-investigates-sexual-violence-hamas/index.html |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

Testimonies described the perpetrators using shovels,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sitria |first=Christina Lamb, Chief Foreign Correspondent |date=3 December 2023 |title=First Hamas fighters raped her. Then they shot her in the head |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ten-hamas-fighters-were-raping-the-woman-she-begged-for-death-6ldlmh8sp |access-date=3 December 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> beheading victims, and even playing with severed body parts.<ref name="BBC News-2023" /> The BBC reported that "Videos of naked and bloodied women filmed by Hamas on the day of the attack, and photographs of bodies taken at the sites afterwards, suggest that women were sexually targeted by their attackers."<ref name="williamsonBBC12dec23">{{Cite news |last=Williamson |first=Lucy |date=5 December 2023 |title=Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67629181 |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> Forensic examinations revealed signs of sexual abuse, mutilations, broken limbs, and broken pelvises,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinsliff |first=Gaby |author-link=Gaby Hinsliff |date=1 December 2023 |title=Whatever your view of the Israel-Hamas war, rape is rape. To trivialise it is to diminish ourselves |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/01/israel-hamas-war-rape-israelis-palestinians |access-date=14 December 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Carrie |last=Keller-Lynn |date=9 November 2023 |title=Amid war and urgent need to ID bodies, evidence of Hamas's October 7 rapes slips away |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-war-and-urgent-need-to-id-bodies-evidence-of-hamass-october-7-rapes-slips-away/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111231211/https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-war-and-urgent-need-to-id-bodies-evidence-of-hamass-october-7-rapes-slips-away/ |archive-date=11 November 2023}}</ref> prompting scholars and legal experts to conduct investigations, amassing substantial evidence pointing to crimes against humanity and war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=2 December 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza war: activists decry silence over evidence of sexual violence in Hamas attacks |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3243641/israel-gaza-war-activists-decry-silence-over-evidence-sexual-violence-hamas-attacks |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Risch: Hamas Has Committed Atrocities and War Crimes Against Israel |url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/rep/release/risch-hamas-has-committed-atrocities-and-war-crimes-against-israel |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Eichner |first=Itamar |date=4 December 2023 |title=Israel reveals disturbing testimonies of Hamas rape on October 7 at UN |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bjmykooba |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> Hamas was accused of employing rape as a weapon of war.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rape as a Weapon of War: Jewish Women Call on UN to Confront Hamas' Sexual Violence |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-05/ty-article/.premium/israeli-and-jewish-women-implore-a-reticent-un-to-confront-hamas-sexual-violence/0000018c-369b-dc03-a9ec-3efbfcb90000 |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Hamas accused of using rape as weapon of war in Israel in October 7 attack |work=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |url=https://abc7chicago.com/hamas-rape-accounts-sexual-assaults-israel-october-7-videos/14142200/}}</ref> Some of the released hostages also shared testimonies of sexual violence during their time in Gaza.<ref name="Associated Press-2023" /> Israel accused international women's rights and human rights groups of downplaying the assaults.<ref name="AP---New Signs">{{cite news |last1=Mednick |first1=Sam |title=New signs emerge of 'widespread' sexual crimes by Hamas, as Netanyahu alleges global indifference |url=https://apnews.com/article/sexual-assault-hamas-oct-7-attack-rape-bb06b950bb6794affb8d468cd283bc51 |work=AP News |date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Hamas denied that it committed any sexual assaults, and has called for an impartial international investigation into the accusations.<ref name="reuters_rapeaccusations">{{cite news |last=Lubell |first=Mayan |title=Israeli accounts of sexual violence by Hamas rise but justice is remote |work=[[Reuters]] |date=5 December 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/accounts-sexual-violence-hamas-attack-mount-justice-is-remote-israels-victims-2023-12-05/ |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> Hamas condemned “the coordination of some Western media outlets with the Zionist misleading campaigns that promote unfounded lies and allegations aimed at demonizing the Palestinian resistance."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fossum |first1=Jack |last2=Fossum |first2=Sam |date=10 December 2023 |title=Blinken calls sexual violence inflicted by Hamas 'beyond anything I've seen' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/10/politics/cnn-tv-antony-blinken-hamas-sexual-violence/index.html |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Following Hamas attack ===
Both Hamas and the IDF have been accused of attempted or imminent genocide, and several other war crimes, based on their actions in this war.<ref name="Watch-2023"/>

The International Criminal Court issued a statement on 10 October confirming that its [[International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine|mandate to investigate alleged war crimes committed since June 2014 in the State of Palestine]] extends to the current conflict.<ref name="UNHRC-1210">{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> ICC prosecutor [[Karim Ahmad Khan]] visited the Rafah crossing and said "the ICC is independently looking at the situation in Palestine," including "events in Israel and allegations that Palestinian nationals have also committed crime." The [[UN Human Rights Council]] said it had "clear evidence" of war crimes by both sides.<ref name="UNHRC-1210"/> The [[Permanent United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Israel Palestine conflict]] said there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable".<ref name="UN11">{{Cite news |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |date=10 October 2023 |title=UN rights chief condemns Israeli 'siege' of Gaza, militants' taking of hostages |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/israeli-air-strikes-hit-residences-schools-across-gaza-un-rights-chief-2023-10-10/ |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="ohchr">{{cite press release |title=Commission of Inquiry collecting evidence of war crimes committed by all sides in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories since 7 October 2023 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/commission-inquiry-collecting-evidence-war-crimes-committed-all-sides-israel |work=[[UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9 |title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it |date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

In a 12 October preliminary legal assessment condemning Hamas's attacks in Israel, international humanitarian law scholar and Dean of [[Cornell Law School]] [[Jens David Ohlin]] said the evidence suggested Hamas's "killings and kidnappings" potentially violated Articles 6–8 of the [[Rome Statute]] as well as the [[Genocide Convention]] and were "crimes against humanity"; over a hundred international scholars expressed support for this position.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winer |first1=Stuart |title=Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name="OJ-Ohlin">{{Cite news |last=Ohlin |first=Jens David |title=International Criminal Law Analysis of the Situation in Israel |url=https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/12/international-criminal-law-analysis-of-the-situation-in-israel/ |date=12 October 2023 |work=[[Opinio Juris (blog)|Opinio Juris]] |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>

==== Genocide accusation ====
On 15 October, [[Third World approaches to international law|TWAILR]] published a statement signed by over 800 legal scholars expressing "alarm about the [[Palestinian genocide accusation|possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces]] against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza |url=https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |date=17 October 2023 |work=Third World Approaches to International Law Review}}</ref> This was then supported by several experts in international law and genocide studies writing in an article from genocidewatch on 17 October.<ref name="Watch-2023"/>

==== Siege of Gaza ====
{{See also|Siege of Gaza City|Urban warfare}}
Israel, in the first 10 days of the war imposed a "complete siege" on Gaza, due to serious security concerns that weapons, fuel and armaments will be transferred to Hamas in the guise of humanitarian aid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TOI STAFF |date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel denies humanitarian aid wasn't checked for weapons before entering Gaza |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-denies-humanitarian-aid-not-checked-for-weapons-before-entering-gaza/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Baruch |first1=Pnina Sharvit |last2=Caner |first2=Tammy |date=26 October 2023 |title=What are Israel's humanitarian obligations toward the civilians in Gaza? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/israel-duties/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The Institute for National Security Studies}}</ref> Israel later allowed the delivery of limited humanitarian aid following security checks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Live Updates: Current US assessment is Israel 'not responsible' for Gaza hospital blast, White House says |url=https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> Israel's restriction of the flow of food, fuel, water and other humanitarian aid was criticized as a war crime by human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Human Rights Watch: Gaza siege is a 'clear-cut war crime' |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=15 October 2023 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/video/video/2023/10/15/human-rights-watch-gaza-siege-is-a-clear-cut-war-crime/ |ref={{sfnref|The Irish Times|2023}} |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> [[Tom Dannenbaum]], co-director of the Center for International Law & Governance at the [[Fletcher School at Tufts University]], wrote that the order "commands the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, which is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime."<ref name="starvationwarcrime">{{cite web |last=Dannenbaum |first=Tom |title=The Siege of Gaza and the Starvation War Crime |work=Just Security |date=11 October 2023 |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/89403/the-siege-of-gaza-and-the-starvation-war-crime/ |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> [[Oxfam]] issued a statement that accused Israel of using starvation as a weapon of war, saying "International Humanitarian Law (IHL) strictly prohibits the use of starvation as a method of warfare and as the occupying power in Gaza, Israel is bound by IHL obligations to provide for the needs and protection of the population of Gaza".<ref>{{cite news |title=Starvation used as a 'weapon of war' in Gaza amid Israeli siege: Oxfam |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=25 October 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/25/starvation-used-as-a-weapon-of-war-on-civilians-in-gaza-oxfam |ref={{sfnref |Al Jazeera |2023}} |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> Geoffrey S. Corn, Chair of Criminal Law and Director of the Center for Military Law and Policy at [[Texas Tech University School of Law]], and Sean Watts, professor in the Department of Law at the [[United States Military Academy at West Point]], write that sieges are subject to the same laws of war as other military tactics, and balancing sieges with efforts to mitigate the effects on civilians may be legally permissible.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corn |first1=Geoff |last2=Watts |first2=Sean |title=Israel – Hamas 2023 Symposium – Siege Law and Military Necessity |url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/siege-law-military-necessity/ |website=Articles of War |access-date=7 November 2023 |date=13 October 2023}}</ref>

==== UN condemnation ====
[[United Nations special rapporteur|Independent United Nations experts]]{{efn|[[Francesca Albanese]], [[Pedro Arrojo-Agudo]], {{interlanguage link|Balakrishnan Rajagopal|de}}, Aua Baldé, Gabriella Citroni, [[Angkhana Neelaphaijit|Angkhana Neelapaijit]], Grażyna Baranowska, Ana Lorena Delgadillo Pérez, {{interlanguage link|Reem Alsalem|de}}, [[Mama Fatima Singhateh]], {{interlanguage link|Morris Tidball-Binz|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Ian Fry|de}}, [[Javaid Rehman]], {{interlanguage link|Siobhán Mullally|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Ashwini K. P.|de}}, Tomoya Obokata, {{interlanguage link|Fernand de Varennes|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Michael Fakhri|de}}, [[Irene Khan]], [[Mary Lawlor (human rights advocate)|Mary Lawlor]], {{interlanguage link|Dorothy Estrada-Tanck|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Ivana Radačić|hr}}, [[Elizabeth Broderick]], Meskerem Geset Techane, [[Melissa Upreti]], [[Farida Shaheed]], {{interlanguage link|Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker|de}}, [[Clément Nyaletsossi Voule]], [[Attiya Waris]], [[Vitit Muntarbhorn]], {{interlanguage link|Barbara G. Reynolds|de}}, [[Bina D'Costa]], Catherine S. Namakula, Dominique Day, Miriam Ekiudoko, Isha Dyfan, {{interlanguage link|Alexandra Xanthaki|de}}, [[José Francisco Calí Tzay]], {{interlanguage link|Richard Bennett (Menschenrechtsexperte)|lt=Richard Bennett|de}}, Obiora C. Okafor, [[David Richard Boyd]], Livingstone Sewanyana, [[Alice Jill Edwards]], {{interlanguage link|Muluka Miti-Drummond|lt=Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond|de}}, Ravindran Daniel, Sorcha MacLeod, Chris Kwaja, Carlos Salazar Couto, and {{interlanguage link|Surya Deva|de}}.<ref name="UNexpertsOct12"/>}} condemned the Israel Defense Forces' actions in Gaza, saying Israel had resorted to "indiscriminate military attacks" and "collective punishment".<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 October 2023|title=UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment'|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/ |access-date=12 October 2023|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Israeli authorities said that the airstrikes are intended to degrade the military infrastructure that is frequently constructed in close proximity to residential areas and civilian establishments.<ref name="nytimes20231025">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-airstrikes.html|title=Israel's Strikes on Gaza Are Some of the Most Intense This Century|date=25 October 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> They also denounced the "deliberate and widespread killing and hostage-taking of innocent civilians" by Hamas, calling them "heinous violations of international law and international crimes".<ref name="UNexpertsOct12">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israel/occupied Palestinian territory: UN experts deplore attacks on civilians, call for truce and urge international community to address root causes of violence |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-experts-statement-gaza-israel-12oct2023/ |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> Israel's [[Evacuation of northern Gaza|forced evacuation of northern Gaza]] also drew international condemnation. On 13 October, Paula Gaviria Betancur, UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of [[internally displaced person]]s, called it a "crime against humanity".<ref name="ohchr-rescind"/> On 14 October, [[Francesca Albanese]], the [[United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories]], characterized it as a "repeat of the 1948 [[Nakba]]", noting Israeli public officials' open advocacy for another Nakba.<ref name="Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights-2013">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title=UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> On 16 November, UN experts reported that "grave violations" committed by Israeli forces against the Palestinians of Gaza "point to a genocide in the making" and called on the international community to prevent this unfolding genocide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against|title=Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people |author= |date=16 November 2023 |website=[[OHCHR]] |publisher= |access-date=18 December 2023 |quote=}}</ref>

== Negotiations and diplomacy ==
{{main |Diplomatic impact of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

=== Ceasefire ===
{{main|2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire}}
[[File:Toronto rally for Palestine - Ceasefire Now! - 20231028 193315.webm|upright|thumb|"Ceasefire now" demand at a rally in [[Toronto]], Canada]]On 24 October, UN Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] called for a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=UN chief urges ceasefire to end Gaza's 'godawful nightmare' |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231021-un-chief-urges-ceasefire-to-end-gaza-s-godawful-nightmare |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=24 October 2023 |title=Cease-fire Calls Dominate Fiery U.N. Security Council Session |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/world/middleeast/un-security-council-guterres-israel.html |access-date=26 October 2023}} While condemning Hamas's "appalling" attacks, he emphasized that these actions could not "justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people" and acknowledged the historical grievances of Palestinians. Israeli officials criticized Guterres, with Israeli foreign minister Eli Cohen canceling a meeting and demanding Guterres's resignation.</ref> This was followed by a [[United Nations General Assembly]] vote for a [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21|resolution]] calling for an immediate truce. It received 121 votes in favor and 44 abstentions; 14 countries voted no.<ref name="UNGA urges humanitarian truce in Gaza" /><ref name="thenationalnews-20231028">{{cite news |last=Naar |first=Ismaeel |date=28 October 2023 |title=Iraq blames 'technical fault' for Gaza ceasefire vote mix-up at UN General Assembly |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |location=Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2023/10/28/iraq-blames-technical-fault-for-gaza-ceasefire-vote-mix-up-at-un-general-assembly/ |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>

On 24 October, US President [[Joe Biden]] stated, "We should have those hostages released and then we can talk",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magid |first1=Jacob |title=As EU weighs ceasefire call, US rejects any such push, says it only benefits Hamas |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-eu-weighs-ceasefire-call-us-rejects-any-such-push-says-it-only-benefits-hamas/ |work=[[Times of Israel]] |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> and said that a ceasefire would allow Hamas to attack Israel again.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=16 November 2023 |title=Joe Biden issues strident defence of refusal to call for ceasefire in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/16/joe-biden-israel-hamas-war-ceasefire-defence-gaza-why-palestine |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> On 2 November 2023, Hamas chairman [[Ismail Haniyeh]] stated that if Israel agreed to a ceasefire and the opening of humanitarian corridors to bring more aid into Gaza, Hamas is "ready for political negotiations for a two-state solution with [[East Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] as the capital of Palestine."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pacchiani |first1=Gianluca |title=As IDF advances in Gaza, Hamas chief Haniyeh claims to seek 'political negotiations' |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-idf-advances-in-gaza-hamas-chief-haniyeh-claims-to-seek-political-negotiations/ |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>{{efn|[[East Jerusalem]] is considered Israeli-occupied Palestinian territory under international law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=The Illegality of the Israeli Occupation of the Palestinian West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza: What the International Court of Justice Will Have to Determine in its Advisory Opinion for the United Nations General Assembly |url=http://opiniojuris.org/2022/12/23/the-illegality-of-the-israeli-occupation-of-the-palestinian-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem-and-gaza-what-the-international-court-of-justice-will-have-to-determine-in-its-advisory-opinion-for-th/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Opinio Juris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/wb_thematic_9_0.pdf |title=East Jerusalem – OCHA |website=[[United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |date=December 2018}}</ref>}} This followed the 1 November statement by Hamas official Ghazi Hamad that Hamas would repeat the 7 October attack time and again until Israel is annihilated.<ref name="LBC_NEWS">{{Cite news |title=We will repeat the October 7 attack time and again until Israel is annihilated, says Hamas official Ghazi Hamad |language=en |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/hamas-october-7-attack-repeat-israel-annihilated-ghazi-hamad/ |work=[[LBC]] |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref> On 3 November, Benjamin Netanyahu stated Israel would not agree to a ceasefire unless Hamas releases all hostages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu says Israel opposes temporary ceasefire unless all hostages are freed |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-03-23/h_fca09ba45ac58e234925ae089404f90a |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=3 November 2023}}</ref> On 6 November, both Israel and Hamas rejected calls for a ceasefire.<ref name="Al-Mughrabi">{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |title=Gaza death toll tops 10,000; UN calls it a children's graveyard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pressure-israel-over-civilians-steps-up-ceasefire-calls-rebuffed-2023-11-06/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 15 November, Hamas official Izzat al-Risheq stated Israel was "stalling to continue its aggression and war against defenceless civilians."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel 'continues to evade, procrastinate' on truce: Hamas |url=https://aje.io/rpfpqc?update=2489693 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

By 13 December 2023, Israel and the United States were becoming increasingly isolated amid growing global calls for a ceasefire.<ref name="DI1">{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6358201/israel-us-isolation-gaza-hamas-war-end/|title=Israel and U.S. Face Growing Isolation as Deadly War in Gaza Continues With No End in Sight |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=12 December 2023 |accessdate=16 December 2023|quote=Israel and the United States were increasingly isolated as they faced global calls for a cease-fire in Gaza, including a non-binding vote expected to pass at the United Nations later on Tuesday. Israel has pressed ahead with an offensive against Gaza’s Hamas rulers that it says could go on for weeks or months.}}</ref><ref name="DI2">{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-12-2023-b52ae70a89443728517f1d3d7508992c |title=Israel and US show sharp divisions over mounting casualties and future of war against Hamas |work=[[AP News]] |date=13 December 2023|accessdate=16 December 2023 |quote=Israel and the United States on Tuesday showed their sharpest public disagreement yet over the conduct and future of the war against Hamas as the two allies became increasingly isolated by global calls for a cease-fire.}}</ref><ref name="DI3">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/12/united-nations-general-assembly-vote-ceasefire-israel-gaza-war |title=US increasingly alone in Israel support as 153 countries vote for ceasefire at UN |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023|quote=The United States was looking increasingly isolated on the world stage on Tuesday after a resounding vote at the UN general assembly calling for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire in Gaza.}}</ref><ref name="DI4">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/u-s-and-israel-increasingly-isolated-amid-calls-for-a-cease-fire-200108613748 |title=U.S. and Israel increasingly isolated amid growing calls for a cease-fire |work=[[NBC News]] |date=13 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=As the Israeli military expands its military operations in Gaza, NBC News’ Hala Gorani reports on the Israel Defense Forces latest offensive against Hamas and how the U.S. and Israel are becoming increasingly isolated internationally amid growing calls for a cease-fire.}}</ref>

=== Hostage negotiations ===
{{main |2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners}}
On 9 October, Reuters reported that Qatar was mediating talks between Israel and Hamas to secure the release of female Israeli hostages in exchange for Israel releasing 36 Palestinian women and children.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |first1=Andrew |last1=Mills |first2=Nidal |last2=Al-Mughrabi |title=Qatar in talks with Hamas, Israel to swap hostages for prisoners |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-leads-talks-swap-hamas-held-hostages-palestinians-israeli-jails-2023-10-09/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Israel publicly denied such negotiations were taking place.<ref name="reuters"/> An Egyptian official told the Associated Press that Israel sought Egyptian assistance to ensure the safety of hostages held by Palestinian militants, and that Egypt's intelligence chief contacted Hamas and Islamic Jihad to seek information.<ref name="ap4">{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israel battles Hamas militants as country's death toll from mass incursion reaches 600 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Egyptian officials were reportedly mediating the release of Palestinian women in Israeli prisons in exchange for Israeli women captured by Palestinian militants.<ref name="ap5"/> Egypt and Qatar are both trying to mediate talks; according to the ''Wall Street Journal'', Hamas's military wing mostly communicates to Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Summer |last1=Said |first2=Jared |last2=Malsin |title=Push to Free Israeli Hostages in Gaza Hindered by Mistrust, Anger, Confusion |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/mistrust-anger-and-confusion-hinder-talks-to-free-israeli-hostages-held-in-gaza-22ee5fcf |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', an early offer involved the release of "children, women and elderly and sick people" held hostage in exchange for a 5-day ceasefire, and Netanyahu "rejected the deal outright". More recent offers, after the 27 October ground offensive, involved the release of 10–15 hostages in exchange for a 1–3 day ceasefire. According to ''The Guardian'', Netanyahu, right-wing ministers, and "hawks in the military" took a hardline position on the talks, unlike the [[Mossad]], which leads the hostage negotiations.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Michaelson |first1=Ruth |last2=Borger |first2=Julian |last3=Sinmaz |first3=Emine |date=9 November 2023 |title=Netanyahu rejected ceasefire-for-hostages deal in Gaza, sources say |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/09/netanyahu-rejected-ceasefire-for-hostages-deal-in-gaza-sources-say |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

The [[Abducted and Missing Families Forum]], an Israeli group representing the families of those taken hostage in Gaza, said that they supported a blanket release of all Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the return of all Israeli hostages held in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-28/ty-article/.premium/hostages-families-tell-netanyahu-releasing-palestinian-prisoners-is-only-option/0000018b-77b0-d1da-a1bb-7fb80e600000 |title=Hostages' Families Tell Netanyahu Releasing Palestinian Prisoners Is Only Option |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=28 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029121712/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-28/ty-article/.premium/hostages-families-tell-netanyahu-releasing-palestinian-prisoners-is-only-option/0000018b-77b0-d1da-a1bb-7fb80e600000 |url-status=live}}</ref> The leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, Yahya Sinwar, said the group was prepared to release all Israeli hostages in return for the release of all Palestinian prisoners. The IDF spokesman dismissed the report as "psychological terror cynically used by Hamas to create pressure".<ref name="Ynetnews">{{cite news |last1=Halabi |first1=Einav |last2=Eichner |first2=Itamar |last3=Turgeman |first3=Meir |title=Hamas chief: all Israeli hostages for all Palestinian prisoners |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=28 October 2023 |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjv5rrqz6 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029222410/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjv5rrqz6 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United Nations Security Council ===
[[File:UN Resolution regarding the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.svg|thumb|A map that shows the countries and their respective voting in the [[United Nations General Assembly]] [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21|resolution ES-10/21]] calling for an "immediate and sustained" humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities.
{{Legend|#74C365|In favour}}
{{Legend|#AB4E52|Against}}
{{Legend|#FADA5E|Abstentions}}
{{Legend|#89CFF0|Absent}}
{{Legend|#C0C0C0|Non member}}]]
On 8 October, the [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC) held a closed-door meeting for 90 minutes on the conflict. The meeting concluded without a joint statement being agreed.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN Security Council meets on Gaza-Israel, but fails to agree on statement |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/un-security-council-meets-on-gaza-israel-but-fails-to-agree-on-statement |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref> The Council passed a resolution calling for a humanitarian pause on 15 November.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lederer |first1=Edith |title=UN Security Council adopts resolution calling for urgent humanitarian pauses and corridors in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-un-security-council-humanitarian-gaza-7b6d3057f0f754160bd9dbd9d5a88a0a |work=[[AP News]] |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> Israel's ambassador to the UN called the resolution "disconnected from reality", and stated that "Israel will continue acting according to [international] law while the Hamas terrorists will not even read the resolution... let alone abide by it".<ref name="PoliticoUNSec"/> On 6 December, United Nations secretary-general [[Antonio Guterres]] invoked [[Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter#Article 99|Article 99]] of the [[Charter of the United Nations]] for the first time, which allows him to address matters that threaten "international peace and security" before the [[UN Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN chief rings alarm bell on global security threat from Gaza war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-rings-alarm-bell-global-security-threat-gaza-war-2023-12-06/ |website=Reuters |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nazarro |first1=Miranda |title=UN chief Guterres invokes Article 99 of charter over Gaza crisis |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4345665-un-chief-guterres-article-99-gaza-crisis/ |website=The Hill |date=6 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

Diplomats, concerned that Israel has no plan post war and looking to limit the humanitarian crisis as well as prevent any regional expansion of the war, are urging delay of a full-scale land invasion of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abboud |first1=Leila |last2=Foy |first2=Henry |last3=England |first3=Andrew |date=15 October 2023 |title=Western capitals urge restraint in private discussions with Israel |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ace598c3-868d-4a05-ba09-022eb89b7b1d |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Russia requested a UNSC vote on 15 October on a draft resolution calling for a humanitarian ceasefire.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-asks-un-security-council-vote-monday-israel-gaza-2023-10-14/ |title=Russia asks UN Security Council to vote Monday on Israel, Gaza |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> The Russian draft was rejected while negotiations continued on a Brazilian draft resolution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-un-resolutions-russia-brazil-c601d6aefe9d853428a485c9b6011830 |first=Edith |last=Lederer |author-link=Edith Lederer |title=UN Security Council rejects Russia's resolution on Gaza that fails to mention Hamas |date=16 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

On 18 October, the United States [[List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions|vetoed a UNSC resolution]] that "condemned the Hamas attack on Israel, called for humanitarian pauses in all attacks to allow the delivery of lifesaving aid to civilians, and called for Israel to withdraw its directive for civilians to evacuate the northern part of the Gaza Strip". The UNSC resolution, sponsored by [[Brazil]] and supported by 12 of the 15 Council members, calling for "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to Gazan civilians. The [[UK]] and Russia abstained.<ref name="unorg1018">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=Updating Live: Israel-Gaza crisis; US vetoes Security Council resolution |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142507 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=UN News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/18/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-update/#link-SDKVSXBVAFHHHKM3IJMMJKOTFM |title=U.S. says Israel 'not responsible' for hospital blast; Biden says Sisi will allow aid into Gaza |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=19 October 2023}}</ref> Louis Charbonneau at [[Human Rights Watch]] said the US had again "cynically used their veto to prevent the UNSC from acting on Israel and Palestine at a time of unprecedented carnage". The US Ambassador to the UN, Linda Thomas-Greenfield, explained that the US wanted more time to let American on-the-ground diplomacy "play out", and criticized the text for failing to mention Israel's right to self-defense, in line with the [[UN Charter]] – a point echoed by UK Ambassador to the UN [[Barbara Woodward]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chao-Fong |first1=Léonie |last2=Belam |first2=Martin |last3=Sullivan |first3=Helen |date=18 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war live: Netanyahu promises limited aid for Gaza via Egypt; US vetoes UN resolution on humanitarian pause to fighting |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/18/israel-hamas-war-live-news-gaza-hospital-west-bank-update-joe-biden-visit-protests-latest-updates |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=UNSC fails to adopt resolution on Israel-Palestine conflict after veto by U.S. |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/unsc-fails-to-adopt-resolution-on-israel-palestine-conflict-after-veto-by-us/article67435649.ece |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=US vetoes Security Council call for 'humanitarian pause' in Israel-Hamas war |language=en |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/18/europe/us-veto-security-council-israel-gaza-war-intl/index.html |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Subsequently, on 25 October, China and Russia vetoed a US drafted resolution and a Russian drafted resolution was vetoed by the UK and US.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-security-council-vote-rival-us-russian-plans-israel-gaza-action-2023-10-25/ |title=Russia, China veto US push for UN action on Israel, Gaza |first=Michelle |last=Nichols |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=26 October 2023}}</ref>

On 15 November, the UNSC passed a resolution focusing on the humanitarian situation, calling for the immediate release of all hostages held by Hamas and for urgent and extended humanitarian corridors throughout Gaza to save and protect civilian lives.<ref name=un-20231115>{{cite news |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143632 |title=Israel-Palestine crisis: Security Council calls for urgent, extended humanitarian pauses in Gaza |publisher=[[United Nations]] |work=UN News |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> [[Malta]] drafted the resolution; twelve members voted in favour, none against and three abstained. The United Kingdom and United States abstained, while they supported the emphasis on humanitarian relief, because it contained no explicit criticism of Hamas. Russia abstained because it did not call for an immediate ceasefire. The resolution followed four unsuccessful efforts the previous month, and a [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21|United Nations General Assembly Resolution]] calling for a cessation of hostilities on 27 October.<ref name=wp-20231116>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/16/un-security-council-gaza-resolution-vote/ |title=U.N. Security Council calls for humanitarian pauses in Israel-Gaza war |last=Ables |first=Kelsey |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=16 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=guardian-20231115>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/15/un-israel-humanitarian-pause-gaza-resolutiong |title=UN security council backs resolution calling for humanitarian pause in Gaza |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

World leaders, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and United Nations officials criticized the US for its veto on 8 December of a UNSC resolution calling for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire. The UK abstained while the remaining 13 members of the council voted in favor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |title='Double standards': World reacts to US veto on Gaza truce resolution at UN |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/09/israel-gaza-war-live-us-criticised-for-veto-on-un-resolution-calling-for-ceasefire-with-hamas|title=Israel-Gaza war live: US criticised for veto on UN ceasefire resolution |first1=Vivian |last1=Ho |first2=Rebecca |last2=Ratcliffe |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 December 2023 |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-12-08-23/h_085bc3236d7fe201a6d10fd3057e1b5a |title=Palestinian officials condemn US veto of Gaza ceasefire draft resolution |first1=Heather |last1=Chen |first2=Sophie |last2=Tanno |first3=Adrienne |last3=Vogt |first4=Tori B. |last4=Powell |first5=Elise |last5=Hammond |date=8 December 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> In response to the US veto, Egypt invoked Resolution 377A, which allows the UN General Assembly to address an issue threatening global security neglected by the UNSC.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freedman |first1=Rosa |title=Why UN Israel-Gaza vote will not overrule US veto |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/news/2023/Expert-Comment/Why-UN-Israel-Gaza-vote-will-not-overrule-US-veto-at-Security-Council |website=[[University of Reading]] |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Ambassador recalls ===
On the afternoon of [[October 31, 2023 Jabalia airstrike|Israel's 31 October airstrike]] on the Jabalia refugee camp, [[Bolivia]] [[Israel–Bolivia relations|severed all diplomatic ties with Israel]], followed by a series of ambassador recalls by [[Chile]] and [[Colombia]] hours later, Jordan on 1 November, Bahrain on 2 November, [[Honduras]] on 3 November, Turkey on 4 November, [[Chad]] on 5 November, [[South Africa]] on 6 November, and [[Belize]] on 14 November. Bolivia's [[María Nela Prada|minister of the presidency]] demanded an end to the attacks on the Gaza Strip, while [[Chilean President]] [[Gabriel Boric]] cited Israel's "collective punishment of the Palestinian civilian population" and [[President of Colombia|Columbian President]] [[Gustavo Petro]] cited the "massacre of the Palestinian people".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |date=1 November 2023 |title=South American countries recall ambassadors and cut ties with Israel over war with Hamas |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/bolivia-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crime |url-access=limited |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Paola |last2=Politi |first2=Daniel |title=Bolivia severs diplomatic ties with Israel as Chile and Colombia recall their ambassadors |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-israel-104524467 |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> Jordan's Foreign Minister cited an "unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe" and condemned the "Israeli war that is killing innocent people in Gaza".<ref name="The Washington Post-2023"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Jordan recalls ambassador to Israel to protest Gaza 'catastrophe' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/jordan-recalls-ambassador-to-israel-to-protest-gaza-catastrophe |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> [[National Assembly (Bahrain)|Bahrain's National Assembly]] additionally cut off all economic relations,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bahrain summons envoy to Israel, suspends economic relations |url=https://aje.io/k8y4b6?update=2457328 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> citing a "solid and historical stance that supports the Palestinian cause and the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arab.news/ybyzj |title=Bahrain expels Israel ambassador and cuts economic ties |date=2 November 2023 |website=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/bahrain-recalls-ambassador-from-israel-cuts-economic-ties-over-gaza-war-parliament-1.99148034 |title=Bahrain recalls ambassador from Israel, cuts economic ties over Gaza war: Parliament |date=2 November 2023 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> This decision does not appear to have been implemented.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/bahrain-parliament-says-envoy-israel-returned-home-israel-says-ties-stable-2023-11-02/ |title=Bahrain parliament says envoy to Israel returned home, Israel says ties stable |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=2 November 2023 |last1=Hamad |first1=Mohammed}}</ref> [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Honduras)|Honduras' Minister of Foreign Affairs]] cited Israel's violations of international humanitarian law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Honduras latest Latin American country to recall ambassador to Israel |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://aje.io/ddc07n?update=2460343 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref> [[Turkish President]] Erdogan earlier had said Netanyahu was "no longer someone we can talk to".<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey recalls ambassador to Israel |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2461915 |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> Chad cited the "unprecedented tide of deadly violence."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |title=Chad Recalls Its Ambassador From Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip-2023-11-04/card/chad-recalls-its-ambassador-from-israel-vZ8ZEA1mFMmsRn7D0Ikb |url-access=limited |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> South Africa recalled its entire diplomatic mission and criticized Israel's ambassador for disparaging those "opposing the atrocities and genocide of the Israeli government".<ref>{{cite news |last=Magome |first=Mogomotsi |agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=South Africa recalls ambassador and diplomatic mission to Israel and accuses it of genocide in Gaza |website=Times Union |date=6 November 2023 |url=https://www.timesunion.com/news/world/article/south-africa-recalls-ambassador-and-diplomatic-18471371.php |access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> Belize suspended diplomatic relations with Israel, citing the "unceasing, indiscriminate bombing in Gaza" and its violations of [[international humanitarian law]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Belize effectively suspends diplomatic relations with Israel |url=https://aje.io/u0xc67?update=2486697 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Willingness to take refugees by third countries ===
Both Jordan and Egypt have rejected the idea of hosting Palestinian refugees fleeing from Gaza,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2023 |title=King Abdullah on Gaza: 'No refugees in Jordan, no refugees in Egypt' |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/king-abdullah-gaza-no-refugees-jordan-no-refugees-egypt-2023-10-17/ |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="thehill20231018">{{cite news |title=Scotland's first minister says country willing to take Gaza refugees |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4262981-scotlands-first-minister-says-country-willing-to-take-gaza-refugees/ |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> with King [[Abdullah II of Jordan]] warning against pushing Palestinians to seek refuge in Jordan, and emphasizing the need to address the humanitarian situation within Gaza and the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news |title=King of Jordan on Palestine: 'No Refugees in Jordan, No Refugees in Egypt' |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/10/358370/king-of-jordan-on-palestine-no-refugees-in-jordan-no-refugees-in-egypt |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> Both countries have expressed serious concern that Israel may seek to permanently expel Palestinians, a claim that Israel disputes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinian-jordan-egypt-israel-refugee-502c06d004767d4b64848d878b66bd3d |title=Why Egypt and other Arab countries are unwilling to take in Palestinian refugees from Gaza |date=18 October 2023 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> On 2 November, however, Egypt said it will help around 7,000 foreigners and Palestinians with dual-nationalities through the [[Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah border crossing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2 November 2023 |title=Egypt says it will help evacuate about 7,000 foreign passport holders from Gaza |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/02/joe-biden-urges-pause-gaza-fighting-hamas-jabalia-refugee-camp-death-toll |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

Scotland's First Minister, [[Humza Yousaf]], who has family in Gaza, urged the international community to establish a refugee program for those fleeing violence in Gaza and said that Scotland was ready to offer sanctuary to refugees arriving in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Neil |title=Scotland's First Minister Humza Yousaf says UK should offer sanctuary for Gaza refugees |date=17 October 2023 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/uk-news/2023/10/17/scotlands-first-minister-humza-yousaf-says-uk-should-offer-sanctuary-for-gaza-refugees/ |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> European countries are wary of a refugee influx due to recent pro-Palestinian protests.<ref>{{cite news |title='Willing to be a place of sanctuary': Scotland First Minister says ready to welcome Gaza refugees |work=BI |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/willing-to-be-a-place-of-sanctuary-scotland-first-minister-says-ready-to-welcome-gaza-refugees-402497-2023-10-18 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

In the United States, Representative [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] suggested that the problem of refugees be solved by "the region's partners", but emphasized the "historical role" of the US in accepting refugees, while Representative [[Jamaal Bowman]] said that the US should welcome refugees who are not affiliated with Hamas. Both former President [[Donald Trump]] and Governor [[Ron DeSantis]] oppose accepting any Palestinian refugees.<ref name="thehill20231018"/>

== Reactions ==
=== Reactions in Israel ===
{{main|Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel}}
{{See also|Mass arrests of Palestinians during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
[[File:משלוחים לחיילים וחיילות של מוצרי מזון, הלבשה וטואלטיקה, תרומות של תושבי נשר 02.jpg|thumb|Volunteers organizing deliveries for soldiers in [[Nesher]]]]
[[File:Policeperson Square with flags and support signs, Raanana, October 2023 (10).jpg|thumb|Support sign for the "citizens of south" and IDF soldiers at the policeperson roundabout in [[Ra'anana]], October 2023|alt=Signs in Hebrew in front of dozens of small Israel flags planted in the grass.]]
Public opinion poll conducted on 23–28 October by the polling company iPanel in collaboration with [[Tel Aviv University]] found that 57.5% of [[Israeli Jews]] believed the Israeli military was using "too little" firepower in Gaza, while 36.6% thought the amount of firepower was "appropriate", 4.2% were not sure, and only 1.8% thought the IDF was using "too much" firepower. In contrast, 50.5% of [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli Arabs]] believed that the Israeli military was using "too much" firepower in Gaza.<ref name="iPanel-poll">{{cite magazine |title=What Israelis Think of the War With Hamas |url=https://time.com/6333781/israel-hamas-poll-palestine/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 November 2023}}</ref> According to a survey by the [[Israel Democracy Institute]], only 10% of Israeli Jews would support a pause in the war in Gaza to allow an exchange of Israeli hostages.<ref name="iPanel-poll"/>

Following the Hamas attack on Israel, the protest group Kaplan Force cancelled its [[2023 Israeli judicial reform protests|protest]] against the [[Israeli judicial reform]] scheduled on 7 October, instead extending support to the IDF amidst the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Judicial reform protests cancelled amid security situation |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-762050 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Other protest groups like Forum 555 and [[Brothers in Arms (organization)|Brothers in Arms]] also urged reservists to serve if called up.<ref name="npr"/> The Israeli government distributed weapons to civilians.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Dan |title=Israel arms civilian security squads, fearing internal strife |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fearing-internal-strife-gaza-war-israel-arms-civilian-security-squads-2023-10-22/ |website=Reuters |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

Some construction sites in [[Jerusalem Municipality|Jerusalem]] prohibited Israeli Arabs from entering due to security concerns, including senior managers, stating that only Jews and foreign workers were permitted.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |date=17 October 2023 |title="אין כניסה לערבים ישראלים, רק יהודים ועובדים זרים" – וואלה! נדל״ן |trans-title="No entry for Israeli Arabs, only Jews and foreign workers" |url=https://nadlan.walla.co.il/item/3616757 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=[[Walla! Communications Ltd|Walla!]] |language=he}}</ref>

[[Adalah (legal center)|Adalah]], an Israeli human rights organization that advocates for [[Arab citizens of Israel|Palestinians living in Israel]], reported that 50 Palestinians studying at academic institutions in Israel had been summoned to disciplinary committees due to perceived support for Hamas on social media, with some suspended from their studies.<ref name="Reiff">{{Cite web |last=Reiff |first=Ben |date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel cracks down on internal critics of its Gaza war |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-gaza-war-political-persecution/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A newly created community coalition said that 30 Palestinian citizens of Israel had lost their jobs for the same reason.<ref name="Reiff"/>

Adalah also reported that 100 Israelis have been arrested for posts supporting Palestinians in Gaza, with 70 in detention as of 18 October.<ref name="Rosenfeld">{{Cite news |last=Rosenfeld |first=Arno |date=18 October 2023 |title=Dozens of Israelis arrested for social media posts defending Gaza, advocates say |language=en |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/565699/dozens-of-arrested-for-posts-defending-gaza/ |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> [[Dalal Abu Amneh]], a Palestinian singer born in Israel, was arrested on 17 October for posting "''there is no victor but God''" in Arabic, alongside an image of the Palestinian flag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Palestinian singer Dalal Abu Amneh arrested over Gaza post |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/palestinian-singer-dalal-abu-amneh-arrested-over-gaza-post |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=[[The New Arab]] |language=en}}</ref> She was released the following day and placed under house arrest for five days.<ref name="Alaraby Derbas">{{cite news |trans-title=The Israeli occupation releases Dalal Abu Amna on conditions |script-title=ar:الاحتلال الإسرائيلي يفرج عن دلال أبو آمنة بشروط |title=alaihtilal al'iisrayiyliu yufrij ean dalal 'abu amnat bishurut |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/entertainment_media/الاحتلال-الإسرائيلي-يفرج-عن-دلال-أبو-آمنة-بشروط-0 |work=The New Arab |script-work=ar:العربي الجديد |language=ar |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Israeli police said that 170 Palestinians (all citizens of Israel or residents of Jerusalem) had been arrested or brought in for questioning since the beginning of the war due to social media posts. According to Adalah, this is the highest rate of arrests in such a short period of time for 20 years.<ref name="Reiff"/> Content that led to these arrests included quoting [[Quran]] verses, "prayers for the people of Gaza, and political analysis of Israeli military operations".<ref name="Rosenfeld"/>

Between 1 October and 1 November, the number of Palestinians held in administrative detention, without charge or trial, rose from 1,319 to 2,070.<ref name="Sawafta-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Sawafta |first1=Ali |last2=Chacar |first2=Henriette |date=18 November 2023 |title=West Bank Palestinians report Israeli beatings, mistreatment |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-detainees-report-israeli-beatings-mistreatment-west-bank-arrests-2023-11-18/ |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Amnesty International-2023">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests/ |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |date=21 October 2023 |title=Israel doubles number of Palestinian prisoners to 10,000 in two weeks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/21/number-of-palestinian-prisoners-in-israel-doubles-to-10000-in-two-weeks |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> Prisoners have been subject to torture and at least four prisoners have died in Israeli custody.<ref name="Sawafta-2023"/><ref name="Amnesty International-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Butt |first=Maira |date=22 November 2023 |title=Thousands of Gazans missing in Israel as workers 'rounded up and blindfolded' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazan-work-permits-missing-israel-b2432631.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref>

Amidst the escalating violence, [[Magen David Adom]] initiated a blood donation drive and the [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Education Ministry]] closed schools on 7 October, transitioning to online learning from 15 October.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli schools, already shuttered, to shift to remote learning on Sunday |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-palestinians-schools-idAFS8N39U01W |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=11 October 2023}}</ref> Various events and performances were cancelled or postponed including the [[Haifa International Film Festival]], a [[Bruno Mars]] concert, and football matches scheduled by [[UEFA]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel: Matches postponed by Uefa over security situation |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67049736 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=8 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Energy (Israel)|Israeli energy ministry]] ordered [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] to temporarily shut down the offshore [[Tamar gas field]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Ron |last1=Bousso |first2=Ari |last2=Rabinovitch |title=Israel shuts down major offshore gas field amid violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/israel-shuts-down-offshore-tamar-gas-field-output-2023-10-09/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=9 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Following a significant drop in the value of the [[New Israeli Shekel]], the [[Bank of Israel]] announced that it would sell up to $30 billion in foreign reserves in its first ever sale of foreign exchange.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Steven |last1=Scheer |first2=Ari |last2=Rabinovitch |title=Bank of Israel to Sell $30b of Foreign Currency to Stabilize Shekel Amid Gaza War |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/bank-israel-sell-30-bln-forex-moderate-shekels-volatility-2023-10-09/ |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

Investigations were initiated into the failure of Israeli authorities to prevent the attack, with criticism targeted towards Prime Minister Netanyahu for his inability to foresee and prevent the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gardner |first=Frank |date=7 October 2023 |title=How did Israeli intelligence fail to stop major attack from Gaza? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67040221 |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Atlantic-Halevi">{{Cite news |last=Halevi |first=Yossi Klein |title=The Reckoning: Israel must grapple first with its enemies, and then with the failures of its own government. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/10/israel-gaza-netanyahu/675597/|date=10 October 2023 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

To support the war effort, [[El Al]] announced special flights to retrieve vital personnel from New York City and Bangkok on 13 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-s-el-al-to-operate-rare-sabbath-flights-for-soldiers-abroad-447a9281 |title=Israel's El Al To Operate Rare Sabbath Flights For Soldiers Abroad |date=12 October 2023 |work=Barron's}}</ref> Schools advised parents to have certain social media apps deleted from their children's phones to shield them from violent war-related media.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/10/israeli-schools-urge-parents-to-tell-kids-to-delete-instagram-tiktok.html |title=Israeli and Jewish schools reportedly urge parents to tell their kids to delete Instagram and TikTok to avoid disturbing images of hostages |first=Jonathan |last=Vanian |date=10 October 2023 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> IDF Chief of Staff Lieutenant General [[Herzi Halevi]] acknowledged military failures in preventing the attacks on 12 October.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=12 October 2023 |title=IDF chief Halevi admits military failed to prevent Hamas attack, vows to investigate |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-chief-halevi-admits-military-failed-to-prevent-hamas-attack-vows-to-investigate/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

The ethics panel of the [[Knesset]] voted to suspend left-wing politician [[Ofer Cassif]] for 45 days over what it deemed as anti-Israel statements in interviews he made after the war broke out. Following a rally in support of Gaza in Haifa, police commissioner Kobi Shabtai threatened to send antiwar protesters to the Gaza Strip. As of 18 October 63 people have been arrested in Israel on suspicion of supporting or inciting "terror" since the start of the conflict, according to Israeli police.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2023 |title=Israel police boss threatens to send anti-war protesters to Gaza 'on buses' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/19/israel-police-boss-threatens-to-send-anti-war-protesters-to-gaza-on-buses |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> The Palestinian prisoners' rights group Addameer said that about 4,000 labourers from Gaza who were working in Israel were arrested by Israeli authorities along with 1,070 other Palestinians in overnight raids in the West Bank and East Jerusalem since the start of the conflict, with most of the detainees from Gaza being held in [[Be'er Sheva Airfield|Sde Teyman]] near Beersheva.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=Israel doubles number of Palestinian prisoners to 10,000 in two weeks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/21/number-of-palestinian-prisoners-in-israel-doubles-to-10000-in-two-weeks |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Amer al-Huzail, a former mayoral candidate in Rahat, was arrested after sharing a map of the Gaza Strip on social media with an analysis of possible scenarios for an expected ground operation by Israeli forces.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=Israeli Arabs arrested over Gaza social media posts |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67181582 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

A poll by the Israeli newspaper ''[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]]'', conducted on 18–19 October, found that 65% of Israelis supported a [[2023 Israeli ground operations in the Gaza Strip|ground invasion of the Gaza Strip]] and 21% opposed it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poll: 80% of Israelis say Netanyahu must publicly take responsibility for Oct. 7 failures |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/poll-80-of-israelis-say-netanyahu-must-publicly-take-responsibility-for-oct-7-failures/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=20 October 2023}}</ref> In comparison, according to a poll conducted for the same newspaper on 25–26 October, 29% of Israelis supported an immediate large-scale ground offensive into the Gaza Strip. ''Maariv'' said "It is almost certain that the developments on the matter of the hostages, which is now topping the agenda, have had a great impact on this shift."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israelis hesitant over Gaza ground invasion amid hostage fears, poll shows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/27/israelis-hesitant-over-gaza-ground-invasion-amid-hostage-fears-poll-shows |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> The Hostages and Missing Families Forum, that represents the families of kidnapped Israelis, complained that no-one had explained "whether the ground operation endangers the well-being" of the hostages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu meets Israeli hostages' families anxious over Gaza war plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67248317 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=28 October 2023}}</ref>

According to a survey carried out by the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]] on 7–9 December on the post-war handling of Gaza 56% of Israelis opposed the annexation of Gaza with only 33% in favor while 11% were uncertain. When questioned on who should administer Gaza in the immediate post-war period 23% of Israelis supported a coalition of moderate Arab states, 22% for Israeli military rule, 18% for an international force take charge of the territory, 18% for Israel annexing Gaza and 11% support for the return of the Palestinian Authority.<ref>{{cite news |title=Majority of Israelis oppose annexation, resettlement of Gaza – poll |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/majority-of-israelis-oppose-annexation-resettlement-of-gaza-poll/ |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

==== Emergency unity government ====
{{Main|Israeli war cabinet}}
On 11 October, an emergency unity government was formally announced between Likud and National Unity following a joint statement from the latter party, with Benny Gantz, a former defence minister and military chief of staff, joining a war cabinet also consisting of Netanyahu as Prime Minister and Yoav Gallant as Defence Minister. The statement said the unity government would not promote any policy or laws except those related to the ongoing fighting with Hamas.<ref name="Al Jazeera-2023"/><ref name="Michaelson-2023">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/netanyahu-sets-up-emergency-israeli-unity-government-and-war-cabinet|title=Netanyahu sets up emergency Israeli unity government and war cabinet|first1=Ruth|last1=Michaelson|first2=Harriet|last2=Sherwood|date=11 October 2023|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> It significantly reduces the influence of Netanyahu's previous far-right coalition partners over the conduct of the war, which was one of Gantz's demands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharon |first=Jeremy |title=Gantz's entry into government sidelines far right, with judicial overhaul's future dim |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gantzs-entry-into-government-sidelines-far-right-with-judicial-overhauls-future-dim/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Haaretz]]'' reported that former IDF chief of staff [[Gadi Eizenkot]] and Strategic Affairs Minister [[Ron Dermer]] would join the war cabinet as observers.<ref name="Al Jazeera-2023">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Israeli PM Netanyahu, opposition leader Gantz to form emergency unity gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/israeli-pm-netanyahu-opposition-leader-gantz-to-form-emergency-unity-govt |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.news.cn/20231011/ea43cdddbfbf46b0b1acf60ae06c3c37/c.html |title=Israeli PM, opposition leader agree to form "emergency unity gov't"-Xinhua |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref name="Michaelson-2023"/>

On 29 October, Netanyahu blamed security chiefs for Hamas's attack in a post on X (formerly Twitter); this was later deleted following criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |author-link=Isabel Kershner |date=29 October 2023 |title=Netanyahu Apologizes After Blaming Security Chiefs for Failure in Hamas Attack |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/middleeast/netanyahu-apologizes-hamas-attack.html |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Reactions in the Palestinian territories ===

==== Hamas popularity ====
Prior to the war, Hamas was deeply unpopular in Gaza, with 52 percent of Palestinians stating they had no trust at all in the organization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jamal |first1=Amaney |title=What Palestinians Really Think of Hamas: Before the War, Gaza's Leaders Were Deeply Unpopular—but an Israeli Crackdown Could Change That |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/what-palestinians-really-think-hamas |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=25 October 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adami |first1=Chelcey |title=Survey sheds light on Palestinian views ahead of Hamas attack on Israel |url=https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/12/05/palestinians-views-oct-7/ |website=Stanford Report |date=5 December 2023 |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> Hamas was even more unpopular in the West Bank, with only around twelve percent support.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Fred |title=Is Israel's War in Gaza Strengthening Hamas? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/12/israel-war-gaza-hamas-west-bank-poll.html |journal=Slate |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> During the war and Israel's bombardment of Gaza, Hamas's popularity among Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank increased, while Palestinian support for [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|peaceful coexistence with Israel]] declined significantly.<ref name="AWRAD poll">{{cite news |title=Israel's Assault on Gaza Is Making Hamas More Popular and Destroying Hope for a Future Peace |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/israels-assault-on-gaza-is-making-hamas-more-popular |work=The Daily Beast |date=21 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With all eyes on Gaza, Hamas might send the West Bank up in flames |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-all-eyes-on-gaza-hamas-might-send-the-west-bank-up-in-flames/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=3 December 2023}}</ref> According to a survey carried out in the beginning of November 2023, almost half, or 47 percent, of Gazans strongly supported the 7 October attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wartime Poll: Results of an Opinion Poll Among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip |url=https://www.awrad.org/files/server/polls/polls2023/Public%20Opinion%20Poll%20-%20Gaza%20War%202023.pdf |website=Awrad |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank said they would never forget or forgive Israel's behavior in Gaza during the war.<ref name="AWRAD poll"/> Another survey released on 13 December found that 57% of respondents in the Gaza Strip and 82% in the West Bank believed Hamas was correct in launching the 7 October attack, while only 10% said they believed Hamas committed war crimes during the conflict. The survey also found that nearly 60% of respondents in the Palestinian Territories agreed with the dissolution of the Palestinian Authority, while 88% supported the resignation of president Mahmoud Abbas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinian poll shows a rise in Hamas support and close to 90% wanting US-backed Abbas to resign |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-palestinians-opinion-poll-wartime-views-a0baade915619cd070b5393844bc4514 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> In response to a critical social media video, Hamas issued a public statement warning against the publication of “any pictures, videos or materials that are offensive to the image of the steadfastness and unity of our people in Gaza."<ref name="WSJ 12-21"/>

Among Gaza residents to criticize Hamas actions and their outcome, journalist Muhammad Mansour said: "May Allah curse you, Hamas leadership. Sinwar, you are the offspring of a despicable creature. Allah will avenge the destruction you have inflicted upon us".<ref name="jp1012">{{cite news |last1=Alster |first1=Guy |title=Gaza in chaos as Palestinian anger against Hamas grows |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/gaza-news/article-777031 |access-date=17 December 2023 |agency=Walla |publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=10 December 2023}}</ref> In early November, hundreds of people at a UN shelter in Gaza city shouted insults against Hamas and cried out that they wanted the war to end, in reaction to Hamas rocket launches at Israel.<ref name="toi1211">{{cite news |title=In Gaza, growing signs of anger at Hamas as residents fight for food, battle diseases |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-gaza-growing-signs-of-anger-at-hamas-as-residents-fight-for-food-battle-diseases/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |publisher=[[Times of Israel]] |date=12 November 2023}}</ref> A spokesman for a Hamas ministry was interrupted during a televised speech by a man with a wounded hand shouting: “May God hold you to account, Hamas!”<ref name="toi1211" /> On Al-Jazeera an elderly woman complained that "aid does not reach the nation and the entire people; Everything goes to their houses; They take it, they will even shoot me and do whatever they want to me, Hamas"<ref name="jp1012" />

''The Wall Street Journal'' reported on 21 December that since 7 October, "quiet criticism has begun spreading" against Hamas, with Gazans "blaming the militants for having provoked Israel’s wrath and for their inability to shield the population from a devastating war and a humanitarian crisis that deepens by the day." The ''Journal'' said that such opposition was unlikely to break out into the open, but that the "simmering opposition raises questions about the group’s long-term hold over the strip."<ref name="WSJ 12-21" />

=== Reactions in Gaza ===
Reactions in Gaza ranged from anger at the international community's tepid response to fear.<ref>{{cite AV media |title='The world has turned its back on Palestinians' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyK2cWmNgcU |via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |last2=Malekian |first2=Somayeh |title='Scary as hell': Gazan describes fearful nights amid Israeli airstrikes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/scary-hell-gazan-describes-fearful-nights-amid-israeli/story?id=103964930 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> The territory faced numerous major crises. The Israeli blockade caused significant difficulties, including a lack of food, medicine, and water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlawful Gaza Blockade Deadly for Children |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> Azmi Keshawi, a US-educated researcher in Gaza, expressed outrage, stating, "How the hell did the entire world just watch and let Israel turn off the water?"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Jobain |first2=Najib |title=Gaza under Israeli siege: Bread lines, yellow water and nonstop explosions |url=https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-under-israeli-siege-bread-205805152.html |work=[[Y! News]] |date=19 October 2023 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> On 19 October, Omar Ghraieb, an officer at Oxfam, commented about his lack of food, water, or internet, writing, "Families are displaced, humanitarian situation is beyond dire, thousands killed & injured, hundreds of thousands are traumatized".<ref>{{Cite tweet |last1=Ghraieb |first1=Omar |user=Omar_Gaza |number=1715043793915793666 |date=19 October 2023 |title=Still out of internet, water, food, safety, home, landlines and certainty. Mobile networks are weak. So many families are displaced, humanitarian situation is beyond dire, thousands killed & injured, hundreds of thousands are traumatized. #Gaza |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020143925/https://twitter.com/Omar_Gaza/status/1715043793915793666?s=20 |archive-date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

Some Gazans in Israel on work permits were unable to return to Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Business Daily – Some Gaza residents with Israeli work permits unable to return home |first1=Lila |last1=Paulou |first2=Carys |last2=Garland |first3=Clémence |last3=Waller |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/business-daily/20231013-some-gaza-residents-with-israeli-work-permits-unable-to-return-home |access-date=22 October 2023 |work=[[France 24]]}}</ref> In interviews, workers indicated they were subject to intensive police questioning and abuse.<ref name="being apart from family">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Miriam |date=18 October 2023 |title=For Gazan workers stranded in Israel, being apart from family is agony |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/16/israel-gaza-workers-family-war-hamas/ |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> Speaking to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', one man stated, "I can't stay here, eating and drinking while my children are dying. There is no electricity or water or anything. Let me die there between my children".<ref name="being apart from family"/>

Due to the Israeli Air Force's [[airstrike]]s, many Gazans expressed fears they could die. In an interview, a US citizen said, "People are worried, people are essentially preparing to die".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mayes-Osterman |first1=Cybele |title='Preparing to die': Palestinians flee as Gaza braces for Israeli ground invasion |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/10/13/palestinians-flee-gaza-israel-ground-attack/71169928007/ |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> Muhammad Smiry, a journalist, wrote, "We are losing everyone and everything".<ref>{{Cite tweet |last1=Smiry |first1=Muhammad |user=MuhammadSmiry |number=1715296995307397370 |date=20 October 2023 |title=We are losing everyone and everything. #Gaza |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> A 27-year-old engineer said, "I just really, really want to live".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Shbair |first2=Fatima |author2-link=Fatima Shbair |title=Palestinians in Gaza face an impossible choice — stay home under airstrikes, or flee under airstrikes? |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/palestinians-in-gaza-face-an-impossible-choice-stay-home-under-airstrikes-or-flee-under-airstrikes |work=[[PBS Newshour]] |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>

==== Healthcare workers ====
Among healthcare workers in Gaza, reactions ranged from grief to outrage. One doctor at the [[al-Ahli Arab Hospital]] stated, "This is really a genocide".<ref name="aj-hosp"/> A pediatrics doctor at Kamal Edwan Hospital described the situation in Gaza as "really dangerous".<ref name="Entire Families Wiped Out">{{cite web |title=Entire Families Wiped Out As Israel Continues Heaviest-Ever Airstrikes On Gaza |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/entire-families-wiped-out-as-israel-continues-heaviest-ever-airstrikes-on-gaza-4483566 |work=NDTV |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> He described the difficulties of compliance with Israel's [[Evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip|mandatory evacuation order]], as transferring the children would mean "handing them a death sentence".<ref name="Entire Families Wiped Out"/> He stated that, as a result of Israel's denial of clean water, babies in his ward were experiencing vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.<ref name="med-dwindle">{{cite news |last=Talwar Badam |first=Ramola |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2023/10/19/doctors-warn-of-catastrophic-conditions-in-gaza-hospitals-as-medical-supplies-dwindle/ |title=Doctors warn of 'catastrophic' conditions in Gaza hospitals as medical supplies dwindle |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> A doctor who survived the explosion at al-Ahli hospital, stated, "We collected bodies of children and many body parts. It's a sight that will remain in my mind even if I live a thousand years".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khaled |first1=Mai |last2=Saleh |first2=Heba |title=A sight that will remain . . . if I live a thousand years': Palestinians bear witness to hospital blast |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2c172e7a-c12d-4ceb-8deb-9fd8668c4c83?shareType=nongift |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>

In response to the 27 October communications blackout in Gaza, Al Jazeera journalist Hani Mahmoud reported via satellite that the "fear just begins to mount."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahmoud |first1=Hani |title=The search for comfort in the Gaza night |url=https://aje.io/nw7juv?update=2444677 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref>

==== Dual citizens ====
When both of Gaza's border points were closed at the start of the conflict, foreign nationals and [[dual citizen]]s were trapped. This included some 500–600 US citizens, who reported the [[US Embassy]] provided little to no support to them.<ref name="Palestinian-Americans stuck">{{cite news |last1=Abou-Ghazala |first1=Yahya |title=Palestinian-Americans stuck in Gaza say they feel trapped, abandoned by US Embassy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/us/palestinian-americans-gaza/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdelbary |first1=Mohammed |last2=McSweeney |first2=Eoin |title='There is no way I can leave family members behind': Palestinian-Americans in Gaza face unthinkable choice |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/17/middleeast/palestinian-americans-gaza-cmd-intl/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=17 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> A resident of [[Salt Lake City]] reported the embassy said their "emergency line is for Israel".<ref name="Palestinian-Americans stuck"/> A US citizen visiting Gaza with her husband and five children, stated, "The double standard is incredibly harsh".<ref name="Incredibly harsh">{{cite news |last1=Turak |first1=Natasha |date=20 October 2023 |title='Incredibly harsh': Up to 600 Americans are trapped in besieged Gaza |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/20/up-to-600-americans-are-trapped-in-gaza.html |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> Another US national stated, "America's not helping us, Biden's not helping us, the embassy is not helping us".<ref name="Incredibly harsh"/> Sammy Nabulsi, an [[immigration attorney]] in Boston, stated, "We are barreling toward a grave national tragedy, and the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|White House]] and the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] do not seem to care".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Berger |first2=Miriam |title=Americans stuck in Gaza at wits' end after another false report they could leave |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/22/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-aid-updates/#link-NRD4F5VXUBBIDO2HKZ2HA7UTZY |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> An [[Australians|Australian]] man trapped in Gaza with his family stated, "We are terrified that we may not live until tomorrow".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |title='Petrified' children, dwindling water and a destroyed home: Australian family pleads for help to escape Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/24/petrified-children-dwindling-water-and-a-destroyed-home-australian-family-pleads-for-help-to-escape-gaza |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> Another US citizen complained that they had been unsuccessfully contacting the US embassy for two days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Treisman |first1=Rachel |last2=Fadel |first2=Leila |title=An overdue reunion became a nightmare for this American family now trapped in Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/12/1205357394/american-family-trapped-gaza |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> A Canadian teenager trapped in Gaza stated that the [[List of diplomatic missions of Canada|Canadian embassy]] only sent "emails telling us to stay safe, but they give us no way of staying safe. They really haven't done anything for us."<ref>{{cite news |title='They haven't done anything for us,' Palestinian-Canadian girl slams Ottawa |url=https://aje.io/91bdr3?update=2466724 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref>

==== Gazan officials ====
The [[Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education|Palestinian Education Ministry]] said schools in the Gaza Strip were closed until further notice.<ref name="aa1"/> On 7 October, the Palestinian Health Ministry appealed for blood donations.<ref name="ap1"/>
On 13 October, the spokesperson for Gaza's [[Interior Minister of the Gaza Strip|Interior Ministry]] said Israel had not been honest about only striking military targets, and "everyone in Gaza is a target".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title='Everyone in Gaza is a target': Palestine's interior ministry in Gaza holds press conference |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62XrIoEhx1w |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Yahya al-Sarraj, the mayor of [[Gaza City]], commented that the Israeli siege was a violation of international law and urged the international community to "support the victims".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Exclusive Interview with Gaza Mayor |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/tlh_euitTf0 |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Hamas military aims ====
Hamas stated it abducted Israelis to secure the freedom of Palestinian prisoners, currently estimated to number between 4,499 and 5,200, including 170 children.<ref name="aj9">{{cite news |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1"/><ref name="aj2"/> [[Prisoner exchange]]s have long been practiced in the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/08/israeli-hostages-now-face-a-terrifying-ordeal |title=Israeli hostages now face a terrifying ordeal |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 2006, Hamas exchanged [[Gilad Shalit]] for 1,000 Palestinians as part of a prisoner swap.<ref name="NYT-Vinograd"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli hostage crisis in Hamas-ruled Gaza becomes a political trap for Netanyahu |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-military-prisoners-hostage-hamas-soldiers-e75729364f8c0b453da272365c16d136 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=8 October 2023 |first=Isabel |last=Debre |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> Hamas deputy leader Saleh al-Arouri told Al Jazeera they had enough Israeli hostages to secure the release of Palestinian prisoners in Israel.<ref name="aj2">{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> Hamas spokesperson [[Abu Obaida (Hamas)|Abu Obaida]] said they were holding captured Israeli soldiers in "safe places" and tunnels.<ref name="ap1"/>

On 10 October, Hamas official [[Basem Naim]] denied any civilians were killed, saying that only Israeli soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title=Hamas official: 'We have not killed any civilians' |language=en |work=[[Sky News]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Egipqa0ZhUk |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> On 11 October, Hamas again denied in a statement that it had killed civilians and said its military wing "worked to target the Israeli military and security systems", calling them "legitimate targets".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title='Horrific scenes' as dozens of bodies found in Israel's Kfar Aza near Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/horrific-scenes-as-dozens-of-bodies-found-in-israels-kfar-aza-near |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A spokesperson for Palestinian Islamic Jihad stated they did not consider Israelis to be civilians, due to Israel's [[Conscription in Israel|mandatory military service]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Revheim-Rafaelsen |first1=Mathias |last2=Alayoubi |first2=Mohammed |last3=Løve Pilskog Loe |first3=Isak |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas til NRK: – Hovedmålet er å få palestinske fanger løslatt |language=Norwegian Bokmål |trans-title=Hamas to NRK: "Primary goal is to have Palestinian prisoners freed" |work=[[NRK]] |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/hamas-til-nrk_-__hovedmalet-er-a-fa-palestinske-fanger-loslatt-1.16586790 |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155819/https://www.nrk.no/urix/hamas-til-nrk_-__hovedmalet-er-a-fa-palestinske-fanger-loslatt-1.16586790 |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

Senior Hamas official [[Khaled Mashal]] said that the group was fully aware of the consequences of attack on Israel, stating that Palestinian liberation comes with sacrifices.<ref name="arabnews">{{cite web |first1=Umut |last1=Uras |first2=Priyanka |last2=Shankar |first3=Mersiha |last3=Gadzo |title=Hamas official says group 'well aware' of consequences of attack on Israel, Palestinian liberation comes with 'sacrifices'|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2394966/amp |work=Arab News |date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

According to Taher El-Nounou, a Hamas media adviser, the goal of Hamas is to create a permanent state of war. Hamas also rejected its responsibility to govern Gaza with [[Khalil al-Hayya]] stating, "Hamas's goal is not to run Gaza and to bring it water and electricity and such."<ref name="nytimeshubbard">{{cite news |last1=Hubbard |first1=Ben |last2=Abi-Habib |first2=Maria |title=Behind Hamas's Bloody Gambit to Create a 'Permanent' State of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-gaza-war.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Reactions in the West Bank ===
Initially, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas asserted the Palestinians' right to self-defense against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahmoud Abbas: Palestinians have right to defend themselves against 'terror' |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Mahmoud-Abbas-Palestinians-have-right-to-defend-themselves-against-terror- |publisher=[[Al Arabiya]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007120458/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Mahmoud-Abbas-Palestinians-have-right-to-defend-themselves-against-terror- |url-status=live}}</ref> and condemned the orders by Israel for residents to evacuate north Gaza, labeling it a "second Nakba".<ref>{{Cite news |title='We reject the forced displacement' in Gaza: Abbas tells Blinken in Jordan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/abbas-blinken-jordan |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 October 2023}}</ref> Later, Abbas rejected the killing of civilians on both sides, and said that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the sole representative of the Palestinians.<ref name="reuters16">{{Cite news |title=President Abbas says Hamas' actions do not represent Palestinians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/president-abbas-says-hamas-actions-do-not-represent-palestinians-2023-10-15/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=16 October 2023 |time=12:06 AM GMT+3}}</ref>

Following the attack, celebrations occurred in [[Nablus]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Jaafar Ashtiyeh / AFP |title=Palestinians celebrate in Nablus after fighters infiltrated Israel |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWOw7YI7vzo |access-date=8 December 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> [[France 24]] reported "Hamas called on "resistance fighters in the West Bank" to join the battle.<ref name="f24-3"/> Neighborhood watches were established in 50 locations amid fears of reprisals by [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlers]], while a general strike was called for 8 October.<ref name="aj7oct"/> Seven Palestinians were killed in clashes with Israeli forces on 7 October,<ref name="f24-3">{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Almost 1,000 killed in Israel war with Hamas |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231008-israel-battles-hamas-as-pm-warns-of-long-and-difficult-war |access-date=8 October 2023 |quote=Hamas called on "resistance fighters in the West Bank" and "Arab and Islamic nations" to join the battle}}</ref> while 126 others were injured.<ref name="aj7oct"/> As of 19 October, Al Jazeera reported that 76 Palestinians were killed in the West Bank and Jerusalem, eight of them by armed Israeli settlers;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Al Tahhan |first=Zena |title=Israel's war on Gaza: Is the West Bank under increased attack too? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/19/israels-war-on-gaza-is-the-west-bank-under-increased-attack-too |access-date=20 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> the Palestinian Health Ministry said that 61 people have been killed and 1,250 injured in the West Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |last3=Khadder |first3=Kareem |last2=Anderson |first2=Becky |author2-link=Becky Anderson |first1=Zeena |last1=Saifi |date=19 October 2023 |title=Gaza conflict spills into the West Bank as settler attacks and clashes leave dozens of Palestinians dead |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/19/middleeast/west-bank-settler-attacks-israel-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=19 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> The Palestinian Prisoners Club said that 850 Palestinians, including lawmakers, prominent figures, journalists, and former detainees have been arrested by Israeli authorities since the start of the war.<ref name="cnnarrest"/>

=== Arab world ===
In contrast to previous Palestinian–Israeli wars, as many Arab governments such as Egypt and Jordan had strongly negative views on Hamas,<ref>Tianshe CHEN (2010) Support or Hostility: the Relationship between Arab Countries and Hamas, Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 4:2, 100–120, DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2010.12023158</ref> they restrained their official reaction to neutral press statements, while news programs in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia interviewed Arabic-speaking Jews instead of Hamas officials. News anchors in these countries did not refer to the IDF as an "occupation army", and referred to Palestinian casualties as "victims" rather than "martyrs".<ref name="The Economist-2">{{cite news |title=The Arab world thinks differently about this war |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/18/the-arab-world-thinks-differently-about-this-war |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> The public reaction in the Arabic world was much more negative, being strongly influenced by Hamas-produced social media videos that were viewed millions of times.<ref name="Kirkpatrick-2023">{{cite magazine |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David |last2=Rasgon |first2=Adam |title=The Hamas Propaganda War |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-hamas-propaganda-war |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> The Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, originally blamed on an Israeli airstrike, inflicted further damage on diplomatic relations between Israel and Arab states keen to avoid antagonizing their public.<ref>{{cite news |title=Only America can stop the Israel-Gaza war from becoming a bigger catastrophe |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2023/10/19/the-stakes-could-hardly-be-higher-in-the-israel-gaza-conflict |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> Governments and news programs such as [[Al Arabiya]] and [[Sky News Arabia]] increasingly took an anti-Israel and pro-Hamas stance.<ref name="Kirkpatrick-2023"/> Many in Lebanon, Syria and Egypt also fear that they may unwillingly be drawn in to the conflict through the actions of Hezbollah and Iran. In Egypt populist pro-government talk show hosts have opposed Hamas, asking why Egyptians should suffer to help Palestinians.<ref name="The Economist-2"/> Egypt, despite having being pressed by the United States, refused to accept refugees from Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=As war looms Israel calls for 1.1m people to evacuate northern Gaza |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/13/as-war-looms-israel-calls-for-11m-people-to-evacuate-northern-gaza |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref>

A joint Islamic-Arab summit in Riyadh on 11 November 2023 called for the International Criminal Court to investigate "war crimes and crimes against humanity that Israel is committing" in the Palestinian territories and for an immediate end to the fighting in Gaza.<ref name=ReutersRiyadh/> The summit was attended by dozens of leaders including Iranian President [[Ebrahim Raisi]], Turkish President [[Tayyip Erdogan]], Qatar's Emir [[Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] and Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]], who had been welcomed back into the Arab League earlier in 2023.<ref name=ReutersRiyadh/> [[Prince Mohammed bin Salman]] expressed "condemnation and categorical rejection of this barbaric war against our brothers in Palestine".<ref name=ReutersRiyadh>{{Cite news |last1=Yaakoubi |first1=Aziz El |last2=Abdallah |first2=Nayera |date=12 November 2023 |title=Arab and Muslim leaders demand immediate end to Gaza war |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-host-extraordinary-joint-islamic-arab-summit-riyadh-saturday-2023-11-10/ |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

Many across the Middle East, particularly among the younger population, have been [[boycotting]] US brands for perceived complicity in the destruction in Gaza since the start of the war.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Allam |first1=Hannah |last2=Chamaa |first2=Mohamad El |date=23 November 2023 |title=Many in Middle East blame United States for devastation in Gaza |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/23/israel-gaza-war-america-middle-east/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

=== Hezbollah ===
Hezbollah denied knowledge of the attacks and warned the United States not to invade Lebanon saying that they were prepared to face the US military.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/207889/US-fully-responsible-for-events-in-Gaza-Nasrallah |title=US fully responsible for events in Gaza: Nasrallah |date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/11/03/2982724/al-aqsa-storm-operation-100-percent-palestinian-says-hezbollah-chief |title=Al-Aqsa Storm Operation 100 Percent Palestinian, Says Hezbollah Chief – World news |website=Tasnim News Agency}}</ref>
In a speech on 3 November, Hezbollah leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] said Americans had threatened to bomb Iran<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202311035080 |title=حسن نصرالله: آمریکا پیام داده اگر به عملیات ادامه دهیم، ایران را بمباران خواهد کرد |language=fa |trans-title=Hassan Nasrallah: America has sent a message that if we continue the operation, it will bomb Iran |date=3 November 2023}}</ref> and emphasised that Hezbollah entered the war the day after Hamas's attack and that it would not stop with its actions with its ongoing skirmishes with Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/hezbollahs-hassan-nasrallah-speech-on-israel-hamas-war-key-takeaways |title=Hezbollah's Hassan Nasrallah speech on Israel-Hamas war: Key takeaways |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> He stated that the United States is fully responsible for the current war against Gaza and its people and that Israel is merely the instrument of execution. He also said that anyone who wants to prevent a regional war must immediately stop the aggression against Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah chief warns Israel-Hamas war could become regional conflict |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231103-hezbollah-chief-to-break-silence-on-israel-hamas-war |work=[[France 24]] |date=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After Nasrallah speech, US warns Hezbollah not to 'take advantage' of Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-nasrallah-speech-us-warns-hezbollah-not-to-take-advantage-of-israel-hamas-war |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
Iran has praised the attack while being cautious to distance itself from its planning and execution.<ref name=Polit>{{cite news |first=Giselle Ruhiyyih |last=Ewing |title=Iran praises Hamas as attack reverberates around Middle East |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/07/iran-praises-hamas-attack-israel-middle-east-00120491 |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=[[The Politico]] |date=7 October 2023 |quote=top military adviser to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Major General Yahya Rahim Safavi, pledged Iranian support to the Hamas operation against Israel}}</ref> Hamas spokesman [[Ghazi Hamad]] told the BBC that Hamas had direct backing for the attack from Iran;<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirby |first=Paul |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israel faces 'long, difficult war' after Hamas attack from Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044182 |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=Ghazi Hamad, a Hamas spokesman, meanwhile told the BBC that the group had direct backing for the attack from Iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Clement |date=9 October 2023
|title=Middle East risks prospect of fresh regional war after Hamas stealth attack on Israel |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-attack-middle-east-risks-prospect-of-fresh-regional-war.html |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> European, Iranian and Syrian officers corroborated Iran's involvement,<ref name=largeWSJ>{{cite news |first1=Summer |last1=Said |first2=Benoit |last2=Faucon |first3=Stephen |last3=Kalin |title=Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25?mod=WTRN_pos1&cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_160&cx_artPos=0 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=8 October 2023 |language=en |quote=Iranian security officials helped plan Hamas's Saturday surprise attack on Israel and gave the green light for the assault at a meeting in Beirut last Monday, according to senior members of Hamas and Hezbollah [...] Details of the operation were refined during several meetings in Beirut attended by IRGC officers [...] A European official and an adviser to the Syrian government, however, gave the same account of Iran's involvement in the lead-up to the attack as the senior Hamas and Hezbollah members}}</ref><ref name=nytiran>{{cite news |first1=Farnaz |last1=Fassihi |first2=Ronen |last2=Bergman |title=Hamas Attack on Israel Brings New Scrutiny of Group's Ties to Iran |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/world/middleeast/hamas-iran-israel-attack.html |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 October 2023 |quote=leaders from Iran, Hezbollah and Hamas helped plan the attack starting over a year ago, trained militants and had advanced knowledge of it. That account is based on interviews with three Iranians affiliated with the Revolutionary Guards, one Iranian connected to senior leadership and a Syrian affiliated with Hezbollah}}</ref> while senior Hamas official Mahmoud Mirdawi said the group planned the attacks on its own.<ref name="Iran Helped Plot Attack">{{cite news |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |date=8 October 2023 |title=Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> The Israeli army and the United States say that there is no evidence that Iran is connected with the attack by Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=No evidence yet of Iran link to Hamas attack, says Israeli military |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/09/no-evidence-yet-of-iran-link-to-hamas-attack-says-israeli-military |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2023}}</ref> American intelligence appeared to show that Hamas's attack on Israel caught Iranian authorities by surprise.<ref>{{cite news |last1=De Luce |first1=Dan |last2=Dilanian |first2=Ken |title=U.S. intelligence indicates Iranian leaders were surprised by Hamas attack |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/us-intelligence-indicates-iranian-leaders-surprised-hamas-attack-rcna119946 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=11 October 2023}}</ref>

According to a report by [[Al-Monitor]], since the start of the war between Israel and the Gaza militias, Iran has tried to show a face of disinterest in the spillover of the conflict, and on the other hand, it has pursued an active diplomatic campaign to isolate Israel. Supporting the cause of Palestine has been one of the ideological principles of Iran's [[Shia]] Islamic theocracy after the [[Iranian revolution|1979 revolution]],<ref>{{cite web |title=How might Iran respond to an Israeli ground incursion into Gaza?|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/10/how-might-iran-respond-israeli-ground-incursion-gaza |work=Al-Monitor |date=21 October 2023}}</ref> with Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the first supreme leader of Iran, announcing the last Friday of every Ramadan as "[[Quds Day]]"<ref>{{cite book |last=Reiter |first=Yitzhak |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemitsrole00reit |title=Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-60782-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jerusalemitsrole00reit/page/n96 88]}}</ref> and inviting all the Muslims of the world to express solidarity with the legitimate rights of the Palestinian Muslim people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Quds_Day/Quds%20dayEn.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031028225026/http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Quds_Day/Quds%20dayEn.htm |archive-date=28 October 2003 |title=Qudsday}}</ref>

The Iranian government opened an account for people to deliver charitable aid.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:چگونه می‌توانیم به غزه کمک کنیم |language=fa |trans-title=How can we help Gaza? |url=https://www.irna.ir/amp/85263298/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |work=IRNA}}</ref> It also opened a website and reported that more than six million volunteered to fight.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://alaqsastorm.com/aqsa/ |script-title=ar:طوفان الاقصی |language=ar |trans-title=Al-Aqsa flood |work=Al-Aqsa Storm |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140301/https://alaqsastorm.com/aqsa/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Supreme Leader Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] threatened that Islamic resistance was going to become unstoppable should the war continue.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/amp/32641011.html |title=خامنه‌ای درباره تداوم حملات اسرائیل به حماس در غزه هشدار داد |trans-title=Khamenei warned about the continuation of Israel's attacks on Hamas in Gaza |work=Radio Farda |language=fa}}</ref> His spokesperson later said that the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|2015 Iran nuclear deal]] would have delayed it but Israel would have collapsed within five years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.didbaniran.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/166519-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA |title=رئیس دفتر رهبری: آیت الله خامنه ای وقایع را پیش بینی می کنند/برخی از مسؤولین نظامی اظهار داشته اند که نابودی اسرائیل در ۵ سال آینده شدنی است |trans-title=The head of the leadership office: Ayatollah Khamenei is predicting events/some military officials have stated that the destruction of Israel is possible in the next 5 years. |date=24 October 2023 |work=دیدبان ایران |language=ar}}</ref>
Khamenei pointed to foreign visits to Israel and said that the fall of Israel was imminent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/490582/Western-leaders-flocking-to-Israel-indicative-of-regime-collapse |title=Western leaders flocking to Israel indicative of regime collapse: Leader |date=25 October 2023 |work=[[Tehran Times]]}}</ref>

The [[Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC) said that the IDF would be depleted through the ground invasion of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/amp/207595/ |title=Ground op. in Gaza to devour Israeli army troops: IRGC chief |work=Mehr News}}</ref>

Addressing the United Nations, Iranian foreign minister [[Hossein Amir-Abdollahian]] warned Americans they would be unsafe if the conflict did not remain under control.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/7327171.html |title=امیرعبداللهیان: احتمال خارج شدن کنترل از دست همه طرفین وجود دارد |trans-title=Amir Abdollahian: There is a possibility that control will go out of the hands of all parties |date=26 October 2023 |language=fa}}</ref> US military forces conducted strikes on two facilities in eastern Syria used by the IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3570798/secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iiis-statement-on-us-military-strikes-in-ea/ |title=Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III's Statement on U.S. Military Strikes in Eastern S |work=[[US Department of Defense]]}}</ref> President Joe Biden warned Khamenei not to attack the US military.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231027-biden-warned-iran-leader-against-attacks-white-house |title=Biden warned Iran leader against attacks: White House |work=[[France 24]] |date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

On 1 November, the Iranian government criminalized expressions of support for Israel and making contact with its people.<ref>{{cite web |title=ایران حمایت از اسرائیل در فضای مجازی را "جرم" دانست |trans-title=Iran considered supporting Israel in cyberspace as a "crime". |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/amp/iran-support-israel-crime/32663489.html |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=روابط ایرانیان و اسرائیلی‌‌‌‌ها در فضای مجازی "جرم" اعلام شد – Dw – ۱۴۰۲/۸/۹ |trans-title=The relations between Iranians and Israelis in cyber space was declared a "crime" – Dw – 8/9/1402 |url=https://amp.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%AF/a-67268444 |language=fa}}</ref> That same day, Khamenei called on Muslim states to impose a food and fuel blockade on Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/11/1/irans-khamenei-calls-upon-muslim-countries-to-boycott-israel-over-gaza-war |title=Iran's Khamenei calls for boycott of Israel amid Gaza bombardment |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

On 15 November, Reuters and the Telegraph reported that Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, conveyed to Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh during their November meeting in Tehran that Iran would not directly intervene in the conflict with Israel, citing lack of prior warning about the 7 October attack. Despite this, Iran pledged to continue providing political and moral support to Hamas, urging restraint against calls for direct involvement by Iran and its ally Hezbollah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2023 |title=Iran tells Hamas it will not enter the war with Israel |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/11/15/iran-tells-hamas-will-not-enter-war-israel/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hafezi |first1=Parisa |last2=Bassam |first2=Laila |last3=Mohammed |first3=Arshad |date=15 November 2023 |title=Insight: Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' against Israel faces trial by fire |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-axis-resistance-against-israel-faces-trial-by-fire-2023-11-15/ |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> The IRGC's [[Quds Force]] promised it would continue supporting Hamas,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=Iran will do 'whatever it takes' to help Hamas in war with Israel: Quds Force chief |work=[[Al Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/11/16/Iran-will-do-whatever-it-takes-to-help-Hamas-in-war-with-Israel-Quds-Force-chief}}</ref> while the IRGC's commander General [[Hossein Salami]] said that the war would bring about a political and economic decline of the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تمام اندوخته‌ غرب با طوفان‌الاقصی بر باد رفت/ مدافعان حرم یک ملت را از تحقیر نجات دادند |trans-title=All the reserves of the West were blown away by the Al-Aqsa storm/ The defenders of the shrine saved a nation from humiliation |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85298426/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B5%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%DB%8C%DA%A9 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=www.irna.ir |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2023 |title=فرمانده کل سپاه پاسداران:‌ اقتصاد آمریکا تحت تاثیر جنگ غزه افول خواهد کرد |trans-title=Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC: The American economy will decline under the influence of the Gaza war |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202311185078 |website=ایران اینترنشنال |language=fa}}</ref>

The Municipality of [[Tehran]] announced that it would help rebuild Gaza after the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=شهرداری تهران غزه را می‌سازد! |trans-title=Tehran Municipality builds Gaza! |url=https://www.eghtesadnews.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-57/611721-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=Economy News |language=fa}}</ref>

Following the US veto of a UN Security Council resolution calling for a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip, Hossein Amir-Abdollahian called the threat of war by any party as uncontrollable.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/iran-warns-explosion-middle-east-165539039.html |title=Iran warns of 'explosion' in Middle East if war in Gaza continues: report |date=12 December 2023 |work=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref>

=== United States ===
{{further|United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria}}
Polling has indicated a divide between official government policy on the Israel–Hamas war and the viewpoints of the general public.<ref name="Lange-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Lange |first1=Jason |last2=Spetalnick |first2=Matt |date=15 November 2023 |title=US public support for Israel drops; majority backs a ceasefire, Reuters/Ipsos shows |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-public-support-israel-drops-majority-backs-ceasefire-reutersipsos-2023-11-15/ |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> A large majority of Americans support an immediate ceasefire in the conflict. A plurality of Americans oppose American military aid to Israel and believe that the United States "should be a neutral mediator".<ref name="Lange-2023"/> A [[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] poll found that 50% of respondents supported Israel's actions in Gaza, while 45% disapproved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Half of adults in new poll support Israel's action in Gaza, 45 percent disapprove |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4334964-half-of-adults-in-new-poll-support-israels-action-gaza/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=30 November 2023}}</ref>
[[File:231013-D-TT977-1296 (53255665504).jpg|thumb|US Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]] with Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and Minister of Defense [[Yoav Gallant]] in Tel Aviv, Israel, 13 October 2023]]
Hours after Hamas's attack, US President Biden promised "rock-solid and unwavering" support to Israel and called Hamas's attack "unadulterated evil", comparing the group to [[Islamic State|ISIS]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Biden condemns Hamas actions, says US is sending Israel military aid |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/biden-condemns-hamas-actions-says-u-s-is-sending-israel-military-aid-194851909853 |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> To replenish Israel's stockpiles, the US said it would send [[Iron Dome]] missiles, small bombs, and [[Joint Direct Attack Munition|JDAM]] conversion kits, in addition to fulfilling previous contracts to deliver [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] fighter jets, [[Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion|CH-53]] helicopters, and [[Boeing KC-46 Pegasus|KC-46]] air refueling tankers.<ref name="Hammer-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Hammer |first=Mathias |date=3 November 2023 |title=What to Know About U.S. Military Support to Israel |url=https://time.com/6331133/israel-gaza-biden-military-support/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en}}</ref> Biden also called on Congress to pass $14.3 billion in emergency military aid to Israel.<ref name="Hammer-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Demirjian |first2=Karoun |date=20 October 2023 |title=Biden Requests $105 Billion Aid Package for Israel, Ukraine and Other Crises |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/20/us/politics/biden-aid-israel-ukraine-taiwan-border.html |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> Details of weapons sent to Israel, which have been arriving daily, have been kept secret. Leaked details have shown that the US has sent laser-guided missiles, 155mm shells, new army vehicles, among others, at Israel's request.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Capaccio |first=Anthony |date=14 November 2023 |title=US Is Quietly Sending Israel More Ammunition, Missiles |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-14/pentagon-is-quietly-sending-israel-ammunition-laser-guided-missiles |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

While the US says it is discussing with Israel about ways to minimize [[civilian casualty|civilian casualties]], the [[United States Department of Defense|Pentagon]] said it would impose no limits on Israel's use of American weapons in the war.<ref name="Hammer-2023"/> Annie Shiel of the [[Center for Civilians in Conflict]] expressed concerns, saying that America is responsible for ensuring that "its assistance does not contribute to devastating civilian harm and possible violations of international humanitarian law".<ref name="Hammer-2023"/> ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' reported on a "groundswell of opposition" among US diplomats and national security officials, against what they perceived as Biden's "blank check" for the Israeli counterattack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gramer |first=Robbie |date=1 November 2023 |title=The Storm of Dissent Brewing in the State Department |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/01/israel-hamas-war-state-department-internal-dissent-biden-policy/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |language=en-US}}</ref> "More than 630 employees" of the [[US Agency for International Development]] signed a letter calling for an "immediate ceasefire".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Salcedo |first1=Andrea |last2=Hudson |first2=John |date=4 November 2023 |title=USAID staffers urge Biden to push Israel toward 'immediate cease-fire' |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/03/usaid-workers-ceasefire-israel-hamas/ |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> US State Department official Josh Paul, who spent more than 11 years as the director of congressional and public affairs at the bureau overseeing arms transfers to foreign nations, resigned in protest at the US government's decision to send weapons to Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=John |first=Ismay |date=19 October 2023 |title=State Department Official Resigns Over Arms Transfers to Israel |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/19/us/state-department-official-resigns-israel-arms.html}}</ref>

[[File:President Biden Delivers Remarks On The Terrorist Attacks in Israel.webm|thumb|US President [[Joe Biden]] delivers remarks on the ongoing situation in Israel, 7 October 2023]]
US Defense Secretary [[Lloyd Austin]] ordered the deployment of the [[United States Navy]]'s [[Carrier Strike Group 12]]—led by the aircraft carrier {{USS|Gerald R. Ford|CVN-78|6}}, and supported by the cruiser {{USS|Normandy|CG-60|6}} and the destroyers {{USS|Thomas Hudner|DDG-116|6}}, {{USS|Ramage|DDG-61|6}}, USS ''Carney'', and {{USS|Roosevelt|DDG-80|6}}—to the [[Eastern Mediterranean]]. The [[United States Air Force]] augmented its [[F-35]], [[F-15]], [[F-16]], and [[A-10]] fighter squadrons in the region,<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=The US will send a carrier strike group to the Eastern Mediterranean in support of Israel |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-american-carrier-strike-force-mediterranean-db05d535a9ebb931f684f758c9b6f628 |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref> reportedly to deter other actors from entering the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Ellen |date=10 October 2023 |title=US Strike Group arrives in Eastern Mediterranean as 'strong signal of deterrence' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/4248644-us-strike-group-arrives-in-eastern-mediterranean-as-strong-signal-of-deterrence/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 15 October, it was reported that a US naval strike group composed of the aircraft carrier {{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69|6}}, the guided missile cruiser {{USS|Philippine Sea|CG-58|6}} and the guided missile destroyers {{USS|Laboon|DDG-58|6}}, {{USS|Mason|DDG-87|6}} and {{USS|Gravely|DDG-107|6}} was deployed to the eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Martha |last1=Raddatz |author1-link=Martha Raddatz |first2=Luis |last2=Martinez |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/exclusive-us-send-2nd-aircraft-carrier-eastern-mediterranean/story?id=103984246 |title=Exclusive: US to send 2nd aircraft carrier to eastern Mediterranean |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=15 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> Austin also ordered that approximately 2,000 troops be prepared for possible deployment to Israel, according to several defense officials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bertrand |first1=Natasha |date=16 October 2023 |title=US Marine rapid response force moving toward Israel as Pentagon strengthens military posture in region |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/16/politics/us-marines-pentagon-israel/index.html}}</ref>

On 17 October, it was reported that a US naval group consisting of the amphibious assault ship {{USS|Bataan|LHD-5|6}}, the amphibious transport dock {{USS|Mesa Verde|LPD-19|6}} and the dock landing ship {{USS|Carter Hall|LSD-50|6}}, was deployed to the eastern Mediterranean and the Red Sea to transport the [[26th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] in case they were needed in the area.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Copp |first1=Tara |last2=Baldor |first2=Lolita |date=17 October 2023 |title=More US ships head toward Israel and 2,000 troops are on heightened alert. A look at US assistance |language=en-US |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/united-states-israel-military-aid-2211b0c7bc27e13175d179a53fde3ac5 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

[[File:The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS USS Gerald R. Ford carrier strike groups in November 2023.jpg|thumb|The {{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69|6}} and {{USS|Gerald R. Ford|CVN-78|6}} carrier strike groups in November 2023]]
On 19 October, the US Department of Defense announced that the USS ''Carney'' had shot down three [[cruise missile]]s and eight drones that were northbound over the Red Sea. They said the missiles had been fired by [[Houthi rebels]] in Yemen and may have been en route to Israeli targets.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b |title=US Navy warship in Red Sea intercepts three missiles, several drones heading north out of Yemen |first1=Tara |last1=Copp |first2=Lolita |last2=Baldor |date=19 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olson |first=Emily |date=20 October 2023 |title=Pentagon says it shot down Yemen missiles that may have been headed towards Israel |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/20/1207523642/yemen-missiles-intercepted |access-date=20 October 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

After multiple [[Drone warfare|drone]] and rocket [[2023 Al-Asad air base attack|attacks]] on military bases in [[Iraq]] that house US troops, the US ordered all non-emergency staff to leave their embassy in [[Baghdad]] and consulate in [[Erbil]] on 22 October.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US orders its non-emergency staff to leave Baghdad embassy |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-orders-its-non-emergency-staff-to-leave-baghdad-embassy/ |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A few days earlier, a false alarm in [[Al-Asad Airbase]] caused the death of a civilian contractor from cardiac arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Idrees |date=20 October 2023 |title=US troops attacked in Iraq, Syria and on alert for more strikes |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-troops-attacked-iraq-syria-alert-more-strikes-2023-10-19/ |access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref> Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] threatened Iran that its attacks would not be tolerated.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/24/politics/blinken-unsc-iran-israel/index.html |title=Blinken warns US will defend itself 'swiftly and decisively' against attacks by Iran or proxies |first=Jennifer |last=Hansler |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

US officials said the Biden administration advised Israel to delay the ground invasion of the Gaza Strip to allow more time for hostage negotiations.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Marquardt |title=US seeks delay of Israeli ground incursion for more time for hostage talks |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/22/politics/us-israel-ground-incursion-delay/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=22 October 2023}}</ref> President Biden said that attacks on Israel were intended in part to scuttle the potential normalization of the US ally's relations with Saudi Arabia. He mentioned that Hamas attacks aimed to halt Israel-Saudi Arabia agreement.<ref>{{cite news |first=Giselle Ruhiyyih |last=Ewing |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/21/biden-says-hamas-attacks-aimed-to-halt-israel-saudi-arabia-agreement-00122880 |title=Hamas attacks aimed to halt Israel-Saudi Arabia agreement |work=[[Politico]] |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>

On 4 November, the Defense Department confirmed that it was flying reconnaissance drones over Gaza in "support of hostage recovery efforts".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67317218 |title=Pentagon acknowledges flying unarmed drones over Gaza |first=Max |last=Matza |date=4 November 2023 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

The Republican-controlled House of Representatives on December 5 passed a resolution that included language that said the House "clearly and firmly states that anti-Zionism is antisemitism." The organization also condemned the slogan "[[From the river to the sea]]". [[Yasmine Taeb]], the human rights attorney and [[Democratic National Committee]] official
said "The intent of these members is to smear and silence peace activists calling to end the massacre of Palestinian children and families."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harb |first1=Ali |title='Anti-Zionism is antisemitism,' US House asserts in 'dangerous' resolution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/6/anti-zionism-is-antisemitism-us-house-asserts-in-dangerous-resolution |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

On December 10, Israeli National Security Adviser [[Tzachi Hanegbi]] said that the United States had not given Israel any deadline to complete military operations in Gaza, and that "they understand that they are not in a position to tell the IDF how long it needs in order to achieve the goals".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Heather |date=10 December 2023 |title=Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

Also in December, Biden criticized Israel's war cabinet and called on Netanyahu to replace it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/isolated-internationally-on-gaza-biden-delivers-rebuke-to-netanyahu/7395986.html|title=Isolated Internationally on Gaza, Biden Delivers Rebuke to Netanyahu|date=12 December 2023|via=www.voanews.com}}</ref> Later on White House National Security Council spokesperson [[John Kirby (admiral)|John Kirby]] declared that some of the steps the IDF has taken to prevent civilian casualties in Gaza might go further than what the United States would have done if it were in Israel's place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/biden-aide-israel-taking-steps-to-protect-civilians-that-even-us-might-not-have-done/|title=Biden aide: Israel taking steps to protect civilians that even US might not have done|date=14 December 2023|via=Times of Israel}}</ref>

=== United Nations ===
[[File:Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations.png|thumb|On 12 December 2023, the UN General Assembly passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22|Resolution ES-10/22]] calling for an immediate ceasefire and the "immediate and unconditional" release of the hostages.]]
On 25 October, UN General-Secretary António Guterres called for a ceasefire, during a speech in which he stated that the attacks by Hamas "did not happen in a vacuum" and needed to be understood in the context of 56 years of Israel's "suffocating occupation" of Palestinians, further stating, "the grievances of the Palestinian people cannot justify the appalling attacks by Hamas. And those appalling attacks cannot justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Rory |date=25 October 2023 |title=UN's António Guterres calls for immediate ceasefire to end 'epic suffering' in Gaza |language=en |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/24/un-calls-for-immediate-ceasefire-to-end-epic-suffering-in-gaza |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Hülsemann-2023">{{Cite news |first=Laura |last=Hülsemann |date=24 October 2023 |title=Israel slams UN chief for saying Hamas attack 'did not happen in a vacuum,' calls for his resignation |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-united-nations-antonio-guterres-hamas-attack-vacuum-comments/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref> Israel responded by saying it would ban UN representatives from Israel to "teach them a lesson", and called for the General-Secretary's resignation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |date=25 October 2023 |title=Israel says it will ban UN staff after secretary general's comments |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/israel-says-it-will-ban-un-staff-after-secretary-generals-comments |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gritten |first1=David |date=25 October 2023 |title=Israel demands UN chief resign over Hamas attack comments |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67215620 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> The Secretary General rejected the Israeli accusations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-chief-says-false-accuse-him-justifying-hamas-attacks-2023-10-25/|title=UN chief rejects Israel accusations he justified Hamas attacks|first=Michelle|last=Nichols|newspaper=Reuters |date=25 October 2023|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

On 27 October, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution ES-10/21 calling for an immediate and sustained humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities and condemned "all acts of violence against Palestinian and Israeli civilians, including all acts of terror and [[indiscriminate attack]]s", adopted by a vote of 121 states to 14, with 44 abstentions.<ref name="un-20231027">{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12548.doc.htm|title=General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling for Immediate, Sustained Humanitarian Truce Leading to Cessation of Hostilities between Israel, Hamas |id=GA/12548 |work=[[United Nations]] |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>

In remarks to the Security Council, UN Secretary-General Guterres expressed deep concern at "clear violations of [[international humanitarian law]]" in Gaza and also said, "It is important to also recognise the attacks by Hamas did not happen in a vacuum. The Palestinian people have been subjected to 56 years of suffocating occupation", leading the Israeli ambassador [[Gilad Erdan]] to call for Guterres's resignation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guterres |first=António |date=24 October 2023 |title=Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council – on the Middle East |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-10-24/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-the-middle-east%C2%A0 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=[[United Nations]] |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025005219/https://www.un.org/sg/tr/content/sg/speeches/2023-10-24/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-the-middle-east%C2%A0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2023 |title=UN chief warns that the risk of the Gaza war spreading is growing as situation becomes more dire |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/24/un-israel-palestinian-gaza-war-humanitarian-mideast/febd0ed2-7287-11ee-936d-7a16ee667359_story.html |access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030031427/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/24/un-israel-palestinian-gaza-war-humanitarian-mideast/febd0ed2-7287-11ee-936d-7a16ee667359_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hülsemann-2023"/> Following this, Guterres said that he was "shocked by the misrepresentations" of his statement, pointing out he had also said "... the grievances of the Palestinian people cannot justify the appalling attacks by Hamas."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |last2=Pilkington |first2=Ed |date=25 October 2023 |title=UN chief 'shocked' by 'misrepresentation' of comments in row with Israel |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/israel-says-it-will-ban-un-staff-after-secretary-generals-comments |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029083759/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/israel-says-it-will-ban-un-staff-after-secretary-generals-comments |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gritten |first=David |date=25 October 2023 |title=Israel demands UN chief resign over Hamas attack comments |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67215620 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026005805/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67215620 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 12, the UN General Assembly voted to demand "immediate humanitarian ceasefire". The [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22|resolution]] passed overwhelmingly with 153 votes for, 23 neutral and 10 against.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN General Assembly votes by large majority for immediate humanitarian ceasefire during emergency session |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144717 |work=UN News |date=12 December 2023}}</ref>

=== International ===
{{Main|International reactions to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

{{further |2023 Israel–Hamas war protests |Violent incidents in reaction to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
{{Multiple image |total_width=400
| image1 = Israel solidarity protest Berlin 2023-10-08 33.jpg
| image2 = Palestine Rally End The Siege, Stop the War on Gaza (53264633371).jpg
| caption1 = Solidarity with Israelis in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] on 8 October
| caption2 = Solidarity with Palestinians in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] on 15 October
}}
[[File:International views on whether 2023 Hamas attack on Israel is a terrorist attack.svg|thumb|{{Legend|#3D63BD|Countries that have condemned the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] as a terrorist attack}}]]

International leaders from Argentina,<ref name="Telam Argentina">{{cite news |title=El Gobierno deploró el ataque a Israel y reforzó la seguridad |trans-title=The Government deplored the attack on Israel and reinforced security |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202310/642683-gobierno-argentino-condena-ataques-hamas-israel.html |access-date=8 October 2023 |work=[[Télam]] |date=8 October 2023 |language=es}}</ref> India,<ref name="india1">{{cite news |title=India sides with West, condemns 'terrorist attacks in Israel' by Palestine's Hamas group |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/world/india-sides-with-west-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-by-palestines-hamas-group/cid/1971848 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Philippines,<ref>{{Citation |title=Marcos reaffirms PH support for Israel in meeting with Israeli envoy |date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDqrhdSE0z0 |access-date=4 November 2023 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News Channel]] |language=en |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> the United States, and European countries condemned the attacks by Hamas, expressed solidarity with Israel, said Israel has a right to defend itself from armed attacks and described Hamas's tactics as terrorism.<ref>{{cite news |title=World reaction to surprise attack by Palestinian Hamas on Israel |language=en |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/we-are-at-war-reactions-to-palestinian-hamas-surprise-attack-in-israel |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="cpj-2023">{{Cite web |url=https://cpj.org/2023/10/3-palestinian-journalists-killed-1-injured-2-missing-in-gaza-israel-conflict/ |title=3 Palestinian journalists killed, 1 injured, 2 missing, in Gaza-Israel conflict |date=10 October 2023 |work=CPJ |language=en |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> South Korea condemned Hamas and called Hamas's attack "indiscriminate"; expressed worries that despite missile interceptor defense systems it would remain vulnerable if [[North Korea]] attempted a similar attack on South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AsiaNews.it |title=South Korea condemns Hamas, worries about North Korean rockets |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/South-Korea-condemns-Hamas,-worries-about-North-Korean-rockets-59343.html |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=www.asianews.it |language=en}}</ref> Most Latin American governments condemned Hamas's attacks in Israel, while some, such as Colombia, expressed solidarity with Palestinians.<ref name="DW-Zorrilla">{{Cite news |last=Gonzalez Zorrilla |first=Gabriel |title=Latin America reacts to Hamas attacks on Israel |url=https://www.dw.com/en/latin-american-leaders-react-to-hamas-terror-attacks-on-israel/a-67069815 |date=11 October 2023 |work=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> The European Union announced it would review aid to Palestinian authorities to ensure the aid was not funding terrorism, and subsequently announced that immediate humanitarian aid to Gaza would be tripled.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-triples-immediate-humanitarian-aid-gaza-2023-10-14/ |title=EU triples immediate humanitarian aid for Gaza |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foy |first1=Henry |last2=Dunai |first2=Marton |date=11 October 2023 |title=EU commissioner reiterates claim that Palestine aid is suspended |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/758f33fb-14ee-4c0e-a8a1-f05550ade059 |access-date=12 October 2023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Austria, Germany, and Sweden suspended development aid to Palestine in response to Hamas's attack and said that they would review other projects and aid given.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023|title=Germany 'Temporarily Suspends' Palestinian Development Aid: Ministry |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/germany-temporarily-suspends-palestinian-development-aid-ministry-a8c0f077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009125828/https://www.barrons.com/news/germany-temporarily-suspends-palestinian-development-aid-ministry-a8c0f077 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023|work=Barron's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=Austria Suspends Aid For Palestinians After Hamas Attack |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/austria-suspends-aid-for-palestinians-after-hamas-attack-8ea1a10d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009125807/https://www.barrons.com/news/austria-suspends-aid-for-palestinians-after-hamas-attack-8ea1a10d |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Barron's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Palmström |first=Ola |date=10 October 2023 |title=Utvecklingsbiståndet till palestinska myndigheter pausas |language=sv |trans-title=Development aid to the Palestinian Authority is paused |work=SVT Nyheter |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/tidopartierna-haller-presstraff-om-bistandet-till-palestinska-myndigheter |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> Germany sent two [[Heron TP]] drones to Israel.<ref name="Germany Drones">{{cite tweet |user=AJABreaking |number=1712262837022699599 |date=11 October 2023 |script-title=ar:عاجل د.ب.أ عن الدفاع الألمانية: وافقنا على طلب إسرائيلي باستخدام اثنتين من طائراتنا المسيرة في القتال ضد حماس |language=ar |trans-title=Urgent DPA on German Defense: We agreed to an Israeli request to use two of our drones in the fight against Hamas |author=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Germany clears Israel's use of two Heron TP combat drones, source says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/germany-clears-use-two-heron-tp-combat-drones-by-israel-spiegel-2023-10-11/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> On 8 November 2023, the German [[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action|Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs]] announced that the German government had authorised a tenfold increase in arms exports to Israel; the export of military equipment to Israel would be treated and approved as a priority. Exports worth around 32 million euros in all of 2022 rose to almost 303 million euros in 2023, most of which was authorised after the start of the war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2023 |title=Deutsche Rüstungsexporte nach Israel fast verzehnfacht |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/israel-deutschland-ruestungsexporte-100.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108183141/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/israel-deutschland-ruestungsexporte-100.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=[[tagesschau.de]]}}</ref> Heads of the [[World Uyghur Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=Statement: WUC condemns Hamas attacks on civilians and stands with all those suffering from violence |url=https://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/statement-wuc-condemns-hamas-attacks-on-civilians-and-stands-with-all-those-suffering-from-violence/ |work=[[World Uyghur Congress]]}}</ref> and the [[Uyghur Human Rights Project]] condemned Hamas while [[East Turkistan Government-in-Exile]] minister [[Salih Hudayar]] declared support for Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Filistin meselesi Uygurları ikiye böldü |trans-title=The Palestinian issue has divided the Uyghurs |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/filistin-meselesi-uygurlari-ikiye-boldu-2133386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102105408/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/filistin-meselesi-uygurlari-ikiye-boldu-2133386 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |website=[[Cumhuriyet]] |language=tr}}</ref> Croatia's president [[Zoran Milanović]] publicly stated that Israel had lost his sympathy due to its humanitarian crimes and "reprisal actions" in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Seb |last=Starcevic |date=13 October 2023|title=Israel has lost my sympathy, says Croatia's president |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-has-lost-my-sympathy-says-croatian-president/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref> Colombian president Gustavo Petro likened IDF attacks against Palestinians to Nazis and asked the Israeli ambassador to "apologize and leave the country".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Colombia tells Israel envoy to leave as diplomatic feud over Gaza war deepens |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/colombia-tells-israel-envoy-to-leave-as-diplomatic-feud-over-gaza-war-deepens/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Spain's deputy prime minister [[Yolanda Díaz]] called on the international community to put pressure on Israel to stop what she called a massacre in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Alyssa |last=Mcmurtry |title=Spain's deputy PM urges Europe to help stop 'massacre' in Gaza |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/spain-s-deputy-pm-urges-europe-to-help-stop-massacre-in-gaza/3018907 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=AA}}</ref> On multiple occasions, [[Pope Francis]] referred to Israel's actions in Gaza as "terror" and "terrorism".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Anthony |title=In undisclosed call, Pope Francis warned Israel against committing 'terror' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/pope-francis-israel-war-terrorism/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

Responses from African governments varied, showing division about the source of the conflict and who is to blame. However, most expressed grief and deep concerns about the outbreak of violence, with condemnations of attacks against civilians and calls for restraint and de-escalation to prevent further loss of Israeli and Palestinian lives.<ref name="ABC-Ogao">{{Cite news |last=Ogao |first=Emma |title=African leaders react as Israel declares war on Hamas |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/International/african-leaders-react-israel-declares-war-hamas/story?id=103885919 |date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

As many as 20,000 Thai workers (around half of Israel's migrant work force) live all over Israel, including areas close to Gaza.<ref name="CNN-Chen">{{Cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Heather |last2=Olarn |first2=Kocha |title=Thai deaths in Hamas massacre spotlight poor agricultural workers from Asia who toil in Israel's fields |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/13/asia/thailand-migrant-workers-israel-gaza-conflict-intl-hnk/index.html |date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> [[Thailand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said their stance towards "the deadly Hamas-led attack against Israel is one of neutrality, and the Kingdom promotes a solution that would allow Palestine and Israel to coexist".<ref name="CFR-Kurlantzick">{{Cite web |last=Kurlantzick |first=Joshua |title=How Southeast Asian States Are Responding to the Growing Middle East Conflict |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/how-southeast-asian-states-are-responding-growing-middle-east-conflict |date=9 October 2023 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Isaac Herzog in Tel Aviv-Yafo, October 2023 (ABG 0395).jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] and Israeli President [[Isaac Herzog]] in Tel Aviv, Israel, 12 October 2023]]
[[Queen Rania of Jordan]] said leaders of Western countries had double standards and were "complicit" in civilian suffering in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haq |first1=Sana Noor |last2=Calzonetti |first2=Claire |title=Queen Rania of Jordan accuses West of 'glaring double standard' as the death toll rises in besieged Gaza |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/24/middleeast/queen-rania-jordan-amanpour-interview-intl/index.html |access-date=25 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=25 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

A summit in [[Amman]] hosted by King Abdullah II that was also to be attended by Biden, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was cancelled by the Jordanian government on 18 October, in response to the [[Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalidi |first=Suleiman |date=18 October 2023 |title=Jordan cancels summit with Biden, Sisi and Abbas in Amman |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-cancels-summit-with-biden-egyptian-leader-amman-2023-10-17/ |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>

On 31 October, Bolivia severed diplomatic relations with Israel due to what the deputy foreign minister called "the aggressive and disproportionate Israeli military offensive".<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Bolivia becomes first country to sever ties with Israel over war with Hamas |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/bolivia-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crime |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Several other countries followed suit in severing relations with Israel.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hellyer |first=H.A. |date=3 November 2023 |title=The West Is Losing the Global South Over Gaza |url=https://time.com/6330746/global-south-ukraine-israel-gaza/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> South Africa, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Comoros and Djibouti submitted a referral to the International Criminal Court asking for an investigation into possible war crimes by Israel in the Palestinian territories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rios |first=Michael |date=17 November 2023 |title=Five countries ask International Criminal Court to investigate the situation in Palestinian territories |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/17/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-crimes-icc-referral/index.html |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

==== Evacuations of foreign nationals ====
{{Main|Evacuations during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

Brazil announced a rescue operation of nationals using an air force transport aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Guilherme |last1=Mazui |first2=Mateus |last2=Rodrigues |date=8 October 2023 |title=Governo prepara seis aviões para resgatar brasileiros na zona de conflito entre Israel e Hamas |language=pt |trans-title=Government prepares six planes to rescue Brazilians in the conflict zone between Israel and Hamas |work=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/10/08/reuniao-itamaraty-confronto-israel-hamas.ghtml |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> [[Poland]] announced that it would deploy two C-130 transport planes to evacuate 200 of its nationals from Ben-Gurion airport.<ref name="f24live2">{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Live: More than 600 Israelis killed, more than 100 held 'prisoner' in war with Hamas |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-us-israel-discussions-on-military-aid-very-much-underway-says-white-house-official |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two [[TAROM]] planes and two private aircraft on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Romania, Hungary Evacuate Citizens From Israel By Air |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/israel-hungary-romania-evacuate-citizens-hamas/32629062.html |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref> Australia also announced repatriation flights.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/11/israel-hamas-war-repatriation-flights-australians-qantas-virgin-evacuation |title=Qantas to help repatriate Australians from Israel starting Friday |last=Hurst |first=Daniel |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> 300 Nigerian pilgrims in Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/11/israel-palestine-death-toll-rises-sharply-as-african-nationals-evacuated/ |title=Israel-Palestine: death toll rises sharply, as African nationals evacuated |work=Africanews |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due to available commercial flights. However, the flights were commercial.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sean |last=Seddon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67091170 |title=UK arranges flights for Britons stranded in Israel |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Nepal arranged a flight to evacuate at least 254 of its citizens who were studying in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal: First batch of 254 students, stranded amid Israel-Hamas war, land in Kathmandu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-first-batch-of-254-students-stranded-amid-israel-hamas-war-land-in-kathmandu/articleshow/104385637.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 October 2023}}</ref> India launched [[Operation Ajay]] to evacuate its citizens from Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Saikat Kumar |last=Bose |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/israel-gaza-war-israel-hamas-war-indians-in-israel-operation-ajay-operation-ajay-first-flight-to-evacuate-indians-from-israel-tonight-4473665 |title=Operation Ajay: First Flight To Evacuate Indians From Israel Tonight |work=NDTV |date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Ukraine has facilitated the evacuation of around 450 of its citizens from Israel as of 18 October, with additional evacuation flights in the planning for the near future.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Martin |last=Fornusek |url=https://kyivindependent.com/update-ukrainian-woman-killed-in-gaza-18-citizens-confirmed-killed-in-israel/ |title=UPDATE: Ukrainian woman killed in Gaza, 18 citizens confirmed killed in Israel |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] |date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

== Regional effects ==
{{Main|Effects of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
According to [[Daniel Byman]] and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in [[Politics of the Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian politics]]. They predicted the PLO's further decline if the ''status quo'' held.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Byman |first2=Daniel |last2=Palmer |first1=Alexander |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |title=What You Need to Know About the Israel-Hamas Violence |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007230520/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO. However it may soon lead to conflict between them, possibly leading the PLO losing control of the security situation in the West Bank, if more militant groups there begin to launch their own independent attacks.<ref name="IISS">{{cite web |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/10/iiss-experts-assess-the-hamas-israel-war-and-its-international-implications/ |title=IISS experts assess the Hamas–Israel war and its international implications |website=IISS |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

Political journalist [[Peter Beaumont (journalist)|Peter Beaumont]] described the attack as "an intelligence failure for the ages" on the part of the Israeli government.<ref name="beaumont">{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-stealth-attack-will-be-remembered-as-israeli-intelligence-failure-for-the-ages |title=Hamas's stealth attack will be remembered as Israeli intelligence failure for the ages |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Jewish News Syndicate]] deemed it a "[[failure of imagination]]".<ref>Limor, Yoav (7 October 2023). [https://www.jns.org/israels-failure-of-imagination-on-hamas/ "Israel's failure of imagination on Hamas"]. ''[[Jewish News Syndicate]]''. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> A BBC report on the intelligence failure commented that "it must have taken extraordinary levels of operational security by Hamas."<ref>Gardner, Frank (8 October 2023). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67040221 "How did Israeli intelligence fail to stop major attack from Gaza?"]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> US officials expressed shock at how Israeli intelligence appeared to be unaware of any preparations by Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/politics/us-officials-israeli-intelligence-concerns/index.html |title=US officials raise concerns over Israeli intelligence after Hamas attacks |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Israeli officials later anonymously reported to ''[[Axios (website)|Axios]]'' that the IDF and Shin Bet had detected abnormal movements by Hamas the day before the attack, but decided to wait for additional intelligence before raising the military's alert level. They also did not inform political leaders of the intelligence reports.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/12/hamas-attack-israel-intelligence-failure-high-alert-shen-bet |title=Israel had intel on Hamas activity but didn't put Gaza border on high alert |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>

[[Amit Segal]], chief political commentator for Israel's [[Channel 12 (Israel)|Channel 12]], said that the conflict would test Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]], noting that [[List of wars involving Israel|past wars]] had toppled the governments of several of his predecessors such as that of [[Golda Meir]] following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, [[Menachem Begin]] following the [[1982 Lebanon War]], and [[Ehud Olmert]] following the [[2006 Lebanon War]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gotkine |first=Elliott |date=11 October 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/middleeast/hamas-attack-crisis-benjamin-netanyahu-intl/ |title=Israel's history suggests the clock is ticking for Netanyahu after Hamas attack failures |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> Prior to the formation of an emergency unity government on 11 October, ''[[Politico]]'' described the then-potential move as Netanyahu's opportunity to correct his course and save his political legacy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aronson |first=Cole S. |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/08/israel-war-benjamin-netanyahu-legacy-00120532 |title=Bibi's Big Chance |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> Citing the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to [[Thirty-seventh government of Israel|the incumbent government]] focusing more on internal dissent, the [[2023 Israeli judicial reform|judicial reform]], and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories,<ref>{{cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.vox.com/23910085/netanyahu-israel-right-hamas-gaza-war-history |title=Benjamin Netanyahu failed Israel |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up Hamas,<ref name="Schneider 2023">{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Tal |date=8 October 2023 |title=For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> and described him as a liability.<ref name="tisdall"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/most-israelis-think-netanyahu-responsible-failing-prevent-hamas-attack-poll-2023-10-20/ |title=Most Israelis think Netanyahu responsible for failing to prevent Hamas attack, poll shows |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

In an analysis by ''The Times of Israel'', the newspaper wrote, "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/saudi-israeli-normalization-effort-takes-a-violent-detour-after-hamas-attack/ |title=Saudi-Israeli normalization effort takes a violent detour after Hamas attack |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Andreas Kluth wrote in his [[Bloomberg News]] column that Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed between Saudi Arabia, Israel and the United States would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to "blow the whole thing up". He added that, viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse, considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution for the conflict. He suggested they would prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid state.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kluth |first=Andreas |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-10-07/hamas-s-attack-on-israel-just-torched-biden-s-deal-to-remake-the-middle-east |title=Hamas Just Torched Biden's Deal to Remake the Middle East |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008111839/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-10-07/hamas-s-attack-on-israel-just-torched-biden-s-deal-to-remake-the-middle-east |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Economic impact ===
{{main|Economic impact of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
On 9 November, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labour supply caused by the war was costing the Israeli economy $600 million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/war-is-costing-economy-some-600m-a-week-due-to-work-absence-bank-of-israel/ |title=War is costing economy some $600m a week due to work absence — Bank of Israel |date=9 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> However, the bank also stated that the estimate does not reflect total damage and did not include damages caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers.

== Media coverage ==
{{main |Media coverage of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

=== Criticism from journalists ===
Over 750 journalists signed an open letter condemning "Israel's killing of reporters in Gaza and criticizing Western media's coverage of the war." The letter said newsrooms are "accountable for dehumanizing rhetoric that has served to justify ethnic cleansing of Palestinians." Signers of the letter were criticized for potentially impeding their organizations' ability to gather news, and could face management backlash,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hundreds of journalists sign letter protesting coverage of Israel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/11/09/open-letter-journalists-israel-gaza/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=9 November 2023}}</ref> [[Semafor (website)|Semafor]] reported that ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' journalists who signed the letter were barred from covering the Gaza war "in any way" for at least three months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tani |first=Max |date=16 November 2023 |title=LA Times blocks reporters who signed open letter criticizing Israel from covering Gaza |url=https://www.semafor.com/article/11/16/2023/la-times-bars-reporters-who-signed-open-letter-from-covering-gaza |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Semafor |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 November 2023, 11 international news organizations sent a letter to Israel and Egypt, asking for access to the Gaza Strip in order to cover the war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=Live updates: Israel-Hamas war, Gaza evacuations, Al-Shifa Hospital |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-13-23/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

[[CBS]] reported on 14 December 2023 a statement of the International Federation of Journalists noting that "the number of journalists killed in the past two months in the war in Gaza has surpassed the amount killed in the [[Vietnam War]], which lasted two decades".<ref name=Mikayla>{{cite news |first=Mikayla |last=Price |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/journalists-vigil-killed-gaza-israel/ |title=Chicago journalists hold vigil for colleagues killed in Gaza and Israel |publisher=[[CBS]] |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> More than 50 Palestinian journalists lost their lives.<ref name=Mikayla /> Various dangerous facts such as airstrikes, but also starvation due to lack of food, risks linking for having no clean water available and shelter made that "Palestine is one of the most dangerous places for a journalist to do their job".<ref name=Mikayla />

=== Early reports of atrocities on 7 October and unverified allegations ===
{{main|2023 Hamas attack on Israel#Reports of atrocities}}

In the aftermath of the initial Hamas assault, witnesses from the Israeli soldiers, the Israeli Department Forces, and the first responder Israeli organization [[ZAKA]] said on French Israeli TV channel [[i24news]] that they had seen the bodies of beheaded infants at the site of the Kfar Aza massacre.<ref name="i24-smell">{{cite news |first=Nicole |last=Zedeck |title='It smells of death here': Surveying the scenes of atrocities in Kfar Aza |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1696938010-it-smells-of-death-here-surveying-the-scenes-of-atrocities-in-kfar-aza |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=I24news |date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tuquero |first=Loreben |date=13 October 2023 |title=Reports of 260 Israeli music fest deaths aren't unsubstantiated |work=[[PolitiFact]] |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2023/oct/13/instagram-posts/reports-of-260-deaths-at-israeli-music-fest-are-no/ |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="cbs">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Holly |author1-link=Holly Williams (journalist) |last2=Lyall |first2=Erin |date=11 October 2023 |title=Israel kibbutz the scene of a Hamas "massacre", first responders say: "The depravity of it is haunting" |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-babies-killed-hamas-terror-attack-kibbutz-kfar-aza-first-responders-say/ |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> During Antony Blinken's visit to Israel, he said he was shown photos of the massacre by Hamas of Israeli civilians and soldiers, and specifically that he saw beheaded IDF soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=Greg |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israeli PM's office releases graphic photos purporting to show Hamas 'murdered and burned' babies |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/israeli-pms-office-releases-graphic-photos-purporting-show-hamas-murdered-burned-babies |access-date=19 October 2023 |work=[[Fox News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> U.S. President Biden separately said that he had seen photographic evidence of terrorists beheading children, but it was not the case; the White House subsequently clarified that Biden was alluding to news reports of beheadings, which have not contained or referred to photographic evidence.<ref name="NBCnews" /> [[NBC News]] called reports of "40 beheaded babies" unverified allegations,<ref name="NBCnews">{{Cite news|last1=Tenbarge|first1=Kat|last2=Chan|first2=Melissa |date=12 October 2023 |title=Unverified reports of '40 babies beheaded' in Israel-Hamas war inflame social media |publisher=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182948/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> adding that they appeared "to have originated from Israeli soldiers and people affiliated with the Israel Defense Force" and that "an Israeli official told CNN the government had not confirmed claims of the beheadings".<ref name="NBCnews" /> The allegation mainly "stemmed from a viral Israeli news broadcast clip" and the main X / [[Twitter]] accounts propagating the claims were i24NEWS and Israel's official account, even though Israeli Defense spokesperson Doron Spielman told NBC News that he could not confirm i24NEWS’s report.<ref name="NBCnews" /> As of 12 October, [[CNN]] had extensively reviewed online media content to verify Hamas-related atrocities but found no evidence to support claims of decapitated children.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chance |first1=Matthew |last2=Greene |first2=Richard Allen |last3=Berlinger |first3=Joshua |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israeli official says government cannot confirm babies were beheaded in Hamas attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/israel-hamas-beheading-claims-intl/index.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

An Israeli ZAKA volunteer reported on 14 October seeing children's bodies with severe injuries and burns. Some of the bodies appeared to have been decapitated, but the exact circumstances were not clear.<ref name="bbc14oct2023">{{cite news |first=Joel |last=Gunter |date=14 October 2023 |title=Zaka: The volunteers giving dignity to Israel's dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67100014 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', which reprinted an article from the Israeli website ''Themedialine.org'' (whose founder, Felice Friedson, was praised by ''The Jerusalem Post'' and is a contributor to it<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/author/felice-friedson |title=Felice Friedson |publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=16 December 2023 }}</ref>), approximately 200 forensic pathologists and other experts—from Israel, Switzerland, New Zealand, the U.S. and elsewhere—reviewed evidence of the attack at the [[Abu Kabir Forensic Institute|National Center of Forensic Medicine (Abu Kabir)]] in Tel Aviv.<ref name="jposttorture">{{cite news |first=Aaron |last=Poris |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769339 |title=Hamas torture confirmed as Israeli forensics institute identifies victims |publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> Chen Kugel, head of the center, said that many bodies, including those of babies, were without heads. When asked whether the bodies had been decapitated, Kugel answered yes.<ref name="themedialine1">{{cite web |first=Aaron |last=Poris |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/evidence-on-display-at-israels-forensic-pathology-center-confirms-hamas-atrocities/ |title=Evidence on Display at Israel's Forensic Pathology Center Confirms Hamas' Atrocities |date=19 October 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130055222/https://themedialine.org/top-stories/evidence-on-display-at-israels-forensic-pathology-center-confirms-hamas-atrocities/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He added that it was difficult to determine whether the dead were decapitated before or after death, or whether their heads had been "cut off by knife or blown off by [[rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]]".<ref name="jposttorture"/>

On 24 October, Israeli authorities screened bodycam footage of Hamas atrocities for journalists, including "an attempt to decapitate someone who appeared to be still alive using a garden hoe",<ref>{{Cite news |first=Joel |last=Gunter |date=23 October 2023 |title=Israel shows Hamas bodycam attack footage to journalists |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67198270 |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref> as well as a still image of a decapitated IDF soldier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=23 October 2023 |title=Israel shows footage of Hamas killings 'to counter denial of atrocities' |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardcan.com/world/2023/oct/23/israel-shows-footage-of-hamas-killings-to-counter-denial-of-atrocities |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>

On 4 December, ''[[Haaretz]]'' reported that "unverified stories [had been] disseminated by Israeli search and rescue groups, army officers and even Sara Netanyahu".<ref name=HaaAzz>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2023 |title=Hamas Committed Documented Atrocities. But a Few False Stories Feed the Deniers |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-04/ty-article-magazine/.premium/hamas-committed-documented-atrocities-but-a-few-false-stories-feed-the-deniers/0000018c-34f3-da74-afce-b5fbe24f0000 |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli personnel gave false information about 7 October attack crimes – report |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-personnel-false-information-7-october-attack |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' journalists Nir Hasson and Liza Rozovsky related the chronology of the news items about "beheaded babies" and "hung babies" and concluded, "this story is false".<ref name=HaaAzz /> They quoted Ishay Coen, a journalist for the ultra-Orthodox website Kikar Hashabbat, who admitted he made a mistake by unquestioningly accepting the IDF's claims.<ref name=HaaAzz /> "Why would an army officer invent such a horrifying story?", Hashabbat asked, adding, "I was wrong".<ref name=HaaAzz /> ''Haaretz'' also reported that some testimony came from reservist officers.<ref name=HaaAzz />

== See also ==
* [[2020s in military history]]
* [[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East]]
* [[List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war]]
* [[List of wars involving Israel]]
* [[List of wars involving the State of Palestine]]
* [[List of wars: 2003–present]]
* [[Outline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war]]
* [[Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="WI-Waldo">{{cite web |last1=Waldo |first1=Cleary |last2=Epstein |first2=Gabriel |last3=Hilbush |first3=Sydney |date=11 October 2023 |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/international-reactions-hamas-attack-israel |title=International Reactions to the Hamas Attack on Israel |work=PolicyWatch 3793 |publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|The Washington Institute]] |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016215412/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/international-reactions-hamas-attack-israel |url-status=live}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
{{#invoke:Sister project links|main|auto=yes|d=yes}}
* [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|OCHA]]: ''Hostilities in Gaza and Israel, Flash Updates'': [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-1 #1], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-2 #2], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-3 #3], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-4 #4], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-5 #5], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-6 #6], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-7 #7], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-8 #8], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9 #9], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-10 #10], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-11 #11], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-12 #12], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-13 #13], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-14 #14], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-15 #15], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-16 #16], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-17 #17], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-18 #18], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-19 #19], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-20 #20], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-21 #21], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-22 #22], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-23 #23], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-24 #24], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-25 #25], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-26 #26], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-27 #27], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-28 #28], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-29 #29], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-30 #30], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-31 #31], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-32 #32], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-33 #33], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-34 #34], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35 #35], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-36 #36], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-37 #37], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-38 #38], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-39 #39], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40 #40], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-41 #41], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-42 #42], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-43 #43], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-44 #44], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-45 #45], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-46 #46], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-47 #47], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48 #48], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-49 #49], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-50 #50], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-51 #51], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-52 #52], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-53 #53], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-54 #54], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55 #55], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-56 #56], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-57 #57], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-58 #58], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-59 #59], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-60 #60],[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-61 #61], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62 #62], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63 #63], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-64 #64], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-65 #65], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66-enarhe #66], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-67 #67], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-68 #68]
* [[UNRWA]]: ''Gaza Situation Reports'': [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ #1], [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-2-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ #2], #3, [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-4-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-11-october-2023/ #4] (11 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-5-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-12-october-2023/ #5] (12 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-6-on-the-gaza-strip-the-west-bank/ #6] (15 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-7-on-the-gaza-strip-the-west-bank/ #7] (16 October), [https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-8-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem #8] (18 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-9-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-and-the-west-bank-20-october-2023/ #9] (19 October), [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/unrwa-situation-report-17-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem-information-covers-period-27-29-october-2023-and-valid-29-october-1800-local-time-enar #17] (30 October), [https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-34-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem #34] (21 November)

{{2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
{{Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Gaza–Israel conflict}}
{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}
{{Israeli wars}}
{{Hamas}}
{{Benjamin Netanyahu}}
{{#invoke:Portal bar|main|2020s|Current events|Israel|Lebanon|Modern history|Palestine|Iran|Politics}}
{{#invoke:Authority control|authorityControl}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Israel-Hamas war, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 Israel–Hamas war| ]]
[[Category:2023 in the State of Palestine]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2023]]
[[Category:Gaza–Israel conflict|2023]]
[[Category:Invasions of Israel]]
[[Category:October 2023 events in Israel|Hamas war]]
[[Category:November 2023 events in Israel|Hamas war]]
[[Category:December 2023 events in Israel|Hamas war]]
[[Category:Houthi Movement]]
[[Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict]]
[[Category:Wars involving Israel]]
[[Category:Wars involving Palestinians]]
[[Category:Wars involving Hezbollah]]
[[Category:Ongoing conflicts in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Cava (restaurant)

2023-12-17T19:29:33Z

OfTheUsername: stock exchange

{{Short description|Greek-American restaurant chain}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cava
| logo = Cava_Restaurant_Logo.png
| logo_size = 180px
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as = {{NYSE|CAVA}}
| founders = {{Unbulleted list|Ted Xenohristos|Ike Grigoropoulos|Dimitri Moshovitis|Brett Schulman}}
| area_served = United States
| key_people = Brett Schulman (CEO)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/financing/behind-cava-groups-conversion-zoes-kitchen-restaurants|title=Behind Cava Group’s conversion of Zoe’s Kitchen restaurants|date=January 11, 2023|website=Restaurant Business}}</ref>
| industry = [[Restaurant]]s
| genre = [[Fast Casual]]
| products = [[Sandwich]]es [[Pita]]s [[Salad]]s Other food products
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2011}} (as Cava Mezze) [[Rockville, Maryland|Rockville]], [[Maryland]], U.S.
| locations = 318<ref name="Locations">{{cite web |title=Locations |url=https://cava.com/locations |website=cava.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref>
| location_city = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| location_country = U.S.A.
| parent = [[#Cava Group|Cava Group, Inc.]]
| revenue = {{increase}} US$541 million (2021)
| num_employees = 8,000 (2021)<ref name="Locations"/>
| website = {{URL|https://cava.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Cava''' (stylized as '''CAVA''') and also referred to as '''Cava Grill''', is [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediterranean]] [[fast casual restaurant]] chain with locations across the United States. Cava is owned by the publicly traded Cava Group, which purchased [[Zoës Kitchen]] in August 2018.<ref name="cavaguys">{{cite web |title=Bethesda Interview: The Cava Guys |url=https://bethesdamagazine.com/bethesda-magazine/november-december-2018/bethesda-interview-the-cava-guys/ |website=bethesdamagazine.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The 13 Most Anticipated Restaurant Openings Around D.C., Summer 2021 |url=https://dc.eater.com/2021/6/25/22523094/d-c-most-anticipated-restaurants-opening-summer-2021 |website=dc.eater.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref> The combined company is the largest restaurant operator in the Mediterranean category in the U.S. restaurant industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoe-s-kitchen-m-a-cava/cava-to-acquire-zoes-kitchen-for-300-million-idUSKBN1L217V|title=CAVA to acquire Zoe's Kitchen for $300 million|date=August 17, 2018|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=January 7, 2020}}</ref> Cava also produces a line of Mediterranean dips, spreads, and dressings that are sold in grocery stores across the US.<ref name="cavaguys"/><ref name="acquiring">{{cite web |title=Cava: Healthy Mediterranean Chain Expanding And Acquiring |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/garystern/2019/11/15/cava-healthy-mediterranean-chain-expanding-and-acquiring/?sh=208251fa1434 |website=forbes.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref> As of May 2023, all Zoe's Kitchen restaurants have been closed, many have been replaced by Cava restaurants.

== History ==
In 2006, first-generation [[Greek Americans]] Ted Xenohristos, Ike Grigoropoulos, and Dimitri Moshovitis launched the full-service Cava Mezze restaurant in [[Rockville, Maryland|Rockville]], [[Maryland]], with Moshovitis as executive chef.<ref name="cavaguys"/><ref name="acquiring"/><ref name="obsessed">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/cava-grill-expansion-2017-3?r=US&IR=T|title=People are obsessed with this Mediterranean chain that's taking over America — here are its secrets|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=January 7, 2020}}</ref> In 2008, Xenohristos, Grigoropoulos, and Moshovitis partnered with Geoff Maites and Kenny Maites to launch a line of dips and spreads, and grew the product line into over 200 stores, including [[Whole Foods Market]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidman |first=Jessica |date=2013-09-26 |title=The Shopping Channel: Why Restaurants Are Drawn to the Shiny Lights of Grocery Store Shelves |url=http://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/353636/the-shopping-channel-why-restaurants-are-drawn-to-the-shiny-lights-of-grocery-store-shelves/ |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Washington City Paper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="double">{{cite web |title=Cava to nearly double by next summer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/cava-to-nearly-double-by-next-summer/2014/08/01/d28a9122-1666-11e4-85b6-c1451e622637_story.html |website=washingtonpost.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/cava-expands-dips-and-spreads-line-whole-foods-nationwide|title=CAVA Expands Dips and Spreads Line to Whole Foods Nationwide|date=March 26, 2019|publisher=QSR Magazine|accessdate=January 7, 2020}}</ref> In 2009, Brett Schulman joined them as CEO and co-founder of the fast-casual chain Cava (originally called Cava Mezze Grill, later rebranded as Cava Grill and then simply as Cava).<ref name="obsessed"/><ref name="double"/><ref>{{cite web |title=3 tips for switching careers from guy who left finance for food |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/21/former-bankers-trust-and-deutsche-bank-trader-eats-up-mediterranean-fast-food-market.html |website=cnbc.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref> They opened the first Cava restaurant in [[Bethesda, Maryland]], in January 2011.<ref name="double"/><ref>{{cite web |title=What Inspires Cava CEO Brett Schulman |url=https://www.qsrmagazine.com/start-finish-what-inspires-execs/what-inspires-cava-ceo-brett-schulman |website=qsrmagazine.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref>

In August 2018, Zoës was acquired by Cava Group, Inc. for $300 Million in cash for each Zoës common share.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

In April 2021, Cava Group completed a $190 million series F funding round led by [[T. Rowe Price]], bringing its value to nearly $1.3 billion.<ref name="value">{{cite web |title=Cava Restaurant Chain Nears $1.3 Billion Value With New Funding |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/cava-restaurant-chain-nears-1-3-billion-value-with-new-funding |website=bloomberg.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref> Since 2015, the company has raised more than $640 million.<ref name="investment">{{cite web |title=Cava nabs a $190 million investment |url=https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/financing/cava-nabs-190-million-investment |website=restaurantbusinessonline.com |access-date=August 26, 2021}}</ref>

By December of 2022 the Cava Group had significantly reducing the number of Zoe's Kitchen locations. As of May 2023, all Zoe's Kitchen restaurants have been closed, many have been replaced by Cava restaurants.

On June 15, 2023, Cava made its public debut on the NYSE under the symbol CAVA.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=Restaurant Chain Cava Soars in Debut After $318 Million IPO |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-15/restaurant-chain-cava-soars-in-debut-after-318-million-ipo |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref>

== Restaurants and expansion ==
[[File:CAVA - Silver Spring, Maryland.jpg|thumb|left|Cava restaurant in Silver Spring, Maryland]]
In November 2018, Cava Group bought [[Zoës Kitchen]], a restaurant chain with more than 250 locations, in a deal worth $300 million, taking the company private and helping Cava expand further into the suburbs.<ref name="acquiring"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/08/17/cava-groupacquires-a-massive-competitor.html|title=Cava Group acquires a massive competitor|date=August 17, 2018|publisher=Washington Business Journal|accessdate=January 7, 2020}}</ref><ref name="sites">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/17/cava-sets-its-sights-on-bigger-national-presence-after-zoes-kitchen-acquisition.html|title=Cava sets its sights on bigger national presence after Zoes Kitchen acquisition|date=April 18, 2019|publisher=CNBC|accessdate=January 7, 2020}}</ref>

As of August 2021, there are 133 Cava locations. All Cava restaurants are company-owned, and none are franchised.<ref name="acquiring"/> In 2020, Cava Group converted seven of its Zoës Kitchen locations to Cava-branded restaurants and plans to convert 50 more in 2021.<ref name="value"/><ref name="investment"/><ref name="sites"/> It has additional off-premises and digital kitchens dedicated to preparing food for online orders.<ref name="sites"/>

In November 2021, Cava closed its outpost in [[Barracks Row]] in [[Washington, DC.]], which was the second location it had opened in 2009, to "concentrate on our new concepts and other locations."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barredindc.com/2021/12/01/cava-mezze-on-barracks-row-closes-after-12-years/|title=Cava Mezze on Barracks Row Closes After 12 Years|date=December 1, 2021|publisher=Barred In DC|accessdate=December 2, 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Privately held companies based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Restaurants in the United States]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2011]]
[[Category:Mediterranean restaurants]]
[[Category:Greek restaurants]]
[[Category:Fast casual restaurants]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains in the United States]]
[[Category:Hummus]]
[[Category:Dips (food)]]
[[Category:Spreads (food)]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Maryland]]
[[Category:2023 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]

Talk:Taylor Swift Productions

2023-10-10T03:27:13Z

OfTheUsername: wikiprojects

{{Film|Filmmaking-task-force=yes|class=Start}}
{{WikiProject Companies|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Taylor Swift|importance=low}}

Wikipedia:WikiProject Taylor Swift

2023-09-02T21:08:38Z

OfTheUsername:

{{redirect|WP:TAYLOR|text=You may also be looking for [[Wikipedia:Taylor & Francis]]}}
{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|active|parent=Musicians|portal=Music|sc1=WP:TAYLOR|sc2=WP:SWIFT|sc3=WP:T.S.}}

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Taylor Swift/Header}}
<div class="center"><big>'''Welcome to the [[File:TaylorSwiftWordmark2015.png|200px|link=Taylor Swift]] WikiProject'''!</big></div>
<div style="border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color:#D1D4C1">
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Taylor Swift/Sidebar}}
Welcome to '''WikiProject Taylor Swift'''! This is a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of '''Taylor Swift''', an American singer-songwriter. If you would like to help, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Taylor Swift/Members|join]] the project, inquire on the [[Wikipedia talk: WikiProject Taylor Swift|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Taylor Swift/to do|to-do list]] below.

==Goals==
This project is dedicated to improving the quality of writing and the amount of information for all Taylor Swift-related articles on Wikipedia, including:
*Swift's life and work
*Articles related to Taylor swift achievements
*Subjects directly related to Swift
*Subjects that have achieved a significant part of their notability through their connection to Swift

==Scope==
The project covers all articles in the [[:Category:Taylor Swift|Taylor Swift]] category and its sub-categories.

== Recognized content ==
{{Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Taylor Swift articles by quality statistics}}
{{Progression rainbow|project=Taylor Swift}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Taylor Swift/Recognized content}}

===Potential topics===
{{Progression|{{#expr: (6 / 8) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Taylor Swift
| lead = {{classicon|FA}} [[Taylor Swift]]
| image = Taylor Swift Red Tour 4, 2013.jpg
| imagesize = 70
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: {{classicon|FL}} [[Taylor Swift albums discography|Albums discography]]
: {{classicon|FL}} [[Taylor Swift singles discography|Singles discography]]
: {{classicon|FL}} [[List of songs by Taylor Swift|Songs]]
|column2=
: {{classicon|FL}} [[List of awards and nominations received by Taylor Swift|Awards and nominations]]
: {{classicon|FL}} [[Taylor Swift videography|Videography]]
: {{classicon|List}} [[List of Taylor Swift live performances|Live performances]]
: {{classicon|B}} [[Cultural impact of Taylor Swift|Cultural impact]]
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (11 / 11) * 100 }}}}
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| title = Taylor Swift albums
| image = Taylor Swift - Red Tour 18.jpg
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: {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Taylor Swift (album)|Taylor Swift]]''
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: {{classicon|FA}} ''[[Speak Now]]''
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| column2 =
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: {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Lover (album)|Lover]]''
| column3 =
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: {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Midnights]]''
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (3 / 6) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Taylor Swift re-recorded albums
| image = Taylor Swift The Eras Tour Speak Now Set Era (53109881770) (cropped2).jpg
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: {{classicon|C}} ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]]''
: {{classicon|start}} ''[[1989 (Taylor's Version)]]''
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (13 / 14) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Fearless
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: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Fearless (Taylor Swift song)|Fearless]]"
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| column2 =
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: {{classicon|GA}} "[[You're Not Sorry]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Forever & Always]]"
| column3 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[The Best Day (Taylor Swift song)|The Best Day]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Change (Taylor Swift song)|Change]]"
: {{classicon|C}} [[Fearless Tour]]
: {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Fearless (Taylor's Version)]]''
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (13 / 16) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Speak Now
| lead = {{classicon|FA}} ''[[Speak Now]]''
| image = Taylor Swift Sydney.jpg
| imagesize = 70
| count = 16
| column1 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Mine (Taylor Swift song)|Mine]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Sparks Fly (song)|Sparks Fly]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Back to December]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Speak Now (song)|Speak Now]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Dear John (Taylor Swift song)|Dear John]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|B}} "[[Mean (song)|Mean]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[The Story of Us (song)|The Story of Us]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Enchanted (Taylor Swift song)|Enchanted]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Better than Revenge]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Innocent (Taylor Swift song)|Innocent]]"
| column3 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Long Live (Taylor Swift song)|Long Live]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Ours (song)|Ours]]"
: {{classicon|C}} [[Speak Now World Tour]]
: {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Speak Now World Tour – Live]]''
: {{classicon|C}} ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]]''
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (9 / 14) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Red
| lead = {{classicon|FA}} ''[[Red (Taylor Swift album)|Red]]''
| image = Taylor Swift Red Tour 2, 2013.jpg
| imagesize = 70
| count = 14
| column1 =
: {{classicon|FA}} "[[State of Grace (song)|State of Grace]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Red (Taylor Swift song)|Red]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Treacherous (Taylor Swift song)|Treacherous]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[I Knew You Were Trouble]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[All Too Well]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[22 (Taylor Swift song)|22]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[The Last Time (Taylor Swift song)|The Last Time]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Holy Ground (song)|Holy Ground]]"
| column3 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Everything Has Changed]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Begin Again (Taylor Swift song)|Begin Again]]"
: {{classicon|C}} [[The Red Tour]]
: {{classicon|B}} ''[[Red (Taylor's Version)]]''
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (8 / 12) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Reputation
| lead = {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Reputation (album)|Reputation]]''
| image = Taylor Swift Reputation Tour1 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 70
| count = 12
| column1 =
: {{classicon|C}} "[[...Ready for It?]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[End Game (song)|End Game]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[I Did Something Bad]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Don't Blame Me (Taylor Swift song)|Don't Blame Me]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|FA}} "[[Delicate (Taylor Swift song)|Delicate]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Look What You Made Me Do]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Gorgeous (Taylor Swift song)|Gorgeous]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Getaway Car (Taylor Swift song)|Getaway Car]]"
| column3 =
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Call It What You Want (Taylor Swift song)|Call It What You Want]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[New Year's Day (Taylor Swift song)|New Year's Day]]"
: {{classicon|C}} [[Reputation Stadium Tour]]
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (7 / 14) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Lover
| lead = {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Lover (album)|Lover]]''
| image = Eras Tour - Arlington, TX - Lover Act 2 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 90
| count = 14
| column1 =
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)|Cruel Summer]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Lover (Taylor Swift song)|Lover]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[The Man (Taylor Swift song)|The Man]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[The Archer (song)|The Archer]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Miss Americana & the Heartbreak Prince]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Cornelia Street (song)|Cornelia Street]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[London Boy (song)|London Boy]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Soon You'll Get Better]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[False God (song)|False God]]"
| column3 =
: {{classicon|C}} "[[You Need to Calm Down]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Me!]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} [[City of Lover]]
: {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Lover (Live from Paris)]]''
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (8 / 17) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Folklore
| lead = {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]''
| image = Taylor Swift Eras Tour - Arlington, TX - Folklore act 3 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 80
| count = 17
| column1 =
: {{classicon|C}} "[[The 1]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Cardigan (song)|Cardigan]]"
: {{classicon|B}} "[[The Last Great American Dynasty]]"
: {{classicon|B}} "[[Exile (Taylor Swift song)|Exile]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[My Tears Ricochet]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Mirrorball (song)|Mirrorball]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|B}} "[[Seven (Taylor Swift song)|Seven]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[August (song)|August]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[This Is Me Trying]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Invisible String]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Mad Woman]]"
| column3 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Betty (Taylor Swift song)|Betty]]"
: {{classicon|B}} "[[Epiphany (Taylor Swift song)|Epiphany]]"
: {{classicon|B}} "[[Peace (Taylor Swift song)|Peace]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[The Lakes (song)|The Lakes]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions]]''
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (2 / 9) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Evermore
| lead = {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Evermore (Taylor Swift album)|Evermore]]''
| image = Taylor Swift Eras Tour - Evermore act Arlington.jpg
| imagesize = 90
| count = 9
| column1 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Willow (song)|Willow]]"
: {{classicon|Start}} "[[Champagne Problems (Taylor Swift song)|Champagne Problems]]"
: {{classicon|Start}} "[['Tis the Damn Season|{{ '}}Tis the Damn Season]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|Start}} "[[No Body, No Crime]]"
: {{classicon|Start}} "[[Dorothea (song)|Dorothea]]"
| column3 =
: {{classicon|Start}} "[[Coney Island (Taylor Swift song)|Coney Island]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Long Story Short (Taylor Swift song)|Long Story Short]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Marjorie (song)|Marjorie]]"
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (2 / 4) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Fearless (Taylor's Version)
| image = Taylor Swift The Eras Tour Fearless Set Era (53109821975).jpg
| imagesize = 90px
| lead = {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Fearless (Taylor's Version)]]''
| count = 4
| column1 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[You All Over Me]]"
: {{classicon|B}} "[[Mr. Perfectly Fine]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|C}} "[[That's When]]"
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (2 / 5) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Red (Taylor's Version)
| image = Eras Tour - Inglewood, California - Red act 1.jpg
| imagesize = 80px
| lead = {{classicon|B}} ''[[Red (Taylor's Version)]]''
| count = 5
| column1 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Nothing New (song)|Nothing New]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)|Message in a Bottle]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|C}} "[[I Bet You Think About Me]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} ''[[All Too Well: The Short Film]]''
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (12 / 19) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Midnights
| lead = {{classicon|GA}} ''[[Midnights]]''
| image = Taylor Swift Eras Tour - Arlington, TX - Midnights act (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 80
| count = 19
| column1 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Lavender Haze]]"
: {{classicon|Start}} "[[Maroon (song)|Maroon]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Anti-Hero (song)|Anti-Hero]]"
: {{classicon|Start}} "[[Snow on the Beach]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[You're on Your Own, Kid]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Midnight Rain]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Question...?]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[Vigilante Shit]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Bejeweled (song)|Bejeweled]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Labyrinth (Taylor Swift song)|Labyrinth]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Karma (Taylor Swift song)|Karma]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Sweet Nothing (Taylor Swift song)|Sweet Nothing]]"
| column3 =
: {{classicon|Start}} "[[Mastermind (song)|Mastermind]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Hits Different]]"
: {{classicon|Start}} "[[Bigger Than the Whole Sky]]"
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[Would've, Could've, Should've]]"
: {{classicon|C}} "[[You're Losing Me]]"
: {{classicon|B}} [[The Eras Tour]]
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (0 / 3) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = The Eras Tour
| image = The Eras Tour Logo.png
| imagesize = 100px
| lead = {{classicon|B}} [[The Eras Tour]]
| count = 3
| column1 =
: {{classicon|B}} [[Impact of the Eras Tour|Impact]]
| column2 =
: {{classicon|B}} [[2022 Ticketmaster controversy]]
| column3 =
: {{classicon|start}} [[Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour|Concert film]]
}}
{{Progression|{{#expr: (1 / 5) * 100 }}}}
{{Featured topic box
| title = Speak Now (Taylor's Version)
| image = Taylor Swift The Eras Tour Speak Now Set Era (53109969638) (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 90px
| lead = {{classicon|C}} ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]]''
| count = 5
| column1 =
: {{classicon|B}} "[[Electric Touch (song)|Electric Touch]]"
: {{classicon|B}} "[[When Emma Falls in Love]]"
| column2 =
: {{classicon|GA}} "[[I Can See You (song)|I Can See You]]"
: {{classicon|B}} "[[Castles Crumbling]]"
}}

==Categories==
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Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram

2023-08-26T17:21:49Z

OfTheUsername: capitalization

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|A devotional song popularised by Gandhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Hinduism}}
"'''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram'''" (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a [[bhajan]] (devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and set to tune by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]] in [[Raga]] ''Mishra [[Gara (raga)|Gara]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Vinay |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/ |title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence |publisher=The Menil Collection |year=2014 |editor-last=Helfenstein |editor-first=Josef |location=Houston |pages=244–45 |chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram |editor-last2=Newland |editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton|first=Dennis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1993|isbn=0-231-12237-3|page=109|author-link=Dennis Dalton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|title=Tuned to excellence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|access-date=2009-04-27|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== History ==
The precise origins of the song are not entirely clear.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/|title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence|publisher=The Menil Collection|year=2014|editor-last=Helfenstein|editor-first=Josef|location=Houston|pages=244–45|chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram|editor-last2=Newland|editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref> It is believed to have been either written by [[Tulsidas]] (or based on his work [[Ramcharitmanas]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Vindhya Basini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F45jAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22 |title=Loka-rāmāyaṇa: Śrīmad Gosvāmi Tulasīdāsa jī viracita Śrī Rāmacarita Mānasa para ādhārita |date=1998 |publisher=Madhyapradeśa Tulasī Akādemī |language=hi |author-link=Bindhyabasini Devi}}</ref> or based on a 17th-century sung-prayer by the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] saint-poet [[Samarth Ramdas|Ramdas]].<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Snodgrass |first=Cynthia |date=2007 |title=The Sounds of Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi's Use of Sung-Prayers and Ritual |publisher=University of Stirling
|url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/555/1/Sounds%20of%20Satyagraha.pdf |pages=159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokhale |first=Namita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTknAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Marathi+saint-poet+Ramdas%22&pg=PT74 |title=In Search Of Sita: Revisiting Mythology |date=2009-10-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-420-1 |language=en |author-link=Namita Gokhale}}</ref>

[[Anthony Parel]] writes in ''Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parel |first=Anthony J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC |title=Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony |date=2006-08-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86715-3 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=[T]he origin of Ramdhun is shrouded in legend. According to the legend that he preferred it was composed by the great Hindu poet Tulsidas (1532-1623). While on a pilgrimage visiting the Vishnu temple of Dakore, Northern India, Tulsidas was moved to bargain with Vishnu. Until Vishnu revealed himself as Rama he would not bow his head in prayer. His wish was promptly granted: Rama appeared in his mind with his wife Sita, and three of their devotees. Hence, explains Gandhi, "Ramdhun, meaning intoxication with God [Ram]|author=|title=}}

There have been many versions of the Ramdhun, and the version that Mahatma Gandhi used had an "ecumenical flavour" to it. Gandhi modified the original bhajan, adding that the ''Ishwar'' of the Hindus and the ''Allah'' of the Muslims were one and the same,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoBDAAAAYAAJ&q=Tulsidas |title=Seminar |publisher= |year=1998 |pages= |language= |quote=Rarely do they bother to point to his innovation of adding ''Ishwar Allah Tero Naam'' to the Tulsidas Ram dhun ''Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram''. |author-link=Romesh Thapar}}</ref> to make the song more secular-looking and to spread the message of reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThbaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22|title=Folklore in Modern India|date=1998|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|isbn=978-81-7342-053-5|language=en}}</ref> The song was extensively used to project a secular and composite vision of Indian society — it was sung during the [[Salt March|1930 Salt March]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dandi: Salt March |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/dandi-march/ |access-date= |publisher=Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lyrics of the Ramdhun (Gandhi's version)
!Hindi<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|editor=Guy L. Beck|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music|author-link=Guy Beck|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137}}</ref>
!Transliteration ([[IAST]])<ref name="Beck2006" />
!Translation<ref name="Beck2006" />
|-
|
:रघुपति राघव राजाराम,
:पतित पावन सीताराम

:सीताराम सीताराम,
:भज प्यारे तू सीताराम

:ईश्वर अल्लाह तेरो नाम,
:सब को सन्मति दे भगवान

:राम रहीम करीम समान
:हम सब है उनकी संतान

:सब मिला मांगे यह वरदान
:हमारा रहे मानव का ज्ञान
|
:raghupati rāghava rājārāma,
:patita pāvana sītārāma

:sītārāma, sītārāma,
:bhaja pyāre tu sītārāma

:īśvara allāha tero nāma
:saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna

:rāma rahīma karīma samāna
:hama saba hai unakī santāna

:saba milā māṅge yaha varadāna
:hamārā rahe mānava kā jñāna
|
:O [[Rama|Lord Rama]], descendant of Raghu, Uplifter of the fallen.
:You and your beloved consort [[Sita]] are to be worshipped.
:All names of God refer to the same Supreme Being,
::including [[Ishvara]] and the Muslim [[Allah]].
:O Lord, Please give peace and brotherhood to everyone,
::as we are all your children.
:We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail.
|}

==In popular culture==

* Elements of the chant were included in the song "Utho Utho he Bharat" in the movie ''[[Bharat Milap]]'' (1942),<ref>{{Citation|title=Utho Utho He Bharat Tumhaare - उठो-उठो हे भरत तुम्हारे|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/utho_utho_he_bharat_tumhaare.htm|language=en|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> in songs of ''[[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]]'' (1948), the song "De Dii Hamen Aazaadii" in the movie ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954),<ref>{{Cite web|title=दे दी हमें आज़ादी बिना खड्ग बिना ढाल - de dii hame.n aazaadii binaa khaD.hg binaa Dhaal / जागृति-(Jaagriti)|url=https://www.lyricsindia.net/songs/2336|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.lyricsindia.net}}</ref> ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purab aur Pachhim {{!}} Indian Cinema - The University of Iowa |url=https://indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu/purab-aur-pachhim |access-date= |website=indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu |language=en |quote=There is also Francis, a French hippie pal of Orphan, who sacrifices his life to save Bharat in a club brawl and then dies requesting, "Pour l'amour de Dieu....votre chanson" (i.e., the Gandhian anthem Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram), while cradled in Bharat and Orphan’s arms in an amazing intercultural pieta.}}</ref> and in the film ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDpLqgaCVhQC&q=%22Raghupati+Raghav+Raja+Ram%22 |title=Indian Horizons |date=2008 |publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations. |pages=55 |language=en |quote=...band of boisterous hippies who energetically throw themselves into singing, "Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram." The re-working of one of Gandhi's favourite hymn is effected through wit, humour, irony and even irreverence.}}</ref> in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Gandhinagara]]'' (1968),<ref>{{Citation |title=Gandhinagara {{!}} Raghupathi Raghava song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJKhT4I_bPs |language=en |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> in the British-Indian movie ''[[Gandhi (movie)|Gandhi]]'' (1982),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-18 |title=Songs for the 'Great Soul' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/rhythmdivine/songs-for-the-27great-soul27/5813272 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=ABC Radio National |language=en-AU}}</ref> in the film ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' (2007),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhi My Father: 'Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram' song {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/gandhi-my-father-raghupati-raghav-raja-ram-song/videoshow/47894591.cms |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> in [[Satyagraha – Democracy Under Fire|''Satyagraha'']] (2013),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhiji's Raghupati Raghav modified for 'Satyagraha' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gandhijis-raghupati-raghav-modified-for-satyagraha/articleshow/21367641.cms |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and also in ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-12 |title=Watch: 'Raghupati Raghav',a new party anthem from Hrithik Roshan's 'Krrish 3' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-raghupati-raghav-a-new-party-anthem-from-hrithik-roshans-krrish-3/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* The song is an important [[Motif (literature)|motif]] in the 2006 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'', and is featured in the movie.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Vinod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4rFDAAAQBAJ |title=Lage Raho Munna Bhai |date=2010 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-80069-75-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pete Seeger]] included "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" on his album "Strangers and Cousins" (1964)<ref>{{Citation |title=Pete Seeger - Strangers And Cousins |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/5042126-Pete-Seeger-Strangers-And-Cousins |language=en |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> and performed it in Episode 10 of his television series [[Rainbow Quest]].{{cn|date=August 2022}}
* The game [[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]] featured [[Ananda Shankar]]'s version on one of the in-game radio stations, "Radio del Mundo".<ref>{{Citation |title=GTA Liberty City Stories (Radio Del Mundo) Ananda Shankar - Raghupati |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcIfcUn-R54 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vaishnava Jana To]]
* [[Hari Tuma Haro]]
* [[Hanuman Chalisa]]
* [[Shri Ramachandra Kripalu]]
* [[Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|last=Dalton |first=Dennis |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |year=1993 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-12237-3}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Bhajan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional songs]]

Australian Civil Liberties Union

2023-08-20T17:28:43Z

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2023-08-20T05:23:18Z

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#REDIRECT [[Division sign]]

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Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)

2023-08-17T21:24:37Z

OfTheUsername: ce

{{Short description|International crisis following the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2023 Nigerien crisis
| partof = the aftermath of the [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état]]
| date = {{Start and end dates|2023|07|29|present|df=y}} ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=29|year1=2023}})
| place = [[Niger]]
| image = 2023 Nigerien Crisis Reaction (West Africa-ECOWAS).png
| status = Ongoing
* ECOWAS ultimatum's expiration on 6 August
* Emergency summit leads to ECOWAS authorizing military intervention and ordering the immediate activation of its standby force on 10 August.
* Airspace closures across Niger
* Niger mobilizes its armed forces
* Evacuations of foreign nationals by their respective governments
* The junta declared a new government, naming 21 ministers and Prime Minister
* ECOWAS military chiefs meet on 17–18 August to discuss potential intervention in Niger.
| combatant2 = {{Plainlist|
*{{Flagicon|Niger}} Pro-[[Mohamed Bazoum|Bazoum]] factions
}}
* [[Cabinet of Niger]]
* [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Tarayya]]
* [[Council of Resistance for the Republic]]
| combatant1 = {{Plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_niger_armed_forces_obv.jpg}} Pro-[[Abdourahamane Tchiani|Tchiani]] factions
}}
* [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|CNSP]]
* [[M62 Movement]]
| commander1 = 
{{Plain list|
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_niger_armed_forces_obv.jpg}} [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]]
}}
<hr>{{plainlist|
* {{Flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Ibrahim Traoré]]
* {{Flagicon|Mali}} [[Assimi Goïta]]
}}
| commander2 = {{Plain list|
* {{Flagicon|Niger}} [[Mohamed Bazoum]]
}}

<hr>{{plainlist|
* {{Flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Bola Tinubu]]
* {{Flagicon|Benin}} [[Patrice Talon]]
* {{Flagicon|Senegal}} [[Macky Sall]]
* {{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Alassane Ouattara]]
}}
| strength1 = At least 57,000 soldiers
| strength2 = '''Western estimate:''' At least 5,000 ECOWAS stand-by force<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-west-africa-bfd1ddcf075379289475d3f72d85fa16|title=Tensions rise as West African nations prepare to send troops to restore democracy in Niger|work=Associated Press|date=12 August 2023|access-date=14 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| caption = The political situation in ECOWAS as of {{date}}
{{leftlegend|#ff0000|Junta and allies}}
{{leftlegend|#ff7373|Supports Nigerien coup diplomatically}}{{leftlegend|#74DA8F|Opposes Nigerien coup diplomatically}}{{leftlegend|#0D6D26|Opposes Nigerien coup militarily}}
| combatant1a = {{Plainlist|
* {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
* {{flag|Mali}}
}}
'''Supported by:'''
{{flag|Guinea}}
| combatant2a = {{Tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|O ecowas.gif}} [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]{{efn|The 2023 Nigerien coup d'état is opposed by active members of the ECOWAS bloc. Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Guinea are members of ECOWAS that were suspended following coup d'états which established military juntas in their respective countries.}}{{efn|Only Nigeria, Benin, Senegal, and Ivory Coast have pledged to contribute military troops in an event of a ECOWAS-led intervention. Cape Verde and Liberia are opposed to a military intervetion, stressing that the bloc should focus on a diplomatic solution.}}
** {{flag|Benin}}
** {{flag|The Gambia}}
** {{flag|Ghana}}
** {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
** {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}
** {{flag|Liberia}}
** {{flag|Nigeria}}
** {{flag|Senegal}}
** {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
** {{flag|Togo}}
{{Tree list/end}}

{{Plainlist|
'''Supported by:'''
*{{flag|France}}
*{{flag|United States}}
}}
}}

On 26 July 2023, a [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|coup d'état]] occurred in the [[Niger|Republic of the Niger]], in which the country's presidential guard detained President [[Mohamed Bazoum]]. Presidential guard commander, General [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] proclaimed himself the leader of a [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|military junta]] shortly after confirming the coup, a success.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum |trans-title=Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726202029/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger soldiers declare coup on national TV |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66320895 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger's president 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ajtchiani" />

On 30 July 2023, the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) gave Niger's coup leaders a one-week deadline to hand power back to Bazoum or face [[international sanctions]] and [[use of force]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Niger: How might an ECOWAS military intervention unfold? – DW – 08/03/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/niger-how-might-an-ecowas-military-intervention-unfold/a-66431072 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What would West African bloc's threat to use force to restore democracy in Niger look like? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ecowas-threat-force-restore-democracy-niger-101903640 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> The ultimatum's deadline expired on 6 August and ECOWAS ordered the immediate activation of its standby force on 10 August.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> ECOWAS military chiefs meet on 17–18 August to discuss potential intervention in Niger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger coup: ECOWAS military chiefs meet in Ghana – DW – 08/17/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/niger-coup-ecowas-military-chiefs-meet-in-ghana/a-66557648 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> ECOWAS has previously [[ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia|intervened]] in [[The Gambia]] to restore democracy following the [[2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis|2016–2017 constitutional crisis]].

[[Nigeria]], [[Benin]], [[Senegal]] and [[Ivory Coast]] pledged to contribute military troops from their armed forces in the event of an ECOWAS-led military intervention against the junta,<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=5 August 2023 |title=Benin pledges support for ECOWAS over Niger |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/05/benin-pledges-support-for-ecowas-over-niger/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezenwa |first=Olumba E. |date=3 August 2023 |title=Niger coup: west African union has pledged to intervene – but some members support the plotters |url=http://theconversation.com/niger-coup-west-african-union-has-pledged-to-intervene-but-some-members-support-the-plotters-210990 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title=Nigeria's President Tinubu faces backlash over military intervention in Niger |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66430113 |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Senegal says its troops will join any ECOWAS intervention in Niger |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/03/senegal-says-its-troops-will-join-any-ecowas-intervention-in-niger/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=Africanews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline: A history of ECOWAS military interventions in three decades |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/1/timeline-a-history-of-ecowas-military-interventions-in-three-decades |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> while the military juntas of [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Mali]] threatened to join the military intervention on Niger's side if it were to ever be launched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title=Mali, Burkina Faso, sends delegation to Niger in solidarity |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/08/mali-burkina-faso-sends-delegation-to-niger-in-solidarity/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=S. B. |title=Niger coup: Divisions as ECOWAS military threat fails to play out |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/6/niger-coup-divisions-as-ecowas-military-threat-fails-to-play-out |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref>

At least 4.3 million people in Niger are in need of aid including access to food, medicine, and basic goods. According to the [[United Nations]], the figure is likely to rise as international sanctions come into effect. Airspace closure by the junta also complicate efforts to bring humanitarian aid into the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctions, airspace closures hamper UN humanitarian efforts in Niger |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/8/sanctions-airspace-closures-hamper-un-humanitarian-efforts-in-niger |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger: NGOs warn further instability and sanctions could exacerbate humanitarian needs of the most vulnerable including women and children |work=International Rescue Committee |url=https://www.rescue.org/uk/press-release/niger-ngos-warn-further-instability-and-sanctions-could-exacerbate-humanitarian-needs |access-date=2023-08-12 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|2023 Nigerien coup d'état}}
[[File:Umfanekiso ka-Amadou Abdramane.png|thumb|Col. Major [[Amadou Abdramane]] during a television broadcast on 29 July 2023.]]
On 26 July, the [[President of Niger|Nigerien presidency]] announced that presidential guards, led by General [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]], were engaged in an "anti-Republican demonstration". President Mohamed Bazoum and his family were detained at the [[Presidential Palace, Niamey|Presidential Palace]] in [[Niamey]], and Interior Minister [[Hamadou Souley]] was also arrested. The coup was led by Tchiani, whom Bazoum had planned to relieve from his position. Sources close to Bazoum said he had decided on Tchiani's dismissal at a cabinet meeting on 24 July 2023 as their relations had become strained.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aksar |first1=Moussa |last2=Balima |first2=Boureima |date=28 July 2023 |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Madowo |first1=Sarah |last2=Dean |first2=Niamh |last3=Kennedy |first3=Larry |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger soldiers claim power after president's own guards reportedly seize him |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2023 |title=Niger army general declares himself country's new leader |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/niger-army-general-declares-himself-countrys-new-leader-1.1690598862297 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Au Niger, l'armée affirme avoir renversé Mohamed Bazoum – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1467524/politique/au-niger-larmee-affirme-avoir-renverse-mohamed-bazoum/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Niger's president 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/26/soldiers-holding-niger-president-inside-palace-security-sources |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> The palace and adjacent ministries were blocked off by military vehicles, while civilian supporters of Bazoum who tried to approach the palace were dispersed by the Presidential Guard with gunfire, leaving one injured. Military units loyal to Bazoum initially surrounded the complex.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

In the evening however, [[Air Force of Niger|Air Force]] Colonel-Major [[Amadou Abdramane]] announced on state television that President Bazoum had been removed from power and announced the formation of a [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland]] due to the deteriorating security situation and bad governance. He also announced the dissolution of the country's constitution, the suspension of state institutions, the closure of borders, and a nationwide curfew from 22:00 until 05:00 local time, while warning against any foreign intervention.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pilling |first=David |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger soldiers go on television to announce coup in west African nation |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1b5c843d-a814-4811-9eb2-0a66880ac779 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66312011 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> Subsequently, all activities by [[List of political parties in Niger|political parties in the country]] were ordered suspended until further notice.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger army pledges allegiance to coup makers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/nigerien-army-pledges-allegiance-to-coup-plotters |url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite his detention, Bazoum has so far refused to resign.<ref name="bbc2">{{cite web |last=Peter |first=Laurence |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger soldiers announce coup on national TV |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66320895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000929/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66320895 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> His Foreign Minister [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]] told [[France 24]] that the country's "legal and legitimate power" remained with the president,<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Detained Niger president defiant after coup bid |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-presidency-sealed-off-in-coup-prone-niger |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726172357/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230726-presidency-sealed-off-in-coup-prone-niger |url-status=live}}</ref> while declaring himself acting head of state and calling for resistance against the coup.<ref name="bbc2" /> However, the leadership of the Nigerien armed forces declared its support for the coup to protect the president and avoid "a deadly confrontation."<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Niger's army command declares support for military coup |url=https://france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727142320/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230727-niger-s-army-command-declares-support-for-military-coup |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 July, Tchiani proclaimed himself as the president of the junta, saying that he had deposed Bazoum to avoid "the gradual and inevitable demise" of the country and accusing him of covering up the country's situation. Tchiani did not give a timeline for a return to civilian rule.<ref name="f24tchiani">{{cite web |date=28 July 2023 |title=Niger's General Abdourahamane Tchiani declared new leader following coup |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230728-niger-s-general-abdourahamane-tchiani-declared-new-leader-following-coup-state-tv |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Niger coup: Abdourahmane Tchiani declares himself leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66337767 |date=28 July 2023 |work=BBC |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ajtchiani">{{cite web|title=Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/28/niger-general-tchiani-named-head-of-transitional-government-after-coup |date=28 July 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>

=== ECOWAS ===
{{further|ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia}}The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional, political and economic union of fifteen countries in West Africa, covering an area of 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi) and with an estimated population of over 387 million in 2019. Established in 1975, ECOWAS aims to achieve collective self-sufficiency for its member states by creating a single large trade bloc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yansane |first=Aguibou |date=1977 |title=The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/523653 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=63–87 |doi=10.2307/523653 |jstor=523653 |issn=0002-0206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Limited |first=Daniel Inaju-Challydoff |title=Basic information {{!}} Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) |url=https://ecowas.int/basic-information/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

ECOWAS also serves as a [[peacekeeping]] force in the region, with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in the bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest. In recent years these included interventions in [[First Ivorian Civil War|Ivory Coast in 2003]], [[Second Liberian Civil War|Liberia in 2003]], [[2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état|Guinea-Bissau in 2012]], [[Northern Mali conflict|Mali in 2013]], and [[ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia|The Gambia in 2017]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2020 |title=The 5 previous West African military interventions |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/5-previous-west-african-military-interventions-111050770.html |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128212144/https://www.yahoo.com/news/5-previous-west-african-military-interventions-111050770.html |archive-date=28 November 2020 }}</ref>

===Security Situation===
{{Further|War on terror|Islamist insurgency in the Sahel|Jihadist insurgency in Niger }}

The United States, France, and many other countries and groups have been involved in [[Niger]] because of the [[Islamist insurgency in the Sahel]], which in turn triggered the [[Jihadist insurgency in Niger]] led by [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Islamic State]] and [[Boko Haram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violent Extremism in the Sahel |url=https://cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violent-extremism-sahel |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=Global Conflict Tracker |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2017 |title=Niger and Boko Haram: Beyond Counter-insurgency |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/niger/245-niger-and-boko-haram-beyond-counter-insurgency |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Niger junta revokes military pacts with France |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/niger-junta-amadou-abdramane-revokes-military-agreements-with-france/ |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=étrangères |first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires |title=Terrorism: France's International Action |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/security-disarmament-and-non-proliferation/terrorism-france-s-international-action/ |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=France Diplomacy – Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs |language=en}}</ref> The USA, France, and [[Turkey]] have had bases in the country. In 2022, it became a hub of French anti-terror operations after its departure from [[Mali]] and [[Burkina Faso]] following a series of military coups<ref>{{Cite web |via=facebook.com/FRANCE24.English |date=20 February 2023 |title=French army officially ends operations in Burkina Faso |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230220-french-army-officially-ends-operations-in-burkina-faso |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> and [[anti-French sentiment]] which paved the way for Russian influence and the entry of its private mercenary firm [[Wagner Group]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-french Sentiment in West Africa – A Reflection of the Authoritarian Confrontation With the "Collective West" |url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/anti-french-sentiment-west-africa-reflection-authoritarian-confrontation-collective-west |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=Institut Montaigne |language=en}}</ref> At the same time, it also paved the way for Turkish influence in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/03/16/Mali-s-junta-gets-warplanes-drones-from-Russia-Turkey|title=Mali's junta gets warplanes, drones from Russia, Turkey|work=al-Arabiya |date=16 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/analyses/rise-turkey-africa|title=The Rise of Turkey in Africa|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=9 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://standard.gm/nigers-coup-is-a-deja-vu-and-will-not-be-the-last/</ref>

==Timeline==
=== 29 July ===
The military junta accused [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] in a statement read by Colonel Major [[Amadou Abdramane]] on Tele Sahel of planning to approve "a plan of aggression against Niger through an imminent military intervention in Niamey supported by certain Western countries" and warned of the junta's "strong determination" to defend the country. They claimed that this was the objective of the ECOWAS summit convened for the following day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2023 |title=Sábado, 29 de julio de 2023 (22.00 GMT) NÍGER GOLPE La junta nigerina afirma que la Cedeao quiere aprobar una "intervención militar" en Níger |trans-title=Saturday, July 29, 2023 (2200 GMT) NIGER COUP The Niger junta claims that ECOWAS wants to approve a "military intervention" in Niger |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20230729/9142073/sabado-29-julio-2023-22-00-gmt.html |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref>

The [[African Union]] Peace and Security Council issued an ultimatum that if the soldiers did not "immediately and unconditionally return to their barracks and restore constitutional democracy, within a maximum of fifteen days" that the bloc would be compelled to take "necessary action, including punitive measures against perpetrators".<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pierre |last1=Meilhan |first2=Martin |last2=Goillandeau |first3=Joshua |last3=Berlinger |date=29 July 2023 |title=France and EU cut off financial support to Niger following military coup |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/29/africa/niger-coup-pressure-intl/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

=== 30 July ===
==== ECOWAS ultimatum and sanctions ====
On 30 July, ECOWAS issued the Nigerien military junta with an ultimatum that Bazoum be reinstated as president within one week. In a communiqué read by ECOWAS Commission chairperson, Omar Touray, at the Extraordinary Summit convened in Abuja in response to the coup, they said that if their demands were not met they would "take all measures necessary to restore constitutional order” in Niger and that "such measures may include the use of force".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=Our Foreign |date=30 July 2023 |title=Thousands of pro-Russia protesters march through Niger capital in support of coup |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/07/30/niger-pro-russian-protesters-military-coup-mohamed-bazoum/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Balima |first1=Boureima |last2=Onuah |first2=Felix |date=30 July 2023 |title=West Africa bloc threatens force on Niger coup leaders, French Embassy attacked |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/pro-coup-protests-niger-west-african-leaders-meet-2023-07-30/ |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref> The response from the bloc towards the junta drastically differed from the measures taken with recent coups in [[2021 Malian coup d'état|Mali]], [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|Burkina Faso]], and [[2021 Guinean coup d'état|Guinea]] which did not involve the threat of force for reinstating the overthrown government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2023 |title=French embassy in Niger is attacked as protesters waving Russian flags march through capital |work=The Columbian |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2023/jul/30/french-embassy-in-niger-is-attacked-as-protesters-waving-russian-flags-march-through-capital/}}</ref>

ECOWAS also announced "immediate sanctions" on Niger, including the closure of land and air borders, imposition of a [[no-fly zone]] on all commercial flights to and from Niger and the suspension of all commercial and financial transactions between ECOWAS and Niger.<ref name="Balima"/> The assets of Niger state enterprises were frozen by the ECOWAS Central Bank, leading to the cancellation of a 30 billion CFA francs ($51 million) bond issuance.<ref>{{Cite news |author1= Coulibaly, Loucoumane|author2=Felix, Bate|editor1=Cawthorne, Andrew|editor2=Humphries, Conor |date=31 July 2023 |title=Niger's planned $51 million bond issuance cancelled due to sanctions |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/rates-bonds/nigers-planned-51-mln-bond-issuance-cancelled-due-sanctions-2023-07-31/ |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>

==== Pro-coup demonstrations in Niamey ====
In a march at the request of Tchiani and organized by the [[M62 Movement]], which had previously opposed Bazoum's government and [[Operation Barkhane]] and supported the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], thousands of pro-coup Nigeriens gathered in Niamey's Place de la Concertation, in front of the [[National Assembly (Niger)|National Assembly]], and went to the French Embassy carrying Nigerien and Russian flags, with slogans such as "Down with France, out with Barkhane, we don't care about ECOWAS, the [[European Union]] and the [[African Union]]!", "Arrest the former dignitaries to return the stolen millions.", and "Down with France, long live [[Vladimir Putin|Putin]]!".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Miles de personas participan en Niamey en una marcha en apoyo al golpe de Estado |trans-title=Thousands of people participate in a march in Niamey in support of the coup |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2023/07/30/miles-de-personas-participan-en-niamey-en-una-marcha-en-apoyo-al-golpe-de-estado/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Miles de nigerinos salen a las calles de Niamey para defender a los golpistas entre gritos a favor de Rusia |trans-title=Thousands of Nigeriens take to the streets of Niamey to defend the coup plotters amid chants for Russia |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/agencias/miles-de-nigerinos-salen-a-las-calles-de-niamey-para-defender-a-los-golpistas-entre-gritos-a-favor-nid30072023/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=LA NACION |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=French embassy in Niger is attacked as protesters waving Russian flags march through capital |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-mohamed-bazoum-military-junta-sahel-88ccaa2f004db44601e59475199c5fbe |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=AP News|first=Sam|last=Mednick |language=en}}</ref> The demonstrators also called for an immediate intervention by the [[Wagner Group]].<ref name=":1" /> During the march, the entrances to the French and American embassies were closed.<ref name=":0" /> The French embassy's walls and gates were set ablaze and damaged whilst Nigerien soldiers and General [[Salifou Modi]] were seen on the ground urging the crowds to disperse peacefully.<ref name=":2" /> The crowd left after police fired volleys of tear gas in response.<ref name="Balima">{{Cite news |last1=Balima |first1=Boureima |last2=Onuah |first2=Felix |date=31 July 2023 |title=West Africa threatens force on Niger coup leaders, French embassy attacked |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/pro-coup-protests-niger-west-african-leaders-meet-2023-07-30/ |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref> Images showed people being loaded into ambulances with bloodied legs.<ref name="Balima"/>

In response to the attack on its embassy, the [[French Government]] warned that attacks on its nationals, military personnel, diplomats and interests would lead to an immediate and intractable response.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France warns will retaliate if its interests attacked in Niger |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/10/505706/World/Africa/France-warns-will-retaliate-if-its-interests-attac.aspx |access-date=30 July 2023 |website= |via=Ahram Online |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

===31 July===
On the behest of ECOWAS, [[Chad]]'s president [[Mahamat Déby]] met with Tchiani and Bazoum at the presidential palace in Niamey. The Chadian Presidency released pictures of the meeting, marking Bazoum's first appearance since the coup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2023 |title=Niger coup: Ousted President Mohamed Bazoum meets Chad's leader |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66358951 |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref> Meanwhile, Colonel Abdremane accused Hassoumi Massaoudou, still claiming to be acting leader substituting for Bazoum, of authorizing a French attack on the presidential palace to liberate Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Niger coup makers say ousted govt 'authorised French attack to free Bazoum' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/31/niger-coup-leaders-say-toppled-government-authorised-french-strikes |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> The French Foreign Ministry denied there were any such plans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Niger coup leaders accuse France of plotting military intervention |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/31/niger-coup-leaders-accuse-france-plotting-military-intervention |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

Bazoum's oil minister Mahamane Sani Mahamadou (son of former president [[Mahamadou Issoufou]]), mining minister Ousseini Hadizatou and the head of the [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS]] national executive committee, [[Foumakoye Gado]] were arrested by the military junta. This followed the arrests of Transport Minister Oumarou Malam Alma and former defense minister Kalla Moutari the previous week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Republic Junta Arrests Top Politicians, Ministers As US, Germany, Others Impose Sanctions |url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/08/01/niger-republic-junta-arrests-top-politicians-ministers-us-germany-others-impose |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Balima |first1=Boureima |last2=Mazou |first2=Abdel-Kader |date=1 August 2023 |title=Niger arrests politicians after coup, other juntas voice support |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-junta-says-government-authorised-french-strikes-2023-07-31/ |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>

The [[Central Bank of West African States]] (BCEAO) cancelled a planned 30 billion CFA franc ($51 million) bond issuance by Niger in the West African regional debt market.<ref>{{Cite web |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|title=West African central bank cancels Niger $51m bond issuance due to sanctions |date=27 July 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/31/nigers-planned-51-mln-bond-issuance-cancelled-due-to-sanctions |access-date=27 July 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 1 August ===
The military junta announced that it had reopened Niger's borders with [[Algeria]], Burkina Faso, Mali, [[Libya]], and Chad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Niger reopens borders with several neighbours a week after coup |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-reopens-borders-with-several-neighbours-week-after-coup-2023-08-02/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>

=== 2 August ===
Rolling blackouts were reported across cities in Niger, which the state electricity company Nigelec blamed on Nigeria cutting off supplies. While the [[Transmission Company of Nigeria]] declined to comment, an anonymous source told the BBC that the move followed a directive from President [[Bola Tinubu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Niger power blackouts blamed on coup sanctions |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66383119 |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> The World Bank suspended disbursements to Niger until further notice.<ref name="defiant">{{Cite web |title=Niger coup leader defiant as Nigeria cuts power, ECOWAS threatens force |date=3 August 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/3/niger-coup-leader-defiant-as-nigeria-cuts-power-ecowas-threatens-force |website= [[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=3 August 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Military chiefs of ECOWAS member states met in [[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]] to discuss the situation in Niger.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Ochogwu |date=2 August 2023 |title=West African military chiefs meet in Abuja over Niger coup |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/08/02/west-african-military-chiefs-meet-in-abuja-over-niger-coup/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> At the same time, a confidential military signal was picked up by Inside Nigeria, giving orders to the Nigerian military to name units for a military operation against Niger, mobilize the armed forces and establish a no-fly zone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=afolabi |date=2 August 2023 |title=Coup: Tinubu orders Nigerian Army to ready troops for Niger Republic invasion |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/news/2023/08/02/coup-tinubu-orders-nigerian-army-to-ready-troops-for-niger-republic-invasion/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NEWS PICKS – WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hours later, [[Ivory Coast]] issued a statement in which it supported the ECOWAS sanctions and announced the country's participation in a preparation for a military intervention in Niger.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1686883206543429632|user=descifraguerra|title=El portavoz de la presidencia de Costa de Marfil ha emitido un comunicado condenando el golpe en Níger|author=Descifrando la Guerra|date=2 August 2023|access-date=3 August 2023|language=es|trans-title=The spokesman for the Ivorian presidency has issued a statement condemning the coup in Niger}}</ref>

A delegation of the Nigerien military junta headed by General Salifou Mody traveled to [[Bamako]], [[Mali]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=Niger junta delegation arrives in Mali's Bamako |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/08/02/Niger-junta-delegation-arrives-in-Mali-s-Bamako |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=Al-Arabiya |language=en}}</ref> and then to [[Ouagadougou]], Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Cite web |last=APA-Niamey (Niger) |date=2 August 2023 |title=Niger : un haut responsable du CNSP à Bamako |url=https://fr.apanews.net/now/niger-un-haut-responsable-du-cnsp-a-bamako/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=APAnews – Agence de Presse Africaine |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Speculation arose as to whether they went to ask for the support of the [[Wagner Group]], which has a presence in Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=A Niger coup leader meets with Wagner-allied junta in Mali |url=https://www.news8000.com/news/national-world/a-niger-coup-leader-meets-with-wagner-allied-junta-in-mali/article_988a6b98-fdf5-5cfc-bf84-0f367f7b85c9.html |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=News8000.com |language=en}}</ref>

In a televised address, Tchiani called the sanctions imposed on the country "cynical and iniquitous" and said they were intended to "humiliate" Niger's security forces and make the country "ungovernable". He insisted that his regime would not give in to such threats<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooney |first=Christy |date=3 August 2023 |title=Niger: US announces partial evacuation of embassy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66390918 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website= BBC |language=en}}</ref> and called on citizens to defend the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=2 August 2023 |title=Niger: Niger's military ruler warns against foreign meddling, urges population to defend the country |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/foreign-nationals-evacuate-niger-regional-tensions-rise-101942872 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=ABC |language=en}}</ref>

=== 3 August ===
[[File:General C.G. Musa - 03-08-2023.jpg|thumb|Nigerian Major General [[Christopher Gwabin Musa]] at the extraordinary meeting of the ECOWAS chiefs of defence staff on 3 August 2023.]]
ECOWAS sent another delegation to Niger to negotiate with the junta, this time led by former Nigerian military leader [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] and also including the [[List of sultans of Sokoto|Sultan of Sokoto]], [[Sa'adu Abubakar|Muhammadu Sa'ad Abubakar]], and [[Omar Touray]], president of the ECOWAS Commission.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Okafor |first=Chimaka |date=2 August 2023 |title=Niger Coup: ECOWAS name Abdulsalami, Sultan of Sokoto as envoys to Niger |language=en |work=Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/613835-niger-coup-ecowas-name-abdulsalami-sultan-of-sokoto-as-envoys-to-niger.html |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref> [[Abdel-Fatau Musah]], ECOWAS Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security said that "The military option is the very last option on the table, the last resort, but we have to prepare for the eventuality."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eboh |first=Camillus |date=2 August 2023 |title=West African bloc sends mission to Niger to negotiate with coup leaders |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-reopens-borders-with-several-neighbours-week-after-coup-2023-08-02/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> However, the delegates failed to meet with Tchiani and other junta members and left the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Niger: ECOWAS team leaves without meeting coup leader |url=https://www.dw.com/en/niger-ecowas-team-leaves-without-meeting-coup-leader/a-66438305 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=DW |language=en-US}}</ref>

Another pro-coup demonstration was held in Niamey's Independence Square on the occasion of Niger's 63rd [[Independence Day (Niger)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=Pro-coup protests continue in Niger as Biden urges Bazoum release |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/3/pro-coup-protests-continue-in-niger-as-biden-urges-bazoum-release |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> This time, security forces blocked roads leading to the French and US embassies to prevent attacks and vandalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thousands of pro-coup supporters gather in Niamey to demand withdrawal of French troops from Niger |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/thousands-of-pro-coup-supporters-gather-in-niamey-to-demand-withdrawal-of-french-troops-from-niger/2960838 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>

[[Senegal]]'s foreign minister, [[Aïssata Tall Sall]], and her counterpart in [[Benin]], [[Shegun Adjadi Bakari]], confirmed that their countries would participate in a military intervention in Niger if approved by ECOWAS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewole |first=Segun |date=3 August 2023 |title=Senegal Ready to Deploy Soldiers in Niger, Awaits ECOWAS |url=https://bnn.network/conflict-defence/senegal-ready-to-deploy-soldiers-in-niger-awaits-ecowas/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=BNN Breaking |language=en-US}}</ref>

The military junta blocked [[France 24]] and [[Radio France Internationale]] (RFI) in Niger, as had happened months before in Mali and Burkina Faso. France 24 was followed weekly by a quarter of the Nigerien population and RFI was the most followed international station in the country. [[France Médias Monde]], the owner of both media networks, protested the decision.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=RFI et France 24 s'indignent de la suspension de leur diffusion au Niger |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20230803-rfi-et-france-24-s-indignent-la-suspension-de-leur-diffusion-au-niger |website=France 24 |language=fr |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

The junta also announced Niger's withdrawal from its military agreements with France, notably those allowing French troops to be stationed in the country and regulating the status of military personnel fighting [[Jihadism|Islamist jihad]] on Nigerien soil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d'État au Niger: les putschistes dénoncent des accords militaires conclus avec la France |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/international/afrique/coup-d-etat-au-niger-les-putschistes-denoncent-des-accords-militaires-conclus-avec-la-france_AD-202308030647.html |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=BFMTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a separate announcement, after peace talks failed, it ordered the withdrawal of Niger's ambassadors to France, Nigeria, [[Togo]] and the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coup d'État: les putschistes retirent les ambassadeurs du Niger en France et dans trois autres pays |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/international/afrique/coup-d-etat-les-putschistes-retirent-les-ambassadeurs-du-niger-en-france-et-dans-trois-autres-pays_AD-202308030649.html |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=BFMTV |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugwu |first=Francis |date=4 August 2023 |title=Peace talk fails as Niger Republic cuts ties with Nigeria |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/08/04/peace-talk-fails-as-niger-republic-cuts-ties-with-nigeria/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> In response, France said that it took note of the junta's actions, but proceeded to remind them that the deals were signed between "legitimate" authorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=France: Deals revoked by Niger military were signed with 'legitimate' gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/4/france-deals-revoked-by-niger-military-were-signed-with-legitimate-govt |date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

In an opinion piece published in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Bazoum, calling himself a "hostage", called on the US and the international community to restore constitutional order in Niger, warning that the coup would have devastating domestic and international consequences.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Former Niger president calls for international action to restore constitutional order |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/08/04/Former-Niger-president-calls-for-international-action-t |website=al-Arabiya |language=en-US |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

===4 August===
The junta lifted the curfew it imposed since 26 July.<ref>{{cite web |title=Niger junta lifts curfew in place since coup |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/506019.aspx |date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Al-Ahram]]}}</ref>

President Bola Tinubu requested the [[Senate of Nigeria]] to authorize an intervention in Niger. Images revealed that in recent days Nigerian troops had accumulated on the border with Niger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinubu Writes Senate, Seeks Support for Military Intervention in Niger |url=https://www.nigeriainfo.fm/news/homepage/tinubu-writes-senate-seeks-support-for-military-intervention-in-niger/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=Nigeria Info, Let's Talk! |language=en}}</ref>

A former adviser to Bazoum told CNN that some 130 officials from his government had been arrested since the coup, while many others were in hiding.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Niger's ousted president warns of 'devastating' coup impact, growing Russian influence |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/04/africa/niger-president-mohamed-bazoum-hostage-oped-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

The United States announced that it was suspending "certain foreign assistance programmes benefitting the government of Niger" but clarified that it would not include humanitarian and food assistance, as well as diplomatic and security operations to protect US personnel.<ref>{{cite web |title=US pauses some foreign aid to Niger as it reiterates support for Bazoum |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/5/us-pauses-foreign-assistance-to-niger-as-it-reiterates-support-for-bazoum |date=5 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

Burkina Faso raised the alert level of its [[Burkina Faso Armed Forces|armed forces]] to "state of war".{{better source needed|date=August 2023}}

Jihadists belonging to [[Islamic State]] attacked a convoy of Malian soldiers heading for Niger, leading to 20 casualties.<ref name="mali20">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Mali: soldiers killed in a jihadist ambush near Niger |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/04/mali-soldiers-killed-in-a-jihadist-ambush-near-niger/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref>

===5 August===
Reports emerged that the junta, through General [[Salifou Mody]], had formally asked for assistance from the [[Wagner Group]] during his visit to Mali.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2023 |title=Niger's military rulers ask for help from Russian group Wagner |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/5/nigers-military-rulers-ask-for-help-from-russian-group-wagner |website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

After meeting with Bazoum's Prime Minister [[Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou]] in Paris, French Foreign Minister [[Catherine Colonna]] announced the country's support for an ECOWAS intervention in Niger, without specifying whether it would provide military support.<ref>{{cite web |title=France supports ECOWAS intervention in Niger, foreign minister says |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20230805-france-supports-ecowas-intervention-in-niger-foreign-minister-says |date=5 August 2023 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>

The Nigerian Senate rejected President Tinubu's request to authorize military intervention in Niger, instead urging him to resolve the crisis by more diplomatic means and to "tread with caution".<ref>{{cite web |last=Umoru |first=Henry |date=5 August 2023 |title=Niger coup: Senate rejects military action, cautions ECOWAS, Tinubu |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/niger-coup-senate-rejects-military-action-cautions-ecowas-tinubu/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> However, the [[Constitution of Nigeria]] still permits the President to deploy troops abroad without Senate approval if the President believes the national security is under "imminent threat or danger". A group of senators representing regions near or bordering Niger stated their opposition to military intervention.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malplat |first1=Camille |last2=Abubakar |first2=Aminu |date=5 August 2023 |title=Opposition Mounts In Nigeria Over Possible Niger Intervention |work=[[Barron's]] |publication-place= |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/opposition-mounts-in-nigeria-over-possible-niger-intervention-f6b63c87 |access-date=}}</ref>

[[Chad]] announced that it would not participate in an ECOWAS-led military intervention against the junta.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 August 2023 |title=Chad will not intervene in Niger coup, defense minister says |url=https://tvpworld.com/71785250/chad-will-not-intervene-in-niger-coup-defense-minister-says |access-date= |website=[[Telewizja Polska]] |language=en}}</ref>

===6 August===
The one-week deadline for the military junta to hand power back to Bazoum or face military intervention expired without ECOWAS carrying out its threat.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawal |first=SB |title=Niger coup: Divisions as ECOWAS military threat fails to play out |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/6/niger-coup-divisions-as-ecowas-military-threat-fails-to-play-out |date=6 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref>

In Niamey, around 30,000 people joined a pro-junta demonstration at [[Stade Général Seyni Kountché]] that was also attended by junta member General Mohamed Toumba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thousands in Niger rally in support of coup leaders |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/6/thousands-in-niger-rally-in-support-of-coup-leaders |date=6 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref>

Algerian president [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] expressed his opposition to any military intervention, stating that such actions could "ignite the whole [[Sahel]] region".<ref>{{cite news |date=5 August 2023|author=Abd-Alaziz, Moaz|editor=Gregorio, David |title=Algeria opposes military intervention in Niger, Ennahar TV reports |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algeria-opposes-military-intervention-niger-tv-citing-president-2023-08-05/ |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref>

The junta gave France 30 days to vacate Niger, in accordance with the 1977 Agreement of Technical Military Cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogochukwu |first1=Isioma |title=Niger Coup Leaders give France 30 Days to Vacate the Country |url=https://metrowatchonline.com/breaking-niger-coup-leaders-give-france-30-days-to-vacate-the-country-metrowatch/ |work=Metro Watch |date=6 August 2023}}</ref>

The junta closed the country's airspace again, citing the threat of military intervention, with spokesman Colonel Abdremane claiming that there had been a pre-deployment of forces in two Central African countries, whom he did not identify.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger closes airspace as ECOWAS deadline for coup reversal expires |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/7/niger-closes-airspace-as-ecowas-deadline-for-coup-reversal-expires |date=6 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> It also accused a "foreign power" of preparing "an attack" on the country in coordination with ECOWAS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2023 |title=Niger coup leaders accuse "foreign power" of preparing to attack |url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/niger-coup-leaders-accuse-foreign-power-of-preparing-to-attack/ |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=La Prensa Latina Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Nigerien military began bringing in reinforcements to Niamey in anticipation of an invasion, with a convoy of about 40 pick-up trucks arriving at nightfall.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Saley |first1=Omar |last2=Goillandeau |first2=Martin |last3=Berlinger |first3=Joshua |title=Niger military deploys reinforcements to capital after ignoring deadline to cede power |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/07/africa/niger-coup-deadline-intl/index.html |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=CNN |date=7 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===7 August===
Italian foreign minister [[Antonio Tajani]] called on ECOWAS to extend the ultimatum's deadline.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title=Italy calls on West African states (ECOWAS) to extend Niger ultimatum |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/italy-calls-west-african-states-ecowas-extend-niger-ultimatum-2023-08-07/ |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

Mali and Burkina Faso announced plans to send delegations to Niger to "express solidarity" with the junta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66424858 |last1=Armstrong |first1=Kathryn |last2=Orjinmo |first2=Nduke |title=Niger coup: Junta shuts airspace citing military intervention threat |date=7 August 2023 |work=BBC}}</ref>

[[Simon Ekpa]], the [[Finland]]-based head of a self-proclaimed [[Biafra]]n government in exile, said it would support the Nigerien junta and its allies in the event of an ECOWAS intervention.<ref name="biafra">{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Ochogwu |date=7 August 2023 |title=Coup: Biafra will back you if Nigerian military intervenes – Simon Ekpa assures Niger, Mali |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/08/07/coup-biafra-will-back-you-if-nigerian-military-intervenes-simon-ekpa-assures-niger-mali/ |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=Daily Post Nigeria}}</ref>

ECOWAS announced plans to hold a summit on 10 August to discuss their next steps in the situation in Niger.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mazou |first1=Abdel-Kader |last2=Balima |first2=Boureima |date=7 August 2023 |title=West African leaders to meet on Niger after junta defies deadline |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-waits-west-african-blocs-response-after-junta-rejects-ultimatum-2023-08-07/ |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

Acting US deputy secretary of state [[Victoria Nuland]] met with junta member and military chief of staff General [[Moussa Salaou Barmou]] in Niamey for two hours to offer US help to restore the constitutional government, but indicated that the junta did not accept the idea, adding that the conversations were "extremely frank and at times quite difficult". The junta also did not allow her to meet with Bazoum and described him as under "virtual house arrest".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Armstrong |first1=Kathryn |last2=Orjinmo |first2=Nduka |date=8 August 2023 |title=Niger coup: US envoy holds 'difficult' talks with junta |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66424858 |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1= Mednick|first1=Sam|last2=Knickmeyer|first2=Ellen|date=7 August 2023 |title=Niger coup leaders refuse to let senior US diplomat meet with nation's president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-extremism-west-africa-ecowas-6cc3fa0b61adc6d9bcb2fb9745c4dcdf |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

The junta appointed economist [[Ali Lamine Zeine]] as the new prime minister. Zeine had served as finance minister until 2010, and later worked at the [[African Development Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title=Ali Mahaman Lamine Zeine: Putschisten in Niger benennen Ministerpräsidenten - WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article246794256/Ali-Mahaman-Lamine-Zeine-Putschisten-in-Niger-benennen-Ministerpraesidenten.html |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=DIE WELT |language=de |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>

=== 8 August ===

A joint delegation composed of officials from ECOWAS, the [[United Nations]], and the AU attempted to hold talks with the junta, but were denied entry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title=[Exclusif] Au Niger, la junte refuse de recevoir la mission de la Cedeao – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1471543/politique/exclusif-au-niger-la-junte-refuse-de-recevoir-les-missions-de-mediation/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> In response, Nigeria announced additional sanctions aimed at individuals involved in the coup through the [[Central Bank of Nigeria|Nigerian Central Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Balima |first1=Boureima |last2=Mazou |first2=Abdel-Kader |date=8 August 2023 |title=Niger hit with more sanctions as junta rebuffs latest diplomatic mission |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-coup-hopes-mediation-before-west-african-blocs-thursday-summit-2023-08-08/ |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

An unnamed Nigerian government official stated that Nigeria can provide more than half of the 25,000 troops for an invasion of Niger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title=AU, UN, ECOWAS delegation head to Niger for talks — Reports |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/au-un-ecowas-delegation-head-to-niger-for-talks-reports/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=Vanguard}}</ref>

US Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] said Washington supported West African efforts to restore constitutional order in Niger. In a separate interview with the BBC, Blinken also said that while the US did not believe the Nigerien coup was instigated by Russia or Wagner, they had tried to take advantage of it, warning that adverse consequences would follow in the wake of Wagner's entry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Niger Coup: Wagner Taking Advantage Of Instability - Antony Blinken |url=https://peacefmonline.com/pages/foreign/news/202308/491473.php |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Adeoye |first1=Aanu |last2=Schwartz |first2=Felicia |date=8 August 2023 |title=Blinken backs West African efforts to restore Niger's constitutional order |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0a8fee1b-4848-4bc1-b64b-28cac6592798 |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

=== 9 August ===
US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that he had spoken to Bazoum, demanding his release from detention and expressing support for a "peaceful resolution" to the crisis in Niger.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2023 |title=Blinken reiterates calls for release of Niger President Bazoum |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/niger-security-usa-blinken-idAFFWN39Q0B4 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

[[Rhissa Ag Boula]], former leader of the rebel group [[Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak]] (FLAA) that participated in two rebellions by the [[Tuareg people]] in the [[Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)|1990s]] and the [[Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)|2000s]] accused the junta of orchestrating a "tragedy" and announced the formation of a [[Council of Resistance for the Republic]] (CRR), which aimed to topple the junta and restore Bazoum to office. He also said that it supported international intervention by ECOWAS and other actors in doing so. Another CRR member said several Nigerien political figures had joined the group but refused to come out publicly for safety reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2023 |title=Former Niger rebel launches anti-coup movement as impasse continues |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/9/former-niger-rebel-launches-anti-coup-movement-as-impasse-continues |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

The junta arrested the son of Niger's ambassador to France, [[Aïchatou Boulama Kané]], who was also dismissed by the new junta.<ref name=lemondeeng>{{cite news |first=Morgane|last=La Cam |title=Niger: Concerns over fate of overthrown president and his family |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/08/12/niger-concerns-over-fate-of-overthrown-president-and-his-family_6090620_124.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |date=2023-08-12 |access-date=2023-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812163415/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/08/12/niger-concerns-over-fate-of-overthrown-president-and-his-family_6090620_124.html |archive-date=2023-08-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A statement from Bazoum's political party, [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism|PNDS-Tarayya]] said that he and his family had been without both electricity and running water for a week, and had only dried and canned foods left to eat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=Niger's ousted president 'running low on food' under house arrest after coup |url=https://www.halsteadgazette.co.uk/news/national/23711703.nigers-ousted-president-running-low-food-house-arrest-coup/ |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Halstead Gazette |language=en}}</ref>

The foreign ministers of Mali and Burkina Faso issued a joint letter to the UN and the AU, calling for the UN Security Council and the AU Peace and Security Council to prevent any military action against Niger.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 August 2023 |title=Mali, Burkina Faso call on UN to prevent armed intervention in Niger |url=https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/mali-burkina-faso-call-on-un-to-prevent-armed-intervention-i |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Al Mayadeen English |language=en-EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugwu |first=Francis |date=9 August 2023 |title=Niger's junta refuses entry to negotiators, as Mali, Burkina Faso write UN |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/08/09/nigers-junta-refuses-entry-to-negotiators-as-mali-burkina-faso-write-un/ |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref>

The junta accused France of releasing 16 "terrorist elements" who later launched an attack on a unit of the National Guard in [[Bourkou Bourkou]], {{Convert|30|km|mi}} from the [[Samira Hill Gold Mine]] in the [[Tillabéri Region]]. It also accused France of sending a military aircraft to violate Nigerien airspace as part of a broader plan to destabilise the country. The French Foreign Ministry denied the claims and the veracity of the attack, while insisting that the plane's entry were part of an earlier agreement with Nigerien forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=Niger coup leaders accuse French forces of destabilising the country |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/9/niger-coup-leaders-accuse-french-forces-of-destabilising-the-country |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi]], former [[List of rulers of Kano|Emir of Kano]] and Governor of the [[Central Bank of Nigeria]] who is also a revered [[Sufi]] Islamic spiritual leader in the region, visited Niger and met with Tchiani. No details of their discussion were immediately available.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=Niger: Former Nigerian emir of Kano meets the putschists |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/10/niger-former-nigerian-emir-of-kano-meets-the-putschists// |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=africanews |language=en-US}}</ref>

Another meeting between the joint ECOWAS, UN and EU mission with the junta was postponed after the latter said it was not the right time to meet them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=Niger's coup leader General Tchiani: The ex-UN peacekeeper who seized power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66430115 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=BBC|language=en-UK}}</ref>

===10 August===
The junta declared a new government, naming 21 ministers led by Prime Minister [[Ali Lamine Zeine|Ali Mahaman Lamine Zeine]] in an announcement on state television by “secretary-general of the government” [[Mahamane Roufai Laouali]]. Three generals who were members of the CNSP were named to head the interior, defense and sports ministries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger military names 21-person cabinet ahead of key West African summit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/10/niger-military-names-21-person-cabinet-ahead-of-west-african-summit |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref>

==== ECOWAS summit ====
ECOWAS opened its second emergency meeting in [[Abuja]] regarding the situation in Niger, with Nigerian president Bola Tinubu reiterating in his opening address that the bloc would assess solutions to the situation and called the coup a "threat" to West Africa. It was unclear if there were any representatives from Burkina Faso, Guinea or Niger. However, [[Mauritania]]n president [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]], whose country left ECOWAS in 2000, and [[Burundi]]an president [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] also attended.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger military names 21-person cabinet ahead of key West African summit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/10/ecowas-summit-begins-in-nigeria-as-niger-coup-leaders-remain-defiant |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> Following the summit, ECOWAS ordered the immediate activation of its standby military force with the purpose of restoring constitutional order in Niger.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=ECOWAS says 'no option taken off table' as emergency summit on Niger closes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230810-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-important-decisions-expected-at-ecowas-summit-on-niger |website=France 24 |date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=Breaking: ECOWAS orders immediate standby force against Niger junta |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/breaking-ecowas-orders-immediate-standby-military-force-against-niger-junta/ |work=Vanguard News |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=[Video] ECOWAS deploys standby force to restore constitutional order in NIger |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/video-ecowas-deploys-standby-force-to-restore-constitutional-order-in-niger/ |work=Vanguard News |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web|title=ECOWAS leaders say all options open in Niger, including 'use of force' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/10/ecowas-summit-begins-in-nigeria-as-niger-coup-leaders-remain-defiant |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/north-africa/2023/08/11/ECOWAS-approves-military-intervention-in-Niger |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref>

=== 11 August ===
The junta threatened to kill Bazoum if ECOWAS were to launch an intervention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2023 |title=Niger's junta threatens to kill detained president Mohamed Bazoum if ECOWAS interferes by force |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/08/11/niger-junta-threatens-to-kill-bazoum-over-planned-military-intervention-report/ |url-status=live |website=channelstv}}</ref>

Thousands of junta supporters protested near a French military base on the outskirts of Niamey chanting anti-French slogans and waving Russian flags.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2023 |title=Thousands protest in support of coup leader near French military base in Niger |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/thousands-protest-in-support-of-coup-leader-near-french-military-base-in-niger/2966158 |url-status=live |website=Anadolu Ajansi}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', Bazoum's daughter said she had remained in near-daily phone contact with detained members of her family from Paris, and added that they had been losing weight under deteriorating health conditions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salih |first=Zeinab Mohammed |date=2023-08-11 |title=Niger's captive leader losing weight in inhumane conditions, daughter says |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/11/niger-captive-leader-losing-weight-in-inhumane-conditions-daughter-reveals-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=2023-08-11 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Ivorian president [[Alassane Ouattara]] said an intervention would take place as soon as possible.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=ECOWAS military intervention could explode into 'regional conflict' & 'push Niger closer to Russia' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20230811-ecowas-military-intervention-could-explode-into-regional-conflict-push-niger-closer-to-russia |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken voiced support for ECOWAS without explicitly backing a military intervention. Blinken also reiterated that the United States would hold the junta accountable for the safety of Bazoum, his family, and other detained members of his government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibitoye |first=Jide |date=2023-08-11 |title=Blinken Says US Backs ECOWAS Efforts On Niger |url=https://von.gov.ng/blinken-says-us-backs-ecowas-efforts-on-niger/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Russia]] warned ECOWAS against military intervention, claiming that it would result in a "protracted confrontation" and destabilize the [[Sahel]] region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title=Niger coup: Russia warns Ecowas not to take military action |language= |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66478430 |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>

A Nigerian government source said the junta met with two envoys of President Tinubu in Niamey, but did not reveal the details of their discussion.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Breaking news from AFRICA, Maghreb and Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

ECOWAS suspended a key military meeting to inform the organization's leaders about “the best options” for activating and deploying the standby force citing "technical concerns."<ref>{{cite news |title=Niger coup: West African countries suspend key military meeting on 'standby' force |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/12/niger-coup-west-african-countries-suspend-key-military-meeting-on-standby-force |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 August 2023 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

ECOWAS member state [[Cape Verde]] announced that it was against military intervention, saying that the country was unlikely to participate in such a campaign, and stressed that the block should seek a diplomatic resolution to the crisis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onuah |first1=Felix |title=West Africa in another bid to engage with Niger coup leaders |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-regional-group-weighs-next-steps-niger-2023-08-12/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=9:36pm: Cape Verde president says he opposes military intervention in Niger |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230810-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-us-backs-ecowas-efforts-to-restore-order-in-niger |website=[[France 24]] |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref>

=== 12 August ===
Niger's ambassador in Washington, Mamadou Kiari Liman-Tinguiri, called on the United States and other allies of Bazoum to stage a "rescue mission" to save his life, claiming that the junta was starving him to death.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knickmeyer |first1=Ellen |last2=Brown |first2=Tracy |title=Allies of Niger president overthrown by military are appealing to the US and others: Save his life |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-mohamed-bazoum-starve-united-states-8b268a4e9167c0979647dfb799060e1a |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=[[Associated Press]]|date=12 August 2023 }}</ref>

A junta delegation led by General Moussa Salaou Barmou met with [[Guinea]]n military leader [[Mamady Doumbouya]] in [[Conakry]], who reiterated his junta's solidarity with Niger's.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigerian delegation says Niger military leaders open to diplomacy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/13/nigerian-delegation-says-niger-military-leaders-open-to-diplomacy |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=[[Aljazeera]]}}</ref>

Insa Garba Saidou, a local pro-junta activist from Niamey in direct contact with the military government, stated that the junta would not enter negotiations with ECOWAS unless it was recognized as the legitimate government of Niger.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MEDNICK |first1=SAM |title=Activist in Niger with ties to junta tells the AP region needs to 'accept new regime' or risk war |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/activist-niger-ties-junta-tells-ap-region-accept-102219503 |website=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

Another demonstration was held in Niamey by thousands of junta supporters against ECOWAS and military intervention into the country.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bittermann |first1=Jim |title=Supporters of Niger's coup protest against regional bloc that wants return to democracy |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/08/12/exp-niger-coup-protest-bitterman-live-081204aseg2-cnni-world.cnn |website=[[CNN]] |date=12 August 2023 |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

The junta said that local religious leaders met with the military government seeking to mediate between it and ECOWAS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria Religious Chiefs In Niamey To Meet Niger Military Leaders: Regime Source |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/nigeria-religious-chiefs-in-niamey-to-meet-niger-military-leaders-regime-source-6bfe874d?refsec=topics_afp-news |website=[[Barron's]] |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

[[Burkina Faso]] suspended the Omega media group, a radio station owned and operated by former foreign minister [[Alpha Barry]], for airing an "insulting" interview with Nigerien pro-Bazoum spokesman Ousmane Abdoul Moumouni, which criticized the junta and supported Bazoum's restoration. The government claimed the interview "clearly” campaigned for “violence and war against the sovereign people of Niger."<ref>{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso Junta Suspends Radio Station Over Niger Criticism |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/burkina-faso-junta-suspends-radio-station-over-niger-criticism-/7222275.html |website=[[Voice of America]] |date=11 August 2023 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

ECOWAS announced plans to send a delegation to Niamey to enter negotiations with the junta on the prospect of a peaceful restoration of Bazoum as president.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onuah |first1=Felix |last2=McAllister |first2=Edward |title=West Africa's ECOWAS parliament in new bid to engage with Niger coup leaders |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-regional-group-weighs-next-steps-niger-2023-08-12/ |website=[[Reuters]] |date=12 August 2023 |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

Due to his deteriorating health, Bazoum was visited by a physician, who gave him and his family food.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Habib |first1=Gift |title=Ousted Niger President Bazoum visited by his doctor |url=https://punchng.com/ousted-niger-president-bazoum-visited-by-his-doctor/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=12 August 2023 |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

=== 13 August ===
A Nigerian-sponsored delegation said the junta was open to diplomacy to resolve the standoff with ECOWAS.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onuah |first1=Felix |last2=Samb |first2=Sali |title=Nigerian delegation says Niger junta is open to diplomacy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-africa-bloc-seeks-ways-engage-with-niger-junta-2023-08-13/ |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=Reuters |date=13 August 2023}}</ref>

The junta announced that it would prosecute Bazoum for "high treason" and "undermining the country's security".<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Niger military regime says will 'prosecute' president Bazoum for 'high treason' |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/08/14/Niger-military-regime-says-will-prosecute-president-Bazoum-for-high-treason- |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=al-Arabiya|date=13 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Adeoye |first=Aanu |date=2023-08-14 |title=Niger junta threatens treason charge against ousted president Mohamed Bazoum |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c8fae0de-6555-4022-8226-a529b6ff7a33 |access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref>

=== 14 August ===
The AU [[Peace and Security Council]] convened at its headquarters situated in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] with the purpose of receiving a comprehensive update regarding the unfolding events in Niger, along with the concerted endeavors undertaken to effectively address and manage the prevailing situation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=AU holds meeting to address Niger coup |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/au-holds-meeting-to-address-niger-coup/5c0e20p |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref>

The United States and United Nations expressed their concerns over the junta's intention to prosecute former President Bazoum. The U.S. said it believed that it would escalate tensions and hinder the chances of a peaceful resolution to the crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US: Bazoum's trial won't contribute to peace in Niger |url=https://apa.az/en/america/us-bazoums-trial-wont-contribute-to-peace-in-niger-409615 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Apa.az |language=en}}</ref> UN spokesperson [[Stéphane Dujarric|Stephane Dujarric]] said that the plans were “very worrying”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=US, UN express worry over Niger junta plan to charge President Bazoum with treason |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/08/14/UN-says-Niger-junta-plan-to-charge-president-is-very-worrying- |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nova |first=Redazione Agenzia |date=2023-08-14 |title=Niger, the US warns the coup leaders: "Dismayed by the threat of legal action against Bazoum" |url=https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/niger-usa-warn-coup-plotters-dismayed-by-threat-of-lawsuits-against-bazoum/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Agenzia Nova |language=en}}</ref> ECOWAS called it "provocational", stating that the junta contradicted their earlier willingness on negotiations and dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AriseNews |date=2023-08-14 |title=ECOWAS Accuses Niger Junta of Provocation |url=https://www.arise.tv/ecowas-accuses-niger-junta-of-provocation/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Arise News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Military-installed Prime Minister Zeine characterized the sanctions imposed on the junta by ECOWAS as an "unfair challenge". Nonetheless, he conveyed optimism regarding the country's capacity to overcome these challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2023-08-14 |title=Niger will overcome ECOWAS sanctions, says new prime minister |url=https://gazettengr.com/niger-will-overcome-ecowas-sanctions-says-new-prime-minister/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Peoples Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 15 August ===
Prime Minister Zeine visited [[Chad]] and met with President [[Mahamat Déby]] and prime minister [[Saleh Kebzabo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=🔴 Live: Chad president welcomes Niger's junta-appointed prime minister |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230815-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-west-africa-military-chiefs-to-discuss-niger-crisis-this-week |website=[[France 24]] |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> Upon his return, Zeine announced that the junta "insisted on the need for the country to be independent" and called for dialogue with all actors, namely with Russia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onuah |first1=Felix |title=Niger junta says open to talks as Putin, US stress peace |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/malis-president-says-he-had-call-with-putin-about-niger-coup-2023-08-15/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

In a phone call with the leader of the Malian junta, [[Assimi Goïta]], Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] reiterated the use of “exclusively peaceful political and diplomatic means,” to resolve the Niger crisis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gretener |first1=Jessie |last2=Pavlova |first2=Uliana |last3=Mendonca |first3=Duarte |title=Putin stresses need for ‘peaceful resolution’ in Niger coup in call with Mali leader |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/15/africa/putin-addresses-niger-coup-intl/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

[[United States Department of Defense|Pentagon]] spokeswoman [[Sabrina Singh]] insisted that the situation in Niger "looks like an attempted coup", reflecting the United States’ continued refusal to call the events in Niger a [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Sabrina |title=Pentagon: Situation in Niger "Looks Like An Attempted Coup" |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?c5081516/pentagon-situation-niger-looks-attempted-coup |website=[[C-SPAN]] |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

Residents of Niamey began preparations for a voluntary mass recruitment of citizens over the age of 18 to assist the military in case of an invasion. Organizers said that the process will begin on 19 August, especially on the borders with Benin and Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mednick |first1=Sam |title=Nigeriens call for mass recruitment of volunteers as the junta faces possible regional invasion |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-jihadis-bazoum-ecowas-junta-army-18656da0973ab4a04bd054363eb1ec4a |access-date=16 August 2023 |work=AP NEWS |date=16 August 2023}}</ref>

Niger's defence ministry reported that armed groups launched an assault on an army detachment near Koutougou near the Malian and Burkina Faso border that killed at least 17 Nigerien soldiers and injured 20. The military claimed to have "neutralized" 100 militants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More than a dozen Niger soldiers killed in attack near Mali border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/16/more-than-a-dozen-niger-troops-killed-in-attack-near-mali-border |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> ECOWAS condemned the attack and sent condolences to the affected families.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Gift |date=2023-08-16 |title=ECOWAS condemns killings of soldiers in Niger Republic |url=https://punchng.com/ecowas-condemns-killings-of-soldiers-in-niger-republic/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref>

Germany called on the junta to release Bazoum and restore constitutional order. The UN said it would send mediators to Niamey for peace talks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinubu: We’re Working Not to Compound Niger’s Crisis - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/16/tinubu-were-working-not-to-compound-nigers-crisis?amp=1 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref>

=== 16 August ===
The junta recalled Niger's ambassador to [[Ivory Coast]] in response to President [[Alassane Ouattara]]'s declaration of support for armed intervention against the junta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-08-16 |title=Niger: Junta recalls Ivorian envoy over president’s backing of military intervention |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/niger-junta-recalls-ivorian-envoy-over-presidents-backing-of-military-intervention/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Guardian Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 17 August ===
ECOWAS military chiefs convened a two-day meeting in Accra, Ghana to discuss a possible military intervention against the junta. The bloc stated that all its member states except for those under military rule and Cabo Verde were ready to participate in the standby force to restore Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most of West Africa ready to join standby force in Niger: ECOWAS |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/17/most-ecowas-members-ready-to-join-standby-force-in-niger-commissioner |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> ECOWAS stands ready to intervene militarily in Niger should diplomatic efforts to reverse the coup fail.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adombila |first=Maxwell Akalaare |last2=Balima |first2=Boureima |date=2023-08-17 |title=West African bloc says 'we are going into Niger' if all else fails |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-army-chiefs-meet-niger-talks-2023-08-17/ |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref>

[[Germany|German]] Foreign Minister [[Annalena Baerbock]] called on the EU to impose sanctions on the junta after holding talks with AU Chairperson [[Moussa Faki Mahamat]], U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and other stakeholders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-17 |title=Germany backs EU sanctions against Niger military junta - foreign ministry |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-security-germany-idAFKBN2ZS0VW |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref>

United States Major General [[J. Marcus Hicks]], former commander of [[Special Operations Command Africa]], stated in an interview with ''CNN'' that the United States is looking for ways to maintain its military presence in Niger regardless of the government in charge, hence why the Pentagon and White House have been against calling the actions in Niger a coup. The US military wishes to keep its military and drone bases in Niger should the junta prevail as "Niger is our access to the Sahel."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bertrand |first1=Natasha |last2=Liebermann |first2=Oren |title=Biden administration searching for ways to keep US forces in Niger to continue anti-terror operations despite overthrowing of government |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/17/politics/niger-biden-administration-us-forces/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>

The [[Episcopal Conference of Togo]], a meeting of the major [[Roman Catholic]] Bishops in West Africa, announced that they are opposed to a military intervention, and call on both sides, ECOWAS and the junta, to enter diplomatic talks. Stating that an intervention would only destabilize the region and possibly lead to a slow and long war, the conference concluded "Let us not add to the plight of the Nigerien people."<ref>{{cite web |title=West Africa’s Church leaders voice opposition to military intervention in Niger |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2023-08/west-africa-superiors-against-military-intervention-in-niger.html |website=[[Vatican News]] |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>

== Evacuation of foreign nationals ==
On 1 August, the [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|French foreign ministry]] announced that it was preparing to evacuate its citizens and that of other European nationals starting that day, citing the unrest in Niamey, the attack on its embassy, and the closure of Niger's airspace.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rose |first1=Michel |last2=Kar-Gupta |first2=Sudip |date=1 August 2023 |title=France will start evacuation of French, EU citizens from Niger on Tuesday |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/france-start-evacuation-operations-niger-soon-report-french-media-2023-08-01/ |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref> France evacuated four [[Romania]]n citizens.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/romani-evacuati-niger-mae-4623008|title=Patru români au fost evacuați din Niger, unde a avut loc o lovitură de stat. Alți 20 se află în țara africană, în misiuni UE|first1=Sebastian|last1=Pricop|first2=Cristian|last2=Otopeanu|newspaper=[[Libertatea]]|date=2 August 2023|language=ro}}</ref>

The Spanish Defense Ministry said it would evacuate more than 70 [[Spaniards|Spanish]] nationals in Niger by air.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Latona |first1=David |last2=Carreño |first2=Belén |date=1 August 2023 |title=Spain to evacuate more than 70 citizens from Niger |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-evacuate-more-than-70-citizens-niger-2023-08-01/ |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref> The fifth Romanian citizen evacuated from Niger was also evacuated by Spain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/international/mae-a-realizat-demersurile-necesare-pentru-evacuarea-celui-de-al-cincelea-cetatean-roman-din-niger.html|title=MAE a realizat demersurile necesare pentru evacuarea celui de-al cincelea cetățean român din Niger|first=Ioana|last=Andreescu|publisher=[[Pro TV]]|date=4 August 2023|language=ro}}</ref>

On 2 August, the first evacuation flights were carried out. An [[Italians|Italian]] military plane carried 87 evacuees from Niger and landed in [[Rome]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Denti |first1=Antonio |last2=Casilli |first2=Remo |date=2 August 2023 |title=Italian plane with 87 evacuees from Niger arrives in Rome |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/italian-plane-with-87-evacuees-niger-arrives-rome-2023-08-02/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> while 262 evacuees arrived on a French evacuation flight in [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ewokor |first1=Chris |last2=Mackintosh |first2=Thomas |date=2 August 2023 |title=Niger coup: Evacuated European nationals arrive in Paris and Rome |language=en |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66370002 |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> In total, 1,079 people were evacuated by France.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=France Says Niger Evacuation Ends With 1,079 Flown Out |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/france-says-niger-evacuation-ends-with-1-079-flown-out-cb60c0d5 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-03 |title=France ends evacuation operation in Niger |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/08/03/France-ends-evacuation-operation-in-Niger |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2023 |title=France completes Niger evacuations, asks junta to 'fully guarantee' embassy safety|language=en |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/08/03/france-asks-niger-to-fully-guarantee-embassy-safety_6078296_124.html |access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] ordered the evacuation of non-emergency government personnel and eligible family members from its Embassy, which would remain open for "limited, emergency services to U.S. citizens."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Winsor |first1=Morgan |last2=Crawford |first2=Sharon |last3= El Hammar-Castano |first3=Aicha |last4=Ogao |first4= Emma |date=3 August 2023 |title=US orders partial departure of US embassy in Niger as political unrest escalates |language=en |work=ABC|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-narrow-opportunity-restore-democratic-order-niger-coup/story?id=101891282 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref> The United Kingdom also ordered a reduction of staff at its embassy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2023 |title=Niger coup: UK reduces number of staff at embassy in face of unrest after military takeover |language=en |work=Sky News|url=https://news.sky.com/story/niger-coup-uk-reduces-number-of-staff-at-embassy-after-military-takeover-12932788 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

In response to the evacuations, the [[M62 Movement]] called for a peaceful blockade of [[Niamey International Airport]] until "foreign military forces left the country".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=2 August 2023 |title=African bloc to meet to discuss Niger coup as evacuations continue |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/02/african-bloc-to-meet-to-discuss-niger-coup-as-evacuations-continue |access-date=2 August 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Misinformation ==
False claims have been shared online exacerbating tensions brought by the crisis.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Post falsely presents Algeria's position on Niger crisis |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33QM4EK |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Fact Check |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Fact check: Coup in Niger sparks fake news – DW – 08/03/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-coup-in-niger-sparks-fake-news/a-66421191 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

* There is no evidence of Wagner Group mercenaries being deployed in Niger. Despite this, several media outlets and social media users falsely claimed that Wagner forces were supposedly deployed to Niamey, through a misidentified video of a [[Russian Air Force]] [[Ilyushin Il-76]] landing in what they claimed to be in Niamey International Airport. However, fact-checkers from the [[BBC]] later identified this video as footage from 2006 recorded in [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-09 |title=Niger coup: Fact-checking misinformation spreading online |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66406517 |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref> Old video footage of Wagner mercenaries in Africa and Ukraine have also been used to falsely claim that the group was in Niger.<ref name=":9" />
* False claims started circulating that the Nigerien junta ordered the military to detain European nationals. It was claimed that this was done to persuade Western nations to pull their military troops out of Niger. The claim appears to be based on a demand made by the anti-French and pro-junta M62 movement for the hostage-taking of European citizens until foreign forces withdraw. However, the group does not speak for the junta, as junta leader Tchiani stated that French nationals "have never been the object of the slightest threat" and had nothing to fear.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chrisafis |first1=Angelique |last2=O'Carroll |first2=Lisa |last3=Beaumont |first3=Peter |date=2023-08-01 |title=France begins evacuating its citizens and other Europeans from Niger |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/01/niger-coup-france-evacuate-european-citizens |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* False claims posted online suggested that the junta had "with immediate effect, banned the export of uranium to France". There is no evidence that the junta had done so.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Niger coup: France's Orano confirms nuclear uranium supplies not at risk |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/niger-coup-frances-orano-confirms-nuclear-uranium-supplies-not-at-risk/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A similar claim was made that [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Mali]] were also banning the export of uranium, despite neither country having any active uranium mines. Additionally, false claims that Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso were banning all gold exports were widely circulated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fact Check-Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso not halting exports of uranium and gold |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/fact-check-niger-mali-and-burkina-faso-n/fact-check-niger-mali-and-burkina-faso-not-halting-exports-of-uranium-and-gold-idUSL8N39J4N2 |website=[[Reuters]] |date=2 August 2023 |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>
* There have been claims made about Algeria, speculating that it would back the junta in the event of a foreign invasion, according to "Algerian news outlets". Although Algeria has stated that it opposes military action, it has not explicitly stated that should such action be taken, it would support the junta.<ref name=":9" /> Although Algerian President [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] officially condemned the coup, he has also condemned military action against the junta and offered to mediate with it, and stated that an intervention would likely be a repeat of the [[Libyan Crisis (2011–present)|situation in Libya]].<ref name ="post Algeria">{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Claire |title=Heed lessons of Libya, Algerian foreign minister says after Niger coup |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/15/niger-volatile-algeria-foreign-minister-ahmed-attaf-interview/ |website=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bobin |first1=Frédéric |title=Algeria seeks to mediate in Niger crisis |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/08/09/algeria-seeks-to-mediate-in-niger-crisis_6086454_124.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[Coup Belt]]
* [[2020 Malian coup d'état]]
* [[2021 Malian coup d'état]]
* [[2021 Guinean coup d'état]]
* [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état]]
* [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état]]
* [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigerien crisis, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 in Niger|Crisis]]
[[Category:2023 in international relations]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2023]]
[[Category:July 2023 events in Africa]]
[[Category:August 2023 events in Africa]]
[[Category:Political crisis]]
[[Category:Economic Community of West African States]]
[[Category:Diplomatic incidents]]
[[Category:Political history of Niger]]

Talk:Kids Online Safety Act

2023-08-17T04:01:39Z

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False God (song)

2023-08-14T23:36:20Z

OfTheUsername: a -> the

{{short description|2019 song by Taylor Swift}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{for|the derogatory term|False god}}
{{Infobox song
| name = False God
| type = song
| released = {{start date|2019|08|23}}
| artist = [[Taylor Swift]]
| album = [[Lover (album)|Lover]]
| studio = [[Electric Lady Studios|Electric Lady]] (New York City)
| genre =
* [[Neo soul]]
* [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
* [[trap music|trap]]
| length = 3:20
| label = [[Republic Records|Republic]]
| writer =
* Taylor Swift
* [[Jack Antonoff]]
| producer =
* Taylor Swift
* Jack Antonoff
| misc = {{External music video|1={{YouTube|acQXa5ArHIk|"False God"}}|header=Audio video|type=song}}
}}
"'''False God'''" is a song by American singer-songwriter [[Taylor Swift]] for her seventh studio album ''[[Lover (album)|Lover]]'' released on August 23, 2019, through [[Republic Records]]. Written and produced by Swift and [[Jack Antonoff]], it serves as the 13th track of the record. It is a [[jazz]]-influenced [[neo soul]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] and [[trap music|trap]] track with a prominent [[saxophone]] line and hiccuping vocal samples. The lyrics showcase hardships and intimacy in a romantic relationship through religious methaphors. Swift additionally mentions [[New York City]] and its neighborhood [[West Village]].

"False God" was critically aclaimed, receiving a status of the "standout" among ''Lover'' tracks due to its sexually explicit lyrics. Swift's confidence on the track earned a comparison to the work of [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]. Commercially, it peaked at number 77 on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and [[Canadian Hot 100]]. Swift performed "False God" during ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' assisted by its musical director [[Lenny Pickett]] on saxophone, and as a "surprise song" during [[the Eras Tour]]. The song was covered by singers [[James Bay (singer)|James Bay]] and [[Ryan Hurd]], which were both appreciated by Swift.

==Background==
[[Taylor Swift]] released her seventh studio album, ''[[Lover (album)|Lover]]'', on August 23, 2019, through [[Republic Records]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taylor Swift's Lover: How to stream and buy the album now on Apple, Spotify, Amazon|url=https://www.cnet.com/how-to/taylor-swifts-lover-how-to-stream-and-buy-the-album-now-on-apple-spotify-amazon/|access-date=August 14, 2023|last=Collins|first=Katie|publisher=[[CNET]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825072746/https://www.cnet.com/how-to/taylor-swifts-lover-how-to-stream-and-buy-the-album-now-on-apple-spotify-amazon/|archive-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref> Described by Swift as a "love letter to love itself", ''Lover'' explores the "full spectrum of love", inspired by the connections she felt with her fans during her [[Reputation Stadium Tour]] (2018).<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Suskind|first=Alex|date=May 9, 2019|title=New Reputation: Taylor Swift shares intel on TS7, fan theories, and her next era|url=https://ew.com/music/2019/05/09/taylor-swift-cover-story/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812135902/https://ew.com/music/2019/05/09/taylor-swift-cover-story/|archive-date=August 12, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023}}</ref> The track list of ''Lover'' consists of 18 songs, of which eight were written by Swift and [[Jack Antonoff]], including "False God" which was also produced by them.<ref name="booklet">{{cite AV media notes|title=[[Lover (album)|Lover]]|type=liner notes|others=[[Taylor Swift]]|year=2019|publisher=[[Republic Records]]}}</ref> Prior to the release, the singer teased various lyrics of the track in "[[Me!]]" [[Me!#Music video|music video]] (2019) and in ''[[The New York Times]]'' advertisment.<ref name="tv">{{cite web|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-lover-hidden-references-1989-reputation|title=Taylor Swift's New Album 'Lover' Is Out and Here's All the Hidden References You Missed|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|first=Mary Elizabeth|last=Andriotis|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=March 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114811/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-lover-hidden-references-1989-reputation|url-status=live}}</ref> Swift unveiled the album's track listing on August 16, leading to speculation about "False God" being about [[Donald Trump]] or [[Kanye West]].<ref name="ed1">{{cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/p/who-is-taylor-swifts-false-god-about-the-song-is-so-powerful-18661137|title=Taylor Swift Fans Think They Know Who 'False God' Might Be About|work=[[Elite Daily]]|first=Jamie|last=Leelo|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805140841/https://www.elitedaily.com/p/who-is-taylor-swifts-false-god-about-the-song-is-so-powerful-18661137|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="elle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a28723292/taylor-swift-lover-tracklist/|title=A Gratuitous Analysis of Taylor Swift's Just-Released Lover Album Tracklist|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|first=Alyssa|last=Bailey|first2=Madison|last2=Feller|date=August 16, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=September 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903213406/https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a28723292/taylor-swift-lover-tracklist/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the track turned out to be about Swift's then-boyfriend [[Joe Alwyn]].<ref name="ed1"/><ref name="r29-snl">{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/10/8531228/taylor-swift-saturday-night-live-lover-false-god-performances|title=Was Taylor Swift Singing To Joe Alwyn In The SNL Audience?|work=[[Refinery29]]|first=Megan|last=Fredette|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=October 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005183135/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/10/8531228/taylor-swift-saturday-night-live-lover-false-god-performances|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Composition and reception==
{{Listen
| filename = Taylor Swift "False God" sample.ogg
| pos = right
| title = "False God"
| description = A 28-second sample of "False God", showcasing its intro played on saxophone before it transforms into [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]-[[trap music|trap]] production with hiccuping vocal samples present after the end of the lines.
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}
"False God" is a "[[jazz]]y"<ref name="up-snl">{{cite web|url=https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-snl-lover-false-god-saturday-night-live/|title=Watch Taylor Swift's Overdramatic And True Performances Of 'Lover' And 'False God' On 'SNL'|work=[[Uproxx]]|first=Caitlin|last=White|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920111313/https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-snl-lover-false-god-saturday-night-live/|url-status=live}}</ref> and "sultry"<ref name="tr-l">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theringer.com/music/2019/8/26/20833037/taylor-swift-lover-album-review|title=Taylor Swift Is a 'Lover' and a Fighter|work=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]|first=Lindsay|last=Zoladz|date=August 26, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001448/https://www.theringer.com/music/2019/8/26/20833037/taylor-swift-lover-album-review|url-status=live}}</ref> [[neo soul]]<ref name="variety-l">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/taylor-swift-lover-album-review-1203311445/|title=Album Review: Taylor Swift's 'Lover'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Chris|last=Willman|date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://www.freezepage.com/1566570467QYSZJOSWDV|url-status=live}}</ref> song that spans for three minutes and 20 seconds.<ref name="booklet"/> The track begins with a "minimalist"<ref name="variety-l"/> and "subtle" [[saxophone]] riff and proceeds into a "laid-back" and "slow-burning" [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] cut inspired by the genre's [[1980s in music#Contemporary R&B|1980s music scene]],<ref name="time-l">{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5651207/taylor-swift-lover-songs-explained/|title=Let's Discuss the Lyrics to Every Song on Taylor Swift's Lover|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|first=Raisa|last=Bruner|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609233017/https://time.com/5651207/taylor-swift-lover-songs-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bwa">{{cite web|url=https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/taylor-swift-performs-false-god-live-for-the-first-time-and-stripped-down-rendition-of-lover|title=Taylor Swift performs 'False God' live for the first time and|work=Badwagon Asia|first=Celia|last=Ong|date=October 7, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=June 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620005807/https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/taylor-swift-performs-false-god-live-for-the-first-time-and-stripped-down-rendition-of-lover|url-status=live}}</ref> supported by hiccuping vocal samples.<ref name="spin-l">{{cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/2019/08/taylor-swift-lover-review/|title=Taylor Swift's Lover Shines in Its Quietest Moments|work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|first=Jordan|last=Sargent|date=August 26, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827090152/https://www.spin.com/2019/08/taylor-swift-lover-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[NME]]''{{'}}s Nick Levine opined that the song is a "balmy mix of sax and [[trap music|trap]]",<ref name="nme-l">{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/taylor-swift-lover-review-2541084|title=Taylor Swift – 'Lover' review|work=[[NME]]|first=Nick|last=Levine|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823151842/https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/taylor-swift-lover-review|url-status=live}}</ref> while ''[[Esquire]]''{{'}}s Dave Holmes compared it to [[New-age music|new-age]] and [[ambient music]] [[compilation album|compilation]] ''[[Pure Moods]]'' (1994).<ref name="es-l">{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/music/a28797434/taylor-swift-lover-album-review-lyrics-clues/|title=When Taylor Swift Eases Up On the Self-Mythologizing, Lover Is Pretty Damn Good|work=[[Esquire]]|first=Dave|last=Holmes|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=February 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224110051/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/music/a28797434/taylor-swift-lover-album-review-lyrics-clues/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Jeff Nelson from ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' it is a "standout" on ''Lover'',<ref name="ppl-rh">{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/country/ryan-hurd-covers-taylor-swift-song-false-god/|title=Ryan Hurd Releases Sexy Cover of Taylor Swift's 'False God' — and She Approves!|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|first=Jeff|last=Nelson|date=April 14, 2020|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=January 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109025623/https://people.com/country/ryan-hurd-covers-taylor-swift-song-false-god/|url-status=live}}</ref> featuring a different feel than the rest of the record—more "steamy" and "sensual".<ref name="time-l"/><ref name="ppl-rh"/> "False God" was likened to the work of American musician [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], due to displayed confidence in its lyrics,<ref name="r29-l">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/08/241346/taylor-swift-lover-album-review|title=Taylor Swift Knows Lover Is All You Need|work=[[Refinery29]]|first=Courtney|last=Smith|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529190131/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/08/241346/taylor-swift-lover-album-review|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as covering similar topics.<ref name="es-l"/>

An "emotional" cut,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/taylor-swift-snl-false-god-lover-ne-album_n_5d999ed3e4b0993898011a59|title=Taylor Swift Debuts Emotional 'False God' On 'Saturday Night Live'|work=[[HuffPost]]|first=Mary|last=Papenfuss|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816193504/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/taylor-swift-snl-false-god-lover-ne-album_n_5d999ed3e4b0993898011a59|url-status=live}}</ref> it "invokes religion to ponder how eager we are to fool ourselves with promises of perfection".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2019-08-23/taylor-swift-lover-review|title=Review: Taylor Swift's 'Lover' courts — gasp! — adults with grown-up emotional complexity|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Mikael|last=Wood|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824181310/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2019-08-23/taylor-swift-lover-review|url-status=live}}</ref> Labeled as one of the most "idiosyncratic" Swift songs,<ref name="tr-et">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theringer.com/music/2023/8/9/23824179/taylor-swift-eras-tour-ranking-best-surprise-songs|title=Ranking Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Surprise Song Sets|work=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]|first=Nora|last=Princiotti|first2=Lindsay|last2=Jones|date=August 10, 2023|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813013049/https://www.theringer.com/music/2023/8/9/23824179/taylor-swift-eras-tour-ranking-best-surprise-songs|url-status=live}}</ref> it was summed up by ''[[Refinery29]]''{{'}}s Meagan Fredette as a track about "the ups, downs, and, uh, horizontal polkas in a relationship".<ref name="r29-snl"/> In the first verse, Swift sings "We were stupid to jump".<ref name="tv"/> The pre-chorus depicts the singer and her lover during an argument,<ref name="r29-l"/><ref name="heav">{{Cite web|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/08/false-god-song-meaning/|title=False God: Song Meaning, Lyrics, & Easter Eggs|website=[[Heavy (website)|Heavy]]|first=C. C.|last=Strand|date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620050444/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/08/false-god-song-meaning/|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as mention of [[New York City]], which might illustrate the long distance relationship.<ref name="r29-snl"/><ref name="spin-l"/> In the chorus, Swift declares that her hips are "the altar" even if it is the titular "false god", suggesting not to believe fantasized relationships present in pop songs.<ref name="ner-et">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/19/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review|title=The Startling Intimacy of Taylor Swif's Eras Tour|work=[[The New Yorker]]|first=Amanda|last=Petrusich|date=June 12, 2023|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804061915/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/19/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review|url-status=live}}</ref> She later repeats "We'd still worship this love", seuging into the second verse, where she uses methaphores of [[heaven]] and [[hell]] to depict different parts of a relationship.<ref name="time-l"/> Heaven represents physical pleasure,<ref name="tr-l"/> while hell shows struggles of partnerhood.<ref name="time-l"/> Heaven imagery is also used in Swift's other songs such as "[[Blank Space]]" and "[[Wildest Dreams (Taylor Swift song)|Wildest Dreams]]" (both 2014), and other ''Lover'' track "[[Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)|Cruel Summer]]".<ref name="tv"/> Religious theme is continued with the depiction of guilt and shame,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-gay-songs-queer-lyrics-2022-9#false-god-22|title=43 Taylor Swift songs, interpreted from a queer perspective|work=[[Business Insider]]|first=Callie|last=Ahlgrim|date=July 10, 2023|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814212857/https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-gay-songs-queer-lyrics-2022-9#false-god-22|url-status=live}}</ref> exemplified by the line "Making confessions and we're begging for forgiveness / Got the wine for you."<ref name="tv"/>

==Live performances and other usage==
[[File:Lenny Pickett, 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|left|During the performance of "False God" in ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', Swift was accompanied by its musical director [[Lenny Pickett]] (left) on saxophone.]]
On October 5, 2019,<ref name="toc">{{cite web|url=https://tasteofcountry.com/taylor-swift-lover-false-god-saturday-night-live/|title=Taylor Swift Performs 'Lover,' 'False God' on 'SNL'|work=[[Townsquare Media|Taste of Country]]|first=Wendy|last=Hermanson|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=March 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325081524/https://tasteofcountry.com/taylor-swift-lover-false-god-saturday-night-live/|url-status=live}}</ref> Swift appeared on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as a musical guest; she teased a performance there on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]'', by saying "I'll probably do '[[Lover (Taylor Swift song)|Lover]]' but in a way I haven't performed it before. And then I'm going to do a song that I have never performed at all live."<ref name="compl-snl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/taylor-swift-snl-performance-videos|title=Watch Taylor Swift Perform 'Lover' and 'False God' on 'SNL'|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|first=Joshua|last=Espinoza|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814212838/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/taylor-swift-snl-performance-videos|url-status=live}}</ref> As she announced, she performed "Lover", and debuted "False God" live on a stage decorated by lightbulbs and pitch-black walls,<ref name="nme-snl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-taylor-swift-perform-lover-false-god-snl-2554382|title=Watch Taylor Swift perform 'Lover' and 'False God' on SNL|work=[[NME]]|first=Will|last=Richards|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=July 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705160445/https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-taylor-swift-perform-lover-false-god-snl-2554382|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-false-god-lover-snl-895383/|title=Watch Taylor Swift Debut 'False God,' Strip Down 'Lover' on 'SNL'|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|first=Ilana|last=Kaplan|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=June 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610053159/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-false-god-lover-snl-895383/|url-status=live}}</ref> envoking a feeling of a "quiet nighttime walk through [[Central Park]]".<ref name="r29-snl"/> She was backed up by background singers, drummer, keyboardist, and ''SNL''{{'}}s musical director [[Lenny Pickett]] on saxophone.<ref name="pitc-snl">{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-taylor-swift-perform-false-god-and-lover-on-snl|title=Watch Taylor Swift Perform 'False God' and 'Lover' on SNL|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|first=Matthew|last=Strauss|first2=Madison|last2=Bloom|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=March 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322034045/https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-taylor-swift-perform-false-god-and-lover-on-snl/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sl-snl">{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/culture/2019/10/snl-taylor-swift-lover-false-god.html|title=Saturday Night Live: Watch Taylor Swift Perform Stripped-Down Versions of 'Lover' and 'False God'|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|first=Matthew|last=Dessem|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154002/https://slate.com/culture/2019/10/snl-taylor-swift-lover-false-god.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Accompanied by smoke on the ground, the singer was dressed in oversized black-colored blazer, sequined pants, and flat shoes;<ref name="toc"/><ref name="usa-snl">{{Cite web|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2019/10/06/taylor-swift-snl-lover-false-god/3889769002/|title='SNL': Taylor Swift shows off her voice with performances of 'Lover' and 'False God'|work=[[USA Today]]|first=Carly|last=Mallenbaum|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207021412/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2019/10/06/taylor-swift-snl-lover-false-god/3889769002/|url-status=live}}</ref> De Elizabeth from ''[[Teen Vogue]]'' likened this outfit to ''[[Reputation (album)|Reputation]]'' aestetic.<ref name="tv-snl">{{cite web|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-lover-false-god-saturday-night-live|title=Taylor Swift Performed 'Lover' and 'False God' on 'Saturday Night Live'|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|first=De|last=Elizabeth|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928223145/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-lover-false-god-saturday-night-live|url-status=live}}</ref> Labeled as "loungy" and "vibey" rendition of the track earned Swift a critical praise,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://consequence.net/2019/10/taylor-swift-snl-video/|title=Taylor Swift performs 'Lover' and 'False God' on SNL: Watch|work=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]|first=Alex|last=Young|date=October 6, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=November 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129092002/https://consequence.net/2019/10/taylor-swift-snl-video/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usa-snl"/> with critics enjoying the way she brought the song to a live setting.<ref name="toc"/><ref name="bwa"/> Pickett was also applauded; [[Uproxx]]{{'}}s Caitlin White called him a "scene-stealer",<ref name="up-snl"/> while Matthew Dessem of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' opined that his performance "has got to be the smoothest saxophone sound an ''SNL'' musical guest has had in years".<ref name="sl-snl"/>

In 2023, Swift embarked on [[the Eras Tour]], which contains a segment of "surprise songs" when she performs random songs from [[List of songs recorded by Taylor Swift|her discography]]—one on guitar and another on piano.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-eras-tour-surprise-songs/|title=All the Surprise Songs Taylor Swift Has Performed on The Eras Tour (So Far)|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Ashley|last=Iasimone|date=August 10, 2023|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319011405/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-eras-tour-surprise-songs/|url-status=live}}</ref> Each night, she changes tracks that she sings, which she picks based on show's location.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/06/taylor-swift-eras-tour-surprise-songs-odds.html|title=What Are the Odds Taylor Swift Plays Your Surprise Song?|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|first=Eli|last=Miller|date=June 16, 2023|access-date=August 14, 2023|url-access=limited|archive-date=June 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617141459/https://www.vulture.com/2023/06/taylor-swift-eras-tour-surprise-songs-odds.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the stop in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]] on May 27, she sang "False God", following a performance of "[[Holy Ground (song)|Holy Ground]]" (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-surprise-songs-7509877|title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Surprise Songs: The List So Far|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|first=Liza|last=Esquibias|date=August 10, 2023|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809192446/https://people.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-surprise-songs-7509877|url-status=live}}</ref> She played it on piano, while the crowd sang along her.<ref name="bb-et">{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-eras-tour-metlife-new-jersey-concert/surprise-song-2/|title=Taylor Swift's Best Moments at MetLife Stadium on Night 2 of Her Blockbuster Eras Tour|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Joe|last=Lynch|date=May 28, 2023|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814212839/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-eras-tour-metlife-new-jersey-concert/surprise-song-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]''{{'}}s Amanda Petrusich opined that the performance has proven that the singer's voice has improved over the years.<ref name="ner-et"/> Nora Princiotti of ''[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]'' placed it as the 28th best "surprise song" performance of the tour.<ref name="tr-et"/> The concert was attended by the cast of American [[romantic drama]] ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (TV series)|The Summer I Turned Pretty]]'', who commented that they have "freak[ed] out" during the performance of the song,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/entertainment/lola-tung-taylor-swift-eras-tour-tsitp-cast-interviews|title=Taylor Swift & Lola Tung Had A ~Moment~ At The Eras Tour|work=[[Elite Daily]]|first=Lara|last=Walsh|date=June 28, 2023|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807184051/https://www.elitedaily.com/entertainment/lola-tung-taylor-swift-eras-tour-tsitp-cast-interviews|url-status=live}}</ref> since it was used in the series' first season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-amazon-prime-video-taylor-swift-1235305766/|title='The Summer I Turned Pretty' Hits No. 1 on Amazon Prime Video, Taylor Swift Songs Re-Enter Top 40 Chart Three Years After Release (Exclusive)|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Emily|last=Longeretta|date=June 30, 2022|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701214542/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-amazon-prime-video-taylor-swift-1235305766/|url-status=live}}</ref>

English singer-songwriter [[James Bay (singer)|James Bay]] shared a 45-second-long clip of him covering "False God" on guitar on his [[Instagram#Instagram Stories|Instagram Story]] in September 2019. It was later re-posted by Swift who captioned the rendition "stunning", while Gil Kaufman of ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' dubbed it as "gorgeous".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/james-bay-covers-taylor-swift-false-god-video-8529786/|title=James Bay Covers 'False God,' Taylor Swift Flips Out: 'The Talent'|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Gil|last=Kaufman|date=September 12, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=December 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210090218/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/james-bay-covers-taylor-swift-false-god-video-8529786/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, it was covered by American [[country music]] singer [[Ryan Hurd]] on his Platonic Tour. Swift again shown her appreciation by tweeting "Love this so much", while Nelson labeled it as "sexy".<ref name="ppl-rh"/>

==Credits and personnel==
Credits are adapted from the [[liner notes]] of ''Lover''.<ref name="booklet"/>

'''Recording locations'''
* Recorded at [[Electric Lady Studios]] (New York City).
* Mixed at MixStar Studios (Virginia Beach).
* Mastered at [[Sterling Sound]] (New York City).

'''Personnel'''
{{div col}}
* [[Taylor Swift]]{{Spaced en dash}} [[songwriter|songwriting]], [[record producer|production]], [[singing|vocals]]
* [[Jack Antonoff]]{{Spaced en dash}} songwriting, production, [[Sound recording and reproduction|recording]], [[programming (music)|programming]], [[keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[backing vocalist|backing vocals]]
* Michael Riddleberger{{spaced en dash}} [[drum kit|live drums]]
* [[Bleachers (band)|Evan Smith]]{{spaced en dash}} [[saxophone]]s
* Laura Sisk{{spaced en dash}} recording, backing vocals
* Brandon Bost{{spaced en dash}} backing vocals
* [[Mikey Freedom Hart]]{{Spaced en dash}} backing vocals
* Cassidy Laden{{spaced en dash}} backing vocals
* [[Ken Lewis (musician)|Ken Lewis]]{{spaced en dash}} backing vocals
* John Hanes{{spaced en dash}} [[Audio engineer|engineering]]
* [[Serban Ghenea]]{{spaced en dash}} [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]]
* [[Randy Merrill]]{{spaced en dash}} [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]]
{{div col end}}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "False God"
! scope="col"| Chart (2019)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web |date=August 31, 2019 |title=ARIA Chart Watch #540 |url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/08/aria-chart-watch-540/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831072845/https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/08/aria-chart-watch-540/ |archive-date=August 31, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2023 |publisher=auspOp }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 59
|-
{{single chart|Canada|77|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|access-date=August 14, 2023}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardhot100|77|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|access-date=August 14, 2023}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Taylor Swift songs}}

[[Category:2019 songs]]
[[Category:Neo soul songs]]
[[Category:American rhythm and blues songs]]
[[Category:Trap music songs]]
[[Category:Taylor Swift songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Taylor Swift]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jack Antonoff]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Taylor Swift]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff]]
[[Category:Songs about New York City]]
[[Category:Religious songs]]

The Eras Tour

2023-08-14T20:35:31Z

OfTheUsername: wikilink

{{short description|2023–2024 concert tour by Taylor Swift}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}

{{Infobox concert
| concert_tour_name = The Eras Tour
| image = The Eras Tour poster.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| border = yes
| caption = Promotional poster
| alt = Vertical image featuring multiple images of Taylor Swift.
| artist = [[Taylor Swift]]
| location = {{Flatlist|
* Asia
* Australia
* Europe
* North America
* South America
}}
| albums = [[Taylor Swift albums discography#Studio albums|Various]]
| start_date = {{Start date|2023|03|17|mf=yes}}
| end_date = {{End date|2024|11|23|mf=yes}}
| number_of_shows = 146
| support_acts = {{Flatlist|
* [[Gracie Abrams]]
* [[Beabadoobee]]
* [[Phoebe Bridgers]]
* [[Sabrina Carpenter]]
* [[Gayle (singer)|Gayle]]
* [[Girl in Red]]
* [[Haim (band)|Haim]]
* [[Muna (band)|Muna]]
* Owenn
* [[Paramore]]
}}
| last_tour = [[Reputation Stadium Tour]] (2018)
| this_tour = '''The Eras Tour''' (2023–2024)
| next_tour = ...
| website = {{URL|tstheerastour.taylorswift.com}}
}}

'''The Eras Tour''' is the ongoing sixth [[concert tour]] by American singer-songwriter [[Taylor Swift]], who described it as a journey through all of her musical "eras".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bernabe |first1=Angeline Jane |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kelly |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift announces 'Eras' tour: 'It's a journey through all of my musical eras of my career' |agency=[[KTRK-TV]] |url=https://abc13.com/taylor-swift-2023-tour-eras-midnights-tickets/12404965/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107212333/https://abc13.com/taylor-swift-2023-tour-eras-midnights-tickets/12404965/ |archive-date=November 7, 2022}}</ref> A homage to [[Taylor Swift albums discography|her albums]], the Eras Tour is her most expansive tour yet, with 146 shows across five continents. It is her second all-[[stadium]] tour after the 2018 [[Reputation Stadium Tour]].

Announced after the release of her tenth studio album, ''[[Midnights]]'' (2022), the Eras Tour commenced on March 17, 2023, in [[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]], United States, and is set to conclude on November 23, 2024, in [[Toronto]], Canada. The show spans over three hours, with a [[set list]] of 44 songs divided into 10 distinct [[Act (drama)|acts]] that portray the albums conceptually. It received unanimous critical acclaim, with emphasis on the concept, production, aesthetics, and Swift's musicianship, vocals, stamina, and versatility. Swift released various works during the tour: extended editions of ''Midnights,'' the [[Re-recording (music)|re-recorded]] albums ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]]'' and ''[[1989 (Taylor's Version)]]'', the music videos for "[[Karma (Taylor Swift song)|Karma]]" and "[[I Can See You (song)|I Can See You]]", and "[[Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)|Cruel Summer]]" as a [[Single (music)|single]].

Publications described the Eras Tour as a cultural phenomenon, reporting on [[impact of the Eras Tour|its multifaceted impact]]. The tour was met with unprecedented demand, breaking ticket sales and venue records worldwide, but faced various obstacles leading to the imposition of price regulation and anti-[[Scalping (trading)|scalping]] laws. [[Ticketmaster]], an official partner, received [[2022 Ticketmaster controversy|public criticism and political scrutiny]] in the U.S. for ineffective sales and allegations of [[monopoly]] in the concert industry. The tour elevated [[economies]], businesses, and tourism, attracted large crowds of spectators beyond stadiums, dominated news cycles and [[social media]], and inspired tributes from various governments and organizations.

== Background ==
[[File:Taylor Swift - Reputation Tour Seattle - King of My Heart 1.jpg|alt=Taylor Swift wearing a black dress singing on a mic|thumb|upright|Taylor Swift performing on her [[Reputation Stadium Tour]] (2018), the highest-grossing US concert tour]]
[[Taylor Swift]] embarked on the [[Reputation Stadium Tour]], her fifth concert tour, in 2018, in support of her sixth studio album, ''[[Reputation (album)|Reputation]]'' (2017). It broke the record for the highest-grossing US tour in history.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Frankenberg |first=Eric |date=November 30, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour Breaks Record for Highest-Grossing U.S. Tour |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-reputation-stadium-tour-breaks-record-highest-grossing-us-tour/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=1532948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111155757/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-reputation-stadium-tour-breaks-record-highest-grossing-us-tour/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref> Due to the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in early 2020, Swift canceled her scheduled sixth concert tour, then titled Lover Fest, which was planned to support her seventh studio album, ''[[Lover (album)|Lover]]'' (2019), with performances in stadiums as well as open-air venues and European festivals.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=February 27, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Makes It Official: 'Lover Fest' Shows Won't Be Rescheduled |url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-cancel-lover-fest-concerts-tour-1234916772/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401030715/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-cancel-lover-fest-concerts-tour-1234916772/ |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |access-date=April 3, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Atkinson |first=Katie |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Officially Cancels Lover Fest Concerts |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-lover-fest-tour-canceled/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005142/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-lover-fest-tour-canceled/ |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=April 23, 2023 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510}}</ref> She released three studio albums: [[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|''Folklore'']] (2020), [[Evermore (Taylor Swift album)|''Evermore'']] (2020), and ''[[Midnights]]'' (2022), and the re-recorded albums ''[[Fearless (Taylor's Version)]]'' and ''[[Red (Taylor's Version)]]'' in 2021.<ref name="Willman-2022" />

During promotion of ''Midnights'' on talk shows such as ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]'' and ''[[The Graham Norton Show]]'' in October 2022, Swift hinted at a forthcoming concert tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Brandle |first=Lars |date=October 25, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Hints at 'Midnights' Tour: 'I Think I Should Do It' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-hints-midnights-tour-1235160608/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=67058557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025104041/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-hints-midnights-tour-1235160608/ |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sullivan |first=Marisa |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Confirms a 'Midnights' Tour Is Coming 'Soonish': 'It's Going to Happen' |url=https://people.com/music/taylor-swift-confirms-midnights-tour-is-coming-soon/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114054434/https://people.com/music/taylor-swift-confirms-midnights-tour-is-coming-soon/ |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022}}</ref> On November 1, 2022, Swift announced on ''[[Good Morning America]]'' and through her social media accounts that her sixth concert tour was called the Eras Tour{{NoteTag|Stylized as Taylor Swift {{!}} The Eras Tour<ref name="RS Hunger Games" />}} and described it as "a journey through the musical eras of [her] career".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bernabe |first1=Angeline Jane |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kelly |title=Taylor Swift announces 'Eras' tour: 'It's a journey through all of my musical eras of my career' |url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/taylor-swift-announces-eras-tour-journey-musical-eras-92453666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405125320/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/taylor-swift-announces-eras-tour-journey-musical-eras-92453666 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=April 22, 2023 |website=[[Good Morning America]]}}</ref> The first US leg consisted of 27 dates across 20 cities. It began on March 17, 2023, in [[Glendale, Arizona]], and concluded on August 9, 2023, in [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]], [[California]]. The [[opening act]]s are [[Paramore]], [[Haim (band)|Haim]], [[Phoebe Bridgers]], [[Beabadoobee]], [[Girl in Red]], [[Muna (band)|Muna]], [[Gayle (singer)|Gayle]], [[Gracie Abrams]], and Owenn, each two of whom share a date.<ref name="Willman-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Announces 2023 'Eras Tour' of U.S. Stadiums |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-announces-2023-tour-1235419454/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204082745/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-announces-2023-tour-1235419454/ |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022}}</ref> Messina Touring Group, an [[Anschutz Entertainment Group]] (AEG) partner, is the tour's promoter.<ref name="Pollstar-2023">{{Cite magazine |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Ticketing Shmicketing: Taylor Swift's 'Eras Tour' Debut Slays (And Could Break All-Time Touring Record) |url=https://news.pollstar.com/2023/03/18/ticketing-shmicketing-taylor-swifts-eras-tour-debut-slays-review/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Pollstar]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320191405/https://news.pollstar.com/2023/03/18/ticketing-shmicketing-taylor-swifts-eras-tour-debut-slays-review/ |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |access-date=March 20, 2023}}</ref>

Popular demand led to Swift adding eight US dates to the existing cities on November 4,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Adds Eight Extra Dates to U.S. Stadium Tour |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-extra-concerts-tour-eight-1235423114/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115004035/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-extra-concerts-tour-eight-1235423114/ |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022}}</ref> and 17 dates the following week, making the Eras Tour the most extensive US tour of Swift's career with 52 dates, surpassing the Reputation Stadium Tour with 38 dates.<ref name="Nov 11 Dates2">{{cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Adds 17 More Stadium Shows to 'Eras Tour,' Which Will Include a Five-Night Stand in L.A., Making It Her Biggest U.S. Tour to Date |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-17-shows-eras-tour-five-nights-sofi-stadium-1235430260/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062915/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-17-shows-eras-tour-five-nights-sofi-stadium-1235430260/ |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' described the tour's announcement as "the most chaos-inducing tour announcement of the decade."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Atkinson |first1=Katie |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Billboard's Greatest Pop Stars of 2022: No. 3 — Taylor Swift |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-greatest-pop-stars-2022-1235187688/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111161136/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-greatest-pop-stars-2022-1235187688/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2022 |issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Among the tour's prospective partners were the now-bankrupt [[cryptocurrency exchange]] company [[FTX]]; a US$100 million sponsorship deal with Swift was in talks but did not materialize.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oliver |first1=Joshua |last2=Asgari |first2=Nikou |last3=Nicolaou |first3=Anna |last4=Gara |first4=Antoine |date=December 7, 2022 |title=FTX held talks with Taylor Swift over $100mn sponsorship deal |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2b0601e2-d371-404d-8531-227f11d4a83f |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207111016/https://www.ft.com/content/2b0601e2-d371-404d-8531-227f11d4a83f |archive-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Rohan |date=2023-07-06 |title=Taylor Swift agreed to FTX partnership, but the crypto exchange bailed, source tells CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/06/taylor-swift-agreed-to-ftx-partnership-despite-contrary-public-claims-source.html |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=August 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808070247/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/06/taylor-swift-agreed-to-ftx-partnership-despite-contrary-public-claims-source.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On January 31, tour merchandise inspired by all of Swift's ten album "eras" were made available for purchase on her website.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rowley |first=Glenn |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Drops Eras Merch Collection Ahead of Her Tour |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-eras-merch-collection-arrives-1235208587/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220193839/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-eras-merch-collection-arrives-1235208587/ |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |issn=0006-2510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Geraghty |first=Hollie |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift drops new merchandise ahead of 'Eras' tour 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-drops-new-merchandise-ahead-of-eras-tour-2023-3390428 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220193840/https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-drops-new-merchandise-ahead-of-eras-tour-2023-3390428 |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[NME]] |issn= 0028-6362}}</ref> On August 3, 2023, Swift announced a second US leg, featuring three more cities in October and November 2024 with Abrams as opening act.<ref name="NA2ndLeg"/>

=== International dates ===
{{Further|Impact of the Eras Tour#Demand and politics}}
On June 2, 2023, Swift announced the Latin American dates of the Eras Tour, with [[Sabrina Carpenter]] as the opening act.<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine|last=Garcia |first=Thania |date=June 2, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Adds International 'Eras Tour' Dates With Support from Sabrina Carpenter |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-international-eras-tour-sabrina-carpenter-1235631455/ |url-status=live |magazine=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602163050/https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-international-eras-tour-sabrina-carpenter-1235631455/ |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=June 2, 2023}}</ref> A third show in [[Buenos Aires]] was announced on June 6, hours after the public sale commenced, due to high demand.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Garcia |first=Thania |date=June 6, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Adds Third Eras Tour Date in Argentina Following Monumental Demand |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-eras-tour-argentina-third-date-1235635048/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref> Additional shows in [[Mexico City]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], and [[São Paulo]] were announced on June 12.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Adds 3 More Eras Tour Dates to Latin American Leg: See Them Here |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-adds-3-eras-tour-dates-latin-american-leg-1235351636/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref> On June 20, the dates for Asia, Australia, and Europe were announced.<ref name=":10" />

Several politicians and government officials demanded the tour be brought to their country or city.<ref name=":20">{{Cite magazine |last=Denis |first=Kyle |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Thai Political Leader Pita Limjaroenrat Asks Taylor Swift to Bring Her Eras Tour to His Country |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/concerts/pita-limjaroenrat-taylor-swift-eras-tour-thailand-1235367760/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Nations such as Canada and Chile were expected to receive dates for the tour but were absent in Swift's announcement on June 20, drawing dismay and demands from fans and officials.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aniftos |first=Rania |date=June 20, 2023 |title=Chilean President Gabriel Boric Wants Taylor Swift to Perform in Chile |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/chilean-president-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-chile-1235358021/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=June 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2023 |title=MP files 'official grievance' with Speaker over Taylor Swift snubbing Canada on tour |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2023/06/21/mp-files-official-grievance-with-speaker-over-taylor-swift-snubbing-canada-on-tour.html |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622002829/https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2023/06/21/mp-files-official-grievance-with-speaker-over-taylor-swift-snubbing-canada-on-tour.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Across [[Asia]], fans deprecated the lack of dates in mainland China, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea and Thailand and demanded that the tour be brought to these countries. Her return to the Philippines had been highly anticipated.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mier |first=Tomás |date=May 23, 2023 |title=Filipino Taylor Swift Stans Packed a Mall to See an Eras Tour Drag Show |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-philippines-drag-show-eras-tour-1234740131/|access-date=June 22, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Some journalists and fans opined that unlike Japan and Singapore—the only Asian countries part of the Eras Tour—the venues in Hong Kong, the Philippines and Thailand might not have the proper infrastructure required to host the tour.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/07/taylor-swift-asia-tour-eras |title='Please come': Taylor Swift fans in south-east Asia hope for tour date |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |newspaper=The Guardian |date=July 7, 2023 |access-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809152408/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/07/taylor-swift-asia-tour-eras |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Hong Kong and mainland China [[Zero-COVID|reopened to foreigners much later]] than most other places following the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong|COVID-19 pandemic]], which may have affected touring plans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heung |first1=Sammy |title=Why is Hong Kong missing out on Taylor Swift, Coldplay and other stars? Industry blames lack of large venues, slow reopening |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3226237/why-hong-kong-missing-out-taylor-swift-and-other-big-stars-industry-blames-lack-large-concert-venues |access-date=August 4, 2023 |work=South China Morning Post |date=July 2, 2023 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804122211/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3226237/why-hong-kong-missing-out-taylor-swift-and-other-big-stars-industry-blames-lack-large-concert-venues |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia may have been excluded due to its legal [[LGBT rights in Malaysia|opposition to LGBT rights]] and the ban on pop concerts during [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Singapore shows leave Malaysian, Thai, Filipino fans dismayed |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3224892/taylor-swifts-singapore-shows-leave-malaysian-thai-philippine-fans-dismayed-how-could-you-forget |access-date=June 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621153155/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3224892/taylor-swifts-singapore-shows-leave-malaysian-thai-philippine-fans-dismayed-how-could-you-forget |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 22, 2023 |title=From Coldplay to Taylor Swift, How Singapore Has Become a Favorite Venue for Top Artists — And Why That's Upsetting Fans |url=https://time.com/6289198/taylor-swift-coldplay-singapore-concerts-southeast-asia-fans/ |url-status=live |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627030043/https://time.com/6289198/taylor-swift-coldplay-singapore-concerts-southeast-asia-fans/ |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 16, 2023 |title=Malaysia's New Concert Rules: No Cross-Dressing For Male Artistes & Ban On Foreign Performers During Muslim Holidays |agency=MYC! |url=https://next.myc.my/articles/2290/malaysias-new-concert-rules-no-cross-dressing-for-male-artistes-and-ban-on-foreign-performers-during-muslim-holidays |url-status=live |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623000942/https://next.myc.my/articles/2290/malaysias-new-concert-rules-no-cross-dressing-for-male-artistes-and-ban-on-foreign-performers-during-muslim-holidays |archive-date=June 23, 2023}}</ref>

From June to August 2023, new shows were added to the tour. The number of Singapore shows were increased to a total of six;<ref>{{cite news |last=Ng |first=Eileen |date=June 25, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift adds 3 dates to her Singapore concert, taking total to 6 shows |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/taylor-swift-adds-3-dates-to-her-singapore-concert-bringing-total-to-6-shows |access-date=June 25, 2023 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627234925/https://www.straitstimes.com/life/taylor-swift-adds-3-dates-to-her-singapore-concert-bringing-total-to-6-shows |url-status=live }}</ref> eight dates were added in Europe;<ref name="LA6">{{cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=June 27, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Adds a Sixth Night to Her Run at SoFi Stadium in August |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-sofi-stadium-adds-sixth-night-eras-tour-1235655514/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=June 27, 2023}}</ref> two extra shows were announced for Australia;<ref name="Aus7">{{Cite news |date=June 28, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift adds two 'final' shows to Australian tour after 'historically unprecedented demand' |agency=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-29/taylor-swift-new-shows-melbourne-sydney-2024-australian-tour/102539160 |last=Williams |first=Tom |access-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628205029/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-29/taylor-swift-new-shows-melbourne-sydney-2024-australian-tour/102539160 |url-status=live }}</ref> another 14 European dates were added, with Paramore announced as the European leg's opening act;<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-dates-europe-paramore-opening-eras-tour-1235661814/ |title=Taylor Swift Adds 14 Shows, Reveals Paramore Will Open Entire European Tour |last=Willman |first=Chris |magazine=Variety |date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=July 5, 2023}}</ref> and six shows were announced in [[Toronto]], Canada, with Gracie Abrams as opening act.<ref name="Toronto">{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/article-taylor-swift-eras-tour-canada-toronto/ |title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour coming to Canada with six nights at Toronto's Rogers Centre |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=August 3, 2023 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803142734/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/article-taylor-swift-eras-tour-canada-toronto/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Ticket sales ==
Ticket sales for the Eras Tour were handled by various [[Primary ticket outlet|ticketing agencies]] around the world, such as [[Ticketmaster]], over several dates. Met with unprecedented, record-setting demand, tickets at every venue sold out in hours,<ref name=":232">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2023 |title=Taylor-Swift-Tickets in 30 Minuten weg – jetzt werden sie weiterverkauft |trans-title=Taylor Swift tickets gone in 30 minutes - now resale |url=https://www.20min.ch/story/taylor-swift-tickets-in-30-minuten-weg-jetzt-werden-sie-weiterverkauft-466842551171 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |newspaper=[[20 Minuten]] |language=de |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713125105/http://www.20min.ch/story/taylor-swift-tickets-in-30-minuten-weg-jetzt-werden-sie-weiterverkauft-466842551171 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":24" /> drawing comparisons between Swift and [[the Beatles]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 21, 2023 |title=Swift Sets the Bar High |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2023-07-21/swift-sets-the-bar-high-video |access-date=July 21, 2023 |agency=Bloomberg News |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809150149/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2023-07-21/swift-sets-the-bar-high-video |url-status=live }}</ref> Sales faced technical malfunctions in many countries; bulk purchases of tickets by [[Scalping (trading)|scalpers]] and [[Internet bot|bots]] were reported at numerous venues, resulting in tickets being listed on [[Ticket resale|resale platforms]] for exorbitant prices.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":25" /> Ticket resale platform [[StubHub]] noted that the Eras Tour ticket sales were "tracking to be the best-selling of any artist they've seen".<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Gloria |date=July 21, 2023 |title=Hotels are pretty much booked up for upcoming Taylor Swift concerts in Santa Clara |url=https://abc7news.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-levis-stadium-concert-santa-clara/13530461/ |access-date=July 22, 2023 |publisher=KGO-TV |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722012452/https://abc7news.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-levis-stadium-concert-santa-clara/13530461/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== US and Canada ===
Tickets to the first US leg of the Eras Tour were set to go on sale to the general public on November 18, 2022. As a result of Swift's multi-year partnership with [[Capital One]], cardholders had [[Presales|presale]] access, which was set to begin in the afternoon of November 15.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkel |first=Inga |date=November 1, 2022 |title=How to get tickets to Taylor Swift's 2023 Eras Tour |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/taylor-swift-2023-eras-tour-dates-tickets-b2215133.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123201427/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/taylor-swift-2023-eras-tour-dates-tickets-b2215133.html |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487}}</ref> Fans could register for the Ticketmaster Verified Fan program from November 1 through 9 to receive a presale code that granted exclusive access to the TaylorSwiftTix Presale on November 15; those who purchased merchandise from Swift's website received "boosts", and previous Lover Fest ticket holders also received preferred access to the presale if they registered using the same Ticketmaster account.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nesvig |first=Kara |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour: Everything You Need to Know |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-everything-you-need-to-know |access-date=November 1, 2022 |magazine=[[Teen Vogue]] |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101152209/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-everything-you-need-to-know |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Roberts |first=Kayleigh |date=December 17, 2022 |title=Here's How Ticketmaster Plans to Sell the Remaining 170,000 Taylor Swift Eras Tour Tickets |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/music/a42275548/how-ticketmaster-plans-to-sell-remaining-taylor-swift-eras-tour-tickets/ |access-date=June 23, 2023 |magazine=Cosmopolitan}}</ref> Swift confirmed ticket prices in advance, abandoning the "platinum ticket" model; they ranged from $49 to $449, while VIP packages ranged from $199 to $899.<ref name="Willman-2022" /> According to Ticketmaster, the TaylorSwiftTix Presale provided "the best opportunity to get more tickets into the hands of fans who want to attend the show" by evading bots and scalpers.<ref name="Leimkuehler-2022">{{Cite news |last1=Leimkuehler |first1=Matthew |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Desperate to get your hands on Taylor Swift 2023 tour tickets? These tips will help |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/11/04/taylor-swift-era-tour-2023-ticket-tips/8263516001/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123063131/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/11/04/taylor-swift-era-tour-2023-ticket-tips/8263516001/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |issn=0734-7456 |oclc=8799626}}</ref> The ticketing platform noted that if demand from the fan program "exceeds supply", it is possible that "verified fans may be selected at random to participate in the presale."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Del Rosario |first=Alexandra |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster has Taylor Swift fans seeing red as Swifties get shut out of tour presale |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-11-01/taylor-swift-tour-presale-ticketmaster-fan-reactions |access-date=November 15, 2022 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215062813/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-11-01/taylor-swift-tour-presale-ticketmaster-fan-reactions |url-status=live }}</ref> Ticketmaster later reported that it received a record 3.5 million verified fan registrations for the Eras Tour.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liddy |first=Kaetlyn |date=December 12, 2022 |title=Karma for Taylor Swift fans as Ticketmaster offers second chance for 'Eras Tour' tickets |agency=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/taylor-swift-fans-ticketmaster-second-chance-eras-tour-rcna61306 |access-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628091759/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/taylor-swift-fans-ticketmaster-second-chance-eras-tour-rcna61306 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahead of the presale for the second US leg, set to begin on August 11 for verified fans, estimates based on Ticketmaster data predicted that 14 million people could be vying for roughly 625,000 tickets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riet |first=Emily Van de |date=2023-08-08 |title=These are your (slim) chances of scoring Taylor Swift tickets |url=https://www.nbc15.com/2023/08/08/these-are-your-slim-chances-scoring-taylor-swift-tickets/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.nbc15.com |language=en |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809150150/https://www.nbc15.com/2023/08/08/these-are-your-slim-chances-scoring-taylor-swift-tickets/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ticket sales in Canada were handled by Ticketmaster as well, using the Verified Fan registration program.<ref name="NA2ndLeg2">{{cite web |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=August 3, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Returning to North America for Additional Shows in 2024 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-north-america-dates-2024-1234800149/ |access-date=August 3, 2023 |website=Rolling Stone |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143846/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-north-america-dates-2024-1234800149/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the [[Royal Bank of Canada]]'s Avion Rewards program received exclusive access to a separate presale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marotta |first=Stefanie |date=2023-08-04 |title=RBC to offer Taylor Swift presale tickets for her six Canadian concerts, opening loyalty program to non-customers |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-rbc-taylor-swift-canada-tickets/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804200114/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-rbc-taylor-swift-canada-tickets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 31 million people registered for the Toronto ticket on-sale, equaling over 77% of Canada's total population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VKS: An estimated 31 million people registered for Taylor Swift Eras Tour Toronto tickets |url=https://www.iheartradio.ca/580-cfra/audio-podcasts/vks-an-estimated-31-million-people-registered-for-taylor-swift-eras-tour-toronto-tickets-1.20101485 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=iHeartRadio Canada |language=en-CA}}</ref>

==== Ticketmaster controversy ====
{{Main|2022 Ticketmaster controversy}}

[[File:Federal Trade Commission DC 2007.jpg|thumb|The United States [[Federal Trade Commission]] proposed to outlaw [[junk fees]] in the country following the controversy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kinery |first=Emma |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Ticketmaster parent Live Nation, others agree to show 'junk fees' after Biden pressure |agency=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/15/biden-pushes-ticketmaster-seatgeek-to-show-junk-fees-upfront.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615150240/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/15/biden-pushes-ticketmaster-seatgeek-to-show-junk-fees-upfront.html |archive-date=June 15, 2023}}</ref>|alt=Federal Trade Commission Building in 2007]]

On November 15, on the day of the first US presale, Ticketmaster's website [[Crash (computing)|crashed]] following what [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] called a "historically unprecedented demand".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Fans Crash Ticketmaster Site |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/taylor-swift-crash-ticketmaster-site-1235433274/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126235912/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/taylor-swift-crash-ticketmaster-site-1235433274/ |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref> [[Live Nation Entertainment|Live Nation]], the parent company of Ticketmaster, said they prepared for 1.5 million verified fans, but 14 million turned up;<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Demand for Taylor Swift concert tickets exceeded every expectation, says Liberty Media CEO |agency=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2022/11/17/liberty-media-ceo-greg-maffei-sits-down-with-cnbcs-david-faber-at-the-companys-annual-investor-day-to-discuss-why-the-company-plans-to-split-off-the-atlanta-braves-and-the-overwhelming-demand-for-tayl.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117163424/https://www.cnbc.com/video/2022/11/17/liberty-media-ceo-greg-maffei-sits-down-with-cnbcs-david-faber-at-the-companys-annual-investor-day-to-discuss-why-the-company-plans-to-split-off-the-atlanta-braves-and-the-overwhelming-demand-for-tayl.html |archive-date=November 17, 2022}}</ref> published a statement saying they were "unprepared" to accommodate all fans;<ref name="RS Hunger Games">{{Cite magazine |last=Jones |first=C. T. |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Tickets Are On Sale. Fans Say It's Their Hunger Games |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/taylor-swift-fans-battle-ticketmaster-presale-1234630928/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207190613/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/taylor-swift-fans-battle-ticketmaster-presale-1234630928/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=November 16, 2022}}</ref> and announced the cancelation of any further sales due to their inability to meet demand.<ref name="RS general on-sale">{{Cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster Adds to the Chaos, Cancels General On-Sale for Taylor Swift's the Eras Tour |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ticketmaster-cancels-general-on-sale-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-1234632678/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205150939/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ticketmaster-cancels-general-on-sale-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-1234632678/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref> The fiasco was a subject of public criticism and political scrutiny. Customers and fans criticized Ticketmaster for its allegedly flawed systems and inefficient technical resolutions.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Adamczyk |first=Alicia |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Why are Taylor Swift Eras tour tickets so expensive? |url=https://fortune.com/2022/11/10/why-are-concert-tickets-so-expensive-taylor-swift-springsteen/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |issn=2169-155X |oclc=38999231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204122/https://fortune.com/2022/11/10/why-are-concert-tickets-so-expensive-taylor-swift-springsteen/ |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ighadaro |first=Omose |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Tennessee AG Investigating Antitrust Violations in Taylor Swift Ticket Presale |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-16/ticketmaster-s-taylor-swift-presale-investigated-by-tennessee-ag |url-status=live |access-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118193356/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-16/ticketmaster-s-taylor-swift-presale-investigated-by-tennessee-ag |archive-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref> US lawmakers including [[attorney general|attorneys general]] and members of the [[United States Congress|Congress]] took notice of the issue,<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeVille |first=Chris |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Ticket Debacle: Lawmakers Demand Breakup Of Ticketmaster "Monopoly" |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2206351/lawmakers-demand-ticketmaster-be-broken-up-after-taylor-swift-ticketing-crash/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000925/https://www.stereogum.com/2206351/lawmakers-demand-ticketmaster-be-broken-up-after-taylor-swift-ticketing-crash/news/ |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> which became a subject of multiple state, federal and congressional inquiries.<ref name="Brooks-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Dave |date=December 15, 2022 |title=How Ticketmaster Plans to Sell Taylor Swift's Remaining 170,000 Concert Tickets Over Four Weeks |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-eras-tour-ticketmaster-sell-remaining-tickets/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217005045/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-eras-tour-ticketmaster-sell-remaining-tickets/ |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |access-date=December 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=McCabe |first1=David |last2=Sisario |first2=Ben |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Justice Department Said to Investigate Ticketmaster's Parent Company |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/technology/live-nation-ticketmaster-investigation-taylor-swift.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209181409/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/technology/live-nation-ticketmaster-investigation-taylor-swift.html |archive-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref>

On December 12, 2022, Ticketmaster began notifying select fans—"identified as [fans] who received a boost during the Verified Fan presale but did not purchase tickets"—of a second ticket-buying opportunity to purchase a maximum of two tickets per user through the platform Ticketstoday.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liddy |first=Kaetlyn |title=Karma for Taylor Swift fans as Ticketmaster offers second chance for 'Eras Tour' tickets |agency=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/12/karma-for-taylor-swift-fans-as-ticketmaster-offers-second-chance-for-eras-tour-tickets.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213050125/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/12/karma-for-taylor-swift-fans-as-ticketmaster-offers-second-chance-for-eras-tour-tickets.html |archive-date=December 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rebecca |title=Ticketmaster says it'll give some lucky Taylor Swift fans a chance to buy tickets for her Eras Tour after it canceled the general sale |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/ticketmaster-says-itll-give-some-lucky-taylor-swift-fans-a-chance-to-buy-tickets-for-her-eras-tour-after-it-canceled-the-general-sale/articleshow/96179856.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213041244/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/ticketmaster-says-itll-give-some-lucky-taylor-swift-fans-a-chance-to-buy-tickets-for-her-eras-tour-after-it-canceled-the-general-sale/articleshow/96179856.cms |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |access-date=December 13, 2022 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> ''Billboard'' reported that Ticketmaster opted to sell the remaining 170,000 tickets to the US leg over four weeks through Ticketstoday, a ticketing platform originally built for [[Dave Matthews Band]]'s [[fan club]] in the 2000s that was purchased by Live Nation in 2008, to "significantly reduce fan wait times".<ref name="Brooks-2022" />

=== Latin America ===
Tickets for the Latin American shows went on sale in early June 2023.<ref name=":5" /> Presale access was granted to [[Banco Patagonia]] clients in Argentina, scheduled for June 5;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift The Eras Tour |url=https://www.allaccess.com.ar/event/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour |access-date=June 2, 2023 |language=es |agency=All Access |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609161218/https://www.allaccess.com.ar/event/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour |url-status=live }}</ref> around one million customers were reported to be queueing for the 24,000 available presale tickets for the [[Buenos Aires]] shows,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reynoso |first=Matias |date=June 5, 2023 |title=Furor por Taylor Swift en Argentina: hubo un millón de personas en la fila virtual de la preventa|trans-title=Taylor Swift in Argentina is all the rage: there was a million people in the presale online queue |url=https://www.ambito.com/espectaculos/furor-taylor-swift-argentina-hubo-un-millon-personas-la-fila-virtual-la-preventa-n5737706 |newspaper=Ámbito Financiero |language=es |access-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605195230/https://www.ambito.com/espectaculos/furor-taylor-swift-argentina-hubo-un-millon-personas-la-fila-virtual-la-preventa-n5737706 |url-status=live}}</ref> and over three million for the general sale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phoyu |first=Cristian |date=June 5, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift en Argentina: más de 3 millones de fans estuvieron en la fila virtual para sus entradas |trans-title=Taylor Swift in Argentina: more than 3 million fans were in the virtual queue for their tickets |url=https://somosohlala.com/actualidad/entretenimiento/furor-por-taylor-swift-en-argentina-mas-de-3-millones-de-fans-en-la-fila-virtual-para-sus-entradas-nid06062023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 |website=Ohlalá |language=es |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607155333/https://www.somosohlala.com/actualidad/entretenimiento/furor-por-taylor-swift-en-argentina-mas-de-3-millones-de-fans-en-la-fila-virtual-para-sus-entradas-nid06062023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 6, 2023 |title=Se agotaron las entradas para Taylor Swift en Argentina |trans-title=Tickets sold out for Taylor Swift in Argentina |url=https://www.lavoz.com.ar/vos/musica/se-agotaron-las-entradas-para-taylor-swift-en-argentina/ |access-date=June 7, 2023 |newspaper=La Voz del Interior |language=es |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608120933/https://www.lavoz.com.ar/vos/musica/se-agotaron-las-entradas-para-taylor-swift-en-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> DF Entertainment served as Swift's tour promotion partner for the Argentinian concerts; CEO Diego Finkelstein called the demand "unprecedented",<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hanley |first=James |date=June 8, 2023 |title=Record demand for Taylor Swift's Argentina debut|url=https://www.iq-mag.net/2023/06/record-demand-for-taylor-swifts-argentina-debut/ |access-date=June 8, 2023| magazine=[[IQ (magazine)|IQ]]}}</ref> based on which ''[[Perfil]]'' opined that Swift could fill the stadium 36 times if she wanted to.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Pierre |last=Froidevaux |date=June 10, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift pudo tener el récord de llenar 36 River Plate, pero sólo hará tres shows |trans-title=Taylor Swift could have the record of filling 36 River Plate, but she will only do three shows |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/protagonistas/taylor-swift-pudo-tener-el-record-de-llenar-36-river-plate-pero-solo-hara-tres-shows.phtml |access-date=June 12, 2023 |newspaper=Perfil |language=es |archive-date=June 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611012549/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/protagonistas/taylor-swift-pudo-tener-el-record-de-llenar-36-river-plate-pero-solo-hara-tres-shows.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Brazil, previous Lover Fest ticket holders and C6 Bank [[Mastercard]] holders gained access to presales on June 6 and June 10, respectively. However, immediately following the tour announcement on June 2, people began camping outside [[Allianz Parque]] to purchase physical tickets to the [[São Paulo]] shows that would not go on sale to the general public until June 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift The Eras Tour |url=https://www.taylorswifttheerastour.com.br/ |access-date=June 2, 2023 |language=pt |agency=taylorswifttheerastour.com.br |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612020432/https://www.taylorswifttheerastour.com.br/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Preti |first=Conz |title=Brazilian Taylor Swift fans are camping out to buy tickets more than a week before they go on sale |url=https://www.insider.com/brazilian-taylor-swift-fans-camping-ahead-ticket-sales-2023-6 |date=June 3, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=Insider |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629000612/https://www.insider.com/brazilian-taylor-swift-fans-camping-ahead-ticket-sales-2023-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mastercard presale tickets sold out in 30 minutes, with over one million customers queueing for them.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shows de Taylor Swift no Brasil têm fila de 1 milhão de pessoas e esgotam em meia hora|trans-title=Taylor Swift concerts in Brazil have a line of 1 million people and sell out in half an hour|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/amp/ilustrada/2023/06/shows-de-taylor-swift-no-brasil-tem-fila-de-um-milhao-de-pessoas-para-ingressos.shtml|date=June 9, 2023|access-date=June 9, 2023|newspaper=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|language=pt|archive-date=June 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610001616/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/amp/ilustrada/2023/06/shows-de-taylor-swift-no-brasil-tem-fila-de-um-milhao-de-pessoas-para-ingressos.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Unrest was reported on June 11 in the queues outside the box offices of the Brazilian venues, with scalpers attempting to bypass fans in purchasing tickets, including some armed scalpers who threatened violence; police arrived at the scene to maintain order.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 11, 2023 |title=Fãs relatam confusão com cambistas por ingressos de shows de Taylor Swift |trans-title=Fans report confusion with scalpers for Taylor Swift concert tickets |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/06/fas-relatam-confusao-com-cambistas-por-ingressos-de-shows-de-taylor-swift.shtml |access-date=June 11, 2023 |newspaper=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR |archive-date=June 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611230654/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/06/fas-relatam-confusao-com-cambistas-por-ingressos-de-shows-de-taylor-swift.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 12, over two million users queued for the general sale online.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Shows de Taylor Swift no Brasil têm fila virtual de mais de 2 milhões de pessoas |trans-title=Taylor Swift concerts in Brazil have a virtual queue of more than 2 million people |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/06/shows-de-taylor-swift-no-brasil-tem-fila-virtual-de-mais-de-2-milhoes-de-pessoas.shtml |access-date=June 12, 2023 |newspaper=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612135707/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/06/shows-de-taylor-swift-no-brasil-tem-fila-virtual-de-mais-de-2-milhoes-de-pessoas.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The ticket sale agency, [[T4F – Time For Fun]], was reported over 100 times to authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Camiotto |first=Giovanna |date=June 16, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: Justiça investiga práticas abusivas na venda de ingressos |trans-title=Taylor Swift: Justice investigates abusive practices in ticket sales |url=https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/taylor-swift-justica-investiga-praticas-abusivas-na-venda-de-ingressos,d47fd9fae52f57496cc4ae19d0215941j0tdjio1.html |access-date=June 21, 2023 |agency=[[Terra (company)|Terra]] |language=pt-br |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621063145/https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/taylor-swift-justica-investiga-praticas-abusivas-na-venda-de-ingressos,d47fd9fae52f57496cc4ae19d0215941j0tdjio1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 20, [[National Congress of Brazil|federal lawmakers in Brazil]] filed the "Taylor Swift Law", which would penalize scalpers with up to four years in prison and a fine of up to 100 times the value of the ticket.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=Roseann |last2=Côrtes |first2=Gustavo |date=June 19, 2023 |title=Deputada propõe 'Lei Taylor Swift' em resposta à ação de cambistas |trans-title=Congresswoman proposes 'Taylor Swift Bill' in response to scalper action |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/coluna-do-estadao/deputada-propoe-lei-taylor-swift-em-resposta-a-acao-de-cambistas/ |access-date=June 21, 2023 |newspaper=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]] |language=pt-br |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621073455/https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/coluna-do-estadao/deputada-propoe-lei-taylor-swift-em-resposta-a-acao-de-cambistas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Mexico, ticket presale was handled by Ticketmaster's Verified Fan program; registrations ran from June 2 through June 7, followed by a general public on-sale.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=García |first=Luz |date=June 2, 2023 |title=¿Cómo ser un Verified Fan para ir al concierto de Taylor Swift en México y Latinoamérica? |trans-title=How to be a Verified Fan for the Taylor Swift concerts in Mexico and Latin America? |url=https://www.vogue.mx/articulo/verified-fan-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-2023 |magazine=Vogue México |language=es |access-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603141110/https://www.vogue.mx/articulo/verified-fan-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Asia-Pacific ===
In Australia, tickets were only available via [[Ticketek]].<ref>{{cite news |last=May |first=Natasha |date=June 21, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras tour in Australia: what you need to know about tickets to the Sydney and Melbourne shows |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jun/21/taylor-swift-australia-tour-eras-sydney-melbourne-shows-cost |url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621085118/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jun/21/taylor-swift-australia-tour-eras-sydney-melbourne-shows-cost |archive-date=June 21, 2023}}</ref> ''[[Guardian Australia]]'' reported that the Australian leg was met with unprecedented demand as well.<ref name=":162">{{Cite news |last1=Cassidy |first1=Caitlin |last2=Convery |first2=Stephanie |date=June 28, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Sydney and Melbourne presale tickets sold out after record 4 m users join Ticketek queue |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jun/28/taylor-swift-presale-tickets-australia-fans-ticketek-website |access-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627235921/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jun/28/taylor-swift-presale-tickets-australia-fans-ticketek-website |url-status=live }}</ref> Within 12 hours, over one million people signed up for a presale code.<ref>{{cite news |last=Skelley |first=Jemima |date=June 22, 2023 |title=A guide to navigating Taylor Swift's Australian tour, by an expert Swiftie |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour-australia-getting-tickets-20230622-p5dim0.html |url-access=limited |access-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626051632/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour-australia-getting-tickets-20230622-p5dim0.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[American Express]] cardholders were able to purchase VIP packages from June 26 to 28; however, the website crashed within half an hour, and all the VIP packages sold out on June 26.<ref>{{cite news |last=Beazley |first=Jordyn |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Amex ticket website hit by 'technical difficulties' as first Australian presale packages sell out |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jun/26/taylor-swift-amex-ticket-website-hit-by-technical-difficulties-as-select-australian-presales-begin |access-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626004337/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jun/26/taylor-swift-amex-ticket-website-hit-by-technical-difficulties-as-select-australian-presales-begin |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the scalping highlighted by Australian consumer organization [[Choice (Australian consumer organisation)|Choice]], the [[Victoria State Government]] declared the Eras Tour in Melbourne a "major event", a legal provision that penalizes scalping and misleading advertisement in [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]. Because reselling a ticket for more than 10% above the original price is illegal by default in [[New South Wales]], [[Government of New South Wales|its government]] initiated an investigation into the ticket resale platform [[Viagogo]] following scalping reports. On June 28, those registered with concert promoter [[Frontier Touring Company]] gained access to a presale, for which over four million users queued, setting a national record; tickets sold out within three hours. Ticketek stated that it neutralized over 500 million bot purchase attempts during the presale. The general public on-sale began on June 30, with tickets selling out that day.<ref name=":162" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 27, 2023 |title=Victorian government spells trouble for ticket scalpers as Taylor Swift's Melbourne tour declared 'major event' |agency=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-27/ticket-scalping-laws-taylor-swift-melbourne-tour-major-event/102530232 |access-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627053046/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-27/ticket-scalping-laws-taylor-swift-melbourne-tour-major-event/102530232 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 30, 2023 |title=Bad news for Taylor Swift fans waiting for Melbourne tickets |url=https://7news.com.au/entertainment/taylor-swift-melbourne-tickets-frontier-touring-confirms-two-out-of-three-shows-nearly-sold-out-c-11139603 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |work=[[Seven News]] |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704171119/https://7news.com.au/entertainment/taylor-swift-melbourne-tickets-frontier-touring-confirms-two-out-of-three-shows-nearly-sold-out-c-11139603 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[United Overseas Bank]] (UOB) cardholders in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam had presale access on July 5, 2023 for the Singaporean dates, with over one million users in the virtual queue. ''[[The Straits Times]]'' reported that Swift's fans in Singapore and other eligible [[Southeast Asia]]n countries began "scrambling" to sign up for UOB cards in response.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diviyadhaarshini |first=B. N. B. |date=June 21, 2023 |title=Swift fans rush for UOB cards to gain access to pre-sale concert tickets |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/taylor-swift-fans-rush-to-get-uob-cards-as-pre-sale-concert-tickets-only-for-cardholders |access-date=June 22, 2023 |issn=0585-3923 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621204723/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/taylor-swift-fans-rush-to-get-uob-cards-as-pre-sale-concert-tickets-only-for-cardholders |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kua |first=Isabel |date=July 5, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Ticket Queue for Singapore Shows Passes One Million |agency=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-05/taylor-swift-tickets-frenzy-sees-singapore-queue-pass-one-million |access-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809150153/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-05/taylor-swift-tickets-frenzy-sees-singapore-queue-pass-one-million |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 22 million users registered for the 330,000 tickets of the July 7 general sale, which happened both virtually and via [[Singapore Post]] offices; tickets sold out immediately despite website crashes.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last1=Ong |first1=Shynn |last2=Wee |first2=Gladys |date=July 8, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Singapore concert tickets sell out in 8 hours; fans hit by sale glitches call for better systems |url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/taylor-swift-singapore-concert-tickets-sold-out-2207196 |access-date=July 8, 2023 |newspaper=[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]] |archive-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708034051/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/taylor-swift-singapore-concert-tickets-sold-out-2207196 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite news |date=July 7, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: What Asian fans did for her concert tickets |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66117146 |access-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708030057/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66117146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Heather |date=July 15, 2023 |title='Cruel Summer' for Taylor Swift fans in Asia as Singapore shows sell out |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/14/business/taylor-swift-tour-singapore-asia-popularity-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |agency=[[CNN Business]] |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716195645/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/14/business/taylor-swift-tour-singapore-asia-popularity-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Klook, an official experience partner for the Singapore leg, sold travel packages along with tickets, which led dozens of Filipino fans to purchase them, instantly selling out.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Coconuts Manila |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Filipino Swifties lead demand as Klook 'The Eras' packages sell out |url=https://coconuts.co/manila/lifestyle/filipino-swifties-lead-demand-as-klook-the-eras-packages-sell-out/ |website=[[Coconuts Media|Coconuts]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724060714/https://coconuts.co/manila/lifestyle/filipino-swifties-lead-demand-as-klook-the-eras-packages-sell-out/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Marina Bay Sands]] sold tickets coupled with hotel stays and other experiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sng |first=Suzanne |date=June 28, 2023 |title=Klook to offer packages for Taylor Swift concerts |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/klook-to-offer-packages-for-taylor-swift-concerts-following-mbs-tie-up |access-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629014157/https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/klook-to-offer-packages-for-taylor-swift-concerts-following-mbs-tie-up |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Europe ===
Tickets to the [[Lisbon]] shows were sold on July 12 and 27, 2023, via [[See Tickets]], with transferrable access codes mailed to registered users the day before. Buyers were limited to four tickets per code.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift The Eras Tour |url=https://taylorswift.seetickets.com/event/pre-registro-ts/estadio-da-luz/2685690 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621142439/https://taylorswift.seetickets.com/event/pre-registro-ts/estadio-da-luz/2685690 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |agency=[[See Tickets]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=Taylor Swift em Portugal: mais bilhetes disponibilizados hoje |url=https://expresso.pt/blitz/2023-07-27-Taylor-Swift-em-Portugal-mais-bilhetes-disponibilizados-hoje-9f6e7884 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Expresso |language=pt |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727145327/https://expresso.pt/blitz/2023-07-27-Taylor-Swift-em-Portugal-mais-bilhetes-disponibilizados-hoje-9f6e7884 |url-status=live }}</ref> General seats of both shows sold out within 2.5 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Tiago |title=Acabou a "Great War": concertos de Taylor Swift em Portugal estão esgotados. Só há pacotes vip de 539 euros |trans-title=The "Great War" is over: Taylor Swift's concerts in Portugal are sold out. There are only VIP packages of 539 euros |url=https://mag.sapo.pt/musica/artigos/acabou-a-great-war-concertos-de-taylor-swift-em-portugal-estao-esgotados-so-ha-pacotes-vip-de-539-euros |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |website=SAPO |language=pt |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712182705/https://mag.sapo.pt/musica/artigos/acabou-a-great-war-concertos-de-taylor-swift-em-portugal-estao-esgotados-so-ha-pacotes-vip-de-539-euros |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 27, 2023, another batch of tickets was made available for those you had been selected with a code.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=Taylor Swift em Portugal: mais bilhetes disponibilizados hoje |url=https://expresso.pt/blitz/2023-07-27-Taylor-Swift-em-Portugal-mais-bilhetes-disponibilizados-hoje-9f6e7884 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Expresso |language=pt |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727145327/https://expresso.pt/blitz/2023-07-27-Taylor-Swift-em-Portugal-mais-bilhetes-disponibilizados-hoje-9f6e7884 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Three million people queued for tickets in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Millionen Anfragen für deutsche Shows von Taylor Swift |trans-title=Millions of requests for German shows by Taylor Swift |url=https://www.flz.de/article/id/ps-0934c369-fe80-48b2-85e0-8ac4472e90d0 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website={{ill|Fränkische Landeszeitung|de}} |language=de |archive-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714160501/https://www.flz.de/article/id/ps-0934c369-fe80-48b2-85e0-8ac4472e90d0 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 600,000 registered for the [[Warsaw]] shows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sobczyński |first=Jacek |date=June 24, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift zagra w 2024 roku więcej niż jeden koncert w Polsce? To bardzo możliwe |trans-title=Taylor Swift will play more than one concert in Poland in 2024? It's very likely |url=https://newonce.net/artykul/taylor-swift-zagra-w-2024-roku-wiecej-niz-jeden-koncert-w-polsce-to-bardzo-mozliwe |access-date=June 27, 2023 |website=Newonce |language=pl |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626220002/https://newonce.net/artykul/taylor-swift-zagra-w-2024-roku-wiecej-niz-jeden-koncert-w-polsce-to-bardzo-mozliwe |url-status=live }}</ref> All 170,000 tickets for the three [[Vienna]] dates sold out within the first few hours, marking the largest and fastest ticket sale ever in [[Austria]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Hadler |first=Simon |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Rekordvorverkauf von Taylor-Swift-Tickets |url=https://topos.orf.at/taylor-swift-ticketverkauf100 |access-date=July 11, 2023 |publisher=[[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] |language=de |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711140229/https://topos.orf.at/taylor-swift-ticketverkauf100 |url-status=live }}</ref> All 95,000 [[Zürich]] tickets sold out within 30 minutes.<ref name=":232" />

In France, [[TF1]] reported the highest demand ever for a presale. Angelo Gopee, head of Live Nation France, stated, "the demand is such that many have found themselves in a virtual queue just to subscribe to the mailing list which, potentially, will open access to the ticket office. From memory, we had never seen that in France".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Delphine |last=De Freitas |date=June 21, 2023 |title=La billetterie des concerts français de Taylor Swift donne déjà des sueurs froides à ses fans |trans-title=The box office for Taylor Swift's French concerts is already giving her fans cold sweats |url=https://www.tf1info.fr/culture/the-eras-tour-de-taylor-swift-la-billetterie-de-ses-concerts-francais-lille-et-paris-fonctionne-sur-tirage-sort-2261184.html |access-date=June 23, 2023 |agency=TF1 Info |language=fr |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622201945/https://www.tf1info.fr/culture/the-eras-tour-de-taylor-swift-la-billetterie-de-ses-concerts-francais-lille-et-paris-fonctionne-sur-tirage-sort-2261184.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Paris presale opened on June 11, 2023, to over one million users queuing. Ticketmaster suspended both Paris and [[Lyon]] presales within an hour after reports of [[login]] glitches.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Roxborough |first=Scott |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Concert Tickets Sales Suspended by Ticketmaster France |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/taylor-swift-concert-ticket-sales-ticketmaster-france-suspended-1235532813/ |access-date=July 11, 2023 |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> They were rescheduled to July 17 to 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Eras Tour de Taylor Swift : les nouvelles dates pour la vente de billets à Paris ont été annoncées |url=https://www.nordlittoral.fr/179706/article/2023-07-14/eras-tour-de-taylor-swift-les-nouvelles-dates-pour-la-vente-de-billets-paris-ont |trans-title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour: new dates for ticket sales in Paris have been announced |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Nord Littoral |language=fr |archive-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714223740/https://www.nordlittoral.fr/179706/article/2023-07-14/eras-tour-de-taylor-swift-les-nouvelles-dates-pour-la-vente-de-billets-paris-ont |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ticketmaster and [[AXS (company)|AXS]] handled the United Kingdom sale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherlock |first=Gemma |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift fans fume as Ticketmaster changes sale and time rules for Eras Tour |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/going-out/music/taylor-swift-fans-fume-ticketmaster-30402410 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]] |archive-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710115453/https://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/going-out/music/taylor-swift-fans-fume-ticketmaster-30402410 |url-status=live }}</ref> Those who had previously pre-ordered ''Midnights'' were able to access presales from July 10 to 12.<ref name=":22" /> London's [[Wembley Stadium]] officials described the demand for tickets as "unprecedented" and noted that waiting times were "longer than usual".<ref>{{Cite news |last=McLaren |first=Bonnie |date=July 12, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: Disabled fans struggle to get Eras Tour Wembley tickets |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-66166012 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090240/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-66166012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cardiff]]'s [[Millennium Stadium|Principality Stadium]] tickets were pre-sold on July 14. In addition to website malfunctions, ''[[Forbes]]'' reported widespread scalping of the tour's UK tickets, with immediate re-listing on sites like [[StubHub]] and Viagogo for extortionate prices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dowrick |first=Molly |date=July 12, 2023 |title=The eye-watering charges for Taylor Swift tickets taking fans by surprise |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-eyewatering-27308705 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Media Wales]] |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713030133/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-eyewatering-27308705 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite magazine |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Eras Tour Headaches Take U.K.: Taylor Swift Fans Complain About Website Malfunctions, Scalpers As Tickets Released |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2023/07/10/eras-tour-headaches-take-uk-taylor-swift-fans-complain-about-website-malfunctions-scalpers-as-tickets-released/ |access-date=July 13, 2023 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref> Viagogo responded that the demand of the tour's European leg is something the company has not seen "since the Beatles" and claimed Viagogo is a regulated marketplace where sellers "may list tickets at high values when demand is high, but prices can change and tend to reduce over time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Charlotte |date=July 10, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift tickets already being sold for as much as £6,000 online |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/taylor-swift-tickets-already-being-27293404 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |publisher=Media Wales |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712194508/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/taylor-swift-tickets-already-being-27293404 |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK general sale took place from July 17 to 19.<ref name="UKsale">{{cite news |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=July 10, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: Fans snap up first available tickets for Eras UK tour dates |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-66152265 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710105823/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-66152265 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Around 500,000 people registered for the [[Dublin]] shows.<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Reagan |first=Ellen |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Swiftflation: star's pulling power likely to push up prices |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2023/07/14/swiftflation-stars-pulling-power-likely-to-push-up-prices/ |access-date=July 15, 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724133736/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2023/07/14/swiftflation-stars-pulling-power-likely-to-push-up-prices/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On account of the website crashes during the UK sale, Ticketmaster announced staggered on-sale times for Dublin on July 20, 2023; tickets sold out in minutes. ''[[The Irish Times]]'' highlighted that, unlike the UK, "the practice of reselling tickets above face value has been illegal in Ireland since 2021" and hence no scalping was reported.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleming |first=Rory |date=July 20, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: Tickets for Dublin 2024 date sell out in minutes |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2023/07/20/taylor-swift-tickets-for-dublin-2024-dates-sell-out-in-minutes/ |access-date=July 20, 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720123749/https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2023/07/20/taylor-swift-tickets-for-dublin-2024-dates-sell-out-in-minutes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Production ==
The Eras Tour was produced by Swift's in-house tour production company, Taylor Swift Touring.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |date=2022-11-01 |title=Taylor Swift Announces U.S. Dates for 2023 Eras Tour |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-2023-eras-north-american-tour-dates-1235164042/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Billboard |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101132332/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-2023-eras-north-american-tour-dates-1235164042/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that the tour is one of the most expensive and "technically ambitious" productions of the 21st century.<ref name=":15" />

=== Stage and lighting ===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 230
| image1 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, MN - Red act - 3.jpg
| image2 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, Minnesota - Midnights act 11.jpg
| image3 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, Minnesota - Midnights act 4.jpg
| image4 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, MN - 1989 act 12.jpg
| align =
| direction =
| caption1 =
| footer = The Eras Tour staging is equipped with smoke machines, light beams, [[confetti]] shooters, coordinated serial lights, and [[pyrotechnics]].
}}
The Eras Tour staging is expansive, made of digital displays. It consists of three separate stages connected by a broad ramp:<ref name="Cohen-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Jonathan |date=March 17, 2023 |title=Review: Taylor Swift Mines Every Era At Marathon Tour Kickoff In Phoenix |url=https://www.spin.com/2023/03/taylor-swift-eras-kickoff/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |issn=0886-3032 |oclc=12872607 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318150830/https://www.spin.com/2023/03/taylor-swift-eras-kickoff/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref> a main stage with a giant, curved [[widescreen]];<ref name="Young-2023" /><ref name="Willman-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Eras' Show Is a Three-Hour, 44-Song Epic That Leaves 'Em Wanting More: Concert Review |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/concert-reviews/taylor-swift-eras-tour-concert-review-glendale-phoenix-1235558467/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318185342/https://variety.com/2023/music/concert-reviews/taylor-swift-eras-tour-concert-review-glendale-phoenix-1235558467/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |quote="Which you'd have to say is part of the big picture here, when the person who has come up with the single greatest body of pop songwriting in the 21st century is also its most popular performer. How did the stars align that way?"}}</ref> a [[Rhombus|rhombic]] middle stage;<ref name="Lipshutz-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |date=March 18, 2023 |title=The 13 Best Moments From Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Kickoff |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-best-moments-review/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318150337/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-best-moments-review/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref> and a rectangular stage that along with the ramp forms a T-shape at the middle of the floor.<ref name="Horton-2023">{{Cite news |last=Horton |first=Adrian |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift review – pop's hardest-working star gives Eras tour her all |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/18/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-arizona |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140036/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/18/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-arizona |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The stages feature various visuals and effects throughout the show.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Procell |first1=Carlie |last2=Padilla |first2=Ramon |date=April 27, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift tour has many 'eras.' We tracked her movements to give you the look and feel. |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2023/04/27/taylor-swift-movements-eras-tour/11696828002/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429070624/https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2023/04/27/taylor-swift-movements-eras-tour/11696828002/ |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |issn=0734-7456}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 230
| image1 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, MN - Fearless act - 2.jpg
| image2 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, MN - Speak Now act - 2.jpg
| image3 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, MN - 1989 act.jpg
| image4 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, Minnesota - Midnights act 2.jpg
| align =
| direction =
| caption1 =
| footer = The rhombic middle stage gives rise to mobile blocks that form different shapes of platform during various acts of the concert.
}}
The staging is equipped with a "hyperactive" [[Revolving stage|hydraulic platform]],<ref name="McCormick-2023-2">{{Cite news |last=McCormick |first=Neil |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour, review: a roaring spectacle of a comeback |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/concerts/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-roaring-spectacle-comeback/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318130108/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/concerts/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-roaring-spectacle-comeback/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref> with the main and middle stages having mobile blocks that rise from the center to form platforms of different shapes.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2">{{Cite magazine |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |date=March 18, 2023 |title=The 13 Best Moments From Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Kickoff |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-best-moments-review/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318150337/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-best-moments-review/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref> The tour's "massive" production is heavily inspired by [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift launches Eras tour with three-hour, 44-song set |agency=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64999388 |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318212358/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64999388 |archive-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Aramesh-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Aramesh |first=Waiss David |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour Is a 3-Hour Career-Spanning Victory Lap |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-live-reviews/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-glendale-review-1234699496/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |issn=0035-791X |oclc=1787396 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164625/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-live-reviews/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-glendale-review-1234699496/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Horton-2023-2">{{Cite news |last=Horton |first=Adrian |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift review – pop's hardest-working star gives Eras tour her all |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/18/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-arizona |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140036/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/18/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-arizona |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878}}</ref> It has been described as a [[4D film|4D cognitive]] experience,<ref name="Young-2023" /> featuring [[pyrotechnics]], [[Laser lighting display|laser lights]],<ref name="Raggio">{{Cite news |last=Raggio |first=Eva |title=Taylor Swift Kicked Off Her Arlington Concerts Like the Icon She Is, No Matter Who Disagrees |newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]] |url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/Taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-arlington-texas-16264428 |url-status=live |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402192614/https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/Taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-arlington-texas-16264428 |archive-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref> indoor [[fireworks]], [[PixMob]] LED bracelets,<ref name="McCormick-2023-2" /> and [[Projector|image projection]] technology,<ref name="Cohen-2023" /> such as [[projection mapping]].<ref name="Young-2023" />

The tour's concept centers on [[worldbuilding]] and thus employs a diverse set of stage set-ups, props, and performing styles to convey the varying moods and aesthetics of Swift's albums.<ref name="Aramesh-2023" /><ref name="Horton-2023-2" /> [[Interior design]] magazine ''[[Architectural Digest]]'' named the Eras Tour Swift's "most ambitious" [[Scenic design|set design]] and praised its worldbuilding.<ref name="McLaughlin" />

=== Music ===
Designed as a tribute to [[Taylor Swift albums discography|Swift's discography]] across her 17-year career, the Eras Tour covers all styles of music from her 10 studio albums, ranging from [[Country music|country]] and [[Pop music|pop]] to [[Contemporary folk music|folk]] and [[alternative rock]] genres.<ref name="Barnes-2023">{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Kelsey |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras tour is a career-defining spectacle full of surprises – review |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/taylor-swift-review-arizona-eras-tour-b2303481.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318161639/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/taylor-swift-review-arizona-eras-tour-b2303481.html |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Some media outlets described the Eras Tour as a "[[Greatest hits album|greatest hits]]" tour of an artist still in her commercial prime.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Roberts |first=Kayleigh |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Setlist Is Here for You to Obsess Over |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/music/a43355418/taylor-swift-eras-tour-setlist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321063050/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/music/a43355418/taylor-swift-eras-tour-setlist/ |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |magazine=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |issn=0010-9541 |oclc=38584848}}</ref><ref name="Aramesh-2023" /> The [[set list]] placed a slightly greater focus on albums Swift had not previously toured, including first-ever live performances of several tracks.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift kicks off career-spanning Eras tour |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |via=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/article-taylor-swift-eras-tour-opening/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321071117/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/article-taylor-swift-eras-tour-opening/ |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |issn=0319-0714 |oclc=61312660}}</ref> The concert ensemble includes 14 [[backup dancer]]s and a live band consisting of six instrumentalists and four female [[backing vocalist]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2023/6/3/23747984/taylor-swift-review-soldier-field-chicago-eras-tour-swifties |title=Taylor Swift conquers Chicago in first of three sold-out Soldier Field shows |last=Fragassi |first=Selena |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |date=June 4, 2023 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043420/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2023/6/3/23747984/taylor-swift-review-soldier-field-chicago-eras-tour-swifties |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Fashion ===
[[File:Taylor Swift Eras Tour - Arlington TX 20230331 - Look What You Made Me Do 1.jpg|alt=Taylor Swift in a sparkling body suit onstage|thumb|During the ''[[Reputation (album)|Reputation]]'' act, Swift performs with her dancers dressed in her other eras.]]
Swift's wardrobe at the Eras Tour was a subject of widespread media coverage.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Vanessa |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift and the Sparkling Trap of Constant Reinvention |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/style/taylor-swift-eras-tour-looks.html |access-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620195334/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/style/taylor-swift-eras-tour-looks.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her costumes and those of her accompanying dancers, as well as her microphones and guitars, paid homage to her 10 albums.<ref name="Allaire-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Allaire |first=Christian |date=March 19, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Kicks Off Her Eras Tour in Fully Bejeweled Fashion |url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/taylor-swift-eras-tour-best-fashion-moments |url-status=live |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |issn=0042-8000 |oclc=1769261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319195737/https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/taylor-swift-eras-tour-best-fashion-moments |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kundran |first=Amulya |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Costumes: The Best Fashion Moments From Eras Tour |url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/fashion-now/taylor-swift-costumes |access-date=March 22, 2023 |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322154427/https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/fashion-now/taylor-swift-costumes |url-status=live }}</ref> They were inspired by previous performances, music videos, and public appearances,<ref name="UPROXX-2023">{{Cite web |last=Cosores |first=Phillip |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour' Concert Review: Phoenix Wowed |url=https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-concert-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318122728/https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-concert-review/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[Uproxx]] |quote="Taylor Swift's 'Eras Tour' is the most impressive stadium show ever conceived."}}</ref><ref name="Wong-2023">{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Ashley |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Eras Tour': See All the Costumes |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/story/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-see-all-the-costumes-42b80eaf |url-status=live |access-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323135115/https://www.wsj.com/story/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-see-all-the-costumes-42b80eaf |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |issn=1042-9840 |oclc=781541372}}</ref> intended to align with the overarching themes and [[Color scheme|palette]] of the era Swift referenced in each act, showcasing the various sonic and visual aesthetics she had adopted throughout her career.<ref name="Allaire-2023" /><ref name="Wong-2023" /> However, media outlets noted that the unifying fashion choice were [[crystal]]s: the costumes of every act adorned with them in one way or the other.<ref name="Grindell-2023">{{Cite web |last=Grindell |first=Samantha |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Behind-the-scenes details of Taylor Swift's Eras Tour outfits |website=[[Insider.com]] |url=https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-outfits-behind-the-scenes-videos-photos-2023-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325063418/https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-outfits-behind-the-scenes-videos-photos-2023-3 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |agency=[[Insider Inc.]]}}</ref>

Attire and accessories were mostly custom-made by fashion houses Swift had worked with before, such as [[Versace|Atelier Versace]], [[Roberto Cavalli]], [[Etro]], Nicole + Felicia Couture, [[Zuhair Murad]], [[Elie Saab]], Ashish, [[Alberta Ferretti]], Jessica Jones, and [[Oscar de la Renta]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Regan |first=Jenny |date=March 20, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour: See All the Looks From Night One |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-night-one-outfits-1235289639/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=67058557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322224725/https://www.billboard.com/photos/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-night-one-outfits-1235289639/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Allaire-2023" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Vanessa |date=2023-04-24 |title=Taylor Swift and the Sparkling Trap of Constant Reinvention |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/style/taylor-swift-eras-tour-looks.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620195334/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/style/taylor-swift-eras-tour-looks.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Swift wore variations of some costumes at different shows, usually paired with [[Christian Louboutin]] shoes.<ref name=":4" /> Fausto Puglisi, a designer for [[Roberto Cavalli]], stated that he took an "artisanal approach to craftsmanship" while customizing outfits for Swift, focusing on the fact that "everything must be eye-catching" when designing for concerts.<ref name="Allaire-2023" /> He incorporated [[Swarovski]] crystals in the costumes Swift wore during the ''[[Fearless (Taylor Swift album)|Fearless]]'', ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]'', and ''Reputation'' acts, which required over 170 hours of meticulous "hand-craftsmanship by skilled artisans" to make.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift steps out in crystals, fringe on her 'Eras' tour. See the sketches Roberto Cavalli dreamed up for her epic looks. |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/taylor-swift-eras-tour-sketches-roberto-cavalli-fasion-style-174021332.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322151736/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/taylor-swift-eras-tour-sketches-roberto-cavalli-fasion-style-174021332.html |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |agency=[[Yahoo!]] Entertainment|date=March 21, 2023 }}</ref> The [[sequin]]ed [[Tulle (netting)|tulle]] ball gown that Murad designed for the ''Speak Now'' act required "over 350 hours of [[atelier]] handwork". Ferretti used [[Chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]] and micro-beading for the ''Folklore'' era dresses, while the ''Midnights'' Oscar de la Renta fringed bodysuit was hand-adorned with more than 5,300 beads and crystals.<ref name="Grindell-2023" />

''[[StyleCaster]]'' regarded the Eras Tour wardrobe as Swift's best fashion collection for a tour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcus |first=Olivia |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Looks: Every Meaning, Easter Egg & Fan Theory |url=https://stylecaster.com/every-meaning-easter-egg-fan-theory-behind-taylor-swifts-eras-tour-looks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325114139/https://stylecaster.com/every-meaning-easter-egg-fan-theory-behind-taylor-swifts-eras-tour-looks/ |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[StyleCaster]]}}</ref> ''The New York Times''{{'}} chief fashion critic [[Vanessa Friedman]] considered the Eras Tour a [[fashion show]] beyond merely live music, and praised Swift's "fabulous" but purposeful wardrobe choices setting the bar high for the future concerts of other artists.<ref name=":11" />

== Concert synopsis ==
{{Blockquote|text=It's easy to compare one of Swift's stadium shows to something you'd see on Broadway—never has that been more true than for The Eras Tour. The setlist is cut up into acts, grouped by eras for each of Swift's [[Taylor Swift albums discography#Studio albums|ten studio albums]]. For each era/act, Swift went full-send into that album's look, feel, costume, [[color-blocking|color blocking]], and more.|author=David Waiss Aramesh|title="Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour Is a 3-Hour Career-Spanning Victory Lap"|source=''[[Rolling Stone]]''<ref name="Aramesh-2023" />}}
{{Multiple image|total_width = 350
| align = right

| image1 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, MN - Lover act - 7.jpg
| alt1 = Taylor Swift in the middle of a large pink rhombus stage
| caption1 = Swift singing "[[Lover (Taylor Swift song)|Lover]]" during the ''[[Lover (album)|Lover]]'' act, the first act of the show.

| image2 = Eras Tour - Minneapolis, MN - Fearless act - 3.jpg
| alt2 = Taylor Swift on stage to the left of several musicians with instruments
| caption2 = Swift performs the ''[[Fearless (Taylor's Version)|Fearless]]'' act entirely with her band
}}

The show is approximately three hours and 15 minutes long,<ref name="Ruggieri-2023-2">{{Cite news |last=Ruggieri |first=Melissa |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift rewards fans with 44 songs at Eras Tour opener: Inside her triumphant return |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/03/18/taylor-swift-kicks-off-eras-tour-arizona-44-song-set/11490795002/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318175202/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/03/18/taylor-swift-kicks-off-eras-tour-arizona-44-song-set/11490795002/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |issn=0734-7456}}</ref> the longest of Swift's career, and heavily features elements of [[Theatre|theater]].<ref name="UPROXX-2023" /> It consists of 44 songs divided into 10 acts.<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Analysis {{!}} Taylor Swift's Eras Tour opener: A complete recap of all 44 songs |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/music/2023/03/18/taylor-swift-eras-tour-setlist-costumes-recap/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318162008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/music/2023/03/18/taylor-swift-eras-tour-setlist-costumes-recap/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358}}</ref><ref name="McCormick-2023-2" /><ref name="Aramesh-2023" /> Each act is characterized by a specific [[color scheme]], while transitions between acts are facilitated by on-screen interlude visuals and marked by costume changes with negligible [[intermission]]s.<ref name="Horton-2023-2" /><ref name="Barnes-2023" /><ref name="Carroll-2023">{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rachel R. |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Eras' tour kick-off: top five moments from the star's transcendent performance |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-kick-off-top-five-moments-from-the-stars-transcendent-performance-3416005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319191317/https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-kick-off-top-five-moments-from-the-stars-transcendent-performance-3416005 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |website=[[NME]] |issn=0028-6362 |oclc=60624023}}</ref> Swift also addresses the crowd throughout the show.<ref name="UPROXX-2023" />


An Eras Tour show commences with the '''''Lover''''' act. A clock on-screen counts down to show time as [[Lesley Gore]]'s "[[You Don't Own Me]]" (1963) plays.<ref name="Ruggieri-2023-2" /> Surrounded by pastel-colored, fan-like tapestry,<ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Katherine |title=The Eras Tour: The Intricate World-Building Behind Taylor Swift's Most Ambitious Sets Ever |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-eras-tour-set-design |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Architectural Digest]] |date=March 24, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324204931/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-eras-tour-set-design |url-status=live }}</ref> Swift emerges from the platform at mid-stage in a glimmering bodysuit and knee-high boots.<ref name="Washington Post" /><ref name="Aramesh-2023" /> She opens the show with the chorus of "[[Miss Americana & the Heartbreak Prince]]" leading into "[[Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)|Cruel Summer]]".<ref name="Lewis-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Lewis |first=Rebecca |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras tour: All you need to know |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20230318166890/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318130358/https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20230318166890/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[Hello! (magazine)|HELLO!]] |quote="Taylor said to the more than 70,000 fans at Glendale's State Farm Stadium before sharing that she would be performing tracks from each era, and the whirlwind following hours saw the superstar take fans on a journey through her very different eras – country ingenue to pop princess and folklore witch – seamlessly, with stand out moments including the Folklore house, first seen in the 2021 Grammys, and a sultry burlesque scene for 'Vigilante S**t'. "}}</ref> Accompanied by dancers and in a sequined blazer,<ref name="Washington Post" /> she performs "[[The Man (Taylor Swift song)|The Man]]" and "[[You Need to Calm Down]]" through a set emulating office [[cubicle]]s. Swift then delivers the welcome note with the dollhouse from the "[[Lover (Taylor Swift song)|Lover]]" music video on-screen, depicting her various album eras.<ref name="McLaughlin" /> She plays "Lover" on a guitar,<ref name="Washington Post" /><ref name="Wood-2023">{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=March 18, 2023 |title=For 3-plus hours, Taylor Swift delivers a master class in pop ambition |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2023-03-18/taylor-swift-eras-tour-glendale-kickoff-concert-review |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319102056/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2023-03-18/taylor-swift-eras-tour-glendale-kickoff-concert-review |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |issn=2165-1736 |oclc=3638237}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Bream |first=Jon Bream |date=June 24, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift delivers the most fan-fulfilling concert of all time in Minneapolis |url=https://www.startribune.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-concert-review-minneapolis-us-bank-stadium/600285014/ |access-date=June 24, 2023 |newspaper=[[Star Tribune]] |archive-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624080445/https://www.startribune.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-concert-review-minneapolis-us-bank-stadium/600285014/ |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by a stripped-down rendition of "[[The Archer (song)|The Archer]]" alone on the ramp.<ref name="Washington Post" /><ref name="Aramesh-2023" />

[[File:Taylor Swift Eras Tour - Arlington, TX - Evermore (Willow).jpg|left|thumb|During the ''[[Evermore (Taylor Swift album)|Evermore]]'' act, Swift sings "[[Willow (song)|Willow]]" in a [[séance]]-inspired performance.|alt=Taylor Swift, dressed in a burnt orange dress and black cloak, singing on a microphone with backup dancers also dressed in black cloaks]]
The second act, '''''Fearless''''', begins with the screen showing gold [[electric spark]]s raining down. Swift reappears in a metallic fringed dress and country boots characteristic of her early style.<ref name="Washington Post" /> She performs "[[Fearless (Taylor Swift song)|Fearless]]" on the main stage, "[[You Belong with Me]]" at mid-stage, and "[[Love Story (Taylor Swift song)|Love Story]]" on the T-stage, all alongside her band.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /> The third act, '''''Evermore''''', adopts a forest aesthetic.<ref name="Barnes-2023" /> Swift begins singing "[['Tis the Damn Season]]" in a long gown,<ref name="Washington Post" /> followed by a dark theme that leads to "[[Willow (song)|Willow]]" in a "witchy" [[séance]];<ref name="Ruggieri-2023-2" /> she wears a dark green cape and performs with dancers holding luminescent orange orbs.<ref name="UPROXX-2023" /><ref name="Washington Post" /> She continues with "[[Marjorie (song)|Marjorie]]",<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /> then "[[Champagne Problems (Taylor Swift song)|Champagne Problems]]" on a moss-covered piano beneath an oak tree,<ref name="Barnes-2023" /><ref name="McLaughlin" /> concluding the act with "Tolerate It" at a dinner table setup inspired by ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941).<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2023-08-11 |title=Why Taylor Swift’s Eras Road Trip Feels Like the Career-Capping Beatles Tour That Never Happened |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-eras-tour-career-capping-sofi-stadium-1235693870/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

Snakes visuals and dimming lights commence the '''''Reputation''''' act.<ref name="McLaughlin" /><ref name="UPROXX-2023" /> Swift reemerges in a black and red asymmetrical [[catsuit]] with snake motifs,<ref>{{Cite instagram|first=Roberto|last=Cavalli|author-link=Roberto Cavalli|date=March 18, 2023|title=@taylorswift back on stage is a moment of pure magic. @faustopuglisi understands the visuals of music and the movement musicians need. Taylor wears an asymmetrical one piece with the iconic #RobertoCavalli snake wrapped around her body in ruby red, black and diamond beads as she owns the stage and commands the attention of a sold out audience on the opening night of her Eras tour in Arizona, Friday 17th March. Styled by @josephcassell1 #TaylorSwift #ErasTour #ErasTourTaylorSwift"|postid=Cp8FPvZoG0n|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328232312/https://www.instagram.com/p/Cp8FPvZoG0n/|archive-date=March 28, 2023|access-date=April 23, 2023|user=roberto_cavalli|df=mdy}}</ref> with female dancers wearing black and dark red [[leotard]]s.<ref name="Horton-2023-2" /> She delivers a high-energy performance of "[[...Ready for It?]]" with [[Goth subculture|gothic]] dancers, "[[Delicate (Taylor Swift song)|Delicate]]" surrounded by light beams,<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /><ref name="Ruggieri-2023-2" /> and "[[Don't Blame Me (Taylor Swift song)|Don't Blame Me]]" on an elevated platform.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /> She transitions to "[[Look What You Made Me Do]]", which features on-screen visuals of Swift from all of her eras trapped in glass boxes and female dancers dressed in some of Swift's older looks.<ref name="UPROXX-2023" /><ref name="Barnes-2023" /> The act's conclusion is marked by a snake slithering away on-screen.<ref name=":2" /> The fifth act, '''''Speak Now''''', begins with an abstract [[mosaic]] of purple lights on the stage.<ref name="Carroll-2023" /> Swift, in a ball gown, walks in from the screen and performs "[[Enchanted (Taylor Swift song)|Enchanted]]" followed by "[[Long Live (Taylor Swift song)|Long Live]]" on guitar, with her band accompanying her onstage.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" />

The color scheme changes to match the next act, '''''Red'''''; a female dancer opens a box that plays snippets of "[[Red (Taylor Swift song)|Red]]", "[[Everything Has Changed]]" or "[[Holy Ground (song)|Holy Ground]]", and "[[State of Grace (song)|State of Grace]]".<ref name="Ruggieri-2023-2" /> Balloons emerge, and Swift performs "[[22 (Taylor Swift song)|22]]" wearing a version of the [[hippie]]-inspired white T-shirt and black hat from the song's music video.<ref name="McCormick-2023-2" /> Near the end of the song, she greets a fan pre-selected from the audience, giving them the hat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Mikael |last2=Exposito |first2=Suzy |date=2023-08-03 |title=Taylor Swift delivers emotional catharsis and anthems galore in epic, three-plus-hour show |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2023-08-03/taylor-swift-sofi-stadium-opening-night-concert-eras-tour-live-updates |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804075610/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2023-08-03/taylor-swift-sofi-stadium-opening-night-concert-eras-tour-live-updates |url-status=live }}</ref> Swift sings "[[We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together]]" and "[[I Knew You Were Trouble]]" with male dancers next, dressed in a red and black romper.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /><ref name="Washington Post" /><ref name="Wong-2023" /> She dons a red and black ombre coat and a guitar to perform "[[All Too Well (10 Minute Version)]]", backed by the band.<ref name="McCormick-2023-2" /><ref name="Wong-2023" /> The act concludes with artificial snow falling.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" />

[[File:Taylor Swift Eras Tour - Arlington, TX - Folklore act 2.jpg|alt=Taylor Swift singing while sitting on moss, dressed in a floating dress|thumb|During the ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' act, Swift performs in a frilly [[Alberta Ferretti]] gown complementing the album's [[cottagecore]] aesthetic.]][[Cottagecore]] dominates the seventh act, '''''Folklore''''', introduced with a [[Spoken word|spoken-word]] interlude of "[[Seven (Taylor Swift song)|Seven]]".<ref name="Carroll-2023" /> Onstage is a bucolic, [[A-frame]] cabin setup, similar to the one from Swift's performance at the [[63rd Annual Grammy Awards]] (2021),<ref name="Lewis-2023-2">{{Cite magazine |last=Lewis |first=Rebecca |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras tour: All you need to know |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20230318166890/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318130358/https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20230318166890/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |magazine=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> on an elevated platform with a staircase.<ref name="Horton-2023-2" /><ref name="McLaughlin" /> Swift performs "[[Invisible String]]" on the cabin's roof, "[[Betty (Taylor Swift song)|Betty]]" with her band, and "[[The Last Great American Dynasty]]" with dancers dressed in period clothing.<ref name="Washington Post" /> She then sings "[[August (song)|August]]", which transitions to the bridge of a rock-tinged "Illicit Affairs",<ref name="Cohen-2023" /><ref name="Carroll-2023" /> followed by "[[My Tears Ricochet]]" on the secondary stages with a choreography resembling a [[funeral procession]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Eras' Show Is a Three-Hour, 44-Song Epic That Leaves 'Em Wanting More: Concert Review |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/concert-reviews/taylor-swift-eras-tour-concert-review-glendale-phoenix-1235558467/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318185342/https://variety.com/2023/music/concert-reviews/taylor-swift-eras-tour-concert-review-glendale-phoenix-1235558467/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Swift returns to the cabin to perform "[[Cardigan (song)|Cardigan]]". The act ends with fireflies as the cabin retreats into the screen.<ref name="Washington Post" />

'''''1989''''', the eighth act, commences with the screen showing a neon-lit city skyline.<ref name=":2" /> Swift, wearing a beaded crop top and skirt, sings "[[Style (Taylor Swift song)|Style]]".<ref name="Aramesh-2023" /> Moving to mid-stage, dancers dressed in black-and-white outfits ride neon bicycles for "[[Blank Space]]" and use blue [[Golf club|golf clubs]] to smash an animated [[AC Cobra|Shelby Cobra]] car.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /><ref name="McLaughlin" /> She follows with "[[Shake It Off]]", performed as a robust dance party;<ref name="Washington Post" /> "[[Wildest Dreams (Taylor Swift song)|Wildest Dreams]]", backed with clips of a couple in bed; and "[[Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)|Bad Blood]]", accentuated by intense pyrotechnics.<ref name="Washington Post" /> It is followed by the '''acoustic set''', where Swift performs two surprise songs on guitar and piano.<ref name=":3" /> In an [[optical illusion]], a body of water develops around the piano and envelops the stage; Swift then dives into the stage and appears to swim underwater, along the ramp and toward the main stage.<ref name="McCormick-2023-2" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Watch Taylor Swift Stage Dive at Her Eras Tour Concerts |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-stage-dive-eras-tour-concerts-1235290551/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414220759/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-stage-dive-eras-tour-concerts-1235290551/ |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |issn=0006-2510}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 350
| align = left
| image1 = Taylor Swift Eras Tour - Arlington TX 20230331 - Lavender Haze.jpg
| alt1 = Taylor Swift performs on stage with three purple clouds around her
| image2 = Taylor Swift Eras Tour - Arlington TX 20230331 - Vigilante Shit.jpg
| alt2 = Taylor Swift in a sparkling purple dress performing a chair dance choreography onstage
| footer = Swift performing "[[Lavender Haze]]" and "[[Vigilante Shit]]" during the ''Midnights'' act
}}

The final act, '''''Midnights''''', begins with a wave from the illusion crashing against the screen; Swift wakes up from a bed and climbs a ladder into a cloud. The lower screen splits, and dancers carry out clouds as Swift reemerges in a purple [[Fake fur|faux fur]] coat to sing "[[Lavender Haze]]".<ref name="Washington Post" /> She removes the coat and performs "[[Anti-Hero (song)|Anti-Hero]]" alongside a video of herself as a creature terrorizing a city.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /> Dancers perform with umbrellas as Swift sings "[[Midnight Rain]]" and undergoes an onstage costume change,<ref name="Washington Post" /> reappearing in a rhinestone-adorned [[midnight blue]] bodysuit.<ref name="Horton-2023-2" /> She then performs a "chair dance" choreographed for "[[Vigilante Shit]]",<ref name="Lipshutz-2023-2" /> influenced by "sultry" [[burlesque]]<ref name="Lewis-2023-2" /> and the 1975 musical ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]''.<ref name="Ruggieri-2023-2" /> Swift follows with "[[Bejeweled (song)|Bejeweled]]", featuring moves inspired by the song's viral [[TikTok]] dance,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Utley |first=Riley |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Did The Viral TikTok Bejeweled Dance During The Eras Tour, And Swifties Are Freaking Out |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/television/taylor-swift-did-the-viral-tiktok-bejeweled-dance-during-the-eras-tour-and-swifties-are-freaking-out |access-date=March 19, 2023 |website=CinemaBlend |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319032616/https://www.cinemablend.com/television/taylor-swift-did-the-viral-tiktok-bejeweled-dance-during-the-eras-tour-and-swifties-are-freaking-out |url-status=live }}</ref> and "[[Mastermind (song)|Mastermind]]" with the entire dance crew.<ref name="Barnes-2023" /> "[[Karma (Taylor Swift song)|Karma]]" closes the show with fireworks, colorful visuals, and confetti.<ref name="Lewis-2023-2" /><ref name="Washington Post" />

== Critical reception ==
The tour received rave reviews from music and entertainment critics,<ref name="Kennedy-2023" /><ref name="Chiu-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Chiu |first=Melody |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Surprises Local Food Banks with 'Generous' Donations amid Hit Tour: 'Feeling Grateful' |url=https://people.com/music/taylor-swift-makes-surprise-donations-to-local-food-banks-amid-tour/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324062208/https://people.com/music/taylor-swift-makes-surprise-donations-to-local-food-banks-amid-tour/ |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |access-date=March 23, 2023 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |quote=Delighting fans—and critics—with a massive 44-song setlist that spanned all 10 of her album "eras," the star dazzled in glittery looks ranging from a Versace bodysuit and blazer to an Etro dress and cape.}}</ref> who praised both the high-end spectacle and "polished artistry" of the tour.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sisario |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Sisario |date=2023-08-05 |title=How Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Conquered the World |language=en |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/05/arts/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805093722/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/05/arts/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' described the Eras Tour as "the must-see blockbuster of the year".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schneider |first=Marc |date=July 24, 2023 |title=8 Ways Taylor Swift Has Changed the Music Business |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/how-taylor-swift-changed-music-business/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811234632/https://www.billboard.com/lists/how-taylor-swift-changed-music-business/taylor-swift-ticketing-reforms-strategies/ |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref> [[Neil McCormick]] of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]],'' Keiran Southern of ''[[The Times]],'' Adrian Horton of ''[[The Guardian]]'', Kelsey Barnes of ''[[The Independent]],'' Ilana Kaplan of ''[[I (newspaper)|i]],'' and Erica Campbell of ''[[NME]]'' gave the Eras Tour total five-star ratings. McCormick called the show "one of the most ambitious, spectacular, and charming stadium pop shows ever seen", lauding Swift's musicianship, vocals, and energy.<ref name="McCormick-2023">{{Cite news |last=McCormick |first=Neil |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour, review: a roaring spectacle of a comeback |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/concerts/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-roaring-spectacle-comeback/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318130108/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/concerts/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review-roaring-spectacle-comeback/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |quote="After five years away, Taylor Swift returned with one of the most ambitious, spectacular and charming stadium pop shows ever seen."}}</ref> Southern declared the Eras Tour "a pop genius at the top of her game".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Southern |first=Keiran |title=Taylor Swift: the Eras Tour review — a decade of hits in three hours |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-review-the-queen-of-pop-reclaims-her-throne-67h73rkzl |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318121927/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-review-the-queen-of-pop-reclaims-her-throne-67h73rkzl |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> Horton praised the "rapturous" music selection, concept, "extravagant" staging, and Swift's stamina and vocals.<ref name="Horton-2023" /> Barnes noted the tour as "a career-defining spectacle" with acts marking the shifts in Swift's artistry,<ref name="Barnes-2023" /> while Kaplan commended the "unparalleled" showmanship, "spicier" choreography, [[Camp (style)|camp]] styles, and "seamless" transitions between acts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaplan |first=Ilana |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Eras' tour is a thrilling spectacle from a pop mastermind |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-glendale-arizona-review-a-thrilling-spectacle-from-a-pop-mastermind-2217091 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |newspaper=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318215357/https://inews.co.uk/culture/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-glendale-arizona-review-a-thrilling-spectacle-from-a-pop-mastermind-2217091 |url-status=live }}</ref> Campbell praised the storytelling aspect of the show that ties all the 10 acts together, enhanced by staging, cinematic ambience and fashion.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Campbell |first=Erica |date=May 30, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift live in New Jersey: a glittering celebration of every era |url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/live/taylor-swift-live-in-new-jersey-setlist-photos-3448996 |url-status=live |magazine=[[NME]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530164440/https://www.nme.com/reviews/live/taylor-swift-live-in-new-jersey-setlist-photos-3448996 |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=May 31, 2023}}</ref>

{{Quotebox
| quote="Taylor Swift keeps building the legend of her Eras Tour, week after week, city by city, making every night so much longer, wilder, louder, more jubilant than it has to be. There's nothing in history to compare. This is her best tour ever, by an absurd margin. It's a journey through her past, starring all the different Taylors she's ever been, which means all the Taylors that you've ever been."
| author = [[Rob Sheffield]]
| source = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sheffield |first=Rob |date=May 29, 2023 |title='This Is Extraordinary': Why the Eras Tour Is Taylor Swift's Greatest Live Triumph Yet |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-eras-tour-1234743135/ |url-access=limited |access-date=June 2, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601045607/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-eras-tour-1234743135/ |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| width = 20%
| bgcolor = #e3eeff
}}

The versatility of the show's music, visuals, and performance art was often a point of praise in its reviews. Journalists Rebecca Lewis and Carson Mlnarik of ''[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]'' and [[MTV]], respectively, commended Swift's stage presence and commitment to her artistry; Lewis described Swift's [[alter ego]]s during the tour as shifting from "country [[ingénue]] to pop princess and folklore witch",<ref name="Lewis-2023" /> whereas Mlnarik affirmed that the on-screen visuals stayed true to every album's aesthetic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mlnarik |first=Carson |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Kickoff Cemented Her Legacy — And She's Only Just Begun |website=[[MTV]] |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/len4bb/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-kickoff-recap-arizona |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320203726/https://www.mtv.com/news/len4bb/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-kickoff-recap-arizona |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |agency=[[MTV]]}}</ref> ''[[The Week]]'' and ''[[Dallas Observer]]'' critics agreed, highlighting the "jaw-dropping" visuals and "bedazzled" fashion.<ref name="Kennedy-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Kennedy |first=Brigid |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour, in review |url=https://theweek.com/taylor-swift/1021950/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-in-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323055013/https://theweek.com/taylor-swift/1021950/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-in-review |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=March 23, 2023 |magazine=[[The Week]] |quote=So far, reviews for the tour's opening performances have proven overwhelmingly positive, with most heralding the singer's endurance, as well as her unmatched dedication to putting on a mindblowing show.}}</ref><ref name="Raggio" /> ''Billboard'' editor Jason Lipshutz underscored Swift's "powerhouse" vocals, engaging artistic personas, and skill set.<ref name="Lipshutz-2023" /> [[Jon Caramanica]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' highlighted the tour's scale, ambition, and portrayal of all the musical pivots of Swift's career,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Caramanica |first=Jon |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift, Pop's Maestro of Memory, Returns to the Stage |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/arts/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318191244/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/arts/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review.html |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> whereas ''[[The Atlantic]]''{{'s}} Spencer Kornhaber complimented the show's art direction, suspense, and the sequencing of the acts.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kornhaber |first=Spencer |date=March 18, 2023 |title=What Made Taylor Swift's Concert Unbelievable |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2023/03/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review/673438/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |issn=2151-9463 |oclc=936540106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318213903/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2023/03/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review/673438/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref> Mikael Wood of ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' described the show as a "masterclass in pop ambition", showcasing Swift's range.<ref name="Wood-2023" /> According to ''[[The New Yorker]]'' senior editor Tyler Foggatt, the Eras Tour is a product of Swift's [[Self-awareness|understanding of herself]], building a tour "solely devoted to the idea of a trajectory—that of a career, of a musical identity, of a life—that can be traced cleanly from one ''era'' to the next."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine |last=Foggatt |first=Tyler |date=June 3, 2023 |title=Look What Taylor Made Us Do |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/look-what-taylor-made-us-do |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |issn=0028-792X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603102239/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/look-what-taylor-made-us-do |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |access-date=June 11, 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

Critics also appreciated the tour's production value and artistic direction. Philip Cosores of ''[[Uproxx]]'' dubbed it the "most impressive stadium show ever conceived", atypical of pop and rock artists,<ref name="UPROXX-2023" /> with ''[[USA Today]]''{{'s}} Melissa Ruggieri noting that no mainstream artist since [[Bruce Springsteen]] has "packed so much music into one show."''<ref name="Ruggieri-2023-2" />'' ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' critic Jonathan Cohen admired the rich stage design, usage of "state-of-the-art" technology, and immersive experience into Swift's "increasingly accomplished musical world-building". He added that artists at their prime very rarely present their discography as Swift did.<ref name="Cohen-2023" /> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' journalist Chris Willman felt that the "epic" show demonstrated that "the person who has come up with the single greatest body of pop songwriting in the 21st century is also its most popular performer".<ref name="Willman-2023" /> Willman later went on to compare it to a [[The Beatles|Beatles]]' tour, calling it a "career-capping Beatles tour that never happened", and praised the production values and cinematography, writing the songs were "staged as a carousel of Broadway production numbers, yet little of it is so high-concept that you stop thinking about the casual but epic energy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Why Taylor Swift’s Eras Road Trip Feels Like the Career-Capping Beatles Tour That Never Happened |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-eras-tour-career-capping-sofi-stadium-1235693870/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811033512/https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-eras-tour-career-capping-sofi-stadium-1235693870/ |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |access-date=August 11, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> ''[[Pollstar]]''{{'s}} Christina Fuoco and ''Rolling Stone''{{'s}} Waiss David Aramesh opined that the tour is "live music at its highest spectacle" and "a production spectacle of the highest echelon", commending Swift's showmanship.<ref name="Pollstar-2023" /><ref name="Aramesh-2023" /> Melinda Sheckels of ''[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]'' praised the tour's "nuanced and interpretive" approach in depicting Swift's albums and the "sheer magnitude, artistry, and technical prowess" of the production.<ref name="Young-2023">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's "The Eras Tour" Is a Triumph of Spectacle and Stamina: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2023/03/taylor-swift-eras-tour-las-vegas-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329155719/https://consequence.net/2023/03/taylor-swift-eras-tour-las-vegas-review/ |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]] |quote="The motifs, arrangements, costumes, dance moves and visuals drawn from those works were sometimes presented literally and at other times more nuanced and interpretive."; "Regardless of whether you are a fan of Taylor Swift, it's impossible to deny the sheer magnitude, artistry, and technical prowess of this production."}}</ref>

== Boxscore ==
The Eras Tour broke ticket sales records worldwide. In the first day of the US presale alone, the tour sold over 2.4 million tickets, the most sold by an artist in a single day,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster Cancels Taylor Swift Tour's Public Tickets Sale Due to 'High Demand' and 'Insufficient Inventory' |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ticketmaster-cancels-taylor-swift-public-ticket-sales-eras-tour-1235435965/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123043830/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ticketmaster-cancels-taylor-swift-public-ticket-sales-eras-tour-1235435965/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=November 20, 2022}}
* {{Cite news |last=Steele |first=Anne |title=Taylor Swift Tickets: How Many Might Be Left? |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-tickets-how-many-might-be-left-11670624940 |url-status=live |access-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215075241/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-tickets-how-many-might-be-left-11670624940 |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |issn=2641-2853}}</ref> surpassing [[Robbie Williams]], who had sold 1.6 million tickets for his [[Close Encounters Tour]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 25, 2005 |title=Robbie sets ticket sales record |newspaper=[[The Age]] |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/robbie-sets-ticket-sales-record-20051125-ge1baz.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203143530/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/robbie-sets-ticket-sales-record-20051125-ge1baz.html |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |quote="British pop star Robbie Williams has entered the famed Guinness Book of World Records by selling more than 1.6 million tickets for his 2006 world tour in just one day, its editor said today."}}</ref> ''Billboard'' reported on December 15 that the Eras Tour had already grossed an estimated $554 million, and projected the US leg to finish with $591 million, surpassing the former all-time female record set by [[Madonna]]'s [[Sticky & Sweet Tour]] ($407 million) in 2008–2009.<ref name="Brooks-2022" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Dave |date=December 16, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour on Track to Sell $590M in Tickets. Here's Where That Money Goes |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-eras-tour-ticket-sales-who-gets-paid/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227013537/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-eras-tour-ticket-sales-who-gets-paid/ |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |access-date=December 19, 2022 |issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Following the tour's launch, Swift rose to number one on ''Pollstar''{{'s}} Artist Power Index chart.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Chart Scene: Taylor Swift Leaps To No. 1 On Artist Power Index |url=https://news.pollstar.com/2023/03/24/chart-scene-taylor-swift-leaps-to-no-1-on-artist-power-index/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327201431/https://news.pollstar.com/2023/03/24/chart-scene-taylor-swift-leaps-to-no-1-on-artist-power-index/ |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=March 27, 2023 |magazine=[[Pollstar]]}}</ref> [[MetLife Stadium]] named her their "#1 best-selling artist" of all time after the tour's third East Rutherford show, which was the 100th concert in the stadium's history.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1663039999674134529|user=MetLifeStadium|title=Thank you @taylorswift13 for 3 incredible record-breaking shows & congrats on becoming our #1 best-selling artist. Thanks to the 72,802 Swifties here tonight & the 217,625 fans over 3 nights. What a way to celebrate our 100th concert! #EastRuthTSTheErasTour|author-link=MetLife Stadium|date=May 28, 2023|access-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529075020/https://twitter.com/MetLifeStadium/status/1663039999674134529|archive-date=May 29, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that the Eras Tour "on track to become the biggest in concert history, with the potential to gross over $1 billion";<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Neil |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Will Taylor Swift's 'Eras Tour' Become the First $1 Billion Dollar Tour? |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-eras-tour-money-511fdfcf |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626150713/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-eras-tour-money-511fdfcf |url-status=live }}</ref> conservative ''Pollstar'' estimates projected a $1.4 billion gross.<ref name=":16">{{Cite magazine |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Mid-Year Top Tours: No. 1 Taylor Swift's 'Eras Tour' – Pollstar News |url=https://news.pollstar.com/2023/06/26/mid-year-top-tours-no-1-taylor-swifts-eras-tour/ |access-date=June 28, 2023 |magazine=[[Pollstar]]}}</ref> [[Bloomberg News]] reported that the average gross per concert on the US leg is $13 million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Lucas |date=July 1, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift is making more than $13 million a night on her tour |agency=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-30/how-much-money-is-taylor-swift-making-from-eras-tour |access-date=July 6, 2023 |archive-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702144501/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-30/how-much-money-is-taylor-swift-making-from-eras-tour |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of venue-based achievements, showing year, dates, venue, country and description
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Dates
! scope="col" style="width:17em;" |Venue
! scope="col" style="width:8em;" |Country
! scope="col" style="width:46em;" |Description
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="23" |2023
| March 17 and 18
| [[State Farm Stadium]]
| rowspan="21" |United States
| style="text-align: left;" |First act to perform two shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=State Farm Stadium Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/state-farm-stadium-ee7ca8c0-de5b-4fea-9ae6-90db317d794a |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105130440/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/state-farm-stadium-ee7ca8c0-de5b-4fea-9ae6-90db317d794a |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|date=March 8, 2023|title=Taylor Swift Eras Tour 2023 launch: Ultimate fan guide to her State Farm Stadium concerts|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/03/08/taylor-swift-tour-2023-state-farm-stadium-fan-guide/69978551007/|access-date=March 8, 2023|website=[[The Arizona Republic|AZCentral]]|url-status=live|archive-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318073344/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/03/08/taylor-swift-tour-2023-state-farm-stadium-fan-guide/69978551007/}}</ref>
|-
| March 24 and 25
| [[Allegiant Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to perform one and two shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Allegiant Stadium Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/allegiant-stadium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105231923/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/allegiant-stadium |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |access-date=January 5, 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last=Mateos |first=Evelyn |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Pop superstar Taylor Swift brings the year's biggest tour to Las Vegas' biggest venue – Las Vegas Weekly |url=https://lasvegasweekly.com/news/2023/mar/23/taylor-swift-brings-biggest-tour-to-las-vegas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053329/https://lasvegasweekly.com/news/2023/mar/23/taylor-swift-brings-biggest-tour-to-las-vegas/ |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=[[Las Vegas Weekly]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |March 31–April 2
| rowspan="2" |[[AT&T Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First act to perform three shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=AT&T Stadium Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/at-t-stadium--5 |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105130439/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/at-t-stadium--5 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web |last=Engel |first=Mac |date=April 1, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's show at AT&T Stadium is so good it will make people forget Ticketmaster flop |url=https://amp.star-telegram.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/mac-engel/article273792085.html |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402091328/https://amp.star-telegram.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/mac-engel/article273792085.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |Biggest three-day attendance (210,607)
| <ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1642718656206368768|user=ATTStadium|title=.@taylorswift13 became the first artist ever to perform three straight days at AT&T Stadium for a three-day AT&T Stadium attendance record of 210,607.|author=AT&T Stadium|date=April 3, 2023|access-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| April 13–15
| [[Raymond James Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First act to perform two and three shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roa |first=Ray |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift adds a third Tampa show to 'Eras' tour |url=https://www.cltampa.com/music/taylor-swift-adds-a-third-tampa-show-to-eras-tour-14539543?media=AMP+HTML |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118180436/https://www.cltampa.com/music/taylor-swift-adds-a-third-tampa-show-to-eras-tour-14539543?media=AMP+HTML |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=[[Creative Loafing]] Tampa Bay}}
* {{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Raymond James Stadium Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/raymond-james-stadium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105125212/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/raymond-james-stadium |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |access-date=January 5, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| April 21–23
| [[NRG Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" rowspan="3" |First act to perform three shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=NRG Stadium Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/nrg-stadium |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105131817/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/nrg-stadium |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Hlavaty |first=Craig |date=April 22, 2023 |title=Fearless Taylor Swift takes more than 62,000 Houston Swifties on 3-hour journey through all her Eras at NRG Stadium |url=https://houston.culturemap.com/news/entertainment/taylor-swift-houston-concert-nrg/ |access-date=April 22, 2023 |website=CultureMap Houston |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422152109/https://houston.culturemap.com/news/entertainment/taylor-swift-houston-concert-nrg/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| April 28–30
| [[Mercedes-Benz Stadium]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Mercedes-Benz Stadium Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/mercedes-benz-stadium |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105131815/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/mercedes-benz-stadium |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| May 5–7
| rowspan="2" |[[Nissan Stadium]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift confirms third Nashville concert on 'Eras' tour |newspaper=[[The Tennessean]] |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/11/11/taylor-swift-eras-tour-adds-third-nashville-concert/69639927007/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216221115/https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/11/11/taylor-swift-eras-tour-adds-third-nashville-concert/69639927007/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| May 7
| style="text-align: left;" |Biggest single-day attendance (71,000){{NoteTag|This record has since been broken anew by [[Ed Sheeran]], whose July 22, 2023 concert was attended by 73,874 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smithson |first=Daniel |date=2023-07-24 |title=Ed Sheeran breaks Taylor Swift's attendance record at Nissan Stadium |url=https://www.wsmv.com/2023/07/24/ed-sheeran-breaks-taylor-swifts-attendance-record-nissan-stadium/ |quote="Sheeran had 73,874 fans attend his concert on Saturday night, breaking the previous record set by Taylor Swift during her Eras Tour concerts, according to Nissan Stadium representatives." |access-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725185725/https://www.wsmv.com/2023/07/24/ed-sheeran-breaks-taylor-swifts-attendance-record-nissan-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| <ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=Leimkuehler |first=Matthew |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift in Nashville: How many people attended the 'Eras' tour at Nissan Stadium? |newspaper=[[The Tennessean]] |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/05/10/taylor-swift-eras-tour-record-breaking-crowd-nashville/70203629007/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 10, 2023 |quote="With Sunday's concert reaching roughly 71,000 showgoers and a three-night total nearly eclipsing 212,000, Swift set a single-event and weekend record for attendance at Nissan Stadium. She's the first artist in Nashville history to play three headlining shows at Nissan Stadium in as many nights." |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809150158/https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/05/10/taylor-swift-eras-tour-record-breaking-crowd-nashville/70203629007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| May 12–14
| [[Lincoln Financial Field]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to perform three shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Lincoln Financial Field Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/lincoln-financial-field |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105231926/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/lincoln-financial-field |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| May 26–28
| [[MetLife Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |Biggest three-day attendance (217,635)
| <ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1663039999674134529|user=MetLifeStadium|title=Thank you @taylorswift13 for 3 incredible record-breaking shows & congrats on becoming our #1 best-selling artist. 🏆 Thanks to the 72,802 Swifties here tonight & the 217,625 fans over 3 nights. What a way to celebrate our 100th concert! 💜 ✨ #EastRuthTSTheErasTour|author=MetLife Stadium|date=May 29, 2023|access-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| June 2–4
| [[Soldier Field]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to perform three shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Soldier Field Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/soldier-field--2 |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105231919/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/soldier-field--2 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| June 9 and 10
| [[Ford Field]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to perform two shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Ford Field Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/ford-field |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105231925/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/ford-field |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| June 16 and 17
| rowspan="2" |[[Acrisure Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First act to perform two shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Tady |first=Scott |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift announces second Pittsburgh stadium show |url=https://www.timesonline.com/story/entertainment/local/2022/11/01/taylor-swift-sets-acrisure-stadium-show/69608952007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101155821/https://www.timesonline.com/story/entertainment/local/2022/11/01/taylor-swift-sets-acrisure-stadium-show/69608952007/ |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Beaver County Times]] |oclc=14348988}}</ref>
|-
| June 17
| style="text-align: left;" |Biggest single-day attendance (73,117)
| <ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1670223139643555840|user=AcrisureStadium|title=Tonight's attendance of 73,117 at Acrisure Stadium for Taylor Swift {{!}} The Eras Tour is the largest ever in stadium history. #PittsburghTSTheErasTour|author=Acrisure Stadium|date=June 18, 2023|access-date=June 29, 2023}}
* {{Cite news |title=Taylor Swift draws the largest concert crowd in Pittsburgh history, adds four surprise songs |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2023/06/17/taylor-swift-draws-largest-concert-crowd-pittsburgh-history/stories/202306170068 |date=June 17, 2013 |access-date=June 18, 2023 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809150158/https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2023/06/17/taylor-swift-draws-largest-concert-crowd-pittsburgh-history/stories/202306170068 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| June 30 and July 1
| [[Paycor Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to perform one and two shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Paycor Stadium Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/paycor-stadium--828140 |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105231921/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/paycor-stadium--828140 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| July 7 and 8
| [[GEHA Field at Arrowhead Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |First act to perform two shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=GEHA Field at Arrowhead Stadium Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/geha-field-at-arrowhead-stadium |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105133825/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/geha-field-at-arrowhead-stadium |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| July 14 and 15
| [[Empower Field at Mile High]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Empower Field at Mile High Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/empower-field-at-mile-high |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105133827/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/empower-field-at-mile-high |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| July 22 and 23
| rowspan="2" | [[Lumen Field]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Lumen Field Concert History |url=https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/lumen-field |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105133825/https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/lumen-field |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| July 22
| style="text-align: left;" |Biggest single-day attendance (72,171)
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=Taylor Swift's record-shattering visit: Enjoy photos and our review |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/photos-taylor-swift-brings-hotly-anticipated-eras-tour-to-lumen-field/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=The Seattle Times |quote="After Saturday night, Swift has every right to feel powerful. Although Lumen Field reps couldn’t confirm the final attendance figures Sunday morning, it was the largest concert crowd in the venue’s history, breaking a record previously held by U2’s 360 Tour, which drew more than 70,000 fans in 2011. According to Swift’s team, 72,171 fans were in the house Saturday." |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725003450/https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/photos-taylor-swift-brings-hotly-anticipated-eras-tour-to-lumen-field/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| August 3–9
| [[SoFi Stadium]]
| style="text-align: left;" |First act to perform five and six shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Matthew |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift becomes the first artist to have 5 shows at SoFi Stadium |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/losangeles/news/taylor-swift-becomes-first-artist-to-have-5-shows-at-sofi-stadium/ |url-access= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112185335/https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/losangeles/news/taylor-swift-becomes-first-artist-to-have-5-shows-at-sofi-stadium/ |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |agency=[[KCAL-TV|CBS Los Angeles]]}}</ref>
|-
| August 24–27
| [[Foro Sol]]
| Mexico
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to schedule four shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=June 17, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift logró agotar cuatro conciertos: ¿Qué otros artistas han llenado más veces el Foro Sol? |url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2023/06/17/taylor-swift-logro-agotar-cuatro-conciertos-que-otros-artistas-han-llenado-mas-veces-el-foro-sol/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618131017/https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2023/06/17/taylor-swift-logro-agotar-cuatro-conciertos-que-otros-artistas-han-llenado-mas-veces-el-foro-sol/ |archive-date=June 18, 2023|access-date=June 21, 2023 |newspaper=[[Infobae]]|lang=es|trans-title=Taylor Swift managed to sell out four concerts: What other artists have filled the Foro Sol multiple times?}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 17–19
| [[Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos]]
| Brazil
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to schedule three shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Alcança Feito Só Realizado Antes Pelo Coldplay |trans-title=Taylor Swift Achieves Feat Only Accomplished Before by Coldplay |url=https://musicaecinema.com/taylor-swift-alcanca-feito-so-realizado-antes-pelo-coldplay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/JuzJ3 |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=Música e Cinema |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="16" |2024
|February 7–10
|[[Tokyo Dome]]
|Japan
| style="text-align: left;" |First international female act to schedule four consecutive shows.
| <ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1674300390995812354|user=UNIVERSAL_INTER|title=🔔来日公演情報🔔「TAYLOR SWIFT THE ERAS TOUR」2024年2月7日(水)、8(木)、9(金)、10(土) #テイラー・スウィフト海外女性アーティスト初となる東京ドーム４日連続開催! taylorswift-theerastour.jp|author=Universal Music Japan|date=June 29, 2023|access-date=July 5, 2023|language=Japanese|}}</ref>
|-
| February 23–26
|[[Stadium Australia|Accor Stadium]]
|Australia
| style="text-align: left;" | First act to schedule four shows on a single tour.
| <ref name="Aus7" />
|-
| March 2–9
| [[National Stadium, Singapore|Singapore National Stadium]]
| Singapore
| style="text-align: left;" |First solo act to schedule three, four, five, and six shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=June 25, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Adds to Singapore Concert Frenzy with More Shows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-25/taylor-swift-adds-to-singapore-concert-frenzy-with-more-shows#xj4y7vzkg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/Qp3VK |archive-date=June 25, 2023 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |agency=Bloomberg News}}</ref>
|-
| May 9–12
| [[Paris La Défense Arena]]
| France
| style="text-align: left;" |First international act to schedule four shows on a single tour.
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
| May 17–19
| [[Friends Arena]]
| Sweden
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to schedule three shows on a single tour.
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
| May 24–25
| [[Estádio da Luz]]
| Portugal
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to schedule one and two shows at the stadium.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Fernando |date=2023-07-12 |title=A "grande guerra" dos bilhetes de Taylor Swift chegou a Portugal: "Foi uma maluqueira" |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/07/12/culturaipsilon/noticia/guerra-bilhetes-taylor-swift-chegou-portugal-maluqueira-2056584 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716184642/https://www.publico.pt/2023/07/12/culturaipsilon/noticia/guerra-bilhetes-taylor-swift-chegou-portugal-maluqueira-2056584 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
| May 30
| [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]]
| Spain
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to schedule a show at the stadium.
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
| June 7–9
| [[Murrayfield Stadium]]
| Scotland
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |First act to schedule three shows on a single tour.
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
| June 28–30
| [[Aviva Stadium]]
| Ireland
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
| July 4–5
| [[Johan Cruyff Arena]]
| Netherlands
| style="text-align: left;" |First female act to schedule three shows on a single tour.
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
| August 1–3
| [[Stadion Narodowy|PGE Narodowy]]
| Poland
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |First act to schedule three shows on a single tour.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Padł Rekord: Taylor Swift Dodała Trzeci Koncert na Narodowym |trans-title=A Record was Broken: Taylor Swift Added a Third Concert at the National Stadium |url=https://www.rp.pl/muzyka-popularna/art38701601-padl-rekord-taylor-swift-dodala-trzeci-koncert-na-narodowym |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/ylWTS |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2023 |website=Rzeczpospolita |language=pl}}</ref>
|-
|August 8–10
|[[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]]
|Austria
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Rekordvorverkauf von Taylor-Swift-Tickets |trans-title=Record Presale of Taylor Swift Tickets |url=https://topos.orf.at/taylor-swift-ticketverkauf100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/Q0Lt9 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2023 |website=ORF Topos |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|October 18–20
|[[Hard Rock Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" |United States
| style="text-align: left;" | First act to schedule three shows on a single tour.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Howard |date=August 3, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift is bringing Eras Tour to Miami for three shows. Here’s how to get tickets |work=[[Miami Herald]] |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/miami-com-news/article277921713.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.li/GaawT |archive-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|October 25–27
|[[Caesars Superdome]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |First act to schedule two and three shows on a single tour.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clapp |first=Jake |date=2023-08-03 |title=Taylor Swift adds New Orleans dates to Eras Tour, plays Superdome Oct. 25-27, 2024 |url=https://www.nola.com/gambit/music/taylor-swift-adds-new-orleans-dates-to-eras-tour-plays-superdome-oct-25-27-2024/article_c6067066-3208-11ee-a52b-1f6bda0a6672.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=NOLA.com |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804030010/https://www.nola.com/gambit/music/taylor-swift-adds-new-orleans-dates-to-eras-tour-plays-superdome-oct-25-27-2024/article_c6067066-3208-11ee-a52b-1f6bda0a6672.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|November 1–3
|[[Lucas Oil Stadium]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindquist |first=Dave |date=2023-08-03 |title=Taylor Swift concerts announced for Lucas Oil Stadium |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/taylor-swift-concerts-announced-for-lucas-oil-stadium |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Indianapolis Business Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804000830/https://www.ibj.com/articles/taylor-swift-concerts-announced-for-lucas-oil-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|November 14–23
|[[Rogers Centre]]
|Canada
| style="text-align: left;" | First act to schedule six shows on a single tour.
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=Taylor Swift to play six Eras World Tour shows in Toronto |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66397841 |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804072430/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66397841 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Music releases ==
Swift unveiled various musical works before and during the tour. On the day of the opening show, she released four songs to celebrate the tour's launch: the re-recordings of "[[Eyes Open (Taylor's Version)|Eyes Open]]" and "[[Safe & Sound (Taylor's Version)|Safe & Sound]]", both originally from the 2012 soundtrack ''[[The Hunger Games: Songs from District 12 and Beyond]]''; a re-recording of "If This Was a Movie", one of the deluxe tracks from ''[[Speak Now]]'' (2010); and "[[All of the Girls You Loved Before]]", a previously unreleased outtake of ''Lover''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aniftos |first=Rania |date=March 17, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Drops Four New Songs Ahead of 'The Eras Tour' Launch: Listen |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-four-new-songs-all-of-the-girls-you-loved-before-the-eras-tour-launch-1235288433/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317112058/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-four-new-songs-all-of-the-girls-you-loved-before-the-eras-tour-launch-1235288433/ |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref>

A special CD edition of ''Midnights'', subtitled ''The Late Night Edition'', was released during the Eras Tour. It was only purchasable in-person at merchandise stands at certain concerts of the tour, beginning in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey]], on May 26, 2023. It exclusively contained the new bonus track "[[You're Losing Me]]", which became a "ravenously anticipated" song; ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that "fans were so eager to get their hands" on the CD, causing queues at the stadium a day before the opening of the merchandise store.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2023-05-26 |title=Taylor Swift Has Fans Losing It With the Revealing Lyrics of New Song 'You're Losing Me' |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-youre-losing-me-new-song-tour-exclusive-midnights-1235626542/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531144858/https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-youre-losing-me-new-song-tour-exclusive-midnights-1235626542/ |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=May 31, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Reveals Ice Spice 'Karma' Remix, Different Version of Lana Del Rey Collab Coming Soon |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-karma-remix-ice-spice-midnights-1235335748/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525113025/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-karma-remix-ice-spice-midnights-1235335748/ |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=May 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1664723694407565315|user=taylornation13|title=#ChicagoTSTheErasTour.. you know midnights tend to become our afternoons. Don't forget to purchase your copy of #TSmidnighTS (The Late Night Edition) CD featuring You're Losing Me (From The Vault) + a 2 sided poster! Available this weekend at Soldier Field merch stands. While supplies last!|date=June 2, 2023|access-date=June 2, 2023}}</ref>

On May 5, 2023, at the first [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] show of the tour, Swift announced her third [[Re-recording (music)|re-recorded]] album, ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]],'' and its release date as July 7, 2023.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Lipshutz |first1=Jason |last2=Aniftos |first2=Rania |date=May 5, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Announces ''Speak Now'' as Next Re-Recorded Album at Nashville Concert |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-speak-now-taylors-version-release-date-1235322958/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506121210/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-speak-now-taylors-version-release-date-1235322958/ |archive-date=May 6, 2023 |access-date=July 26, 2023}}</ref> She also premiered two [[music videos]], both of which she wrote and directed, during the tour. She premiered the videos for "Karma" featuring American rapper [[Ice Spice]] and "[[I Can See You (song)|I Can See You]]" before the acoustic set at the first East Rutherford show and first Kansas City show, respectively.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=July 8, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Casts Her Ex, Taylor Lautner, as Co-Star in 'I Can See You' Video; the Two Tays Reunite on Stage in Kansas City for Premiere |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-lautner-i-can-see-you-music-video-joey-king-presley-cash-1235664478/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=July 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Atkinson |first=Katie |date=May 27, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Debuts Music Video for Ice Spice 'Karma' Remix at MetLife Eras Tour Stop: Watch |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-ice-spice-karma-remix-video-1235341610/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528121234/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-ice-spice-karma-remix-video-1235341610/ |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=May 27, 2023}}</ref>

On August 9, 2023, at the final [[Los Angeles]] show, Swift announced ''[[1989 (Taylor's Version)]]'' as her next re-recorded album, set for release on October 27, 2023, exactly nine years after the release of the original ''1989'' album.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Norwin |first1=Alyssa |date=August 10, 2023 |title=‘1989 (Taylor’s Version)’: Everything We Know About Taylor Swift’s Upcoming Re-Record |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/1989-taylors-version-5148207 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Hollywood Life}}</ref>

== Impact ==
{{Main|Impact of the Eras Tour}}
Publications and journalists have reported the Eras Tour's impact on the [[music industry]] and beyond. The tour has been described as one of the most prominent cultural phenomena of the 21st century,<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Weatherby |first=Taylor |date=May 8, 2023 |title=5 Reasons Why Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Will Be The Most Legendary Of Her Generation |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/taylor-swift-tour-eras-concert-review-ticketmaster-nashville-rain-show-records-speak-now-taylors-version-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509220353/https://www.grammy.com/_next/data/wamWA3jCekTtdI96fdeIU/music-genres.json |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-format=JSON |accessdate=May 9, 2023 |agency=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |date=June 12, 2023 |title=The Startling Intimacy of Taylor Swift's Eras Tour |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/19/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review |magazine=The New Yorker |issn=0028-792X |access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref> often compared to the 1960s' [[Beatlemania]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gambles |first=Sarah |date=July 23, 2023 |title=The ubiquitous power of Taylor Swift |url=https://www.deseret.com/2023/7/22/23579559/taylor-swift-eras-tour-taking-over-america-summer |access-date=July 23, 2023 |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |archive-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723032924/https://www.deseret.com/2023/7/22/23579559/taylor-swift-eras-tour-taking-over-america-summer |url-status=live }}</ref> The tour elevated the [[economy]] of its stops by revitalizing local businesses and [[tourism]],<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Analysts coin the 'TSwift Lift' for the revenue bump businesses get when Taylor Swift's Eras Tour comes to town |url=https://fortune.com/2023/06/23/taylor-swift-eras-tour-concerts-tswift-lift-hotels-business-impact/ |access-date=June 27, 2023 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite news |last=Pisani |first=Joseph |date=July 27, 2023 |title=It's Taylor Swift's Economy, and We're All Living in It |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-taylornomics-concert-eras-tour-local-economy-9fa1d492 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723131125/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-taylornomics-concert-eras-tour-local-economy-9fa1d492 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":16" /> attracted large crowds of spectators outside stadiums,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=May 14, 2023 |title=Thousands of Swifties amass outside of stadium during Taylor Swift's shows in Philadelphia |url=https://consequence.net/2023/05/taylor-swift-philadelphia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520055550/https://consequence.net/2023/05/taylor-swift-philadelphia/ |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=May 15, 2023 |title=The bonding experience of watching a Taylor Swift concert from a parking lot |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/music/2023/05/15/taylor-swift-eras-tour-parking-lot/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522190727/https://www.washingtonpost.com/music/2023/05/15/taylor-swift-eras-tour-parking-lot/ |archive-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> dominated [[news cycle]]s and [[social media]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Horton |first=Adrian |date=May 29, 2023 |title=How Taylor Swift's Eras tour took over America |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/may/29/taylor-swift-eras-tour-america-takeover |url-status=live |access-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529131032/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/may/29/taylor-swift-eras-tour-america-takeover |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jenna |first=Benchetrit |date=May 15, 2023 |title=How pop stars like Beyoncé and Taylor Swift are embracing the social media concert |agency=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/beyonce-taylor-swift-social-media-concert-1.6840464 |url-status=live |access-date=May 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515041118/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/beyonce-taylor-swift-social-media-concert-1.6840464 |archive-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref> and inspired tributes from [[government]]s and organizations of various cities and states.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pisani |first=Joseph |date=May 14, 2023 |title=Look What Taylor Swift Made Cities Do |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/look-what-taylor-swift-made-cities-do-3210108e |url-status=live |access-date=May 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515152702/https://www.wsj.com/articles/look-what-taylor-swift-made-cities-do-3210108e |archive-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref> Critics often described the tour as a monocultural event demonstrating [[Cultural impact of Taylor Swift|Swift's impact]] on [[popular culture]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite magazine |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |date=June 12, 2023 |title=The Startling Intimacy of Taylor Swift's Eras Tour |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/19/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review |magazine=The New Yorker |issn=0028-792X |access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref> Public consumption of her songs and albums increased due the tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Unterberger |first1=Andrew |last2=Lipshutz |first2=Jason |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Catalog Rises in Streams Following Eras Tour Kickoff |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-catalog-streams-eras-tour-kickoff/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323062135/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-catalog-streams-eras-tour-kickoff/ |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=March 23, 2023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Swift donated to [[food bank]] units along stops of the tour;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wilkes |first=Emma |date=March 25, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift is donating to food banks on the 'Eras' tour route |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-is-donating-to-food-banks-on-the-eras-tour-route-3420392 |url-status=live |magazine=[[NME]] |issn=0028-6362 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408104146/https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-is-donating-to-food-banks-on-the-eras-tour-route-3420392 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/13/business/taylor-swift-food-bank-donations/index.html |title=Taylor Swift is a hero to food banks from coast to coast |last=Luhby |first=Tami |website=CNN |date=August 13, 2023 |access-date=August 14, 2023}}</ref> directly employed various local businesses;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rowley |first=Glenn |date=April 13, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Donated Enough to Feed 'Over 125,000' at Tampa Food Bank Ahead of The Eras Tour Stop |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-donate-florida-food-bank-the-eras-tour-1235302525/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421225847/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-donate-florida-food-bank-the-eras-tour-1235302525/ |archive-date=April 21, 2023 |access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref> and gave "unprecedented" [[bonus payment]]s totaling over $55 million to her entire US touring crew,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://people.com/taylor-swift-gives-bonuses-totaling-55-million-every-person-working-eras-tour-7568556 |title=Taylor Swift Gives Bonuses Totaling Over $55 Million to Every Person Working on Massive Eras Tour |last=Chiu |first=Melody |website=People |date=August 2, 2023 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802235516/https://people.com/taylor-swift-gives-bonuses-totaling-55-million-every-person-working-eras-tour-7568556 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grow |first=Kory |date=2023-08-03 |title=Taylor Swift Is Helping Truck Drivers Buy First Homes With $100,000 Bonuses |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-bonuses-life-changing-truck-driver-1234799876/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Rolling Stone |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803184432/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-bonuses-life-changing-truck-driver-1234799876/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including $100,000 to each of over 50 truck drivers involved in transporting the tour's production equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisholtz |first=Drew |date=2023-08-02 |title=Taylor Swift gives $100,000 bonuses and handwritten letters to thank truck drivers on her Eras Tour |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/music/taylor-swift-gives-bonus-checks-eras-tour-truck-drivers-rcna97687 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Today |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802191650/https://www.today.com/popculture/music/taylor-swift-gives-bonus-checks-eras-tour-truck-drivers-rcna97687 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Set list ==
The following set list is from the concert on March 17, 2023, in Glendale.<ref name="Ruggieri-2023-2" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Shafer |first=Ellise |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Eras Tour: The Full Setlist From Opening Night (Updating Live) |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-eras-tour-setlist-1235552488/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318073358/https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-eras-tour-setlist-1235552488/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref> It is not intended to represent all shows of the tour.{{col-begin}}

{{col-3}}
;Act I – ''[[Lover (album)|Lover]]''
# "[[Miss Americana & the Heartbreak Prince]]"
# "[[Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)|Cruel Summer]]"
# "[[The Man (Taylor Swift song)|The Man]]"
# "[[You Need to Calm Down]]"
# "[[Lover (Taylor Swift song)|Lover]]"
# "[[The Archer (song)|The Archer]]"
;Act II – ''[[Fearless (Taylor's Version)|Fearless]]''
# <li value="7"> "[[Fearless (Taylor Swift song)|Fearless]]"
# "[[You Belong with Me]]"
# "[[Love Story (Taylor Swift song)|Love Story]]"
;Act III – ''[[Evermore (Taylor Swift album)|Evermore]]''
# <li value="10">"[['Tis the Damn Season|{{ '}}Tis the Damn Season]]"
# "[[Willow (song)|Willow]]"
# "[[Marjorie (song)|Marjorie]]"
# "[[Champagne Problems (Taylor Swift song)|Champagne Problems]]"
# "Tolerate It"
{{col-3}}
;Act IV – ''[[Reputation (album)|Reputation]]''
# <li value="15">"[[...Ready for It?]]"
# "[[Delicate (Taylor Swift song)|Delicate]]"
# "[[Don't Blame Me (Taylor Swift song)|Don't Blame Me]]"
# "[[Look What You Made Me Do]]"
;Act V – ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)|Speak Now]]''
# <li value="19">"[[Enchanted (Taylor Swift song)|Enchanted]]"
;Act VI – ''[[Red (Taylor's Version)|Red]]''
# <li value="20">"[[22 (Taylor Swift song)|22]]"
# "[[We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together]]"
# "[[I Knew You Were Trouble]]"
# "[[All Too Well (10 Minute Version)]]"
;Act VII – ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]''
# <li value="24"> "[[Seven (Taylor Swift song)|Seven]]" (spoken interlude) / "[[Invisible String]]"
# "[[Betty (Taylor Swift song)|Betty]]"
# "[[The Last Great American Dynasty]]"
# "[[August (song)|August]]"
# "Illicit Affairs"
# "[[My Tears Ricochet]]"
# "[[Cardigan (song)|Cardigan]]"
{{col-3}}
;Act VIII – ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]''
# <li value="31">"[[Style (Taylor Swift song)|Style]]"
# "[[Blank Space]]"
# "[[Shake It Off]]"
# "[[Wildest Dreams (Taylor Swift song)|Wildest Dreams]]"
# "[[Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)|Bad Blood]]"
;Act IX – Acoustic set
# <li value="36"> Guitar surprise song
# Piano surprise song
;Act X – ''[[Midnights]]''
# <li value="38">"[[Lavender Haze]]"
# "[[Anti-Hero (song)|Anti-Hero]]"
# "[[Midnight Rain]]"
# "[[Vigilante Shit]]"
# "[[Bejeweled (song)|Bejeweled]]"
# "[[Mastermind (song)|Mastermind]]"
# "[[Karma (Taylor Swift song)|Karma]]"
{{col-end}}

=== Alterations ===

* "[[The 1]]" replaced "Invisible String" starting from the Arlington shows,<ref name="Setlist-Vulture"/> except at the second Nashville show, where Swift performed "Invisible String" in honor of the bench at [[Centennial Park (Nashville)|Centennial Park]] dedicated to her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leimkuehler |first=Matthew |date=May 7, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift in Nashville: What surprise songs did she sing on night two of 'Eras'? |newspaper=[[The Tennessean]] |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/05/07/taylor-swift-in-nashville-eras-tour-surprise-songs-saturday-night-two-celebrity-guests/70192187007/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 7, 2023 |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809150329/https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/05/07/taylor-swift-in-nashville-eras-tour-surprise-songs-saturday-night-two-celebrity-guests/70192187007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "[[Nothing New (song)|Nothing New]]" was added before "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" at shows opened by [[Phoebe Bridgers]], who performed the song with Swift.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Megan |date=May 6, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift And Phoebe Bridgers Performed 'Nothing New' In Nashville |url=https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-phoebe-bridgers-performed-nothing-new-nashville/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506135228/https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-phoebe-bridgers-performed-nothing-new-nashville/ |archive-date=May 6, 2023 |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=[[Uproxx]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kickham |first=Dylan |date=May 7, 2023 |title=Taylor's Eras Tour Set List Gets An Extra Song When Phoebe Bridgers Is The Opener |url=https://www.elitedaily.com/entertainment/phoebe-bridgers-set-list-taylor-swift-eras-tour-nothing-new |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507213125/https://www.elitedaily.com/entertainment/phoebe-bridgers-set-list-taylor-swift-eras-tour-nothing-new |archive-date=May 7, 2023 |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=[[Elite Daily]]}}</ref>
* "[[Long Live (Taylor Swift song)|Long Live]]" was added after "Enchanted" as part of the ''Speak Now'' act after the release of [[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)|''Speak Now (Taylor’s Version)'']], starting with the Kansas City shows.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |last=Zellers |first=Ashley |date=July 8, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift played 4 surprise songs in first KC Eras concert. What will she pick tonight? |newspaper=The Kansas City Star |url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article277070498.html |access-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708034910/https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article277070498.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Setlist-Vulture">{{Cite web |last=Gularte |first=Alejandra |date=July 8, 2023 |title=You Missed These Easter Eggs on Taylor Swift's Eras Tour |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/07/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-easter-eggs.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718051533/https://www.vulture.com/2023/07/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-easter-eggs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "[[No Body, No Crime]]" replaced "{{'}}Tis the Damn Season" at shows opened by [[Haim (band)|Haim]], who performed the song with Swift.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-haim-bejeweled-dresses-eras-tour-1235381594/|title=Haim Joins Taylor Swift on Stage Dressed Up as 'Bejeweled' Stepsisters for 'No Body, No Crime'|last=Iasimone|first=Ashley|date=July 29, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=July 31, 2023}}</ref>

=== Surprise songs ===
Swift performed two tracks from her discography at each show as "surprise songs" in the ninth act—the first on acoustic guitar and the second on piano.<ref name=":3">{{cite magazine |last=Iasimone |first=Ashley |date=August 10, 2023 |title=All the Surprise Songs Taylor Swift Has Performed on The Eras Tour (So Far) |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-eras-tour-surprise-songs |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref>

{{Div col begin}}
* March 17 – Glendale: "[[Mirrorball (song)|Mirrorball]]" and "[[Tim McGraw (song)|Tim McGraw]]"
* March 18 – Glendale: "[[This Is Me Trying]]" and "[[State of Grace (song)|State of Grace]]"
* March 24 – Las Vegas: "[[Our Song (Taylor Swift song)|Our Song]]" and "[[Snow on the Beach]]"
* March 25 – Las Vegas: "Cowboy like Me" (with [[Marcus Mumford]]) and "[[White Horse (Taylor Swift song)|White Horse]]"
* March 31 – Arlington: "Sad Beautiful Tragic" and "[[Ours (song)|Ours]]"
* April 1 – Arlington: "Death by a Thousand Cuts" and "Clean"
* April 2 – Arlington: "Jump then Fall" and "The Lucky One"
* April 13 – Tampa: "[[Speak Now (song)|Speak Now]]" and "[[Treacherous (Taylor Swift song)|Treacherous]]"
* April 14 – Tampa: "The Great War" (with [[Aaron Dessner]]) and "[[You're on Your Own, Kid]]"
* April 15 – Tampa: "[[Mad Woman]]" (with Dessner) and "[[Mean (song)|Mean]]"
* April 21 – Houston: "Wonderland" and "[[You're Not Sorry]]"
* April 22 – Houston: "A Place in This World" and "[[Today Was a Fairytale]]"
* April 23 – Houston: "[[Begin Again (Taylor Swift song)|Begin Again]]" and "Cold as You"
* April 28 – Atlanta: "The Other Side of the Door" and "[[Coney Island (Taylor Swift song)|Coney Island]]"
* April 29 – Atlanta: "High Infidelity" and "[[Gorgeous (Taylor Swift song)|Gorgeous]]"
* April 30 – Atlanta: "[[I Bet You Think About Me]]" and "How You Get the Girl"
* May 5 – Nashville: "[[Sparks Fly (song)|Sparks Fly]]" and "[[Teardrops on My Guitar]]"
* May 6 – Nashville: "[[Out of the Woods (song)|Out of the Woods]]" and "[[Fifteen (song)|Fifteen]]"
* May 7 – Nashville: "[[Would've, Could've, Should've]]" (with Dessner) and "[[Mine (Taylor Swift song)|Mine]]"
* May 12 – Philadelphia: "Gold Rush" and "Come Back... Be Here"
* May 13 – Philadelphia: "[[Forever & Always]]" and "[[This Love (Taylor Swift song)|This Love]]"
* May 14 – Philadelphia: "[[Hey Stephen]]" and "[[The Best Day (Taylor Swift song)|The Best Day]]"
* May 19 – Foxborough: "[[Should've Said No]]" and "[[Better Man (Little Big Town song)|Better Man]]"
* May 20 – Foxborough: "[[Question...?]]" and "Invisible"
* May 21 – Foxborough: "I Think He Knows" and "[[Red (Taylor Swift song)|Red]]"
* May 26 – East Rutherford: "[[Getaway Car (Taylor Swift song)|Getaway Car]]" (with [[Jack Antonoff]]) and "[[Maroon (song)|Maroon]]"
* May 27 – East Rutherford: "[[Holy Ground (song)|Holy Ground]]" and "False God"
* May 28 – East Rutherford: "[[Welcome to New York (song)|Welcome to New York]]" and "Clean"
* June 2 – Chicago: "I Wish You Would" and "[[The Lakes (song)|The Lakes]]"
* June 3 – Chicago: "[[You All Over Me]]" (with [[Maren Morris]]) and "[[I Don't Wanna Live Forever]]"
* June 4 – Chicago: "[[Hits Different]]" and "The Moment I Knew"
* June 9 – Detroit: "Haunted" and "I Almost Do"
* June 10 – Detroit: "All You Had to Do Was Stay" and "[[Breathe (Taylor Swift song)|Breathe]]"
* June 16 – Pittsburgh: "[[Mr. Perfectly Fine]]" and "[[The Last Time (Taylor Swift song)|The Last Time]]"
* June 17 – Pittsburgh: "[[Seven (Taylor Swift song)|Seven]]" (with Dessner) and "[[The Story of Us (song)|The Story of Us]]"
* June 23 – Minneapolis: "Paper Rings" and "If This Was a Movie"
* June 24 – Minneapolis: "[[Dear John (Taylor Swift song)|Dear John]]" and "Daylight"
* June 30 – Cincinnati: "I'm Only Me When I'm with You" and "Evermore"
* July 1 – Cincinnati: "Ivy" (with Dessner) and "[[Call It What You Want (Taylor Swift song)|Call It What You Want]]"
* July 7 – Kansas City: "Never Grow Up" and "[[When Emma Falls in Love]]"
* July 8 – Kansas City: "Last Kiss" and "[[Dorothea (song)|Dorothea]]"
* July 14 – Denver: "[[Picture to Burn]]" and "Timeless"
* July 15 – Denver: "Starlight" and "[[Back to December]]"
* July 22 – Seattle: "This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things" and "[[Everything Has Changed]]"
* July 23 – Seattle: "[[Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)|Message in a Bottle]]" and "Tied Together with a Smile"
* July 28 – Santa Clara: "Right Where You Left Me" (with Dessner) and "[[Castles Crumbling]]"
* July 29 – Santa Clara: "Stay Stay Stay" and "[[All of the Girls You Loved Before]]"
* August 3 – Los Angeles: "[[I Can See You (song)|I Can See You]]" and "Maroon"
* August 4 – Los Angeles: "Our Song" and "You Are in Love"
* August 5 – Los Angeles: "Death by a Thousand Cuts" and "[[You're on Your Own, Kid]]"
* August 7 – Los Angeles: "Dress" and "[[Exile (song)|Exile]]"
* August 8 – Los Angeles: "I Know Places" and "King of My Heart"
* August 9 – Los Angeles: "[[New Romantics (song)|New Romantics]]" and "[[New Year's Day (Taylor Swift song)|New Year's Day]]"
{{Div col end}}


===Notes===
* At the third Tampa show and the second Pittsburgh show, Swift reversed the order of the instruments she used to perform the surprise songs, playing the first on piano with [[Aaron Dessner]] and the second on acoustic guitar.<ref name=":3" />
* At the third Foxborough show, Swift performed both surprise songs on acoustic guitar due to technical difficulties with the piano caused by the previous night's rain.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=May 22, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Reacts to Malfunctioning Ghostly Piano During Eras Tour Show: 'Is That Happening?!' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-piano-malfunction-reaction-eras-tour-1235333657/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=67058557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522163020/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-piano-malfunction-reaction-eras-tour-1235333657/ |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref>
* Ice Spice performed "Karma" as a special guest with Swift to close the three East Rutherford shows.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=May 28, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Best Moments at MetLife Stadium on Night 2 of Her Blockbuster Eras Tour |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-eras-tour-metlife-new-jersey-concert/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=67058557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528135447/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-eras-tour-metlife-new-jersey-concert/ |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref>
* At the second Cincinnati show, Swift performed "I Miss You, I'm Sorry" on acoustic guitar with [[Gracie Abrams]] on the piano between the first and second surprise songs.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Key |first=Jennie |date=July 1, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's Cincinnati crowd gets three surprise songs |newspaper=The Cincinnati Enquirer |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2023/07/01/what-were-taylor-swifts-surprise-songs-at-saturday-eras-show-in-cincinnati/70376271007/ |access-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702020528/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2023/07/01/what-were-taylor-swifts-surprise-songs-at-saturday-eras-show-in-cincinnati/70376271007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Tour dates ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of 2023 concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening acts, attendance and gross revenue<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Nov 11 Dates2" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Richards |first=Will |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift adds extra dates to US 'The Eras Tour' |magazine=[[NME]] |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-adds-extra-dates-to-us-the-eras-tour-tickets-3343071 |url-status=live |access-date=November 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105060228/https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-adds-extra-dates-to-us-the-eras-tour-tickets-3343071 |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |issn=0028-6362 |oclc=60624023}}</ref><ref name="International">{{cite web |url=https://www.taylorswift.com/tour |title=Events International – Taylor Swift |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706091419/https://www.taylorswift.com/tour/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LA6" />
! scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |City
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Country
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Venue
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Opening acts
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Attendance
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Revenue
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 17
| rowspan="2" |[[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]]
| rowspan="53" |United States
| rowspan="2" |[[State Farm Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Paramore]] [[Gayle (singer)|Gayle]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 18
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 24
| rowspan="2" |[[Paradise, Nevada|Paradise]]{{efn|Promoted as [[Las Vegas]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Allegiant Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Beabadoobee]] Gayle
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 25
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 31
| rowspan="3" |[[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]]
| rowspan="3" |[[AT&T Stadium]]
| [[Muna (band)|Muna]] Gayle
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 1
| rowspan="2" |Beabadoobee [[Gracie Abrams]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 13
| rowspan="3" |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raymond James Stadium]]
| Beabadoobee Gayle
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 14
| rowspan="7" |Beabadoobee Gracie Abrams
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 15
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 21
| rowspan="3" |[[Houston]]
| rowspan="3" |[[NRG Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 22
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 23
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 28
| rowspan="3" |[[Atlanta]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mercedes-Benz Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 29
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |April 30
| Muna Gayle
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 5
| rowspan="3" |[[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nissan Stadium]]
| [[Phoebe Bridgers]] Gracie Abrams
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 6
| Phoebe Bridgers Gayle
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 7
| {{n/a}}{{efn|The scheduled opening acts were Phoebe Bridgers and Gracie Abrams; however, due to delays caused by inclement weather, both sets were cancelled.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Iasimone|first=Ashley|title=Taylor Swift's Sunday Night Show in Nashville Goes On Following Two-Hour Storm Delay|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-nashville-night-three-nissan-stadium-weather-update-1235323604/|magazine=Billboard|date=May 7, 2023|access-date=May 7, 2023|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508003614/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-nashville-night-three-nissan-stadium-weather-update-1235323604/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 12
| rowspan="3" |[[Philadelphia]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Lincoln Financial Field]]
| rowspan="2" |Phoebe Bridgers Gayle
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 13
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 14
| Phoebe Bridgers Gracie Abrams
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 19
| rowspan="3" |[[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gillette Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |Phoebe Bridgers Gayle
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 20
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 21
| Phoebe Bridgers Gracie Abrams
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 26
| rowspan="3" |[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]]
| rowspan="3" |[[MetLife Stadium]]
| Phoebe Bridgers Gayle
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 27
| Phoebe Bridgers Gracie Abrams
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 28
| Phoebe Bridgers Owenn
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 2
| rowspan="3" |[[Chicago]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Soldier Field]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Girl in Red]] Owenn
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 4
| Muna Gracie Abrams
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 9
| rowspan="2" |[[Detroit]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ford Field]]
| Girl in Red Gracie Abrams
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 10
| Girl in Red Owenn
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 16
| rowspan="2" |[[Pittsburgh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Acrisure Stadium]]
| Girl in Red Gracie Abrams
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 17
| Girl in Red Owenn
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 23
| rowspan="2" |[[Minneapolis]]
| rowspan="2" |[[U.S. Bank Stadium]]
| Girl in Red Gracie Abrams
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 24
| Girl in Red Owenn
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 30
| rowspan="2" |[[Cincinnati]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Paycor Stadium]]
| Muna Gracie Abrams
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 1
|Muna{{efn|The scheduled opening acts were Muna and Gracie Abrams; however, due to forecasts of inclement weather, Abrams' set was cancelled.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Iasimone|first=Ashley|title=Taylor Swift Shares the Stage With Gracie Abrams, Aaron Dessner During 'Best Two Nights' in Cincinnati|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-gracie-abrams-aaron-dessner-cincinnati-eras-tour-1235365746/|magazine=Billboard|date=July 2, 2023|access-date=July 2, 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 7
| rowspan="2" |[[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Arrowhead Stadium|GEHA Field at Arrowhead Stadium]]
| rowspan="4" |Muna Gracie Abrams
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 14
| rowspan="2" |[[Denver]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Empower Field at Mile High]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 15
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 22
| rowspan="2" |[[Seattle]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lumen Field]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Haim (band)|Haim]] Gracie Abrams
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 23
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 28
| rowspan="2" |[[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Levi's Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 29
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 3
| rowspan="6" |[[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]]{{efn|Promoted as [[Los Angeles]]}}
| rowspan="6" |[[SoFi Stadium]]
| rowspan="6" |—
| rowspan="6" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 4
| Haim Owenn
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 5
| Haim Gayle
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 7
| rowspan="2" |Haim Gracie Abrams
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 9
| Haim Gayle
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 24
| rowspan="4" |[[Mexico City, Mexico|Mexico City]]
| rowspan="4" |Mexico
| rowspan="4" |[[Foro Sol]]
| rowspan="13" |[[Sabrina Carpenter]]
| rowspan="4" |—
| rowspan="4" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 25
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 26
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 27
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 9
| rowspan="3" |[[Buenos Aires, Argentina|Buenos Aires]]
| rowspan="3" |Argentina
| rowspan="3" |[[Estadio River Plate]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 10
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 11
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 17
| rowspan="3" |[[Rio de Janeiro]]
| rowspan="6" |Brazil
| rowspan="3" |[[Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 18
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 19
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 24
| rowspan="3" |[[São Paulo]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Allianz Parque]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 25
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 26
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of 2024 concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening acts, attendance and gross revenue<ref name=":10">{{cite magazine |last1=Dailey |first1=Hannah |title=Taylor Swift Announces International Eras Tour Dates in Europe, Asia & Australia |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-international-eras-tour-dates-europe-asia-australia-1235357763/ |access-date=June 20, 2023 |magazine=Billboard |date=June 20, 2023}}</ref><ref name="International" /><ref name="NA2ndLeg">{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-north-america-dates-2024-1234800149/ |title=Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Returning to North America for Additional Shows in 2024 |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |website=Rolling Stone |date=August 3, 2023 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143846/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-north-america-dates-2024-1234800149/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |City
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Country
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Venue
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Opening acts
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Attendance
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Revenue
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 7
| rowspan="4" |[[Tokyo]]
| rowspan="4" |Japan
| rowspan="4" |[[Tokyo Dome]]
| rowspan="4" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="4" |—
| rowspan="4" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 10
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 16
| rowspan="3" |[[Melbourne]]
| rowspan="7" |Australia
| rowspan="3" |[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
| rowspan="13" |Sabrina Carpenter
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 17
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 18
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 23
| rowspan="4" |[[Sydney]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Stadium Australia|Accor Stadium]]
| rowspan="4" |—
| rowspan="4" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 24
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 25
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |February 26
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 2
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[Singapore]]
| rowspan="6" |[[National Stadium, Singapore|Singapore National Stadium]]
| rowspan="6" |—
| rowspan="6" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |March 9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 9
| rowspan="4" |[[Nanterre]]{{efn|Promoted as [[Paris]]}}
| rowspan="4" |France
| rowspan="4" |[[Paris La Défense Arena]]
| rowspan="48" |Paramore
| rowspan="4" |—
| rowspan="4" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 10
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 11
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 12
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 17
| rowspan="3" |[[Stockholm]]
| rowspan="3" |Sweden
| rowspan="3" |[[Friends Arena]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 18
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 19
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 24
| rowspan="2" |[[Lisbon]]
| rowspan="2" |Portugal
| rowspan="2" |[[Estádio da Luz]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 25
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |May 30
| [[Madrid]]
| Spain
| [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]]
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 2
| rowspan="2" |[[Décines-Charpieu]]{{efn|Promoted as [[Lyon]]}}
| rowspan="2" |France
| rowspan="2" |[[Parc Olympique Lyonnais|Groupama Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 7
| rowspan="3" |[[Edinburgh]]
| rowspan="3" |Scotland
| rowspan="3" |[[Murrayfield Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 13
| rowspan="3" |[[Liverpool]]
| rowspan="3" |England
| rowspan="3" |[[Anfield]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 14
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 15
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 18
| [[Cardiff]]
| Wales
| [[Millennium Stadium|Principality Stadium]]
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 21
| rowspan="3" |[[London]]
| rowspan="3" |England
| rowspan="3" |[[Wembley Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 22
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 23
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 28
| rowspan="3" |[[Dublin]]
| rowspan="3" |Ireland
| rowspan="3" |[[Aviva Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 29
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |June 30
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 4
| rowspan="3" |[[Amsterdam]]
| rowspan="3" |Netherlands
| rowspan="3" |[[Johan Cruyff Arena]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 9
| rowspan="2" |[[Zürich]]
| rowspan="2" |Switzerland
| rowspan="2" |[[Letzigrund]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 10
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 13
| rowspan="2" |[[Milan]]
| rowspan="2" |Italy
| rowspan="2" |[[San Siro]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 14
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 17
| rowspan="3" |[[Gelsenkirchen]]
| rowspan="7" |Germany
| rowspan="3" |[[Arena AufSchalke|Veltins-Arena]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 18
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 19
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 23
| rowspan="2" |[[Hamburg]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Volksparkstadion]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 24
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 27
| rowspan="2" |[[Munich]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Olympiastadion (Munich)|Olympiastadion]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |July 28
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 1
| rowspan="3" |[[Warsaw]]
| rowspan="3" |Poland
| rowspan="3" |[[Stadion Narodowy|PGE Narodowy]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 8
| rowspan="3" |[[Vienna]]
| rowspan="3" |Austria
| rowspan="3" |[[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 10
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 15
| rowspan="3" |London
| rowspan="3" |England
| rowspan="3" |Wembley Stadium
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 16
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |August 17
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |October 18
| rowspan="3" |[[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]]{{efn|Promoted as [[Miami]]}}
| rowspan="9" |United States
| rowspan="3" |[[Hard Rock Stadium]]
| rowspan="15" |Gracie Abrams
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |October 19
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |October 20
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |October 25
| rowspan="3" |[[New Orleans]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Caesars Superdome]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |October 26
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |October 27
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 1
| rowspan="3" |[[Indianapolis]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Lucas Oil Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 14
| rowspan="6" |[[Toronto]]
| rowspan="6" |Canada
| rowspan="6" |[[Rogers Centre]]
| rowspan="6" |—
| rowspan="6" |—
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 15
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 16
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 21
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 22
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |November 23
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
! —
! —
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry]]
* [[List of highest-grossing concert tours]]
* [[Taylor Sheesh]]

== Footnotes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

'''Show details'''
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://tstheerastour.taylorswift.com/ The Eras Tour official website]

{{Taylor Swift}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eras Tour, The}}
[[Category:Taylor Swift concert tours]]
[[Category:2023 concert tours]]
[[Category:2024 concert tours]]
[[Category:Concert tours of the United States]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Canada]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Mexico]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Brazil]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Argentina]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Australia]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Japan]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Singapore]]
[[Category:Concert tours of France]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Sweden]]
[[Category:Concert tours of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Spain]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Portugal]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Germany]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Italy]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Poland]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Austria]]
[[Category:Concert tours of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Concert tours of Ireland]]

Hilton Paris Opéra

2023-08-14T00:26:46Z

OfTheUsername:

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{{Promising draft}}
{{short description|Hilton-branded hotel in Paris}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox hotel
| hotel_name = Hilton Paris Opéra
| image = Hilton Paris Opera, 3 June 2019.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Hilton Paris Opéra
| location = Paris, France
| address = 108 [[Rue Saint-Lazare]]
| coordinates = {{coord|48.875472|2.325561|region:FR-IDF_type:landmark_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Paris
| opening_date = 7 May 1889
| architectural_style =
| developer =
| architect = [[Juste Lisch]]
| operator =
| owner = [[Hilton Hotels Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/parophi-hilton-paris-opera/o}}
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}}

Draft:Hilton Paris Opera

2023-08-14T00:26:05Z

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#REDIRECT [[Draft:Hilton Paris Opéra]]

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Hilton Paris Opéra

2023-08-14T00:26:05Z

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{{Draft article|brief=yes |subject=places}}
{{Promising draft}}
{{short description|Hilton-branded hotel in Paris}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox hotel
| hotel_name = Hilton Paris Opera
| image = Hilton Paris Opera, 3 June 2019.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Hilton Paris Opera
| location = Paris, France
| address = 108 [[Rue Saint-Lazare]]
| coordinates = {{coord|48.875472|2.325561|region:FR-IDF_type:landmark_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Paris
| opening_date = 7 May 1889
| architectural_style =
| developer =
| architect = [[Juste Lisch]]
| operator =
| owner = [[Hilton Hotels Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/parophi-hilton-paris-opera/o}}
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| floors = 6
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| designation1 = Monument historique}}
}}

Hilton Paris Opéra

2023-08-13T22:35:59Z

OfTheUsername: promising draft

{{Draft article|brief=yes |subject=places}}
{{Promising draft}}
{{short description|Hilton-branded hotel in Paris}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox hotel
| hotel_name = Hilton Paris Opera
| image = Hilton Paris Opera, 3 June 2019.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Hilton Paris Opera
| location = Paris, France
| address = 108 [[Rue Saint-Lazare]]
| coordinates = {{coord|48.875472|2.325561|region:FR-IDF_type:landmark_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Paris
| opening_date = 7 May 1889
| architectural_style =
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Taylor Swift–Ticketmaster controversy

2023-08-13T16:34:08Z

OfTheUsername: fix

{{Short description|Issues regarding ticket sales of a Taylor Swift concert tour}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Eras Tour - Arlington, TX - Lover Act 1 (cropped 2).jpg|alt=Swift dressed in a white gown, singing into a microphone.|thumb|[[Taylor Swift]] performing on [[the Eras Tour]] in 2023. [[Ticketmaster]] received criticism for mishandling the U.S. ticket sale of the tour.]]
American ticket sales platform [[Ticketmaster]] and parent company [[Live Nation Entertainment]] received widespread public criticism and political scrutiny over blunders in selling tickets to the United States leg of [[the Eras Tour]] (2023), the sixth concert tour by American singer-songwriter [[Taylor Swift]], in November 2022. It has been referred to as the '''Taylor Swift–Ticketmaster fiasco''' in the [[mainstream media]].

Media outlets described the demand for the Eras Tour's tickets as "astronomical",<ref name=":12" /> with 3.5 million people registering for the Ticketmaster's Verified Fan pre-sale program in the U.S. When the sale went online on November 15, 2022, the website [[Crash (computing)|crashed]] in an hour, with users [[Login|logged out]] or in a [[Hang (computing)|frozen]] queue; however, 2.4 million tickets were sold, breaking the record for the highest single-day ticket sales ever by an artist. Ticketmaster attributed the crash to heavy [[Internet traffic|site traffic]]—"historically unprecedented demand with [14 million] showing up"—but users cited poor [[customer service]].<ref name=":13" /> Live Nation blamed Swift's "staggering" demand "overwhelming" them beyond capacity, canceled the general sale due to "insufficient" inventory,<ref name="variety2" /> and published an apology.

[[Scalping (trading)|Scalpers]] had purchased a large number of tickets and put them on [[ticket resale]] websites for exorbitant prices. Numerous fans and [[Consumer organization|consumer groups]] alleged that Ticketmaster is deceitful. In response, several [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] members voiced to revert the 2010 [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] of Ticketmaster and [[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]],{{NoteTag|Ticketmaster is a ticket sales and distribution company; Live Nation is a tour promotion and venue operation company. They merged in 2010 to form a [[Consolidation (business)|consolidated]] entertainment company, [[Live Nation Entertainment]].<ref name="Industry Gatekeepers"/>}} which they dubbed a [[monopoly]] lacking [[Rivalry (economics)|competitive pressure]], leading to substandard service and extortionate prices. The [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] initiated a federal probe. Swift's tour promoter, [[Anschutz Entertainment Group|AEG Presents]], said Ticketmaster's exclusive deals with the majority of U.S. live venues coerced AEG into working with them. In December 2022, several fans sued Ticketmaster for many violations such as intentional deception, fraud, [[price fixing]], and [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]].

Publications opined that the controversy highlighted one of the longstanding issues in the [[music industry]]. Ticketmaster distributed invalid tickets for the [[World's Hottest Tour]] of Puerto Rican rapper [[Bad Bunny]] in [[Mexico City]], which led to [[overcrowding]] at the venue, attracting more criticism. The [[PROFECO]] fined Ticketmaster 10 percent of its 2021 income. In 2023, the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee]] examined the fiasco with a [[United States congressional hearing|hearing]], where [[Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] [[United States Senate|senators]] castigated Ticketmaster. States such as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Texas]], [[Massachusetts]], and [[California]] outlawed scalper bots and regulated pricing models. Following pressure from [[Joe Biden]], the [[President of the United States|U.S. president]], Ticketmaster and other ticket platforms agreed to abolish [[junk fees]] and show consumers all the fees upfront. The [[Federal Trade Commission]] decided to impose a federal ban on all deceptive, surprise fees. Ticketmaster again faced criticism in mid-2023 when the U.K. and French sales of the Eras Tour experienced similar issues.

== Background ==
=== Company ===
{{See also|Ticketmaster#Criticism and controversies}}[[Ticketmaster|Ticketmaster Entertainment, Inc.]] is an American [[Primary ticket outlet|ticket sales]] and distribution company based in [[Beverly Hills, California]] with operations in many countries around the world. It was founded in [[Phoenix, Arizona]] in 1976<ref name="stufftheydontwantyoutoknow">{{cite web |date=May 2, 2019 |title=The Ticketmaster Racket |url=https://www.stufftheydontwantyoutoknow.com/podcasts/the-ticketmaster-racket.htm |access-date=May 2, 2019 |website=Stuff They Dont Want You to Know |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111155837/https://www.iheart.com/podcast/182-stuff-they-dont-want-you-t-26941221/?pname=www.stufftheydontwantyoutoknow.com&sc=dnsredirect |url-status=live }}</ref> by college staffers Peter Gadwa and Albert Leffler, as well as businessman Gordon Gunn III.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Christina S. N. |date=November 23, 2007 |title=Ticket Master's Place |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119577310548201479 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125095400/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119577310548201479 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{Cite news |date=January 31, 1985 |title=Rival to Ticketron : Ticketmaster Emerging as Force in L.A. |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-31-fi-5143-story.html |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208142650/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-31-fi-5143-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:US Department of Justice.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Department of Justice]] office in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
In 1994, American rock band [[Pearl Jam]] filed a complaint with the antitrust division of the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], claiming that Ticketmaster has a "virtually absolute monopoly on the distribution of tickets to concerts" and attempted to book its tour only at venues that did not use Ticketmaster. However, no action was taken on Ticketmaster. In the 21st century, Ticketmaster became the largest ticket sales company in the world.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Valinsky |first=Jordan |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift ticket snafu caused by Ticketmaster abusing its market power, Senate antitrust chair says |agency=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/17/business/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-amy-klobuchar-letter/index.html |access-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117134654/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/17/business/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-amy-klobuchar-letter/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tkacik">{{cite magazine |last1=Tkacik |first1=Maureen |last2=Brown |first2=Krista |title=Ticketmaster's Dark History: A 40-year saga of kickbacks, threats, political maneuvering, and the humiliation of Pearl Jam |url=https://prospect.org/power/ticketmasters-dark-history/ |access-date=January 28, 2023 |magazine=The American Prospect |date=December 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128220747/https://prospect.org/power/ticketmasters-dark-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2009, Ticketmaster entered into an agreement to merge with the world's largest event promoter, [[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]], to form [[Live Nation Entertainment]].<ref name="merger">[http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/live-nation-and-ticketmaster-agree-to-merge/ Live Nation and Ticketmaster Agree to Merge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214213517/http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/live-nation-and-ticketmaster-agree-to-merge/ |date=February 14, 2009 }} ''The New York Times''. February 10, 2009.</ref> The deal was cleared by the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Justice Department]] in January 2010 under the condition that the company sell Paciolan to [[Comcast Spectacor]] or another firm, and license its software to [[Anschutz Entertainment Group]] (AEG), its biggest competitor.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |last=Sisario |first=Ben |date=January 25, 2010 |title=Justice Dept. Clears Ticketmaster-Live Nation Merger |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/business/26ticket.html |access-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129042237/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/business/26ticket.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The new company, which would be called Live Nation Entertainment, would also be subject to provisions for 10 years that prevented it from retaliating against venues that partnered with competing ticketing firms.<ref name="nytimes"/> Live Nation CEO [[Michael Rapino]] was named CEO of the new company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 10, 2009 |title=Live Nation to buy Ticketmaster |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ticketmaster-livenation-idUSTRE5194DL20090210 |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125100642/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ticketmaster-livenation-idUSTRE5194DL20090210 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ticketmaster was a subject of several controversies, such as [[Anticompetition law|anti-competition]] claims, deceitful relationships with [[scalpers]], [[data breach]], deceptive pricing, and [[dynamic pricing]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Of: Does Ticketmaster Have A Monopoly On Live Events? : 1A |agency=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/11/22/1138693632/best-of-does-ticketmaster-have-a-monopoly-on-live-events |access-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130195934/https://www.npr.org/2022/11/22/1138693632/best-of-does-ticketmaster-have-a-monopoly-on-live-events |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[consumer organization]]s, Ticketmaster and Live Nation control over 70% of the primary ticketing and live event venues market.<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite news |last=Ighadaro |first=Omose |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Tennessee AG Investigating Antitrust Violations in Taylor Swift Ticket Presale |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-16/ticketmaster-s-taylor-swift-presale-investigated-by-tennessee-ag |access-date=November 17, 2022 |magazine=Bloomberg News |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118193356/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-16/ticketmaster-s-taylor-swift-presale-investigated-by-tennessee-ag |url-status=live }}</ref> The merger has faced longstanding criticism.<ref name="Tkacik" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Whitten |first=Sarah |title=Ticketmaster's largest shareholder blames massive demand − including from bots − for Taylor Swift ticket fiasco |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/17/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-fiasco-due-to-demand-bots-liberty-media-ceo-says.html |access-date=December 1, 2022 |agency=CNBC |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209210026/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/17/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-fiasco-due-to-demand-bots-liberty-media-ceo-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier in 2022, both Ticketmaster and Live Nation received backlash and media attention on their dynamic pricing and "platinum" ticket model when tickets for [[Bruce Springsteen]]'s and [[Blink-182]]'s [[Springsteen and E Street Band 2023 Tour|2023]] [[World Tour 2023/2024|tours]] (both of which were being promoted by Live Nation) went on sale in July and October respectively. Fans of both acts criticized the price of random seats across the venue going for hundreds or even thousands of dollars during pre-sales or general public sales.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 21, 2022 |title=Bruce Springsteen Fans Furious at Ticket Prices Going as High as $4-5K, Due to Ticketmaster's 'Dynamic Pricing' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/news/bruce-springsteen-fans-furious-at-ticket-prices-going-as-high-as-4-5k-due-to-ticketmaster-s-dynamic-pricing/ar-AAZNXvf |access-date=December 2, 2022 |publisher=MSN |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117044233/https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/news/bruce-springsteen-fans-furious-at-ticket-prices-going-as-high-as-4-5k-due-to-ticketmaster-s-dynamic-pricing/ar-AAZNXvf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Blink-182 Tickets Are So Expensive Because Ticketmaster Is a Disastrous Monopoly and Now Everyone Pays Ticket Broker Prices |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7gx34/blink-182-tickets-are-so-expensive-because-ticketmaster-is-a-disastrous-monopoly-and-now-everyone-pays-ticket-broker-prices |access-date=December 2, 2022 |magazine=Vice |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209194603/https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7gx34/blink-182-tickets-are-so-expensive-because-ticketmaster-is-a-disastrous-monopoly-and-now-everyone-pays-ticket-broker-prices |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Taylor Swift ===
{{Main|The Eras Tour}}
American singer-songwriter [[Taylor Swift]] released her tenth studio album, ''[[Midnights]]'', on October 21, 2022, to widespread commercial success and critical acclaim. On November 1, she announced on ''[[Good Morning America]]'' and through her social media accounts that her sixth concert tour, in support of ''Midnights'' and all of her previous albums, would be called the Eras Tour.{{NoteTag|Stylized as ''Taylor Swift {{!}} The Eras Tour''<ref name="RS Hunger Games"/>}} Its U.S. leg, which initially consisted of 27 dates across 20 cities, started on March 17, 2023, in [[Glendale, Arizona]], and will conclude on August 9, 2023, in [[Inglewood, California]], with tickets sold via Ticketmaster.<ref name="variety">{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Announces 2023 'Eras Tour' of U.S. Stadiums |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-announces-2023-tour-1235419454/ |access-date=November 1, 2022 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101122647/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-announces-2023-tour-1235419454/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This marks Swift's first shows in the U.S. since her [[Reputation Stadium Tour]] in 2018, which broke the record for the highest grossing U.S. tour in history.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Frankenberg |first1=Eric |date=November 30, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour Breaks Record for Highest-Grossing U.S. Tour |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-reputation-stadium-tour-breaks-record-highest-grossing-us-tour/ |access-date=December 8, 2022 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111155757/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-reputation-stadium-tour-breaks-record-highest-grossing-us-tour/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the dates, such as those in Glendale, were sold via [[SeatGeek]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Somasundaram |first=Praveena |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Swifties sue Ticketmaster, saying it 'messed with the wrong fan base' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/12/05/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-lawsuit-eras/ |access-date=December 5, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206023353/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/12/05/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-lawsuit-eras/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following popular demand, on November 4, Swift added eight extra U.S. dates to existing cities, bringing the total number of concerts to 35.<ref>{{cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Adds Eight Extra Dates to U.S. Stadium Tour |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-extra-concerts-tour-eight-1235423114/ |access-date=November 4, 2022 |website=Variety |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115004035/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-extra-concerts-tour-eight-1235423114/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Higher demand prompted 17 more shows to be added the following week, making the Eras Tour the biggest U.S. tour of Swift's career, with 52 dates, surpassing Reputation Stadium Tour's 38 dates.<ref name="Nov 11 Dates">{{cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Adds 17 More Stadium Shows to 'Eras Tour,' Which Will Include a Five-Night Stand in L.A., Making It Her Biggest U.S. Tour to Date |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-17-shows-eras-tour-five-nights-sofi-stadium-1235430260/ |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=Variety |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062915/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-adds-17-shows-eras-tour-five-nights-sofi-stadium-1235430260/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The U.S. tickets were set to go on sale to the general public on November 18, 2022. [[Capital One]] cardholders had [[Presales|presale]] access on November 15.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkel |first=Inga |date=November 1, 2022 |title=How to get tickets to Taylor Swift's 2023 Eras Tour |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/taylor-swift-2023-eras-tour-dates-tickets-b2215133.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123201427/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/taylor-swift-2023-eras-tour-dates-tickets-b2215133.html |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487}}</ref> Fans registered for the Ticketmaster Verified Fan program from November 1 through 9 to receive a presale code that granted exclusive access to the TaylorSwiftTix Presale on November 15.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nesvig |first=Kara |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour: Everything You Need to Know |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-everything-you-need-to-know |url-status=live |magazine=[[Teen Vogue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101152209/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-everything-you-need-to-know |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Roberts |first=Kayleigh |date=December 17, 2022 |title=Here's How Ticketmaster Plans to Sell the Remaining 170,000 Taylor Swift Eras Tour Tickets |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/music/a42275548/how-ticketmaster-plans-to-sell-remaining-taylor-swift-eras-tour-tickets/ |magazine=Cosmopolitan |access-date=June 23, 2023}}</ref> Swift abandoned the "platinum ticket" model for the tour.<ref name="Willman-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Announces 2023 'Eras Tour' of U.S. Stadiums |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-announces-2023-tour-1235419454/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204082745/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-announces-2023-tour-1235419454/ |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022}}</ref> According to Ticketmaster, the TaylorSwiftTix Presale provided "the best opportunity to get more tickets into the hands of fans who want to attend the show" by evading [[Internet bot|bots]] and [[Scalping (trading)|scalpers]].<ref name="Leimkuehler-20222">{{Cite news |last1=Leimkuehler |first1=Matthew |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Desperate to get your hands on Taylor Swift 2023 tour tickets? These tips will help |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/11/04/taylor-swift-era-tour-2023-ticket-tips/8263516001/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123063131/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/11/04/taylor-swift-era-tour-2023-ticket-tips/8263516001/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |issn=0734-7456 |oclc=8799626}}</ref> It noted that if the demand exceeds supply, it is possible that "verified fans may be selected at random to participate in the presale."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Del Rosario |first=Alexandra |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster has Taylor Swift fans seeing red as Swifties get shut out of tour presale |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-11-01/taylor-swift-tour-presale-ticketmaster-fan-reactions |url-status=live |access-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215062813/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-11-01/taylor-swift-tour-presale-ticketmaster-fan-reactions |archive-date=December 15, 2022}}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' reported that the listing for the [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] dates included the disclaimer that "ticket prices may fluctuate, based on demand, at any time."<ref name="Leimkuehler-2022">{{Cite news |last1=Leimkuehler |first1=Matthew |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Desperate to get your hands on Taylor Swift 2023 tour tickets? These tips will help |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/11/04/taylor-swift-era-tour-2023-ticket-tips/8263516001/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123063131/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/11/04/taylor-swift-era-tour-2023-ticket-tips/8263516001/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |issn=0734-7456 |oclc=8799626}}</ref>

== Website crash ==
The Eras Tour recorded an incredibly high demand for tickets.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Krol |first=Charlotte |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's 'The Eras Tour' ticket sale cancelled due to "extraordinarily high demand" |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-ticket-sale-cancelled-due-to-extraordinarily-high-demand-3351187 |access-date=December 15, 2022 |magazine=NME |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201221849/https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-ticket-sale-cancelled-due-to-extraordinarily-high-demand-3351187 |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 15, the day of the pre-sale, Ticketmaster's website [[Crash (computing)|crashed]] following "historically unprecedented demand with millions showing up", halting the presale.<ref name=":13">{{Cite magazine |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Fans Crash Ticketmaster Site |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/taylor-swift-crash-ticketmaster-site-1235433274/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126235912/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/taylor-swift-crash-ticketmaster-site-1235433274/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In less than an hour of availability, the ticketing platform's servers were "unable to answer", with users experiencing turbulence—"either completely logged out or in a queue 2,000-plus people strong that appeared frozen." Ticketmaster immediately published a statement saying they are working to fix the issues "as the site was unprepared to accommodate the sheer force of hundreds of thousands of Swift fans",<ref name="RS Hunger Games">{{Cite magazine |last=Jones |first=C. T. |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Tickets Are On Sale. Fans Say It's Their Hunger Games |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/taylor-swift-fans-battle-ticketmaster-presale-1234630928/ |access-date=November 16, 2022 |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207190613/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/taylor-swift-fans-battle-ticketmaster-presale-1234630928/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and subsequently reported that "hundreds of thousands of tickets" had already been sold and postponed the remainder of the presale, including the Capital One presale to November 16.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1592579481449168898|user=Ticketmaster|title=Ticketmaster statement|access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref> The public on-sale was later canceled due to "extraordinarily high demands on ticketing systems and insufficient remaining ticket inventory to meet that demand".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/ticketmaster/status/1593333211769106433 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=Twitter |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117202702/https://twitter.com/Ticketmaster/status/1593333211769106433 |url-status=live }}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref> The Eras Tour sold over two million tickets on its first day of presale alone, breaking the all-time record for the most concert tickets sold by an artist in a single day.<ref name="variety2">{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster Cancels Taylor Swift Tour's Public Tickets Sale Due to 'High Demand' and 'Insufficient Inventory' |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ticketmaster-cancels-taylor-swift-public-ticket-sales-eras-tour-1235435965/ |access-date=November 20, 2022 |website=Variety |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123043830/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ticketmaster-cancels-taylor-swift-public-ticket-sales-eras-tour-1235435965/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During and immediately after the website crash, Ticketmaster was widely criticized by fans and customers on social media for its ticketing model that obstructed purchasing.<ref name=":5" /> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the ticket sale failure "broke the internet".<ref name="Industry Gatekeepers">{{Cite news |last=Wu |first=Ashley |date=January 29, 2023 |title=Industry Gatekeepers |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/29/briefing/ticketmaster.html |access-date=January 30, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130002619/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/29/briefing/ticketmaster.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "Ticketmaster" trended number one worldwide on various social media platforms such as [[Twitter]] and [[TikTok]].<ref name="independent.co.uk2">{{Cite news |date=November 16, 2022 |title=AOC demands Ticketmaster be dismantled after Taylor Swift ticket sale chaos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/aoc-ticketmaster-taylor-swift-tickets-b2225903.html |access-date=November 16, 2022 |newspaper=The Independent |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127050724/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/aoc-ticketmaster-taylor-swift-tickets-b2225903.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[CNN Business]] stated that the "astronomical" demand indicated Swift's popularity.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Pallotta |first=Frank |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift tickets listed for thousands on StubHub after millions flood Ticketmaster |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/media/taylor-swift-tickets-resale-market/index.html |access-date=November 16, 2022 |agency=[[CNN Business]] |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116181919/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/media/taylor-swift-tickets-resale-market/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' and [[Bloomberg News]] attributed the criticism to Ticketmaster's "oft-confusing multistep buying process plagued with additional fees", as well as "long waits, technical problems, and poor customer service".<ref name="bloomberg"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Adamczyk |first=Alicia |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Why are Taylor Swift Eras tour tickets so expensive? |url=https://fortune.com/2022/11/10/why-are-concert-tickets-so-expensive-taylor-swift-springsteen/ |access-date=November 16, 2022 |magazine=Fortune |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125204122/https://fortune.com/2022/11/10/why-are-concert-tickets-so-expensive-taylor-swift-springsteen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Responses ==
[[File:Greg - head shot 2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Greg Maffei]], chairman of [[Live Nation Entertainment]], in 2019]]
[[Greg Maffei]], chairman of Live Nation, spoke to [[CNBC]] on November 16. He claimed that Ticketmaster prepared for 1.5 million verified fans but 14 million showed up: "we could have filled 900 stadiums."<ref name="cnbc">{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Demand for Taylor Swift concert tickets exceeded every expectation, says Liberty Media CEO |url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2022/11/17/liberty-media-ceo-greg-maffei-sits-down-with-cnbcs-david-faber-at-the-companys-annual-investor-day-to-discuss-why-the-company-plans-to-split-off-the-atlanta-braves-and-the-overwhelming-demand-for-tayl.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117163424/https://www.cnbc.com/video/2022/11/17/liberty-media-ceo-greg-maffei-sits-down-with-cnbcs-david-faber-at-the-companys-annual-investor-day-to-discuss-why-the-company-plans-to-split-off-the-atlanta-braves-and-the-overwhelming-demand-for-tayl.html |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> In a detailed statement, Ticketmaster explained that 3.5 million fans pre-registered for the Verified Fan program—the largest in platform history—two million of whom were placed on the waitlist while 1.5 million were allowed to purchase first, as only "40% of invited fans actually show up and buy tickets, and most purchase an average of 3 tickets." However, the website was overwhelmed by the "staggering" number of fans as well as bots without presale codes, resulting in "3.5 billion total system requests—[four times the site's] previous peak." Therefore, Ticketmaster attempted to slow down the sale by waitlisting more customers "to stabilize the systems", which in turn prolonged the queue and waiting time.<ref name="variety2" /> The company confirmed on November 17 that the November 18 public on-sale was canceled as well, citing inability to meet demand.<ref name="RS general on-sale">{{Cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster Adds to the Chaos, Cancels General On-Sale for Taylor Swift's the Eras Tour |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ticketmaster-cancels-general-on-sale-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-1234632678/ |url-status=live |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205150939/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ticketmaster-cancels-general-on-sale-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-1234632678/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref>

Maffei also claimed that "[[Anschutz Entertainment Group|AEG]], our competitor, who is the promoter for Taylor Swift, chose to use us because, in reality, we are the largest and most effective ticket seller in the world ... Even our competitors want to come on our platform."<ref name=":0" /> However, AEG rejected Maffei's claim that AEG chose to work with Ticketmaster, stating that AEG was forced to work with Ticketmaster since "Ticketmaster's exclusive deals with the vast majority of venues on the Eras Tour required us to ticket through their system."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitten |first=Sarah |title=Taylor Swift's tour promoter says it had no choice but to work with Ticketmaster |agency=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/22/taylor-swift-tour-promoter-had-to-work-with-ticketmaster.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122210907/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/22/taylor-swift-tour-promoter-had-to-work-with-ticketmaster.html |archive-date=November 22, 2022}}</ref>

Swift released a statement on November 18, 2022, via her [[Instagram]] story; she stated that she is "pissed off" and found the fiasco "excruciating".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Calls Ticketmaster Woes 'Excruciating' in Statement to Fans |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/arts/music/taylor-swift-era-tours-tickets.html |access-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205205306/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/arts/music/taylor-swift-era-tours-tickets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She asserted that she is protective of her fans and wanted to assure a quality experience and claimed that it had been difficult to "trust an outside entity with these relationships and loyalties". She noted that she was "not going to make excuses for anyone because we asked [Ticketmaster], multiple times, if they could handle this kind of demand and we were assured they could."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Josephs |first=Leslie |title=Taylor Swift slams 'outside entity' over ticket fiasco: 'I'm not going to make excuses for anyone' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/18/taylor-swift-slams-outside-entity-over-ticketmaster-tour-sale-fiasco.html |access-date=November 18, 2022 |agency=CNBC |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118173607/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/18/taylor-swift-slams-outside-entity-over-ticketmaster-tour-sale-fiasco.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later that same day, Ticketmaster issued an apology "to Taylor and all of her fans" via their Twitter account,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hamedy |first=Saba |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster apologizes; Taylor Swift says watching fiasco has been 'excruciating' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/taylor-swift-says-watching-ticketmaster-fiasco-excruciating-rcna57897 |access-date=November 19, 2022 |agency=NBC News |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209221236/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/taylor-swift-says-watching-ticketmaster-fiasco-excruciating-rcna57897 |url-status=live }}</ref> but remarked that "less than 5% of the tickets for the tour have been sold or posted for resale on the secondary market" such as [[StubHub]].<ref name="variety3">{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 19, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster Apologizes to Taylor Swift and Her Fans for Sales Debacle |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ticketmaster-apologizes-taylor-swift-fans-ticketing-sales-live-nation-1235437555/ |access-date=November 19, 2022 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205224554/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ticketmaster-apologizes-taylor-swift-fans-ticketing-sales-live-nation-1235437555/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ticketmaster also dismissed accusations of [[anti-competitive practices]], noting it remains "under a [[consent decree]] with the Justice Department following its 2010 merger with Live Nation" and the absence of "evidence of systemic violations of the consent decree."<ref name=":6" />

Former Ticketmaster CEO [[Fred Rosen (businessman)|Fred Rosen]] was unmoved by fans' outrage, telling the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'': "The public brought all this on itself ... I have no sympathy for people whining about high ticket prices ... They helped create this situation where artists have to make all their money on tour. Artists and the market set the prices, and you can't pay a [[Motel 6]] price and stay at the [[Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts|Four Seasons]]." Rosen argued that all proposed solutions risked leaving fans even worse off: "Ticketmaster got thrown under the bus because it's easy to throw them under the bus ... There is no solution that won't piss people off more."<ref name="Brown">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=August |date=January 23, 2023 |title=How Ticketmaster became the most hated name in music |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2023-01-23/ticketmaster-live-nation-taylor-swift-pearl-jam |url-status=live |access-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128220752/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2023-01-23/ticketmaster-live-nation-taylor-swift-pearl-jam |archive-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>

=== Fans ===
[[File:Taylor Swift at TIFF 2022 - 2.jpg|thumb|Swift's fanbase played the pivotal role in turning the fiasco into a nationwide discourse on Live Nation's monopoly in the music concert business.<ref name=":10" />|alt=Taylor Swift greeting fans at the 2022 Toronto Film Festival]]

Swift's fans, known as "Swifties", were particularly upset with the fiasco, some of whom proceeded with legal action. Lawyers who were fans of Swift mobilized a [[grassroots]] group called Vigilante Legal [[Limited liability company|LLC]]., a play on Swift's 2022 song "[[Vigilante Shit]]"; its core group consists of over 50 professionals with law, government, [[public relations]], and computer science backgrounds—"anyone from lawyers, to people who work in finance or banking, to those with antitrust experience." The group was founded by American attorney and a fan of Swift, Blake Barnett. She reported that she had received over 1,200 responses as of November 18, 2022. Vigilante Legal also began gathering evidence from fans who experienced "discriminatory and questionable service" from Ticketmaster, including a potential violation of the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]]. The group has been collecting the complaints to bring forward to the Federal Trade Commission and the attorneys general within each U.S. state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cavender |first=Elena |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Meet the Swifties trying to take down Ticketmaster |website=[[Mashable]] |url=https://mashable.com/article/swifties-take-down-ticketmaster-eras-tour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215115158/https://mashable.com/article/swifties-take-down-ticketmaster-eras-tour |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2022 |agency=Mashable}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Patton |first=Alli |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Fans Are Organizing a Ticketmaster Take Down |url=https://americansongwriter.com/taylor-swift-fans-are-organizing-a-ticketmaster-take-down/ |url-status=live |magazine=American Songwriter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203062433/https://americansongwriter.com/taylor-swift-fans-are-organizing-a-ticketmaster-take-down/ |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date=December 3, 2022}}</ref>

Voters of Tomorrow, a political activist organization led by [[generation Z]], opened an antitrust initiative called "S.W.I.F.T." (Swifties Working to Increase Fairness from Ticketmaster) on November 17, with aims to "bring together Gen Z organizers to advocate for legislation expanding federal authority to oversee and prevent future monopolies around entertainment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Eden Arielle |date=December 14, 2022 |title=Some Lucky Taylor Swift Fans Will Have a Second Chance at Buying Eras Tour Tickets |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/49016707 |access-date=December 15, 2022 |agency=[[PopSugar]]}}</ref>

In order to evade scalpers, some fans used their "tight-knit community" across social media platforms to form accounts such as "@ErasTourResell" and "TS Tour Connect" to organize a network of [[spreadsheet]]s, [[Google Forms]], and online [[bulletin board]]s, which facilitated exchanges of tickets at face-value costs from fans who wanted to re-sell to fans who wanted to buy. Volunteers of the initiative worked through ticket submissions, verified them via [[Screencast|screen recordings]] and confirmation emails, and posted out the listings of tickets. ErasTourResell is headed by three fans of Swift, namely Courtney Johnston, Channette Garay, and Angel Richards. According to ''The New York Times'', ErasTourResell alone has arranged over 1,300 ticket transactions between fans as of March 2023. According to ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ErasTourResell has helped over 3,000 fans get tickets at face value as of July 2023.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=March 16, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Fans Needed a Miracle. Here's How They Got Tickets. |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/16/arts/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour-tickets-fans.html |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111315/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/16/arts/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour-tickets-fans.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Florsheim |first=Lane |date=June 8, 2023 |title=How Three Taylor Swift Fans Are Sticking It to Ticket Resellers |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-eras-tour-fans-fight-ticket-scalpers-fd97fc89 |access-date=June 8, 2023 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608123340/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-eras-tour-fans-fight-ticket-scalpers-fd97fc89 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Lawsuits ====
'''''Barfuss v. Live Nation Entertainment Inc and Ticketmaster LLC'''''
* Another group of fans, consisting of 26 plaintiffs across the U.S., filed a lawsuit on December 2, 2022, in the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine |last=Legaspi |first=Althea |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Fans Sue Ticketmaster Over Ticketing Fiasco |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-fans-lawsuit-ticketmaster-live-nation-eras-tour-1234641079/ |url-status=live |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209105350/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-fans-lawsuit-ticketmaster-live-nation-eras-tour-1234641079/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref> against Ticketmaster and Live Nation for "intentional deception", "fraud, [[price fixing]] and antitrust violations". It demanded a [[civil penalty]] of $2500 for every violation of the [[California Unfair Competition Law]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Fans Are Filing A Lawsuit Against Ticketmaster |url=https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-fans-lawsuit-eras-tour-ticketmaster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208214646/https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-fans-lawsuit-eras-tour-ticketmaster/ |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=Uproxx}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> alongside plaintiffs seeking the costs of [[Attorney's fee|legal fees]], and any additional relief the court deems fit.<ref name=":4" />
* Since the lawsuit was filed, about 150 more fans have expressed interest in signing on to it, according to the group's attorney, Jennifer Kinder. Kinder told ''The Washington Post'', "Ticketmaster messed with the wrong fan base."<ref name=":3" />
* The lawsuit also alleged that Ticketmaster "carved out small territories" for competitors like SeatGeek to conceal "the level of monopolistic power and control" the company has,<ref name=":3" /> intentionally permitted scalpers and bots to access the presale, and "gave more codes than it had tickets."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Danielle |last2=Mzezewa |first2=Tariro |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Swifties Are Suing Ticketmaster Over the Eras Ticket Fiasco |url=https://www.thecut.com/2022/12/taylor-swift-fans-melt-down-over-eras-ticketmaster-queue.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213140400/https://www.thecut.com/2022/12/taylor-swift-fans-melt-down-over-eras-ticketmaster-queue.html |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=The Cut}}</ref>
* Julie Barfuss, the lead plaintiff, said that after trying to purchase tickets numerous times unsuccessfully, Barfuss chatted with a customer service worker who told her that the system considered Barfuss a bot for attempting to buy tickets 41 times. Barfuss's card also was declined 41 times, charging her an additional sum of $14,286.70 due to the purchase attempts.<ref name=":3" />
* The lawsuit also named the [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]], where Ticketmaster is headquartered, as a [[defendant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloom |first=Madison |date=December 4, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Fans Sue Ticketmaster Over Eras Tour Ticketing Fiasco |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/taylor-swift-fans-sue-ticketmaster-over-eras-tour-ticketing-fiasco/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155228/https://pitchfork.com/news/taylor-swift-fans-sue-ticketmaster-over-eras-tour-ticketing-fiasco/ |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref>
* The court subsequently suspended the lawsuit on the grounds that the plaintiffs agreed to [[Dispute resolution|settle the dispute]] in [[arbitration]], but the case was re-opened by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] after plaintiffs argued that they were being "misled" with an unclear arbitration agreement from Live Nation. The federal appeals court ruled that the plaintiffs have "waived their [[Right to petition in the United States|right to sue]]."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine |last=Daly |first=Rhian |date=February 15, 2023 |title=Live Nation antitrust lawsuit thrown out because buyers waived right to sue |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/live-nation-antitrust-lawsuit-thrown-outbuyers-waived-right-sue-3399212 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |magazine=NME |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301191932/https://www.nme.com/news/music/live-nation-antitrust-lawsuit-thrown-outbuyers-waived-right-sue-3399212 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Media outlets then reported that both parties have agreed to take the case to a formal trial in the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]], with the first hearing on March 28, 2023; some plaintiffs held signs outside the court campus during the hearing.<ref name=":11">{{Cite magazine |last=Millman |first=Ethan |date=March 28, 2023 |title=With Ticketmaster Lawsuit's First Hearing, Swifties Take to the Streets |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-lawsuit-protest-1234704360/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328175817/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-lawsuit-protest-1234704360/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''''Sterioff v. Live Nation Entertainment Inc and Ticketmaster LLC'''''
* On December 20, another lawsuit, a federal [[class action]], was filed in the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California|U.S. District Court for the Central District of California]], by a Swift fan named Michelle Sterioff, accusing Live Nation–Ticketmaster of "intentionally and purposefully" violating antitrust laws and misleading "millions of fans" into believing that they would prevent bots and scalpers from participating in the ticket sale.<ref name=":8" />
* The lawsuit mentions violations of [[California Consumers Legal Remedies Act]], Unfair Competition Law, False Advertising Law, "[[quasi-contract]]/[[restitution]]/[[unjust enrichment]]", and various others. Sterioff demanded the court for [[Injunction|injunctive relief]], [[statutory damages]], [[punitive damages]], and legal fees, among others.<ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine |last=Eggertsen |first=Chris |date=December 23, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Fan Files New Lawsuit Against Ticketmaster, Live Nation Over Eras Tour Presale |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-fan-sues-ticketmaster-live-nation-eras-tour-presale/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 24, 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123141828/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-fan-sues-ticketmaster-live-nation-eras-tour-presale/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In a filing on February 24, Live Nation asked the judge to dismiss the class action and instead force the plaintiff to be heard privately in arbitration, citing the federal appeals court ruling in the Barfuss suit that upheld arbitration.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" />
* ''[[Reuters]]'' opined that companies usually favor arbitration over [[Lawsuit|cout llitigation]] to attempt resolving issues quickly and reduce potential damages.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Scarcella |first=Mike |date=February 27, 2023 |title=Live Nation says Taylor Swift fans can't sue over ticket debacle |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/live-nation-says-taylor-swift-fans-cant-sue-over-ticket-debacle-2023-02-27/ |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301191932/https://www.reuters.com/legal/live-nation-says-taylor-swift-fans-cant-sue-over-ticket-debacle-2023-02-27/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Ticketstoday sale ====
On December 12, 2022, Ticketmaster began mailing select registered fans—"identified as [fans] who received a boost during the Verified Fan presale but did not purchase tickets"—and notified them of a second ticket-purchasing opportunity,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |date=December 12, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Got Ticketmaster to Release a Few More 'Eras Tour' Tickets |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-fans-second-chance-eras-tour-tickets-1234645918/ |access-date=December 15, 2022 |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212181001/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-fans-second-chance-eras-tour-tickets-1234645918/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with which they can buy a maximum of two tickets each.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liddy |first=Kaetlyn |title=Karma for Taylor Swift fans as Ticketmaster offers second chance for 'Eras Tour' tickets |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/12/karma-for-taylor-swift-fans-as-ticketmaster-offers-second-chance-for-eras-tour-tickets.html |access-date=December 13, 2022 |agency=CNBC |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213050125/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/12/karma-for-taylor-swift-fans-as-ticketmaster-offers-second-chance-for-eras-tour-tickets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ticketmaster stated that Swift's team asked the company to create this opportunity for fans.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Timsit |first=Annabelle |date=December 14, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster to sell some fans more Taylor Swift tickets after presale fiasco |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/12/14/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-extra-tickets/ |access-date=December 15, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216203124/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/12/14/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-extra-tickets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Billboard'' reported that Ticketmaster opted to sell the remaining 170,000 unsold seats over four weeks through Ticketstoday, a ticketing platform that was originally built for [[Dave Matthews Band]]'s fanclub in the 2000s but was later sold to Live Nation, to "significantly reduce fan wait times" and avoid high website traffic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Dave |date=December 15, 2022 |title=How Ticketmaster Plans to Sell Taylor Swift's Remaining 170,000 Concert Tickets Over Four Weeks |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-eras-tour-ticketmaster-sell-remaining-tickets/ |access-date=December 16, 2022 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217005045/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-eras-tour-ticketmaster-sell-remaining-tickets/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political impact ==
[[File:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Official Portrait (1).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], a member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]], was one of the first U.S. lawmakers to criticize Ticketmaster following the website crash.]]
Following widespread social media posts by customers upset with the website crash, several U.S. lawmakers and [[Consumer organization|consumer groups]] took notice of the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeVille |first=Chris |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Ticket Debacle: Lawmakers Demand Breakup Of Ticketmaster "Monopoly" |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2206351/lawmakers-demand-ticketmaster-be-broken-up-after-taylor-swift-ticketing-crash/news/ |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=[[Stereogum]] |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000925/https://www.stereogum.com/2206351/lawmakers-demand-ticketmaster-be-broken-up-after-taylor-swift-ticketing-crash/news/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The timeline is as follows:
* On November 16, 2022, [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], a member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]], tweeted that Ticketmaster is a monopoly and that its merger with [[Live Nation Entertainment]] must be broken up.<ref name="independent.co.uk2" /> Ocasio-Cortez has always been a "staunch objector" to the company's merger, according to [[CNBC]].<ref name=":0" />
* Representative [[Bill Pascrell|Bill Pascrel]] criticized the merger of Ticketmaster and [[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]], and stated that he attempted to purchase tickets but was waitlisted. He also underscored that he had previously petitioned in 2021 the [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]], [[Merrick Garland]], in support of "strong [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]] enforcement by the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|[Joe] Biden Administration]]", along with House members [[Frank Pallone]], [[Jerry Nadler]], [[Jan Schakowsky]], and [[David Cicilline]] in a joint letter.<ref name="independent.co.uk2" />
* Senator [[Richard Blumenthal]] also urged for a federal probe into the competition in the live venue music industry. He said the fiasco "is a perfect example of how the Live Nation/Ticketmaster merger harms consumers by creating a near-monopoly."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitten |first=Sarah |title=Taylor Swift tour ticket fiasco leads to calls for Ticketmaster and Live Nation to break up |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/16/taylor-swift-ticket-fiasco-leads-to-calls-for-ticketmaster-live-nation-to-break-up.html |access-date=November 17, 2022 |agency=CNBC |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209210031/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/16/taylor-swift-ticket-fiasco-leads-to-calls-for-ticketmaster-live-nation-to-break-up.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Senator [[Amy Klobuchar]], chair of the [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Competition Policy, Antitrust and Consumer Rights|Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Competition Policy, Antitrust and Consumer Rights]], penned an [[open letter]] to the CEO of Ticketmaster, Rapino, regarding her "serious concerns" over the company's operations. She wrote, "Ticketmaster's power in the primary ticket market insulates it from the [[Competition (economics)|competitive pressures]] that typically push companies to innovate and improve their services. That can result in the types of dramatic service failures we saw this week, where consumers are the ones that pay the price."<ref name=":1" />
* On November 17, the [[Pennsylvania Attorney General]], [[Josh Shapiro]], announced he is accepting [[consumer complaint]]s regarding the issue and asked Pennsylvanians to submit their complaints on his website.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift tickets: Pa. AG asks for consumer complaints |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/taylor-swift-tickets-pennsylvania-shapiro-ticketmaster-complaints/ |access-date=November 20, 2022 |agency=[[CBS News]] |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120071122/https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/taylor-swift-tickets-pennsylvania-shapiro-ticketmaster-complaints/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[Tennessee Attorney General]], [[Jonathan Skrmetti]], initiated an investigation into "consumer complaints about chaos during the presale of tickets" to the tour. He said in a press conference that "a lack of competition [for Ticketmaster] has led to a poor experience and higher prices for consumers."<ref name="bloomberg" />
* On November 18, Pascrell, co-signed by 30 other [[House Democratic Caucus|House Democrats]],{{NoteTag|[[Chuy Garcia]], [[Bonnie Watson Coleman]], [[Barbara Lee]], [[Emanuel Cleaver]], Ocasio-Cortez, [[Brendan Boyle]], [[Rashida Tlaib]], [[John Garamendi]], [[Shontel Brown]], [[Marcy Kaptur]], [[Jimmy Panetta]], [[Kathy Castor]], [[Donald Beyer]], [[Donald Payne, Jr.]], [[Ilhan Omar]], [[Sanford Bishop]], [[Ann Kirkpatrick]], [[Jamaal Bowman]], [[Earl Blumenauer]], [[Katie Porter]], [[Gerry Connolly]], [[Rosa DeLauro]], [[David Trone]], [[Steve Cohen (politician)|Steven Cohen]], [[Mondaire Jones]], [[Josh Gottheimer]], [[Seth Moulton]], [[Mike Doyle (American politician)|Mike Doyle]], [[Al Green (politician)|Al Green]], [[Andy Kim (politician)|Andy Kim]], and [[Jamie Raskin]].}} petitioned the federal Department of Justice to open a formal investigation into the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Pascrell Leads 31 House Democrats Demanding Federal Probe of Ticketmaster |url=https://pascrell.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=5229 |access-date=November 19, 2022 |website=U.S. Representative Bill Pascrell |archive-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119050513/https://pascrell.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=5229 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[Attorney general|attorneys general]] of Nevada<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kruesi |first=Kimberlee |date=November 19, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift tickets breakdown probed by attorneys general |url=https://apnews.com/article/josh-shapiro-business-taylor-swift-tennessee-e157badef297f7c302615b3a6080ba2a |access-date=November 23, 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209171835/https://apnews.com/article/josh-shapiro-business-taylor-swift-tennessee-e157badef297f7c302615b3a6080ba2a |url-status=live }}</ref> and North Carolina also began investigating Live Nation–Ticketmaster on the grounds of [[Consumer protection|consumer rights]] violations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ighodaro |first=Omose |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Tennessee, North Carolina AGs Investigating Taylor Swift Ticket Presale |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-16/ticketmaster-s-taylor-swift-presale-investigated-by-tennessee-ag |access-date=November 18, 2022 |website=Bloomberg |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118193356/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-16/ticketmaster-s-taylor-swift-presale-investigated-by-tennessee-ag |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Subsequently, ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated that the Department of Justice had previously opened an antitrust investigation into Live Nation Entertainment and Ticketmaster.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=McCabe |first1=David |last2=Sisario |first2=Ben |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Justice Department Said to Investigate Ticketmaster's Parent Company |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/technology/live-nation-ticketmaster-investigation-taylor-swift.html |access-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160217/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/technology/live-nation-ticketmaster-investigation-taylor-swift.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On November 19, Representative Cicilline, who chairs the [[United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law|House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law]], urged the Department of Justice to investigate and break up the companies. He tweeted that "Ticketmaster's excessive wait times and fees are completely unacceptable, as seen with today's" and "“It's no secret that Live Nation–Ticketmaster is an unchecked monopoly."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Sian |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift tour tickets listed for as much as $22,000 as Ticketmaster crashes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/16/taylor-swift-tickets-eras-tour-dates-2023-presale-ticketmaster-crashes |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210085358/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/16/taylor-swift-tickets-eras-tour-dates-2023-presale-ticketmaster-crashes |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:President of the United States Joe Biden 2021 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joe Biden]], the [[President of the United States|President of the U.S.]], pushed Ticketmaster and other ticket-selling companies to abandon [[junk fees]] detrimental to consumers.]]
* The [[White House Press Secretary]], [[Karine Jean-Pierre]], declined to comment on a potential investigation into the fiasco, but stated that the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]], [[Joe Biden]], "has been crystal clear on this", quoting his comment on the issue: "[[capitalism]] without competition isn't capitalism, it's [[Criticism of capitalism|exploitation]]." Biden subsequently tweeted that "Millions of Americans will travel home for the holidays and will get hit with hidden 'junk' fees from airlines, hotels—maybe even tickets for a holiday show the family wants to see. It isn't right. My Administration is taking actions to reduce or eliminate these surprise fees."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kinery |first=Emma |title=White House on Taylor Swift Ticketmaster debacle: Capitalism without competition is exploitation |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/18/white-house-on-taylor-swift-ticketmaster-debacle-capitalism-needs-competition.html |access-date=November 20, 2022 |agency=CNBC |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209210015/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/18/white-house-on-taylor-swift-ticketmaster-debacle-capitalism-needs-competition.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On November 23, Klobuchar and Senator [[Mike Lee]] announced that the Senate antitrust panel will hold a [[United States congressional hearing|hearing]] to address Ticketmaster and Live Nation's "lack of competition in the industry".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=November 23, 2022 |title=Congress to Hold Hearing After Ticketmaster-Taylor Swift Fiasco |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/congress-hearing-ticketmaster-taylor-swift-fiasco-1235440740/ |access-date=November 23, 2022 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129194232/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/congress-hearing-ticketmaster-taylor-swift-fiasco-1235440740/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later announced on January 18, 2023, that the hearing is set for January 24.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Shepardson |first=David |date=January 18, 2023 |title=U.S. Senate panel to hold Jan. 24 hearing on ticket industry issues |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-senate-panel-hold-jan-24-hearing-ticket-industry-issues-2023-01-18/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119041951/https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-senate-panel-hold-jan-24-hearing-ticket-industry-issues-2023-01-18/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On November 29, Blumenthal and Senator [[Marsha Blackburn]] wrote a letter to the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC), posing questions about the agency's "plans to fight the use of bots in ticketing",<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=November 29, 2022 |title=After Taylor Swift-Ticketmaster Fiasco, Senators Demand Answers From Federal Trade Commission |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-fiasco-senators-ftc-federal-trade-commission-1235444297/ |access-date=November 29, 2022 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206230517/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-fiasco-senators-ftc-federal-trade-commission-1235444297/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and requesting to enforce the [[Better Online Tickets Sales Act]], which is a 2016 federal law that grants the U.S. government "the authority to crack down on those who misuse bots—software applications that are programmed to run automated tasks online—to buy large amounts of tickets for profit [...] and bans the resale of tickets bought using bots, and people who illegally sell the tickets face a $16,000 fine." The letter also highlighted the "wild" ticket prices at third-party sites, as high as $1,000 for a [[Bruce Springsteen]] concert and $40,000 for [[Adele]], stating “preventing this type of consumer harm is exactly why Congress chose to enact the BOTS Act six years ago and why we both chose to sponsor that bill."<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Will the government crack down on bots after Ticketmaster's Taylor Swift meltdown? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-11-29/ticketmaster-ftc-bots-crackdown-taylor-swift |access-date=December 1, 2022 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209085212/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-11-29/ticketmaster-ftc-bots-crackdown-taylor-swift |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On December 6, the FTC chair, [[Lina Khan]], told on ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''{{'s}} CEO Council Summit that companies like Ticketmaster can become "too big to care", and clarified that it was the Justice Department that approved the 2010 merger. She assured that the department "continues to look at this" and added that the controversy "ended up converting more Gen Zers into anti-monopolists overnight than anything I could have done."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ticketmaster's botching of Taylor Swift ticket sales 'converted more Gen Zers into anti-monopolists overnight than anything I could have done,' FTC chair says |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/ticketmasters-botching-of-taylor-swift-ticket-sales-converted-more-gen-zers-into-antimonopolists-overnight-than-anything-i-could-have-done-ftc-chair-says/articleshow/96065701.cms |access-date=December 9, 2022 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209101550/https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/ticketmasters-botching-of-taylor-swift-ticket-sales-converted-more-gen-zers-into-antimonopolists-overnight-than-anything-i-could-have-done-ftc-chair-says/articleshow/96065701.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In June 2023, media outlets reported that, following a meeting with Biden and the FTC, Ticketmaster, [[SeatGeek]], and other ticketing companies have agreed to abolish "[[junk fees]]"—extra costs added on at the end of ticket purchases, and to show consumers the fee breakdown upfront. Biden and the [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]] director [[Lael Brainard|Lael Brainaird]] made a press statement at the White House on June 15, 2023, highlighting the push to prohibit such deceptive, surprise fees federally, applying to [[Resort|resorts]] and [[Renting|rentals]] as well. American legal scholar [[William Kovacic]], a former FTC chair, called it the "Taylor Swift policy adjustment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kinery |first=Emma |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Ticketmaster parent Live Nation, others agree to show 'junk fees' after Biden pressure |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/15/biden-pushes-ticketmaster-seatgeek-to-show-junk-fees-upfront.html |access-date=June 15, 2023 |agency=CNBC |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615150240/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/15/biden-pushes-ticketmaster-seatgeek-to-show-junk-fees-upfront.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tucker-Smith |first=Owen |date=June 15, 2023 |title=How Biden and Taylor Swift beat Ticketmaster |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-06-15/how-biden-and-taylor-swift-beat-ticketmaster |access-date=June 16, 2023 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616001132/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-06-15/how-biden-and-taylor-swift-beat-ticketmaster |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Senate committee hearing ===
[[File:Hearing Room in the Hart Building.jpg|thumb|The U.S. [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Competition Policy, Antitrust and Consumer Rights|Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Competition Policy, Antitrust and Consumer Rights]] censured Ticketmaster in a hearing at the [[Hart Senate Office Building]], Washington, D.C, on January 24, 2023.<ref name=":15" />]]
The three-hour hearing of the issue by the Senate judiciary committee was titled "That's the Ticket: Promoting Competition and Protecting Consumers in Live Entertainment", to analyze "the long-simmering dissatisfaction over the 2010 consent decree governing the merger of Ticketmaster and Live Nation".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy Kelly |first=Samantha |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Ticketmaster gets grilled: 6 takeaways from hearing over Taylor Swift concert fiasco |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/tech/ticketmaster-hearing-taylor-swift/index.html |access-date=January 25, 2023 |agency=[[CNN Business]] |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125073708/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/tech/ticketmaster-hearing-taylor-swift/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Dave |date=January 23, 2023 |title=Ticketmaster Plans to Blame Scalpers for Taylor Swift Debacle at Senate Hearing |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-senate-hearing-scalpers/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124002749/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-senate-hearing-scalpers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The hearing was telecast live. Various media outlets reported that both the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] senators "grilled" Ticketmaster's representative, Joe Berchtold, the company's [[chief financial officer]]. The senators questioned Berchtold over Ticketmaster's monopolistic practices, policies, ticket costs, lack of transparency, lack of defense against bots, and insensitivity to music artists. Berchtold, despite apologizing for the debacle, denied accusations of monopoly and fraud, but accepted that "there are several things we could have done better—including staggering the sales over a longer period of time and doing a better job setting fan expectations for getting tickets" and continued to blame "industrial-scale ticket scalping" and "unprecedented number of bots". The witnesses prosecuting Ticketmaster included Jerry Mickelson, the president of [[JAM Creative Productions]]; and Jack Groetzinger, co-founder of SeatGeek.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift concert fiasco leads to US Senate grilling for Ticketmaster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/taylor-swift-concert-fiasco-leads-to-us-senate-grilling-for-ticketmaster-8403132/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125053425/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/taylor-swift-concert-fiasco-leads-to-us-senate-grilling-for-ticketmaster-8403132/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Elbeshbishi |first=Sarah |title='Industrial-scale ticket scalping.' Senators grill Ticketmaster over Taylor Swift concert fiasco |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/01/24/senate-judiciary-taylor-swift-ticketmaster/11091086002/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124233707/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/01/24/senate-judiciary-taylor-swift-ticketmaster/11091086002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Live Nation cited several letters of support within its testimony, including one from American country singer [[Garth Brooks]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Ticketmaster apologises for Taylor Swift tour sales fiasco |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64384304 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153110/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64384304 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several senators also quoted Swift's lyrics in their arguments, including her 2022 single "[[Anti-Hero (song)|Anti-Hero]]".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Avila |first=Daniela |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Senator Quotes Taylor Swift's 'Karma' Lyric During Closing Arguments of Ticketmaster Hearing |url=https://people.com/music/senator-quotes-taylor-swift-song-karma-during-ticketmaster-hearing/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125010011/https://people.com/music/senator-quotes-taylor-swift-song-karma-during-ticketmaster-hearing/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Holtermann |first=Callie |date=January 26, 2023 |title=At Ticketmaster Hearing, Taylor Swift Lyrics Were the Headliner |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/style/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-hearing.html |access-date=January 26, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126002512/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/style/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-hearing.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Senators quote Taylor Swift lyrics at hearing addressing Ticketmaster mess |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/live-nation-congressional-hearings-taylor-swift-b2268418.html |access-date=January 25, 2023 |newspaper=The Independent |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124221602/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/live-nation-congressional-hearings-taylor-swift-b2268418.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Free Britney America, a D.C. organization that was part of the [[Britney Spears conservatorship dispute|Free Britney movement]], protested outside the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] during the hearing "in support of ending Ticketmaster-Live Nation's monopoly over the live event and ticketing industry."<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 24, 2023 |title=DC organization protests against Ticketmaster and Live Nation outside US Capitol |agency=[[WCIV]] |url=https://abcnews4.com/news/nation-world/dc-organization-protests-against-ticketmaster-and-live-nation-outside-us-capitol-taylor-swift-ticket-controversy-live-nation-entertainment-concert-pop-star-music-eras-stadium-tour-high-demands-insufficient-inventory |access-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124171853/https://abcnews4.com/news/nation-world/dc-organization-protests-against-ticketmaster-and-live-nation-outside-us-capitol-taylor-swift-ticket-controversy-live-nation-entertainment-concert-pop-star-music-eras-stadium-tour-high-demands-insufficient-inventory |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the hearing, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' stated that politicians of both the political parties, who see criticizing Ticketmaster as a "winning political issue and an opportunity to reach constituents who have long complained about the ticketing giant", are more of a threat to Ticketmaster than Swift herself. According to the magazine, the senators' perspective during the hearing is that "if the Live Nation-owned platform didn't have such market dominance (around 80% of large venues in the U.S. have exclusive Ticketmaster deals), greater competition would force the company to innovate and improve its services—potentially avoiding the kinds of issues that spoiled the Swift sale", and added that Ticketmaster is widely "despised" by the public, making an "easy target for rare [[Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] political action".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Dave |date=January 26, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Is the Least of Ticketmaster's Worries After Senate Hearing |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-senate-hearing-whats-next/ |access-date=January 27, 2023 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127041102/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-senate-hearing-whats-next/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' columnist Helaine Olen opined the Ticketmaster fiasco "was so bad it united the parties",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olen |first=Helaine |date=January 26, 2023 |title=Opinion Ticketmaster's Taylor Swift debacle was so bad it united the parties |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/01/26/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-senate-worst-monopoly/ |access-date=January 27, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126183130/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/01/26/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-senate-worst-monopoly/ |url-status=live }}</ref> whereas CNN journalist Allison Morrow, in an article titled "One Nation, Under Swift", wrote that Swift's fans have united the [[Political parties in the United States|two parties]] in a way "the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] failed to anticipate".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morrow |first=Allison |date=January 25, 2023 |title=One nation, under Swift |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/business/nightcap-taylor-swift-ticketmaster-live-nation/index.html |access-date=January 27, 2023 |agency=CNN |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127041114/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/business/nightcap-taylor-swift-ticketmaster-live-nation/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Bills and legislation ===
The controversy and "Swift's star power" has inspired a string of law [[Bill (law)|bills]]. According to Carolyn Sloane, assistant professor of economics of the [[University of California, Riverside]], the fiasco spurred mass political action because Swift "has scaled her talent through demographic technology".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Knopper |first=Steve |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Hate Ticketmaster? Love Taylor Swift? Politicians Are Backing New Bills to Get Your Vote |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-politics-new-bills-swifties-votes/ |access-date=June 17, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last1=Salcedo |first1=Andrea |last2=Mark |first2=Julian |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Angry Taylor Swift fans push lawmakers to take on Ticketmaster |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/06/11/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-ticket-meltdown-bills/ |access-date=June 17, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==== Federal ====

* Klobuchar and Blumenthal proposed the Unlocking Tickets Markets Act in the U.S. Senate; it would grant the Federal Trade Commission the power to prevent "excessively long" exclusive contracts and open the market to more ticket-selling companies than just one like Ticketmaster.
* Pascrell and [[Frank Pallone]] proposed BOSS and SWIFT Act (Better Oversight of Stub Sales and Strengthening Well Informed and Fair Transactions for Audiences of Concert Ticketing) in the U.S. House, requiring ticket-sellers to disclose the total cost, including a breakdown of fees, the total number of tickets offered for sale within seven days of an event, and prohibit promoters or venue employees from reselling tickets at elevated prices.
* [[Ted Cruz]], [[Maria Cantwell]], [[Jan Schakowsky]] and [[Gus Bilirakis]] proposed the TICKET Act (Transparency In Charges for Key Events Ticketing Act) in both houses of the Congress, requiring ticket platforms to display the full price in advertising and marketing materials and disclose "speculative tickets"—the tickets the seller does not possess when making the sale.

==== State ====

* The [[New York State Assembly]] enacted a bill in December 2022 proposed by member [[Kenny Burgos]] " to crack down on scalping and control the ticket-resale market."<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 19, 2022 |title=NY lawmaker's bill would regulate online concert sales in wake of Taylor Swift-Ticketmaster disaster |url=https://bronx.news12.com/ny-lawmakers-bill-would-regulate-online-concert-sales-in-wake-of-taylor |access-date=June 17, 2023 |agency=News 12 |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617093058/https://bronx.news12.com/ny-lawmakers-bill-would-regulate-online-concert-sales-in-wake-of-taylor |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14" />
* In the [[Washington State Legislature]], Representative [[Kristine Reeves]] debuted in January 2023 the TSWIFT Consumer Protection Act, which mandates the prohibition of bots or software to buy tickets and restrictions on dynamic pricing. When the bill stalled, Reeves claimed that Ticketmaster has hired lobbyists to "kill" her bill and she "hopes to redraft the measure in the next legislative session."<ref name=":14" />
* The [[Minnesota House of Representatives]] passed the "House File 1989" bill—the title being a reference to Swift's 2014 album ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]''—to require Ticketmaster and other companies to reveal all the prices and fees upfront.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2022 |title=HF 1989 as introduced - 93rd Legislature (2023 - 2024) |url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/text.php?number=HF1989&type=bill&version=0&session=ls93&session_year=2023&session_number=0 |access-date=June 17, 2023 |agency=Office of the Revisor of the Statutes - Minnesota Legislature |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617093055/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/text.php?number=HF1989&type=bill&version=0&session=ls93&session_year=2023&session_number=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Members of the [[Massachusetts General Court]] introduced the "Taylor Swift Bill" in March 2023 that mandates ticketing companies to disclose full ticket costs upfront and outlaw dynamic pricing in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rumpf-Whitten |first=Sarah |date=May 19, 2023 |title=Massachusetts lawmakers introduce 'Taylor Swift Bill' to require transparent ticket pricing following debacle |agency=[[KTBC (TV)|KTBC]] |url=https://www.fox7austin.com/news/massachusetts-taylor-swift-bill-transparent-ticket-pricing.amp |access-date=May 19, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Texas governor]] [[Greg Abbott]] signed the "Save Our Swifties" bill into law in May 2023, banning the use of bots and other technology to bulk-purchase concert tickets. Violation will elicit a penalty of up to $10,000 for every ticket purchase.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Ariana |date=May 23, 2023 |title=Greg Abbott signs 'Save our Swifties' law to ban ticket-sale bots |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |url=https://www.chron.com/politics/article/texas-save-our-swifties-ticket-bill-18113022.php |access-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523170655/https://www.chron.com/politics/article/texas-save-our-swifties-ticket-bill-18113022.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carver |first=Jayme Lozano |date=May 23, 2023 |title=Texas lawmakers ban bots that buy concert tickets after Taylor Swift Eras tour glitch |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/05/23/texas-concert-bot-law-taylor-swift/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=The Texas Tribune |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524094529/https://www.texastribune.org/2023/05/23/texas-concert-bot-law-taylor-swift/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[California State Assembly]] passed Bill 8, sponsored by [[Laura Friedman]], [[Jacqui Irwin]] and [[Scott Wilk]], that requires ticket sellers to elucidate the total prices upfront.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malleck |first=Jullia |date=May 5, 2023 |title=California is seeking to take down Ticketmaster's monopoly |url=https://qz.com/california-bill-ticketmaster-live-nation-record-revenue-1850407690 |access-date=June 16, 2023 |website=Quartz |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617085629/https://qz.com/california-bill-ticketmaster-live-nation-record-revenue-1850407690 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In a statement to ''The Washington Post'', Ticketmaster refused to comment on any alleged negotiations with lawmakers regarding the bills, but noted it had to "ramp up our engagement with policymakers because they are being inundated with misinformation peddled by scalpers."<ref name=":14" />

== Media reception ==
Various journalists highlighted the spotlight the controversy brought on monopolies and how it could bode well for the music industry. ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' said the controversy "set off a fan political movement to take down Ticketmaster".<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |last=Schultz |first=Brooke |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift ticket debacle has set off a fan political movement to take down Ticketmaster |url=https://fortune.com/2022/11/22/taylor-swift-ticket-debacle-fan-political-movement-take-down-ticketmaster/ |access-date=December 2, 2022 |magazine=Fortune |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209005456/https://fortune.com/2022/11/22/taylor-swift-ticket-debacle-fan-political-movement-take-down-ticketmaster/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' asked, "Is there any other artist [other than Swift] who could force urgency into the federal investigation of a music industry monopoly just by going on tour?"<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2022 |title=The 100 Best Songs of 2022 |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/best-songs-2022/ |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=Pitchfork |quote="Sometimes the world really does revolve around Taylor Swift: Is there any other artist who could force urgency into the federal investigation of a music industry monopoly just by going on tour?" |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209163959/https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/best-songs-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Arwa Mahdawi wrote in ''[[The Guardian]]'', "Swift has had an incredibly impressive career. But you know what? If she gets people to sit up and pay attention to the disgraceful state of antitrust laws in the U.S., I reckon that will be her finest achievement."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahdawi |first=Arwa |date=November 19, 2022 |title=Swifties know: the Ticketmaster fiasco shows America has a monopoly problem |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/nov/19/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-week-in-patriarchy |access-date=November 23, 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206143600/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/nov/19/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-week-in-patriarchy |url-status=live }}</ref> Brooke Schultz of [[Associated Press]] discussed how Swift's fans magnified a website crash into a political movement and considered them an influential voter demographic during elections: "the sheer power and size of Swift's fandom has spurred conversations about [[economic inequality]], merely symbolized by Ticketmaster".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schultz |first=Brooke |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift ticket trouble could drive political engagement |url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-business-taylor-swift-cca0dec2b454d564fa52383101725bdc |access-date=November 23, 2022 |work=Associated Press News |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209070627/https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-business-taylor-swift-cca0dec2b454d564fa52383101725bdc |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' noted that Ticketmaster–Live Nation did not admit culpability for the issue, "unapologetically defending itself" against federal investigation and only apologizing after "a resultant drop in Live Nation shares of nearly 8% in trading Friday (November 18, 2022)."<ref name="variety3" />

American concert business publication ''[[Pollstar]]'' projected Swift to gross a $728 million sum across her 52 U.S. dates and "a mind-boggling billion dollars" internationally, surpassing [[Ed Sheeran]]'s all-time record with less than half of his [[÷ Tour]]'s 255 dates; it would become the first tour in history to gross a billion-dollar sum. The publication wrote, "To put it another way: if Taylor Swift was a country and its economy was solely based on ticket sales, it would be the 199th largest economy on earth, equivalent to a small [[Caribbean]] nation."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gensler |first=Andy |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Could Taylor Swift's 'Eras Tour' Hit A Billion Dollars? |url=https://news.pollstar.com/2022/11/18/could-taylor-swifts-eras-tour-hit-a-billion-dollars/ |access-date=November 23, 2022 |magazine=[[Pollstar]] |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123055835/https://news.pollstar.com/2022/11/18/could-taylor-swifts-eras-tour-hit-a-billion-dollars/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A December 2022 episode of ''Impact'', a weekly program by [[Nightline]] on [[Hulu]] that provides "an in-depth look at the stories and issues dominating the zeitgeist" by spotlighting the "real people being impacted by the issue", titled "Taylor's Ticketmaster Disaster", focused on the controversy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kucera |first=Caroline |date=October 5, 2022 |title='Impact x Nightline' promises unfiltered, direct-to-source coverage of current events and issues |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/impact-nightline-promises-unfiltered-direct-source-coverage-current/story?id=90592671 |access-date=December 2, 2022 |agency=ABC News |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184749/https://abcnews.go.com/US/impact-nightline-promises-unfiltered-direct-source-coverage-current/story?id=90592671 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1598445457071493120|user=Nightline|title=Who is to blame for Taylor Swift's concert catastrophe? This week, #IMPACTonHulu is taking a deep dive into the Ticketmaster drama that gave Taylor Swift fans "Bad Blood." Stream "Impact" by @Nightline on @Hulu. New episodes drop every Thursday|date=December 2, 2022|access-date=December 3, 2022}}</ref>

=== Press investigation ===
On December 8, 2022, ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' published a [[critical discourse analysis]] of the controversy, and concluded that Swift's fans are right about Ticketmaster "screwing them over" for profit. Statistical data, of a [[Sampling (statistics)|sample size]] of over 2,200 users, showed that those who had the special Verified Fan "boosts"—including codes offered to customers who had previously bought tickets to the canceled Lover Fest and were supposed to be prioritized—were less successful in securing tickets than those who did not have any type of boosts. The report concluded "It appears boosts not only didn't help, they actively harmed", but also underscored that the boosting "worked as expected" for SeatGeek users only.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Shannon|last1=Palus|first2=Kaiser|last2=Fung |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift and Ticketmaster Messed With the Wrong People: Data Analysts |url=https://slate.com/business/2022/12/taylor-swift-eras-tour-tickets-fiasco-data-analysis.html |access-date=December 9, 2022 |magazine=Slate |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210074111/https://slate.com/business/2022/12/taylor-swift-eras-tour-tickets-fiasco-data-analysis.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On December 12, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', "according to people familiar with the matter", published data about the crash. It said that there were 2.6 million seats for the tour, for which 3.5 million people registered through the fan program, 1.5 million of whom got the pre-sale codes, which would generally translate to 1.8 million tickets sold. Instead, 12 million unique entities, including scalper bots, visited the website that day, and gave 3.5 billion user requests to the site, leading to the crash; 2.4 million tickets were sold before the website completely crashed, and 163,300 tickets that had been allocated for the canceled general sale remain—six percentage of the total seats. ''The Wall Street Journal'' also opined that if Ticketmaster had not opened a bulk of the tickets to sale on a single day and had rather split the sale in a staggered manner over several days based on venues, similar to what the platform did for the Reputation Stadium Tour, the pre-sale would not have crashed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Steele |first=Anne |title=Taylor Swift Tickets: How Many Might Be Left? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-tickets-how-many-might-be-left-11670624940 |access-date=December 13, 2022 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217134902/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-tickets-how-many-might-be-left-11670624940 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On January 3, 2023, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that Live Nation–Ticketmaster is spending "big" on its lobbying campaign on the Department of Justice, as well as legislations aimed at "greater transparency around ticket sales."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perkins |first=Tom |date=January 3, 2023 |title=Antitrust target Ticketmaster spends big on lobbying amid woeful 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jan/03/ticketmaster-live-nation-lobbying-taylor-swift-bad-bunny |access-date=January 24, 2023 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124171201/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jan/03/ticketmaster-live-nation-lobbying-taylor-swift-bad-bunny |url-status=live }}</ref>

On January 23, ''The Los Angeles Times'' published an article titled "How Ticketmaster became the most hated name in music", in which it claimed that a "high-ranking concert executive", speaking on condition of anonymity, stated that "Ticketmaster erred in placing all the Eras tickets on sale at once and allowing fans to pick their own seats, which led to bottlenecked traffic" and that "the Verified Fan database was rife with resellers with fake email addresses."<ref name="Brown" />

=== Legacy ===
''[[Forbes]]'' and ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' named Swift as one of 2022's most powerful women in entertainment.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=O'Connell |first=Mikey |date=December 7, 2022 |title=The Hollywood Reporter's 2022 Women in Entertainment Power 100 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/the-hollywood-reporters-2022-women-in-entertainment-power-100/ |access-date=December 7, 2022 |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209183814/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/the-hollywood-reporters-2022-women-in-entertainment-power-100/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ |access-date=December 7, 2022 |magazine=Forbes |archive-date=December 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228223111/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' listed "Swifties vs. Ticketmaster" as one of the biggest pop culture moments of 2022. The magazine's Allaire Nuss wrote, "If there was ever an artist with enough pop-culture prowess to bring down the music industry's most hated monopoly, it's Taylor Swift."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 22, 2022 |title=The biggest pop culture moments of 2022 |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/biggest-pop-culture-moments-of-2022/ |access-date=December 24, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-date=December 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224064245/https://ew.com/celebrity/biggest-pop-culture-moments-of-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the controversy, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' proclaimed that 2022 is another year Swift dominated, maintaining "an unbreakable hold on our increasingly fractured world—and its discourse—in a way that almost no one else can."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=December 26, 2022 |title=2022: The year in review (Taylor's version) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/12/26/taylor-swift-2022-midnights-ticketmaster/ |access-date=December 26, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226194730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/12/26/taylor-swift-2022-midnights-ticketmaster/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vox (website)|''Vox'']] depicted the controversy in its year-end montage summarizing the important world events of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022, in 7 minutes |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLDFgKzWy3o |work=Vox |via=YouTube |access-date=December 29, 2022 |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229001706/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLDFgKzWy3o |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' listed "Ticketmaster faces the wrath of the Swifties" as one of the 30 biggest [[popular culture]] news stories of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2022 |title=2022's biggest pop culture news stories |url=https://www.avclub.com/2022s-biggest-pop-culture-news-stories-1849931613 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=The A.V. Club |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230060815/https://www.avclub.com/2022s-biggest-pop-culture-news-stories-1849931613 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Further controversy ==
Following the controversy, Ticketmaster's technical failures in various other concert tours have received media attention and fan criticism, often compared to the U.S. Eras Tour fiasco.<ref name=":4" />
* In December 2022, Ticketmaster once again faced controversy after an "unprecedented" number of people were sold fake tickets to the [[Mexico City]] dates of the [[World's Hottest Tour]], the 2022 concert tour by Puerto Rican rapper-singer [[Bad Bunny]]. The platform said the fake tickets "caused an unusual overcrowding [at the venue] and the intermittent operation of our system, which generated confusion and complicated entrance to the stadium, with the unfortunate consequence that some legitimate tickets were denied entry." Ricardo Sheffield, the head of Mexico's consumer protection agency, stated in a [[Radio Fórmula]] interview that Ticketmaster "will be forced to pay a fine of up to 10 percent of its earnings in 2021" and "will also have to reimburse fans the price of the tickets, plus an extra 20% of the ticket's price."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Acevedo |first=Nicole |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster Mexico to face millions in fines over Bad Bunny concert tickets screwup |agency=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/ticketmaster-mexico-face-millions-fines-bad-bunny-concert-tickets-scre-rcna61514 |url-status=live |access-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214163415/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/ticketmaster-mexico-face-millions-fines-bad-bunny-concert-tickets-scre-rcna61514 |archive-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramirez |first=Nikki McCann |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Mexico to Level Massive Fine Against Ticketmaster After Bad Bunny Ticket Disaster |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/mexico-fines-ticketmaster-bad-bunny-mexico-city-1234646732/ |url-status=live |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215115159/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/mexico-fines-ticketmaster-bad-bunny-mexico-city-1234646732/ |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2022}}</ref>
* On December 26, 2022, American country singer [[Zach Bryan]] criticized Ticketmaster for the handling of his Burn Burn Burn Tour (2023) and listed out non-transferrable tickets to stop scalpers.<ref name=":11" /> He went on to release a live album, entitled ''[[All My Homies Hate Ticketmaster]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heching |first=Dan |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Zach Bryan drops surprise album 'All My Homies Hate Ticketmaster,' vows to combat high ticket prices |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/27/entertainment/zach-bryan-album-ticketmaster/index.html |access-date=March 28, 2023|agency=CNN |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328175816/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/27/entertainment/zach-bryan-album-ticketmaster/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Freeman |first=Jon |date=January 4, 2023 |title=Zach Bryan Wants to Burn Ticketmaster to the Ground |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/zach-bryan-concert-tour-tickets-ticketmaster-1234654016/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328175816/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/zach-bryan-concert-tour-tickets-ticketmaster-1234654016/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In February 2023, American singer [[Beyoncé]] announced her ninth concert tour, the [[Renaissance World Tour]], in which she also partnered with Ticketmaster. The news created concerns on social media over Ticketmaster's reliability, with fans fearing a fiasco similar to Swift's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=February 2, 2023 |title=Beyoncé's Renaissance tour is Ticketmaster's next big test. Fans are already stressed |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/02/02/1153806365/beyonce-ticketmaster-renaissance-tour |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=NPR |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235621/https://www.npr.org/2023/02/02/1153806365/beyonce-ticketmaster-renaissance-tour |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Ticketmaster released a statement claiming the demand for the Renaissance World Tour is "expected to be high" and pledged to implement a "multistep verification process" to ensure tickets are being sold to the concertgoers rather than scalpers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sykes |first=Stefan |title=Ticketmaster braces for Beyoncé's 'Renaissance' tour amid fears of Taylor Swift-level demand |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/02/beyonce-renaissance-tour-ticketmaster-demand.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |agency=CNBC |date=February 2, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155256/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/02/beyonce-renaissance-tour-ticketmaster-demand.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The company would continue to sell tickets via its Verified Fan program for the North American leg of the tour, but replace the at-large on-sale (as with Swift's case) with a staggered sale, as well as not initially scheduling a public on-sale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ticketmaster responds to Beyoncé tour concerns after Taylor Swift ticket debacle |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/music/ticketmaster-beyonce-renaissance-world-tour-taylor-swift-tickets-eras-rcna68820 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |work=[[Today (American TV program)|TV]] |date=February 2, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155259/https://www.today.com/popculture/music/ticketmaster-beyonce-renaissance-world-tour-taylor-swift-tickets-eras-rcna68820 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In March 2023, fans of Canadian music artist [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] also filed a class action lawsuit against Ticketmaster in the [[Superior Court of Quebec]], alleging intentional deception and fraud. Plaintiffs claimed that the on-sale for the It's All a Blur Tour, a co-headlining concert tour by Drake and [[21 Savage]], "intentionally misleads consumers for [Ticketmaster's] own financial gain" by concealing information about additional show dates to drive demand and ticket prices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drake fans are the latest to hit Ticketmaster with a lawsuit following 'It's All A Blur' tour sale |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/drake-fans-are-the-latest-to-hit-ticketmaster-with-a-lawsuit-following-its-all-a-blur-tour-sale/articleshow/98979729.cms |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328175817/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/drake-fans-are-the-latest-to-hit-ticketmaster-with-a-lawsuit-following-its-all-a-blur-tour-sale/articleshow/98979729.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Ticketmaster facing lawsuit over Drake pricing now, too |url=https://www.avclub.com/ticketmaster-facing-lawsuit-over-drake-pricing-now-too-1850261716 |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=The A.V. Club |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328175816/https://www.avclub.com/ticketmaster-facing-lawsuit-over-drake-pricing-now-too-1850261716 |url-status=live }}</ref> The suit seeks $300 in punitive damages per customer and compensatory damages covering the difference between the "Official Platinum" ticket prices and the regular cost for the seats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fu |first=Eddie |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Drake fan files class-action lawsuit against Ticketmaster over inflated "Official Platinum" prices |url=https://consequence.net/2023/03/drake-fan-ticketmaster-lawsuit/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Consequence |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328175817/https://consequence.net/2023/03/drake-fan-ticketmaster-lawsuit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* For the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]] in [[Liverpool]] in May 2023, the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and the host broadcaster [[BBC]] partnered with Ticketmaster.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Eurovision 2023: Tickets for Liverpool sell out after huge demand |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64784428 |access-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308002325/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64784428 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the ticket booking platform going live, many users complained that the Ticketmaster website had crashed with a [[500 error]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somerville |first=Ewan |date=March 7, 2023 |title=Eurovision tickets website crashes moments before sale begins |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/03/07/eurovision-tickets-sale-website-crashes-ticketmaster-liverpool/ |access-date=March 7, 2023 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091628/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/03/07/eurovision-tickets-sale-website-crashes-ticketmaster-liverpool/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tickets for the contest's final sold out in 36 minutes, with the remaining available shows selling out around an hour later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Damian |date=March 7, 2023|title=Eurovision final 2023 tickets sell out in 36 minutes |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/eurovision-final-2023-tickets-sell-out-in-36-minutes-3409546 |access-date=March 7, 2023 |magazine=NME |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308121840/https://www.nme.com/news/music/eurovision-final-2023-tickets-sell-out-in-36-minutes-3409546 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following this, tickets were available on third-party [[Ticket resale|resale platforms]] such as [[Viagogo]], with a general admission standing ticket for the final, originally priced at {{Currency|380|GBP}}, being sold for up to {{Currency|11800|GBP|linked=no}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tickets: Eurovision Song Contest Grand Final - Live Show, Liverpool {{!}} Sat, 13 May 2023, 20:00 |url=https://www.ticketmaster.co.uk/eurovision-song-contest-grand-final-live-liverpool-13-05-2023/event/37005E5CB24B11CC |access-date=March 7, 2023 |agency=Ticketmaster UK |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307203143/https://www.ticketmaster.co.uk/eurovision-song-contest-grand-final-live-liverpool-13-05-2023/event/37005E5CB24B11CC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 7, 2023 |title=Eurovision tickets reselling for up to £12,000 as fans hunt for ways to attend contest |url=https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2023-03-07/eurovision-tickets-reselling-for-up-to-12000-on-third-party-websites |agency=[[ITV News]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307224112/https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2023-03-07/eurovision-tickets-reselling-for-up-to-12000-on-third-party-websites |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2023 |title=Tickets for all 9 shows at this year's Eurovision Song Contest have now SOLD OUT. |url=http://eyeonsouthport.co.uk/tickets-for-all-9-shows-at-this-year-s-eurovision-song-contest-have-now-sold-out |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=Eye on Southport |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307203145/https://eyeonsouthport.co.uk/tickets-for-all-9-shows-at-this-year-s-eurovision-song-contest-have-now-sold-out |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In June 2023, the Eras Tour's Paris and [[Lyon]] dates registered the highest demand ever for a presale in France. Angelo Gopee, head of Live Nation France, stated, "the demand is such that many have found themselves in a virtual queue just to subscribe to the mailing list which, potentially, will open access to the ticket office. From memory, we had never seen that in France".<ref>{{Cite web |last=De Freitas |first=Delphine |date=June 21, 2023 |title=La billetterie des concerts français de Taylor Swift donne déjà des sueurs froides à ses fans |trans-title=The box office for Taylor Swift's French concerts is already giving her fans cold sweats |url=https://www.tf1info.fr/culture/the-eras-tour-de-taylor-swift-la-billetterie-de-ses-concerts-francais-lille-et-paris-fonctionne-sur-tirage-sort-2261184.html |access-date=June 23, 2023 |language=fr |agency=TF1 Info}}</ref> Ticketmaster halted the French presales on July 11, 2023, following [[login]] glitches.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keslassy |first=Elsa |date=2023-07-11 |title=Sales for Taylor Swift's Eras Tour in Paris Halted on Ticketmaster |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/global/sales-taylor-swift-eras-tour-paris-ticketmaster-1235666407/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Paul |first=Larisha |date=2023-07-11 |title=Ticketmaster France Couldn't Handle Taylor Swift Demand Either |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-eras-tour-paris-sales-put-on-hold-by-ticketmaster-1234786146/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref>
* In July 2023, the UK ticket sale of the Eras Tour was handled by Ticketmaster and [[AXS (company)|AXS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherlock |first=Gemma |date=2023-07-06 |title=Taylor Swift fans fume as Ticketmaster changes sale and time rules for Eras Tour |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/going-out/music/taylor-swift-fans-fume-ticketmaster-30402410 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Mirror |publisher=[[Daily Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' reported widespread scalping of the tour's UK tickets, with immediate re-listing on sites like [[StubHub]] and Viagogo for extortionate prices, in addition to website crashes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dowrick |first=Molly |date=2023-07-12 |title=The eye-watering charges for Taylor Swift tickets taking fans by surprise |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-eyewatering-27308705 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=[[WalesOnline]]}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Eras Tour Headaches Take U.K.: Taylor Swift Fans Complain About Website Malfunctions, Scalpers As Tickets Released |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2023/07/10/eras-tour-headaches-take-uk-taylor-swift-fans-complain-about-website-malfunctions-scalpers-as-tickets-released/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> [[Kevin Brennan (politician)|Kevin Brennan]], a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] from Cardiff, demanded a debate in the UK [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on ticket scalpers and the [[Government of the United Kingdom|government]]'s plan to tackle them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bet |first=Martina |date=2023-07-13 |title=MP demands action to protect 'our daughters' from Taylor Swift ticket resellers |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/penny-mordaunt-taylor-swift-thangam-debbonaire-labour-cardiff-b2374688.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=The Independent}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Impact of the Eras Tour]] – the effect the tour has had on popular culture
* [[Taylor Swift sexual assault trial]] – a lawsuit involving Swift
* [[Taylor Swift masters controversy]] – a dispute between Swift and her former record label
* [[Cultural impact of Taylor Swift]] – the overall influence of Swift on the music industry and beyond

== Footnotes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taylor Swift}}

[[Category:2022 controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:2022 in American music]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Taylor Swift]]
[[Category:Music controversies]]

Talk:Treacherous (Taylor Swift song)

2023-08-13T16:30:22Z

OfTheUsername: + WP Women in Music

{{GA nominee|06:21, 12 August 2023 (UTC)|nominator=[[User:Gained|Gained]] ([[User talk:Gained|talk]])|page=1|subtopic=Songs|status=|note=|shortdesc=2012 song by Taylor Swift}}
{{WikiProject banner shell |1=
{{WikiProject Songs |class=B| b1  = yes| b2  = yes| b3  = yes| b4  = yes| b5  = yes| b6  = yes}}
{{WikiProject Taylor Swift |class=B |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Pop music |class=B |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Country Music |class=B |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Women in Music |class=B |importance=Low}}
{{WIR-00-2021}}
}}

== Everything ==

Can I get some help with... everything? [[User:Gained|Gained]] ([[User talk:Gained|talk]]) 13:40, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

:{{ping|Gained}} It's me... hi! I worked on some of the original Treacherous article. I'd be glad to help you restructure this up so that it doesn't immediately get flagged. [[User:TheCartoonEditor|TheCartoonEditor]](he/him/they) [[User talk:TheCartoonEditor|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/TheCartoonEditor|(contribs)]] 15:15, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

:{{ping|TheCartoonEditor}} Thanks :DDD

@TheCartoonEditor I'm going to sleep now. I will not not editing for at least 8 hours. I'm so excited tomorrow of what are going to do! [[User:Gained|Gained]] ([[User talk:Gained|talk]]) 15:28, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

what are you going to do* [[User:Gained|Gained]] ([[User talk:Gained|talk]]) 15:28, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

Can someone add citations please? Thanks!! [[User:Gained|Gained]] ([[User talk:Gained|talk]]) 15:14, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

Talk:Metro Boomin

2023-08-13T15:56:25Z

OfTheUsername: more specific

{{Talk header}}
{{notaforum}}
{{American English}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject Biography|living=yes|class=C|listas=Metro Boomin|musician-work-group=yes|musician-priority=Mid}}
{{WikiProject United States|class=C|importance=low|USMusic=yes|USMusic-importance=low}}
{{WikiProject African diaspora|class=C|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Hip hop|class=C|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Record Production|class=C|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject R&B and Soul Music|class=C|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Pop Music|class=C|importance=low}}
}}
{{Photo requested}}
{{Annual readership}}

==May 2016==
-I removed a line of text at the bottom of the Production section that said "Ju Boy A mix". I did not find any information on this from my search.

-Found this rap compilation from 808 Mafia and Metro Boomin. Is it official? If so, it could be added to the article: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG9RQuurvR4 — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Antique Ruby|Antique Ruby]] ([[User talk:Antique Ruby|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antique Ruby|contribs]]) 21:37, 1 May 2016 (UTC) 

==Pictures==
What is the best place to find pictures of artists / producers that can be uploaded to Wikipedia? I noticed several are missing them. [[User:Woodenpig|Woodenpig]] ([[User talk:Woodenpig|talk]]) 17:19, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

== Early Life ==

The early life section could be reworded, it doesnt flow together, and some of the facts just seem to come out of nowhere, would do it myself but LOI keeps me back.Thanks, [[User:DanielTheDon|DANIELTHEDON]] ([[User talk:DanielTheDon|talk]]) 20:10, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

== A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion ==
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion:
* [[commons:File:Metro Boomin in front of a laptop at a concert in December 2017.jpg|Metro Boomin in front of a laptop at a concert in December 2017.jpg]]
You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —[[User:Community Tech bot|Community Tech bot]] ([[User talk:Community Tech bot|talk]]) 23:51, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

== Edit request on January 14th, 2022 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Metro Boomin|answered=yes}} It's not easy for anonymous editors to fix violations of [[WP:NOTCENSORED]] since certain automated filters were designed to comply with a rule that anonymous users are forbidden from swearing. This is itself a NOTCENSORED violation but if I say as much, I'll get a lecture on how anonymous vandals have cost me the right to swear.

In the "Musical style" section's subsection "Producer tags," a sensitive editor left readers believing that the first tag mentioned, in its entirety, is "Metro Boomin want some more." This is not correct; this 5-word phrase has never been used as a tag in any song. The correct version has the N-word, spelled "a" at the end instead of "er," and leaving this information out is blatant censorship. Responding users are cautioned that declining this request without first attempting to confirm or disprove it is a violation of several policies. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:9AD0:4AB0:ECA9:C750:8C74:A5FC|2600:1700:9AD0:4AB0:ECA9:C750:8C74:A5FC]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:9AD0:4AB0:ECA9:C750:8C74:A5FC|talk]]) 22:30, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

:{{done}} Rather than being sensitive, may be it had something to do with difficulty of sourcing it. [[User:Hemantha|hemantha]] ([[User talk:Hemantha|brief]]) 04:42, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

== Associated acts ==

There's no way all these acts are associated. I give it two days for some reliable sources to support these claims before the parameter is cleared. [[Template:Infobox_musical_artist#associated_acts|Giudelines for associated acts]]. - [[User:FlightTime|'''FlightTime''']] ([[User talk:FlightTime|'''open channel''']]) 22:39, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Cultural impact of Taylor Swift

2023-08-13T15:37:06Z

OfTheUsername: a "good" redlink

{{Short description|Effect the music artist has had on popular culture}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Taylor Swift - Speak Now World Tour Sydney 2012.jpg|alt=Taylor Swift in a gold dress|thumb|Myriad publications and academics consider [[Taylor Swift]] the most influential music artist of the 21st century]]

American musician [[Taylor Swift]] ({{born in|1989}}) has made an impact on [[popular culture]] with [[Taylor Swift albums discography|her music]], artistry, [[List of Taylor Swift live performances|performances]], image, views, and actions, often referred to as '''the Taylor Swift effect''' by publications. Debuting as a 16-year-old [[Independent record label|independent]] singer-songwriter in 2006, Swift steadily amassed fame, success, and public curiosity throughout her career, becoming a [[Cultural icon|cultural figure]].

Regarded as a trailblazer of the 21st century, Swift is known for her versatile musicality, [[List of songs by Taylor Swift|songwriting]] prowess and business acuity that have inspired numerous artists and entrepreneurs worldwide. She began in [[country music]], seeped into [[Pop music|pop]], and explored [[alternative rock]], [[indie folk]] and [[Electronic music|electronic]] styles, blurring [[music genre]] boundaries. Critics describe her as a cultural quintessence wielding a rare combination of chart success, critical acclaim, and intense fan support, enabling her to have a wide impact on and response from the [[music industry]] and beyond. With a strong political and economic leverage, Swift has used her influence and [[social media]] power to spotlight issues within the industry and society at large, fostering reforms to [[Spotify]], [[Apple Music]], [[2022 Ticketmaster controversy|Ticketmaster]] and [[recording contract]]s and awareness of artists' rights, [[Taylor Swift masters controversy|masters]], [[intellectual property]], [[Criticism of capitalism|corporate greed]], [[sexism]] and [[racism]], while also receiving scrutiny and criticism.

From the end of the [[album era]] to the rise of the [[Internet]], Swift heralded changes in how music is distributed to, perceived and consumed by the general public across the 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s. Her consistent commercial success is considered unprecedented by journalists, with unique achievements in [[album sales]], [[Music download|digital sales]], [[Music streaming service|streaming]], [[Radio format|airplay]], [[LP record|vinyl]] sales, [[Record chart|charts]], and [[Concert tour|touring]], simultaneously. ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' said Swift is "The Music Industry",<ref name="Bloomberg Businessweek-2014" /> one of her many [[Honorific nicknames in popular music|honorific sobriquets]]. According to ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', Swift is "an advocate, a style icon, a marketing wiz, a prolific songwriter, a pusher of visual boundaries and a record-breaking road warrior."<ref name=":14">{{Cite magazine |last=Schneider |first=Marc |date=July 24, 2023 |title=8 Ways Taylor Swift Has Changed the Music Business |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/how-taylor-swift-changed-music-business/ |access-date=July 24, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>

Swift is a prominent subject of critical fascination, [[intellectual]] research, [[media studies]], and [[cultural analysis]], generally focused on concepts of [[internet culture]], [[celebrity culture]], [[poptimism]], [[feminism]], [[capitalism]], [[consumerism]], [[Americanism (ideology)|Americanism]], [[post-postmodernism]], and various [[Sociomusicology|sociomusicological]] phenomena. Scholars attribute Swift's dominant cultural position, despite the [[Group polarization|polarizing]] disposition of her [[mass media]] perception, to her musical sensibility and [[artistic integrity]], global and intergenerational appeal, acumen for [[Marketing strategy|marketing trends]], and the complex [[Sociology|sociological]] relationship between Swift, her fandom, detractors, and the [[mainstream media]]. Various [[academic institution]]s offer courses on Swift.

== Fame and stardom ==
[[Taylor Swift]] is one of the [[List of best-selling music artists|best-selling music artists of all time]].<ref name="Billboard-2022" /> She has released 10 studio albums—''[[Taylor Swift (album)|Taylor Swift]]'' (2006), [[Fearless (Taylor Swift album)|''Fearless'']] (2008), ''[[Speak Now]]'' (2010), ''[[Red (Taylor Swift album)|Red]]'' (2012), ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]'' (2014), ''[[Reputation (album)|Reputation]]'' (2017), ''[[Lover (album)|Lover]]'' (2019), ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' (2020), [[Evermore (Taylor Swift album)|''Evermore'']] (2020), and ''[[Midnights]]'' (2022); and four [[Re-recording (music)|re-recorded]] albums—''[[Fearless (Taylor's Version)]]'' (2021), ''[[Red (Taylor's Version)]]'' (2021), ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]]'' (2023), and ''[[1989 (Taylor's Version)]]'' (2023). All were supported by varying number of [[Single (music)|singles]], apart from her non-album songs and collaborations,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift Albums and Discography |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/taylor-swift-mn0000472102/discography |access-date=May 8, 2023 }}</ref> and were commercially lucrative and positively received by music critics. ''Billboard'' noted that only a handful of artists have had Swift's trifecta of chart success, critical acclaim, and fan support, resulting in her widespread impact.<ref name="Billboard-2022">{{Cite magazine |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's 40 Biggest Hot 100 Hits |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/top-taylor-swift-songs-top-100-hits/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 12, 2022}}</ref>

Several publications note Swift's popularity and longevity as the kind of "ceaseless" fame and "global influence" unseen since the 20th century.<ref name="Cragg">{{Cite magazine |last=Cragg |first=Michael |title=Is Taylor Swift our last remaining real popstar? |url=https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/qjkakb/how-did-taylor-swift-get-successful |magazine=i-D |access-date=December 3, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Seisdedos-2022">{{Cite news |last=Seisdedos |first=Iker |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Pop music in the era of Taylor Swift: Behind the success of today's biggest star |newspaper=[[El País]] |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-12-27/pop-music-in-the-era-of-taylor-swift-behind-the-success-of-todays-biggest-star.html |access-date=December 28, 2022}}</ref> To [[CNN]], Swift began the [[2010s in music|2010s]] decade as a [[country music|country]] star and ended it as an "all-time musical titan".<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Leah |last1=Asmelash |first2=Scottie |last2=Andrew |date=December 31, 2019 |title=The 10 artists who transformed music this decade |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/31/entertainment/2010s-music-artists-define-decade-trnd/index.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |agency=CNN}}</ref> ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' author [[Jody Rosen]] dubbed Swift the world's biggest pop star, leaving her peers "vying for second place".<ref name="Rosen" /> ''[[The New York Times]]'' author [[Ben Sisario]] compared Swift's cultural dominance to that of [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Madonna]] in the 1980s, calling it something the "entertainment business had largely accepted as impossible to replicate in the fragmented 21st century."<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Ben |first=Sisario |date=August 5, 2023 |title=How Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Conquered the World |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/05/arts/music/taylor-swift-eras-tour.html |access-date=August 5, 2023}}</ref> Swift is the richest female musician in history, with a 2023 net worth of $740 million in 17 years.<ref name="Forbes-2023">{{Cite magazine |date=June 1, 2023 |title=2023 America's Self-Made Women Net Worth — Taylor Swift |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/taylor-swift/ |access-date=June 1, 2023 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref>

=== Cultural omnipresence ===
{{Quotebox
| quote = "Taylor Swift is the biggest thing going in the [[entertainment industry]]. Turn on the TV or radio, scroll [[social media]], listen to talk on the street, and there she is."
| author = Shirley McMarlin
| source = ''[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]'' (2023)<ref name=":6"/>
| width = 25%
}}
Journalists describe Swift as a cultural touchstone. ''[[The Guardian]]'' columnist [[Greg Jericho]] dubbed Swift a "cultural vitality" whose consistent popularity, accentuated by the era of [[internet]], surpassed that of [[the Rolling Stones]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[David Bowie]], [[Bruce Springsteen]] and [[U2]], all of whom had a short-lived commercial and critical prime, whereas Swift continued to find success in the 18th year of her career with ''Midnights''. Jericho cited numeric 2022 [[infographic]]s showing that only [[Drake (musician)|Drake]], [[Kanye West]] and [[Beyoncé]] could compete with Swift in terms of popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jericho |first=Greg |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's incredible success in graphs – who can blame me for being a Swiftie as a 50-year-old man? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/oct/29/taylor-swifts-incredible-success-in-graphs-who-can-blame-me-for-being-a-swiftie-as-a-50yo-man |access-date=October 29, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Chris Molanphy of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' stated that Swift's career has lasted longer than that of [[the Beatles]], breaking the band's once-deemed "unbeatable" records.<ref name="Molanphy-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Molanphy |first=Chris |date=November 4, 2022 |title=How Taylor Swift Achieved the Unthinkable |url=https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/taylor-swift-midnights-drake-beatles-billboard-hot-100.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105030644/https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/taylor-swift-midnights-drake-beatles-billboard-hot-100.html |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |access-date=November 5, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' described her as a "pop megastar at celestial echelons",<ref name="Khan-20212" /> and ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' called her "the biggest pop star in the world".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Feil |first=Chris |date=October 8, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift, una ragazza tutta d'oro |trans-title=Taylor Swift, a golden girl |url=https://www.vanityfair.it/gallery/taylor-swift-una-ragazza-tutta-doro |access-date=July 25, 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair Italia |language=it-IT}}</ref>

Within [[celebrity culture]], Swift's music, life, and image are points of attention.{{sfn|Franssen|2022|p=90-92}} Swift became a [[teen idol]] upon the release of her eponymous debut studio album in 2006,<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 2, 2012 |title=Taylor Swift: 'My Confidence Is Easy To Shake' |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/03/164186569/taylor-swift-my-confidence-is-easy-to-shake |access-date=May 20, 2021}}{{Cite news |last=Thanki |first=Juli |date=September 24, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift: Teen idol to 'biggest pop artist in the world' |newspaper=[[The Tennessean]] |url=https://www.tennessean.com/sindtory/entertainment/music/2015/09/24/taylor-swift-teen-idol-biggest-pop-artist-world/72744548/ |access-date=May 13, 2021}}{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=June 16, 2016 |title=Taylor Swift's first song came out 10 years ago. Here's what she was like as a teen songwriter. |newspaper=The Washington Post |department=Arts and Entertainment |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/06/16/taylor-swifts-first-song-came-out-10-years-ago-heres-what-she-was-like-as-a-teen-songwriter/ |access-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513182351/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/06/16/taylor-swifts-first-song-came-out-10-years-ago-heres-what-she-was-like-as-a-teen-songwriter/ |archive-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref> and has since become a dominant figure in [[popular culture]],<ref name="Yahr-2022">{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=December 26, 2022 |title=2022: The year in review (Taylor's version) |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/12/26/taylor-swift-2022-midnights-ticketmaster/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226194730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/12/26/taylor-swift-2022-midnights-ticketmaster/ |archive-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref> often referred to as a [[pop icon]] or diva.<ref name="Levine">{{cite web |last=Levine |first=Nick |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's ''Lover'': The struggle to maintain superstardom |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190820-taylor-swift-and-the-struggle-to-maintain-pop-superstardom |access-date=October 29, 2021 |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=El Mosselli |first=Sabrina |date=December 24, 2022 |title=How Taylor Swift rose from 'Miss Americana' to global megastar |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/culture/article/2022/11/24/how-taylor-swift-rose-from-miss-americana-to-global-pop-star_6005477_30.html |access-date=December 28, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Rosen" /> Gayle Pamerleau of the [[University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg]] credited [[globalization]] for Swift's fame and called her a [[social contagion]] benefitting "from existing in a time of 24-hour, global connectedness, when everybody knows what everyone else is thinking and doing."<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=McMarlin |first=Shirley |date=June 13, 2023 |title=How popular is Taylor Swift? It's the 2023 version of Beatlemania |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |url=https://triblive.com/aande/music/theres-something-about-taylor-swift-fans-explain-singers-mass-appeal/ |access-date=June 17, 2023}}</ref> Kristy Fairclough of the [[University of Salford]] dubbed Swift "the center of the cultural universe."<ref name="bbclevine">{{cite web |last=Levine |first=Nick |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's ''Lover'': The struggle to maintain superstardom |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190820-taylor-swift-and-the-struggle-to-maintain-pop-superstardom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301114553/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190820-taylor-swift-and-the-struggle-to-maintain-pop-superstardom |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2020 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> ''[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]''{{'s}} Kate Knibbs wrote, Swift is inescapable as her music saturates "deep into the tissue of contemporary public life whether we like it or not."<ref name="Knibbs-2019">{{cite web |last=Knibbs |first=Kate |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Ten Years of Taylor Swift: How the Pop Star Went From Sweetheart to Snake (and Back Again?) |url=https://www.theringer.com/music/2019/8/21/20826837/ten-years-of-taylor-swift |access-date=December 13, 2021 |website=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]}}</ref> Hence, Swift's career choices result in reforms in the [[music industry]]. In a 2016 article, ''Billboard'' opined that despite having had only a decade-old career, Swift had shown an "undeniable" cultural impact.<ref name="Roland-2016">{{cite magazine |last=Roland |first=Tom |date=July 7, 2016 |title=Love Story: The Impact of Taylor Swift's First Decade in Music |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/7430895/taylor-swift-music-career-ten-years-impact-country |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714142858/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/7430895/taylor-swift-music-career-ten-years-impact-country |archive-date=July 14, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Khan-20212">{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Fawzia |date=June 18, 2021 |title=The Might Of Taylor Swift |url=https://elle.in/article/the-might-of-taylor-swift/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628043313/https://elle.in/article/the-might-of-taylor-swift/ |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |access-date=October 20, 2021 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> ''Time'' included Swift on its 2010, 2015 and 2019 rankings of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nicks |first=Stevie |date=April 29, 2010 |title=The 2010 Time 100: Taylor Swift |url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984940_1985536,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129092644/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C1984685_1984940_1985536%2C00.html |archive-date=November 29, 2013 |access-date=April 22, 2012}}{{Cite magazine |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=April 16, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift, Kanye West, Kim Kardashian Make Time's 100 Most Influential People List |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6538486/taylor-swift-kanye-west-kim-kardashian-time-100-most-influential-people-list |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925071439/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6538486/taylor-swift-kanye-west-kim-kardashian-time-100-most-influential-people-list |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=September 1, 2016}}{{cite news |last=Jensen |first=Erin |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Dwayne Johnson, Taylor Swift, Gayle King, more cover Time's 100 most influential people issue |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2019/04/17/taylor-swift-dwayne-johnson-cover-times-most-influential-people-issue/3484216002/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417120913/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2019/04/17/taylor-swift-dwayne-johnson-cover-times-most-influential-people-issue/3484216002/ |archive-date=April 17, 2019}}</ref> In 2014, she was named to ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} [[30 Under 30]] list in the music category.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taylor Swift |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/taylor-swift/ |access-date=December 1, 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Swift became the youngest woman to be included on ''Forbes''{{'}} list of the [[The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|100 most powerful women]] in 2015, ranked at number 64.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=#8 Taylor Swift |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/taylor-swift/ |url-status=deviated |magazine=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728104232/https://www.forbes.com/profile/taylor-swift/ |archive-date=July 28, 2015 |access-date=July 27, 2015}}</ref> She was the most [[Google Search|googled]] woman in 2019 and musician in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Dalvin |title=International Women's Day: Google celebrates with a Doodle and animated video |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/03/08/international-womens-day-google-celebrates-interactive-doodle/4994323002/ |access-date=May 11, 2023 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spinelli |first=Adrian |date=December 6, 2022 |title=A New Study Has Taylor Swift Atop The 10 Most Googled Artists Of 2022 |url=https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-most-googled-artist-2022/ |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=Uproxx}}</ref>

=== American symbol ===
[[File:YouTube Presents Taylor Swift 04.jpg|thumb|Swift's early [[Girl next door|girl-next-door]] image made her "America's Sweetheart".|alt=Swift in 2011 addressing an audience while sitting|307x307px]]
Journalists associate Swift's fame with [[Americanism (ideology)|Americanism]]. According to Knibbs, with ''Fearless'', Swift had become a "countrified celebrity solidified into industrial-grade American fame" due to her craftsmanship.<ref name="Knibbs-2019" /> Jack Dickey of ''Time'' said, Swift became "America's most important musician" by 2014.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dickey |first=Jack |date=November 13, 2014|title=The Power of Taylor Swift |url=https://time.com/3583129/power-of-taylor-swift-cover/ |access-date=May 12, 2023|magazine=Time}}</ref> ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'' called her career "a quintessential American success story".<ref name="Roy-2015">{{cite magazine |last=Roy |first=Jessica |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift Tops the 2015 Maxim Hot 100 |url=http://www.maxim.com/entertainment/taylor-swift-tops-2015-maxim-hot-100 |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108192530/https://www.maxim.com/entertainment/taylor-swift-tops-2015-maxim-hot-100 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=December 1, 2015}}</ref> Shaina Weatherhead, writing for [[Collider (website)|''Collider'']], called Swift "a pillar of the cultural [[zeitgeist]]", embodying [[love]], [[diligence]] and [[feminism]], irrespective of "whether [Swift] likes it or not". Weatherhead added Swift's fame turned her into a staple of [[Culture of the United States|American culture]] beyond just [[Music of the United States|American music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weatherhead |first=Shaina |date=April 20, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Miss Americana' Is Required Viewing Right Now |url=https://collider.com/taylor-swift-miss-americana-watch-now/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=Collider}}</ref>

Cultural critic [[Greil Marcus]] noted that Swift "wears the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] on her face"—red lips, white skin, and blue eyes.<ref name="Seisdedos-2022" /> According to ''[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]'' writer Nate Jones, Swift is the "musical embodiment of [[American imperialism|American hegemony]]".<ref name="Jones-2016">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Nate |date=July 21, 2016 |title=When Did the Media Turn Against Taylor Swift? |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/07/when-did-the-media-turn-against-taylor-swift.html |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Vulture}}</ref> Emily St. James of ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'' wrote, Swift tells the stories of American [[millennials]] through her songs, in the manner Springsteen represented American [[baby boomers]].<ref name="VanDerWerff-2020" /> Swift also [[metaphor]]ically called herself as "Miss Americana" in her 2019 song "[[Miss Americana & the Heartbreak Prince]]",<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=August 29, 2019|title=Taylor Swift's 'Miss Americana' May Be the Great Protest Song of Our Time (Column) |url=https://variety.com/2019/music/opinion/taylor-swift-miss-americana-heartbreak-prince-opinion-1203317552/ |access-date=May 9, 2023 |magazine=Variety}}</ref> which also inspired the [[Miss Americana|namesake 2020 documentary]] about her life and career.<ref name="Variety2020">{{cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=January 21, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift: No Longer 'Polite at All Costs' |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/features/taylor-swift-politics-sundance-documentary-miss-americana-1203471910/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref>

=== Tributes and honorifics ===
{{Further information|List of awards and nominations received by Taylor Swift}}
[[File:Taylor Swift on Bloomberg Businessweek cover.jpeg|thumb|''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' proclaimed Swift "The Music Industry" on the magazine cover dated November 14, 2014.<ref name="Bloomberg Businessweek-2014">{{Cite magazine |date=November 13, 2014|title=Cover Trail: Taylor Swift Is the Music Industry |magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-12/businessweeks-taylor-swift-cover-how-we-made-it |access-date=May 12, 2023}}</ref>|alt=An very close shot of Swift with text reading "Bloomberg Businessweek" and "Taylor Swift Is The Music Industry".|231x231px]]
Swift received various [[Honorific nicknames in popular music|honorific titles and sobriquets]] recognizing her impact. "America's Sweetheart" is a title the media used for her in her early days, owing to her "all-American girl" image;<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 3, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift: The Rise Fall and Re-Invention of America's Sweetheart |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/taylor-swift-rise-fall-re-invention-americas-sweetheart/amp/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/taylor-swift-rise-fall-re-invention-americas-sweetheart/amp/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.com">{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2010 |title=Taylor Swift: America's Sweetheart |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/taylor-swift-americas-sweetheart-l2b0fmg6x0j |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> "Princess of Country" stemmed from her mainstream popularity as a country star.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=August 1, 2016 |title=Britney Spears Says She's Never Met Taylor Swift |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/britney-spears-taylor-swift-i-dont-know-her |access-date=November 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Teen Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 16, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift Makes her Move Back to Country |url=https://www.triplem.com.au/story/taylor-swift-makes-her-move-back-to-country-90113 |access-date=November 23, 2020 |publisher=[[Triple M]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 13, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift Tak Peduli Ocehan Orang Lain |trans-title=Taylor Swift Doesn't Care About Other People's Rattles |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20151013181711-227-84775/taylor-swift-tak-peduli-ocehan-orang-lain |access-date=November 23, 2020 |agency=[[CNN]] |language=id}}</ref> Some media called her "the Pop Titan"<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 28, 2019 |title="We do not want pop to be generic": Taylor Swift opens up about her music in new essay |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/not-want-pop-generic-taylor-swift-opens-2455126 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |magazine=NME}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift thanks fans as she releases re-recorded Red album |url=https://news.stv.tv/entertainment/taylor-swift-thanks-fans-as-she-releases-re-recorded-red-album |access-date=June 19, 2022 |publisher=STV News}}</ref> or the "Queen of Pop" due to her pop music dominance.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite magazine |date=September 3, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift is the Queen of Pop! Singer Ties Elvis Presley for 10th-Most Billboard Hot 100 Top10s |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |url=https://people.com/music/taylor-swift-ties-elvis-presley-10th-most-billboard-hot-100-lover/ |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Nguyen">{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Stacey |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Here's a Breakdown of Taylor Swift's "All Too Well" Before We Get the 10-Minute Version |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/48404491 |access-date=November 10, 2021 |publisher=[[PopSugar]]}}</ref><ref name="TimeRodridgo">{{Cite magazine |last=Bruner |first=Raisa |date=May 24, 2021 |title=How Olivia Rodrigo Become America's Biggest New Pop Star |url=https://time.com/6050587/olivia-rodrigo-sour/ |magazine=Time |access-date=November 10, 2021}}</ref> ''Time'' and ''[[PopSugar]]'' used "Queen of Bridges" to appreciate Swift's ability to compose well-received [[Bridge (music)|bridges]].<ref name="Nguyen" /><ref name="TimeRodridgo" /> "Queen of Easter Eggs" was coined once Swift became known for the [[Easter egg (media)|Easter eggs]] and clues embedded in her album cycles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Queen of Easter eggs Taylor Swift was hinting at 'evermore' all along |url=http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2020/12/10/queen-of-easter-eggs-taylor-swift-was-hinting-at-evermore-al.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122109/http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2020/12/10/queen-of-easter-eggs-taylor-swift-was-hinting-at-evermore-al.html |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |agency=ABC News Radio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 10, 2020 |title=Queen of Easter eggs Taylor Swift was hinting at 'evermore' all along |url=https://now100fm.com/queen-of-easter-eggs-taylor-swift-was-hinting-at-evermore-all-along/ |access-date=May 6, 2021 |agency=Now 100.5 FM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Kelsie |date=April 8, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Is the Queen of Easter Eggs — See How Her Clue-Dropping Has Evolved Over Time |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/48256500 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |website=PopSugar Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Martinez |first=Angelica |title=These Are The "Evermore" Easter Eggs We've Missed So Far, Because Taylor Swift Is An Actual Genius |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/angelicaamartinez/taylor-swift-evermore-easter-eggs |access-date=May 6, 2021 |website=BuzzFeed|date=December 10, 2020 }}</ref> Swift was dubbed "The Music Industry" by ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Devin |date=November 14, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift Is the Music Industry |newspaper=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-12/taylor-swift-and-big-machine-are-the-music-industry |agency=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> [[Odyssey (website)|Odyssey]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Wallway |first=Alexandria |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Why Taylor Swift is the Face of the Music Industry |url=https://www.theodysseyonline.com/taylor-swift-music-industry |publisher=[[Odyssey (website)|Odyssey]]}}</ref> and American journalist [[Barbara Walters]] in light of her grip on the industry's fiber.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Leight |first=Elias |date=November 11, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift Is One of Barbara Walters' '10 Most Fascinating People' for 2014 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-barbara-walters-10-most-fascinating-people-6312299/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutherland |first=Jamie |date=March 28, 2018 |title=Full Transcript: Taylor Swift interviewed by Barbara Walters • Sonix |url=https://sonix.ai/resources/full-transcript-taylor-swift-interviewed-barbara-walters/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Sonix}}</ref>

In 2019, Swift became the first recipient of the [[Billboard Women in Music|Woman of the Decade]] (the 2010s) title from ''Billboard'' for being "one of the most accomplished musical artists of all time over the course of the 2010s",<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Will Receive First-Ever Woman of the Decade Honor at Billboard's Women in Music |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8543996/taylor-swift-first-ever-woman-of-the-decade-award |magazine=Billboard |access-date=December 31, 2019}}</ref> and the [[American Music Awards]] named her [[American Music Awards#Artist of the Decade|Artist of the Decade]] for her highest tally in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elizabeth |first=De |date=November 24, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Is Named Artist of the Decade at AMAs 2019 |magazine=[[Teen Vogue]] |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/taylor-swift-artist-decade-amas-2019 |access-date=December 31, 2019}}</ref> In 2021, [[Brit Awards]] awarded Swift the [[Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music|Global Icon]] trophy "in recognition of her immense impact on music across the world".<ref name="BRIT Awards-2021">{{cite web |date=May 9, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift to receive Global Icon Award! |url=https://www.brits.co.uk/news/taylor-swift-to-receive-global-icon-award |access-date=May 10, 2021 |website=[[BRIT Awards]]}}</ref> In 2022, [[Nashville Songwriters Association International]] named her the Songwriter of the Decade to acknowledge her success as a writer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=December 22, 2022 |title=Here Are All of Taylor Swift's Biggest Accomplishments in 2022 |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-biggest-accomplishments-2022/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Talley |first=Brittni |date=August 15, 2022 |title=TAYLOR SWIFT AND ASHLEY GORLEY TO BE HONORED WITH NSAI DECADE ACHIEVEMENTS AT 5TH ANNUAL NASHVILLE SONGWRITER AWARDS PRESENTED BY CITY NATIONAL BANK |url=https://www.nashvillesongwriters.com/taylor-swift-and-ashley-gorley-be-honored-nsai-decade-achievements-5th-annual-nashville-songwriter |access-date=May 8, 2023 |agency=Nashville Songwriters Association International}}</ref> In 2023, she was presented the [[IHeartRadio Music Awards#iHeartRadio Innovator Award|Innovator Award]] by [[iHeartRadio Music Awards]] for "her impact on global pop culture".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift Says It's OK To Fail While Accepting iHeartRadio Innovator Award |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2023-03-27-taylor-swift-says-its-ok-to-fail-while-accepting-2023-innovator-award/ |access-date=May 30, 2023 |agency=iHeartRadio}}</ref>

Various objects and locations have been named after Swift. The [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], established the Taylor Swift Education Center to host curriculum-connected activities for school groups, music programs, workshops and book talks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift Education Center |url=https://www.countrymusichalloffame.org/learn/taylor-swift-education-center |access-date=May 8, 2023 |agency=Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Miriam |date=October 13, 2013 |title=Taylor Swift Opens Education Center at Country Music Hall of Fame |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/taylor-swift-opens-education-center-at-country-music-hall-of-fame-79432/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Swift received an [[honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctor of Fine Arts]] degree from [[New York University]] in 2022 for being "one of the most prolific and celebrated artists of her generation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift Accepts Honorary Doctorate from NYU: 'I'm 90% Sure That the Reason I'm Here is Because I Have a Song Called 22' |date=May 18, 2022 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/taylor-swift-accepts-honorary-doctorate-170336528.html |access-date=May 8, 2023 |agency=Yahoo!}}</ref> [[Entomologists]] conferred a Tennessee-[[Endemism|endemic]] millipede species the scientific name ''[[Nannaria swiftae]]'';<ref name="Atkinson-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Atkinson |first=Katie |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Billboard's Greatest Pop Stars of 2022: No. 3 — Taylor Swift |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-greatest-pop-stars-2022-1235187688/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=December 16, 2022}}</ref> [[botanists]] named a plant [[Remote sensing|remote sensor]] TSWIFT (Tower [[Spectrometer]] on Wheels for Investigating Frequent Timeseries).{{sfn|Wong|Jones|McHugh|Gilbert|2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=mnreiss |date=April 10, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Becomes a Phenotype Monitoring Machine |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/blog/TSWIFT |access-date=April 21, 2023 |agency=University of California, Davis}}</ref>

== Genre and musicianship ==

===Reshaping country music===
[[File:Taylor Swift 5, 2012.jpg|thumb|Swift performing "[[Mean (song)|Mean]]" on the [[Speak Now World Tour]] (2012) in [[Sydney]], Australia|alt=refer to caption|214x214px]]

Swift helped shape the 21st-century [[country music]] scene.<ref name="guardian country">{{cite news |last=Crummy |first=Colin |date=March 13, 2014 |title=Detwanging country music: how Nashville took the UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/mar/13/country-music-taylor-swift-nashville-radio-2 |access-date=September 23, 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The country landscape is "much different today", according to Tom Roland of ''Billboard'', due to Swift and her career decisions that several critics regarded "unorthodox".<ref name="Roland-2016" /> Rosen described Swift as the first country act whose fame extended beyond the U.S. and marked internationally, as she offered "[[modernity]], [[cosmopolitanism]], [[youth]]" in a genre traditionally representing [[conservatism]], [[parochialism]] and older adults.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite magazine |last=Rosen |first=Jody |author-link=Jody Rosen |date=November 17, 2013 |title=Why Taylor Swift Is the Reigning Queen of Pop |url=https://www.vulture.com/2013/11/taylor-swift-reigning-queen-of-pop.html |url-access=limited |access-date=November 9, 2020 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Her chart success extended to Asia and the U.K., where country music had not been popular.<ref name="guardian country" /><ref name="Rosen" /> As of February 2011, ''Fearless'' sold 400,000 copies in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Min|last=Lee|date=February 22, 2011|title=Taylor Swift relishes Asian success |url=https://www.cleveland.com/music/2011/02/taylor_swift_relishes_asian_su.html |access-date=May 15, 2023|agency=[[Cleveland.com]] |via=Associated Press}}</ref> Following her rise to fame, country record labels became interested in signing young singers capable of writing their own music.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tannembaum |first=Rob |date=September 12, 2014 |title=4 Ways Billboard Woman of the Year Taylor Swift Changed Country Music |magazine=Billboard |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6386008/how-billboard-woman-of-the-year-taylor-swift-changed-country-music |access-date=December 31, 2019}}</ref> In 2008, [[Sasha Frere-Jones]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' called Swift a "preternaturally skilled student of established values". Frere-Jones wrote, as the [[opening act]] for [[Rascal Flatts]], Swift "[strutted] across stage platforms, performing a [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] duet on garbage cans, and switching gears without pause—her voice, all the while, light and breathy and without affectation—she returned the crowd's energy with the professionalism she has shown since the age of fourteen."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Frere-Jones |first=Sasha |date=November 3, 2008 |title=Prodigy |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/11/10/prodigy-pop-music-sasha-frere-jones |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' said Swift's country music had a large impact on 2010s pop music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Martoccio |first1=Angie |last2=Spanos |first2=Brittany |last3=Blistein |first3=Jon |last4=Bernstein |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shaffer |first5=Claire |date=December 23, 2019 |title=The Biggest Influences on Pop in the 2010s |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/biggest-pop-influences-on-2010s-927808/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=December 25, 2020}}</ref> [[File:Taylor_Swift_"Tim_McGraw"_original_lyric_draft.jpg|thumb|Original draft of lyrics penned by the 15-year-old Swift for her debut single "[[Tim McGraw (song)|Tim McGraw]]" (2006) on display at the [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum]]|alt=refer to caption|265x265px]]
According to Roland, Swift insisted on writing her songs, mining inspiration from her real life; she entered country music, which has historically been "a place where adults sang grown-up songs for other adults".<ref name="Roland-2016" /> With her autobiographical songs of romance and heartbreak, Swift introduced the country genre to a relatable younger generation.<ref name="Rosen" /> Although the U.S. [[country radio]]'s target audience was between ages 25 and 54, listeners were generally limited to those older than 35 years. Various country music acts, label executives, and [[Broadcast programming|radio programmers]] have unsuccessfully attempted to lower this [[median]] age since the early 1980s, but with Swift's rise in the early [[2000s in music|2000s]] the median age dropped below 25 with the genre attracting teenagers. According to programmer John Shomby, Swift "wrote for that specific age and was the first one to ever do that."<ref name="Roland-2016" />

Swift was one of the first country acts to employ [[internet]] as a [[marketing]] tool, promoting her music through [[Myspace|MySpace]], which was the largest social networking website in the world from 2005 to 2009.<ref name="Willman-2007">{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=July 25, 2007 |title=Getting to know Taylor Swift |url=https://ew.com/article/2007/07/25/getting-know-taylor-swift/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=January 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="EW1">{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=February 5, 2008 |title=Taylor Swift's Road to Fame |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2008/02/05/taylor-swifts-road-fame |url-status=live |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221160659/http://www.ew.com/article/2008/02/05/taylor-swifts-road-fame |archive-date=February 21, 2015 |access-date=April 22, 2012}}</ref> She created her MySpace page the day before her then-label, [[Big Machine Records]], was launched (August 31, 2005), and eventually amassed over 45 million streams via MySpace, which label CEO [[Scott Borchetta]] cited to convince "skeptical" country radio stations of Swift's niche audience. Social media followings and streaming service data have since been used "to prove an act's viability to radio".<ref name="Roland-2016" /> Sisario credited Swift with widening the appeal of country music, introducing it to younger audiences, and contributing to country radio surpassing [[Top 40]] as the largest format in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sisario |first=Ben |date=April 6, 2014 |title=Young, Rich and Ruling Radio, Country Walks a Broader Line |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/media/losing-a-few-hay-bales-country-music-goes-mainstream.html |access-date=June 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Poptimist spearhead ===
Journalists highlighted how Swift redefined the 21st-century pop music direction by expanding pop's perceived boundaries to bring forth emotional engagement and artistic ambition without forfeiting commercial success, defying critical beliefs. In 2013, Rosen described the ''Red''-era Swift as a prim figure—"a [[Music journalism#20th-century rock criticism|rock critic]]'s darling who hasn't the faintest whiff of [[Counterculture|countercultural]] cool about her", setting her apart from pop stars that followed the "raunchiness" trend of the period.<ref name="Rosen" />[[File:Taylor Swift 2 (18477753053) (crop).jpg|left|thumb|Swift avoided the [[Urban contemporary music|urban]]/[[Dance music|dance]] trends prevalent in [[pop music]] to embrace "pure pop" with ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]'', which solidified her status as a [[pop icon]].|alt=Swift in 2015|270x270px]]With ''1989'', Roland said Swift "managed to conquer country and, in an unprecedented move, transition fully into life as a pop artist [...] without even a hiccup."<ref name="Roland-2016" /> ''1989''{{'}}s commercial success transformed Swift's image from a country singer to a full-fledged pop star.<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |last=Dickey |first=Jack |date=November 13, 2014 |title=The Power of Taylor Swift |url=https://time.com/3583129/power-of-taylor-swift-cover/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819085008/https://time.com/3583129/power-of-taylor-swift-cover/ |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|McNutt|2020|p=79}}<ref name="grammy.com">{{cite web |last=Hertweck |first=Nate |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift, ''1989'': For The Record |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/taylor-swift-1989-record-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028235929/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/taylor-swift-1989-record-1 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2020 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> Its singles received heavy [[Rotation (music)|rotation]] on U.S. radio over one and a half years following its release, which ''Billboard'' noted as "a kind of cultural omnipresence" that was rare for a 2010s album.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Unterberger |first=Andrew |date=July 6, 2018 |title=While You Weren't Looking, Taylor Swift Scored Her Biggest ''Reputation'' Radio Hit |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8464159/taylor-swift-delicate-reputation-biggest-radio-hit |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010902/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8464159/taylor-swift-delicate-reputation-biggest-radio-hit |archive-date=July 7, 2018 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Humanities]] academic Shaun Cullen described Swift as a figure "at the cutting edge of [[Generation Z|postmillennial]] pop".{{sfn|Cullen|2016|p=37}} Retrospectives from ''[[GQ]]''{{'s}} Jay Willis,<ref>{{cite web |last=Willis |first=Jay |date=October 25, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's 1989 Perfected the Pop Crossover Album |url=https://www.gq.com/story/taylor-swift-1989-perfected-the-pop-crossover-album |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026025859/https://www.gq.com/story/taylor-swift-1989-perfected-the-pop-crossover-album |archive-date=October 26, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |website=[[GQ]]}}</ref> ''[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]''{{'s}} Sasha Geffen,<ref name="NYGeffen">{{cite web |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |date=November 10, 2017 |title=Revisiting Taylor Swift's ''1989'' Album |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/11/revisiting-taylor-swifts-album-1989.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724132203/https://www.vulture.com/2017/11/revisiting-taylor-swifts-album-1989.html |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=June 29, 2020 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> and ''[[NME]]''{{'s}} Hannah Mylrea note how ''1989'' avoided [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] crossover trends, influencing younger artists to explore "pure pop" and cultivating a trend of nostalgic 1980s-styled sound.<ref name="NMEMylrea">{{cite web |last=Mylrea |first=Hannah |date=July 24, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift: every single album ranked and rated |url=https://www.nme.com/features/taylor-swift-best-albums-ranked-in-order-2712330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810114345/https://www.nme.com/features/taylor-swift-best-albums-ranked-in-order-2712330 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |access-date=August 27, 2020 |work=[[NME]]}}</ref> Ian Gormely of ''[[The Guardian]]'' called Swift the flagbearer of 21st-century [[poptimism]], replacing [[Dance music|dance]]/[[Urban contemporary|urban]] trends with ambition and proving "chart success and clarity of artistic vision aren't mutually exclusive ideas."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gormely |first=Ian |date=December 3, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift leads poptimism's rebirth |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/dec/03/taylor-swift-poptimism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802053025/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/dec/03/taylor-swift-poptimism |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Geffen attributed Swift's pop transition success to her lyrics rooted in layered, emotional engagement rather than superficial themes that dominated mainstream pop.<ref name="NYGeffen" />

According to Lucy Harbron of ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]'', pop stars like [[Dua Lipa]] would not exist if Swift had not normalized blending various pop music genres in ''1989''—an explicit trend among pop artists since the album.<ref name="Harbron-2021">{{Cite web |last=Harbron |first=Lucy |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Why Taylor Swift's 'Red' Is Her Turning Point |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/why-taylor-swifts-red-is-her-turning-point |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112032019/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/why-taylor-swifts-red-is-her-turning-point |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2021 |website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref> It paved the way for artists "who no longer wish to be ghettoised into separated musical genres", for [[BBC]]'s Neil Smith.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Neil |date=June 22, 2015 |title=Five ways Taylor Swift is changing the world |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33222489 |url-status=live |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123121441/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33222489 |archive-date=November 23, 2019}}</ref> In 2022, critics [[Sam Sanders (journalist)|Sam Sanders]] and [[Ann Powers]] regarded Swift as a "surprisingly successful composite of megawatt pop star and bedroom singer-songwriter."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanders |first=Sam |date=October 20, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Is the Greatest Self-Portraitist of Our Time |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/taylor-swift-midnights-into-it.html |access-date=October 21, 2022 |website=Vulture}}</ref>

=== Musical heterogeneity ===
Swift has ventured into diverse genres and artistic reinventions in her career.<ref name="Bruner-2020">{{Cite magazine |last=Bruner |first=Raisa |date=August 24, 2020 |title=Let's Break Down Taylor Swift's Tender New Album Folklore |url=https://time.com/5871159/taylor-swift-folklore-explained/ |magazine=Time |access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Savage-2022">{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=October 19, 2022 |title=Midnights: What we know about Taylor Swift's songwriting |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-63233361 |access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> ''Pitchfork'' opined in 2021 that Swift changed the music landscape forever with a "singularly perceptive" catalog that accommodates musical and cultural shifts.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 4, 2021 |title=The 200 Most Important Artists of Pitchfork's First 25 Years |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/most-important-artists/ |access-date=October 4, 2021 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Harbron stated Swift's genre-spanning career encouraged her peers to experiment with diverse sounds.<ref name="Harbron-2021" /> The BBC and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' designated Swift a "music [[chameleon]]".<ref name="Savage-2022" /><ref name="Bruner-2020" />

[[File:Phoenix-Musical_Intrument_Museum-Taylo_Swift_Les_Pual_guitar.jpg|alt=A red guitar and microphone attached to a wall|thumb|Swift's [[Gibson Les Paul|Les Paul]] guitar and microphone from [[the Red Tour]] (2012–2013) placed in the [[Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix)|Musical Instrument Museum of Phoenix]]|290x290px]]

Swift's fourth album ''Red'' was the record that intensified the critical debate over Swift's genre categorization, as she was a country artist at that time but ''Red'' contained heavy pop, [[Electronic music|electronic]] and [[Rock music|rock]] elements. Swift commented that she "[leaves] the genre labeling to other people."{{sfn|McNutt|2020|p=78}} Critics felt that ''Red'' signified Swift's inevitable transition to mainstream pop. Randall Roberts of ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' claimed, irrespective of whether ''Red'' is a pop or country record, it is "perfectly rendered American popular music". ''The New York Times''<nowiki/>' [[Jon Caramanica]] dubbed Swift "a pop star in a country context".<ref name="latimes">{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Randall |date=October 22, 2012 |title=Album review: Taylor Swift's {{'}}''Red''{{'}} brims with confidence |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-album-review-taylor-swifts-red-brims-with-confidence-20121022,0,2686298.story |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112034726/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-album-review-taylor-swifts-red-brims-with-confidence-20121022,0,2686298.story |archive-date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=July 2, 2023 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news |last=Caramanica |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Caramanica |date=October 24, 2012 |title=No More Kid Stuff for Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/arts/music/no-more-kid-stuff-for-taylor-swift.html?_r=0 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423032437/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/arts/music/no-more-kid-stuff-for-taylor-swift.html?_r=0 |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |access-date=June 29, 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> According to Harbron, ''Red'' proved the industry that [[Avant-garde music|avant-garde]] is not the only experimental approach in music and that Swift "opened a door for every other musician" in 2012 to coalesce multiple genres into an album.<ref name="Harbron-2021" />

Post-''1989'', Swift released ''Folklore'' and ''Evermore'', which were described as a mix of [[indie folk]],<ref name="Indie rock">{{cite news |last=Hyden |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Hyden |date=March 10, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift, Indie-rock star? Long, Long ago, this might have felt strange. |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/03/10/magazine/taylor-swift.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413142455/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/03/10/magazine/taylor-swift.html |archive-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's powerful evermore returns to folklore's rich universe |url=https://www.avclub.com/taylor-swift-s-deeply-affecting-evermore-continues-folk-1845875463 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=The A.V. Club}}</ref> [[chamber pop]],<ref name="LAtimes">{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=December 10, 2020 |title=Review: Taylor Swift's surprise LP 'Evermore' is more — and less — 'Folklore' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-12-10/taylor-swift-evermore-folklore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211050852/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-12-10/taylor-swift-evermore-folklore |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2020 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> and [[alternative rock]] styles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Caramanica |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Caramanica |date=July 26, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift, A Pop Star Done with Pop |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/arts/music/taylor-swift-folklore-review.html |url-access=limited |access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kornhaber |first=Spencer |date=April 14, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift and the Sad Dads |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/05/taylor-swift-the-national-collaboration-folklore-evermore/673491/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> They expanded the perception of Swift's discography, with many critics describing her catalog as a musically heterogeneous collection of songs.{{sfn|Franssen|2022|p=90-92}}<ref name="Lang-2022">{{cite magazine |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=December 9, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Making Feature Directing Debut for Searchlight Pictures |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/taylor-swift-feature-directing-debut-searchlight-pictures-1235455606/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref> Having demonstrated an [[emo]] appeal, Swift's songs are often covered by [[pop-punk]] and [[metalcore]] acts.<ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine |last=DeCaro |first=Alessandro |date=October 19, 2022 |title=10 best Taylor Swift scene covers |url=https://www.altpress.com/best-taylor-swift-covers/ |access-date=July 1, 2023 |magazine=Alternative Press}}</ref> ''Billboard'' credited Swift with the power "to pull any sound she wants into mainstream orbit".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Billboard's Greatest Pop Stars of 2021: No. 1 — Taylor Swift |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-greatest-pop-star-2021-1235011392/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>

=== Emphasis on lyricism ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "Swift has a capacity for writing songs and lyrics that are very immediate, that tap into universal emotions and experiences, and that also play with her own public image, in a way that creates this self-perpetuating loop of interest and analysis of her music."
| author = Nate Sloan
| source = ''[[The Independent]]'' (2022)<ref name="Raza-Sheikh-2022" />
| width = 25%
}}
Swift is fundamentally a Nashville-enriched songwriter, "steeped in [[Music Row]]'s values of craftsmanship and storytelling" as per Rosen.<ref name="Rosen" /> According to Zoya Raza-Sheikh of ''[[The Independent]]'', Swift is able to balance universal themes with hyper-specificity, possessing "an uncanny talent for reflecting the world's emotional angst through her own lens."<ref name="Raza-Sheikh-2022" /> In being personal and vulnerable in her lyrics, music journalist Nick Catucci opined Swift helped make space for other singers like [[Ariana Grande]], [[Halsey (singer)|Halsey]], and [[Billie Eilish]] to later do the same.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Catucci |first1=Nick |date=August 23, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Reaches For New Heights of Personal and Musical Liberation on 'Lover' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/taylor-swift-lover-875442/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> Professor Hannah Wing of [[Wichita State University]] attributed Swift's popularity to the intimacy in her music, cultivating a "feeling of closeness".<ref name=":13" /> According to Scarlet Keys, songwriting professor at [[Berklee College of Music]], Swift "mixes [[poetry]] with a very [[Colloquialism|colloquial]], current language", and frequently uses [[poetic devices]] but also knows to be "practical", such as in "[[Mean (song)|Mean]]" (2011) or "[[Shake It Off]]" (2014).<ref name="Seisdedos-2022" />

According to Raza-Sheikh, ''Fearless'' and ''Speak Now'' depicted Swift's adolescent innocence that resonated with a large audience, followed by her matured records ''Red'' and ''1989,'' which exhibited her confidence in defining her narrative, becoming "unafraid of upsetting the [[status quo]] and critics"; she explored "the role of the [[villain]]" in ''Reputation''.<ref name="Raza-Sheikh-2022" /> Although Swift had received critical praise for her lyricism, it was not until ''Folklore'' and ''Evermore'' her songwriting became a major topic of analyses. Commentators regarded both ''Folklore'' and ''Evermore'' as poetic reinventions, contextualizing them as "[[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdown]] projects" or archetypal "[[quarantine]] albums".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fagen |first=Lucas |date=September 19, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's Quarantine Folktales |url=https://hyperallergic.com/588670/taylor-swift-folklore/ |access-date=December 6, 2020 |website=[[Hyperallergic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyden |first=Steven |date=December 14, 2020 |title=How Taylor Swift Reinvented Herself With ''Folklore'' And Now ''Evermore'' |url=https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-evermore-album-review/ |access-date=December 22, 2020 |website=[[Uproxx]]}}</ref> ''Uproxx'' noted that ''Folklore'' changed the tone of music in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Caitlin |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's ''Folklore'' Changed The Tone Of Pop in 2020 |url=https://uproxx.com/pop/taylor-swift-folklore-album-of-the-year/ |access-date=December 22, 2020 |website=[[Uproxx]]}}</ref> Critic [[Tom Hull (critic)|Tom Hull]] wrote that Swift "caught the spirit of the times" with ''Folklore''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hull |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Hull (critic) |date=July 27, 2020 |title=Music Week |url=http://tomhull.com/ocston/blog/archives/2869-Music-Week.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910132451/http://tomhull.com/ocston/blog/archives/2869-Music-Week.html |archive-date=September 10, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |website=Tom Hull – on the Web}}</ref> ''The New York Times and [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' named ''Folklore'' one of the best moments of the "[[COVID-19|COVID]] era".<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 8, 2023 |title=Opinion {{!}} 17 Pop Culture Moments That Define The Covid Era |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/04/08/opinion/covid-culture-tiktok-bo-burnham.html |access-date=April 8, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Maitland |first=Hayley |date=September 1, 2020 |title=The Best, Worst & Downright Ugliest Moments Of Lockdown Culture |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/lockdown-culture |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=December 8, 2020}}</ref>

British scholar [[Jonathan Bate]] dubbed Swift a "real poet", favorably comparing her to literary figures such as [[William Shakespeare]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Robert Frost]], and [[Emily Dickinson]], and wrote that she has a "literary sensibility" that other pop stars lack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bate |first=Jonathan |date=April 10, 2023 |title=Why Taylor Swift is a literary giant — by a Shakespeare professor |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-taylor-swift-is-a-literary-giant-by-a-shakespeare-professor-3fmh269bt |access-date=April 10, 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> [[Stephanie Burt]], an English professor at [[Harvard University]], opined that Swift's songwriting skills are rare: "at both the macro level of songwriting—presenting a story or an idea—as well as the micro level of fitting together vowels and consonants."<ref name="HarvardGazette">{{cite news |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2023/08/so-what-exactly-makes-taylor-swift-so-great/ |title=So what exactly makes Taylor Swift so great? |last=Pazzanese |first=Christina |website=Harvard Gazette |date=August 2, 2023 |access-date=August 7, 2023}}</ref> The term "Swiftian" has been used in music journalism to describe works similar to or derivative of Swift's music.{{sfn|Conroy|2016|page=156}}{{sfn|Perone|2017|page=51}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift Dropped Her Buzzy "End Game" Music Video |url=https://time.com/5097768/end-game-video-taylor-swift/ |access-date=May 15, 2023 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

== Commercial influence ==
=== Chart success ===
{{Quotebox
| quote = "[Swift's commercial success is] especially improbable when you consider the music, and the musician, behind them. Swift is an oddball. There is no real historical precedent for her. Her path to stardom has defied the established patterns; she falls between [[Music genre|genre]]s, eras, [[Demography|demographic]]s, [[paradigm]]s, trends. She is a Pennsylvania [[Yankee]] turned teen-pop country singer, a [[Nashville]] star who crossed over to [[Top 40]], a confessional singer-songwriter who masquerades as a global pop diva. Her music mashes up the quirkily homespun and the gleaming pop-industrial, [[Etsy]] and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], in a way we’ve never quite heard before."
| author = [[Jody Rosen]]
| source = ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' (2013)<ref name="Rosen" />
| width = 25%
}}

Swift's music and [[concert tour]]s have achieved huge commercial success. Rosen, who began inspecting her success in 2013, felt it was historically unprecedented—disproving the presumed notions of music's commercial success in the 21st century.<ref name="Rosen" /> In the late 2010s, publications considered Swift's million-selling albums an anomaly in the [[Music streaming service|streaming]]-dominated industry, as the end of the [[album era]] marked a sharp decline in album sales.<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Devin |date=November 12, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift Is the Music Industry |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-12/taylor-swift-and-big-machine-are-the-music-industry |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313072511/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-12/taylor-swift-and-big-machine-are-the-music-industry |archive-date=March 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="nymag10s">{{cite web |last=Zoladz |first=Lindsay |date=December 30, 2019 |title=What Were the 2010s? |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/12/taylor-swift-in-the-2010s.html |url-access=limited |access-date=November 22, 2020 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Hence, [[musicologists]] Mary Fogarty and Gina Arnold regard her as "the last great rock star".{{sfn|Fogarty|Arnold|2021|page=7}} ''[[The Atlantic]]''{{'s}} Spencer Kornhaber opined in 2021, Swift's "reign" defies the convention that the prime of artist's commercial success lasts for a few years only.<ref name="Kornhaber-2021">{{cite magazine |last=Kornhaber |first=Spencer |date=November 15, 2021 |title=On SNL, Taylor Swift Stopped Time |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2021/11/snl-taylor-swift-all-too-well-red/620706/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref> Academic [[Paul Théberge]] called her a "peculiar anomaly".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Théberge |first=Paul |date=2021-01-02 |title=Love and Business: Taylor Swift as Celebrity, Businesswoman, and Advocate |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07494467.2021.1945227 |journal=Contemporary Music Review |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=41–59 |doi=10.1080/07494467.2021.1945227 |issn=0749-4467}}</ref> She entered "a new stratosphere of global career success" in the [[2020s in music|2020s]], as per [[Music Business Worldwide]], which noted that her popularity is "ever-escalating".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ingham |first=Tim |date=June 14, 2023 |title=Reliving the Taylor Swift catalog sale saga (and following the money...)|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/taylor-swift-catalog-sale-following-the-money/ |access-date=June 15, 2023 |agency=Music Business Worldwide}}</ref>

==== Domestic ====
Swift has been a highly successful artist on various ''Billboard'' charts, pushing the boundaries of commercial success.<ref name="Kornhaber-2021" /> She ranks eighth on Greatest of All Time Artists, a ''Billboard'' list ranking music acts based on chart success, as the only 21st-century act in the top 15 positions.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Greatest of All Time Artists |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-of-all-time-artists |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114170915/https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-of-all-time-artists |archive-date=November 14, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2019}}</ref> She is the longest-reigning act of [[Billboard Artist 100|''Billboard'' Artist 100]] (75 weeks),<ref name=Longevity>{{Cite magazine |last=Zellner |first=Xander |date=August 3, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Extends Artist 100 Longevity Record to 75 Weeks at No. 1 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-number-1-artist-100-chart-75-weeks-1235384210/ |access-date=August 3, 2023 |magazine=Billboard }}</ref> the soloist with the most weeks (62) atop the ''Billboard'' 200,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=July 23, 2023 |title='Speak Now (Taylor's Version)' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-speak-now-taylors-version-second-week-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1235376928/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |magazine=Billboard }}</ref> the woman with the most Hot 100 entries (212),<ref name=":15">{{Cite magazine |last=Zellner |first=Xander |date=July 17, 2023 |title=All 22 Songs From Taylor Swift's 'Speak Now (Taylor's Version)' Debut on Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-speak-now-taylors-version-all-songs-hot-100-debut-1235373016/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |magazine=Billboard }}</ref> top-10 songs (40),<ref name="BBH1002">{{Cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=October 31, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Makes History as First Artist With Entire Top 10 on Billboard Hot 100, Led by 'Anti-Hero' at No. 1 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-all-hot-100-top-10-anti-hero-1235163664/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=October 31, 2022}}</ref> weeks atop the [[Top Country Albums]] (98),<ref>{{cite web |last=Berkowitz |first=Brittany |title=Shania Twain praises Taylor Swift for breaking one of her chart records |url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/shania-twain-praises-taylor-swift-breaking-chart-records-82133886 |access-date=January 8, 2022 |work=Good Morning America}}</ref> the act with the most [[Digital Songs]] number-ones (23),<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 23, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Love Story (Taylor's Version)' Debuts at No. 1 on Hot Country Songs Chart: 'I'm So Grateful to the Fans' |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9529564/taylor-swift-love-story-number-one-hot-country-songs/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Taylor Swift |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/taylor-swift/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> the first artist to have three number-one albums in less than a year, beating the Beatles' 54-year-old record,<ref name="Khan-20212" /> and the first to monopolize the Hot 100 top 10.<ref name="BBH1002" /> Her 2021 song "[[All Too Well (10 Minute Version)]]" is the longest song ever to top the Hot 100.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 26, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's 10-minute 'All Too Well' is longest song to reach No.1 |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2021/11/taylor-swifts-10-minute-all-too-well-is-longest-song-to-reach-no-1-683614 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129165610/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2021/11/taylor-swifts-10-minute-all-too-well-is-longest-song-to-reach-no-1-683614 |archive-date=November 29, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref>

Swift is the only act in [[Luminate Data]] history to have five albums—''Speak Now'', ''Red'', ''1989'', ''Reputation,'' and ''Midnights''—sell over one million copies in one week.<ref name="Caulfield-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=October 30, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's ''Midnights'' Blasts in at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart With Biggest Week for an Album in 7 Years |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-midnights-debut-number-one-billboard-200-albums-chart-1235163377/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=October 30, 2022}}</ref> To ''New York'' magazine, her sales figures prove she is "the one bending the music industry to her will".<ref name="nymag10s" /> Critics described Swift's commercial power as unrivaled. ''Billboard'' noted, Swift's success is evenly distributed across streaming, [[Record sales|album sales]], and track sales.<ref name=":14" /> ''[[Financial Times]]'' and ''[[I-D]]'' called Swift "the last pop superstar", given her ability to generate sales figures unseen since the "1990s boy bands" era, which was regarded as the commercial peak for the U.S. music business.<ref name="Nicolaou-2022">{{Cite news |last=Nicolaou |first=Anna |date=October 27, 2022 |title=Is Taylor Swift the last pop superstar? |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9cd1cd39-d4f5-45cd-8b72-24a1882b010b |url-status=live |access-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030163019/https://www.ft.com/content/9cd1cd39-d4f5-45cd-8b72-24a1882b010b |archive-date=October 30, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Cragg-2022">{{Cite web |last=Cragg |first=Michael |date=November 28, 2022 |title=Is Taylor Swift our last remaining real popstar? |url=https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/qjkakb/how-did-taylor-swift-get-successful |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128134500/https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/qjkakb/how-did-taylor-swift-get-successful |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |magazine=i-D}}</ref>

==== Global ====
The [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] (IFPI) ranked her as the [[Global Recording Artist of the Year]] in 2014, 2019, and 2022, for being the most consumed artist in those years; she is the only artist to achieve the feat three times.<ref name="Artist 2022">{{cite magazine |last=Paine |first=Andre |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift wins IFPI's 2022 Global Recording Artist Of The Year Award |url=https://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/taylor-swift-wins-ifpi-s-2022-global-recording-artist-of-the-year-award/087478 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |magazine=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> Charlotte Kripps of ''The Independent'' wrote, Swift led an international resurgence in country music, introducing the genre to a new U.K. audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cripps |first=Charlotte |date=June 21, 2013 |title=Country music star Taylor Swift the new country music is all about |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/country-music-star-taylor-swift-the-new-country-music-is-all-about-keeping-it-real-8667097.html |access-date=June 9, 2023 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> Swift also became the first country act to find chart success beyond the [[Anglosphere]]. Rosen described her as country music's "first truly global star", cultivating dedicated fandoms in foreign markets such as Ireland, Brazil and Taiwan,<ref name="Rosen" /> where country music was not popular.<ref name="guardian country" /><ref name="Rosen" /> [[Jakarta]], [[Quezon City]] and Singapore are among her biggest cities on streaming platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 7, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: What Asian fans did for her concert tickets |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66117146 |access-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref>

Swift holds several all-time chart feats unique to her in Australia, Ireland and the U.K.<ref>
#{{cite web |date=July 31, 2020|first=Jack|last=White |title=Taylor Swift's Folklore debuts at UK Albums Number 1 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/taylor-swift-s-folklore-debuts-at-number-1-on-the-official-albums-chart__30661/ |access-date=February 23, 2021 |publisher=Official Charts Company}}
#{{cite web |date=April 23, 2020 |title=Female artists with the most Irish Number 1 albums since 2000 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-female-solo-artists-with-the-most-number-1-albums-this-millennium-in-ireland__30667/ |access-date=May 11, 2023 |publisher=Official Charts Company}}
#{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2023 |title=Taylor sweeps the record |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/news/taylor-sweeps-the-record |access-date=July 7, 2023 |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association}}</ref> She earned the highest income for an artist on Chinese digital music platforms ({{Currency|159,000,000|RMB}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Dennis |date=April 16, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's Fearless hits the right note in China, again |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2021/0416/c90000-9840061.html |access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> Her [[Reputation Stadium Tour]] (2018) became the highest-grossing North American tour ever.<ref name="reputationtour">{{cite magazine |last1=Frankenberg |first1=Eric |date=November 30, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour Breaks Record for Highest-Grossing U.S. Tour |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8487606/taylor-swift-reputation-stadium-tour-breaks-record-highest-grossing-us-tour |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201062855/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8487606/taylor-swift-reputation-stadium-tour-breaks-record-highest-grossing-us-tour |archive-date=December 1, 2018 |access-date=December 2, 2018}}</ref> She was the world's [[List of highest-grossing live music artists#2010s|highest-grossing female touring act of the 2010s]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=November 22, 2019 |title=U2 Tops Rolling Stones, Ed Sheeran as Highest-Grossing Touring Artist of the Decade |url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/u2-tops-rolling-stones-ed-sheeran-as-highest-grossing-touring-artist-of-the-decade-1203413348/ |access-date=June 29, 2020 |magazine=Variety}}</ref> Beginning with ''Fearless'', all of her studio albums opened with over one million global units.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=December 21, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Evermore' Sells a Million Worldwide in First Week |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/taylor-swift-evermore-sells-million-first-week-1234867490/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111160011/https://variety.com/2020/music/news/taylor-swift-evermore-sells-million-first-week-1234867490/ |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=December 21, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' dubbed Swift the "Queen of Stream" after she achieved multiple streaming feats as well.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 13, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Breaks Two Spotify Records in One Day With Release of 'Red (Taylor's Version)' |url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-breaks-spotify-record-red-taylors-version-streams-1235111709/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115051653/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-breaks-spotify-record-red-taylors-version-streams-1235111709/ |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=August 23, 2022 |magazine=Variety}}</ref> Swift is the most streamed female act on [[Spotify]],<ref name="Young-2022">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=October 31, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift broke 73 records with release of new album Midnights |url=https://consequence.net/2022/10/taylor-swift-midnights-records/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=Consequence}}</ref> and the only artist to have received more than 200 million streams in one day.<ref>{{Cite web |last2= |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Breaks Two Records With 'Midnights', Becoming the Most-Streamed Artist on Spotify |url=https://newsroom.spotify.com/2022-10-22/taylor-swift-breaks-two-records-with-midnights-becoming-the-most-streamed-artist-on-spotify/ |access-date=October 23, 2022 |agency=Spotify}}</ref> ''Midnights'' is the [[List of most-streamed songs on Spotify#Most streamed albums in a single day|most streamed album in a single day]], with 186 million streams, and the first to collect 700 million global streams in one week.<ref>{{Cite magazine|first=Joshua|last=Espinoza |title=Here Are the First-Week Sales Projections for Taylor Swift's 'Midnights' |url=https://www.complex.com/music/taylor-swift-midnights-first-week-sales-projections |url-status=live |magazine=Complex |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022233710/https://www.complex.com/music/taylor-swift-midnights-first-week-sales-projections |archive-date=October 22, 2022 |access-date=October 23, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Jericho-2022">{{Cite news |last=Jericho |first=Greg |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's incredible success in graphs – who can blame me for being a Swiftie as a 50-year-old man? |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/oct/29/taylor-swifts-incredible-success-in-graphs-who-can-blame-me-for-being-a-swiftie-as-a-50yo-man |url-status=live |access-date=October 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028234328/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/oct/29/taylor-swifts-incredible-success-in-graphs-who-can-blame-me-for-being-a-swiftie-as-a-50yo-man |archive-date=October 28, 2022}}</ref>

==== Vinyl ====
Swift vastly contributed to the 21st century's [[vinyl revival]]. She is regarded as a champion of [[Record shop|independent record shops]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=DiGiacomo |first=Frank |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Hip-Hop, R&B And Pop Challenge Rock's Vinyl Dominance In 2021 |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/deep-dive/how-vinyl-got-its-groove-back/9584127/vinyl-albums-sales-genre-leaders-data |magazine=Billboard |access-date=July 16, 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=January 20, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift, the indisputable Queen of Vinyl, named 2022 Record Store Day Ambassador |url=https://consequence.net/2022/01/taylor-swift-2022-record-store-day-ambassador/ |access-date=March 6, 2022 |website=Consequence}}</ref> and made [[LP record|vinyl]] variants of her albums available exclusively at small businesses, driving their sales. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Swift shared her LPs to record shops for free.<ref name="Kaufman-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=January 20, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Tapped as First Record Store Day Global Ambassador |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-2022-record-store-day-global-ambassador-1235020879/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Golsen |first=Tyler |date=January 20, 2022 |title=Why Taylor Swift is the perfect ambassador for Record Store Day |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/taylor-swift-perfect-ambassador-record-store-day/ |access-date=January 21, 2022 |website=[[Far Out Magazine]]}}</ref> ''Evermore'' held the record for the biggest sales week for vinyl LPs in the U.S. since Luminate Data's inauguration in 1991, and has since been surpassed by Swift's own ''Red (Taylor's Version)'' with 112,000 vinyl LP sales,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=November 18, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Red (Taylor's Version)' Surpasses Half-Million Units in First Five Days in U.S. |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-red-taylors-version-sales-us-1234999391/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118191205/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-red-taylors-version-sales-us-1234999391/ |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |access-date=November 18, 2021}}</ref> and ''Midnights'' with 575,000 LPs.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=November 20, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Midnights' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard 200 for Third Week |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-midnights-returns-number-one-billboard-200-third-week-1235174433/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120220645/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-midnights-returns-number-one-billboard-200-third-week-1235174433/ |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |access-date=November 21, 2022}}</ref> ''Midnights'' is the first 21st-century album to sell over one million vinyl LPs in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=TAYLOR MOVES THE NEEDLE YET AGAIN |url=https://hitsdailydouble.com/news%26id%3D334502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202132212/https://hitsdailydouble.com/news%26id%3D334502 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=January 31, 2023 |magazine=[[Hits (magazine)|Hits]]}}</ref> and over 80,000 LPs in a year in the U.K.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Mark |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift propels UK vinyl sales past CDs for the first time in 35 years |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/dec/27/taylor-swift-propels-uk-vinyl-sales-past-cds-for-first-time-in-35-years |url-status=live |access-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227122135/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/dec/27/taylor-swift-propels-uk-vinyl-sales-past-cds-for-first-time-in-35-years |archive-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref> Due to her support of independent record shops, [[Record Store Day]] (RSD) named Swift their first-ever global ambassador.<ref name="Kaufman-2022" /> LPs of Swift's third live album, ''[[Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions#Live album|Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions]]'', were issued as RSD-exclusive limited editions and became the first RSD-exclusive in history to chart in the top 10 of the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Taylor Swift – Chart History |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/taylor-swift/ |access-date=May 2, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>

=== Business acumen ===
{{Quote|text="At 33 years old, pop star Taylor Swift is one of the world’s most influential business leaders. She has outmaneuvered [[music executive]]s vying to control her song rights, sparred with [[tech giant]]s and sold record numbers of albums. She secured her fans' loyalty by speaking directly to them online—before it was a [[marketing strategy]]."|author=Anne Steele|title="How to Succeed in Business Like Taylor Swift"|source=''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''<ref name=Steele/>}}
Swift has established a reputation as a savvy businesswoman. Journalists describe her as an "unparalleled marketing genius" with "high-minded business acumen" and an entrepreneurial [[role model]].<ref name="Lutz-2022" /><ref name="Taylor-2015">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Kate |date=April 1, 2015 |title=9 Reasons Taylor Swift Is a Savvy Business Leader (Infographic) |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/leadership/9-reasons-taylor-swift-is-a-savvy-business-leader/244614 |access-date=May 9, 2023 |magazine=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grigoriadis |first=Vanessa |date=March 5, 2009 |title=The Very Pink, Very Perfect Life of Taylor Swift |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/the-very-pink-very-perfect-life-of-taylor-swift-107451/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref> According to Steele, Swift's "winding and winning" career presents [[management]] lessons beyond the music industry.<ref name=Steele>{{Cite news |last=Steele |first=Anne |date=July 1, 2023 |title=How to Succeed in Business Like Taylor Swift |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-to-succeed-in-business-like-taylor-swift-8165be7c |access-date=July 2, 2023}}</ref> Economist [[Paul Krugman]] argued: "Being a congenital cynic, I'd like to attribute her fame to marketing hype, but the sad truth is that she's a highly talented songwriter and musician with remarkable stage presence."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krugman |first=Paul |date=June 20, 2023 |title=Is Taylor Swift Underpaid? |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/opinion/taylor-swift-economics.html |access-date=June 23, 2023}}</ref> Similarly, [[philosophy]] professor Brandon Polite said that "all the business savvy in the world isn't going to get you much of anything" if the music "isn't good enough [...] And so ultimately, what it has to come down to is this: she's a really, really, really good songwriter."<ref name=":13" />

==== Name and brand ====
[[File:TaylorSwift Signature.svg|thumb|''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' considers Swift's name a [[brand]] on its own.<ref name="Pitchfork">{{cite web |last=Sodomsky |first=Sam |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's Music Ownership Controversy With Scooter Braun: What It Means and Why It Matters |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/taylor-swifts-music-ownership-controversy-with-scooter-braun-what-it-means-and-why-it-matters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212163712/https://pitchfork.com/news/taylor-swifts-music-ownership-controversy-with-scooter-braun-what-it-means-and-why-it-matters/ |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |access-date=February 13, 2021 |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref>|alt="Taylor Swift" in cursive.]]
In attempting to explain her "ceaseless" success and fame,<ref name="Cragg" /><ref name="Seisdedos-2022" /> various authors have compared Swift to [[media franchise]]s, [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate companies]] or a one-woman [[brand]]. Per ''The Ringer'', Swift is an omnipresent "musical [[biosphere]] unto herself", having achieved the kind of success "that turns a person into an [[institution]], into an inevitability."<ref name="Knibbs-2019" /> Music publisher [[Matt Pincus]] called Swift "an [[intellectual property]] franchise" like the [[DC Extended Universe|DC movies]];<ref name="Nicolaou-2022" /> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' compared her to the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]].<ref name="Lutz-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Lutz |first=Ashley |date=October 8, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's new album proves she is a business genius |url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/08/taylor-swift-midnights-release-business-strategy/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008100345/https://fortune.com/2022/10/08/taylor-swift-midnights-release-business-strategy/ |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |access-date=October 8, 2022}}</ref> According to Internet survey company QuestionPro, "if [Swift] was a corporation, her [[net promoter score]] would make her the fourth most admired brand."<ref name=":2">{{Cite press release |last=QuestionPro |date=June 8, 2023 |title=Generating $5 billion, the Taylor Swift The Eras Tour has an Economic Impact Greater than 50 Countries |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/06/08/2684710/0/en/Generating-5-billion-the-Taylor-Swift-The-Eras-Tour-has-an-Economic-Impact-Greater-than-50-Countries.html |access-date=June 9, 2023 |agency=GlobeNewswire}}</ref>

Per Professor R. Polk Wagner at the [[University of Pennsylvania Law School]], Swift associating her lyrics with a range of [[goods and services]] through [[trademark]] applications represents her understanding that "she is bigger than the music". He added, "It's more of a branding right, thinking of Taylor Swift as a conglomerate."<ref name="IIPRD">{{cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Sonal |date=February 27, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift and Her "Love Story" With IPR |url=https://www.iiprd.com/taylor-swift-and-her-love-story-with-ipr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205075911/https://www.iiprd.com/taylor-swift-and-her-love-story-with-ipr/ |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=IIPRD}}</ref> Additionally, in a practice called "[[Cybersquatting|domain squatting]]", Swift bought the [[Pornography|pornographic]] website [[domain name]]s "taylorswift.porn" and "taylorswift.adult" to prevent them from being misused;<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=March 23, 2015 |title=Here's Why Taylor Swift Just Bought Some Porn Sites with Her Name on Them |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/03/taylor-swift-porn-sites |access-date=May 9, 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> Caroline Reaper of ''[[Marie Claire]]'' said the purchase demonstrates Swift's self-conscious control over her public image. Reaper highlighted Swift's 2014 tweet when a nude photo of Swift was allegedly "leaked" online by hackers: "Any hackers saying they have 'nudes'? Pssh, you'd love that wouldn't you! Have fun photoshopping, 'cause you got nothing."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Leaper |first=Caroline |date=March 23, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift Just Bought A Bunch Of Porn Websites. But It's Not What You Might Think… |url=https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/celebrity-news/taylor-swift-buys-the-rights-to-her-own-porn-website-www-taylorswift-porn-99230 |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Marie Claire}}</ref>

==== Social media presence ====
Swift, one of the most followed people on social network services, is a "social media powerhouse", according to ''[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]''.<ref name="Taylor-2015" /> She was the most followed person on [[Instagram]] from September 2015 to March 2016,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Weiner |first=Natalie |date=September 9, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift Officially the Most-Followed Person on Instagram (Over Kim K and Bey) |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-most-followed-person-instagram-kim-kardashian-beyonce-6692298/ |access-date=May 11, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Duboff |first=Josh |date=March 16, 2016 |title=How Did Selena Gomez Become the Most Followed Person on Instagram? |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/03/selena-gomez-instagram-most-followed |access-date=May 11, 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> and has consistently been influential on [[Twitter]], placing first in [[Brandwatch]]'s rankings in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Most Influential Men and Women on Twitter 2018 |url=https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/react-most-influential-men-and-women-2018/ |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=Brandwatch}}</ref> 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandwatch's 50 Most Influential People on Twitter 2019 |url=https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/react-50-most-influential-people-on-twitter-2019/ |access-date=December 19, 2019 |website=Brandwatch}}</ref> and 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandwatch's 50 Most Influential People on Twitter 2021 |url=https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/50-most-influential-people-twitter/ |access-date=November 4, 2021 |website=[[Brandwatch]]}}</ref> Culture critic Brittany Spanos opined that Swift's social media presence is one of the reasons she's "still relevant" after years: "[Swift is] an artist who kind of has come up through every possible social media platform you can. She grew her fan base on Myspace. She was using [[Tumblr]] way past its prime. Twitter. She's now on [[TikTok]], commenting on people's videos. So she uses all these things in a way that allows her fans to feel like they can really, really connect with her."<ref name="Taylor Swift is peak millennial vibes-2022">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift is peak millennial vibes |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/19/1129868151/taylor-swift-is-peak-millennial-vibes |access-date=December 19, 2022 |publisher=[[NPR]] }}</ref> The part of TikTok dedicated to Swift is known as "SwiftTok".<ref name=":9" /> Ticketing executive Nathan Hubbard said that Swift was the first musician "to be natively online."<ref name=":16" />

Swift's marketing is a combination of social media engagement and television. Brandwatch and [[Cision]] called Swift a "master of [[product launch]]", with knowledge of "a strategic and well-balanced communications campaign". According to [[public relations]] (PR) academic Sinead Norenius-Raniere, Swift's [[Marketing communications|integrated marketing strategy]] consists of: timed announcements across [[marketing channel]]s, harnessing the potential of both traditional and digital media, authentic and "intimate" communications with consumers to build trust, and usage of [[multimedia]] to offer "sneak peaks".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communication Lessons from Taylor Swift: Master of the Product Launch |url=https://www.cision.com/resources/articles/pr-lessons-from-taylor-swift-master-of-the-product-launch/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |agency=Cision}}</ref> Her novel promotional efforts, such as ''[[Midnights Mayhem with Me]]'', were a subject of critical praise for innovation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=October 20, 2022 |title=How the search for clues in Taylor Swift's music became all-consuming |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/10/20/taylor-swift-midnights-easter-eggs/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020150337/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/10/20/taylor-swift-midnights-easter-eggs/?pwapi_token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWJpZCI6Ijg0NjgzODUiLCJyZWFzb24iOiJnaWZ0IiwibmJmIjoxNjY2Mjc3NDQ1LCJpc3MiOiJzdWJzY3JpcHRpb25zIiwiZXhwIjoxNjY3NDg3MDQ1LCJpYXQiOjE2NjYyNzc0NDUsImp0aSI6IjJlZTI1ZTg4LWJjMjctNGJkZi1hZGI5LTk3MTYwOTM1OTAwZCIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9hcnRzLWVudGVydGFpbm1lbnQvMjAyMi8xMC8yMC90YXlsb3Itc3dpZnQtbWlkbmlnaHRzLWVhc3Rlci1lZ2dzLyJ9.zn2VA8PbcM-2DM45W5md0mhQc7VuDEyJUPCY-zwxGGg |archive-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Lutz-2022" />

==== Concept of "eras" ====
Swift is known for her traditional album rollouts and cycles, often referred to as "eras", each of which consists of a variety of focused promotional activities.<ref name="Curto-20202">{{Cite web |last=Curto |first=Justin |date=December 22, 2020 |title=Did 2020 Kill the Long, Fancy Pop-Album Rollout for Good? |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/12/taylor-swift-evermore-folklore-surprise-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223023032/https://www.vulture.com/2020/12/taylor-swift-evermore-folklore-surprise-explained.html |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |access-date=December 27, 2020 |website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Gambles |first=Sarah |date=July 23, 2023 |title=The ubiquitous power of Taylor Swift |url=https://www.deseret.com/2023/7/22/23579559/taylor-swift-eras-tour-taking-over-america-summer |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref><ref name=":112">{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Vanessa |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift and the Sparkling Trap of Constant Reinvention |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/style/taylor-swift-eras-tour-looks.html |access-date=June 20, 2023}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' described her eras as an inescapable "multimedia bonanza".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Leight |first=Elias |date=July 23, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift Finally Abandoned the Traditional Album Rollout |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-folklore-surprise-album-1033102/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> She is credited with making the "two-year album cycle" approach of releasing and promoting albums the industry standard.<ref name="Roland-2016" /> Nevertheless, journalists also praised Swift's fast-succeeding release of ''Evermore'' less than five months after ''Folklore''. ''Variety'' compared it to similar moves by the Beatles and U2,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift Has Her Second Great Album of 2020 With 'Evermore': Album Review |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/reviews/taylor-swift-evermore-album-review-1234851525/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211071725/https://variety.com/2020/music/reviews/taylor-swift-evermore-album-review-1234851525/ |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2020 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> while ''Rolling Stone'' termed it a "hot streak" reminiscent of [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] in 1987 and David Bowie in 1977. ''[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]'' called it a "major shock" from an artist known for traditional album cycles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Curto |first=Justin |date=December 22, 2020 |title=Did 2020 Kill the Long, Fancy Pop-Album Rollout for Good? |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/12/taylor-swift-evermore-folklore-surprise-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223023032/https://www.vulture.com/2020/12/taylor-swift-evermore-folklore-surprise-explained.html |archive-date=December 23, 2020 |access-date=December 27, 2020 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>[[File:Taylor Swift performing "Look What You Made Me Do" on The Eras Tour (Tampa, FL - Raymond Jaymes Stadium - April 2023).jpg|thumb|A digital screen visual from [[the Eras Tour]] (2023), depicting various [[alter ego]]s of Swift from across her 10 album cycles|alt=refer to caption]]

Easter eggs and cryptic teasers similar to Swift's became a common practice in pop music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kheraj |first=Alim |date=November 9, 2022 |title=The curate's Easter egg: how Taylor Swift turned pop into a multiplayer puzzle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/09/how-taylor-swift-turned-pop-into-a-multiplayer-puzzle |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Publications describe her discography as a music "[[Shared universe|universe]]" subject to analyses by fans, critics and journalists.<ref name="auto9">{{Cite magazine |last=Tannenbaum |first=Emily |title=Taylor Swift Hid a Bunch of Easter Eggs in the All Too Well Short Film |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/taylor-swift-hid-a-bunch-of-easter-eggs-in-the-all-too-well-short-film |magazine=Glamour |access-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="EWMay2">{{cite magazine |last=Suskind |first=Alex |date=May 9, 2019 |title=New Reputation: Taylor Swift shares intel on TS7, fan theories, and her next era |url=https://ew.com/music/2019/05/09/taylor-swift-cover-story/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812135902/https://ew.com/music/2019/05/09/taylor-swift-cover-story/ |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |access-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Yahr-2022" /> Swift's outfits, accessories, [[diction]], color coding, and [[numerology]] have also been Easter eggs.<ref name="Lutz-2022" /><ref name="Horton-2023" /> ''[[El País]]'' critic Iker Seisdodos called her "a master of the art of suspense".<ref name="Seisdedos-2022" /> According to Lutz, her marketing style is "an ever-changing [[burlesque]] act of selectively revealing details while maintaining an aura of mystery and excitement"—a strategy that goes beyond the music and entertainment industries.<ref name="Lutz-2022" /> Chris Willman of ''Variety'' highlighted the elaborate packaging styles of Swift's albums, including special-edition variants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2022-09-01 |title=Taylor Swift Unveils Three More Album Covers for ‘Midnights’ |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-midnights-more-album-covers-vinyl-color-variants-1235356563/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

Reinventing her image and style throughout her career, each of Swift's eras is characterized by a unique aesthetic, fashion style,<ref name="auto6">{{Cite magazine |date=December 13, 2017 |title=Glittery Guitars to a New 'Reputation': The Many Eras Taylor Swift |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-eras-looks-albums-reputation-8070450/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=June 18, 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Lakritz |first=Talia |title=Taylor Swift embarks on her Eras Tour this spring. Here's a guide to every era of her groundbreaking career. |url=https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-guide-to-every-album-era-2022-12 |access-date=December 15, 2022 |website=[[Insider.com]] |agency=Insider Inc.}}</ref> and an associated mood or emotion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2023-08-11 |title=Why Taylor Swift’s Eras Road Trip Feels Like the Career-Capping Beatles Tour That Never Happened |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-eras-tour-career-capping-sofi-stadium-1235693870/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Variety}}</ref> As a result, Swift has popularized several aesthetic trends, such as [[Instant film|Polaroid motifs]] with ''1989'',<ref>{{cite news |date=August 9, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift album cover boosts vintage Polaroid sales |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=11494272 |url-status=live |access-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706141122/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=11494272 |archive-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> and [[cottagecore]] with ''Folklore'' and ''Evermore''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Clark |first=Lucie |date=July 27, 2020 |title=What is cottagecore? The phenomenon made popular by Taylor Swift |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/lifestyle/what-is-cottagecore-the-phenomenon-made-popular-by-taylor-swift/news-story/6f4f501ffaee50c73f394d64f1ada174 |magazine=Vogue Australia |access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref> Lutz opined that the era shifts helped broaden her fan base and critical appeal.<ref name="Lutz-2022" /> André Spicer, professor of [[organizational behavior]] at the [[University of London]] [[Bayes Business School]], commented in 2020 that being "interesting" is an important asset in the [[digital economy]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Spicer |first=André |date=February 10, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's documentary shows why we should stop trying to be 'interesting' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/10/interesting-reinvention-taylor-swift-celebrities |access-date=May 9, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> which Sehdev asserted Swift has managed to do by constantly reinventing herself "while remaining authentic".<ref name="Lutz-2022" /> To Rosen, Swift portrays herself as "a bleacher warmer, a wallflower, an [[underdog]]" through her songs.<ref name="Rosen" /> However, in a counterview, Fairclough claimed that Swift's "shifting aesthetic" indicates her struggle with a lack of identity and authenticity.<ref name="Levine" />

==== Corporate sponsorship ====
[[File:Air_Asia_Taylor_Swift_logojet.jpg|thumb|An [[AirAsia]] [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] celebrating Swift's arrival to [[Kuala Lumpur]] for her first ever concert in Malaysia in 2014|alt=An airplane with the text "TAYLOR SWIFT" and headshots of her on its livery.]]
Swift embraces corporate [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsors]]. Her marketing incorporates strategic business [[partnership]]s, which, according to John McDuling of ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]],'' was initially regarded as a "[[taboo]]" among musicians.<ref name="McDuling-2014">{{cite web |last=McDuling |first=John |date=November 3, 2014 |title=Why Taylor Swift is the most important artist of the millennial era |url=https://qz.com/290714/why-taylor-swift-is-the-most-important-artist-of-the-millennial-era/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215053/https://qz.com/290714/why-taylor-swift-is-the-most-important-artist-of-the-millennial-era/ |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=April 2, 2021 |work=Quartz}}</ref> Marketing expert Christopher Ming wrote, "Sure, working with brands like [[Apple Music]], [[Elizabeth Arden]], and [[Diet Coke]] feel like no-brainers. But it takes a certain amount of marketing ingenuity to make campaigns with [[NCAA Football (video game series)|NCAA Football]], [[United Parcel Service|United Postal Service]]{{sic}}, and [[Papa John's]] work. Yet they all did."<ref name="Lutz-2022" /> ''[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]'' reported that the impact of Swift's album releases is "felt across social media", with companies often "capitalizing on her momentum", endorsing her.<ref>{{cite web |last=Docter-Loeb |first=Hannah |date=November 24, 2021 |title=The Day Brands Became Swifties on Twitter |url=https://www.papermag.com/taylor-swift-red-twitter-2655792022.html?rebelltitem=23#rebelltitem23?rebelltitem=23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301173943/https://www.papermag.com/taylor-swift-red-twitter-2655792022.html?rebelltitem=23#rebelltitem23?rebelltitem=23 |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=Paper}}</ref> ''[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]'' said the companies leverage Swift's cultural relevance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Haden |first=Jeff |date=November 18, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Just Proved Her Marketing Genius Once Again—and Brands From Starbucks to Sour Patch Kids Want Her Stardust |url=https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/taylor-swift-red-starbucks-sour-patch-kids-panera-social-media-how-to-market-your-brand.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301173943/https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/taylor-swift-red-starbucks-sour-patch-kids-panera-social-media-how-to-market-your-brand.html |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=Inc.com}}</ref>

== Industry and economy ==
{{See also|Impact of the Eras Tour}}

Economists and industrial critics have studied Swift's influence on businesses worldwide, comparing her economic impact to countries. According to trade publication ''[[Pollstar]]'', if Swift was a country, she would be the 199th largest [[economy]] on earth, analogous to a small [[Caribbean]] nation.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gensler |first=Andy |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Could Taylor Swift's 'Eras Tour' Hit A Billion Dollars? |url=https://news.pollstar.com/2022/11/18/could-taylor-swifts-eras-tour-hit-a-billion-dollars/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Pollstar]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123055835/https://news.pollstar.com/2022/11/18/could-taylor-swifts-eras-tour-hit-a-billion-dollars/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022}}</ref> QuestionPro estimated her 2023 economy at $5 billion, higher than the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of 50 countries.<ref name=":2" />[[File:Alan Krueger - 2015.jpg|thumb|Economist [[Alan Krueger]] devised his concept "rockonomics"—a [[microeconomic]] analysis of the music industry—using Swift, whom he considered an "economic genius".<ref name="Savaira-2022">{{Cite news |last=Savaira |first=Augusta |date=November 23, 2022 |title=Welcome to 'Swiftonomics': What Taylor Swift reveals about the U.S. economy |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-11-23/what-taylor-swift-reveals-about-us-economy |access-date=November 23, 2022}}</ref> |alt=Alan Krueger in 2011|215x215px]]Analyses of Swift's economic influence includes studying the "booming" economy around Swift's concerts, which escalates travel, [[lodging]], [[Cosmetic industry|cosmetic]], fashion, and food businesses,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Erica |date=May 12, 2023 |title=Inside the booming Taylor Swift economy |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/05/12/taylor-swift-economy-eras-tour? |access-date=May 15, 2023 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> and [[tourism]] revenues of cities by millions of dollars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Juliana |title=Welcome to Swift City: When Taylor Swift comes to town, businesses build new bars, prepare thousands of cookies, and welcome over 150,000 Swifties |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/taylor-swift-starts-eras-tour-glendale-arizona-swift-city-2023-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412152127/https://www.businessinsider.com/taylor-swift-starts-eras-tour-glendale-arizona-swift-city-2023-3 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref name="Murray">{{Cite magazine |last=Murray |first=Conor |title=Taylor Swift's 'Eras Tour' Has Mayors Competing For Her Attention—Here's What They've Given Her So Far |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2023/04/14/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-has-mayors-competing-for-her-attention-heres-what-theyve-given-her-so-far/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Forbes]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416070009/https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2023/04/14/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-has-mayors-competing-for-her-attention-heres-what-theyve-given-her-so-far/ |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffrey |first=Jeff |date=May 3, 2023 |title=How Taylor Swift's Eras Tour boosted Houston's hotels |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2023/05/03/taylor-swift-eras-tour-houston-hotels.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504214502/https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2023/05/03/taylor-swift-eras-tour-houston-hotels.html |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2023 |website=[[American City Business Journals|Houston Business Journal]]}}</ref> After the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a global economic [[COVID-19 recession|recession]], the unprecedented ticket sales of the Eras Tour represented a "post-COVID [[demand shock]] in the U.S.", as per [[Bloomberg L.P.]]'s Augusta Saraiva.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraiva |first=Augusta |date=April 29, 2023 |title=Video: Taylor Swift's 'Eras' tour ticket prices indicate key things about the US economy, reporter say |agency=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2023/04/29/taylor-swift-concert-tickets-us-economy-saraiva-nr-vpx.cnn |url-status=live |access-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430221641/https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2023/04/29/taylor-swift-concert-tickets-us-economy-saraiva-nr-vpx.cnn |archive-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref> ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' termed it part of "Swiftonomics", whereas ''The Wall Street Journal'' dubbed it "Taylornomics"—an economic microcosm consisting of skyrocketing demand, limited supply, and [[price gouging]], and customers "willing to pay almost anything".<ref name="Savaira-2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pisani |first=Joseph |date=July 23, 2023 |title=It's Taylor Swift's Economy, and We're All Living in It |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swift-taylornomics-concert-eras-tour-local-economy-9fa1d492 |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>

Noticing the growing trend of Swift-themed dance parties in the world, industry commentators found that Swift's cultural position as a staple in the 21st-century music landscape allowed [[nightclub]]s to profit from her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Rebecca |date=June 1, 2022 |title=Staring down 30 at the Taylor Swift dance party |url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/23149181/taylor-swift-dance-party |access-date=November 28, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bensadoun |first=Emerald |date=November 26, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift dance parties are the benevolent alternative to clubbing you never knew you needed |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-taylor-swift-dance-parties-midnights/ |access-date=November 28, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahdawi |first=Arwa |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift rules the airwaves! But that’s bad news for music |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/26/taylor-swift-rules-the-airwaves-but-thats-bad-news-for-music |access-date=July 26, 2023 }}</ref> One such party is "Swiftogeddon", which started as an one-off event and grew into a UK-wide club-night tour that sells out every weekend.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Solomon |first=Kate |date=2023-08-09 |title=‘I love being part of a collective female experience’: inside the all-Taylor Swift club night sweeping the UK |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/aug/09/female-experience-inside-taylor-swift-club-night-sweeping-the-uk |access-date=2023-08-13 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Challenging industry norms ===
Swift is often considered a flagbearer for artists' rights. Journalists praise her ability to question and change industry practices, noting how her moves reformed policies of streaming platforms, prompted awareness of [[intellectual property]] among upcoming musicians, reshaped the concert ticket model,<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sutherland |first=Mark |date=December 13, 2019 |title='I come with opinions about how we can better our industry': Taylor Swift |url=https://www.musicweek.com/interviews/read/i-come-with-opinions-about-how-we-can-better-our-industry-taylor-swift-the-music-week-interview/077961 |magazine=[[Music Week]] |access-date=April 27, 2020}}{{cite news |last=Sisario |first=Ben |date=November 6, 2014 |title=Sales of Taylor Swift's '1989' Intensify Streaming Debate |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/arts/music/sales-of-taylor-swifts-1989-intensify-streaming-debate.html |access-date=August 11, 2020}}{{Cite news |last=Rosseinsky |first=Katie |date=October 29, 2021 |title=How Taylor Swift is changing the music industry a re-record at a time |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/taylor-swift-rerecording-albums-masters-fearless-b928211.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409085520/https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/taylor-swift-rerecording-albums-masters-fearless-b928211.html |archive-date=April 9, 2021}}</ref> and negotiated better financial compensations from labels for all music artists.<ref name="Aguirre-2019">{{Cite magazine |last=Aguirre |first=Abby |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift on Sexism, Scrutiny, and Standing Up for Herself |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/taylor-swift-cover-september-2019 |magazine=Vogue |access-date=May 9, 2023}}</ref> ''Elle'' described the Swift-enabled reforms to streaming services as "a milestone moment in the history of music".<ref name="Khan-20212" />

==== Streaming reforms ====
[[File:Cropped image of Daniel Ek.jpg|thumb|left|[[Spotify]] CEO [[Daniel Ek]] convinced Swift to return to Spotify after she released ''1989'' to wide commercial success without the platform.|alt=Daniel Ek in 2011|220x220px]]
Swift contested [[music streaming service]]s to regulate corporate policies for better preservation of [[artistic integrity]].<ref name="Khan-20212" /><ref name="Sisario-2015">{{Cite news |last=Sisario |first=Ben |date=June 21, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift Criticism Spurs Apple to Change Royalties Policy |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/business/media/taylor-swift-criticizes-apples-terms-for-streaming-music-service.html |access-date=May 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She said digital streaming services have become a dominant form of [[media consumption]] since 2013, causing a gradual decline in traditional album sales.<ref name="Linshi-2014">{{Cite magazine |last=Linshi |first=Jack |date=November 3, 2014 |title=Here's Why Taylor Swift Pulled Her Music From Spotify |url=https://time.com/3554468/why-taylor-swift-spotify/ |magazine=Time |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yassin |first=Diana |date=December 5, 2019 |title=A brief history of streaming services |newspaper=The Michigan Daily |url=http://www.michigandaily.com/music/brief-history-steaming-services/ |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> In November 2014, Swift announced that ''1989'', her then-upcoming album, would not be released on [[Spotify]], which was growing in popularity at the time, in protest of the platform's "minuscule" payment to artists (US$0.006 to 0.0084 per stream). In an [[op-ed]] for ''The Wall Street Journal'', she believed the value of works of art should be fixed by artists:<ref name="Linshi-2014" />

{{Blockquote|text="Music is [[art]], and art is important and rare. Important, rare things are valuable. Valuable things should be paid for. It's my opinion that music should not be free, and my prediction is that individual artists and their labels will someday decide what an album's price point is. I hope they don't underestimate themselves or undervalue their art."}}

Karim R. Lakhani and Marco Iansiti, [[business administration]] professors at [[Harvard Business School]], reviewed the issue and upheld Swift's belief that musicians should set the prices.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Lakhani |first1=Karim R. |last2=Iansiti |first2=Marco |date=November 6, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift and the Economics of Music as a Service |url=https://hbr.org/2014/11/taylor-swift-and-the-economics-of-music-as-a-service |magazine=Harvard Business Review |issn=0017-8012 |access-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref> For academic Jessica Searle, Swift proposed music as a "non [[Public good (economics)|public good]]".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Searle |first=Jessica |date=September 23, 2021 |title=Oxford Business Review - Everyday economics: how public celebrity Taylor Swift puts the spotlight on music as a non public good |url=https://oxfordbusinessreview.org/everyday-economics-how-public-celebrity-taylor-swift-puts-the-spotlight-on-music-as-a-non-public-good/ |magazine=Oxford Business Review |access-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref> Nilay Patel, writing for ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'', criticized Swift's beliefs about albums and said she "doesn't understand [[supply and demand]]"; Patel stated that the internet has "killed" the album format, claiming most consumers would not shop for a Swift CD anymore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Nilay |date=July 7, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift doesn't understand supply and demand |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/7/7/5878603/taylor-swift-doesnt-understand-supply-and-demand |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=Vox}}</ref> Eventually, Swift withdrew her entire discography from Spotify.<ref name="Linshi-2014" /> Spotify responded, "We hope [Swift will] change her mind and join us in building a new music economy that works for everyone." ''1989'' was a commercial success upon release, selling millions of CDs; another ''Vox'' journalist Constance Grady regarded this a "huge blow" for Spotify, which attempted to bring Swift back by releasing playlists dedicated to Swift. Her music stayed off Spotify for nearly three years, until Swift released it back on June 9, 2017, in celebration of Swift's milestone 100 million certified units from the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=June 9, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift puts all her music back on streaming, continues to be a PR genius |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/9/15766576/taylor-swift-spotify-streaming-katy-perry |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=Vox}}</ref> Spotify CEO [[Daniel Ek]] stated on ''[[CBS This Morning]]'' that he convinced Swift to bring her music back on Spotify by meeting her in Nashville, "explaining the model, why streaming mattered", and how her fans want her music back on Spotify.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Britton |first=Luke Morgan |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Spotify boss explains how he convinced Taylor Swift to return to the streaming service |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/spotify-boss-daniel-ek-talks-taylor-swift-streaming-return-2280169 |magazine=NME |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>

In June 2015, Swift wrote an open letter to [[Apple Inc.]] on Tumblr, addressing the three-month free trial that [[Apple Music]] had chosen to offer their users while not paying the artists whose catalogs are streamed by users during the trial period. Swift said she finds it "shocking" that they had opted not to pay "writers, producers, or artists" for the three months. She explained:<ref name="Dredge-2015">{{Cite news |last=Dredge |first=Stuart |date=June 21, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift criticises 'shocking, disappointing' Apple Music |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/21/taylor-swift-criticises-shocking-disappointing-apple-music |access-date=May 6, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="This is not about me. This is about the new artist or band that has just released their first single and will not be paid for its success. This is about the young songwriter who just got his or her first cut and thought that the royalties from that would get them out of debt. This is about the producer who works tirelessly to innovate and create, just like the innovators and creators at Apple are pioneering in their field…but will not get paid for a quarter of a year's worth of plays on his or her songs. [...] Three months is a long time to go unpaid, and it is unfair to ask anyone to work for nothing. We don't ask you for free [[iPhone]]s. Please don't ask us to provide you with our music for no compensation."}}

Swift asserted ''1989'' would not be on Apple Music either and urged the company to change the policy before its launch on June 30, 2015.<ref name="Dredge-2015" /> [[Eddy Cue]], an Apple executive, apologized and promised to reverse the policy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Taylor Swift just took on Apple and won |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/06/22/taylor-swift-just-took-on-apple-and-won/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Cue told [[Associated Press]], "When I woke up this morning and I saw Taylor's note that she had written, it solidified that we needed to make a change."<ref name="BBC News-2015">{{Cite news |date=June 22, 2015 |title=Apple Music changes policy after Taylor Swift stand |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33220189 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> When Apple Music officially launched, it paid royalties to artists during the three-month trial.<ref name="Sisario-2015" /> Various musicians, music organizations and industry commentators expressed their gratitude to Swift.<ref name="BBC News-2015" />

Following the expiration of her six-album Big Machine contract in 2018, Swift signed a new global contract with [[Republic Records]], a label owned by [[Universal Music Group]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=August 27, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift Stands to Make Music Business History as a Free Agent |url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/taylor-swift-stands-to-make-music-business-history-as-a-free-agent-1202918336/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829021649/https://variety.com/2018/music/news/taylor-swift-stands-to-make-music-business-history-as-a-free-agent-1202918336/ |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> She revealed that, as part of the contract, any sale of Universal's shares in Spotify would result in non-recoupable [[Equity (finance)|equity]] shares for all Universal artists.<ref name="RS">{{cite magazine |last=Spanos |first=Brittany |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift vs. Scooter Braun and Scott Borchetta: What the Hell Happened? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-scott-borchetta-explainer-853424/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303212229/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-scott-borchetta-explainer-853424/ |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> Grady called it a huge promise from Universal "far from assured" until Swift interceded.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=November 19, 2018 |title=What Taylor Swift's new record deal means for the music industry — and her image |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/11/19/18102856/taylor-swift-record-deal-republic-records |access-date=December 20, 2021 |website=Vox}}</ref> ''Financial Times''{{'s}} Jamie Powell said, "Swift, on her own, is as powerful as an entire [[Trade union|union]]", and dubbed the equity negotiation "[[Comrade]] Swift's [[special dividend]]".<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 22, 2018 |title=Comrade Swift's special dividend |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1e2e97d5-4105-3b55-9c08-8fd04062fb18 |access-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref>

==== Intellectual property ====
{{Main|Taylor Swift masters controversy}}

[[File:Scooter Braun headshot.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Swift's dispute with [[Scooter Braun]] has been credited with bringing widespread awareness of [[Mastering (audio)|masters]] in the public.|alt=Scooter Braun in 2011.]]
Swift's "battle" against exploitative [[recording contract]]s for the ownership of her masters has been described as "revolutionary".<ref name="Khan-20212" /> In June 2019, after Swift moved to Republic Records, Braun acquired Big Machine from Borchetta for $330 million, funded by many [[private equity firm]]s, making Braun the owner of all of the [[Mastering (audio)|masters]] and works [[copyright]]ed by Big Machine, including those of Swift's first six studio albums. Swift responded that she attempted to purchase the masters but the label offered unfavorable conditions, and that she did not expect the buyer would be Braun—an "incessant, manipulative [career] bully". Borchetta claimed Swift declined a chance to purchase the masters.<ref name="inews">{{cite news |last=Finnis |first=Alex |date=November 17, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift masters: The controversy around Scooter Braun selling the rights to her old music explained |newspaper=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/music/taylor-swift-masters-scooter-braun-selling-rights-music-rerecording-row-explained-762411 |url-status=live |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212170953/https://inews.co.uk/culture/music/taylor-swift-masters-scooter-braun-selling-rights-music-rerecording-row-explained-762411 |archive-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref> Swift alleged that the label blocked her from performing her music at the [[American Music Awards of 2019|2019 American Music Awards]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aniftos |first=Rania |date=November 14, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Says Scooter Braun & Scott Borchetta Won't Let Her Perform Her Old Songs at 2019 AMAs |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8543706/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-scott-borchetta-perform-old-music-amas |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115045127/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8543706/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-scott-borchetta-perform-old-music-amas |archive-date=November 15, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2019}}</ref> and claimed Borchetta and Braun were "exercising tyrannical control" over her music: "the message being sent to me is very clear. Basically, be a good little girl and shut up. Or you'll be punished."<ref name="Mitra-2019">{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Riya Bhattacharjee,Elly Cosgrove,Mallika |date=November 15, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift accuses Scott Borchetta and Scooter Braun of 'tyrannical control,' blocking her from performing her old music at AMA |agency=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/14/taylor-swift-accuses-scott-borchetta-and-scooter-braun-of-blocking-her-from-performing-her-old-music-at-ama.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205833/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/14/taylor-swift-accuses-scott-borchetta-and-scooter-braun-of-blocking-her-from-performing-her-old-music-at-ama.html |archive-date=December 10, 2021}}</ref> Big Machine then released ''[[Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008]]'' (2020), an unreleased live album by Swift, without [[due diligence]].<ref name="usat">{{Cite news |last=Henderson |first=Cydney |date=April 23, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift Slams Big Machine's New Unauthorized Live Album as 'Shameless Greed' |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/04/23/taylor-swift-big-machines-new-unapproved-album-shameless-greed/3015021001/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424052859/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/04/23/taylor-swift-big-machines-new-unapproved-album-shameless-greed/3015021001/ |archive-date=April 24, 2020}}</ref> The controversy was highly publicized, becoming one of the most widely discussed and covered news topics of 2020 and 2021.<ref>Sources on the dispute's media attention

# {{cite news |title=2021 was another difficult year. These 100 things made USA TODAY's entertainment team happy. |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/2021/12/27/good-news-2021-100-positive-things-after-another-tough-year/8666977002/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227233855/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/2021/12/27/good-news-2021-100-positive-things-after-another-tough-year/8666977002/ |archive-date=December 27, 2021}}
# {{Cite news |last=Niemietz |first=Brian |title=Top newsmakers of 2021 included leaders, losers, killers, entertainers, and a GOAT |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-2021-names-in-news-new-york-daily-news-20211227-brguotn2evbcfeefplpk6mmevu-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228011827/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-2021-names-in-news-new-york-daily-news-20211227-brguotn2evbcfeefplpk6mmevu-story.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021}}
# {{cite news |last1=Andrew |first1=Scottie |last2=Asmelash |first2=Leah |date=December 29, 2021 |title=The pop culture moments of 2021 we couldn't forget if we tried |agency=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/29/entertainment/best-pop-culture-moments-2021-cec/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229232042/https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/29/entertainment/best-pop-culture-moments-2021-cec/index.html |archive-date=December 29, 2021}}
# {{Cite magazine |date=December 15, 2021 |title=The 10 best pop-culture moments of 2021 |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/the-10-best-pop-culture-moments-of-2021 |url-status=live |magazine=Vogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229160644/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/the-10-best-pop-culture-moments-of-2021 |archive-date=December 29, 2021 |access-date=December 30, 2021}}
# {{Cite news |last=Ruggieri |first=Melissa |date=December 29, 2021 |title=Ye's 'Donda' rollout, Adele's triumphant return and more of 2021's biggest music moments |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/12/29/kanye-donda-adele-return-the-weeknd-super-bowl-olivia-rodrigo-debut-among-best-2021-music-moments/9028361002/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229192309/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/12/29/kanye-donda-adele-return-the-weeknd-super-bowl-olivia-rodrigo-debut-among-best-2021-music-moments/9028361002/ |archive-date=December 29, 2021}}
# {{Cite news |date=December 17, 2021 |title=How Taylor Swift reclaimed 2012 to win 2021 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-12-17/taylor-swift-red-fearless-evermore |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230061136/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-12-17/taylor-swift-red-fearless-evermore |archive-date=December 30, 2021}}</ref> ''[[Evening Standard]]'' called it "music's biggest feud".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosseinsky |first=Katie |date=November 15, 2021 |title=How Taylor Swift is changing the music industry a re-record at a time |newspaper=Evening Standard |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/taylor-swift-rerecording-albums-masters-fearless-b928211.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409085520/https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/taylor-swift-rerecording-albums-masters-fearless-b928211.html |archive-date=April 9, 2021}}</ref> ''Billboard'' wrote, celebrities "lined up for Team Swift or Team Braun, creating the most public battle about an artists' masters in recent memory".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Newman |first=Melinda |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's Attorney Says Singer Never Had a Chance to 'Outright' Buy Back Her Masters From Big Machine |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-attorney-don-passman-buy-masters-big-machine/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310183936/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-attorney-don-passman-buy-masters-big-machine/ |archive-date=March 10, 2022 |access-date=March 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Hashtag]]s "#IStandWithTaylor" and "#WeStandWithTaylor" trended worldwide on Twitter.<ref name="Seemayer-2019">{{cite web |last=Seemayer |first=Zach |date=November 14, 2019 |title=#IStandWithTaylor: Twitter and Celebs React to Taylor Swift's Music Battle With Scooter Braun |url=https://www.etonline.com/istandwithtaylor-twitter-and-celebs-react-to-taylor-swifts-music-battle-with-scooter-braun-136383 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205806/https://www.etonline.com/istandwithtaylor-twitter-and-celebs-react-to-taylor-swifts-music-battle-with-scooter-braun-136383 |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |access-date=December 10, 2021 |work=Entertainment Tonight}}</ref>

[[Re-recording (music)|Re-recording]] the albums was the only viable option to gain full ownership of her music, according to Swift. Braun sold the masters in October 2020 to [[Shamrock Holdings]] for $405 million under the condition he would continue profiting.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Knopper |first=Steve |date=August 17, 2022 |title=How a Kid Flick Got Taylor Swift to Remake a Previously Off-Limits Song |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-movie-songs-synchs-1989-super-pets/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818070027/https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-movie-songs-synchs-1989-super-pets/ |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref> Swift disapproved again, rejected a Shamrock offer for [[equity partner]]ship, and began releasing the re-recordings via Republic Records.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Battan |first=Carrie |date=April 12, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Wins with "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/taylor-swift-wins-with-fearless-taylors-version |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412200235/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/taylor-swift-wins-with-fearless-taylors-version |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> The re-recorded albums were met with critical and commercial success, breaking multiple commercial records.<ref name="Lipshutz-2021">{{Cite magazine |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Billboard's Greatest Pop Stars of 2021: No. 1 – Taylor Swift |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-greatest-pop-star-2021-1235011392/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216181830/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-greatest-pop-star-2021-1235011392/ |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> When "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" became the longest song ever to top the Hot 100, [[Jack Antonoff]], the song's producer and a frequent collaborator of Swift, told ''Rolling Stone'' that a 10-minute-long song topping the Hot 100 teaches artists to "not listen" to what the industry has to say.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Richards |first=Will |date=December 21, 2021 |title=Jack Antonoff: 'All Too Well' teaches artists to "not listen" to industry |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/jack-antonoff-taylor-swift-all-too-well-success-industry-8584/ |url-status=live |website=Rolling Stone UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223071301/https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/jack-antonoff-taylor-swift-all-too-well-success-industry-8584/ |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |access-date=December 23, 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait_(1).jpg|thumb|[[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] contextualized the masters dispute as part of the subjugation of [[creative industries]] in the U.S. by [[private equity firms]]. |alt=Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez in 2018.|261x261px]]

A multitude of music artists, politicians, journalists, and legal experts supported Swift's actions regarding the issue, deeming it trailblazing and inspirational.<ref name="Mitra-2019" /><ref name="Vox3">{{cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=July 1, 2019 |title=The Taylor Swift/Scooter Braun controversy, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/7/1/20677241/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-controversy-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211151943/https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/7/1/20677241/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-controversy-explained |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |access-date=August 23, 2019 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Numerous singers openly supported Swift.{{NoteTag|Such as [[Dionne Warwick]],<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Dionne Warwick Doubles Down on Paying Postage for Taylor Swift's Scarf |url=https://www.etonline.com/dionne-warwick-doubles-down-on-offer-to-pay-postage-for-taylor-swifts-all-too-well-scarf-exclusive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206081201/https://www.etonline.com/dionne-warwick-doubles-down-on-offer-to-pay-postage-for-taylor-swifts-all-too-well-scarf-exclusive |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=Entertainment Tonight}}</ref> [[Anita Baker]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chan |first=Anna |date=September 5, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Celebrates Anita Baker Getting Her Masters Back: 'What a Beautiful Moment' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-celebrates-anita-baker-getting-her-masters-back-9625158/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306062246/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-celebrates-anita-baker-getting-her-masters-back-9625158/ |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |access-date=March 6, 2022}}</ref> [[Cher]], [[Selena Gomez]], Halsey, [[Iggy Azalea]],<ref name="Rosa-2019">{{Cite magazine |last=Rosa |first=Christopher |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Every Celebrity Connected to the Taylor Swift–Scooter Braun Drama |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/celebrities-connected-to-the-taylor-swift-scooter-braun-drama |url-status=live |magazine=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206084133/https://www.glamour.com/story/celebrities-connected-to-the-taylor-swift-scooter-braun-drama |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> [[Tinashe]], [[Hayley Kiyoko]], [[Camila Cabello]],<ref name="Woodward">{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Ellie |title=Here Are All The Celebs Who've Spoken Out in Support Of Taylor Swift After She Exposed Scott Borchetta And Scooter Braun Again |agency=BuzzFeed |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/elliewoodward/celebs-taylor-swift-scott-borchetta-scooter-braun-drama |url-status=live |access-date=December 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206081203/https://www.buzzfeed.com/elliewoodward/celebs-taylor-swift-scott-borchetta-scooter-braun-drama |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> [[Brendon Urie]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Peppin |first=Hayley |title=Stars including Selena Gomez and Gigi Hadid have come out in support of Taylor Swift after she accused Scooter Braun and Scott Borchetta of blocking her from performing old songs |agency=Insider Inc. |url=https://www.insider.com/gigi-hadid-selena-gomez-support-taylor-swift-in-feud-with-scooter-braun-2019-11 |url-status=live |access-date=December 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319153200/https://www.insider.com/gigi-hadid-selena-gomez-support-taylor-swift-in-feud-with-scooter-braun-2019-11 |archive-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref> [[Kelsea Ballerini]], [[JoJo (singer)|JoJo]],<ref name="Huff-2019">{{Cite magazine |last=Huff |first=Lauren |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift vs. Scooter Braun: Who's on whose side? |url=https://ew.com/music/2019/07/02/taylor-swift-vs-scooter-braun-whos-on-whose-side/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206085347/https://ew.com/music/2019/07/02/taylor-swift-vs-scooter-braun-whos-on-whose-side/ |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> [[Azealia Banks]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sanchez |first=Chelsey |date=November 15, 2019 |title=Gigi Hadid, Selena Gomez, and More Support Taylor Swift Amid Music Battle |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a29810854/celebrities-support-taylor-swift-amas/ |url-status=live |magazine=Harper's Bazaar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206084143/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a29810854/celebrities-support-taylor-swift-amas/ |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> [[Haim (band)|Haim]], [[Alessia Cara]], [[Katy Perry]],<ref name="Rosa-2019" /> [[Sky Ferreira]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Sky Ferreira Expresses Support for Taylor Swift Amid Scooter Braun's Acquisition of Swift's Masters |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/sky-ferreira/sky-ferreira-expresses-support-for-taylor-swift-am/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419124354/https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/sky-ferreira/sky-ferreira-expresses-support-for-taylor-swift-am/ |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |access-date=April 19, 2022 |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]}}</ref> [[Ed Sheeran]],<ref name="Seemayer-2019" /> and [[Kelly Clarkson]].<ref>{{cite news |last=White |first=Adam |date=April 10, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift fans bombard Kelly Clarkson with praise over unearthed 're-record albums' tweet |website=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/taylor-swift-kelly-clarkson-twitter-b1829586.html |url-status=live |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311182232/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/taylor-swift-kelly-clarkson-twitter-b1829586.html |archive-date=March 11, 2022}}</ref>}} Publications wrote, while the issue of master ownership and conflicts between record labels and artists such as Prince, the Beatles, [[Janet Jackson]], and [[Def Leppard]] have been prevalent earlier, Swift was one of the few to make it a public discourse on artists' rights, [[private equity]] and industry [[ethics]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Glynn |first=Paul |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift v Scooter Braun: Is it personal or strictly business |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-48801130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213004850/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-48801130 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |access-date=February 13, 2021 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last1=Sisario |first1=Ben |last2=Coscarelli |first2=Joe |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's Feud With Scooter Braun Spotlights Musicians' Struggles to Own Their Work |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/01/arts/music/taylor-swift-master-recordings.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213081048/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/01/arts/music/taylor-swift-master-recordings.html |archive-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Pitchfork" /><ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last=Rushe |first=Dominic |date=November 23, 2019 |title=Why Taylor Swift and Scooter Braun's bad blood may reshape the industry |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/23/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-amas-old-music-masters |url-status=live |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212201905/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/23/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-amas-old-music-masters |archive-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref> Dubbing the dispute one of the 50 "most important moments" of the 2010s decade,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 25, 2019 |title=The 50 Most Important Music Moments of the Decade |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/lists/the-50-most-important-music-moments-of-the-decade-912772/ |url-status=live |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926033012/https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/lists/the-50-most-important-music-moments-of-the-decade-912772/ |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' journalists noted Swift's role in shifting the public perception of the concept of re-recording or re-mastering.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Browne |first=David |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Remaking Your Old Songs Used to Be Considered Lazy, Shady, and So Uncool. What Changed? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/album-remakes-u2-taylor-swift-1234660335/ |url-status=live |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119003907/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/album-remakes-u2-taylor-swift-1234660335/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref> Dominic Rushe of ''The Guardian'' said Swift's battle marked a change in the digital music era, with artists more aware of their rights without the need to rely on record labels anymore.<ref name="guardian" /> ''Pitchfork'' critic Sam Sodomsky recognized the visibility she brought, saying Swift "is also so huge—not just an artist but a brand—that she can enact change by wielding the leverage of the reliability of her success" and that it is "financially lucrative for the industry to listen" when Swift makes a statement.<ref name="Pitchfork" />

{{Blockquote|text=Unlike most artists when faced with this kind of injustice, Swift could stand up for herself, and in doing so, invoke meaningful dialogue and inspire change within the notoriously slow-moving music industry [...] Re-recording a back catalog of six full albums and respective secret bonus tracks, then developing a hugely successful campaign to drive loyal fans towards the new versions of their beloved albums—and away from the original master recordings, prompting a dip in streams that will be mimicked in the rights holders' income statement—is something only very, very few artists can do. Taylor Swift is, indeed, amongst that handful.|author=Eilish Gilligan|title="Taylor Swift's Re-Recordings Expose The Music Industry's Chokehold On Intellectual Property"|source=[[Refinery29]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Gilligan |first=Eilish |title=Taylor Swift's Re-Recordings Expose The Music Industry's Chokehold On Intellectual Property |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2021/11/10750409/taylor-swift-taylors-version |access-date=March 6, 2022 |website=Refinery29 |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306060202/https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2021/11/10750409/taylor-swift-taylors-version |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

''[[The A.V. Club]]'' and [[MarketWatch]] interpreted Swift's statements as a criticism of private equity firms, highlighting [[the Carlyle Group]], one of Braun's investors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taylor Swift sics fans on Scooter Braun, The Carlyle Group |url=https://www.avclub.com/the-swifties-have-been-activated-and-theyre-going-afte-1839876702/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210134249/https://www.avclub.com/the-swifties-have-been-activated-and-theyre-going-afte-1839876702/amp |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |access-date=December 10, 2021 |website=The A. V. Club|date=November 15, 2019 }}</ref> U.S. Congress members such as [[Elizabeth Warren]] and [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] backed Swift and stated that she is "one of many" creative businesses threatened by private equity firms that harm the [[Economy of the United States|U.S. economy]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nyren |first=Erin |date=November 16, 2019 |title=Elizabeth Warren Backs Taylor Swift in Big Machine Battle, Slams Private Equity Firms |url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/taylor-swift-elizabeth-warren-private-equity-1203407247/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204071034/https://variety.com/2019/music/news/taylor-swift-elizabeth-warren-private-equity-1203407247/ |archive-date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2022 |magazine=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Frias |first=Lauren |title=AOC defends singer Taylor Swift and condemns private equity firms |agency=Business Insider |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/aoc-defends-singer-taylor-swift-and-condemns-private-equity-firms-2019-11 |url-status=live |access-date=February 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204071032/https://www.businessinsider.com/aoc-defends-singer-taylor-swift-and-condemns-private-equity-firms-2019-11 |archive-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' said, despite being a young artist, Swift was capable of turning a contractual dispute into a "cause célèbre", especially in the 2010s where there is public wrath over [[corporate greed]] and "gender-based power dynamics".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Kate |last2=Coscarelli |first2=Joe |last3=Sisario |first3=Ben |date=November 24, 2019 |title=How Taylor Swift Dragged Private Equity into Her Fight Over Music Rights |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/24/business/taylor-swift-carlyle-scooter-braun.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210134302/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/24/business/taylor-swift-carlyle-scooter-braun.html |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Music attorney James Sammataro observed that "any time Taylor brings attention to an issue, it gets magnified [...] She has a very loud megaphone and she's not afraid to use it. She's had great success in effectuating change."<ref>{{cite web |last=Cullins |first=Ashley |date=July 2, 2019 |title="She Has No Legal Recourse": Why Taylor Swift Won't Sue Scooter Braun to Get Her Masters |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/why-taylor-swift-wont-sue-scooter-braun-get-her-masters-1222082/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311175742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/why-taylor-swift-wont-sue-scooter-braun-get-her-masters-1222082/ |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> To ''Billboard,'' the outcomes of her re-recording venture are unprecedented.<ref name="Lipshutz-2021" /> Kornhaber opined that the re-recordings disproved critics who doubted Swift.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kornhaber |first=Spencer |date=November 14, 2021 |title=On 'SNL,' Taylor Swift Stopped Time |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2021/11/snl-taylor-swift-all-too-well-red/620706/ |url-status=live |magazine=The Atlantic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120060025/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2021/11/snl-taylor-swift-all-too-well-red/620706/ |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref>

==== Ticket model ====
{{Further|2022 Ticketmaster controversy}}
[[File:Taylor Swift Reputation Tour Minneapolis00 (44398009331).jpg|thumb|Inspired by Swift's [[Reputation Stadium Tour]] (2018), the concert industry adopted the "slow ticketing" model.|alt=Swift performing in a stadium in front of thousands of concertgoers.]]

The concert industry shifted to a "slow ticketing model" after Swift, who is known for her [[stadium]] concerts,<ref name=":3" /> first implemented it with the Reputation Stadium Tour (2018). It replaced the selling-out of tickets in minutes with a demand-driven ticketing approach that requires consumers to register in advance and allowed them to purchase tickets at any time and price level upon access. This meant higher ticket prices in the beginning and a gradual drop as the concert date approached, replacing "momentum with consumer choice and experience" and bypassing scalpers, according to David Marcus of [[Ticketmaster]]. The model was initially criticized by journalists, who thought it was an attempt at camouflaging Swift's dull ticket sales following her unfavorable press in 2016; however, the tour was a sold-out success, surpassing the Beatles to become the highest grossing North American tour of all time, after which critics favored the model.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ingham |first=Tim |date=December 14, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift's Concerts Have Grossed More Than Half a Billion Dollars in the Past Three Years – But Not Without Risk |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-concerts-billions-grammys-768415/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=May 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Dave |date=December 14, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift Has Concert Industry Embracing 'Slow Ticketing' Model |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-concert-industry-slow-ticketing-model-sales/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=October 12, 2018 |title=As Taylor Swift's 'Reputation' era starts to wind down, what is she really trying to say? |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2018/10/12/taylor-swifts-reputation-era-starts-wind-down-what-is-she-really-trying-say/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 13, 2023}}</ref>

In November 2022, the pre-sale of the U.S. leg of the Eras Tour was mismanaged by Ticketmaster, attracting widespread public and political criticism. Due to the "astronomical" demand for tickets,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pallotta |first=Frank |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift tickets listed for thousands on StubHub after millions flood Ticketmaster |agency=[[CNN Business]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/media/taylor-swift-tickets-resale-market/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116181919/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/media/taylor-swift-tickets-resale-market/index.html |archive-date=November 16, 2022}}</ref> with 3.5 million people registering for the on-sale program, the Ticketmaster website [[Crash (computing)|crashed]] within an hour of sale but still sold 2.4 million tickets, breaking the record for the most concert tickets sold by an artist in a single day. Ticketmaster attributed the crash to "historically unprecedented" [[Internet traffic|site traffic]].<ref name="RS Hunger Games">{{Cite magazine |last=Jones |first=C. T. |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Tickets Are On Sale. Fans Say It's Their Hunger Games |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/taylor-swift-fans-battle-ticketmaster-presale-1234630928/ |url-status=live |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207190613/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/taylor-swift-fans-battle-ticketmaster-presale-1234630928/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=November 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name="variety22">{{Cite magazine |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster Cancels Taylor Swift Tour's Public Tickets Sale Due to 'High Demand' and 'Insufficient Inventory' |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ticketmaster-cancels-taylor-swift-public-ticket-sales-eras-tour-1235435965/ |url-status=live |magazine=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123043830/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ticketmaster-cancels-taylor-swift-public-ticket-sales-eras-tour-1235435965/ |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=November 20, 2022}}</ref> Fans and [[Consumer organization|consumer groups]] accused Ticketmaster of deceit and [[monopoly]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Timsit |first=Annabelle |date=December 14, 2022 |title=Ticketmaster to sell some fans more Taylor Swift tickets after presale fiasco |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/12/14/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-extra-tickets/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216203124/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/12/14/ticketmaster-taylor-swift-extra-tickets/ |archive-date=December 16, 2022}}</ref> Several members of [[United States Congress]] claimed that Ticketmaster and its parent company [[Live Nation Entertainment]] should be separated as their merger led to substandard service and higher ticket prices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeVille |first=Chris |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Ticket Debacle: Lawmakers Demand Breakup Of Ticketmaster "Monopoly" |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2206351/lawmakers-demand-ticketmaster-be-broken-up-after-taylor-swift-ticketing-crash/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000925/https://www.stereogum.com/2206351/lawmakers-demand-ticketmaster-be-broken-up-after-taylor-swift-ticketing-crash/news/ |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> The [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] opened investigations into Live Nation–Ticketmaster,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=McCabe |first1=David |last2=Sisario |first2=Ben |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Justice Department Said to Investigate Ticketmaster's Parent Company |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/technology/live-nation-ticketmaster-investigation-taylor-swift.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160217/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/technology/live-nation-ticketmaster-investigation-taylor-swift.html |archive-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref> whereas several fans sued the companies for intentional deception, fraud, [[price fixing]], and [[United States antitrust law|antitrust law]] violations.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Daly |first=Rhian |date=February 15, 2023 |title=Live Nation antitrust lawsuit thrown out because buyers waived right to sue |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/live-nation-antitrust-lawsuit-thrown-outbuyers-waived-right-sue-3399212 |url-status=live |magazine=NME |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301191932/https://www.nme.com/news/music/live-nation-antitrust-lawsuit-thrown-outbuyers-waived-right-sue-3399212 |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref> [[Bipartisanship|Bipartisan]] members of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee]] censured the companies at a [[United States congressional hearing|hearing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elbeshbishi |first=Sarah |title='Industrial-scale ticket scalping.' Senators grill Ticketmaster over Taylor Swift concert fiasco |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/01/24/senate-judiciary-taylor-swift-ticketmaster/11091086002/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124233707/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/01/24/senate-judiciary-taylor-swift-ticketmaster/11091086002/ |archive-date=January 24, 2023}}</ref> Under pressure from the [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]], Ticketmaster and other ticketing companies agreed to terminate [[junk fees]]—additional fees revealed at the end of ticket purchases. American legal scholar [[William Kovacic]] termed it the "Taylor Swift policy adjustment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tucker-Smith |first=Owen |date=June 15, 2023 |title=How Biden and Taylor Swift beat Ticketmaster |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-06-15/how-biden-and-taylor-swift-beat-ticketmaster |access-date=June 16, 2023}}</ref>

''Pitchfork'' asked, "Is there any other artist [other than Swift] who could force urgency into the federal investigation of a music industry monopoly just by going on tour?"<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2022 |title=The 100 Best Songs of 2022 |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/best-songs-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209163959/https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/best-songs-2022/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' and ''The A.V. Club'' listed "Swifties vs. Ticketmaster" as one of the biggest cultural news stories of 2022. The former's Allaire Nuss wrote, "If there was ever an artist with enough pop-culture prowess to bring down the music industry's most hated monopoly, it's Taylor Swift."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 22, 2022 |title=The biggest pop culture moments of 2022 |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/biggest-pop-culture-moments-of-2022/ |url-status=live |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224064245/https://ew.com/celebrity/biggest-pop-culture-moments-of-2022/ |archive-date=December 24, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2022 |title=2022's biggest pop culture news stories |url=https://www.avclub.com/2022s-biggest-pop-culture-news-stories-1849931613 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230060815/https://www.avclub.com/2022s-biggest-pop-culture-news-stories-1849931613 |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=The A.V. Club}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' proclaimed Swift has "an unbreakable hold on our increasingly fractured world—and its discourse—in a way that almost no one else can."<ref name="Yahr-2022" />

== Mass media coverage ==
{{See also|Miss Americana}}
Swift is a widely covered person in the [[mass media]]. She and her music have been referenced or used in numerous books,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books that Mention Taylor Swift (30 books) |url=https://www.goodreads.com/list/show/139753.Books_that_Mention_Taylor_Swift_ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |agency=[[Goodreads]]}}</ref> films, and television shows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Fawzia |date=October 19, 2021 |title=13 Taylor Swift Songs Most Played In Movies & TV |url=https://screenrant.com/most-played-taylor-swift-songs-movies-tv/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=ScreenRant}}</ref> The [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] relationship between Swift and the [[mainstream media]] has been described as a [[celebrity–industrial complex]] by journalists. Hence'','' she is also a subject of incessant scrutiny in the [[News media|press]]. ''Clash'' described Swift as a [[wikt:lightning rod|lightning rod]] for both praise and criticism.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift: Her 15 Best Songs |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/taylor-swift-her-15-best-songs |access-date=January 6, 2022 |magazine=Clash}}</ref> According to ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'s}} Maura Johnston, Swift's every move is inspected, "as one of the first pop stars to have fully grown up in the era of social media's endless feedback loop with the celebrity-industrial complex".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Johnston |first=Maura |title=How Taylor Swift's 'Lover' rollout blurred the personal and promotional |url=https://ew.com/music/2019/08/20/taylor-swift-lover-rollout/ |date=August 20, 2019| access-date=May 12, 2023 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> The phenomenon has affected Swift's art profusely; ''Reputation'' is a critique of the complex,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Michael |date=June 2, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift celebrates Pride Month (and her catalog of hits) at Wango Tango |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-taylor-swift-jonas-brothers-wango-tango-20190602-story.html |access-date=May 12, 2023 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> while ''Miss Americana'' deconstructs it.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=January 21, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift: No Longer 'Polite at All Costs' |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/features/taylor-swift-politics-sundance-documentary-miss-americana-1203471910/ |access-date=May 12, 2023 |magazine=Variety}}</ref>

=== Negative publicity ===
[[File:Taylor Swift - You Need to Calm Down (music video screenshot of pop queen pageant).png|thumb|In her "[[You Need to Calm Down]]" music video, Swift critiqued the media for pitting female artists against each other by portraying [[drag queen]]s impersonating various pop stars competing for one crown. |alt=Drag queens portraying Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Adele, Cardi B, Taylor Swift, Beyoncé, Katy Perry, and Nicki Minaj (from left to right).]]
Swift has been described as a "polarizing figure". Her fame has had detrimental effects on her position in the media; some are genuine critique of her actions, while the rest constitute unverified [[Tabloid journalism|tabloid]] gossip that has resulted in various moments of negative press for Swift.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pompliano |first=Polina |title=The Profile Dossier: Taylor Swift, America's polarizing pop titan |url=https://theprofile.substack.com/p/taylor-swift |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=substack.com|date=March 31, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Donella |first=Leah |date=September 16, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift Is The 21st Century's Most Disorienting Pop Star |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/26/646422866/taylor-swift-is-the-21st-centurys-most-disorienting-pop-star |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> Branding expert Jeetendehr Sehdev told ''Fortune'', "People love her or hate her".<ref name="Lutz-2022" /> Swift has generally used negative critique as musical inspiration, writing songs such as "[[Shake It Off]]" (2014), "[[Look What You Made Me Do]]" (2017), and "[[You Need to Calm Down]]" (2019).<ref name="Knibbs-2019" />

Swift's [[dating]] life has been a subject of [[Tabloid journalism|tabloid]] scrutiny and has thus prompted some pop culture news outlets, [[Conservatism|conservative]] commentators, and social media users to [[Slut-shaming|slut-shame]] her.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 19, 2016 |title=The stark warning Taylor Swift would give her 19-year-old self |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/taylor-swift-claims-she-was-the-national-lighting-rod-for-slutshaming-during-her-early-twenties-a6991806.html |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Davis-2018" /> Figuring out the celebrity inspiration behind a Swift song is the media's favorite game, in the words of Rosen, who wrote that outlets maligned Swift "as a serial kisser-and-teller, as an entitled rich kid, as a mean girl with a [[Martyr complex|victim complex]]", attributing it partly to the "shrill" tone of Swift's early songs. However, Rosen also stated that there is "a [[Sexism|sexist]] [[double standard]] in the policing of Swift's confessions, especially when you consider the routine [[misogyny]] in the songs of rockers, rappers, and woebegone beardy indie balladeers."<ref name="Rosen" /> Some media outlets and journalists are also noted for [[Media bias|their bias]], frequently [[Defamation|vilifying]] Swift for [[clickbait]] or to gain readership, capitalizing on consumer interest in "juicy" details about Swift's life.<ref name="Khan-20212" />{{sfn|Marwick|Boyd|2011|page=154}}

=== Overexposure and controversy===
[[File:Taylor Swift Reputation Tour Minneapolis (43490534145) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Snake]], a term that was used by detractors to ridicule Swift in 2016, became the main visual [[Motif (narrative)|motif]] of her 2017 album ''Reputation''.|alt=Swift performing onstage with a graphic of a striking cobra and a close-up shot of her behind her. ]]
Swift's public disputes and alleged "feuds" have received widespread online attention and media coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skelley |first=Jemima |title=Every Celeb Taylor Swift Has Beefed With — And Where Those Relationships Stand Now |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jemimaskelley/every-celeb-taylor-swift-has-beefed-with |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=BuzzFeed|date=November 2, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Shamsian |first=Jacob |title=The full history behind all of Taylor Swift's biggest celebrity feuds |url=https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-feud-full-list-2017-11 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Insider}}</ref> She began experiencing media "[[Information overload|overexposure]]" in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Spencer |date=August 24, 2012 |title=Taylor Swift: Has America's Sweetheart Become Overexposed? |url=https://stylecaster.com/taylor-swift-americas-sweetheart-overexposed/ |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=StyleCaster}}</ref> Some media are noted for igniting "beef" between Swift and other celebrities, especially against other women. Swift has had "feuds" with celebrities like Perry and [[Nicki Minaj]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rosa |first=Christopher |date=August 24, 2017 |title=A Complete Timeline of Katy Perry and Taylor Swift's Feud |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/katy-perry-and-taylor-swift-feud-timeline |magazine=Glamour |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Emily St |date=July 21, 2015 |title=The Taylor Swift and Nicki Minaj Twitter feud, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/7/21/9012179/taylor-swift-nicki-minaj-twitter |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Vox}}</ref> both of whom publicly engaged Swift. Animosity alleged by media outlets also contest Swift against [[Cardi B]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Emma |date=September 26, 2017 |title=Cardi B throws shade at Taylor Swift after knocking her off number one |newspaper=Metro |url=https://metro.co.uk/2017/09/26/cardi-b-throws-shade-at-taylor-swift-after-knocking-her-off-number-one-6955989/ |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref> Adele,<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Adele Is Jealous Of Taylor Swift, Announces This Out Loud To All Her Fans & Says "I'm F*cking Jealous Of Her..." |url=https://www.koimoi.com/hollywood-news/adele-is-jealous-of-taylor-swift-announces-this-out-loud-to-all-her-fans-says-im-fcking-jealous-of-her/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Koimoi}}</ref> [[Demi Lovato]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=Brittany |date=August 28, 2019 |title=Are Demi Lovato and Taylor Swift Feuding? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.distractify.com/p/demi-lovato-taylor-swift-drama |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Distractify}}</ref> [[SZA]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 6, 2023 |title=SZA Sets the Record Straight on Feud Rumors With Taylor Swift |agency=E! |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1360487/sza-sets-the-record-straight-on-rumored-feud-with-taylor-swift |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref> and [[Ariana Grande]]—despite the fact that Swift engaged none of them and even attempted to quash some of the rumors<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bleznak |first=Becca |date=March 6, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift Dispels Rumors of a Feud With Ariana Grande Ahead of International Women's Day 2020 |url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/taylor-swift-dispels-rumors-feud-ariana-grande-international-womens-day-2020.html/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |agency=Showbiz Cheat Sheet}}</ref>—and against her former boyfriends [[Joe Jonas]], [[John Mayer]], [[Calvin Harris]],<ref name="auto" /> and [[Jake Gyllenhaal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=It Sure Looks Like Jake Gyllenhaal Just Trolled Taylor Swift's 'Red' Album |url=https://graziamagazine.com/articles/jake-gyllenhaal-trolls-taylor-swift-red-photoshoot/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=Grazia}}</ref> Kanye West has been a significant source of controversy in Swift's public image.<ref name="Gavilanes-2022">{{Cite magazine |last1=Gavilanes |first1=Grace |last2=Dodd |first2=Sophie |date=September 2, 2022 |title=A Complete Timeline of Taylor Swift and Kanye West's Feud |url=https://people.com/music/kanye-west-famous-inside-his-and-taylor-swifts-relationship-history/ |magazine=People |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref>

Knibbs commented that Swift was a "country music princess on the verge of superstardom" in 2009, became a "snake" in 2016, and returned as a "full-blown music juggernaut" after 2019, providing an excellent "case study for the ups and downs of modern pop stardom".<ref name="Knibbs-2019" /> Swift has attempted to avoid overexposure since 2017,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bryant |first=Kenzie |date=July 26, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift Is Really Committed to This Laying Low Thing, Huh? |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/07/taylor-swift-gym-paparazzi-pictures-laying-low-2017 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> and has often mocked the media in her music; she sold supplementary magazines inspired by ''Reputation'' at [[Target Corporation|Target]] with sarcastic comments about her life mimicking gossip headlines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=November 15, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift avoided and mocked the media with 'Reputation' — and it worked |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-taylor-swift-avoided-and-mocked-the-media-20171115-story.html |access-date=May 16, 2023 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> According to Carter Sherman of ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'', after viewing Swift as a "villain" from 2016 to 2018, growing [[self-awareness]] in the media helped popular culture undergo a "Great Swift Revival" in 2020, healing her public image.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Carter |date=December 21, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Was a Pop Culture Villain. The Pandemic Made Her a Hero. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/4aw3b9/the-pandemic-powered-taylor-swift-comeback |access-date=May 15, 2023 |website=Vice}}</ref>

==== Kanye West feud ====
[[File:Kanye-West-grabs-the-mic-2009-vma.jpg|thumb|[[Kanye West]] taking the microphone from Swift at the [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]], with [[Taylor Lautner]] and [[Shakira]] in the background.|alt=refer to caption]]

The decade-spanning feud between Swift and West mutually affected their reputations and cultural perception.<ref name="Billboard Staff-2020">{{Cite magazine |author= |date=March 24, 2020 |title=A Complete Timeline of Kanye West & Taylor Swift's Relationship |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/kanye-west-taylor-swift-relationship-timeline-6686064/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref> In September 2009, at the [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]], Swift won the [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video]] for her 2009 song "[[You Belong with Me|You Belong With Me]]", becoming the first country singer and one of the youngest artists (age 18) to win a [[MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Award]]. While Swift was delivering her speech, West climbed the stage, interrupted her, and took her microphone to declare "Yo, Taylor, I'm really happy for you, I'ma let you finish, but Beyoncé had one of the best videos of all time!", referring to "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)|Single Ladies]]" (2008). Swift was then escorted backstage. Beyoncé later won [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] that evening, and invited Swift to finish her speech. Nevertheless, West's actions were met with widespread criticism; then-U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] called West a "jackass" on television. West issued apologies and blamed his "difficult day" but subsequently recanted. Swift joked about the incident in her ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' monologue in November 2009. Swift and West posed together in photographs from the [[57th Annual Grammy Awards]] in 2015, and she stated that they had become friends with help from [[Jay-Z]], a mutual friend.<ref name="Billboard Staff-2020"/>

The feud was re-ignited when West released his 2016 single "[[Famous (Kanye West song)|Famous]]", containing the lyrics "I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why? I made that bitch famous" in reference to the 2009 incident. West claimed that Swift had approved the lyrics beforehand on a phone call, whereas she said she was not made aware of the second line describing her as a "bitch". He also released a music video for "Famous", incorporating a naked wax doll of Swift, which she dubbed "[[revenge porn]]" in 2019. After Swift "shaded" West in her speech following her [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] win for ''1989'' at the [[58th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2016), talking about not letting detractors take credit for her fame, West's then-wife, [[Kim Kardashian]], released trimmed clips of the Swift-West call on [[Snapchat]] that appeared to support West's claim. "#TaylorSwiftisOverParty" became the top trend on Twitter, with viral social media posts calling Swift "fake, calculated, [[Manipulation (psychology)|manipulative]], a snake, a liar and is not what she seems". Various media criticized, [[Troll (slang)|trolled]] and "[[Cancel culture|cancelled]]" Swift. The backlash caused Swift to step away from spotlight for a year, avoiding being seen by the press until the 2017 release of ''Reputation'', which was partially inspired by the controversy. It was not until 2020 that the full, unedited footage of the call leaked, proving Swift had not lied, resulting in "#KanyeWestisOverParty" becoming the top Twitter trend.<ref name="Billboard Staff-2020" /><ref name="Gavilanes-2022" /><ref name="Aguirre-2019" />

The BBC called it the "music's most notorious on-off feud".<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 10, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift v Kanye West: A history of their on-off feud |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45803245 |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref> Jones pinpointed her overexposure during the ''Red'' and ''1989'' album cycles as the reason why the media easily "turned against" her in 2016,<ref name="Jones-2016" /> such as an opinion piece from ''Vice''{{'s}} Grace Medford that attributed Swift's later success to her "vilifying" West.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medford |first=Grace |date=July 20, 2016 |title=Criticizing Taylor Swift Isn't About Negativity Towards Successful Women, It's About Vindication |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/689zw5/taylor-swift-kanye-west-famous-phone-call |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Vice}}</ref> However, after 2020, media outlets began praising Swift for standing her ground.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voght |first=Kara |date=December 22, 2022 |title=The Year Everyone Realized They Were Wrong About Taylor Swift vs. Kanye West |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-kanye-west-controversy-truth-1234651970/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=March 21, 2020 |title=Newly leaked footage shows Taylor Swift and Kanye West talking "Famous" |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/3/21/21189239/taylor-swift-kanye-west-famous-leaked-phone-call-kanye-west-is-over-party |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Vox}}</ref>

=== Mental health repercussions ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "I've never seen any woman handle herself the way [Swift] does. She makes my eyes water, the way she handles herself. She manages the whole fame trip, what it means to be in the spotlight. So when you think about all the things going wrong the world she is the true great role model."
| author = [[Oprah Winfrey]]
| source = ''[[Herald Sun]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Miller|first=Julie|title=Oprah Reveals Why Taylor Swift Brings Her to Tears|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/12/taylor-swift-oprah-winfrey-cry|date=December 1, 2015|access-date=May 15, 2023|magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref>
| width = 25%
}}

Swift has been vocal about the impact of press coverage on personal health, discussing issues like [[eating disorder]]s, [[body dysmorphic disorder]], [[anorexia athletica]], [[self-esteem]], and [[cyberbullying]]. Jessica Gold, professor of [[psychiatry]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis]], stated, "when our political leaders are struggling to build consensus on and convey the gravity of issues" like [[mental health]], Swift is sending a powerful message by opening up about her issues—"one that is likely to save lives in myriad ways".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gold |first=Jessica |date=March 17, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift, the leader we need now |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/03/17/taylor-swift-leader-we-need-now/ |access-date=March 18, 2020}}</ref> Writer Elana Fishman confessed, "every so often, I'll still catch myself criticizing the way my tummy or legs look in a photo or how a certain pair of pants fits me. From now on, whenever that happens, I'll be repeating a line Swift says in [''Miss Americana'']—We do not do that anymore, because it's better to think you look fat than to look sick".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fishman |first=Elana |date=February 5, 2020 |title=How Taylor Swift's eating disorder reveal helped me come to terms with my own |url=https://nypost.com/2020/02/05/how-taylor-swifts-eating-disorder-reveal-helped-me-come-to-terms-with-my-own/ |access-date=February 17, 2020 |newspaper=New York Post}}</ref>

''[[The Daily Targum]]'' stated, despite being an expert in handling negative criticism, even Swift "succumbed to insecurities that blossomed into eating problems, which shows how even the strongest among us are susceptible to potential eating disorders due to the toxic environment of social media".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Esposito |first=Laura |date=February 11, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Miss Americana' shows that eating disorders can manifest silently |url=https://www.dailytargum.com/article/2020/02/taylor-swifts-miss-americana-shows-that-eating-disorders-can-manifest-silently |access-date=February 17, 2020 |newspaper=The Daily Targum}}</ref> Ellen Ricks of ''[[HelloGiggles]]'' called Swift's reveal of her disorder inspirational, noting "how it can potentially impact so many people still fighting", as "there is still so much stigma and misinformation" surrounding it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ricks |first=Ellen |date=February 1, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's eating disorder reveal in Miss Americana has given me hope in my own recovery |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/taylor-swifts-eating-disorder-reveal-175222219.html |access-date=February 17, 2020 |agency=Yahooo! Finance }}</ref> In the article "Why women say sorry too much" for [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], Kate Midena highlighted Swift's struggle to "deprogram the misogyny in [her] own brain" and "it's a conundrum women have been stuck in since the middle ages". Midena said girls are often taught to value empathy over "masculine traits" such as strength and assertiveness, and hence they "feel the need to cushion their actions with an apology".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Midena |first=Kate |date=February 21, 2020 |title=Why women say sorry too much and what to say instead |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-22/why-women-say-sorry-and-what-to-say-instead/11985026 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |agency=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref> ''Miss Americana'' prompted several critics of Swift to respond, such as comedian [[Nikki Glaser]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Gariano |first=Francesca |date=February 3, 2020 |title=Nikki Glaser apologizes to Taylor Swift for resurfaced body shaming comments |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/miss-americana-nikki-glaser-apologizes-taylor-swift-t172987 |access-date=March 7, 2020 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> who confessed her comments came from a place of insecurity; journalist Richard S. He stated the intention of his 2016 ''Vice'' article "Taylor Swift Isn't Like Other Celebrities, She's Worse" was to "deconstruct the pettiness of the celebrity–industrial complex" but regretted it could have been unduly critical of Swift.<ref>{{cite web |last=Coe |first=Michael |date=February 3, 2020 |title=Everyone Is Apologizing To Taylor Swift Now Thanks To 'Miss Americana' |url=https://theblast.com/110185/everyone-is-apologizing-to-taylor-swift-now-thanks-to-miss-ameri |access-date=March 7, 2020 |website=The Blast}}</ref>

== Gender and feminism ==
[[File:Taylor Swift (24115713726).jpg|thumb|Swift is a popular inspiration for upcoming artists, especially for [[women in music]]. Pictured is a wax figure of Swift at [[Madame Tussauds Sydney]].|alt=refer to caption|265x265px]]
Identifying as a [[pro-choice]] [[feminist]],<ref name="GuardianInterview2019">{{cite news |last=Snapes |first=Laura |date=August 24, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift: 'Pop music can feel like it's The Hunger Games, and like we're gladiators' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/aug/24/taylor-swift-pop-music-hunger-games-gladiators? |url-status=live |access-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824114530/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/aug/24/taylor-swift-pop-music-hunger-games-gladiators |archive-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 21, 2019 |title=The Original 300+ Time's Up Signatories |agency=Time's Up |url=https://timesupnow.org/times-up-the-300-original-signatories/ |access-date=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Swift is dubbed a feminist figure by the media. Her career has been [[Feminist theory|studied to understand its feminist aspects]].<ref name="Khan-20212" /> Swift has criticized the way media depicts women; in an appearance on the show ''[[Tout le monde en parle (Canadian talk show)|Tout le monde en parle]]'', Swift stated she "couldn't stand the way media portrays young women as rivals rather than allies."<ref name="Banker-2014">{{Cite web |last=Banker |first=Elizabeth |date=May 12, 2014 |title=9 Times Taylor Swift Was Right About Feminism in 2014 |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/104616/9-times-taylor-swift-got-feminism-just-right-in-2014 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |agency=Mic}}</ref> She has regularly donated to various feminist causes and [[women's empowerment]] programs.<ref name="Khan-20212" /> According to a 2023 survey by [[Morning Consult]], 52% of Swift's U.S. fans are women, while 48% are men.<ref name="Blancaflor-2023" />

=== Target of misogyny ===
{{Blockquote|text=People have been singing songs about broken hearts as long as music and broken hearts have existed, and [Swift's] male peers aren't questioned in quite the same way she is. Heartbroken girls are labeled as whiny in our society, while heartbroken guys are endearing and lovable. And it sucks.|author=Nicole Pomarico|title="Taylor's Pointing Out Sexism in The Music Industry"|source=''[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]''<ref>{{Cite web|first=Nicole|last=Pomanico|title=Taylor's Pointing Out Sexism in The Music Industry|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/49084-taylor-swift-explains-double-standard-in-songwriting-opening-up-an-important-conversation|website=Bustle|date=November 14, 2014|access-date=May 12, 2023}}</ref>}}

Journalists have reported on the intense misogyny and [[slut-shaming]] directed at Swift,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wahi |first=Sukriti |date=March 3, 2021 |title=Every Time Taylor Swift Perfectly Shut Down A Sexist Interview Question |url=https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/taylor-swift-sexist-questions-20572 |magazine=Elle |access-date=November 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Davis-2018">{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Allison P. |date=June 28, 2018 |title=The Taylor Swift Slut-Shaming Continues |url=https://www.thecut.com/2013/06/taylor-swift-slut-shaming-continues.html |access-date=November 4, 2021 |website=[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]]}}</ref> who has been vocal in condemning all forms of [[sexism]]. She highlighted misogynistic language used against her in [[Tabloid journalism|tabloids]] and headlines, as well as sexist comments discrediting her achievements.<ref name="Khan-20212" /> She stated that her "dating life has become a bit of a national pastime" and does not appreciate the "Careful, Bro, She'll Write a Song About You" trope as it "trivializes" her artistry.<ref name="Banker-2014" /> ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' opined Swift is an easy target for male derision, triggering "fragile male egos".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chappet |first=Marie-Claire |date=January 25, 2022 |title=Why is Taylor Swift such an easy target for male disdain and disrespect? |url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/taylor-swift-male-feuds |magazine=Glamour |access-date=January 25, 2022}}</ref> According to Rosen, some media and public censure Swift's "acidic" lyrics about former partners while praising male artists like Bob Dylan, [[Elvis Costello]] and Drake for the same, revealing the double standards.<ref name="Rosen" /> Several former detractors of Swift have blamed their unconscious misogyny.<ref name=":3" />

In various media, Swift has been the subject of comments, "jokes", [[punch lines]] and [[memes]] that have been perceived as sexist or misogynistic. ''The New Feminist'' highlights, apart from sexist men, several women also channel their [[Internalized sexism|internalized misogyny]] towards Swift.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lantos |first=Eva |date=September 2, 2021 |title=How internal misogyny has altered everyone's perception of Taylor Swift |url=https://www.thenewfeminist.co.uk/2021/09/how-internal-misogyny-has-altered-everyones-perception-of-taylor-swift/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=The New Feminist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emily |first=Yahr |date=April 11, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift’s breakups defined her early stardom. Not anymore. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2023/04/11/taylor-swift-breakup-joe-alwyn/ |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> At the [[70th Golden Globe Awards]] (January 2013), hosts [[Tina Fey]] and [[Amy Poehler]] delivered a joke about Swift, following tabloid news that week that claimed Swift had broken up with [[Kennedy family|Connor Kennedy]]; Fey said that given Swift's "interest in famous guys", she should stay away from actor [[Michael J. Fox]]'s son, who was escorting the award winners off the stage that evening. Poehler disagreed and said "Swift should go for it", to which Fey retorted. The joke was the subject of viral news coverage.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=March |first=Ebony |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift & Amy Poehler's Feud, Explained |url=https://screenrant.com/taylor-swift-amy-poehlers-feud-explained/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=Screen Rant}}</ref> Fey also had a history of joking about Swift's dating life.<ref name="Stubblebine-2017">{{Cite magazine |last=Stubblebine |first=Allison |date=October 4, 2017 |title='There's a Special Place In Hell…': A Timeline of Tina Fey and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/tina-fey-taylor-swift-feud-timeline-7988945/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Two months later, when ''Vanity Fair'' asked about Fey and Poehler, Swift quoted [[Madeleine Albright]]: "there's a special place in hell for women who don't help other women."<ref name="auto4" /> She subsequently elaborated:<ref name="Stubblebine-2017" />

{{Blockquote|text="For a female to write about her feelings, and then be portrayed as some clingy, insane, desperate girlfriend in need of making you marry her and have kids with her, I think that's taking something that potentially should be celebrated—a woman writing about her feelings in a confessional way—that's taking it and turning it and twisting it into something that is frankly a little sexist."}}

In June 2013, American retail company [[Abercrombie & Fitch]] sold shirts saying "more boyfriends than t.s." After backlash from Swift's fans, the retailer withdrew them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Abercrombie & Fitch Slut Shame Taylor Swift? |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/741-did-abercrombie-fitch-slut-shame-taylor-swift |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Bustle|date=June 20, 2013 }}</ref> [[Westboro Baptist Church]] leader Ben Phelps called Swift the "poster child for the young whores of doomed America", accusing her of "[[fornication]] and [[sin]]-coddling songs", and announced plans to protest at her concert.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Westboro Baptist Church call Taylor Swift 'whorish face of doomed America' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-216-1264250 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=NME}}</ref> In October 2014, on Australian radio show ''Jules, Merrick & Sophie'', Swift stated she is "unfairly criticized" for her lyrics compared to her male peers:<ref name="Dockterman-2014">{{Cite magazine |last=Dockterman |first=Eliana |date=October 20, 2014 |title=Watch Taylor Swift Shut Down 'Sexist' Music Critics |url=https://time.com/3524641/taylor-swift-feminism-critics-sexist/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="You're going to have people who are going to say, 'Oh, you know, like, she just writes songs about her ex-boyfriends.' And I think frankly that's a very sexist angle to take. No one says that about [[Ed Sheeran]]. No one says that about [[Bruno Mars]]. They're all writing songs about their exes, their current girlfriends, their love life, and no one raises the red flag there."}}

In a 2016 interview, when asked what advice she would give her 19-year-old self, Swift replied, "Hey, you're going to date just like a normal twenty-something should be allowed to, but you're going to be a national lightning rod for slut-shaming."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Mary |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Taylor Swift describes herself as a 'lightning rod for slut-shaming' in Vogue's 73 questions |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/taylor-swift-describes-herself-as-a-lightning-rod-for-slutshaming-in-vogues-73-questions-20160420-goagru.html |access-date=May 8, 2023 |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> In a 2019 interview with New Zealand DJ [[Zane Lowe]] on [[Apple Music 1]], Swift stated that the slut-shaming "happened to [her] at a very young age, so that was a bit hard. That was one of the first times [she] was like—Wow, this is not fair."<ref name="Ashley-2021">{{Cite magazine |last=Ashley |first=Beth |date=April 11, 2021 |title=Why Do We Celebrate The Pete Davidsons But Not The Taylor Swifts? |url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/in-the-news/pete-davidson-taylor-swift/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=Grazia}}</ref>

{{Tweet
| name = Taylor Swift
| username = taylorswift13
| text = Hey Ginny & Georgia, 2010 called and it wants its lazy, deeply sexist joke back. How about we stop degrading hard-working women by defining this horse shit as FuNnY. Also, @netflix after Miss Americana this outfit doesn't look cute on you. Happy Women's History Month I guess
| date = March 1, 2021
| ID = 1366401657685245955
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230127212811/https://twitter.com/taylorswift13/status/1366401657685245955
| archive-date = January 27, 2023
| url-status = live
}}

On March 1, 2021, Swift criticized the writers of Netflix series ''[[Ginny & Georgia]]'' for using a "lazy, deeply sexist joke" slut-shaming her.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Takes on Netflix Over 'Deeply Sexist' Joke in 'Ginny & Georgia' |url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-ginny-georgia-derogatory-joke-netflix-1234918366/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |magazine=Variety}}</ref> Beth Ashley of ''[[Grazia]]'' wrote sexism is why male celebrities like [[Pete Davidson]] are celebrated for his dating history, while Swift is "shamed and shunned".<ref name="Ashley-2021" />

=== Sexual assault discourse ===
{{Further|Taylor Swift sexual assault trial}}

In August 2017, a sexual assault trial was held in the [[United States District Court for the District of Colorado]], involving former DJ David Mueller, a [[KYGO-FM]] radio employee, who filed for [[defamation]] against Swift. He claimed she had him [[Wrongful termination|wrongfully terminated]] following an incident at a 2013 meet-and-greet,<ref name="bill12">{{cite news |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Sabrina |date=August 7, 2017 |title=A Timeline of Events Leading Up to Taylor Swift Groping Trial |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7890224/taylor-swift-trial-timeline |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112425/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7890224/taylor-swift-trial-timeline |archive-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref> in which Swift posed for a photo with Mueller.<ref name="bill12" /> Swift alleged Mueller reached under her skirt and grabbed her buttocks in the photo.<ref name="Vox">{{cite web |last1=Grady |first1=Constance |date=August 15, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift won her day in court. Here's what you need to know. |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/8/11/16127214/taylor-swift-groping-trial-explained |url-status=live |access-date=May 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017234444/https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/8/11/16127214/taylor-swift-groping-trial-explained |archive-date=October 17, 2022}}</ref> Mueller was escorted out of the concert once Swift reported it to her mother and team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yahr |first1=Emily |date=August 7, 2017 |title=Why could Taylor Swift show up in court this week? Here's what to know about her trial. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/08/07/why-could-taylor-swift-show-up-in-court-this-week-heres-what-to-know-about-her-trial/ |access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref><ref name="bill12" /> The incident was reported to KYGO, and Mueller was fired shortly after.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=August 15, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift wins assault case against DJ |agency=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/40931988 |url-status=live |access-date=May 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414014453/https://www.bbc.com/news/40931988 |archive-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref> He sued Swift for defamation in September 2015, claiming he never touched Swift under her skirt and that he lost his job and reputation due to her false claims.<ref name="Vox" /> Swift counter-sued Mueller for [[Battery (crime)|battery]] and [[sexual assault]], seeking $1 in damages. The [[jury]] ruled in Swift's favor.<ref name="BBC" />

The trial was a subject of wide media attention due to Swift's status as a high-profile celebrity.<ref name="BBC sig">{{cite news |date=August 15, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift sexual assault case: Why is it significant? |agency=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-40937429 |url-status=live |access-date=May 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318070957/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-40937429 |archive-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref> In a post-trial statement, Swift revealed she counter-sued Mueller to empower other victims of sexual assault.<ref name="VF">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Julie |date=August 14, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift Wins Sexual-Assault Trial, Vows to Help Other Victims |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/08/taylor-swift-sexual-assault-trial?verso=true |access-date=May 7, 2019}}</ref> The BBC stated that the trial was culturally significant as it highlighted the underreporting of sexual assaults, Swift's refusal to back down even though the [[Criminal defense lawyer|defense lawyers]] attempted to [[Credibility|discredit]] her, and the symbolic $1 damages. Brand strategists said, Swift "has been not only trying to empower ordinary women that she doesn't know but also music industry colleagues" with the case. Public relations expert Marvet Britto stated that Swift "is aware that her defiance in fighting against these allegations—not only made toward her but other artists and colleagues—will achieve global visibility around sexual assault issues that, in many cases, go unreported and ignored and are marginalized."<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 15, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift sexual assault case: Why is it significant? |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-40937429 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> In December 2017, Swift was named a "Silence Breaker" in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's [[TIME Magazine Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] issue.<ref name="TIME">{{cite magazine |last1=Dockterman |first1=Eliana |title='I Was Angry.' Taylor Swift on What Powered Her Sexual Assault Testimony |url=http://time.com/5049659/taylor-swift-interview-person-of-the-year-2017/ |magazine=Time |access-date=May 12, 2019}}</ref> ''Elle'' described the trial as a landmark case "aiming to not bankrupt the perpetrator, but to set a precedent for other artists and women around the world to speak up and hold predators accountable for the irreparable damage they cause."<ref name="Khan-20212" /> Additionally, Swift donated $250,000 to American singer [[Kesha]] in 2016 to assist her with the legal fees for her sexual assault case, and further donation to the [[Mariska Hargitay|Joyful Heart Foundation]] for survivors of sexual assault in 2017.<ref name="Khan-20212" />

=== Perspectives ===
{{multiple image
| image1 = Maren Morris 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg
| alt1 = Marren Morris in 2019.
| width1 = 150
| image2 = Kacey Musgraves 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg
| alt2 = Kacey Musgraves in 2019.
| width2 = 100
| footer = Swift is credited with shaping the career trajectories of female country singers like [[Maren Morris]] (left) and [[Kacey Musgraves]] (right).
| total_width = 250
| footer_align = left
}}

Critics have noted Swift's musical style resonating in albums released by female country singers like [[Kacey Musgraves]], [[Maren Morris]] and [[Kelsea Ballerini]].<ref>Sources on the impact on later country singers

{{*}} {{Cite magazine |last=Wilson |first=Carl |date=March 3, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift Left a Blank Space in Country Music. Now Kacey Musgraves Could Fill It |url=https://slate.com/culture/2018/03/kacey-musgraves-and-ashley-mcbrydes-new-albums-reviewed.html |url-status=live |magazine=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304204538/https://slate.com/culture/2018/03/kacey-musgraves-and-ashley-mcbrydes-new-albums-reviewed.html |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021}}{{*}} {{Cite news |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=March 30, 2018 |title=Pop review: Kacey Musgraves: Golden Hour |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pop-review-kacey-musgraves-golden-hour-qvbl82lsz |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/l4y2c |archive-date=October 31, 2020}}{{cbignore}}{{*}} {{cite web |last=St. Asaph |first=Katherine |date=March 9, 2019 |title=Maren Morris: Girl |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/maren-morris-girl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317231400/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/maren-morris-girl/ |archive-date=March 17, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |website=Pitchfork}}{{*}} {{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=March 7, 2019 |title=Album Review: Maren Morris' Girl |url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/maren-morris-girl-album-review-1203157512/ |url-status=live |magazine=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411030724/https://variety.com/2019/music/news/maren-morris-girl-album-review-1203157512/ |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021}}{{*}} {{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Ellen |date=March 8, 2019 |title=Maren Morris: GIRL Review |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/maren-morris/maren-morris-girl-review/ |url-status=live |magazine=Paste |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723141551/https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/maren-morris/maren-morris-girl-review/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021}}{{*}} {{Cite news |last=Zoladz |first=Lindsay |date=September 11, 2020 |title=Kelsea Ballerini, Both Sides Now |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/11/arts/music/kelsea-ballerini-review.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914135413/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/11/arts/music/kelsea-ballerini-review.html |archive-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Swift's onstage guitar performances contributed to "the Taylor Swift effect"—a phenomenon to which upsurge in guitar sales to women, a previously ignored demographic, is attributed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Taylor Swift effect and what does it have to do with Fender guitars? |date=November 5, 2019 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/video/taylor-swift-effect-does-fender-110000184.html |access-date=May 15, 2023 |agency=Yahoo! Finance}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Connor |first1=Roisin |date=October 18, 2018 |title=Half of all new guitar players are women, finds study |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/new-guitar-players-women-men-gender-split-fender-taylor-swift-a8589786.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/new-guitar-players-women-men-gender-split-fender-taylor-swift-a8589786.html |archive-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wang |first1=Amy X. |date=May 22, 2018 |title=Guitars Are Getting More Popular. So Why Do We Think They're Dying? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/news/guitars-are-getting-more-popular-so-why-do-we-think-theyre-dying-630446/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref> Todd Cassetty, president of Cassetty Entertainment, opined "everybody was trying to mimic [Swift]" and that "a lot of young women are trying to find their voice now, but a lot of them were inspired to pick up a guitar because of [Swift]."<ref name="Roland-2016" /> Journalist Shah Ezayadi attributed Swift's commercial success with "the way she makes her listeners feel understood, particularly her young female audience."<ref name="Raza-Sheikh-2022" /> Raza-Sheikh said Swift is a cultural [[Litmus test (politics)|litmus test]]: "can we begin to respect art created by famous women, particularly when it explores love stories and womanhood?"<ref name="Raza-Sheikh-2022" />

Feminism is a core aspect of Swift's discography, particularly since 2014.<ref name="Dockterman-2014" /> According to Rosen, Swift existed on the modest, "[[Victorian era|Victorian]]" end of the feminist spectrum, compared to pop stars like Beyoncé, [[Lady Gaga]], [[Rihanna]], and [[Miley Cyrus]], who "represent [[Sexualization|aggressively sexualized]] feminist pop, harnessing big beats and skimpy outfits to work through questions of power and self-determination"; however, Swift's songs "aren't totally [[Chastity|chaste]]: Sex is there in the rush and flush of the music, and it peeks through, discreetly, in the lyrics."<ref name="Rosen" /> Many of her songs address feminist themes; examples include "[[I Did Something Bad]]" (2017), "[[The Man (Taylor Swift song)|The Man]]" (2019), "[[The Last Great American Dynasty]]" (2020), "[[Mad Woman]]" (2020), "[[Vigilante Shit]]" (2022), and "[[Would've, Could've, Should've]]" (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Midnights' Delivered So Many Badass New Lyrics About Feminism |url=https://www.elitedaily.com/entertainment/taylor-swift-quotes-lyrics-feminism-girl-power-empowering |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=Elite Daily|date=October 24, 2022 }}</ref>

[[File:Tyler_Swift_manspreading.jpeg|thumb|241x241px|Swift played a man (middle) in the music video for "[[The Man (Taylor Swift song)|The Man]]" (2020) to demonstrate [[Sexism|sexist]] [[double standard]]s against women.|alt=A man on a subway spreading his legs apart, squishing people beside him.]]

Swift's 2014 single "[[Blank Space]]" is a [[Satire|satirical]] feminist [[critique]] of her portrayal in media.<ref name="Banker-2014" /> ''The Guardian'' columnist Jessica Valenti called its music video a "[[dystopia]]n feminist fairytale", playing into the "annoying, boy-crazy" tropes media projected on Swift.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Valenti |first=Jessica |date=November 11, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift in the Blank Space video is the woman we've been waiting for |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/11/taylor-swift-blank-space-video-woman-boy-crazy |access-date=May 8, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In the music video of "The Man", Swift's portrays a male alter-ego named Tyler Swift, presenting several prevalent examples of sexist double standards, including [[Sexual objectification|objectification]], sexualization, [[toxic masculinity]], and [[patriarchy]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Laws |first=Chloe |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's 'The Man' calls out sexism and the industry's double standards and it's the empowering video we need RN |url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/taylor-swift-the-man-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429233428/https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/taylor-swift-the-man-video |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2020 |magazine=Glamour}}</ref> [[iHeartRadio]]'s Paris Close said it demonstrates "how the hubris of [[male privilege]] plays out in the real world".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Close |first=Paris |date=February 28, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift Introduces Male Alter Ego Tyler Swift In 'The Man' Music Video |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-02-27-taylor-swift-introduces-male-alter-ego-tyler-swift-in-the-man-music-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327131216/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-02-27-taylor-swift-introduces-male-alter-ego-tyler-swift-in-the-man-music-video/ |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2020 |agency=iHeartRadio}}</ref>

The artistic reinventions of her career were also examined feministically. Swift said, "The female artists I know of have to remake themselves 20 times more than the male artists, or else you're out of a job" in regards to the music industry "discarding" female pop stars as soon as they reach their mid-30s. The 2020 ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' article "It's time to face the facts—our male pop stars need to try a bit harder" pointed out the requirement for female pop stars to be "highly visual, and to change that visual often".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=O'Donoghue |first=Caroline |date=July 12, 2020 |title=It's time to face the facts—our male pop stars need to try a bit harder |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/uk-male-pop-stars-festivals-ed-sheeran-lewis-capaldi-taylor-swift-caroline-o-donoghue |access-date=July 16, 2020 |magazine=Prospect}}</ref> [[Vanessa Friedman]], chief fashion critic of ''The New York Times'', considered Swift's "[[hamster wheel]] of constant reinvention" a meta-commentary on the expectation that female pop stars "unveil new versions of themselves for our viewing pleasure, one-upping their old image with new wardrobes ad infinitum", while male pop stars do not change much.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Vanessa |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift and the Sparkling Trap of Constant Reinvention |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/style/taylor-swift-eras-tour-looks.html |access-date=June 20, 2023}}</ref>

In a contradictory perspective, even though Swift described herself as a feminist,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoby |first=Hermione |date=August 23, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift: 'Sexy? Not on my radar' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/23/taylor-swift-shake-it-off |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610104506/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/23/taylor-swift-shake-it-off |archive-date=June 10, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> her 2014–2015 public appearances and social media posts with female singers and fashion models whom the media called her "squad" gave some the impression that she did so to keep her name afloat in media.<ref name="bbclevine" /> A number of critics claimed Swift's feminism lacks [[intersectionality]],<ref name="Dodson-2017">{{Cite magazine |last=Dodson |first=P. Claire |date=July 11, 2017 |title=It's Time For Taylor Swift To Denounce The Nazi Nonsense |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40492364/its-time-for-taylor-swift-to-denounce-the-nazi-nonsense |magazine=Fast Company}}</ref> causing her to come off as a [[White feminism|white feminist]] whose "clique was really just an exclusive group of mostly white actresses and supermodels."<ref name="Jones-2016" />

== Political role ==
{{Tweet
| name = Taylor Swift
| username = taylorswift13
| text = After stoking the fires of white supremacy and racism your entire presidency, you have the nerve to feign moral superiority before threatening violence? 'When the looting starts the shooting starts'??? We will vote you out in November. [[Social media use by Donald Trump|@realdonaldtrump]]
| date = May 29, 2020
| ID = 1266392274549776387
| reference = <ref name="Trump tweet"/>
}}

Political journalists and authors note Swift as a powerful personality in American politics—the most influential musician politically.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Seth |title=From Bad Blood To Lover: How Taylor Swift Became The Most Powerful Voice In Politics |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sethcohen/2020/10/11/from-bad-blood-to-lover-how-taylor-swift-became-the-most-powerful-voice-in-politics/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref> She has used her fame to incite political action.<ref name="Forbes-2023" /> Lawmakers outside the U.S. have also shown admiration for Swift, such as [[Liz Truss]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of the U.K.]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peppin |first=Hayley |date=March 9, 2020 |title=A British politician quoted Taylor Swift's 'The Man' during an International Women's Day debate in Parliament |url=https://www.insider.com/british-politician-quotes-taylor-swift-on-international-womens-day-2020-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327131217/https://www.insider.com/british-politician-quotes-taylor-swift-on-international-womens-day-2020-3 |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |website=Insider}}</ref> [[Leni Robredo]], former [[Vice President of the Philippines]];<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Surej |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Leni Robredo's fans are campaigning for a meeting with Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nme.com/en_asia/news/music/leni-robredos-fans-are-campaigning-for-a-meeting-with-taylor-swift-3227013 |magazine=NME |access-date=May 10, 2023}}</ref> [[Gabriel Boric]], [[President of Chile]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miranda |first=Natalia A. Ramos |date=January 25, 2022 |title=Chile's President-elect Boric sends Taylor Swift 'hugs' over songwriting tiff, goes viral |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/chiles-president-elect-boric-sends-taylor-swift-hugs-over-song-writing-tiff-goes-2022-01-25/ |access-date=May 10, 2023}}</ref> [[Mexican Supreme Court]] justice [[Arturo Zaldivar]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Navarro |first=Andrea |date=June 21, 2023 |title=Mexico Top Court Justice Explains Why He's a Hard-Core Swiftie |agency=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-21/mexico-top-court-justice-defends-his-taylor-swift-fandom |access-date=June 21, 2023}}</ref> and [[Pita Limjaroenrat]], member of the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives of Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Pita invites Taylor Swift to Thailand |newspaper=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2606980/pita-invites-taylor-swift-to-thailand |access-date=July 6, 2023}}</ref>

=== Alignment and demographics ===
Swift is [[Social liberalism|socially liberal]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=Nicole |date=April 3, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift is a big social liberal, but she clearly loves capitalism, too {{!}} Opinion |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/opinion/nicole-russell/article273917865.html |access-date=June 11, 2023 |newspaper=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> having criticized [[white supremacy]], [[Racism in the United States|racism]], and [[police brutality]] in the U.S.<ref name="nazis">{{cite magazine |last1=Hiatt |first1=Brian |date=September 18, 2019 |title=The Rolling Stone Interview Taylor Swift |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-rolling-stone-interview-880794/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918150500/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-rolling-stone-interview-880794/ |archive-date=September 18, 2019 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name="GuardianInterview2019" /> She is [[pro-choice]] and an advocate of [[gender equality]] and [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Spruch |first=Kirsten |date=August 23, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Says She's 'Obviously Pro-Choice,' Criticizes Trump: 'He Thinks This Is an Autocracy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-pro-choice-president-trump-guardian-interview-8528230/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Taylor Swift Promises to 'Always Advocate' for Rights of the LGBTQ Community: I'm 'Grateful for This' |url=https://people.com/music/taylor-swift-vows-to-always-advocate-for-lgbtq-community/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |magazine=People}}</ref> However, Swift has also been censured by some [[Liberalism|liberal]] and conservative commentators;<ref name="Bereznak-2017" /> the former criticize her for what they consider as [[performative activism]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Salam |first=Reihan |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift Succumbs to Competitive Wokeness |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/10/taylor-swift-kanye-west-and-competitive-wokeness/572716/ |access-date=June 11, 2023 |magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> while the latter detest her for being an outspoken, "[[woke]]" liberal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump once thought Taylor Swift was 'fantastic,' but conservatives have cooled on her |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/09/12/taylor-swift-no-longer-conservatives-favorite-pop-star/2274167001/ |access-date=June 11, 2023 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> She endorsed [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidates [[Phil Bredesen]] and [[Jim Cooper]] for the [[2018 United States elections|2018 U.S. midterm elections]] in her home state Tennessee,<ref name="Snapes" /> and [[Joe Biden]] and [[Kamala Harris]] for the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 U.S. presidential election]],<ref name="Spruch-2020" /> and criticized [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politicians [[Donald Trump]] and [[Marsha Blackburn]].<ref name=":4" />
[[File:Joe Biden and Donald Trump.jpg|left|thumb|According to ''[[The Times]]'', 53% of adult Americans consider themselves fans of Swift, far higher than the [[Opinion poll|approval ratings]] of [[Joe Biden]] (left) and [[Donald Trump]] (right) in 2023.|alt=Joe Biden in 2019 and Donald Trump in 2017.]]
[[Facebook]] data from 2014 revealed that Swift is one of the artists who formed the "happy median" of musical listening habits of its Democratic and Republican users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rife |first=Katie |date=October 29, 2014 |title=All that unites America is Taylor Swift and SportsCenter, Facebook study reveals |url=https://www.avclub.com/all-that-unites-america-is-taylor-swift-and-sportscente-1798273505 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=The A.V. Club}}</ref> According to 2023 surveys reported by ''[[The Times]]'', 53% adult Americans consider themselves "fans" of Swift, ratings that journalist Ellie Austin said Biden and Trump "can only dream of". Austin explained, though Swift is [[Left-wing politics|left-aligned]], some [[Right-wing politics|rightists]] still "covet" her, making her a "uniting" [[Demography|demographic]] fulcrum that can bridge [[Political parties in the United States|America's political divide]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Austin |first=Ellie |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift: the superstar who bridges America's political divide |newspaper=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/taylor-swift-the-superstar-who-bridges-americas-political-divide-6rzmnnvmg |access-date=May 7, 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> This was evident in the bipartisan criticism of Ticketmaster in 2022 and 2023. CNN journalist Allison Morrow wrote in an article titled "One Nation, Under Swift" that Swift's fans united the parties in a way "the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] failed to anticipate".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morrow |first=Allison |date=January 25, 2023 |title=One nation, under Swift |agency=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/business/nightcap-taylor-swift-ticketmaster-live-nation/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127041114/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/business/nightcap-taylor-swift-ticketmaster-live-nation/index.html |archive-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> Brooke Schultz of the Associated Press noticed how the issue turned into a political movement and considered Swift's fans an influential voter demographic: "the sheer power and size of Swift's fandom has spurred conversations about [[economic inequality]], merely symbolized by Ticketmaster".<ref name="Schultz-20222">{{Cite news |last=Schultz |first=Brooke |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift ticket trouble could drive political engagement |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-business-taylor-swift-cca0dec2b454d564fa52383101725bdc |url-status=live |access-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209070627/https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-business-taylor-swift-cca0dec2b454d564fa52383101725bdc |archive-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref> As per Morning Consult, 55% of Swift's U.S. fans are Democratic, 23% are Republican, and 23% are [[Independent voter|independent]].<ref name="Blancaflor-20232">{{Cite web |last1=Blancaflor |first1=Saleah |last2=Briggs |first2=Ellyn |date=March 14, 2023 |title=The Taylor Swift Fandom Is White, Suburban and Leans Democratic |url=https://morningconsult.com/2023/03/14/taylor-swift-fandom-demographic/ |access-date=May 15, 2023 |agency=Morning Consult}}</ref>

=== Evolution ===

==== Apolitical stance ====
Swift was [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] as a country artist, avoiding discussing political topics in her early career—noted by critics in retrospect as her time under Big Machine. When asked by ''Time'' in 2012 regarding the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 U.S. presidential election]], Swift said, "I try to keep myself as educated and informed as possible. But I don't talk about politics because it might influence other people. And I don't think that I know enough yet in life to be telling people who to vote for."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Macsai |first=Dan |date=October 19, 2012 |title=Taylor Swift on Going Pop, Ignoring the Gossip and the Best (Worst) Nickname She's Ever Had |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/19/taylor-swift-on-going-pop-ignoring-the-gossip-and-the-best-worst-nickname-shes-ever-had/?iid=ent-main-lede |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref> Journalists criticized Swift's lack of political activism despite her status as a celebrated figure, claiming her philanthropy is inadequate.<ref name="Levine" /><ref name="Hawgood">{{cite news |last=Hawgood |first=Alex |date=November 5, 2010 |title=For Gays, New Songs of Survival |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/fashion/07ANTHEM.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref> Motivated by Swift's apoliticism, Trump called her a "terrific" role model; [[Conservatism|conservative]] lawmakers invited her to visit the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=McDermott |first=Maeve |title=Trump once thought Taylor Swift was 'fantastic,' but conservatives have cooled on her |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/09/12/taylor-swift-no-longer-conservatives-favorite-pop-star/2274167001/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>

She remained apolitical for the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 U.S. presidential election]], not supporting Democrat [[Hillary Clinton]] or speaking against Trump as some had expected.<ref name="Levine" /> Critics questioned who Swift had voted for in the election as she posted a picture of her in a [[polling station]] queue.<ref name="Bereznak-2017">{{Cite web |last=Bereznak |first=Alyssa |date=November 8, 2017 |title=Hearing Both Sides of Taylor Swift |url=https://www.theringer.com/music/2017/11/8/16621926/hearing-both-sides-of-taylor-swift |access-date=May 7, 2023 |agency=The Ringer}}</ref> An ''USA Today'' headline said, "Who did Taylor Swift vote for? Here's why her sweater [in the Instagram post] suggests Hillary".<ref>{{Cite news |last=McDermott |first=Maeve |title=Who did Taylor Swift vote for? Here's why her sweater suggests Hillary |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/11/08/who-did-taylor-swift-vote-for-cold-shoulder-splendid-sweater-hillary-clinton/93500778/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=USA Today}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' analyzed Instagram's "most popular Election Day content", reporting that some of the most-liked posts were those from Rihanna, Lovato, [[Kourtney Kardashian]], and Grande, all of whom had explicitly endorsed Clinton, but it was Swift's "innocuous" [[Nonpartisanism|non-partisan]] post that earned the most likes (2.1 million).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Robinson |first=Will |date=November 9, 2016 |title=Taylor Swift Had the Most-Liked Instagram on Election Day |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/11/09/election-2016-instagram-taylor-swift/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> This showed Swift was a pop culture anomaly, according to ''The Ringer'' critic Alyssa Bereznak.<ref name="Bereznak-2017" /> BBC journalist Nick Levine found her political silence "increasingly conspicuous".<ref name="Levine" />

==== Sociopolitical scrutiny and race ====
According to Bereznak, apoliticism might have been "an advantageous business strategy" for pop stars before, but for cultural figures like Swift, their "actions, communication, and work" will be analyzed by the media in a political lens. In 2017, Swift supported the [[2017 Women's March]] via Instagram,<ref name="Bereznak-2017" /> which was met with criticism from both fans and critics, who felt it was pointless as Swift refused to channel her feminist activism into politics.<ref name="Bereznak-2017" /> ''[[New York (magazine)|The Cut]]'' suggested, even though Clinton had the open support of Perry, Beyoncé, Jay-Z, and Springsteen, Swift's public endorsement "could have" helped her become President.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Allie |title=Taylor Swift Won't Save Us From Donald Trump |url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/10/taylor-swift-wont-save-us-from-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=The Cut|date=October 17, 2016 }}</ref> Medford opined Swift cannot subsist in a political vacuum as it becomes "deafeningly noticeable". Criticizing her use of social media only for music announcements and not politics, Medford wrote: "To have such a large, wide-reaching platform and use it only for the advancement of your own ambition reflects poorly, regardless of how progressive your politics may be."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Medford |first=Grace |date=January 31, 2017 |title=Why Not Even Taylor Swift Can Exist in a Political Vacuum |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ypnwdb/taylor-swift-trump-inauguration-muslim-ban-self-promotion |access-date=May 7, 2023 |magazine=Vice}}</ref>

Some critics attributed Swift's political silence to a significant portion of her fandom in 2014 being conservative country fans.<ref name="Dodson-2017" /> The most intense sociopolitical criticisms alleged that Swift is a [[Crypto-fascism|crypto-fascist]].{{sfn|Prins|2020|page=144}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kircher |first=Madison Malone |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Here's the Exact Moment Taylor Swift Decided to Get Political |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/01/miss-americana-shows-why-taylor-swift-got-political.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=Vulture}}</ref> Exploiting her persisting political silence in 2016 and 2017, some white supremacists in the U.S. considered Swift one of them—a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-nazi]]. Some [[alt-right]] websites proclaimed her their "[[Aryanism|Aryan]] Goddess",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Kathleen |date=May 24, 2016 |title=Taylor Swift Is an "Aryan Princess" With a Racist Agenda, Say Internet Neo-Nazis |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/taylor-swift-aryan-princess-racist-163300437.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |agency=Yahoo! News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schwedel |first=Heather |date=May 23, 2016 |title=Neo-Nazis Consider Taylor Swift Their "Aryan Goddess" |magazine=Slate |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/05/taylor-swift-has-a-surprising-number-of-fans-among-neo-nazis-white-supremacists-and-the-alt-right.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |issn=1091-2339}}</ref><ref name="Donella-2016">{{Cite web |last=Donella |first=Leah |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Taylor Swift, Aryan Goddess? |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/05/27/479462825/taylor-swift-aryan-goddess |access-date=May 7, 2023}}</ref> waiting for Trump's win to announce her "Aryan Agenda" to the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schaefer |first=Brian |date=May 26, 2016 |title=Neo-Nazis Find Appeal in Taylor Swift as 'Aryan Goddess' |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2016-05-26/ty-article/neo-nazis-find-appeal-in-taylor-swift-as-aryan-goddess/0000017f-e98b-da9b-a1ff-edef0f9c0000 |access-date=May 7, 2023}}</ref> Liberal media outlets demanded Swift to clarify her political stance.<ref name="Dodson-2017" /> When a blog post by ''PopFront'', a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] website, alleged that "Look What You Made Me Do" was a "subtle" alt-right nod, Swift's PR/legal team called the post [[defamation|defamatory]] and demanded that ''PopFront'' "issue a retraction, remove the story from all media sources, and [[cease and desist]]," or face legal consequences.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=November 7, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift Is Getting Called Out by the ACLU. Here's Why |url=https://time.com/5013047/taylor-swift-popfront-aclu/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |magazine=Time}}</ref> The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) criticized Swift for attempting to "suppress constitutionally protected speech".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Matthew |date=November 6, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift Criticized by ACLU After Sending Cease and Desist Letter to Blogger |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/taylor-swift-criticized-by-aclu-after-sending-cease-and-desist-letter-to-blogger/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref>

However, [[NPR]] journalist Leah Donella asserted that there is no reason to think Swift is a white supremacist, stating "she has no affiliation with any white supremacist groups. She has never publicly made any white supremacist remarks, nor has she ever been accused of making them in private". Donella noted claims that Swift is a white supremacist rest solely on the fact that she is white, "looks white, and hangs out with mostly [[white people]]", justifying the latter with 2014 studies demonstrating that a white person has only one [[person of color]] as a friend for every 91 white friends: "This isn't a Taylor Swift thing. It's a [[Housing segregation in the United States|housing segregation]]/[[Diversity (business)|workplace diversity]]/general [[History of the United States|American history]] thing."<ref name="Donella-2016" />

==== Disillusionment and endorsements ====
{{See also|Miss Americana}}
[[File:Senator Harris official senate portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Kamala Harris]] thanked Swift for endorsing the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] campaign in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 U.S. presidential election]].|alt=Kamala Harris in 2017.|284x284px]]
Swift voiced her political view for the first time in the 2018 midterm elections, "breaking her political silence" according to the media.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stelloh |first=Tim |date=October 8, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift breaks silence, endorses two Democrats in Tennessee |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/pop-star-taylor-swift-breaks-silence-endorses-two-democrats-tennessee-n917616 |access-date=May 7, 2023 |agency=NBC News}}</ref><ref name="Spruch-2020">{{Cite magazine |last=Spruch |first=Kirsten |date=May 29, 2020 |title=A Timeline of Taylor Swift's Political Evolution |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-political-evolution-timeline-8528527/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> She endorsed Democrats Bredesen and Cooper via social media posts on October 18, 2018; it was a subject of widespread media coverage and sparked much praise from fans, journalists, celebrities, and Democrats. For instance, ''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]'' director [[Rob Reiner]] tweeted, "A big shout out to Taylor Swift for speaking out. You can single-handedly change this country. Impress your fans with how critical and powerful their voices are. If you get them to the polls on Nov 6, everything you care about will be protected."<ref name="Snapes">{{Cite news |last=Snapes |first=Laura |date=August 24, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift: 'I was literally about to break' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/aug/24/taylor-swift-pop-music-hunger-games-gladiators |access-date=December 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Durkin-2018">{{Cite news |last=Durkin |first=Erin |date=October 8, 2018 |title='She just ended her career: Taylor Swift's political post sparks praise and fury |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/08/taylor-swift-instagram-post-endorsement-democrats-tennessee |access-date=May 7, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Swift also censured Republican candidate Blackburn for her "appalling" policies:<ref name="Durkin-2018" />

{{Blockquote|text="In the past I've been reluctant to publicly voice my political opinions. I feel very differently about that now. I always have and always will cast my vote based on which candidate will protect and fight for the human rights I believe we all deserve in [the United States]. I believe in the fight for [[LGBTQ rights]], and that any form of [[Discrimination against LGBT people|discrimination based on sexual orientation]] or gender is WRONG. I believe that the [[Institutional racism|systemic racism]] we still see in this country towards people of color is terrifying, sickening, and prevalent."}}

Swift received "fierce backlash" from Republicans, [[Trumpism|Trumpists]], and right-wing supporters, who felt "betrayed" by Swift, criticized, slut-shamed, and berated her online; they stated she "ended" her career, should have "shut up" and "stick to music". The [[National Republican Senatorial Committee]] opined, "If you haven't heard, [[Millionaire|multimillionaire]] pop star Taylor Swift came down from her [[ivory]] tower to tell hardworking Tennesseans to vote for [Bredesen]." [[Charlie Kirk]], president of conservative group [[Turning Point USA]], tweeted: "You just endorsed a Democrat in the Tennessee Senate race with a ridiculous statement saying Marsha Blackburn, a woman, is against women. You have absolutely no idea what you are talking about." Trump told reporters: "I'm sure Taylor Swift doesn't know anything about [Blackburn]. Let's say that I like Taylor's music about 25% less now, OK?".<ref name="Durkin-2018" /><ref name="Spruch-2020" />

Over 169,000 people registered to vote in the 2018 elections within two days of her post, as per [[Vote.org]], whereas only 59,000 people registered to vote in the 30 preceding days. Publications dubbed it "the Taylor Swift effect".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gabbatt |first=Adam |date=October 12, 2018 |title=The Taylor Swift effect: Nashville sounds off on singer's political endorsements |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/12/taylor-swift-democrats-midterm-election-celebrity-political-endorsements |access-date=May 7, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Katie |date=October 9, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift's Instagram post spurs spike in US voter registration |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/taylor-swifts-instagram-post-spurs-spike-in-us-voter-registration/ |access-date=May 15, 2023 |agency=CNET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruiz |first=Michelle |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift Has a New Political Message for Her 112 Million Instagram Followers |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/taylor-swift-political-instagram-early-voting |access-date=May 15, 2023 |magazine=Vogue}}</ref> As per a statistical research by academics Gwendelyn Nisbett and Stephanie Dunn, Swift's narrative and message in the post influenced her followers, beyond their parasocial attachment with her.{{sfn|Nisbett|Schartel Dunn|2021|page=26}} [[Behavioral scientist]] Simone Driessen wrote, some media consider Swift's political "coming-out" as a strategy to further her career, whereas others consider it mandatory for pop stars in political climate "to express where they stand".{{sfn|Driessen|2022|page=1060}}

In 2019, Swift stated that when she began her country music career, Big Machine and other label executives advised her to not discuss politics, making an example of the [[Dixie Chicks controversy]].<ref name="Snapes" /> She described [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump's presidency]] as an [[autocracy]], and regretted not endorsing Clinton in 2016, but said her negative press at the time made her feel "useless" and "like a hindrance".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Snapes |first=Laura |date=August 23, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift: Trump thinks his presidency is an autocracy |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/aug/23/taylor-swift-trump-thinks-his-presidency-autocracy |access-date=May 7, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Swift added, Hillary was being called a "manipulative" liar by Trumpists on the internet—the same type of harsh comments Swift had received in 2016 following her West-Kardashian feud, and wondered whether she would be a [[Liability insurance|liability]] to Hillary: "Look, snakes of a feather flock together. Look, the two lying women''.'' The two nasty women"; as "millions of people wanted [her] to disappear", Swift decided to step away from spotlight.<ref name="Aguirre-2019" /> [[Emily Strayer]], member of the Chicks, opined that "the power [Swift] has right now to change things is way beyond any power [the Chicks] ever had."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Newman |first=Melinda |date=July 17, 2020 |title=How the Music Industry Finally Caught Up to The Chicks |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/9419501/the-chicks-gaslighter-interview |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref>

Swift described Blackburn as "Trump in a wig" who won in 2018 by "being a female applying to the kind of female males want us to be in a horrendous 1950s world."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Ashley |date=July 9, 2021 |title=Sen. Marsha Blackburn Steps Up Feud With Taylor Swift: 'First Victim' of Marxist Government |url=https://www.thewrap.com/marsha-blackburn-taylor-swift-feud-first-victim-marxist-government/ |access-date=July 16, 2021 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> Blackburn responded in July 2021, claiming liberals want a [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[Socialism|socialist]] society which prohibits women to perform, or create the type of music Swift does, denying private intellectual property rights,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcus |first=Josh |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Senator dubbed 'Trump in a wig' by Taylor Swift says 'Marxists' are coming to cancel singer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/taylor-swift-marsha-blackburn-marxists-b1881619.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/taylor-swift-marsha-blackburn-marxists-b1881619.html |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> and that Swift "is going to be the first ones who will be cut off because the state would have to approve your music."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoaib |first=Alia |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Sen. Marsha Blackburn escalates feud with Taylor Swift, says singer would be the 'first victim' of socialism |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/tennessee-senator-marsha-blackburn-escalates-feud-with-taylor-swift-2021-7 |access-date=July 16, 2021 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> In the 2020 election, Swift endorsed Biden and Harris and lent her [[protest song]] "[[Only the Young (Taylor Swift song)|Only the Young]]" (2020) to their campaign.<ref name="Spruch-2020" /> ''Forbes'' staff Seth Cohen wrote, Swift's increased political engagement in the past year "has been notable for its high-profile approach and big hit commentary."<ref name="auto1" /> Trump eventually lost his re-election; Biden was elected as the next U.S. president.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 3, 2020 |title=Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Swift was found to be the second most influential celebrity in Biden's win, after [[LeBron James]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Richards |first=Will |date=October 29, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift and Tom Hanks among most influential celebrities in 2020 US election |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/taylor-swift-and-tom-hanks-among-most-influential-celebrities-in-2020-us-election-2803521 |access-date=June 7, 2023 |magazine=NME}}</ref>

=== Advocacy ===
: ''[[Nota bene]]: This section is non-exhaustive and includes illustrative examples only.''
[[File:Taylor Swift (35428396431).jpg|thumb|A cutout of Swift's face being used at the 2017 [[Chicago Pride Parade]]|alt=refer to caption]]
* ''The New York Times'' noted the positive impact Swift had on the [[LGBT community]] as a country artist by releasing the 2011 music video for "[[Mean (song)|Mean]]".<ref name="Hawgood" />
* ''Time'' described "[[Welcome to New York (song)|Welcome to New York]]" (2014) as an "[[Social equality|equality]] anthem".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 21, 2014 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Welcome to New York' Is a New Kind of Equality Anthem |url=https://time.com/3528687/taylor-swift-welcome-to-new-york-1989-new-track-gay/ |magazine=Time |access-date=May 10, 2023}}</ref>
* On March 23, 2018, Swift called for [[gun control]], donating to victims and to [[March for Our Lives|March For Our Lives]].<ref name="Spruch-2020" />
* On June 1, 2019, she created a [[Change.org]] petition urging senators to vote for the House-passed [[Equality Act (United States)|Equality Act]].<ref name="Spruch-2020" /> As of April 2020, the petition had over 704,000 signatures, including those from Democratic senators like Warren, [[Amy Klobuchar]], [[Ed Markey]], [[Kirsten Gillibrand]], [[Tim Kaine]], and [[Cory Booker]]. Swift wrote a letter to Republican Tennessee senator [[Lamar Alexander]], asking him his support:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Díaz |first=Alexa |date=August 27, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift called out the White House at the VMAs. Here's her Equality Act petition, explained |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-08-27/taylor-swift-white-house-equality-act |url-status=live |access-date=April 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412115329/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-08-27/taylor-swift-white-house-equality-act |archive-date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> "For American citizens to be denied jobs or housing based on who they love or how they identify is un-American and cruel".<ref name="Mitra-2019-2">{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Mallika |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's new song 'You need to calm down' drives donations to LGBTQ advocacy group, but not without critics |agency=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/25/taylor-swifts-new-song-drives-donations-to-this-lgbtq-advocacy-group.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505195952/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/25/taylor-swifts-new-song-drives-donations-to-this-lgbtq-advocacy-group.html |archive-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref>
* Swift performed at [[Stonewall Inn]] during the [[Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019|WorldPride NYC 2019]].<ref name="TaylorSwiftLGBTQAlly">{{cite magazine |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=June 14, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Wishes NYC's Stonewall Inn 'Happy Pride' at Surprise Set |url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/pride/taylor-swift-stonewall-inn-pride-surprise-performance-new-york-8516081/amp/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref>
* The release of "You Need to Calm Down" led to a spike in donations to [[GLAAD]], an LGBT [[non-governmental organization]], as the lyrics [[Name-dropping|namecheck]] the organization.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 14, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's 'You Need to Calm Down' Leads to Spike in GLAAD Donations |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8516079/taylor-swift-you-need-to-calm-down-glaad-donations |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505013534/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8516079/taylor-swift-you-need-to-calm-down-glaad-donations |archive-date=May 5, 2020 |access-date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> Anthony Ramos, GLAAD executive, stated Swift "is one of the world's biggest pop stars; the fact that she continues to use her platform and music to support the LGBTQ community and the Equality Act is a true sign of being an ally."<ref name="Mitra-2019-2" /><ref name="Harvey-2019">{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=Spencer |date=June 14, 2019 |title=Fans Celebrate on Twitter After Taylor Swift Shouts Out GLAAD and LGBTQ People in New Pride-Themed Anthem 'You Need to Calm Down' |url=https://www.glaad.org/blog/fans-celebrate-twitter-after-taylor-swift-shouts-out-glaad-and-lgbtq-people-new-pride-themed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412133535/https://www.glaad.org/blog/fans-celebrate-twitter-after-taylor-swift-shouts-out-glaad-and-lgbtq-people-new-pride-themed |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |access-date=April 12, 2020 |agency=GLAAD}}</ref> CEO [[Sarah Kate Ellis|Sarah Kate]] said, Swift "continues to use her platform to speak out against [[discrimination]] and create a world where everyone can live the life they love. [...] In today's divisive political and cultural climate, we need more allies like Taylor."<ref name="Harvey-2019" />
* On August 26, 2019, at the [[2019 MTV Video Music Awards]], after winning Video of the Year for the "You Need to Calm Down", Swift urged the audience in her speech to sign the petition and said the [[White House]] has not responded despite having "five times the amount of signatures that it would need to warrant a response".<ref name="Welsh-2019">{{Cite web |last=Welsh |first=Caitlin |date=August 27, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift called out Trump for ignoring her Equality Act petition at the VMAs |url=https://mashable.com/article/taylor-swift-vmas-equality-act-petition-speech/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412121259/https://mashable.com/article/taylor-swift-vmas-equality-act-petition-speech/ |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |access-date=April 12, 2020 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> The next day, then-White House deputy press secretary [[Judd Deere]] issued a statement criticizing the Equality Act.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 27, 2019 |title=White House Responds to Taylor Swift's Equality Act Petition After VMAs |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8528552/taylor-swifts-equality-act-petition-white-house-response |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412122046/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8528552/taylor-swifts-equality-act-petition-white-house-response |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |access-date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> "You Need to Calm Down" became a [[gay anthem]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Taylor |date=September 18, 2019 |title=The 50 Best Gay Anthems of the 2010s |url=https://www.pride.com/music/2019/9/18/50-best-gay-anthems-2010s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206060538/https://www.pride.com/music/2019/9/18/50-best-gay-anthems-2010s |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |website=[[Pride.com]]}}</ref>
* On May 29, 2020, Swift criticized Trump's "provocative" tweets regarding the [[George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul]],<ref name="Spruch-2020" /> and after the wide [[George Floyd protests]], she donated to the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] and [[Black Lives Matter]] movement,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 9, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift Tweeted About the Black Lives Matter Movement and Urged People to Vote |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a32815585/taylor-swift-black-lives-matter-voting-tweets/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> voiced for removing the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] monuments in Tennessee,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=June 12, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift Calls for Removal of Monuments That 'Celebrate Racist Historical Figures' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-tennessee-monuments-racist-historical-figures-removal-1014584/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> and called for [[Juneteenth]] to become a national holiday.<ref>{{cite news |last=France |first=Lisa Respers |date=June 19, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift got educated on Juneteenth and wants you to be, too |agency=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/entertainment/taylor-swift-juneteenth/index.html |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> Swift's tweet criticizing Trump became her most-liked tweet, garnering over two million likes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aniftos |first=Rania |date=May 30, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's Donald Trump Post Becomes Her Most Liked Tweet Ever |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/taylor-swift-donald-trump-most-liked-tweet-9393738/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 7, 2023}}</ref> In the ''Forbes'' article "Taylor Swift And The Tweet That Could Help Take Down A President", Cohen said Swift's political voice "could have enormous political consequences" as surveys indicate white women and young first-time voters—Trump's weakest demographics—both forming significant portions of Swift's U.S. fanbase, and "will therefore be key to the outcome of the 2020 election."<ref name="Trump tweet">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Seth |title=Taylor Swift And The Tweet That Could Help Take Down A President |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sethcohen/2020/05/30/taylor-swift-and-the-tweet-that-could-help-take-down-a-president/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=May 7, 2023}}</ref>

=== Inspiring law and legislation ===
* In March 2015, impelled by Swift's [[Rhode Island]] estate [[High Watch]], then-[[Rhode Island]] governor [[Gina Raimondo]] proposed a [[luxury tax]] on second homes worth over $1 million in the state, referred to as the "Taylor Swift tax". It was withdrawn after wide criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tremaine |first=Julie |date=July 28, 2020 |title=A Brief History of Taylor Swift's Rhode Island Feud |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/07/taylor-swift-rhode-island-feud-last-great-american-dynasty.html |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Vulture}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=March 18, 2015 |title='Taylor Swift Tax' Defended by Rhode Island Governor |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6502525/taylor-swift-tax-rhode-island-governor |magazine=Billboard |via=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=December 7, 2020}}</ref>
* On May 19, 2023, members of the [[Massachusetts General Court]] introduced the bipartisan "Taylor Swift Bill" to require ticketing companies disclose full ticket costs upfront and outlaw dynamic pricing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rumpf-Whitten |first=Sarah |date=May 19, 2023 |title=Massachusetts lawmakers introduce 'Taylor Swift Bill' to require transparent ticket pricing following debacle |url=https://www.fox7austin.com/news/massachusetts-taylor-swift-bill-transparent-ticket-pricing.amp |access-date=May 19, 2023 |agency=[[KTBC (TV)|KTBC]]}}</ref> Similar bills were introduced in the [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]] of [[Minnesota]] and [[California]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine |last=Knopper |first=Steve |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Hate Ticketmaster? Love Taylor Swift? Politicians Are Backing New Bills to Get Your Vote |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-politics-new-bills-swifties-votes/ |access-date=June 17, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite news |last1=Salcedo |first1=Andrea |last2=Mark |first2=Julian |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Angry Taylor Swift fans push lawmakers to take on Ticketmaster |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/06/11/taylor-swift-ticketmaster-ticket-meltdown-bills/ |access-date=June 17, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
* On May 22, [[Texas]] governor [[Greg Abbott]] signed the "Save Our Swifties" bill into law, banning the use of bots to bulk-purchase tickets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Ariana |date=May 23, 2023 |title=Greg Abbott signs 'Save our Swifties' law to ban ticket-sale bots |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |url=https://www.chron.com/politics/article/texas-save-our-swifties-ticket-bill-18113022.php |access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carver |first=Jayme Lozano |date=May 23, 2023 |title=Texas lawmakers ban bots that buy concert tickets after Taylor Swift Eras tour glitch |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/05/23/texas-concert-bot-law-taylor-swift/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=The Texas Tribune}}</ref> Similar bills were launched in [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref name=":142" />
* U.S. Congressmen [[Bill Pascrell]] and [[Frank Pallone]] drafted the BOSS and SWIFT Act (Better Oversight of Stub Sales and Strengthening Well Informed and Fair Transactions for Audiences of Concert Ticketing) in the House, mandating an overhaul of ticket sale and resale platforms.<ref name=":5" />
* In June 2023, an anti-scalping "Taylor Swift Bill" was proposed to the [[National Congress of Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=Roseann |last2=Côrtes |first2=Gustavo |date=June 20, 2023 |title=Deputada propõe 'Lei Taylor Swift' em resposta à ação de cambistas|trans-title=Congresswoman proposes 'Taylor Swift Bill' in response to scalper action |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/coluna-do-estadao/deputada-propoe-lei-taylor-swift-em-resposta-a-acao-de-cambistas/ |access-date=June 20, 2023 |newspaper=O Estado de S. Paulo |language=pt-br}}</ref>

== Fashion and aesthetic ==
[[File:Taylor_Swift_GMA_2012.jpg|alt=Taylor Swift wearing red lipstick and a red dress|thumb|left|Swift on ''[[Good Morning America]]'' in 2012. Red lips are generally regarded as one of her signature looks.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Muhammad |first=Latifah |date=August 29, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Brought Her Signature Red Lip to the VMAs: How to Re-Create the Look |url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/product-recommendations/taylor-swift-red-lipstick-vmas-shop-1235132795/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=September 12, 2022}}</ref>|245x245px]]

Swift's style and dressing are widely covered by fashion journalists. Her [[street style]] has received acclaim from critics. She has reinvented her image and aesthetic throughout her career, matching them with respective album cycles and influencing fashion trends in the process.<ref name="auto6" /><ref name="auto2" />

Her "style evolution", both within and outside her music, has been the subject of widespread analyses by media outlets. ''[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]'' opined, Swift's looks evolved from "girl-next-door country act to pop star to woodsy poet over a decade".<ref name="Siroky-2021-1">{{cite web |last=Siroky |first=Mary |date=November 9, 2021 |title=Every Taylor Swift Album Ranked from Worst to Best |url=https://consequence.net/2021/11/taylor-swift-albums-ranked-list/ |access-date=November 10, 2021 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> Her debut was characterized by country boots, "girly" gowns, and [[sundress]]es; ''Fearless'' was inspired by [[fairy tale]] princesses and the [[regency era]], incorporating [[corset]]s; with ''Speak Now'', she began adapting matured, glamorous looks; she wore black hats and [[Bangs (hair)|bangs]] for the ''Red'' era, which drew from generally red-themed [[Retro style|retro]] and [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]] clothes; ''1989'' departed from "ultra-femininity" to urban styles, [[jumpsuit]]s, "clean lines and sleek fabrics"; ''Reputation'' was characterized by dark colors, edgier styles, [[leotard]]s, and snake-inspired motifs; ''Lover'' incorporated "candy-colored" fashion, [[Pastel (color)|pastels]], and [[blazer]]s; rooted in cottagecore, ''Folklore'' was rustic, featuring simplistic dresses, shirts, pants and [[sweater]]s, while ''Evermore'' included [[flannel]] and [[overcoat]]s; ''Midnights'' explored [[romper suit]]s, [[embellishment]]s, and "popstar glamor".<ref>Sources on her fashion evolution:

# {{Cite magazine |last=Sollosi |first=Mary |date=October 21, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's style evolution, from country princess to pop superstar |url=https://ew.com/music/taylor-swift-style-evolution/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=May 13, 2023}}
# {{Cite magazine |date=April 6, 2023 |title=Look Back at Taylor Swift's Style Evolution Through the Years |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/g43529150/taylor-swift-style-fashion-evolution/ |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |access-date=May 13, 2023}}
# {{Cite magazine |date=November 14, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Wore A Low-Cut Bodysuit And See-Through Crystal-Covered Skirt To Pick Up Four MTV Awards |url=https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/articles/g15271/taylor-swift-style-file/ |magazine=Elle |access-date=May 13, 2023}}
# {{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Olivia |title=45 photos that show how Taylor Swift's style has evolved through the years |url=https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-fashion-evolution-10-years-2016-7 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=Insider}}
# {{Cite magazine |date=August 29, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift's Style Evolution, From 2006 to Now |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/taylor-swift-style-evolution-photos-429884/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 13, 2023}}</ref>

In 2011, ''Vogue'' asked American [[fashion design]]ers about the "new icons of [[Fashion in the United States|American style]]"; [[Tommy Hilfiger]] named Swift, owing to her "charismatic" summer outfits.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holt |first=Emily |date=July 1, 2011 |title=American Idols: Icons of Stateside Style – Vogue Daily |url=http://www.vogue.com/869845/american-idols-icons-of-stateside-style/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908125018/http://www.vogue.com/869845/american-idols-icons-of-stateside-style/ |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=June 15, 2012 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> ''People'' named Swift the Best-Dressed woman of 2014, calling her a "street style queen".<ref>{{cite magazine |date=September 17, 2014 |title=People's Best Dressed, Taylor Swift Best Dressed 2014 |url=http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2014/09/17/best-dressed-taylor-swift-jennifer-lopez-style/ |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220110441/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2014/09/17/best-dressed-taylor-swift-jennifer-lopez-style/ |archive-date=February 20, 2016 |access-date=December 1, 2015}}</ref> In 2015, Swift won the ''Elle'' Woman of the Year award for cementing herself as "a style icon" capable of "seamlessly switching between [[chic]] street style and glamorous couture gowns on the red carpet",<ref>{{cite web |last=Powell |first=Hannah Lyons |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift wins Woman of the Year award – ELLE Style Awards 2015 |url=http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/articles/a24919/taylor-swift-wins-woman-of-the-year-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927004926/http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/articles/a24919/taylor-swift-wins-woman-of-the-year-2015/ |archive-date=September 27, 2016 |access-date=December 1, 2015 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> and topped the 2015 ''Maxim'' Hot 100 list.<ref name="Roy-2015" /> In a 2018 ''Vogue'' article, critic Francesca Wallace wrote that Swift has become known for her "easygoing, feminine" and "dainty" take on fashion, incorporating bows, prints and carryall bags, creating a street style "worth copying".<ref>{{cite web |last=Wallace |first=Francesca |date=July 19, 2018 |title=All the times Taylor Swift's street style look was worth copying |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/street-style/all-the-times-taylor-swifts-street-style-look-was-worth-copying/image-gallery/f5ddd0390d534c11f32678ecc52fc99c |access-date=December 28, 2021 |magazine=[[Vogue Australia]]}}</ref>

Swift co-chaired the 2016 [[Met Gala]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 14, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift to co-chair the 2016 Met Ball |url=http://www.harpersbazaar.co.uk/fashion/fashion-news/taylor-swift-to-chair-the-2016-met-ball |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> To Kelsey Glein of ''[[InStyle]]'', Swift is an expert in "off-duty" fashion, often synchronizing outfits, blending classic, retro and "cool" elements, floral prints, [[Mary Jane (shoe)|Mary Jane]] or [[Oxford shoe]]s, [[Jimmy Choo]] boots, and other [[Fashion accessory|accessories]] from [[Aldo Group|Aldo]], [[Prada]], [[Christian Louboutin]], [[Elie Saab]] and [[Dolce & Gabbana]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Glein |first=Kelsey |date=January 6, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift's Best Street Style Looks |url=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/street-style/taylor-swift-street-style-pro |magazine=[[InStyle]] |access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref> ''[[Vogue Australia]]'' regards Swift as an influential figure in [[sustainable fashion]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nurick |first=Jen |date=April 22, 2020 |title=Why Taylor Swift has become one of the world's biggest sustainable fashion influencers |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/why-taylor-swift-has-become-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-sustainable-fashion-influencers/news-story/f9075a83e7f0a2c0d9db1e1be8028d9a |magazine=Vogue Australia |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> She released a [[Sustainable fashion|sustainable clothing line]] with [[Stella McCartney]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Yotka |first1=Steff |date=August 20, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift and Stella McCartney Reveal Their Lover Fashion Collaboration |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/taylor-swift-and-stella-mccartney-reveal-their-lover-fashion-collaboration |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

=== Fashion trends ===
[[File:“Cardigan” and Evermore outfits.jpg|thumb|Swift's [[Cardigan (sweater)|cardigan]] and [[flannel]] coat from ''Folklore'' and ''Evermore'' exhibited at the Country Music Hall of Fame.|alt=refer to caption|267x267px]]Swift's music, visuals, general attire, and concerts have influenced fashion trends and led to sales surges. She boosted the popularity of red lipsticks—considered one of her signature fashion motifs, especially since ''Red,'' which prominently featured red lips in its cover.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Yaptangco |first=Ariana |date=November 15, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's Favorite Red Lipsticks: An Investigation |url=https://www.glamour.com/gallery/taylor-swift-red-lipstick-shop |magazine=Glamour |access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Flanagan |first=Hanna |date=November 23, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's Red (Taylor's Version) Causes Google Searches for Red Lipstick and Red Scarves to Spike |url=https://people.com/style/red-taylor-swift-causes-google-searches-for-red-lipstick-and-red-scarves-to-spike/ |magazine=People |access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref> Swift helped popularize sleeveless [[formal wear]] and [[waistcoats]] in women's fashion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mac Donnell |first=Chloe |date=May 19, 2023 |title=From Gareth Southgate to Taylor Swift: the continuing rise of the waistcoat |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2023/may/19/from-gareth-southgate-to-taylor-swift-the-continuing-rise-of-the-waistcoat |access-date=May 20, 2023}}</ref>

"The scarf" mentioned in autobiographical lyrics of "All Too Well" has also become a signature object associated with Swift.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite news |last=Khomami |first=Nadia |date=November 15, 2021 |title=Where's Taylor Swift's scarf – is it in Jake Gyllenhaal's drawer? |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/nov/15/wheres-taylor-swifts-scarf-is-it-in-jake-gyllenhaals-drawer |url-status=live |access-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306171523/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/nov/15/wheres-taylor-swifts-scarf-is-it-in-jake-gyllenhaals-drawer |archive-date=March 6, 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Mercado |first=Mia |date=November 16, 2021 |title=Where the Hell Is Taylor Swift's Scarf? |url=https://www.thecut.com/2021/11/where-the-hell-is-taylor-swifts-scarf.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203104454/https://www.thecut.com/2021/11/where-the-hell-is-taylor-swifts-scarf.html |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=The Cut}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=November 12, 2021 |title=The story behind Taylor Swift's 10-minute version of 'All Too Well', the song making fans lose their minds |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/11/12/taylor-swift-all-too-well-ten-minutes/ |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> ''[[NME]]'' critic Rhian Daly said the scarf is "an unlikely pop culture icon in an inanimate object".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daly |first=Rhian |date=November 13, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's 'All Too Well' short film highlights the emotional power of her storytelling |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/taylor-swifts-all-too-well-short-film-highlights-the-emotional-power-of-her-storytelling-3094407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113111047/https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/taylor-swifts-all-too-well-short-film-highlights-the-emotional-power-of-her-storytelling-3094407 |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |access-date=November 13, 2021 |website=NME}}</ref> Kate Leaver of ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' wrote only Swift "could make a decade-old item of clothing a universal symbol for heartbreak."<ref name="auto11">{{Cite web |title=Why is Taylor Swift's scarf all the rage right now? |url=https://amp.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/why-is-everyone-talking-about-taylor-swift-s-scarf-20211118-p599y6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203112219/https://amp.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/why-is-everyone-talking-about-taylor-swift-s-scarf-20211118-p599y6.html |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> Following the 2021 release of her self-directed ''[[All Too Well: The Short Film]]'', the Google searches for "Taylor Swift red scarf meaning" spiked by 1,400 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanagan |first=Hanna |date=November 23, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's Red (Taylor's Version) Causes Google Searches for Red Lipstick and Red Scarves to Spike |url=https://people.com/style/red-taylor-swift-causes-google-searches-for-red-lipstick-and-red-scarves-to-spike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123214849/https://people.com/style/red-taylor-swift-causes-google-searches-for-red-lipstick-and-red-scarves-to-spike/ |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> The scarf is seen in the film and also in the music video for "[[I Bet You Think About Me]]" as a red-colored one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2021 |title=The Hat! The Ring! Taylor Swift's 'I Bet You Think About Me' Easter Eggs |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/pictures/taylor-swifts-i-bet-you-think-about-me-video-easter-eggs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203104453/https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/pictures/taylor-swifts-i-bet-you-think-about-me-video-easter-eggs/ |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=Us Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dellatto |first=Marisa |title=Taylor Swift's Scarf Explained: Why Everyone Wants To Know Where It Is—And If Jake Gyllenhaal Has It |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2021/11/16/taylor-swifts-scarf-explained-why-everyone-wants-to-know-where-it-is-and-if-jake-gyllenhaal-has-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203110809/https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2021/11/16/taylor-swifts-scarf-explained-why-everyone-wants-to-know-where-it-is-and-if-jake-gyllenhaal-has-it/ |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref>

Cottagecore experienced a resurgence on the internet after Swift used the aesthetic,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Clark |first=Lucie |date=July 27, 2020 |title=What is cottagecore? The phenomenon made popular by Taylor Swift |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/lifestyle/what-is-cottagecore-the-phenomenon-made-popular-by-taylor-swift/news-story/6f4f501ffaee50c73f394d64f1ada174 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Vogue Australia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910132434/https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/lifestyle/what-is-cottagecore-the-phenomenon-made-popular-by-taylor-swift/news-story/6f4f501ffaee50c73f394d64f1ada174 |archive-date=September 10, 2020}}</ref> leading to an increase in sales of hand-knitted [[Aran jumper]]s in Ireland and the U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corr |first=Julieanne |date=January 17, 2021 |title=Taylor photo sparks Swift sales jump for Aran sweaters |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/taylor-photo-sparks-swift-sales-jump-for-aran-sweaters-s75xckv7k |access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> [[RTÉ]] thanked Swift for putting [[Cardigan (sweater)|cardigans]] "back on the map" with ''Folklore''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 27, 2020 |title=A brief history of the cardigan, from Coco Chanel to Taylor Swift |publisher=[[RTÉ]] |url=https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/fashion/2020/0727/1155783-a-brief-history-of-the-cardigan-from-coco-chanel-to-taylor-swift/ |access-date=November 13, 2020}}</ref> Upon ''Evermore''{{'s}} release, replicas of the flannel coat Swift wore on the cover artwork sold out on [[Farfetch]] instantaneously.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift's Rs 2 lakh coat from latest album cover sells out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/taylor-swifts-rs-2-lakh-coat-from-latest-album-cover-sells-out-7105817/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215215011/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/taylor-swifts-rs-2-lakh-coat-from-latest-album-cover-sells-out-7105817/ |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |access-date=December 15, 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The Eras Tour increased the demand for metallic [[boot]]s, [[cowboy hat]]s, and [[sequin]] dresses. CNN reported that fashion retailers marketed their products to target attendees of the tour, with various clothing brands creating a range of items inspired by Swift and her eras" and scoring their biggest sales year yet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sales of metallic boots and sequin dresses are soaring as fans dress up for Taylor Swift's Eras tour |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/retail/news/sales-of-metallic-boots-and-sequin-dresses-are-soaring-as-fans-dress-up-for-taylor-swifts-eras-tour/articleshow/100596490.cms |access-date=May 30, 2023 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavilanz |first=Parija |date=May 27, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift sets summer's hottest dress code: Sequins, boots, cowboy hats |agency=CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/27/business/taylor-swift-concert-clothing-look-of-summer/index.html |access-date=May 30, 2023}}</ref>

== Fandom dynamics ==
{{See also|Impact of the Eras Tour}}
Swift maintains a close relationship with her fans, "Swifties", to whom many journalists attribute her impact.<ref name="Khan-20212" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Katie |date=June 8, 2018 |title=How Taylor Swift flipped online fandom on its head for the better |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/how-taylor-swift-flipped-online-fandom-on-its-head-for-the-better/ |access-date=March 19, 2023 |agency=CNET}}</ref> Her connection with fans is considered unique for artists of her stature; she has interacted with them on social media, sent gifts, hand-selected them to attend intimate concerts or meet-and-greets, made surprise visits, participated in some of their functions, and gifted free tickets to disadvantaged fans.<ref name="cnet.com">{{Cite web |title=How Taylor Swift flipped online fandom on its head for the better |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/how-taylor-swift-flipped-online-fandom-on-its-head-for-the-better/ |access-date=May 3, 2023 |agency=CNET}}</ref><ref name="Tilchen-2019">{{Cite news |last=Tilchen |first=Jordyn |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift's Fans Have Known Her For 13 Years — This Is How She's Kept Growing With Them |agency=MTV News |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/29ig45/taylor-swift-evolution-of-swifties-relationship |access-date=May 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift defends fan, gets them tickets after incident at Philadelphia show |agency=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/taylor-swift-defends-fan-security-guard-eras-tour-lincoln-financial-field-philadelphia/ |access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref> She hosted the "Secret Sessions", a series of pre-release album-listening parties for fans at her houses.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kawa |first1=Katie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCxmDwAAQBAJ |title=Taylor Swift: Superstar Singer |last2=Cartlidge |first2=Cherese |date=December 15, 2016 |publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC |isbn=978-1-5345-6026-0}}</ref><ref name="mock">{{cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=November 15, 2017 |title=Taylor Swift Avoided and Mocked the Media with 'Reputation.' And It Worked. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/11/15/taylor-swift-avoided-and-mocked-the-media-with-reputation-and-it-worked/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=December 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019202738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/11/15/taylor-swift-avoided-and-mocked-the-media-with-reputation-and-it-worked/ |archive-date=October 19, 2020}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| image1 = Taylor Swift GMA (8114373842).jpg
| alt1 = Swift giving away her autographs to fans in 2012
| image2 = Taylor Swift at TIFF 2022 - 3.jpg
| alt2 = Swift taking pictures with fans in 2022
| footer = Academics say that Swift redefined artist-fandom relationships by establishing an intimate connection with her fanbase.
| total_width =
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She has donated to fans to cover their academic loans, medical bills, rent or other expenses, and once bought a house for a pregnant, homeless fan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaplan |first=Ilana |date=January 3, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift buys homeless pregnant woman a house |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/taylor-swift-swift-life-fan-act-of-kindness-homeless-pregnant-a8140646.html |access-date=May 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aniftos |first=Rania |date=March 23, 2021 |title=A Timeline of Taylor Swift's Generosity |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/timeline-taylor-swift-generosity-8481430/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 14, 2023}}</ref> Her excess donation to a fan with [[leukemia]] on [[GoFundMe]] in 2015 caused the [[crowdfunding]] platform to expand its policy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Plucinska |first=Joanna |date=July 13, 2015 |title=GoFundMe Raised Its Donation Cap Thanks to Taylor Swift |url=https://time.com/3955074/gofundme-taylor-swift-donation/ |magazine=Time |access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref> Swift has written songs for her fans, such as "[[Long Live (Taylor Swift song)|Long Live]]" (2010)<ref>{{cite web |last=Sodomsky |first=Sam |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift: ''Speak Now'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/taylor-swift-speak-now/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214230042/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/taylor-swift-speak-now/ |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2019 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> or "[[Ronan (song)|Ronan]]" (2012); the latter is a [[charity record]] about a fan's four-year-old son who died of [[neuroblastoma]].<ref name="Tilchen-2019" />

To ''The Washington Post'', Swift and Swifties "[are] all part of one big friend group".<ref name="auto7">{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=May 15, 2023 |title=The bonding experience of watching a Taylor Swift concert from a parking lot |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/music/2023/05/15/taylor-swift-eras-tour-parking-lot/ |access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref> Many fans feel connected to Swift as they "have grown up with her and her music."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fanick |first=Christopher |date=May 1, 2019 |title="Call It What You Want": The Impact of Fan Characteristics on Political Views |url=https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/comm_honors/17 |journal=Communication Honors Theses}}</ref><ref name="HarvardGazette"/> Their positive reception of ''Reputation,'' which was released after the 2016 controversy, demonstrated their commitment to Swift, irrespective of a tonal shift in her artistry and public perception.{{sfn|Byelousouva|2020|page=56-57}} ''Billboard'' cited the unprecedented success of Swift's re-recorded albums as further evidence of their loyalty.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Iasimone |first=Ashley |date=November 13, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Breaks Spotify Single-Day Streaming Records With 'Red (Taylor's Version)' |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-red-taylors-version-spotify-streaming-record-single-day/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 5, 2023}}</ref> Willman wrote, the re-records' success inspired other artists to "weaponize fans in their business disputes".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Fearless (Taylor's Version)' Debuts Huge: What It Means for Replicating Oldies, Weaponizing Fans |url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-fearless-lessons-1234955475/ |url-status=live |magazine=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003048/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-fearless-lessons-1234955475/ |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> Author [[Amanda Petrusich]] described Swifties' allegiance as both "mighty and frightening".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |date=June 6, 2023 |title=The Startling Intimacy of Taylor Swift's Eras Tour |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/19/taylor-swift-eras-tour-review |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref>

The [[consumerist]] phenomenon of purchasing anything related to Swift has been termed "the Taylor Swift effect" by ''The Guardian''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cain |first=Sian |date=May 10, 2023 |title=The Taylor Swift effect: why a mystery book is rocketing up US charts – despite no one knowing anything about it |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/may/10/rumours-of-a-taylor-swift-memoir-pushes-mysterious-untitled-us-book-up-charts |access-date=May 10, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> To business scientists Brendan Canavan and Claire McCamley, the relationship between Swift and Swifties represents [[Post-postmodernism|post-postmodern]] consumerism.{{sfn|Canavan|McCamley|2020|page=222–230}} [[Sociologist]] Brian Donovan opined, "it is easy to dismiss the frenzy surrounding Swift as mindless [[hero]] worship. Yet, the Swifties have shown the power of fandom to create social bonds that transcend consumerism."<ref name=":9" /> The frenzy, generally termed "Swiftmania",<ref name=":12">
#{{Cite news |last=Zokovitch |first=Grace |date=May 16, 2023 |title='A legend's coming:' Taylor Swift mania descends on Boston ahead of weekend concerts |newspaper=Boston Herald |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2023/05/16/a-legends-coming-taylor-swift-mania-descends-on-boston-ahead-of-weekend-concerts/ |access-date=May 29, 2023}}
#{{Cite news |date=May 26, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift mania explained |agency=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/video/taylor-swift-mania-explained/ |access-date=May 29, 2023}}
#{{Cite news |last=O'Reagan |first=Ellen |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Swiftflation: star's pulling power likely to push up prices |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2023/07/14/swiftflation-stars-pulling-power-likely-to-push-up-prices/ |access-date=July 15, 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> has been considered the 21st-century equivalent to [[Beatlemania]] by journalists such as Jon Bream of ''[[Star Tribune]]'', who said "Swift has achieved a once unthinkable monoculture, a zeitgeistian redux of Beatlemania".<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bream |first=Jon |date=June 24, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift delivers the most fan-fulfilling concert of all time in Minneapolis |url=https://www.startribune.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-concert-review-minneapolis-us-bank-stadium/600285014/ |access-date=June 24, 2023 |newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref>

Swifties have been the subject of journalistic and academic interest for their "prolific content creation, digital savvy, organizing capacity, and sometimes vicious online behaviors", as per [[internet culture]] researchers Cristina López and Avneesh Chandra.<ref name="Lopez-2023" /> Donovan distinguished "Taylor Swift fans" from Swifties, opining that the latter are a subculture characterized by [[collective effervescence]], unlike other fanbases. Some [[linguists]] termed the Swifties' fan-coded, lyrics-based language a "fanilect".<ref name=":1" />

=== Mythology and subculture ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "Her use of symbols and imagery has only grown over time, to the point that if you look deep enough into Swift World, her fans seem as if they are practically speaking another language with abbreviations, coded catchphrases and references that only they understand."
| author = Emily Yahr
| source = ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (2022)<ref name=Yahr1/>
| width = 25%
}}

Propagated by her prolific use of easter eggs and "unusually close connection with her fans",<ref name="auto7"/><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Gambles |first=Sarah |date=July 23, 2023 |title=The ubiquitous power of Taylor Swift |url=https://www.deseret.com/2023/7/22/23579559/taylor-swift-eras-tour-taking-over-america-summer |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref> Swift is a source of [[myth]] in popular culture. Journalists describe her works, celebrity, and the fanfare surrounding them a world on its own. ''Glamour'' and ''The Washington Post'' termed it the Taylor Swift Cinematic Universe.<ref name="Yahr-2022"/><ref name="auto9"/> ''Entertainment Weekly'' called it Taylor Swift Musical Universe—"a pop star known for prodigious hint-dropping, whose fans turn every piece of info into an online [[Archaeological excavation|archaeological dig]]."<ref name="EWMay2"/> In ''The Guardian'', Adrian Horton said "Swiftverse" is a [[subculture]] of mass media, cultivated by "years of [[worldbuilding]] and Swiftian mythology",<ref name="Horton-2023">{{Cite news |last=Horton |first=Adrian |date=May 29, 2023 |title=How Taylor Swift's Eras tour took over America |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/may/29/taylor-swift-eras-tour-america-takeover |access-date=May 29, 2023}}</ref> while Alim Kheraj wrote Swift turned pop music into a "multiplayer puzzle" involving fanbase commitment, which other artists have attempted to reproduce.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kheraj |first=Alim |date=November 9, 2022 |title=The curate's Easter egg: how Taylor Swift turned pop into a multiplayer puzzle |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/09/how-taylor-swift-turned-pop-into-a-multiplayer-puzzle |access-date=May 5, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Andrew Unterberger of ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' wrote that symbolisms are "inextricable elements of the Taylor Swift experience" and key to understanding her work.<ref name="Unterberger-2014">{{Cite web |last=Unterberger |first=Andrew |date=October 22, 2014 |title=The Complete Taylor Swiftology: A Glossary Of Symbols |url=https://www.spin.com/2014/10/taylor-swiftology-lyrics-recurring-symbols-1989/ |access-date=May 29, 2023 |website=Spin}}</ref> To Caroline Mimbs Nyce of ''The Atlantic'', Swift's fandom is nearly a [[metaverse]]: "a huge virtual community unmoored from a single platform, based on a world around Taylor Swift, missing only the 3D virtual space to hang out in."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nyce |first=Caroline Mimbs |date=October 21, 2022 |title=Weirdly, Taylor Swift Is Extremely Close to Creating a True Metaverse |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/10/taylor-swift-fandom-true-metaverse/671814/ |access-date=May 29, 2023 |magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> According to Yahr, Swift enjoys embedding "clues, hints and puzzles" in her works, social media posts and interviews, constructing a self-mythology that fans believe could have a hidden meaning and attempt to decode, such as a release date, song or album title or an artistic element.<ref name=Yahr1>{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=October 20, 2022 |title=How the search for clues in Taylor Swift's music became all-consuming |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/10/20/taylor-swift-midnights-easter-eggs/ |access-date=May 29, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> The critical analysis is referred to as "Swiftology" in the media.<ref>Attributed to many sources:

{{*}} {{Cite magazine |last=Adler |first=Dan |date=September 18, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Opens Up, Really |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/09/taylor-swift-rolling-stone-cover |magazine=Vanity Fair |access-date=October 19, 2022}}

{{*}} {{Cite news |last=Nicholson |first=Rebecca |date=February 5, 2022 |title=Richard Moore: even spies don't want to see our Wordle solutions |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/feb/05/richard-moore-even-spies-dont-want-to-see-our-wordle-solutions |access-date=October 19, 2022}}

{{*}} {{Cite web |last=Crucchiola |first=Jordan |date=August 16, 2019 |title=Let's Speculate Wildly About the Meaning of Taylor Swift's Lover Song Titles |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/08/lets-speculate-about-taylor-swifts-lover-song-titles.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Vulture}}</ref><ref name="Unterberger-2014" /> Such theorizing, for example, led fans to correctly predict the date of the announcement of ''[[1989 (Taylor's Version)]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Dessi |date=2023-08-10 |title=Taylor Swift Reveals ‘1989 (Taylor’s Version)’ Release Date |url=https://www.thewrap.com/taylor-swift-1989-taylors-version-october/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref>

"The scarf" mentioned in "All Too Well" has been a topic of mythology.<ref name="auto10"/><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto8"/> Brad Nelson wrote in ''The Atlantic'' that the missing scarf quickly became a "fantastic pop culture mystery" of much internet attention.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tiffany |first=Kaitlyn |date=October 17, 2021 |title=With fall comes the return of a fantastic pop culture mystery |url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/10/17/16488476/taylor-swift-scarf-mystery-jake-gyllenhaal-all-too-well |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214205952/https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/10/17/16488476/taylor-swift-scarf-mystery-jake-gyllenhaal-all-too-well |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=February 19, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> The scarf's existence or its lyrical use as simply a metaphor has been a topic of debate among fans and cultural commentators, who "agree it's more than a simple piece of outerwear."<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{Cite web |last=Ahlgrim |first=Callie |title=How Taylor Swift's scarf went from an innocent accessory to Jake Gyllenhaal's worst nightmare |url=https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-jake-gyllenhaal-scarf-timeline-all-too-well-explanation-2021-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210165158/https://www.insider.com/taylor-swift-jake-gyllenhaal-scarf-timeline-all-too-well-explanation-2021-11 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=Insider}}</ref> According to [[Rob Sheffield]], the scarf is so significant to Swift's discography that it "should be in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sheffield |first=Rob |date=November 24, 2020 |title=All 129 of Taylor Swift's Songs, Ranked by Rob Sheffield |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/taylor-swift-songs-ranked-rob-sheffield-201800/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215023910/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/taylor-swift-songs-ranked-rob-sheffield-201800/ |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> Kaitlyn Tiffany of ''[[The Verge]]'' described the scarf as "the [[The Great Gatsby|green dock light]] of our time."<ref name="tiffany2">{{cite web |last=Tiffany |first=Kaitlyn |date=October 17, 2017 |title=With fall comes the return of a fantastic pop culture mystery |url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/10/17/16488476/taylor-swift-scarf-mystery-jake-gyllenhaal-all-too-well |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214205952/https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/10/17/16488476/taylor-swift-scarf-mystery-jake-gyllenhaal-all-too-well |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=May 21, 2019 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> Ahlgrim called it a "fabled accessory" and "a source of cultural curiosity".<ref name="Ahlgrim" />

Though Swift described herself as an [[Straight ally|ally]] to the LGBT community, a small faction of fans called "Gaylors" believe she is secretly gay and hints her [[queer]]ness through music. A 2023 [[Network mapping|network map]] published by López and Chandra divided Swifties into six factions based on online behavior; a subset of Gaylors specifically [[Shipping (fandom)|ship]] Swift with [[Karlie Kloss]], [[Dianna Agron]], or both, claiming Swift dated them in the past, and accuse Swift of [[queerbaiting]] if she is not actually gay. Most fans criticize Gaylor as far-fetched, malicious, and disrespectful to Swift; journalists likewise dismiss it as an invasive, baseless [[conspiracy theory]],<ref>Sources on Gaylor:
* {{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Rebecca |date=October 28, 2022 |title=The 'Gaylors' are showing us the toxic sides of celebrity culture |url=http://www.michigandaily.com/arts/digital-culture/the-problem-with-the-gaylors/ |access-date=May 29, 2023 |newspaper=The Michigan Daily}}
* {{Cite news |last=Picker |first=Liora |title=Taylor Swift 'Gaylor' theories might entice or entertain, but they also invade |url=https://dailytargum.com//article/2022/11/taylor-swift-gaylor-theories-might-entice-or-entertain-but-they-also-invade |access-date=May 29, 2023 |magazine=The Daily Targum}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Jones |first=C. T. |date=April 4, 2023 |title=Why Some Taylor Swift Stans Are Ganging Up On 'Gaylors': Report |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/taylor-swift-fandom-gaylor-report-exclusive-1234713432/ |access-date=May 29, 2023|magazine=Rolling Stone}}
* {{Cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=October 19, 2022 |title=Let's go down the rabbit hole of Taylor Swift conspiracy theories |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/23411001/taylor-swift-conspiracy-theories-midnights-karma-is-real-gaylor |access-date=May 29, 2023 |website=Vox}}</ref><ref name="Lopez-2023">{{Cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=Cristina |last2=Chandra |first2=Avneesh |date=April 12, 2023 |title=Now We Got Bad Blood |url=https://www.graphika.com/reports/now-we-got-bad-blood |access-date=May 29, 2023 |publisher=Graphika}}</ref> and have criticized the [[parasocial interaction]]s that some fans have with Swift's private life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 6, 2023 |title=Matty Healy exposed the dark side of the Taylor Swift parasocial fantasy |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/taylor-swift-matty-healy-era-fans-need-chill-rcna87987 |access-date=June 7, 2023 |agency=MSNBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rascoe |first=Ayesha |date=April 17, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift fans are upset over reports of her breakup. A psychologist explains why |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/16/1170293934/taylor-swift-fans-are-upset-over-reports-of-her-breakup-a-psychologist-explains- |access-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref>

== Generational appeal ==
Critical commentary has used Swift's career to mark a [[paradigm shift]] in popular culture, regarding her as a [[Millennials|millennial]] cultural figure. According to Rosen, Swift is a "generational [[bard]]", merging "the pleasures of old-fashioned songcraft with millennial social-media oversharing."<ref name="Rosen" /> Psychiatrist Suzanne Garfinkle-Crowell opined, Swift is the generational [[poet laureate]] who always has a song to describe the precise emotion a listener is feeling.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Garfinkle-Crowell |first=Suzanne |date=June 17, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift Has Rocked My Psychiatric Practice |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/17/opinion/taylor-swift-mental-health.html |access-date=June 17, 2023}}</ref> American author [[Neil Howe]], who [[Strauss–Howe generational theory|coined the term "millennial"]], named Swift as the classic example of millennial spirit.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lichtenberg |first=Nick |date=July 22, 2023 |title=The creator of 'generational research' on why Taylor Swift is the 'iconic' millennial, Gen X is aging gracefully—and Gen Z sees through all of it |url=https://fortune.com/2023/07/22/neil-howe-fourth-turning-interview-taylor-swift-millennials-gen-z/ |access-date=July 22, 2023 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref>

In 2010, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' commentators Morley Winograd and Michael D. Hais opined that Swift's rise to fame signals the "musical [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]]" of the millennial generation and that "it's only a matter of time before Swift and her generation make over America's music as triumphantly as they did its politics with the election of President Obama."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Winograd |first1=Morley |last2=D. Hais |first2=Michael |date=January 29, 2010 |title=Move over Kanye West, Taylor Swift, and the Millennial generation are taking over music |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/amphtml/Commentary/Opinion/2010/0129/Move-over-Kanye-West-Taylor-Swift-and-the-Millennial-generation-are-taking-over-music |access-date=October 30, 2021}}</ref> Awarding Swift for her humanitarian endeavors in 2012, former [[First lady|First Lady]] of the U.S., [[Michelle Obama]], described Swift as an artist who "has rocketed to the top of the music industry but still keeps her feet on the ground, someone who has shattered every expectation of what a 22-year-old can accomplish".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Moss |first=Hilary |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Michelle Obama Honors Taylor Swift, Taylor Swift So Honored |url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2012/04/michelle-obama-honors-taylor-swift.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528072212/http://nymag.com/thecut/2012/04/michelle-obama-honors-taylor-swift.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| image1 = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0719-38, Bruce Springsteen, Konzert in der DDR.jpg
| alt1 = Bruce Springsteen performing with a guitar
| width1 = 200
| image2 = Bob Dylan June 23 1978.jpg
| alt2 = Bob Dylan with a guitar
| width2 = 100
| footer = Swift is frequently compared to 20th-century singers like [[Bruce Springsteen]] (left) and [[Bob Dylan]] (right) in terms of generational cultural impact.
| align = left
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}}

In 2014, ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]''{{'s}} John McDuling wrote, Swift was "quickly becoming the most influential artist of her generation", spurred by critical praise and "blockbuster" sales, and pondered if she is the millennial equivalent to Dylan, Springsteen, or [[Kurt Cobain]].<ref name="McDuling-2014" /> ''[[National Post]]'' opined that ''1989''—an album created by a millennial for millennials—"lays claim to an entire generation", as average millennials "are constantly exposed to criticism and heavy dialog" like Swift, and coerced to become both sensitive and hardened emotionally, all of which is embodied by Swift's music; the newspaper considered "[[New Romantics (song)|New Romantics]]" (2016) as an millennial ode.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 6, 2015 |title=What Taylor Swift tells us about millennials |newspaper=[[National Post]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/music/what-taylor-swift-tells-us-about-future-generations |access-date=October 30, 2021}}</ref>

According to a 2019 YPulse survey, Swift is the musician who best-represents millennials (ages 19–37).<ref>{{cite web |date=October 8, 2019 |title=The 17 Musicians Gen Z & Millennials Say Represent Their Generations |url=https://www.ypulse.com/article/2019/10/08/the-17-musicians-gen-z-millennials-say-represent-their-generations/ |access-date=October 30, 2021 |website=YPulse}}</ref> She also represents "millennial [[anxiety]]" according to ''[[The Walrus]]''{{'s}} Joelle Kidd, who wrote that millennials have a tendency of "obsessive self-analysis" and [[self-awareness]] which "the hypercompetent Swift" has grown to embody, sharing her anxieties with an entire generation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kidd |first=Joel |date=March 2, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift Is the Surprising Face of Millennial Anxiety |url=https://thewalrus.ca/taylor-swift-is-the-surprising-face-of-millennial-anxiety/ |access-date=October 30, 2021 |website=[[The Walrus]]}}</ref> [[Today (American TV program)|''Today'']] senior editor Elena Nicolaou noted how Swift culturally transformed millennial weddings as many couples choose to incorporate her music and aesthetics into the ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicolau |first=Elena |date=November 29, 2022 |title=How Taylor Swift is transforming millennial weddings |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/taylor-swift-wedding-theme-trend-rcna57270 |access-date=November 30, 2022 |website=Today}}</ref>

Discussing Swift's [[Generation Z]] appeal in the 2020s, Spanos stated that despite Gen Z forming a significant portion of Swift's newer fans, they do not "really understand the cultural history, the sociopolitical and cultural elements that have molded Taylor as a millennial woman because they grew up after that". As a result, some Gen Z may view some older Swift songs and lyrics as "[[Embarrassment|cringe]]".<ref name="Taylor Swift is peak millennial vibes-2022" /> ''Vox'' and ''New Yorker'' called Swift the "millennial Bruce Springsteen", drawing numerous artistic and sociopolitical parallels between Swift and Springsteen's careers.<ref name="VanDerWerff-2020">{{cite web |last=VanDerWerff |first=Emily |date=July 31, 2020 |title=Taylor Swift is the millennial Bruce Springsteen |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/7/31/21340926/taylor-swift-folklore-millennial-bruce-springsteen |access-date=October 30, 2021 |website=Vox}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |last=Foggatt |first=Tyler |date=June 3, 2023 |title=Look What Taylor Made Us Do |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/look-what-taylor-made-us-do |access-date=June 11, 2023 |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Similarly, ''The Times'' named Swift "the Bob Dylan of our age" and "the confessional queen of [[Aughts|Noughties]] pop".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ditum |first=Sarah |date=October 8, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift: the Bob Dylan of our age |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/taylor-swift-the-bob-dylan-of-our-age-pmlg5m7hl |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/XgC2q |archive-date=December 24, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Paul Slanksy of ''[[Air Mail (magazine)|Air Mail]]'' wrote in 2023, Swift is "a hit with the boomers too", observing rising numbers of "[[Old age|senior]] Swifties".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slanksy |first=Paul |date=June 10, 2023 |title=The Rise of the Senior Swiftie |url=https://airmail.news/issues/2023-6-10/rise-of-the-senior-swiftie |access-date=June 12, 2023 |website=Air Mail}}</ref>

As per Morning Consult, 45% of Swift's U.S. fans are millennial, 23% baby boomers, 21% [[Gen X]], and 11% Gen Z.<ref name="Blancaflor-2023">{{Cite web |last1=Blancaflor |first1=Saleah |last2=Briggs |first2=Ellyn |date=March 14, 2023 |title=The Taylor Swift Fandom Is White, Suburban and Leans Democratic |url=https://morningconsult.com/2023/03/14/taylor-swift-fandom-demographic/ |access-date=May 15, 2023 |agency=Morning Consult}}</ref> [[YouGov]] surveys ranked her as the world's most admired female musician from 2019 to 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=These Are 2019's Most Admired Women in the World |date=July 19, 2019 |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/most-admired-women-world-yougov-poll/ |access-date=December 4, 2019 |publisher=[[Global Citizen (organization)|Global Citizen]]}}{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=September 25, 2020 |title=Barack and Michelle Obama are the World's Most Admired |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2020/09/25/worlds-most-admired-2020 |access-date=November 5, 2021 |agency=[[YouGov]]}}{{cite web |date=December 14, 2021 |title=World's most admired 2021 |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |access-date=December 18, 2021 |agency=[[YouGov]]}}</ref> Beyond music and business, Swift has also been cited as a role model by many millennial sportspersons, such as [[Simone Biles]], [[Kobe Bryant]], [[Jimmy Butler]], [[Rob Gronkowski]], [[Bryce Harper]], [[Clayton Kershaw]], [[Jessica Korda]], [[Mikaela Shiffrin]], [[Iga Świątek|Iga Swiatek]], [[Russell Westbrook]], [[Emma Weyant]], and [[Serena Williams]].<ref>Attributed to several sources: {{Cite web |last=Corrigan |first=Drew |title=Kobe Bryant Surprises Taylor Swift with Banner at Staples Center |website=[[Bleacher Report]] |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2553188-kobe-bryant-surprises-taylor-swift-with-banner-at-staples-center |access-date=May 11, 2023 |agency=Bleacher Report}}{{Cite magazine |last=Traina |first=Jimmy |date=August 23, 2017 |title=These Athletes Aren't Shy About Showing Their Love For Taylor Swift |url=https://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2017/08/23/taylor-swift-loved-athletes-russell-westbrook-gronk-bryce-harper |access-date=May 11, 2023 |magazine=Sports Illustrated}}{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2017 |title=The top 10 athlete superfans of Taylor Swift |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/culture/article/21342430/top-10-athlete-superfans-taylor-swift |access-date=May 11, 2023 |agency=ESPN}}{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=David |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Sorry, Midnights stans: Iga "Swiftie" Swiatek prefers Folklore and Evermore |url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/sorry-midnights-stans-iga-swiftie-swiatek-prefers-folklore-and-evermore |access-date=May 11, 2023|website=Tennis.com}}{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Whitelaw |date=July 26, 2021 |title=How Pop Star Taylor Swift Helped Incoming UVA Swimmer Win an Olympic Silver Medal |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/how-pop-star-taylor-swift-helped-incoming-uva-swimmer-win-olympic-silver-medal |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=UVA Today}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNwfTn7D4FA |title=Olympian Mikaela Shiffrin on Taylor Swift, the importance of music |date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=WCNC Charlotte |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Creative inspiration ==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = center
| footer = Swift has influenced a generation of artists, including [[Niall Horan]], [[Olivia Rodrigo]], [[Rina Sawayama]], [[Halsey (singer)|Halsey]], [[Billie Eilish]], [[Sabrina Carpenter]], [[Conan Gray]], [[Troye Sivan]] and [[Shawn Mendes]].
| image1 = P20230317CS-1143 (52777754974) (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Olivia Rodrigo at Vice President's West Wing office.jpg
| image3 = Rina Sawayama PrimaveraBarcW1Jun22 (56 of 318) (52164013774) (cropped).jpg
| image4 = Halsey September 2019.jpg
| image5 = BillieEilishO2160622 (11 of 45) (52152972296) (cropped 2).jpg
| image6 = Sabrina Carpenter Vogue 2020 (07).png
| image7 = Conan Gray U Street Music Hall March 2019 2.jpg
| image8 = Troye Sivan (42022775414).jpg
| image9 =191125 Shawn Mendes at the 2019 American Music Awards.png
| total_width = 800
| alt1 = Niall Horan in 2023
| alt2 = Olivia Rodrigo in 2021
| alt3 = Rina Sawayama in 2022
| alt5 = Billie Eilish in 2022
| alt4 = Halsey in 2019
| alt6 = Sabrina Carpenter in 2020
| alt7 = Conan Gray in 2019
| alt8 = Troye Sivan in 2018
| alt9 = Shawn Mendes
}}

Swift has influenced numerous music artists across genres since her debut.<ref name=":8" /> Critics began noticing her influence on popular music in 2013,<ref name="Rosen" /> and credit her albums with inspiring an entire generation of singer-songwriters.<ref name="Roland-2016" /><ref name="Indie rock"/><ref name="BI March 2022">{{cite web |last=Ahlgrim |first=Callie |date=March 18, 2022 |title=How Taylor Swift inspired a new generation of singer-songwriters, in their own words |url=https://www.insider.com/artists-inspired-by-taylor-swift-quotes-2022-3 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> [[Paul McCartney]] was inspired by Swift's artistry and fans to write the 2018 song "[[Who Cares (Paul McCartney song)|Who Cares]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Sam |date=January 27, 2022 |title=The surprising Paul McCartney song inspired by Taylor Swift |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/paul-mccartney-song-inspired-by-taylor-swift/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=[[Far Out Magazine]]}}</ref> Other acts who cited Swift as an influence include:
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* [[5 Seconds of Summer]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Anagha |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Pop rock outfit 5 Seconds of Summer have shed their boy band image and are ready to wow fans with a new album |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/jun/03/5-seconds-of-summer-are-back-with-their-fifth-studio-albumthe-band-members-chat-with-indulge-about-41179.html |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Gracie Abrams]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[Adele]]<ref name="Manfred">{{Cite web |last=Manfred |first=Tony |title=Adele's new single is her most pop-y song ever, and it's all because she heard a Taylor Swift song on the radio and got obsessed |url=https://www.insider.com/adele-send-my-love-taylor-swift-2016-5 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=Insider}}</ref>
* [[Baby Queen]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[Bahjat (singer)|Bahjat]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashed |first=Mohamed |date=July 22, 2020 |title=#WaraElMazzika: Rising Libyan Pop Star Bahjat on His Yom Wara Yom Collab With Deezer, Future Plans and More |url=https://scoopempire.com/waraelmazzika-rising-libyan-pop-star-bahjat-on-his-yom-wara-yom-collab-with-deezer-future-plans-and-more/ |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=Scoop Empire}}</ref>
* Kelsea Ballerini<ref>{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Gayle |date=February 10, 2020 |title=Kelsea Ballerini Credits Taylor Swift With Inspiring Her to Move to Nashville |url=https://popculture.com/country-music/2020/02/10/kelsea-ballerini-credits-taylor-swift-inspiring-her-move-nashville/ |access-date=April 27, 2020 |publisher=PopCulture.com}}</ref>
* [[Priscilla Block]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Stefano |first=Angela |date=April 30, 2021 |title=Interview: Priscilla Block Loves Hard, Breaks Harder on Debut EP |url=https://tasteofcountry.com/priscilla-block-ep-interview-2021/ |access-date=February 18, 2022 |website=[[Taste of Country]]}}</ref>
* [[Phoebe Bridgers]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[Bailey Bryan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stark |first=Phyllis |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Chartbreaker: Bailey Bryan on Taylor Swift's Influence and How Spinal Surgery Inspired Her Breakout Single |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/bailey-bryan-chartbreaker-taylor-swift-influence/ |access-date=May 11, 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
* Camila Cabello<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rowley |first=Glenn |date=November 26, 2020 |title=Camila Cabello Calls Taylor Swift Her 'Biggest Inspiration' After Epic AMAs Performance |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8544839/camila-cabello-amas-performance-taylor-swift-tweet |magazine=Billboard |access-date=October 21, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Sabrina Carpenter]]<ref>{{cite tweet|number=543944334135918594|user=SabrinaAnnLynn|title=My first cover on YouTube was Picture to Burn. I was 9 and weird. But I was inspired by this lady ever since. Happy Bday @taylorswift13 xx|first=Sabrina|last=Carpenter|date=December 13, 2014|access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sofia Carson]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Blais-Billie |first=Braudie |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Disney's Rising Fashion Icon Sofia Carson Talks 'Back to Beautiful' & Hosting the Radio Disney Music Awards |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/7776294/disney-sofia-carson-back-to-beautiful-rdmas-host-interview |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 14, 2021}}</ref>
* [[The Chainsmokers]]<ref>{{cite web |date=November 23, 2015 |title=The Chainsmokers On Rising Hit "Roses" |url=http://www.idolator.com/7615803/chainsmokers-interview-roses-bouquet-ep |access-date=December 11, 2015 |work=Idolator}}</ref>
* [[Clairo]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[Gus Dapperton]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[Daya (singer)|Daya]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Jason |date=March 29, 2016 |title=Daya Discusses Her New Single 'Sit Still, Look Pretty,' Teases Debut Full-Length |url=https://www.popdust.com/daya-discusses-her-new-single-sit-still-look-pretty-teases-debut-full--1892488525.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418092347/https://www.popdust.com/daya-discusses-her-new-single-sit-still-look-pretty-teases-debut-full--1892488525.html |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |access-date=April 2, 2021 |work=PopDust}}</ref>
* Billie Eilish<ref>{{cite web |title=Billie Eilish Hilariously Reacts to Britney Spears Playing Her Music |url=https://www.etonline.com/billie-eilish-hilariously-reacts-to-britney-spears-playing-her-music-149948 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |work=Entertainment Tonight|date=July 20, 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Ellis (musician)|Ellis]]<ref name="NPR-2021">{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2021 |title=Still 'Fearless': Re-Recording The Past On Taylor's Version |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/12/985842675/still-fearless-re-recording-the-past-on-taylors-version |access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Fletcher (singer)|Fletcher]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Viswanath |first=Jake |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Fletcher Is Really "That B*tch" On Girl Of My Dreams |url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/fletcher-girl-of-my-dreams-album-songs-taylor-swift-shirt-lyrics |access-date=October 12, 2022 |magazine=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]}}</ref>
* [[Gayle (singer)|Gayle]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[Girl in Red]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Ruth |first=Wolfgang |date=April 30, 2021 |title=7 Influences on girl in red's Debut, From (Yes) Taylor Swift to a Serious Lack of Serotonin |url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/girl-in-red-interview-serotonin-if-i-could-make-it-go-quiet.html |access-date=April 30, 2021 |website=Vulture}}</ref>
* Selena Gomez<ref>{{cite web |date=July 25, 2013 |title=Selena Gomez Inspired By Taylor Swift On Her New "Grown-Up" Album 'Stars Dance' |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/artists/selena-gomez/news/taylor-swift-new-album/ |access-date=June 25, 2020 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]}}</ref>
* [[Ellie Goulding]]<ref>{{cite news |date=December 16, 2013 |title=Taylor Swift is an inspiration to me: Ellie Goulding |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/taylor-swift-is-an-inspiration-to-me-ellie-goulding/1208202/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417034828/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/taylor-swift-is-an-inspiration-to-me-ellie-goulding/1208202/ |archive-date=April 17, 2016 |access-date=March 29, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Conan Gray]]<ref name="Inspo">{{Cite magazine |last=Ahlgrim |first=Callie |date=March 17, 2023 |title=How Taylor Swift inspired a new generation of singer-songwriters, in their own words |url=https://www.insider.com/artists-inspired-by-taylor-swift-quotes-2022-3 |magazine=Insider |access-date=April 19, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Loren Gray]]<ref>{{cite web |date=April 21, 2023 |title=Loren Gray on Taking Her Image Back and Being a Taylor Swift Superfan |url=https://consequence.net/2023/04/loren-gray-guilty-kyle-meredith/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Consequence}}</ref>
* [[Griff (singer)|Griff]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* Halsey<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 30, 2019 |title=Halsey, Todrick Hall & More Send Messages of Support To Taylor Swift |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8518141/halsey-todrick-hall-more-send-messages-of-support-to-taylor-swift |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Maya Hawke]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Krueger |first=Jonah |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Maya Hawke on Being Inspired by Taylor Swift's Folklore, Finding Confidence, and Stranger Things |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/maya-hawke-being-inspired-taylor-155958013.html |access-date=July 21, 2022 |publisher=Yahoo! Lifestyle}}</ref>
* [[Niall Horan]]<ref>{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=Niall Horan: 'Taylor Swift is one of the greatest songwriters of her generation' |url=https://www.music-news.com/news/UK/130681/Niall-Horan-Taylor-Swift-is-one-of-the-greatest-songwriters-of-her-generation |access-date=October 21, 2020 |website=Music-News.com}}</ref>
* [[Huh Yun-jin]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95Lxj2gVVVc&t=4m17s |title=LE SSERAFIM Sings 'Antifragile', Taylor Swift, and Seventeen in a Game of Song Association |date=January 4, 2023 |access-date=March 23, 2023 |via=YouTube |magazine=Elle}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Lilas Ikuta]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Shiba|first=Nasuke|url=https://dot.asahi.com/aera/2021020200012.html?page=1|title=YOASOBI Ayaseとikuraが語る音楽を駆ける「無二の夢」|language=Japanese|date=February 3, 2021|website=AERA dot. (アエラドット)|accessdate=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Jax (singer)|Jax]]<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1415144046025011205|user=Jax|title=Dear @taylorswift13, You'll never truly understand the impact you've had on female songwriters. Between your natural poetic instincts, and your Fearlessness (pun intended) to speak out, you've made this space safer for us. Thank you forever, trailblazer❤️|author=Jax|date=July 14, 2021|access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ruston Kelly]]<ref name="NPR-2021" />
* [[Kim Chae-won]]<ref>{{cite magazine |date=September 2, 2022 |title=피어나라 르세라핌|url=https://www.elle.co.kr/article/70392?s=09 |access-date=June 15, 2023 |magazine=Elle Korea}}</ref>
* [[Little Mix]]<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2015 |title=Exclusive: Little Mix Are HUGE Fans Of Taylor Swift: "She's Lovely To Be Around" |agency=Capital FM |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/artists/little-mix/news/taylor-swift-fans/ |access-date=April 2, 2021 |quote=She's just very inspiring, just being with her, being on stage with her, we learned a lot. She's incredible.}}</ref>
* [[Atsuko Maeda]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000084914|title=前田敦子、テイラー・スウィフトと対談で歓喜のハグ|date=November 22, 2022|website=Barks Japan|accessdate=June 22, 2023|language=Japanese}}</ref>
* [[Catherine McGrath]]<ref name="Manfred"/>
* [[Tate McRae]]<ref>{{cite web |date=March 27, 2021 |title=Tate McRae Talks Taylor Swift's Inspiration & The Songs That Made Her |url=https://theglobalherald.com/entertainment/tate-mcrae-talks-taylor-swifts-inspiration-the-songs-that-made-her-mtv-music/ |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=The Global Herald}}</ref>
* [[Shawn Mendes]]<ref>{{cite web |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Shawn Mendes Honours Taylor Swift With Heartfelt Letter On How She's Inspired Him |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/news/music/shawn-mendes-taylor-swift-time-100/ |access-date=October 21, 2020 |website=Capital FM}}</ref>
* Maren Morris<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=March 8, 2019 |title=Maren Morris Interview on 'Girl' Album and Tour |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/8501647/maren-morris-interview-girl-album |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref>
* [[The National (band)|The National]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Kornhaber |first=Spencer |date=April 14, 2023 |title=How Taylor Swift Infiltrated Dude Rock |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/05/taylor-swift-the-national-collaboration-folklore-evermore/673491/ |access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Nina Nesbitt]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Schiller |first=Rebecca |date=September 3, 2018 |title=Get to Know 'Somebody Special' Singer-Songwriter Nina Nesbitt: Watch |magazine=Billboard |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8472875/nina-nesbitt-you-should-know-interview |access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Niki (singer)|Niki]]<ref>{{cite news |date=July 17, 2019 |title=Indonesian singer Niki opened for Taylor Swift when she was 15 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/2019/07/17/indonesian-artiste-niki-taylor-swift |access-date=October 20, 2020 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref>
* [[Finneas O'Connell]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Cerio |first=Michael |date=February 11, 2020 |title=Exclusive: Finneas on His Secret Sibling Language With Billie Eilish and Those Taylor Swift Rumors |agency=[[Audacy]] |url=https://www.audacy.com/national/music/finneas-on-his-secret-sibling-language-taylor-swift-rumors |access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Christina Perri]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ragusa |first1=Paolo |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Christina Perri on New Single "Evergone" and the Influence of Taylor Swift's folklore and evermore |website=Consequence |url=https://consequence.net/2022/03/christina-perri-evergone-kyle-meredith-with/amp/ |access-date=March 25, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Maisie Peters]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[The Regrettes]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Whitaker |first=Marisa |date=June 3, 2022 |title=The Regrettes On The Magic Of Making A 'Fuck It' Album |url=https://www.spin.com/2022/06/the-regrettes-futher-joy-lydia-night/ |access-date=June 9, 2022 |magazine=Spin}}</ref>
* [[Renforshort]]<ref name="Raza-Sheikh-2022"/>
* [[Freya Ridings]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Seaman |first=Duncan |date=August 1, 2019 |title=Freya Ridings on her meteoric rise to fame and her debut album |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/freya-ridings-her-meteoric-rise-fame-and-her-debut-album-1752164 |access-date=April 2, 2021 |newspaper=The Yorkshire Post}}</ref>
* [[Olivia Rodrigo]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[Maggie Rogers]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Martoccio |first=Angie |date=April 11, 2019 |title=Maggie Rogers on Learning to Love 'Tim McGraw' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/maggie-rogers-taylor-swift-tim-mcgraw-821277/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 11, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref>
* [[Ruann]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ruann.jp/biography | title=BIOGRAPHY | publisher=Ruann.jp | language=Japanese | accessdate=August 2, 2019 | archive-date=August 14, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814110908/https://ruann.jp/biography | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ruth B.]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Wass |first=Mike |date=November 25, 2015 |title=Popping Up: Ruth B |url=http://www.idolator.com/7616107/popping-up-ruth-b |access-date=February 18, 2022 |website=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]}}</ref>
* [[Rina Sawayama]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Will |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Rina Sawayama says her new album is inspired by the "fake stories" on Taylor Swift's Folklore |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rina-sawayama-says-her-new-album-is-inspired-by-the-fake-stories-on-taylor-swifts-folklore-3239052 |access-date=May 31, 2022 |magazine=NME}}</ref>
* [[Shamir (musician)|Shamir]]<ref name="NPR-2021" />
* [[Troye Sivan]]<ref name="Inspo" />
* [[Slayyyter]]<ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2018 |title=Slayyyter Is 2018 Pop, Inspired By 2007 Britney, Lindsay, and Paris |magazine=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]] |url=https://www.papermag.com/slayyyter-2611667509.html |access-date=July 6, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Soccer Mommy]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kaplan |first1=Ilana |date=August 16, 2017 |title=Soccer Mommy on How Nashville, Mitski & Taylor Swift Influenced Her Sound |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/7905079/soccer-mommy-interview |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Hailee Steinfeld]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Larisha |date=October 5, 2022 |title=We've Got A File On You: Hailee Steinfeld |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2201544/hailee-steinfeld/interviews/weve-got-a-file-on-you/ |access-date=October 6, 2022 |website=Stereogum}}</ref>
* [[Tegan and Sara]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Appleford |first=Steve |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Behind Tegan and Sara's Big Night With Taylor Swift |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/behind-tegan-and-saras-big-night-with-taylor-swift-20130823 |url-status=dead |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185832/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/behind-tegan-and-saras-big-night-with-taylor-swift-20130823 |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Tzuyu]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Suacillo |first=Angela Patricia |date=July 6, 2021 |title=TWICE's Tzuyu says her cover of Taylor Swift's 'ME!' didn't originally feature Bang Chan |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/twice-tzuyu-says-cover-taylor-swift-me-didnt-originally-feature-bang-chan-2986353 |magazine=NME |access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref>
* [[The Vamps (British band)|The Vamps]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akingbade |first=Tobi |date=March 2, 2019 |title=The Vamps reveal they really want to work with Taylor Swift again |url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/03/02/vamps-reveal-really-want-work-taylor-swift-revolutionised-music-8794540/ |access-date=May 11, 2023 |newspaper=Metro}}</ref>
* [[Hana Vu]]<ref name="NPR-2021" />
* [[Wild Pink (band)|Wild Pink]]<ref name="NPR-2021" />
* [[Hayley Williams]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jones |first=Damian |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Hayley Williams says she is recording her "own 'Folklore'" |url=https://www.nme.com/en_asia/news/music/hayley-williams-says-she-is-recording-her-own-folklore-2850882 |magazine=NME |access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref>
}}

Various musicians have been inspired by other aspects of Swift's career, such as her work ethic and strategy, especially regarding artists' rights,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahlgrim |first=Callie |date=May 8, 2021 |title=Olivia Rodrigo has full control of her masters because she paid attention to Taylor Swift's battle over her music |url=https://www.insider.com/olivia-rodrigo-owns-master-recordings-taylor-swift-battle-2021-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115081100/https://www.insider.com/olivia-rodrigo-owns-master-recordings-taylor-swift-battle-2021-5 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=May 8, 2021 |website=[[Insider Inc.]]}}</ref> including Rodrigo, [[Joe Jonas]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Garner |first=Glenn |date=June 5, 2021 |title=Joe Jonas Wants to Re-Record the Jonas Brothers' Debut Album: 'Like What Taylor Swift Did' |url=https://people.com/music/joe-jonas-brothers-re-record-debut-album-like-taylor-swift/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709121754/https://people.com/music/joe-jonas-brothers-re-record-debut-album-like-taylor-swift/ |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |access-date=June 6, 2021 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> [[Bryan Adams]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Brodksy |first=Rachel |date=March 11, 2022 |title=We've Got A File On You: Bryan Adams |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2179256/weve-got-a-file-on-you-bryan-adams/interviews/weve-got-a-file-on-you/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311173732/https://www.stereogum.com/2179256/weve-got-a-file-on-you-bryan-adams/interviews/weve-got-a-file-on-you/ |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website=Stereogum}}</ref> [[The Departed (band)|the Departed]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dearmore |first=Kelly |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Cody Canada Takes Ownership of His Art and Musical Past Thanks to Taylor Swift |newspaper=Dallas Observer |url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/cody-canada-will-be-playing-all-his-hits-this-week-in-dallas-thanks-to-taylor-swift-sort-of-13561415 |url-status=live |access-date=March 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313003334/https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/cody-canada-will-be-playing-all-his-hits-this-week-in-dallas-thanks-to-taylor-swift-sort-of-13561415 |archive-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref> [[Snoop Dogg]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 22, 2022 |title=Snoop Dogg says he has considered re-recording his albums like Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/snoop-dogg-says-he-has-considered-re-recording-his-albums-like-taylor-swift-3210592 |url-status=live |magazine=[[NME]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422145043/https://www.nme.com/news/music/snoop-dogg-says-he-has-considered-re-recording-his-albums-like-taylor-swift-3210592 |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=April 22, 2022}}</ref> [[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]],<ref name="Ashanti says Taylor Swift helped her feel">{{Cite news |title=Ashanti says Taylor Swift helped her feel 'empowered' in her decision to re-record debut album |agency=ABC News |url=https://goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/ashanti-taylor-swift-helped-feel-empowered-decision-record-84668761 |url-status=live |access-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512230403/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/ashanti-taylor-swift-helped-feel-empowered-decision-record-84668761 |archive-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref> Niki,<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1531636641508786176|user=nikizefanya|title="Nicole" – my sophomore album – out this August.|first=Niki|last=Zefanya}}</ref> [[Paris Hilton]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=June |first=Sophia |date=December 30, 2022 |title=Paris Hilton Dropped A New Version Of Her 2006 Hit "Stars Are Blind" |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/paris-hilton-re-released-stars-are-blind |url-status=live |magazine=Nylon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230175126/https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/paris-hilton-re-released-stars-are-blind |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |access-date=December 31, 2022}}</ref> SZA,<ref name="Mamo-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Mamo |first=Heran |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Billboard Woman of the Year SZA on Making Chart History and Preparing to 'Pop Ass and Cry and Give Theater' On Tour |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/features/sza-billboard-woman-of-the-year-sos-deluxe-interview-1235256725/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> [[Rita Ora]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rita Ora inspired by Prince to take control |url=https://www.independentnews.com/lifestyles/entertainment/rita-ora-inspired-by-prince-to-take-control/article_c9a87bae-d87c-51e8-8196-d42ec96ead30.html |access-date=February 27, 2023 |newspaper=The Independent |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226172302/https://www.independentnews.com/lifestyles/entertainment/rita-ora-inspired-by-prince-to-take-control/article_c9a87bae-d87c-51e8-8196-d42ec96ead30.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Offset (rapper)|Offset]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Offset is the Taylor Swift of rap |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/offset-taylor-swift-rap-190209885.html |access-date=April 5, 2023 |agency=Yahoo! News}}</ref> SZA said, "Taylor letting that whole situation go with her masters, then selling all of those fucking records. That's the biggest 'fuck you' to the establishment I've ever seen in my life, and I deeply applaud that shit."<ref name="Mamo-2023" /> Ashanti commented, "Taylor is amazing for what she's done and to be able to be a female in this very male-dominated industry, to accomplish that is amazing. Owning your property and getting a chance to have ownership of your creativity is so so important. Male, female, singer, rapper, whatever, I hope this is a lesson for artists to get in there and own."<ref name="Ashanti says Taylor Swift helped her feel" />

Swift has also helped artists achieve mainstream fame by having them on her tours as [[opening act]]s; examples include Bieber,<ref name="Rosa-2019" /> [[Ed Sheeran]], Mendes, Cabello, and [[Charli XCX]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 8, 2018 |title=The Taylor Swift Effect: How She Helped Opening Acts, Camila Cabello, Shawn Mendes, and Ed Sheeran Become Superstars |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/924015/the-taylor-swift-effect-how-she-helped-opening-acts-camila-cabello-shawn-mendes-and-ed-sheeran-become-superstars |access-date=May 8, 2023 |agency=E!}}</ref> Filipino-British singer [[Beabadoobee]], one of the openers at the Eras Tour, stated that touring with Swift was one of her dreams growing up.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldsbrough |first=Susie |date=July 1, 2023 |title=Beabadoobee: I dreamt of being Taylor's support act. Now we're on tour |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/beabadoobee-i-dreamt-of-being-taylors-support-act-now-were-on-tour-hvp07796g |access-date=July 1, 2023}}</ref> American musicians [[Jack Antonoff]] and [[Aaron Dessner]] acknowledged Swift's role in expanding their careers as [[record producer]]s. Antonoff stated, "Taylor's the first person who let me produce a song. Before Taylor, everyone said: 'You're not a producer'. It took Taylor Swift to say: 'I like the way this sounds'."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosen |first=Jody |date=March 12, 2020 |title=Jack Antonoff Is Only Making Music With Friends |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/11/magazine/jack-antonoff-profile.html |access-date=May 9, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pareles |first=Jon |date=August 19, 2021 |title=How Aaron Dessner Found His Voice (With an Assist From Taylor Swift) |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/19/arts/music/aaron-dessner-big-red-machine.html |access-date=May 9, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Outside the music industry, Swift has inspired book authors,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Paul |first=Larisha |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Your Favorite Romance Author Is Probably a Swiftie |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/taylor-swift-romance-authors-fearless-folklore-1234743990/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> film directors, and screenwriters, including [[Jenny Han]] (''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (trilogy)|The Summer I Turned Pretty]]''),<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 27, 2022 |title=Jenny Han, author behind "The Summer I Turned Pretty" series, on how Taylor Swift's music played a role in her writing |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jenny-han-author-prime-series-the-summer-i-turned-pretty/ |access-date=August 12, 2022 |agency=[[CBS news]]}}</ref> [[Abby McDonald]] (''[[Bridgerton]]''),<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rowley |first=Glenn |date=March 30, 2022 |title=A 'Bridgerton' Writer Used This Taylor Swift 'Folklore' Deep Cut as Inspiration |url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/taylor-swift-bridgerton-inspiration-season-2-episode-5-1235052650/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> and [[Jennifer Kaytin Robinson]] (''[[Someone Great (film)|Someone Great]]''<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hughes |first=Hilary |date=August 25, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Calls Rom-Com Inspiration Behind ''Lover'' Song the 'Most Meta Thing That's Ever Happened to Me' |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8528260/taylor-swift-Death-By-a-Thousand-Cuts-Netflix-movie-Someone-Great |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827183708/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8528260/taylor-swift-Death-By-a-Thousand-Cuts-Netflix-movie-Someone-Great |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Do Revenge]])''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dominick |first=Nora |title=Jennifer Kaytin Robinson Talks "Do Revenge" Music, Working With Camila Mendes and Maya Hawke, And More |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |date=September 19, 2022 |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/noradominick/do-revenge-jennifer-kaytin-robinson-interview |access-date=September 20, 2022}}</ref> Swift has inspired [[impersonator]]s such as [[Ashley Leechin]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dickson |first=Ej |date=February 18, 2023 |title=She Built a Following as Taylor Swift's Doppelgänger. Then the Swifties Came After Her |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/taylor-swift-tiktok-doppelganger-swifties-1234676170/ |access-date=July 22, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> [[Jade Jolie]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hills |first=Megan C. |date=August 27, 2019 |title=John Travolta mistakes a drag queen for Taylor Swift at VMAs |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/celebrity/john-travolta-mistakes-taylor-swift-impersonator-jade-jolie-for-the-singer-at-the-vmas-a4221686.html |access-date=July 22, 2023 |newspaper=Evening Standard}}</ref> and [[Taylor Sheesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Rebecca |date=July 21, 2023 |title=A Taylor Swift drag queen rises in the Philippines |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/07/21/taylor-swift-drag-queen-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722005725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/07/21/taylor-swift-drag-queen-philippines/ |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |access-date=July 22, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

== Scholarly research ==
[[File:Love Story - Taylor Swift - London.jpg|thumb|Swift performing "[[Love Story (Taylor Swift song)|Love Story]]" (2008) with a male dancer in [[the O2 Arena]], London, on February 10, 2014.|alt=refer to caption|240x240px]]
Swift is a subject of academic research.<ref name="Raza-Sheikh-2022">{{Cite news |last=Raza-Sheikh |first=Zoya |date=October 18, 2022 |title=How Taylor Swift mastered the singer-songwriter blueprint |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/taylor-swift-songwriting-midnights-lyrics-b2202998.html |access-date=October 18, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Rachel |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Indiana University to host 'Taylor Swift: The Conference Era' in November |url=https://www.heraldtimesonline.com/story/entertainment/2023/07/11/taylor-swift-academic-conference-at-iu-bloomington-this-november/70401783007/ |access-date=July 12, 2023 |newspaper=The Herald-Times}}</ref> Her artistry and fame are popular topics of scholarly [[media studies]].{{sfn|Franssen|2022|p=90-92}}<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Brian |first=Donovan |date=June 27, 2023 |title=How Taylor Swift's Eras Tour transcended pop music |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/taylor-swift-eras-tour-tickets-swifties-power-rcna91491 |access-date=July 2, 2023 |agency=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> According to literature professor Elizabeth Scala, who dubbed Swift a bridge between contemporary and historical fiction, Swift's creativity is "contagious" and of particular interest to academics.<ref name="Raza-Sheikh-2022" /> In the ''New York Times'' article "Taylor Swift is Singing Us Back to Nature", [[conservation scientist]] Jeff Opperman opined that Swift's songs are "filled with the language and images of the natural world", revitalizing themes of nature in popular culture after a reported decline in nature-themed words.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Opperman |first=Jeff |date=March 12, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Is Singing Us Back to Nature |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/12/opinion/taylor-swift-grammys-nature-lyrics.html |access-date=August 23, 2022}}</ref> Songs like "Love Story" are studied by [[evolutionary psychologists]] to understand the relationship between popular music and [[human mating strategies]].{{sfn|Hobbs|Gallup|2011}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grandoni |first=Dino |date=September 30, 2011 |title=92% of Top Ten Billboard Songs Are About Sex |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2011/09/92-top-ten-billboard-songs-are-about-sex/337242/ |url-status=dead |department=Culture |magazine=The Atlantic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516214635/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2011/09/92-top-ten-billboard-songs-are-about-sex/337242/ |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |access-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref> Her fanbase is studied for their [[social capital]], consumerist characteristics and [[interpersonal relationship]]s.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Canavan|McCamley|2020|page=222–230}}

=== Academic programs ===
Various higher educational institutions offer [[Undergraduate degree|undergraduate]] and elective courses focusing on Swift since 2022.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rowley |first=Glenn |date=March 9, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift's 'All Too Well (10 Minute Version)' Is Now a Class at Stanford University |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-all-too-well-10-minute-version-stanford-university-class-1235282829/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Franssen|2022|p=90-92}} [[Indiana University Bloomington]] hosted a three-day [[academic conference]] on Swift's impact.<ref name=":10" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of courses on Swift offered by select educational institutions
!Institution
!Course title
!Course description
!Ref.
|-
|[[New York University Tisch School of the Arts]]
|Swiftology 101
|Swift's creative music entrepreneurship, legacy, image, genres, fandom, and analyses of youth, [[Girl studies|girlhood]], race, ownership, American nationalism, and social media.
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=February 2, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Course Launched at New York University's Clive Davis Institute |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-course-nyu-clive-davis-institute-1235170200/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |magazine=Variety}}</ref>
|-
|[[Queen's University at Kingston]]
|Taylor Swift's Literary Legacy
|Swift's [[Political sociology|sociopolitical]] impact on contemporary culture, the recontextualization of her songs as literature, and exploration of her work within feminist and [[queer theory]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Studies: Theory into Practice {{!}} Department of English |url=https://www.queensu.ca/english/undergraduate/courses/engl-294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509060657/https://www.queensu.ca/english/undergraduate/courses/engl-294 |archive-date=May 9, 2022 |access-date=May 9, 2022 |agency=[[Queen's University at Kingston]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[St. Thomas University (Canada)]]
|Communications and Taylor Swift
|Swift's marketing, communication strategies, and use of social media.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Life is just a classroom': STU students receive credit for studying Taylor Swift |date=October 20, 2022 |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/life-is-just-a-classroom-stu-students-receive-credit-for-studying-taylor-swift-1.6118776 |access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts]]
|The Taylor Swift Songbook
|[[Formalism (literature)|Formalist literary criticism]] of Swift's songs alongside poets such as [[William Shakespeare]], [[John Keats]], [[Robert Frost]], [[Emily Dickinson]] and [[Sylvia Plath]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=UT English Course Takes a Swift Turn |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/news/ut-english-course-takes-a-swift-turn |access-date=May 6, 2023 |agency=University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts}}</ref>
|-
|[[Binghamton University]]
|Taylor Swift, 21C Music
|Impact of the 21st-century music industry on Swift's music evolution, gender, race, sexuality, and business.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2022 |title=34 Cool Classes at Binghamton University – Blog – Binghamton University |url=https://www.binghamton.edu/blog/index.php/blog/story/19495/34-cool-classes-at-binghamton-university/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512194915/https://www.binghamton.edu/blog/blog/story/19495/34-cool-classes-at-binghamton-university/ |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |agency=Binghamton University}}</ref>
|-
|[[Berklee College of Music]]
|Songs of Taylor Swift
|Swift's compositions, lyricism, global appeal, and musical evolution across her 10 albums.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Armanini |first=Kate |date=April 12, 2023 |title=Berklee College of Music to offer Taylor Swift songwriting course next semester|newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/04/12/metro/taylor-swift-class-at-berklee-college-of-music/ |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Stanford University]]
|All Too Well (Ten Week Version)
|In-depth analysis of "All Too Well"
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Stanford University to offer a course that focuses on a single song by Taylor Swift |url=https://fortune.com/2023/03/14/stanford-taylor-swift-course-all-too-well/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref>
|-
|The Last Great American Songwriter: Storytelling With Taylor Swift Through the Eras
|Literary analysis of Swift's repertoire, lyrical evolution, and cultural impact.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vaziri |first=Aidin |date=June 21, 2023 |title=Stanford gives Taylor Swift fans another course on singer's songwriting skills |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/music/article/taylor-swift-stanford-course-18162138.php |access-date=June 21, 2023 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Queen Mary University of London]]
|Taylor Swift and Literature
|Swift's lyricism as literature, its canonicity, literary value, and [[critical theory]] in political, national, and historical contexts.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift and Literature – Queen Mary Summer School |url=https://www.qmul.ac.uk/summer-school/what-can-i-study/modules/taylor-swift-and-literature.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512194448/https://www.qmul.ac.uk/summer-school/what-can-i-study/modules/taylor-swift-and-literature.html |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |agency=Queen Mary University of London}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rice University]]
|Miss Americana: The Evolution and Lyrics of Taylor Swift
|Swift's cultural impact, songwriting evolution, [[femininity]], social media, public opinion, [[Whiteness studies|whiteness]], and feud.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=COLL 167 001 |url=https://courses.rice.edu/courses/courses/!SWKSCAT.cat?p_action=COURSE&p_term=202410&p_crn=15587 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512194626/https://courses.rice.edu/courses/courses/%21SWKSCAT.cat?p_action=COURSE&p_term=202410&p_crn=15587 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |agency=Rice University}}</ref>
|-
|[[University of Kansas]]
|The Sociology of Taylor Swift
|Swift's fans as a [[community of interest]] and subculture
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Guiterrez |first=Lisa |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Taylor Swift and her fans are such a phenomenon, this KU professor is studying them |url=https://www.kansascity.com/article275545416.html |access-date=June 5, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Kansas City Star]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ghent University]]
|Songs of Taylor Swift
|Literary analysis of Swift's themes, styles and writing techniques
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Les chansons de Taylor Swift seront étudiées dans une université belge |url=https://soirmag.lesoir.be/530660/article/2023-08-11/les-chansons-de-taylor-swift-seront-etudiees-dans-une-universite-belge |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=[[Le Soir (magazine)|Le Soir]] |language=fr}}</ref>
|}

==Note==
{{NoteFoot}}
== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

=== Cited literature ===
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Gina |date=October 1, 2021 |title=I Don't Give a Damn About Your Bad Reputation: Taylor Swift, Beyoncé Knowles, and Performance |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2021.1945224 |journal=Contemporary Music Review |volume=40 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1080/07494467.2021.1945224 |issn=0749-4467 |s2cid=238241113 |access-date=October 3, 2021 |via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Byelousouva |first=Anastasia |date=May 13, 2020 |title=Staying Fearless: A Text Analysis of Vulnerability & Connection Through Taylor Swift's Artistry |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/84261/byelousovaanastasiya_Staying_Fearless_2020_Redacted.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |agency=[[University of Texas at Austin]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Canavan |first1=Brendan |last2=McCamley |first2=Claire |date=February 1, 2020 |title=The passing of the postmodern in pop? Epochal consumption and marketing from Madonna, through Gaga, to Taylor |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296318306167 |journal=Journal of Business Research |volume=107 |pages=222–230 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.005 |issn=0148-2963 |s2cid=158595297|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Conroy |first=Tyler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qgxDQAAQBAJ&dq=9781501143465&pg=PA263 |title=Taylor Swift: This Is Our Song |date=October 11, 2016 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-4346-5 |page=156}}
* {{cite journal |first=Shaun |last=Cullen |title=The Innocent and the Runaway: Kanye West, Taylor Swift, and the Cultural Politics of Racial Melodrama |date=February 17, 2016 |doi=10.1111/jpms.12160 |journal=Journal of Popular Music Studies |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=33–50}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Driessen |first=Simone |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Campaign Problems: How Fans React to Taylor Swift's Controversial Political Awakening |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00027642211042295 |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |volume=66 |issue=8 |page=1060 |doi=10.1177/00027642211042295 |s2cid=247642883 |issn=0002-7642}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fogarty|first1=Mary|last2=Arnold|first2=Gina|date=October 1, 2021|title=Are You Ready for It? Re-Evaluating Taylor Swift|journal=Contemporary Music Review|volume=40|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1080/07494467.2021.1976586|s2cid=238241276|issn=0749-4467|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Franssen |first=Gaston |date=January 2, 2022 |title=Policing the celebrity of Taylor Swift: introduction |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2022.2026148 |journal=Celebrity Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=90–92 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2022.2026148 |issn=1939-2397 |s2cid=246997248|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hobbs|first1=Dawn R.|last2=Gallup|first2=Gordon G.|date=July 1, 2011|title=Songs as a Medium for Embedded Reproductive Messages|journal=[[Evolutionary Psychology]]|volume=9|issue=3|pages=390–416|doi=10.1177/147470491100900309|pmid=22947982|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Alice |last2=Boyd |first2=Danah |date=May 19, 2011 |title=To See and Be Seen: Celebrity Practice on Twitter |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354856510394539 |journal=Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=154 |doi=10.1177/1354856510394539 |s2cid=16682760 |issn=1354-8565}}
* {{cite journal|last=McNutt|first=Myles|title=From 'Mine' to 'Ours': Gendered Hierarchies of Authorship and the Limits of Taylor Swift's Paratextual Feminism|year=2020|journal=Communication, Culture and Critique|volume=13|issue=1|pages=72–91|doi=10.1093/ccc/tcz042}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nisbett |first1=Gwendelyn |last2=Schartel Dunn |first2=Stephanie |date=January 1, 2021 |title=Reputation matters: parasocial attachment, narrative engagement, and the 2018 Taylor Swift political endorsement |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15456870.2019.1704758 |journal=Atlantic Journal of Communication |volume=29 |issue=1 |page=26 |doi=10.1080/15456870.2019.1704758 |s2cid=213469284 |issn=1545-6870}}
* {{cite book|last=Perone|first=James E.|title=The Words and Music of Taylor Swift|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|series=The Praeger Singer-Songwriter Collection|isbn=978-1440852947|year=2017|page=51}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Prins |first=Annelot |date=January 2, 2020 |title=From awkward teen girl to aryan goddess meme: Taylor Swift and the hijacking of star texts |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2020.1704431 |journal=Celebrity Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=144 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2020.1704431 |s2cid=213693767 |issn=1939-2397}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Christopher Y. S. |last2=Jones |first2=Taylor |last3=McHugh |first3=Devin P. |last4=Gilbert |first4=Matthew E. |last5=Gepts |first5=Paul |last6=Palkovic |first6=Antonia |last7=Buckley |first7=Thomas N. |last8=Magney |first8=Troy S. |date=March 28, 2023 |title=TSWIFT: Tower Spectrometer on Wheels for Investigating Frequent Timeseries for high-throughput phenotyping of vegetation physiology |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-023-01001-5 |journal=Plant Methods |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=29 |doi=10.1186/s13007-023-01001-5 |pmc=10044391 |pmid=36978119 |via=Springer}}
{{refend}}

{{Taylor Swift|state=expanded}}
{{Pop music}}

[[Category:Taylor Swift]]
[[Category:Cultural impact by musician|S]]

Middle East and North Africa

2023-08-13T04:40:25Z

OfTheUsername: is it me or is MENA the literal name of the article

{{Short description|Geographic region}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|WANA|NAWA|other uses|Mena (disambiguation)|and|Wana (disambiguation)|and|Nawa (disambiguation)}}
<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Middle East and North Africa|2=Talk:MENA#Requested move 12 August 2023}}
</noinclude>{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
[[File:MENA or WANA according to various definitions.svg|thumb|How often countries/territories are included in MENA/WANA definitions:
{{legend|blue|Almost always included}}
{{legend|#5598FF|Sometimes included}}
{{legend|#AACCFF|Rarely included}}]]

The '''[[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]''' is a geographic region whose countries are often referred to by the [[acronym]] '''MENA'''. It is also known as '''WANA''', '''SWANA''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2022 |title=What is Swana? |url=https://aapirc.ucsc.edu/swana/what-is-swana.html |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=Asian American/Pacific Islander Resource Center |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123000527/https://aapirc.ucsc.edu/swana/what-is-swana.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2022 |title=Engaging with SWANA cultural agents in the EU |url=https://cultureactioneurope.org/files/2022/01/In-search-of-equal-partners_SWANA_EU-Final.pdf |website=Culture Action Europe |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924215742/https://cultureactioneurope.org/files/2022/01/In-search-of-equal-partners_SWANA_EU-Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> or '''NAWA''',<ref>{{cite book|title=Biopsychosocial Perspectives on Arab Americans: Culture, Development, and Health|year=2013|editor1=Sylvia C. Nassar-McMillan|editor2=Kristine J. Ajrouch|editor3=Julie Hakim-Larson|page=5|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781461482383|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203223804/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref> which alternatively refers to the Middle East as [[West Asia]] or as Southwest Asia; this is another way to reference the geographical region, instead of using the more common political terminology.

As a regional identifier, ''MENA'' is often used in [[education in the Middle East and North Africa|academia]], military planning, disaster relief, media planning (as a broadcast region), and business writing.<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/0,,menuPK:247619~pagePK:146748~piPK:146812~theSitePK:256299,00.html|title=World Bank Definition: MENA|publisher=Worldbank.org|access-date=28 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029180410/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/0,,menuPK:247619~pagePK:146748~piPK:146812~theSitePK:256299,00.html|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/en/events/WorldEconomicForumontheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica/index.htm|title=World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa, Marrakech, Morocco, 26–28 October 2010|work=World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa 2010 – World Economic Forum|access-date=28 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418221142/http://www.weforum.org/events/world-economic-forum-middle-east-and-north-africa-2010|archive-date=18 April 2012}}</ref> Moreover, the region shares a number of cultural, economic, and environmental similarities across its comprising countries; for example, [[Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa|some of the most extreme impacts of climate change will be felt in MENA]].

Some terms have a wider definition than MENA, such as '''MENASA''',<ref name="TA">{{cite web |title=The United Nations selects Dubai as the data hub for the MENASA region |url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/HEAL_327752.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518082155/http://www.tradearabia.com/news/HEAL_327752.html |archive-date=18 May 2019 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=www.tradearabia.com}}</ref> '''MENAP''', or [[Greater Middle East]], which extends to the countries in the regions of [[Central Asia]] ([[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]) and [[South Asia]] ([[Afghanistan]], [[Maldives]], and [[Pakistan]]), which have had significant Islamic influence, as well as their use of the [[Arabic script]]. The term '''MENAT''' explicitly includes [[Turkey]], which is usually excluded from some MENA definitions, even though Turkey is almost always considered part of the Middle East.

== Definitions ==
The Middle East and North Africa has no standardized definition; different organizations define the region as consisting of different territories, or do not define it as a region at all.[[File:Greater Middle East (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Variations on definitions of the Middle East and North Africa region.
{{legend|#346733|Traditional definition of the [[:en:Middle East|Middle East]]}}
{{legend|#008000|[[Greater Middle East]] (2004 U.S. Government paper)<ref name=Perthes/>}}
{{legend|#73ED73|Areas pundits sometimes associated with the Middle East around 2004<ref name=Perthes/>}}
]]

=== United Nations ===
[[File:MENA.svg|thumb|The MENA region as defined by the [[World Bank]] (2003)<ref name="Dasgupta"/><ref name="World Bank website"/>]]
[[File:MENA according to UNAIDS.svg|thumb|The MENA region as defined by [[UNAIDS]], which includes Sudan and Somalia, but excludes Israel, Palestine and Malta<ref name="Sutila"/>]]
[[File:MENA according to the IMF 2003.svg|thumb|The MENA region as defined by the [[IMF]] (2003), which includes Afghanistan, Mauritania, Pakistan, Palestine, Sudan and Somalia, but excludes Israel and Malta<ref name="Davoodi"/>]]

There is no MENA region amongst the [[United Nations Regional Groups]], nor in the [[United Nations geoscheme]] used by the [[United Nations Statistics Division|UNSD]] (though the latter does feature two subregions called 'Western Asia' and 'Northern Africa', see [[#WANA|WANA]]). Some [[United Nations System|agencies and programmes of the United Nations]] do define the MENA region, but their definitions may contradict each other, and sometimes only apply to specific studies or reports.
* A 2003 [[World Bank]] study stated: "In World Bank geographic classification, the following 21 countries or territories constitute the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates [UAE]), and 15 other countries or territories: Algeria, Djibouti, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, the Republic of Yemen, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, and West Bank and Gaza."<ref name="Dasgupta">{{Cite web |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/675121468756587109/pdf/multi0page.pdf |title=Trade, Investment, and Development in the Middle East and North Africa |author=Dipak Dasgupta & Mustapha Kamel Nabli |work=documents1.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=August 2003 |accessdate=16 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014805/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/675121468756587109/pdf/multi0page.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|20}} As of January 2021, the World Bank website groups the same set of 21 countries/territories as MENA: "Algeria; Bahrain; Djibouti; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Malta; Morocco; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep..".<ref name="World Bank website">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/ZQ |title=Middle East & North Africa |work=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=16 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122044848/https://data.worldbank.org/country/ZQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A 2010 [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] report stated: "For the purposes of this study, the MENA region has been defined as {{sic|comprising |hide=y|of}} the following 18 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Occupied Palestinian Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen."<ref name="van Waas">{{Cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/uk/4ce63e079.pdf |title=The situation of stateless persons in the Middle East and North Africa |author=Laura van Waas |publisher=UNHCR |date=October 2010 |accessdate=16 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012326/https://www.unhcr.org/uk/4ce63e079.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|2}}
* A 2015 [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] report stated: "The 21 MENA countries are Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen."<ref name="Santos">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4897e.pdf |title=Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia: Key trends in the agrifood sector |author=Nuno Santos & Iride Ceccacci |work=fao.org |publisher=FAO |date=2015 |accessdate=16 January 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123080807/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4897e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[UNAIDS]] regional classification of the Middle East and North Africa region "includes 20 countries/territories: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen," according to a 2019 UNICEF report.<ref name="Sutila">{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/5531/file/HIV%20MENA%2029%20Sep%202019%20FINAL[2].pdf%20.pdf |title=Seizing the Opportunity: Ending AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa |editor=Tamara Sutila |publisher=UNICEF |date=July 2019 |accessdate=16 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122015839/https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/5531/file/HIV%20MENA%2029%20Sep%202019%20FINAL%5B2%5D.pdf%20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|11}}
* As of January 2021, the [[UNICEF]] website groups the following set of 20 countries as MENA: "Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen."<ref name="UNICEF website">{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/northafrica.html |title=Middle East and North Africa |work=unicef.org |publisher=UNICEF |accessdate=16 January 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012815/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/northafrica.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Working for the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), economists Hamid Reza Davoodi and George T. Abed wrote in 2003: "The MENA region comprises the Arab States in the Middle East and North Africa—Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen—plus the Islamic State of Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, the West Bank and Gaza." The authors emphasise that these "24 MENA countries (...) are grouped together for analytical purposes only." Although they allegedly "share common challenges and cultural links distinct from neighbouring economies" such as Israel and Turkey, and Islam is the dominant religion and Arabic the principal language, there are "sizable religious minority groups" and "significant linguistic diversities" in the MENA region, with Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan not having Arabic as the majority language.<ref name="Davoodi">{{cite book|authors=George T. Abed, Hamid Reza Davoodi|title=Challenges of Growth and Globalization in the Middle East and North Africa|date=2003|publisher=International Monetary Fund|page=2|isbn=9781589062290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQTk34bsYecC&pg=PP8|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174534/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQTk34bsYecC&pg=PP8|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+MENA definitions by United Nations agencies and programmes
|-
! Country or territory!![[World Bank]] MENA 2003<ref name="Dasgupta"/><ref name="World Bank website"/>!![[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] MENA 2015<ref name="Santos"/>!![[UNAIDS]] MENA 2019<ref name="Sutila"/>!![[UNICEF]] MENA 2021<ref name="UNICEF website"/>!![[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] MENA 2010<ref name="van Waas"/>!![[IMF]] MENA 2003<ref name="Davoodi"/>!![[United Nations Statistics Division|UNSD]] WA+NA<ref name="UN geoscheme"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Afghanistan]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Algeria]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Armenia]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Azerbaijan]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Bahrain]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Cyprus]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Djibouti]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Egypt]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Iran]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Iraq]]
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Israel]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Jordan]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Kuwait]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Lebanon]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Libya]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Malta]]
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Mauritania]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Morocco]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Oman]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Pakistan]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]*
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Qatar]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Saudi Arabia]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Somalia]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Sudan]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Syria]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Tunisia]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Turkey]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[United Arab Emirates]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Western Sahara]]
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left | [[Yemen]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
{{!}} colspan="8" {{!}} *Also called State of Palestine, (Occupied) Palestinian Territories, Palestinian Authority, or West Bank and Gaza (Strip).
|}

=== Other definitions ===
Historians Michael Dumper and Bruce Stanley stated in 2007: 'For the purposes of this volume, the editors have generally chosen to define the MENA region as stretching from Morocco to Iran and from Turkey to the Horn of Africa. This definition thus includes the [[Member states of the Arab League|twenty-two countries of the Arab League]] (including the Palestinian Authority enclaves in the West Bank and Gaza Strip), Turkey, Israel, Iran, and Cyprus.' They stressed, however, how controversial and problematic this definition is, and that other choices could also have been made according to various criteria.<ref>Dumper, Michael, and Stanley, Bruce E., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174542/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |date=16 March 2023 }}'', 2007, p. xvii.</ref>

For its December 2012 global religion survey, the [[Pew Research Center]] grouped 20 countries and territories as 'the Middle East and North Africa', namely: 'Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, the Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara and Yemen.'<ref name="Survey1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|title=The Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pewforum.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|accessdate=7 May 2020|archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

For the [[Global Peace Index]] 2020, the [[Institute for Economics & Peace]] defined the MENA region as containing 20 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref name="GPI 2020">{{Cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GPI_2020_web.pdf |title=Global Peace Index 2020 |publisher=Reliefweb |date=June 2020 |accessdate=17 January 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209192055/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GPI_2020_web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== WANA ===
[[File:United Nations geographical subregions (Western Asia and Northern Africa).png|thumb|Western Asia and Northern Africa according to the [[United Nations geoscheme|UN geoscheme]]<ref name="UN geoscheme"/>]]
Due to the geographic ambiguity and [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] nature of the term "Middle East", some people, especially in sciences such as [[agriculture]] and [[climatology]], prefer to use other terms like "WANA" ([[West Asia]] and North Africa)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/newsletter/april97/8beltagy.html|title=West Asia and North Africa: A Regional Vision|publisher=Worldbank.org|access-date=28 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027183217/http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/newsletter/april97/8beltagy.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> or the less common NAWA (North Africa-West Asia).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2003GL017862.shtml|title=Welcome|publisher=Agu.org|access-date=28 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050430023759/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2003GL017862.shtml|archive-date=30 April 2005}}</ref> Usage of the term WANA has also been advanced by [[postcolonial studies]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kohlenberg |first1=Paul J. |last2=Godehardt |first2=Nadine |date=2020 |title=The Multidimensionality of Regions in World Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ff3vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |page=86 |isbn=9781000168648 |accessdate=19 January 2021 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174548/https://books.google.com/books?id=ff3vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[United Nations geoscheme]] used by the [[United Nations Statistics Division|UNSD]] does not define a single WANA region, but it does feature two subregions called Western Asia and Northern Africa, respectively:<ref name="UN geoscheme">{{Cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |title=Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) |work=unstats.un.org |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=17 January 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170949/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Western Asia (18): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
* Northern Africa (7): Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara.

[[File:WANA according to ICARDA 2011.svg|thumb|The WANA region according to [[International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas|ICARDA]] (2011)<ref name="ICARDA 2011"/>]]
In a 1995 publication, the then-[[Aleppo]]-based [[International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas]] (ICARDA) defined its West Asia/North Africa (WANA) region as 25 countries, including: 'Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen.'<ref name="ICARDA 1995">{{Cite book |last1=Nordblom |first1=Thomas L. |last2=Shomo |first2=Farouk |date=1995 |title=Food and Feed Prospects to 2020 in the West Asia/North Africa Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELujpQ9KM1EC&pg=PT9 |location=Aleppo |publisher=ICARDA |page=9 |isbn=9789291270330 |accessdate=17 January 2021 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174536/https://books.google.com/books?id=ELujpQ9KM1EC&pg=PT9 |url-status=live }}</ref> It noted that [[CGIAR]]'s Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) excluded Ethiopia, Sudan and Pakistan from its 1992 WANA definition, but otherwise listed the same countries.<ref name="ICARDA 1995"/> In a 2011 study, ICARDA stated 27 countries/territories: 'The WANA region includes: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.'<ref name="ICARDA 2011">{{Cite web |url=http://geoagro.icarda.org/downloads/publications/geo/Assessment_of_wheat.pdf |title=Assessment of wheat yield gap in the Mediterranean: Case studies from Morocco, Syria, and Turkey |author=Mustafa Pala, Theib Oweis, Bogachan Benli, Eddy De Pauw, Mohammed El Mourid, Mohammed Karrou, Majd Jamal, Nusret Zencirci |publisher=ICARDA |date=2011 |accessdate=18 January 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025170242/https://geoagro.icarda.org/downloads/publications/geo/Assessment_of_wheat.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+WANA definitions by (mostly agricultural) organisations
|-
!Country or territory!![[CGIAR]] WANA 1992<ref name="ICARDA 1995"/>!![[ICARDA]] WANA 1995<ref name="ICARDA 1995"/>!![[ICARDA]] WANA 2011<ref name="ICARDA 2011"/>
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Algeria]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Cyprus]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| [[Djibouti]]
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Egypt]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| {{no}}
| {{partial|Probably}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| [[Iran]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Iraq]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Israel]]
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{no}}
|-
| [[Jordan]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Lebanon]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Libya]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Morocco]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Oman]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]*
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{partial}}
|-
| [[Pakistan]]
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Saudi Arabia]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Syria]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Turkey]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.Emirates]]
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| [[Western Sahara|W. Sahara]]
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
| {{dunno|Unclear}}
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|}
*Also called State of Palestine, or West Bank and Gaza (Strip).

=== Other terms and definitions ===
; Greater Middle East
In a preparatory working paper for the June 2004 G8 Summit, the U.S. government (at the end of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]]'s first term) defined the '[[Greater Middle East]] as including the Arab states, Israel, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref name="Perthes">Perthes, V., 2004, [http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp America's "Greater Middle East" and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115112943/http://www.mepc.org//journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp|date=15 November 2008}}, ''[[Middle East Policy]]'', Volume XI, No.3, Pages 85–97.</ref>

; MENAP
From April 2013, the [[International Monetary Fund]] started using a new analytical region called ''MENAP'' (Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), which adds [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] to MENA countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/index.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023211422/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/index.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |publisher=Imf.org}}</ref>
Now MENAP is a prominent economic grouping in IMF reports.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421023851/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-21 |access-date=2016-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MENAP |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2013/mcd/eng/pdf/menap1113_h.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819070817/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2013/mcd/eng/pdf/menap1113_h.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2016-10-03}}</ref>

; MENASA
''MENASA'' refers to the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia region.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2017 |title=The UN selects Dubai as the data hub for the MENASA region |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/un-selects-dubai-as-data-hub-for-menasa-region-4762285/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514062111/https://indianexpress.com/article/world/un-selects-dubai-as-data-hub-for-menasa-region-4762285/ |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref> Its usage consists of the region of MENA together with South Asia, with [[Dubai]] chosen by the [[United Nations]] as the data hub for the region.<ref name="TA" /> In some contexts, specifically the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, the region is abbreviated as SAMENA instead of the more common MENASA.

; MENAT
The term ''MENAT'' (Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey) has been used to include [[Turkey]] in the list of ''MENA'' countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=MENAT Regional Council |url=http://middleeast.syr.edu/aboutus/MENAT-regional-council.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818165906/http://middleeast.syr.edu/aboutus/MENAT-regional-council.html |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=June 14, 2016 |publisher=Syracuse University Dubai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About GE in the Middle East, North Africa and Turkey (MENAT) |url=http://www.ge.com/news/company-information/menat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804211613/http://www.ge.com/news/company-information/menat |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |access-date=June 14, 2016 |publisher=General Electric}}</ref>

; Near East
{{See also|Near East#Table of near eastern countries recognized by some agencies}}

The term [[Near East]] was commonly used before the term Middle East was coined by the British in the early 20th century. The term [[Ancient Near East]] is commonly used by scholars for the region in [[Ancient history|antiquity]]. Some organisations and scholars insist on still using 'Near East' today, with some including North Africa, but definitions range widely and there is no consensus on its geographical application.

; EMME
''[[EMME]]'' refers to a grouping of 18 nations situated in and around the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and Middle East. The 18 nations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East are: [[Bahrain]], [[Cyprus]], [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Oman]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and [[Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN to support the new Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Climate Initiative {{!}} UNECE |url=https://unece.org/media/press/372858#:~:text=the%20climate%20crisis.-,The%2018%20countries%20in%20the%20Eastern%20Mediterranean%20and%20Middle%20East,United%20Arab%20Emirates,%20and%20Yemen. |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=unece.org}}</ref>

== Climate change ==
{{Excerpt|Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa}}

== Culture ==
{{See also|Culture of North Africa|Etiquette in the Middle East}}

=== Human rights ===
{{See also|Human rights in the Middle East|Human rights in Africa#North Africa}}

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Religion in the Middle East|Religion in Africa}}
[[Islam]] is by far the dominant religion in nearly all of the MENA territories; 91.2% of the population is [[Muslim]]. The Middle East–North Africa region comprises 20 countries and territories with an estimated Muslim population of 315 million or about 23% of the world's Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/|title=Middle East-North Africa Overview|date=7 October 2009|publisher=Pew Forum|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128210559/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/|archive-date=28 January 2017}}</ref> The term "MENA" is often defined in part in relation to majority-Muslim countries located in the region, although several nations in the region are not Muslim-dominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intpolicydigest.org/2012/04/24/politics-and-islam-in-central-asia-and-mena/|title=Politics and Islam in Central Asia and MENA|date=24 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206022201/https://intpolicydigest.org/2012/04/24/politics-and-islam-in-central-asia-and-mena/|archive-date=6 February 2017}}</ref> Major non-Islamic religions native here are [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Druze]]ism, [[Traditional African religions|African folk religions]], [[Traditional Berber religion|Berberism]] and other Arab paganism.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Migrant population, mostly within the Gulf nations, practice mostly the beliefs they follow to, such as [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] among South Asian, East Asian and Southeast Asian migrants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/the-mahamevnawa-buddhist-monastery-reinforces-the-uaes-dedication-to-integrate-minority-communities|title=The Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery reinforces the UAE's dedication to integrate minority communities|first=Bilal|last=Shadani|website=Khaleej Times|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131200740/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/the-mahamevnawa-buddhist-monastery-reinforces-the-uaes-dedication-to-integrate-minority-communities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/world-news/west-asia-temples-hindu-1439789867.html|title=Catch News: English News Paper India, Latest Breaking News Headlines|website=CatchNews.com|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212658/http://www.catchnews.com/world-news/west-asia-temples-hindu-1439789867.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Excerpt|Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa}}

== Economy and education ==
{{See also|Economy of the Middle East|Economy of Africa}}

The MENA region has vast reserves of [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] that make it a vital source of global [[economic stability]]. According to the Oil and Gas Journal (January 1, 2009), the MENA region has 60% of the world's [[oil reserves]] ({{convert|810.98|Goilbbl|km3}}) and 45% of the world's natural gas reserves ( {{convert|2868886|e9cuft|km3}} ).<ref name="international reserves">{{cite web | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reserves.html | title=International Reserves | publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] | access-date=2011-05-13 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513235602/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reserves.html | archive-date=2011-05-13 }}</ref>

As of 2023, 7 of the 13 [[OPEC]] nations are within the MENA region.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

According to [[Pew Research Center]]'s 2016 "Religion and Education Around the World" study, 40% of the adult population in MENA had completed less than a year of primary school. The fraction was higher for women, of whom half had been to school for less than a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/11/about-one-fifth-of-adults-globally-have-no-formal-schooling/|title=About one-fifth of adults globally have no formal schooling|last=Masci|first=David|website=Pew Research Center|date=January 11, 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-24|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020622/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/11/about-one-fifth-of-adults-globally-have-no-formal-schooling/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Politics ==
=== Stability and instability in the region ===
{{See also|Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa|Water politics in the Middle East|Middle East and globalization}}
In its [[Global Peace Index]] 2020, the [[Institute for Economics & Peace]] stated that 'the Middle East and North Africa remains the world's least peaceful region, despite improvements for 11 countries'.<ref name="GPI 2020"/> According to an in-depth multi-part study by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS) published in April 2016, the factors shaping the MENA region are exceedingly complex, and it is difficult to find 'any overall model that fits the different variables involved'. It found that there were 'deep structural causes of violence and instability'. Wars and upheavals are partly 'shaped by the major tribal, ethnic, sectarian, and regional differences', by 'demographic, economic, and security trends', and by 'quality of governance, internal security system, justice systems, and [social] progress.' In some countries, the necessary societal factors for successful democratic change (often championed by some in the region and in the West to address various issues) are absent, and political revolutions may not always lead to more stability, nor solve the underlying problems in a given MENA country. However, it also found that 'the majority of MENA nations have remained relatively stable and continue to make progress'.<ref name="CSIS 2016">{{Cite web |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/underlying-causes-stability-and-instability-middle-east-and-north-africa-mena-region |title=The Underlying Causes of Stability and Instability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Analytic Survey and Risk Assessment |author=Anthony H. Cordesman & Abdullah Toukan |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |date=19 April 2016 |accessdate=19 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127232413/https://www.csis.org/analysis/underlying-causes-stability-and-instability-middle-east-and-north-africa-mena-region |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Armed conflicts ===
{{See also|List of modern conflicts in the Middle East|List of modern conflicts in North Africa|List of Middle East peace proposals|United States foreign policy in the Middle East|British foreign policy in the Middle East|Soviet Middle Eastern foreign policy during the Cold War}}
During and after the [[decolonisation of Africa]] and [[Decolonisation of Asia|Asia]] in the 20th century, many different armed conflicts have occurred in the MENA region, including but not limited to the [[Rif War]]; the [[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict]]; the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]; the [[Western Sahara conflict]]; the [[Lebanese Civil War]]; the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)]]; the [[Iranian Revolution]]; the [[Iran–Iraq War]]; [[Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict]]; the [[Berber Spring]]; the [[Toyota War]]; the [[Invasion of Kuwait]] and the [[Gulf War]]; the [[Algerian Civil War]]; the [[Iraqi Kurdish Civil War]]; the [[War on Terror|rise of terrorism and anti-terrorist actions]]; the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S.-led intervention of Iraq in 2003]] and subsequent [[Iraq War]]. The [[Arab Spring]] (2010–2011) led to the [[Tunisian Revolution]], the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011]] and [[Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]], while also sparking war throughout the region such as the [[Syrian Civil War]], the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]], the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]] and the [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|Iraqi war against ISIS]] ([[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]).{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} During the [[Sudanese Revolution]], months of protests and a [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|military coup]] led to the fall of [[Omar al-Bashir]]'s regime and the initiation of the [[2019–2022 Sudanese transition to democracy]] and the [[Sudanese peace process]].<ref name="Hamdok_revolution">{{cite news | title= Sudan's Hamdok takes office as new prime minister, vows to tackle conflicts and economy | date= 22 August 2019 |newspaper = [[The East African]] |agency = [[Thomson Reuters]] | url= https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Sudan-abdalla-hamdok-takes-office-as-new-prime-minister/4552902-5244866-pm0bowz/index.html |access-date= 22 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822212934/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Sudan-abdalla-hamdok-takes-office-as-new-prime-minister/4552902-5244866-pm0bowz/index.html |archive-date= 22 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA)]]
* [[EMME|Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME)]]
* [[Fertile Crescent]]
* [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)]]
* [[List of country groupings]]
* [[Middle East economic integration]]
* [[Near East]]
* [[Sahel]]
* [[Asia-Pacific]]
* [[Arab world]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{wiktionary inline|MENA}}

{{Regions of the world}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mena}}
[[Category:Acronyms]]
[[Category:Economic country classifications]]
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Regions of Eurasia]]

1989 (Taylor's Version)

2023-08-12T17:48:21Z

OfTheUsername: more alt text ?!

{{Short description|2023 re-recorded album by Taylor Swift}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox album
| name = 1989 (Taylor's Version)
| type = studio
| longtype = ([[re-recording (music)|re-recorded]])
| artist = [[Taylor Swift]]
| cover = Taylor Swift - 1989 (Taylor's Version).png
| alt = The cover artwork of 1989 (Taylor's Version), showing Swift, seagulls in the background, and "1989" in white and "Taylor's Version" in smaller black above her face.
| released = {{start date|2023|10|27|mf=y}}
| recorded = 2020–2023
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = [[Republic Records|Republic]]
| producer = * Taylor Swift
* [[Christopher Rowe (record producer)|Christopher Rowe]]
* [[Shellback (record producer)|Shellback]]
| prev_title = [[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

'''''1989 (Taylor's Version)''''' is the upcoming fourth [[re-recorded album]] by American singer-songwriter [[Taylor Swift]], set for release on October 27, 2023, via [[Republic Records]]. It is a re-recording of Swift's fifth studio album, ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]'' (2014), and follows ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]]'', released in July 2023. The re-recording is a part of Swift's counteraction to [[Taylor Swift masters controversy|her 2019 masters dispute]].

The album was announced on August 9, 2023, at the last [[Los Angeles]] show of Swift's ongoing concert tour, [[the Eras Tour]]. Two tracks from the album—"[[Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)]]" and "[[This Love (Taylor's Version)]]" —were released ahead on September 17, 2021, and May 6, 2022, respectively. They peaked within the top 50 of the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart.

==Background==
{{Further|Taylor Swift masters controversy}}
[[File:Taylor Swift 008 (17684337073).jpg|thumb|Swift performing on [[the 1989 World Tour]] (2015)|alt=refer to caption|235x235px|left]]
[[Taylor Swift]] released her fifth studio album, ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]'', on October 27, 2014, under [[Big Machine Records]]. Inspired by 1980s [[synth-pop]], Swift conceived ''1989'' to recalibrate her artistry to [[Pop music|pop]] after marketing her first four albums to [[country radio]]. The album was a critical and commercial success, receiving positive reviews from [[Music journalism|music critics]] and selling over 1.287 million copies within its first week in the United States. Three of its singles—"[[Shake It Off]]", "[[Blank Space]]", and "[[Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)|Bad Blood]]"—reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Swift became the first artist to have three albums each sell one million copies within the first week, ''1989'' was the first album released in 2014 to exceed one million copies,<ref name="BB_debut">{{cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=November 4, 2014 |title=Official: Taylor Swift's ''1989'' Debuts With 1.287 Million Sold In First Week |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6304536/official-taylor-swifts-1989-debuts-with-1287-million-sold-in |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207174218/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6304536/official-taylor-swifts-1989-debuts-with-1287-million-sold-in |archive-date=December 7, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref> and topped the ''Billboard'' 200 for 11 non-consecutive weeks.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=February 11, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift's ''1989'' Spends 11th Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6465865/taylor-swift-1989-11th-week-no-1-billboard-200 |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726062344/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6465865/taylor-swift-1989-11th-week-no-1-billboard-200 |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |access-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref> At the [[58th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2016), it won [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Grammy Awards 2016: performances and winners – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/live/2016/feb/15/grammy-awards-2016-live-adele-taylor-swift-kendrick-lamaR |website=The Guardian |access-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724092441/https://www.theguardian.com/music/live/2016/feb/15/grammy-awards-2016-live-adele-taylor-swift-kendrick-lamar |url-status=live }}</ref> making Swift the first female artist to win the former two times.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lynch |first1=Joe |title=Taylor Swift Joins Elite Club to Win Grammy Album of the Year More Than Once: See the Rest |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/taylor-swift-grammy-album-of-the-year-win-multiple-6882510/ |website=Billboard |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=February 19, 2016 |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126024139/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/taylor-swift-grammy-album-of-the-year-win-multiple-6882510/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Swift released her next studio album, ''[[Reputation (album)|Reputation]]'' (2017), under Big Machine, as per her recording contract, which expired in November 2018. She hence withdrew from Big Machine and signed a new deal with [[Republic Records]], which secured her the rights to own the [[Mastering (audio)|masters]] of any new music she would release.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=August 27, 2018 |title=Taylor Swift Stands to Make Music Business History as a Free Agent |url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/taylor-swift-stands-to-make-music-business-history-as-a-free-agent-1202918336/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829021649/https://variety.com/2018/music/news/taylor-swift-stands-to-make-music-business-history-as-a-free-agent-1202918336/ |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> In 2019, American businessman [[Scooter Braun]] acquired Big Machine;<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Christman |first=Ed |date=June 30, 2019 |title=Scooter Braun Acquires Scott Borchetta's Big Machine Label Group, Taylor Swift Catalog For Over $300 Million |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8518119/scooter-braun-acquires-big-machine-label-group-scott-borchetta |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213002005/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8518119/scooter-braun-acquires-big-machine-label-group-scott-borchetta |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> the ownership of the masters to Swift's first six studio albums, including ''1989'', transferred to him.<ref name="Vox3">{{cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=July 1, 2019 |title=The Taylor Swift/Scooter Braun controversy, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/7/1/20677241/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-controversy-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211151943/https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/7/1/20677241/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-controversy-explained |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> In August 2019, Swift denounced Braun's purchase and announced that she would [[Re-recording (music)|re-record]] her first six studio albums so as to own their masters herself.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 22, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift wants to re-record her old hits after ownership row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-49432817 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822202321/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-49432817 |archive-date=August 22, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Swift began the re-recording process in November 2020.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=August 22, 2019 |title=Taylor Swift Performs on 'GMA,' Talks Re-Recording Big Machine Songs (Watch) |url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/taylor-swift-performs-on-gma-talks-re-recording-big-machine-songs-watch-1203310319/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108014115/https://variety.com/2019/music/news/taylor-swift-performs-on-gma-talks-re-recording-big-machine-songs-watch-1203310319/ |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> ''[[Fearless (Taylor's Version)]]'', the first of her six re-recorded albums, was released on April 9, 2021, followed by ''[[Red (Taylor's Version)]]'' on November 12, 2021,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=April 20, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Fearless (Taylor's Version)' Debuts Huge: What It Means for Replicating Oldies, Weaponizing Fans |url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-fearless-lessons-1234955475/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003048/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/taylor-swift-fearless-lessons-1234955475/ |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=November 21, 2021 |title=Taylor Swift Scores 10th No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Red (Taylor's Version)' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-tenth-number-one-album-billboard-200-red-taylors-version-1235000860/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123123924/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/taylor-swift-tenth-number-one-album-billboard-200-red-taylors-version-1235000860/ |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> and ''[[Speak Now (Taylor's Version)]]'' on July 7, 2023; all three achieved critical and commercial success, debuting atop the U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taylor Swift Now Has More No. 1 Albums Than Any Woman in History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/17/arts/music/taylor-swift-speak-now-billboard-chart-record.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=July 17, 2023 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804025942/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/17/arts/music/taylor-swift-speak-now-billboard-chart-record.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Swift began teasing ''1989 (Taylor's Version)'' with "[[Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)]]",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Speakman |first1=Kimberlee |title=Taylor Swift Drops New Version Of ‘Wildest Dreams’ — Why It Matters |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimberleespeakman/2021/09/17/taylor-swift-drops-new-version-of-wildest-dreams---why-it-matters/?sh=42cc559dd86c |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Forbes |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132309/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=www.forbes.com |url-status=live }}</ref> released on September 17, 2021, amid a viral [[TikTok]] trend involving the original 2014 recording of the song. "[[This Love (Taylor's Version)]]" was released on digital platforms on May 6, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Willman |first1=Chris |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Taylor Swift Debuts 'This Love (Taylor's Version),' From '1989' Redo, in Amazon's 'The Summer I Turned Pretty' Trailer |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-this-love-taylors-version-1989-trailer-amazon-summer-i-turned-pretty-1235258942 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Variety |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324092912/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/taylor-swift-this-love-taylors-version-1989-trailer-amazon-summer-i-turned-pretty-1235258942/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A snippet of "[[Bad Blood (Taylor's Version)]]" was featured in the 2022 animated film ''[[DC League of Super-Pets]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aniftos |first1=Rania |date=July 29, 2022 |title=Dwayne Johnson Confirms This '1989 (Taylor's Version)' Track Will Appear in 'DC League of Super-Pets' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-bad-blood-taylors-version-dwayne-johnson-movie-1235119592 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Billboard |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003213/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-bad-blood-taylors-version-dwayne-johnson-movie-1235119592/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2023 music video for "[[I Can See You (song)|I Can See You]]" had an [[Easter egg (media)|Easter egg]] hinting at the re-record of ''1989''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here’s Why Taylor Swift Fans Think '1989 (Taylor's Version)' Is Being Teased in 'I Can See You' Video |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-i-can-see-you-video-1989-taylors-version-fan-reactions-1235368532 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Billboard |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722053743/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-i-can-see-you-video-1989-taylors-version-fan-reactions-1235368532/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several hints to the imminent announcement were noticed by fans while Swift performed at [[SoFi Stadium]] in [[Los Angeles]] as part of her sixth [[concert tour]], [[the Eras Tour]], on August 8, 2023, including several of Swift's outfits changing to a blue color, and fans' LED wristbands flashing blue five times.<ref name="VarietyAnnouncement"/>

On August 9, 2023, at the final Los Angeles show of the tour, Swift announced ''1989 (Taylor's Version)'' as her next re-recorded album, set for release on October 27, 2023, nine years after the original release of ''1989''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Norwin |first1=Alyssa |date=August 10, 2023 |title='1989 (Taylor's Version)': Everything We Know About Taylor Swift's Upcoming Re-Record |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/1989-taylors-version-5148207 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Hollywood Life |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132344/https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/1989-taylors-version-5148207/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[SoFi Stadium]] illuminated its roof with the album title following the announcement.<ref name="VarietyAnnouncement">{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift Reveals '1989 (Taylor's Version)' Is Coming at L.A. Tour Finale |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/taylor-swift-announces-1989-taylors-version-coming-la-tour-finale-sofi-stadium-1235692622/ |last1=Willman |first1=Chris |last2=Jackson |first2=Angelique |date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[File:Taylor Swift Eras 08092023-581 (1).jpg|thumb|Swift performed in a new blue dress on [[the Eras Tour]] at [[SoFi Stadium]] on August 11, 2023, preceding the announcement of the album.|alt=refer to caption|225x225px]]
''1989 (Taylor's Version)'' is scheduled for release on October 27, 2023, making it Swift's fourth re-recorded album. It contains 21 tracks, five of which are designated "From the Vault", indicating unreleased songs that were written for ''1989'' but did not make the final track list in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taylor Swift reveals '1989' as next rerecorded album at Eras tour in LA |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/08/10/taylor-swift-1989-taylors-version-release-announcement/70562481007 |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132357/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/08/10/taylor-swift-1989-taylors-version-release-announcement/70562481007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The physical album will come in vinyl, cassette, and CD formats. In addition to a standard edition CD, four deluxe edition CDs were made available for pre-order for the first 89 hours after the announcement, each of which were a different color and included one of four sets of five double-sided cards containing photos and lyrics.{{NoteTag|The four deluxe edition variants are titled Crystal Skies Blue Edition, Rose Garden Pink Edition, Aquamarine Green Edition, and Sunrise Boulevard Yellow Edition.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://store.taylorswift.com/#new-scroll-point|title=1989 (Taylor's Version) Deluxe Edition CDs|accessdate=August 10, 2023}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vito |first=Jo |date=2023-08-10 |title=Finally: Taylor Swift Announces 1989 (Taylor’s Version) |url=https://consequence.net/2023/08/taylor-swift-1989-taylors-version/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132254/https://consequence.net/2023/08/taylor-swift-1989-taylors-version/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan-Hickson |first=Matthew |date=2023-08-10 |title=Taylor Swift 1989 (Taylor's Version) pre-order: when are special edition deluxe CDs available, varities, prices |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/taylor-swift-1989-taylors-version-070232744.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Yahoo News |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810132425/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=2_cc-session_8fc11460-83c8-4f13-9f5d-86c9e93bae3e |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''1989 (Taylor's Version)'' track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| title1 = [[Welcome to New York (Taylor's Version)|Welcome to New York]]
| length1 =
| writer1 = {{hlist|[[Taylor Swift]]|[[Ryan Tedder]]}}
| extra1 =
| title2 = [[Blank Space (Taylor's Version)|Blank Space]]
| length2 =
| writer2 = {{hlist|Swift|[[Max Martin]]|[[Shellback (record producer)|Shellback]]}}
| extra2 =
| title3 = [[Style (Taylor's Version)|Style]]
| length3 =
| writer3 = {{hlist|Swift|Martin|Shellback|[[Ali Payami]]}}
| extra3 =
| title4 = [[Out of the Woods (Taylor's Version)|Out of the Woods]]
| length4 =
| writer4 = {{hlist|Swift|[[Jack Antonoff]]}}
| extra4 =
| title5 = All You Had to Do Was Stay
| length5 =
| writer5 = {{hlist|Swift|Martin}}
| extra5 =
| title6 = [[Shake It Off (Taylor's Version)|Shake It Off]]
| length6 =
| writer6 = {{hlist|Swift|Martin|Shellback}}
| extra6 =
| title7 = I Wish You Would
| length7 =
| writer7 = {{hlist|Swift|Antonoff}}
| extra7 =
| title8 = [[Bad Blood (Taylor's Version)|Bad Blood]]
| length8 =
| writer8 = {{hlist|Swift|Martin|Shellback}}
| extra8 =
| title9 = [[Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)|Wildest Dreams]]
| length9 = 3:40
| writer9 = {{hlist|Swift|Martin|Shellback}}
| extra9 = {{hlist|Swift|[[Christopher Rowe (record producer)|Christopher Rowe]]|Shellback}}
| title10 = How You Get the Girl
| length10 =
| writer10 = {{hlist|Swift|Martin|Shellback}}
| extra10 =
| title11 = [[This Love (Taylor's Version)|This Love]]
| length11 = 4:10
| writer11 = Swift
| extra11 = {{hlist|Swift|Rowe}}
| title12 = I Know Places
| length12 =
| writer12 = {{hlist|Swift|Tedder}}
| extra12 =
| title13 = [[Clean (song)|Clean]]
| length13 =
| writer13 = {{hlist|Swift|[[Imogen Heap]]}}
| extra13 =
| title14 = Wonderland
| length14 =
| writer14 = {{hlist|Swift|Martin|Shellback}}
| extra14 =
| title15 = You Are in Love
| length15 =
| writer15 = {{hlist|Swift|Antonoff}}
| extra15 =
| title16 = [[New Romantics (Taylor's Version)|New Romantics]]
| length16 =
| writer16 = {{hlist|Swift|Martin|Shellback}}
| extra16 =
| title17 = Track 17
| length17 =
| writer17 =
| extra17 =
| title18 = Track 18
| length18 =
| writer18 =
| extra18 =
| title19 = Track 19
| length19 =
| writer19 =
| extra19 =
| title20 = Track 20
| length20 =
| writer20 =
| extra20 =
| title21 = Track 21
| length21 =
| writer21 =
| extra21 =
}}

===Notes===
* All tracks are noted as "Taylor's Version"; tracks 17-21 are additionally subtitled "From the Vault".

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Release dates and formats for ''1989 (Taylor's Version)''
! scope="col" | Region
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Format(s)
! scope="col" | Edition
! scope="col" | Label
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | Various
| rowspan="2" | October 27, 2023
| {{hlist|[[Cassette tape|Cassette]]|[[Compact disc|CD]]|[[Music download|digital download]]|[[LP record|vinyl LP]]}}
| Standard
| rowspan="2" | [[Republic Records|Republic]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>''1989 (Taylor's Version)'' release formats:
* {{cite web |title=1989 (Taylor's Version) Cassette |url=https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/1989-shop-1/products/1989-taylors-version-cassette |url-status=live |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Taylor Swift Official Store |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810064547/https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/1989-shop-1/products/1989-taylors-version-cassette }}
* {{cite web |title=1989 (Taylor's Version) CD |url=https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/1989-shop-1/products/1989-taylors-version-cd |url-status=live |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Taylor Swift Official Store |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810064630/https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/1989-shop-1/products/1989-taylors-version-cd }}
* {{cite web |title=1989 (Taylor's Version) Digital Album |url=https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/1989-shop-1/products/1989-taylors-version-digital-album |url-status=live |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Taylor Swift Official Store |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810064631/https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/1989-shop-1/products/1989-taylors-version-digital-album }}
* {{cite web |title=1989 (Taylor's Version) Vinyl |url=https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/1989-shop-1/products/1989-taylors-version-vinyl |url-status=live |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Taylor Swift Official Store |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810061536/https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/1989-shop-1/products/1989-taylors-version-vinyl }}</ref>
|-
| CD
| Deluxe
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>''1989 (Taylor's Version)'' deluxe CDs:
* {{cite web |title=1989 (Taylor's Version) Crystal Skies Blue Edition Deluxe CD |url=https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/special-edition-deluxe-cds/products/1989-taylors-version-crystal-skies-blue-edition-deluxe-cd |url-status=live |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Taylor Swift Official Store |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810061141/https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/special-edition-deluxe-cds/products/1989-taylors-version-crystal-skies-blue-edition-deluxe-cd }}
* {{cite web |title=1989 (Taylor's Version) Rose Garden Pink Edition Deluxe CD |url=https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/special-edition-deluxe-cds/products/1989-taylors-version-rose-garden-pink-edition-deluxe-cd |url-status=live |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Taylor Swift Official Store |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810061032/https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/special-edition-deluxe-cds/products/1989-taylors-version-rose-garden-pink-edition-deluxe-cd }}
* {{cite web |title=1989 (Taylor's Version) Aquamarine Green Edition Deluxe CD |url=https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/special-edition-deluxe-cds/products/1989-taylors-version-aquamarine-green-edition-deluxe-cd |url-status=live |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Taylor Swift Official Store |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810061202/https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/special-edition-deluxe-cds/products/1989-taylors-version-aquamarine-green-edition-deluxe-cd }}
* {{cite web |title=1989 (Taylor's Version) Sunrise Boulevard Yellow Edition Deluxe CD |url=https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/special-edition-deluxe-cds/products/1989-taylors-version-sunrise-boulevard-yellow-edition-deluxe-cd |url-status=live |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Taylor Swift Official Store |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810061217/https://store.taylorswift.com/collections/special-edition-deluxe-cds/products/1989-taylors-version-sunrise-boulevard-yellow-edition-deluxe-cd }}</ref>
|}

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{italic title|all=yes|noerror}}

{{Taylor Swift}}

[[Category:2023 albums]]
[[Category:Taylor Swift albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Taylor Swift]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Chris Rowe]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Shellback (record producer)]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Jack Antonoff]]
[[Category:Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios]]
[[Category:Republic Records albums]]
[[Category:Upcoming albums]]