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Girl group

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{{Short description|Pop music act featuring young women}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
A '''girl group''' is a music act featuring several [[women in music|female singers]] who generally [[vocal harmony|harmonize]] together. The term "girl group" is also used in a narrower sense in the United States to denote the wave of American female [[pop music]] singing groups, many of whom were influenced by [[doo-wop]] and which flourished in the late [[1950s in music|1950s]] and early [[1960s in music|1960s]] between the [[Rock and roll#Decline|decline of early rock and roll]] and start of the [[British Invasion]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rutledge |first=Meredith E. |url=http://rockhall.com/blog/post/6655_the-fabulous-girl-groups-women-who-rock/ |title=The Fabulous Girl Groups | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629172820/http://www.rockhall.com/blog/post/6655_the-fabulous-girl-groups-women-who-rock/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history-of-rock.com/g_g-history.htm |title=Girl Groups - A Short History |publisher=History-of-rock.com |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> [[All-female band]]s, in which members also play instruments, are usually considered a separate phenomenon. These groups are sometimes called "girl bands" to differentiate,<ref name="30m">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&q=difference+girl+bands+girl+group+instruments&pg=PA306|author=Claudia Mitchell, Jacqueline Reid-Walsh|title=Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Greenwood Press|date=1 January 2008|access-date=9 March 2017|isbn= 9780313339080}}</ref> although this terminology is not universally followed.

With the advent of the [[music industry]] and radio broadcasting, a number of girl groups emerged, such as [[the Andrews Sisters]]. The late 1950s saw the emergence of all-female singing groups as a major force, with 750 distinct girl groups releasing songs that reached US and UK music charts from 1960 to 1966.<ref name="girl-groups.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.girl-groups.com/groups.htm |title=Girl Groups |publisher=Girl Groups |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529185656/http://www.girl-groups.com/groups.htm |archive-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The Supremes]] alone held 12 number-one singles on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] during the height of the wave and throughout most of the British Invasion rivaled the Beatles in popularity.<ref name=Supremes>{{cite book
| first= Joel
| last= Whitburn
| year= 2003
| title= Top Pop Singles 1955-2002
| pages= [https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/950 950, 959, 964, 967, 969, 970, 983, 984, 988–990]
| publisher= Record Research, Inc.com
| location= Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin
| isbn= 978-0-89820-155-0
| url-access= registration
| url= https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/950
}}</ref><ref>As evidence of the popularity of the Supremes, during and after the British Invasion, on 21 May 1977 edition of ''[[American Top 40]]'', [[Casey Kasem]] noted that the Supremes, more than any other act, dethroned the Beatles from the Hot 100's summit three times.</ref>

In later eras, the girl group template would be applied to [[disco music|disco]], [[contemporary R&B]], and [[Country music|country]]-based formats, as well as [[pop music|pop]]. A more globalized music industry gave rise to the popularity of [[dance-pop|dance-oriented pop music]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBXvvo4Vo-oC&pg=PA352 |title=Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture - Google Books |via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=4 June 2014|isbn=9780804736275 |last1=Held |first1=David |year=1999 |publisher=Stanford University Press }}</ref> led by major record labels. This emergence, led by the US, UK, South Korea and Japan, produced popular acts, with eight groups debuting after 1990 having [[List of best-selling girl groups|sold more than 15 million physical copies of their albums]]. With the [[Spice Girls]], the 1990s also saw the [[target market]] for girl groups shift from a male audience to an increasingly female one.<ref name=johnharlow/><ref name=andrewsmith/> In the 2010s, the [[K-pop]] phenomenon led to the rise of successful girl groups including [[Girls' Generation]], [[Blackpink]], and [[Twice]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-explains-girl-groups-1235078184/|title=Billboard Explains: The Evolution of Girl Groups|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=May 27, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=May 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527174015/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-explains-girl-groups-1235078184/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
===Vaudeville and close harmonies===
One of the first major all-female groups was the [[Three X Sisters|Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce]], an American trio who successfully toured England and parts of Europe in 1927, recorded and appeared on BBC radio{{snd}} they toured the US variety and big-time theaters extensively, and later changed their stage name to the [[Three X Sisters]]. The band was together from 1923 until the early 1940s, and known for their close harmonies, as well as barbershop style or novelty tunes, and utilized their 1930s radio success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19351104&id=QLIhAAAAIBAJ&pg=4476,855160|title=Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref> The Three X Sisters were also especially a notable addition to the music scene, and predicted later girl group success by maintaining their popularity throughout the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://threexsistersharmony.angelfire.com/|title=Three X Sisters|website=[[Angelfire]]|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> [[The Boswell Sisters]], who became one of the most popular singing groups from 1930 to 1936, had over twenty hits. [[The Andrews Sisters]] started in 1937 as a Boswell tribute band and continued recording and performing through the 1940s into the late-1960s, achieving more record sales, more Billboard hits, more million-sellers, and more movie appearances than any other girl group to date.<ref>''Swing It! The Andrews Sisters Story'', John Sforza, University Press of Kentucky, 2000</ref> The Andrews Sisters had musical hits across multiple genres, which contributed to the prevalence and popularity of the girl group form.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmgww.com/music/andrews/|title=The Andrews Sisters - The Official Site|website=www.cmgww.com|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701012546/http://www.cmgww.com/music/andrews/|archive-date=1 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===1955–1970: The golden age of girl groups===
As the rock era began, [[close harmony]] acts like [[the Chordettes]], [[the Fontane Sisters]], the [[McGuire Sisters]] and [[the DeCastro Sisters]] remained popular, with the first three acts topping the pop charts and the last reaching number two, at the end of 1954 to the beginning of 1955.<ref>{{cite book
| first= Joel
| last= Whitburn
| year= 1992
| title= Joel Whitburn Presents The Billboard Pop Charts: 1955-1959 (1 January 1955 through 16 April 1955)
| publisher= Record Research, Inc
| location= Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin
| isbn= 978-0-89820-092-8}}</ref> Also, [[the Lennon Sisters]] were a mainstay on ''[[the Lawrence Welk Show]]'' from 1955 on. In early 1956, [[doo-wop]] [[one-hit wonder]] acts like [[the Bonnie Sisters]] with "Cry Baby" and [[the Teen Queens]] with "[[Eddie My Love]]" showed early promise for a departure from traditional pop harmonies. With "[[Mr. Lee (song)|Mr. Lee]]", [[the Bobbettes]] lasted for {{frac|5|1|2}} months on the charts in 1957, building momentum and gaining further acceptance of all-female, all-[[Black people|black]] vocal groups.<ref>Alan Betrock ''Girl groups: the story of a sound'' 1982 p.148</ref>

However, it was [[the Chantels]]' 1958 song "[[Maybe (The Chantels song)|Maybe]]" that became "arguably, the first true glimmering of the girl group sound".<ref>{{cite web|author=Dave Thompson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/maybe-mt0035238306 |title=Maybe - The Chantels | Listen, Appearances, Song Review |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="smithsonianmag.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/womens-history/the-real-dreamgirls-147452817/ |title=History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian |publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> The "mixture of black doo-wop, rock and roll, and white pop"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Lucy M. O'Brien |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/234237/girl-groups |title=girl groups (music) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> was appealing to a teenage audience and grew from scandals involving [[payola]] and the perceived [[social effects of rock music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shsu.edu/lis_fwh/book/brill_building/Girl%20Groups2.htm |title=The Girl Groups With the exception of the teen idols, girl group |publisher=Shsu.edu |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> However, early groups such as the Chantels started developing their groups' musical capacities traditionally, through mediums like Latin and choir music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history-of-rock.com/chantels.htm|title=The Chantels|website=www.history-of-rock.com|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref> The success of the Chantels and others was followed by an enormous rise in girl groups with varying skills and experience, with the music industry's typical racially segregated genre labels of R&B and pop slowly breaking apart.<ref name="smithsonianmag.com"/> This rise also allowed a semblance of class mobility to groups of people who often could not otherwise gain such success, and "forming vocal groups together and cutting records gave them access to other opportunities toward professional advancement and personal growth, expanding the idea of girlhood as an identity across race and class lines."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feministmusicgeek.com/2009/11/08/girl-groups-girl-culture-jacqueline-warwick/|title=Girl Groups, Girl Culture: Popular Music and Identity in the 1960s by Jacqueline Warwick|date=8 November 2009|website=Feminist Music Geek|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref> The group often considered to have achieved the first sustained success in girl group genre is [[the Shirelles]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/the-shirelles-20110420 |title=100 Greatest Artists: The Shirelles |date=3 December 2010 |publisher=Rolling Stone |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theshirelles.com/story.html |title=From The Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame |publisher=The Shirelles |access-date=4 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227112735/http://www.theshirelles.com/story.html |archive-date=27 February 2015 }}</ref> who first reached the [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Top 40]] with "[[Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles song)|Tonight's the Night]]", and in 1961, became the first girl group to reach number one on the [[Hot 100]] with "[[Will You Love Me Tomorrow]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teachrock.org/chapter/the-brill-building-and-the-girl-group-era/ |title=The Brill Building and the Girl Group Era | Rock and Roll: An American Story |publisher=Teachrock.org |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> written by songwriters [[Gerry Goffin]] and [[Carole King]] at [[1650 Broadway]].<ref name=turner>{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Turner
| first = Alwyn W.
| editor = Peter Buckley
| encyclopedia = The Rough Guide to Rock
| title = Classic Girl Groups
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7ctjc6UWCm4C
| edition = 3rd
| year = 2003
| publisher = Rough Guides
| location = London
| isbn = 978-1-84353-105-0
| pages = 426–428
}}</ref> [[The Shirelles]] solidified their success with five more top 10 hits, most particularly 1962's number one hit "[[Soldier Boy (The Shirelles song)|Soldier Boy]]", over the next two and a half years. "[[Please Mr. Postman]]" by [[the Marvelettes]] became a major indication of the racial integration of popular music, as it was the first number one song in the US for African-American owned label, [[Motown Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/womens-history/the-real-dreamgirls-147452817/?page=2 |title=History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian |publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> [[Motown]] would mastermind several major girl groups, including [[Martha and the Vandellas]], [[the Velvelettes]], and [[the Supremes]].<ref name=turner/>
[[File:Please Mr. Postman album.JPG|100px|thumbnail|left]]

Other songwriters and producers in the US and UK quickly recognized the potential of this new approach and recruited existing acts (or, in some cases, created new ones) to record their songs in a girl group style. [[Phil Spector]] recruited [[the Crystals]], [[the Blossoms]], and [[the Ronettes]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/phil-spector/biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110060434/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/phil-spector/biography |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2012 |title=Phil Spector Biography |publisher=Rolling Stone |date=26 December 1939 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> while Goffin and King penned two hit songs for [[the Cookies]]. Phil Spector made a huge impact on the ubiquity of the girl group, as well as bringing fame and notoriety to new heights for many girl groups. Phil Spector's so-called [[Wall of Sound]], which used layers of instruments to create a more potent sound<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history-of-rock.com/spector_producer.htm|title=Phil Spector - The Producer|website=www.history-of-rock.com|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> allowed girl groups to sing powerfully and in different styles than earlier generations. [[Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller]] would likewise foster [[the Exciters]], [[the Dixie Cups]], and [[the Shangri-Las]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rockhall.com/inductees/jerry-leiber-and-mike-stoller/bio/ |title=Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Biography | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=21 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621062650/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/jerry-leiber-and-mike-stoller/bio |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Shangri-Las' hit single, "[[Leader of the Pack]]", exemplified the "'[[teenage tragedy song|death disc]]' genre" adopted by some girl groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/epm/25361|title = Shangri-Las|date=4 July 2006|access-date=5 October 2015|website = Oxford Music Online|publisher = Oxford University Press|last = Larkin|first = Colin}}</ref> These songs usually told the story of teenage love cut short by the death of one of the young lovers.

[[The Paris Sisters]] had success from 1961 to 1964, especially with "[[I Love How You Love Me]]". [[The Chiffons]], [[The Angels (American group)|the Angels]], and [[the Orlons]] were also prominent in the early 1960s. In early fall 1963 one-hit wonder [[the Jaynetts]]' "[[Sally Go 'Round the Roses]]" achieved a mysterious sound<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/cruisin-1963-mr0001123491|title=Cruisin 1963 - Various Artists|author=Stewart Mason|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> quite unlike that of any other girl group. In 1964, the one-hit wonder group [[the Murmaids]] took [[David Gates]]' "[[Popsicles and Icicles]]" to the top 3 in January, [[the Carefrees]]' "[[We Love You Beatles]]" scraped the top 40 in April, and [[the Jewels]]' "Opportunity" was a small hit in December.<ref>{{cite book |first= Joel |last= Whitburn |year=1990 |title=The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties (5 December 1964) |publisher=Record Research, Inc. |location=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-89820-074-4}}</ref>

Over 750 girl groups were able to chart a song between 1960 and 1966<ref name="girl-groups.com"/> in the US and UK, although the genre's reach was not as strongly felt in the music industries of other regions. As the youth culture of [[Continental Europe|western Continental Europe]] was deeply immersed in [[Yé-yé]], recording artists of East Asia mostly varied from traditional singers, government-sponsored chorus,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalexchange-cn.nl/china/music/genres-and-styles/mass-and-propaganda-music |title=Mass and Propaganda Music | Cultural Exchange China - The Netherlands |publisher=Culturalexchange-cn.nl |access-date=4 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521113409/http://www.culturalexchange-cn.nl/china/music/genres-and-styles/mass-and-propaganda-music |archive-date=21 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>Category:Maoist_China_propaganda_songs</ref> or multi-cultural soloists and bands,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbase.com/sid_presley/the_record_collection&page=all |title=60's & 70's Asian Pop Record Covers Photo Gallery by david greenfield at |publisher=Pbase.com |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80WSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181 |title=The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music - Google Books |via=[[Google Books]]|date=17 March 2011 |access-date=4 June 2014|isbn=9781135901554 |last1=Miller |first1=Terry |last2=Williams |first2=Sean |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> while [[bossa nova]] was trendy in Latin America. [[Beat music]]'s global influence eventually pushed out girl groups as a genre and, except for a small number of the foregoing groups and possibly [[the Toys]] and the [[Sweet Inspirations]], the only girl groups with any significant chart presence from the beginning of the [[British Invasion]] through 1970 were Motown girl groups with [[the Supremes]] being the only girl group to score number one hits.<ref>{{cite book
| first= Joel
| last= Whitburn
| year= 1990
| title= The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties (4 January 1964 through 27 December 1969)
| publisher= Record Research, Inc.
| location= Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin
| isbn= 978-0-89820-074-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| first= Joel
| last= Whitburn
| year= 1990
| title= The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies (3 January 1970 through 26 December 1970)
| publisher= Record Research, Inc.
| location= Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin
| isbn= 978-0-89820-076-8}}</ref> The distinct girl group sound would not re-emerge until the 21st century, where it would influence modern-day English-speaking pop-soul soloists who have been met with international success, such as [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Adele]], [[Duffy (singer)|Duffy]] and [[Melanie Fiona]] among others. In addition to influencing individual singers, this generation of girl groups cemented the girl group form and sentiment and provided inspiration for many future groups.

===1966–1989: Changes in formats and genres===
[[File:Labelle 1975.JPG|thumbnail|right|Singing group Labelle, {{circa|1975}}]]
Entering the 1970s, [[the Supremes]] had continued success with top 10 hits "[[Up the Ladder to the Roof]]" and "[[Stoned Love]]" along with six other singles charting on Billboard's top 40. Only two other girl groups made top 10 chartings through 1974 with "[[Want Ads]]" by [[Honey Cone]] and "[[When Will I See You Again]]" by [[the Three Degrees]]<ref>{{cite book
| first= Joel
| last= Whitburn
| year= 1990
| title= The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies (2 January 1971 through 28 December 1974)
| publisher= Record Research, Inc
| location= Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin
| isbn= 978-0-89820-076-8}}</ref> (which had roots in the 1960s and in 1970, like the Chantels in 1958, began their top 40 pop career with "Maybe"). [[Patti LaBelle]] and [[Labelle|the Bluebelles]] was a US 1960s girl group whose image [[Vicki Wickham]], their manager, helped remake in the early 1970s, renaming the group [[Labelle]] and pushing them in the direction of [[glam rock]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baywindows.com/index.php?ch=arts&sc=music&sc2=news&sc3=&id=82622 |title=New England's largest GLBT newspaper |publisher=Bay Windows |date=29 October 2008 |access-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090421184343/http://www.baywindows.com/index.php?ch=arts&sc=music&sc2=news&sc3=&id=82622 |archive-date=21 April 2009 }}</ref> Labelle were the first girl group to eschew matching outfits and identical choreography, instead wearing extravagant spacesuits and feathered headdresses.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dan DeLuca |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081110/news_1c10labelle.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917234632/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081110/news_1c10labelle.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2012 |title=Patti LaBelle joins some old friends |publisher=San Diego Union-Tribune |date=10 November 2008 |access-date=11 August 2010 }}</ref> During the [[disco]] craze and beyond, female acts included [[First Choice (band)|First Choice]], [[Silver Convention]], [[Hot (American vocal group)|Hot]], [[the Emotions]], [[High Inergy]], [[Odyssey (band)|Odyssey]], [[Sister Sledge]], [[Mary Jane Girls]], [[Belle Epoque (band)|Belle Epoque]], [[Frantique]], [[Luv']], and [[Baccara]]. Groups of the 1980s like [[the Pointer Sisters]], [[Exposé (group)|Exposé]], and [[Bananarama]] updated the concept.

In Latin America, there were a number of dance-oriented popular girl groups during the era, including the [[Flans]], Pandora and Fandango.

In Japan, all-female idol groups [[Candies (group)|Candies]] and [[Pink Lady (band)|Pink Lady]] made a series of hits during the 1970s and 1980s as well. The Japanese music program ''[[Music Station]]'' listed Candies and Pink Lady in their Top 50 Idols of All Time (compiled in 2011), placing them at number 32 and number 15, with sales exceeding 5 and 13 million in Japan, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2011/01/music-station-announces-their-top-50-idols-of-all-time/|title=Music Station announces their Top 50 Idols of All-Time |website=tokyohive|access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> With the single "[[Kiss in the Dark (Pink Lady song)|Kiss in the Dark]]", Pink Lady was also one of only two Japanese artists to have reached the [[Billboard Top 40]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT5 |title=Billboard magazine, June 1979|date=16 June 1979|access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>

===1990–present: Dance pop girl group era===

====American R&B and hip hop====
With the rise of [[new jack swing]], [[contemporary R&B]] and [[hip hop]], American girl groups such as [[En Vogue]], [[Exposé (group)|Exposé]] and [[Sweet Sensation (trio)|Sweet Sensation]] all had singles which hit number one on the charts. Groups in these genres, such as [[SWV]], [[Xscape (group)|Xscape]], [[702 (band)|702]], [[Total (group)|Total]], [[Zhane]], [[Blaque]], and [[3LW]], managed to have songs chart on both the U.S. Hot 100 and the U.S. R&B charts. However, [[TLC (group)|TLC]] achieved the most success for a girl group in an era where contemporary R&B would become global mainstream acceptance.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ibanga |first=Imaeyen |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/SummerConcert/story?id=5203230 |title=Not 'The End of the Road' for '90s R&B - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=19 June 2008 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> TLC remains the best-selling American girl group with 65 million records sold, and their second studio album, ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994), remains the best-selling album by a girl group in the United States (Diamond certification), while selling over 14 million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|author=Matilda Battersby |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/tlc-plan-first-album-since-lisa-left-eye-lopes-death-8282219.html |title=TLC plan first album since Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes' death - News - Music |work=The Independent |date=5 November 2012 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> [[Destiny's Child]] emerged in the late 1990s and sold more than 60 million records.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Waxman |first=Olivia B. |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/01/11/beyonce-and-destinys-child-to-release-original-track-for-first-time-in-eight-years/ |title=Beyoncé and Destiny's Child to Release Original Track for First Time in Eight Years |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=11 January 2013 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

In the mid-to-late-2000s, there was a revival of girl groups. American girl group and dance ensemble [[the Pussycat Dolls]] achieved worldwide success with their singles. Girl group [[Danity Kane]] also became the first girl group in Billboard history to have two consecutive number-one albums, as their [[Danity Kane (album)|self-titled debut album]] (2006) and their second album ''[[Welcome to the Dollhouse (album)|Welcome to the Dollhouse]]'' (2008) both topped the U.S. [[Billboard 200]].<ref name="MtV.CoM">''[[Making the Band]]''/''The Rise and Fall of Danity Kane'', ''[[MTV]]'' (30 April 2009). Retrieved on 2009-04-30.</ref> Girl groups have now been more popular compared to the early 2000s.

Girl groups continued their success in the 2010s. [[Miami]]-based girl group [[Fifth Harmony]] formed in 2012 on ''[[The X Factor (US TV series)|The X Factor USA]]''. They reached international success with their debut album ''[[Reflection (Fifth Harmony album)|Reflection]]'', which featured the hit "[[Worth It (Fifth Harmony song)|Worth It]]". "[[Work from Home (song)|Work from Home]]", the lead single from their [[7/27|second studio album]], became the first top-five single in the U.S by a girl group in a decade, following the September 2006 peak of "[[Buttons (The Pussycat Dolls song)|Buttons]]" by The Pussycat Dolls at number three. "Worth It" and "Work from Home" remain the [[List of most-viewed YouTube videos|most-viewed girl group music videos]] on [[YouTube]].

====The Second British Invasion and Europe====
[[File:Spice Girls in Toronto, Ontario.jpg|thumb|Breaking through during the mid-1990s, the [[Spice Girls]] became [[List of best-selling girl groups#Best-selling girl groups worldwide|the best-selling girl group of all time]].]]
In the early 1990s, the British music scene was dominated by boy bands. The only girl group making an impact on the UK charts at the time was [[Eternal (group)|Eternal]], but even they "remained largely faceless".<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden|first=Anna Louise|title=The Spice Girls: The Uncensored Story Behind Pop's Biggest Phenomenon |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|year=1997|page=xvi|isbn=0-345-41965-0}}</ref> Amidst the American domination of the girl group format, the [[Second British Invasion]] saw the UK's [[Spice Girls]] turn the tide in the mid-1990s, achieving ten number 1 singles in the UK and US. With sold-out concerts, advertisements, merchandise, 86 million worldwide record sales, the best-selling album of all time by a female group,<ref>[http://www.thespicegirls.com/facts/timeline Facts - Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021120/http://www.thespicegirls.com/facts/timeline |date=21 October 2007 }} Spice Girls</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-06-28 |title=Timeline: Spice Girls |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6251176.stm |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> and a film, the Spice Girls became the most commercially successful British group since [[the Beatles]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden|first=Anna Louise|title=The Spice Girls: The Uncensored Story Behind Pop's Biggest Phenomenon |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|year=1997|page=xi|isbn=0-345-41965-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/6246814.stm | work=BBC News | title=In pictures: Spice Girls through the years | date=28 June 2007| access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-20-biggest-selling-groups-of-all-time-revealed-1682/ |title=The Official Top 20 biggest selling groups of all time revealed!|publisher=Officialcharts.com |access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> Unlike their predecessors who were marketed at male record buyers, the Spice Girls redefined the girl group concept by going after a young female fanbase instead.<ref name=johnharlow>{{cite news|title=Wannabe like me?|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|first=John|last=Harlow|page=16|date=27 October 1996|accessdate=30 March 2021|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/320504889|id={{ProQuest|320504889}}|url-access=subscription|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref><ref name=andrewsmith>{{cite news|title=Girls on top. After Spice, all-girl groups are dominating the charts. They're successful, but who's got the power?|work=[[The Observer]]|page=7|first=Andrew|last=Smith|date=22 August 1999|accessdate=30 March 2021|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/250362717|id={{ProQuest|250362717}}|url-access=subscription|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref>

The cultural movement started by the Spice Girls produced a glut of other similar acts, which include the British-Canadian outfit [[All Saints (group)|All Saints]], Irish girl group [[B*Witched]], [[Atomic Kitten]] and the [[Honeyz]], who all achieved varying levels of success during the decade.<ref name=andrewsmith/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/jul/05/artsfeatures3/|title=No more girl power|last=Sullivan|first=Caroline|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 July 2000|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210219153024/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/jul/05/artsfeatures3|archive-date=19 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the 2000s, girl groups from the UK remained popular, with [[Girls Aloud]]'s "[[Sound of the Underground (song)|Sound of the Underground]]" and [[Sugababes]]' "[[Round Round]]" having been called "two huge groundbreaking hits"<ref name="telegraph2">{{cite news | url= http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/neilmccormick/100002407/xenomania-how-to-write-a-hit-song/ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090816160317/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/neilmccormick/100002407/xenomania-how-to-write-a-hit-song/ | url-status= dead | archive-date= 16 August 2009 | title=Xenomania: how to write a hit song | author=Neil McCormick |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London | date=13 August 2009 | access-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s.<ref name="xenomanianews.blogspot.com">{{cite web | url=http://xenomanianews.blogspot.com/2009/11/end-of-decade-sound-of-overground-nme.html | title=End of Decade: Sound of the Overground | author=Emily MacKay |work=NME |location=UK | publisher=[[IPC Media]] | date=November 2009 | access-date=3 December 2009 }}</ref> Despite her being a solo artist, [[Amy Winehouse|Amy Winehouse's]] 2006 album ''[[Back to Black]]'' contained heavy influence from 1960s girl groups and garnered Winehouse comparisons to the Ronettes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-13 |title=Why the best album of the 21st century is Amy Winehouse's Back to Black |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/sep/13/best-album-21st-century-amy-winehouse-back-to-black |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> UK girl group continued to have success in the 2000s and 2010s, with acts such as [[Mis-Teeq]], [[the Saturdays]], [[StooShe]] and [[Little Mix]], who were the first band ever to win the UK version of ''[[The X Factor (British TV series)|The X Factor]]''.

====Emergence of Asian dance-pop girl groups====
Although the emergence of dance-pop focused acts in Asia paralleled their British counterparts in the 1990s, girl groups in Asia sustained as a successful format through the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Williamson |first=Lucy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13760064 |title=BBC News - The dark side of South Korean pop music |publisher=Bbc.com |date=14 June 2011 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>
Japan has [[Global music industry market share data|the music industry's second largest market overall]] and the largest physical music market in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aramajapan.com/news/the-international-federation-of-the-phonographic-industry-releases-its-2014-data-on-the-world-music-market/18281/#more-18281|title=The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Releases Its 2014 Data on the World Music Market|access-date=22 April 2015|work=aramajapan.com|date=22 April 2015}}</ref> with the physical sales [[Oricon Singles Chart]] being dominated by [[J-pop]] [[Japanese idol|idol]] girl groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2013/12/oricon-2013-yearly-charts-singles|title=Oricon 2013 Yearly Charts : Singles|date=15 December 2013|publisher=6Theory Media, LLC.|access-date=16 December 2013|work=tokyohive}}</ref> In the late 1990s, vocal/dance girl bands [[Speed (Japanese band)|Speed]] and [[MAX (band)|Max]] gained prominence in Asia, and paved the way for succeeding Japanese girl groups, such as [[Morning Musume]], [[AKB48]], [[Perfume (Japanese band)|Perfume]], and [[Momoiro Clover Z]]. Speed sold a total of 20 million copies in Japan within three years, with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' calling them "Japan's top girl group",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117756500.html?categoryid=16&cs=1|title=Top Japanese girl group Speed coming to a halt|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=11 October 1999|access-date=15 November 2008| first=Jon | last=Herskovitz}}</ref> while Max still hold the record for girl group with the second most consecutive top 10 singles in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magazine.music.yahoo.co.jp/rep/20061215_001/ |title=女性グループのシングル1位獲得数で単独1位に！モーニング娘。の偉業を検証 |website=Yahoo! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306005858/http://magazine.music.yahoo.co.jp/rep/20061215_001/ |archive-date=6 March 2007 }}</ref> Throughout the 2010s, [[AKB48 Group|AKB48 sister groups]] have been launched or will be launched in Indonesia, China, Thailand, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jkt48.com/|title=JKT48 website|language=id|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snh48.com/|title=SNH48 Website|publisher=AKS|language=zh|author=SNH48 Project|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2016/03/akb48-to-form-sister-groups-based-in-taiwan-philippines-and-thailand|title=AKB48 to form sister groups based in Taiwan, Philippines and Thailand|date=27 March 2016|publisher=6Theory Media, LLC|access-date=8 April 2018|work=tokyohive}}</ref> Several new Japanese idol groups appeared in the 2010s and created a fiercely competitive situation in the music industry, which has been referred to as the "Idol ''[[sengoku jidai]]''" (アイドル戦国時代; lit. Age of the Idol Warring States).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyzo.com/2010/04/post_4372.html|title=デビュー続々！ 2010年アイドル戦国時代生き残るのはどのグループ!?|date=23 April 2010}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Girls' Generation at DMC Festival 2015 MBC Radio DJ Concert 02.jpg
| alt1 = Girls' Generation performing at the 2015 MBC DMC Festival
| caption1 =
| image2 = 2NE1 2013 kpop hologram (cropped).jpg
| alt2 = 2NE1 smiling for the camera
| caption2 =
| image3 = Blackpink Coachella 2023 02 (cropped).jpg
| alt3 = Blackpink performing at Coachella 2023
| caption3 =
| image4 = Twice - Dickies Arena, 2022 (cropped).jpg
| alt4 = Twice performs during their 2022 Twice 4th World Tour "III"
| caption4 =
| footer = ''(clockwise)'' [[Girls' Generation]], [[2NE1]], [[Twice]] and [[Blackpink]] are among the leading girl groups of the Korean wave.
}}
Since 2009, [[Hallyu]] (Korean wave) and [[K-pop]] became increasingly significant in the entertainment industry. Its influence spread across Asia and began to reach the Middle East, North Africa, Europe and the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/09/how-korean-pop-conquered-japan/244712/|title=How Korean Pop Conquered Japan|last=St. Michel|first=Patrick|date=September 13, 2011|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=October 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008024311/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/09/how-korean-pop-conquered-japan/244712/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/18/3516562/k-pop-invades-america-south-korea-pop-music-factory|title=K-Pop takes America: how South Korea's music machine is conquering the world|work=The Verge|date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://times.uos.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1241|title=K-POP Hits the Europe|work=The UOS Times|date=31 August 2011}}</ref> At the beginning, girl groups such as [[Girls' Generation]], [[2NE1]] and [[Wonder Girls]] were among the leaders of this "Hallyu" wave.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/best-k-pop-girl-groups-decade-7865168/|title=10 Best K-Pop Girl Groups of the Past Decade: Critic's Picks|last=Herman|first=Tamar|date=December 7, 2017|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120124206/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/best-k-pop-girl-groups-decade-7865168/|url-status=live}}</ref> The influence of the original girl groups of the United States was not lost on this era of artists, as many adopted visual influences through their "retro" concepts, such as the international 2008 hit "[[Nobody (Wonder Girls song)|Nobody]]" by Wonder Girls.

{{Expand section|with=evolution of Korean girl groups after 2015|date=May 2023}}
From the second half of the 2010s, new generations of Korean girl groups emerged and enjoyed great success as the Korean wave's globalization accelerated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/features/opinion/girls-generation-snsd-newjeans-k-pop-girl-groups-evolution-3292388|title=New generations: SNSD, NewJeans and the evolution of K-pop girl groups|last=Daly|first=Rhian|date=August 18, 2022|website=[[NME]]|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=August 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818103640/https://www.nme.com/features/opinion/girls-generation-snsd-newjeans-k-pop-girl-groups-evolution-3292388|url-status=live}}</ref> These newer girl groups gradually shifted towards more "girl crush" concepts and it became more common for members to be involved in writing or production. Popular South Korean girl groups include [[Blackpink]], [[Twice]], [[Aespa]], [[NewJeans]], [[Ive (group)|IVE]] and [[Red Velvet (group)|Red Velvet]] amongst others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=Top 15 Most Popular K-Pop Girl Groups (2023)
|url=https://omfoo.com/en/blog/kpop-idols/top-15-most-popular-k-pop-girl-groups-2023/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=OMFOO}}</ref>

==Themes==
{{Original research section|date=March 2021}}
Girl groups have a wide array of subject matter in their songs, depending on time and place and who was producing. Songs also had a penchant for reflecting the political and cultural climate around them. For instance, songs with abusive undertones were somewhat common during the 1950s–1970s. One notable example was the song "[[He Hit Me (And It Felt Like a Kiss)]]" by [[the Crystals]]. During the "golden age of girl groups", lyrics were disparate, ranging from songs about mean dogs to underage pregnancy. However, common sentiments were also found in ideas like new love, pining after a crush or lover, and heartache. Some songs sounded upbeat or cheerful and sang about falling in love, whereas others took a decidedly more melancholic turn. Groups like [[the Shangri-Las]], with the song "[[I Can Never Go Home Anymore]]" sang about the darker side of being in love.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/23/girl-groups-10-of-the-best-ronettes-supremes-shangri-las|title=60s girl groups: 10 of the best|last=Jonze|first=Tim|date=23 July 2014|website=The Guardian|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref>

===Adolescence===
An especially prevalent theme was adolescence. Since most of the girl groups were composed of young singers, often still in high school, songs mentioned parents in many cases. Adolescence was also a popular subject because of an emerging audience of young girls listening to and buying records. Adolescence was also reinforced by girl groups in cultivation of a youthful image, since "an unprecedented instance of teenage girls occupying center stage of mainstream commercial culture".<ref name="Buckingham">{{Cite web|url=https://storyofaphoenix.wordpress.com/2014/12/26/the-evolving-presence-of-feminism-and-women-in-rock-and-roll/|title=The Evolving Presence of Feminism and Women in Rock and Roll|last=Buckingham|first=Kathryn|date=26 December 2014|website=Story of a Phoenix|access-date=23 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413070240/https://storyofaphoenix.wordpress.com/2014/12/26/the-evolving-presence-of-feminism-and-women-in-rock-and-roll/|archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> An example of this youth branding might be [[Emma Bunton|Baby Spice]] from the [[Spice Girls]]. This was shown through flourishes like typically matching outfits for mid-century girl groups and youthful content in songs. Girl groups of the 1950s era would also give advice to other girls, or sing about the advice their mothers gave to them, which was a similarity to some male musical groups of the time (for example, [[the Miracles]]' "[[Shop Around]]").

Adolescence was also important (especially starting in the 1950s) from the other end: the consumers were "teenagers [with] disposable income, ready access to automobiles, and consolidated high schools that exposed them to large numbers of other teens. Mass teen culture was born."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thelearnedfangirl.com/2016/04/sisters-with-voices-a-brief-history-of-girl-groups/|title=Sisters With Voices: A Brief History of Girl Groups|date=7 April 2016|website=The Learned Fangirl|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513030505/http://thelearnedfangirl.com/2016/04/sisters-with-voices-a-brief-history-of-girl-groups/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Feminism===
As the girl group structure persisted through further generations, popular cultural sentiments were incorporated into the music. The appearance of "[[girl power]]" and feminism was also added, even though beginning groups were very structured in their femininity.<ref name="Buckingham"/> It would be simplistic to imply that girl groups only sang about being in love; on the contrary, many groups expressed complex sentiments in their songs. There were songs of support, songs that were gossipy, etc.; like any other musical movement, there was much variation in what was being sung. A prominent theme was often teaching "what it meant to be a woman".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Selling an Image: Girl Groups of the 1960s|last=Cyrus|first=Cynthia J.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=May 2003|pages=173–193}}</ref> Girl groups would exhibit what womanhood looked like from the clothes they were wearing to the actual lyrics in their songs. Of course this changed over the years (what the Supremes were wearing was different from the Spice Girls), but girl groups still served as beacons and examples of certain types of identities to their audiences through the years.

In the 1990s through the present, with the prevalence of such groups as the Spice Girls, there has been a strong emphasis on women's independence and a sort of feminism. At the very least, the music is more assertive lyrically and relies less on innuendo. This more recent wave of girl groups is more sexually provocative as well, which makes sense within pop music within this time frame as well.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4W7hAQAAQBAJ|title=Girl Groups, Girl Culture: Popular Music and Identity in the 1960s|date=20 February 2007|first=Jacqueline|last=Warwick|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415971133}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of girl groups]]
* [[List of best-selling girl groups]]
* [[List of highest-grossing concert tours by girl groups]]
* [[All-female band]]
* [[Women in music]]
* [[Boy band]]
* ''[[Dreamgirls]]'', a 1981 musical and 2006 movie that covers the experience of girl groups in the Motown area

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/womens-history/the-real-dreamgirls-147452817/?no-ist 2007 Smithsonian piece of historical influence of American Girl Groups]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522114204/http://www.girl-groups.com/ Fan-made site devoted to the breadth of mid-century American Girl Groups] (archived 22 May 2015)

{{Pop music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girl Group}}
[[Category:Types of musical groups]]
[[Category:Girl groups| ]]

User talk:Vanjagenije

2024-08-21T09:11:45Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Template:Under construction and WP:SPEEDY */

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== CSD F7 of [[:File:Rhodesia-independence-stamp-1965.jpg]] ==

Hi - I've left [[File_talk:Rhodesia-independence-stamp-1965.jpg|a response]]; would appreciate if you would elaborate your reasoning. Regards, [[User:Goldsztajn|Goldsztajn]] ([[User talk:Goldsztajn|talk]]) 21:12, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks, I've replied. Regards, [[User:Goldsztajn|Goldsztajn]] ([[User talk:Goldsztajn|talk]]) 21:53, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
==Orphaned non-free image File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|35px|text-top|left|⚠|link=]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. --[[User:B-bot|B-bot]] ([[User talk:B-bot|talk]]) 17:36, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg]]==
[[Image:Information icon4.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#F1|section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because the image is an unused duplicate or lower-quality copy of another file on Wikipedia having the same file format, and all inward links have been updated.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]].  [[User:TheGreatestLuvofAll|TheGreatestLuvofAll]] ([[User talk:TheGreatestLuvofAll|talk]]) 21:41, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

== You've got mail ==

{{You've got mail|dashlesssig=[[User:Doug Weller|<span style="color:#070">Doug Weller</span>]] [[User talk:Doug Weller|talk]] 18:45, 30 April 2024 (UTC)}}

== Nomination of [[:Syed Zafrul Hasan Rizvi]] for deletion ==
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article [[:Syed Zafrul Hasan Rizvi]], to which you have [https://xtools.wmflabs.org/authorship/en.wikipedia.org/Syed_Zafrul_Hasan_Rizvi significantly contributed], is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or if it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].

The discussion will take place at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Syed Zafrul Hasan Rizvi]]''' until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.

To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit [[User:SDZeroBot/AfD notifier|the configuration page]]. Delivered by ''[[User:SDZeroBot|SDZeroBot]]'' ([[User talk:SDZeroBot|talk]]) 01:02, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
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[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|35px|text-top|left|⚠|link=]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:Nova Sintra Album.jpg]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. --[[User:B-bot|B-bot]] ([[User talk:B-bot|talk]]) 01:05, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

== Genocide Bar and Chetnik War Crimes ==

Hi, I undid your edit for Chetnik War Crimes as it seems you may have inadvertently removed a bunch of sourced content. I assume your aim was to remove the Genocide Bar however looking now, it seems only recently all listed genocides were removed from it and an edit war is taking place. I see on its talk page a call for an RFC is requested so perhaps it is best to wait for the final stable version? Until then, I think Bosnian Genocide, Genocide of Serbs in Independence State of Croatia, and Chetnik War Crimes During WWII and so on should still keep that side bar until editors make up their mind over the bar’s format. Otherwise it will just go back and forth for all these articles on a given day. Cheers. [[User:OyMosby|OyMosby]] ([[User talk:OyMosby|talk]]) 13:38, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|OyMosby}} The bar was only added to the article recently [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II&diff=prev&oldid=1220002818] by the same user who was edit-warring about the content of the bar. So, if you want to keep status quo, then it should be removed, I think. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 14:02, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::That user wasn’t edit warring there it seems. They added it to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia&diff=prev&oldid=1220002714 other articles I mentioned on the same day] as well. I don’t think timing makes a difference. As for edit waring recently it appears to be a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Genocide_sidebar&diff=prev&oldid=1230812347 number of different other users]. It appears the long standing version of the bar listed all the various genocide articles. The latest version isn’t the stable once, hence why I suggested we wait for the RFC results when consus is reached there? Otherwise should the bar be removed from all articles no longer listed? [[User:OyMosby|OyMosby]] ([[User talk:OyMosby|talk]]) 14:32, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::Ok, we can wait for the bar to stabilize, I agree. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 20:07, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Template:Under construction]] and [[WP:SPEEDY]] ==
Hello, some new articles have been tagged with the "[[Template:Under construction|Under construction]]" template but fall under "[[Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#A2|CSD A2]]". Should we speedy delete these articles? How should we handle these cases? Thanks! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|P. ĐĂNG]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 04:42, 2 August 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|P. ĐĂNG}} What are those articles? '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 21:05, 2 August 2024 (UTC)
::Sorry for the delayed response, but the post was deleted and then recreated by another member. If I come across some new articles that fall into such a situation, what should I do? Thank you! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|P. ĐĂNG]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 09:11, 21 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Dhiyaa.2004]] ==

User:السيد مقتدى and their contributions to [[Draft:Dheyaa al-saad]] look similar to the above case! Though it seems stale, should I file it? [[User:Jeraxmoira|Jeraxmoira🐉]] ([[User talk:Jeraxmoira|talk]]) 12:53, 9 August 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|Jeraxmoira}} If there is no ongoing disruption, there is no reason to make investigations. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 15:51, 9 August 2024 (UTC)

== Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/LuboneEditors ==

Thanks for your work on this, but what about {{no ping|Park hue}}? [[User:Wikishovel|Wikishovel]] ([[User talk:Wikishovel|talk]]) 05:27, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|Wikishovel}} I don't see any edit from that account. Am I missing something? '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 05:57, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
: It's a one-edit account that either created or heavily edited [[Draft:Kefas Brand]], which was then moved to draft by User:Adrian Chumachen. [[User:Wikishovel|Wikishovel]] ([[User talk:Wikishovel|talk]]) 06:03, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
::I don't see any edit, not live nor deleted one. It must be [[Wikipedia:Oversight]]<nowiki/>ed. I don't want to block an account unless I can see some disruption coming form that account. Anyway, if there is only one edit made in March, there is no ongoing disruption, so there is no need to do anything. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 06:08, 19 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Nunakhuzi]] ==

Hello, Vanjagenje, you s-deleted that page that had been recreated by me, and mentioned you were assuming it met G4. Very sorry but that is not the case, as I indicated on Tp (and another admin mentioned (see history)). Since Afd (closed 3 days before release of the film) the page had changed and was substantially different (I had added '''''SEVEN''''' full-length reviews in reliable media, none of them available at the time of the AfD) 2) the status of the subject had obviously changed (notoriety issue is now moot). I am therefore requesting from you that you please kindly restore the article. Thank you in advance. Best, -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|<span style="font-family:American Typewriter;color:#A0A0B0">My, oh my! </span>]][[User:Mushy Yank|<span style="color:#A0A0B0;font-family:American Typewriter;font-size:13px;">(Mushy Yank)</span>]] 23:13, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|Mushy Yank}} There is nothing at [[Nunakhuzi]] to undelete. What is the exact title of the article? '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 00:40, 20 August 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks for the reply. [[Nunakuzhi]], my apologies! Thanks again. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|<span style="font-family:American Typewriter;color:#A0A0B0">My, oh my! </span>]][[User:Mushy Yank|<span style="color:#A0A0B0;font-family:American Typewriter;font-size:13px;">(Mushy Yank)</span>]] 00:50, 20 August 2024 (UTC)
:Thank you!-[[User talk:Mushy Yank|<span style="font-family:American Typewriter;color:#A0A0B0">My, oh my! </span>]][[User:Mushy Yank|<span style="color:#A0A0B0;font-family:American Typewriter;font-size:13px;">(Mushy Yank)</span>]] 08:09, 20 August 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Gog the Mild

2024-08-02T05:17:23Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Second Battle of Cape Finisterre */

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== RFA2024 update: phase I concluded, phase II begins ==

Hi there! Phase I of the [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review]] has concluded, with several impactful changes gaining community consensus and proceeding to various stages of implementation. Some proposals will be implemented in full outright; others will be discussed at phase II before being implemented; and still others will proceed on a trial basis before being brought to phase II. The following proposals have gained consensus:

* '''Proposals 2 and 9b''' ('''[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase II/Reminder of civility norms at RfA|phase II discussion]]'''): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 2: Add a reminder of civility norms at RfA|Add a reminder of civility norms at RfA]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 9b: Require links for claims of specific policy violations|Require links for claims of specific policy violations]]
* '''Proposal 3b''' (in trial): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 3b: Make the first two days discussion-only (trial)|Make the first two days discussion-only]]
* '''Proposal 13''' (in trial): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 13: Admin elections|Admin elections]]
* '''Proposal 14''' (implemented): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 14: Suffrage requirements|Suffrage requirements]]
* '''Proposals 16 and 16c''' ('''[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase II/Administrator recall|phase II discussion]]'''): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 16: Allow the community to initiate recall RfAs|Allow the community to initiate recall RfAs]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/2024_review/Phase_I#Proposal_16c%3A_Community_recall_process_based_on_dewiki|Community recall process based on dewiki]]
* '''Proposal 17''' ('''[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase II/Designated RfA monitors|phase II discussion]]'''): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 17: Have named Admins/crats to monitor infractions|Have named Admins/crats to monitor infractions]]
* '''Proposal 24''' ('''[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase II/Mentoring process|phase II discussion]]'''): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 24: Provide better mentoring for becoming an admin and the RfA process|Provide better mentoring for becoming an admin and the RfA process]]
* '''Proposal 25''' (implemented): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 25: Require nominees to be extended confirmed|Require nominees to be extended confirmed]]
See the [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review|project page]] for a full list of proposals and their outcomes. A huge thank-you to everyone who has participated so far :) looking forward to seeing lots of hard work become a reality in phase II. [[user:theleekycauldron|theleekycauldron]] ([[user talk:theleekycauldron|talk]]), via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 08:09, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

==Your EotW nomination==
back in early March is finally working its way up to the top of the queue. I have recently started to award mid-week in addition to Sunday in order to speed up the process and get the awards where they belong--on the editors talk page. I am updating the nomination just a bit. Thanks for all you do! [[User: Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black">Buster Seven</em>''']]<small>[[User talk:Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black"> Talk</em>''']]</small> (UTC) 13:32, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
:Good idea. Nice to see the award so busy. It doesn't seem that long ago that we were scratching around trying to find worthy recipients. Let me know if there is anything I can help with. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 19:53, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
::Agreed! A crowded Queue is a good problem to have. ''Don't hesitate to nominate'' is still the active thought. [[User: Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black">Buster Seven</em>''']]<small>[[User talk:Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black"> Talk</em>''']]</small> (UTC) 14:08, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
:::Welcome back. Just in time to congratulate your nominee. TRA [[User: Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black">Buster Seven</em>''']]<small>[[User talk:Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black"> Talk</em>''']]</small> (UTC) 20:45, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

== ''The Bugle'': Issue 217, May 2024 ==

{| style="width: 100%;"
| valign="top" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" |
{|
| [[File:The Bugle.png|250px|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News|alt=Full front page of The Bugle]]
| width="100%" valign="top" | <div style="text-align: center; color: darkslategray;">'''Your Military History Newsletter'''</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Project news: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2024/Project news|From the editors; awards and honours; contest results]]''
* Articles: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2024/Articles|Last month's new featured and A-class content]]''
* Book review: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2024/Book reviews|Hawkeye7 and Nick-D look at a diverse range of works]]''
* Op-ed: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2024/Op-ed|Hawkeye7 on the "center of gravity"]]''
</div>
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: 85%; margin:0 auto; text-align:center;">
''The Bugle'' is published by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]]. To receive it on your talk page, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Members|join the project]] or sign up [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3#Non-members who want delivery|here]].<br/>If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3|this page]]. Your editors, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) and [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 20:19, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
</div>


== Narwhal ==

Can you quickly read the lead section of narwhal and comment on the prose? Thanks for your time. [[User:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#000080;">'''''Wolverine'''''</span> <span style="color:#8A307F;">'''''XI'''''</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#2C5F2D;">talk to me</span>]])</sup> 06:53, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 14:06, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks for your comments; I addressed them. So, what do you think of the article's state right now? Is it ready? Please let me know. [[User:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#000080;">'''''Wolverine'''''</span> <span style="color:#8A307F;">'''''XI'''''</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#2C5F2D;">talk to me</span>]])</sup> 04:14, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

== ''The Signpost'': 16 May 2024 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="column-count:2;"> {{Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16}} </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> * '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2024-05-16|Single-page]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe|Unsubscribe]] * [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:57, 16 May 2024 (UTC) </div></div>


== Rapide ==

hi gog, welcome back from the trip :). hope i’m not rushing you or anything but [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Aston Martin Rapide/archive1|this FAC has three supports, and a source review and image review]] both completed (it’s been open for nearly a month). mind taking a look at it? thanks and best! [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 15:22, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
:How strange, that was literally the last thing I was looking at. And thinking that I agree with [[User:FrB.TG|FrB.TG]]. Let's see if we can get another reviewer to give it a once over. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 15:26, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
::<s>Ok, i’ll see if i can get somebody.</s> Editor PCN02WPS kindly decided to leave comments :). [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 15:37, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
::PCN finished his review, and it seems like he’ll be leaving a support :). [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 23:32, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|Gog the Mild}} little friendly ping 😬 (sorry it's been two days, probably just my impatience) [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 12:37, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
:::As it happens, I have started looking at the article. Although I am now tempted to look at one which has been waiting longer instead. Pipe down and take a class in patience, or I shall ask Serial Number to have a little chat with you. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 13:51, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
::::''whoops, understood'' [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 14:02, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
:<small>{{nao|gimme gimme gimme}} This whole gimme gimme gimme approach is frankly disgusting. [[User talk:Serial Number 54129|<span style="color:red">——Serial Number 54129</span>]] 15:34, 22 May 2024 (UTC)</small>

== Input request @ Talk:Jinn ==
*{{al|Jinn}}
* An input request has been relisted to have more inputs about [[WP:DUE|DUE/UNDUE]] relevance and fringe-ness at [[Talk:Jinn#Comparative mythology, Due, Fringe or Undue?]].
{{collapse top|also Pre-RfC stage info:}}
* Also A user has proposed updates for consideration at [[User:Louis P. Boog/sandbox/Jinn sandbox 4-20-2024|this sand box]] for the article [[Jinn]].

As a discussion facilitator fyi a [[WP:DUE]] discussion (some aspects may touch [[WP:Fringe]]) is at [[Talk:Jinn#Pre-RfC]] stage's [[WP:RSN#Hachette Livre]] and [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard#Notable scholar's own work acceptable or OR?|WP:ORN]] step. After RSN and WP:ORN step, RfC formatting is likely to be discussed at [[Talk:Jinn#Pre-RfC]] in a new sub section.
{{collapse bottom}}
This input request / intimation is made to you, looking at your previous contribution to the article [[Pre-Islamic Arabia]] ([[xtools:articleinfo/en.wikipedia.org/Pre-Islamic_Arabia|Xtool]]) or talk page there of. [[User:Bookku| Bookku ]] ([[User talk:Bookku|talk]]) 13:05, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Kindness Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thanks so much for all of your hard work and help with the Featured Article process! [[User:Princessa Unicorn|Princessa Unicorn]] ([[User talk:Princessa Unicorn|talk]]) 11:40, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
|} Wow! No one ever gets thanked for that! I am touched, and your thoughtfulness is appreciated. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:02, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

{{-}}
== TFA ==
{{User QAIbox
| image = Hawthorn in bloom, Ehrenbach.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Top|story]] · [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#Music|music]] · [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2024#20 May|places]]
}}
Thank you today for [[Siege of Guînes (1352)]], introduced (in 2022): "Just when you thought it was safe to visit FAC after I had declared that there would be no more of my Edwardian Hundred Years' War articles, I find one down the back of the sofa. A fairly typical event from this conflict, of which enough has survived into the modern sources to reconstruct reasonably well." -- [[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 09:27, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

== Question about FAC process ==

First off, thank you for your pre-review comments [[Talk:Free and Candid Disquisitions|here]]. I nominated ''[[Free and Candid Disquisitions]]'' as my first FAC early last month, with three full reviews resulting in three supports. An image review was completed at the outset and addressed a single concern. However, I am worried that three supports and a neutral image review might be interpreted as insufficient to establish a consensus for promotion. Is there an informal minimum number of supports necessary to establish a consensus? If so, do you have recommendations about next steps? ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 18:25, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
:Also, I've noticed that FAC nominators have been burdening regulars with a lot of questions lately. I apologize if this sounds like just another squeaky wheel, and I fully understand if you'd rather not respond here. Thank you for your work as a coordinator. ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 18:39, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
::Well spotted. No problem. If you become a nuisance I will either ignore you or, more likely, tell you so. I only count two general supports - from UC and SC. Am I missing something? The number, type and quality of supports needed for any given nomination is more of an art than a science. That said, 1. it needs more, 2. it is ticking along nicely, 3. I have nudged a couple of potential reviewers, and 4. I had been thinking of looking at that one myself, I am not sure why it dropped off my radar. I ''may'' be able to go through it tomorrow. First FACs are always a bit nerve wracking, but I see nothing that need alarm you so far. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 19:21, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Your coordinator comments are appreciated. To point 4, don't feel an impetus to rush a review, as I have limited availability tomorrow. To point 1, I think I must have not understood something correctly: is a ''pass'' on a source review like that performed by Dugan Murphy (with the caveat that, as a first-timer, I needed a more in-depth one) not interchangeable with a ''support''? If not, I'm very appreciative that you clarified that point! Don't expect further pinging/talk page messages from me unless you make comments first or something goes horribly awry. ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 19:33, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
::::{{u|Pbritti}}, generally FAC requirements are divided into a '''pass''' for each of images and sources, and general '''supports'''; with the supports seen as separate things. Each of the two former need one pass for each and a nomination a ''bare minimum'' of three of the latter, but usually more. Reviewers' nomenclature is not always clear to non-aficionados, and even when it is I realise that the whole of the FAC procedure can be a bit of a [[black box]]. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:28, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}Hi! Your help through everything during the FAC was remarkably valuable. One of the most pleasant experiences thus far this year was telling my dad about the process this article underwent in order to reach FA status. Thanks for letting me know about the minimum character count for the TFA candidacy. There's a bit of a personal matter related to the TFA nom that I'd like to email you about, but only if you're open to receiving a message (something positive and not too serious). May I send an email to you via Wikipedia? ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 04:15, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
:Sure. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 14:51, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
::{{You've got mail}} ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 05:14, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

== FTC ==
Hey, just a heads up that I have sent an email regarding the FTC backlog. Cheers!—''[[User:MaranoFan|<b style="color:purple">N</b>]][[User talk:MaranoFan|<b style="color:teal">Ø</b>]]'' 21:39, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

== July TFAs ==

I'm looking for something Milhisty. Of yours, [[Battle of Zama]] looks tempting since it's a Vital Article. Is there another one you've nominated that hasn't run at TFA yet that you'd prefer? - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 23:43, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
:While I'm here ... there are a couple of nominations I'm thinking of pushing into August, but before I do it I want to make sure that's okay by you: [[WP:Today's featured article/requests/Political history of medieval Karnataka]] and [[WP:Today's featured article/requests/Phoolan Devi]]. The first has failed a previous TFAR, but I don't know that Harizotoh9 (the TFAR nominator) is attached to this particular article, it might be that a rerun on Indian history would work for them. For the second, I'm always slightly worried that running a bio on the anniversary of the death might send a strange signal of some kind, so I don't think I can run this one in July. Also, it could really use an image. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 02:41, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

::Hi {{u|Dank}}, not really, Zama is fine. If ''you'' prefer another, maybe [[Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347]]? It is not a battle and took place 1,500 years after Zama, so there is little overlap. Neither are date specific. If one of them is scheduled, it would please me if could run on the 30th, but that should be a minor consideration.

::I am happy to have both of those Indian-based articles in the August schedule. I can see why you wouldn't want to do anything which may be viewed as celebrating a person accused of multiple murders. I think we may struggle to find an image, but I will see what I can do. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:10, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, that too! Thanks much. I didn't have any problem with Zama, but now that you mention it, I'm a little more comfortable with the Hundred Years' War article. Although (my brain seems to be lagging behind my fingers) ... I'm not in a hurry to run either of these, if your preference is to run them on the anniversary. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 12:15, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Neither have an anniversary as such, Zama in particular doesn't. (If that makes sense.) For me running either on whatever date you wish is fine. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:49, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

== Admin assistance ==

Hi Gog, if you have the time, we have an IP persistently disrupting an article with wrong-headed punctuation ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_447&curid=23042123&diff=1227047113&oldid=1227040272 latest example]) -- been warned twice but I think it's time for admin intervention now, re. user or article or both... Cheers, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) 12:17, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:Hi [[User:Ian Rose|Ian]], some people need to get out more. I suspect that you may be confusing me with an admin. If I am wrong, please correct me; if I am not, perhaps [[User:David Fuchs|David]]? [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:33, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
::Ha, I could've sworn you went for it at some stage! Ah well, if I had a buck for each time ''I'd'' been mistaken for an admin I'd be able to retire now... [[User:Dank|Dan]] might also be interested...? Cheers, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) 12:42, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Thx Ian, but it's been too long since I've reviewed the IP-blocking rules, I better not. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 12:45, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
::::I've watched the article, if there's another reversion I'll block. Sadly beyond being tendentious there's lots of chances IPs don't even see the talk page warnings these days so they're not as effective at deterrence. [[User:David Fuchs|<span style="color: #ad3e00;">Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs</span>]] <sup><small>[[User talk:David Fuchs|<span style="color: #ad3e00;">talk</span>]]</small></sup> 12:50, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:::::Tks guys. [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) 13:04, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
::::{{reply|David Fuchs}} I reported it to [[WP:RFPP]] some while ago. Apparently we have to wait for Boston to wake up first though *shrug* [[User talk:Serial Number 54129|<span style="color:red">——Serial Number 54129</span>]] 13:07, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

== I thought about it, a lot. ==

{{You've got mail|sig=[[User:SusunW|SusunW]] ([[User talk:SusunW|talk]]) 19:01, 4 June 2024 (UTC)}}

== An officer at Lagos ==

Hi, I'm in the (slow) process of writing [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe/sandbox8|an article]] on Smith Callis, who commanded ''Culloden'' at Lagos. He was actually a rear-admiral at the time, but didn't know it yet! I wondered whether you remembered coming across any particular mentions on him while writing the FA? Thanks, [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]] ([[User talk:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|talk]]) 20:56, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

:There is very little in the literature on Lagos, and running through it and a couple of other possible suspects I can find no mention of either Callis or Culloden. For all I can tell they were both still in Gibraltar trying to step masts by the time the battle ended. Sorry. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 21:47, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
::''Culloden'' took a hammering off Toulon in June 1759, reinforcing the theory that she may have been undergoing such extensive repairs when La Clue went by that she never got into the battle. Some ships sailed without their captains, some later caught up. There is a certain vagueness as to whether some didn't. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 21:58, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
:::I won't be too worried if I can't dig up many detailed sources then (although in the Lagos article you do have ''Culloden'' engaging ''Centaur''?). Re Toulon, that's what I'm tackling next for Callis. Might be worth a separate article; ''Culloden'' with 16 men killed and 26 wounded, having to be pulled out of battery range by the fleet boats! [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]] ([[User talk:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|talk]]) 22:27, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
::::Funnily enough I am currently rereading Hornblower, wasn't he in command of the fleet boats? Oops, well spotted; yes, Culloden was the first ship to engage - enraging Boscowen by not by passing Centaure and going for the main French fleet. That's in McLynn, which I have. Sadly that is about all he says on the Culloden. Which doesn't even make the index, hence my missing it first time through. I have to go to Troude - in French and from 1867 - to even confirm Callis as the captain of Culloden. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 23:19, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

== Guild of Copy Editors June 2024 Newsletter ==

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| <span style="font-size: 110%;">'''[[WP:GOCE|Guild of Copy Editors]] June 2024 Newsletter'''</span>

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Hello and welcome to the June 2024 newsletter, a quarterly-ish digest of Guild activities since April. Don't forget you can unsubscribe at any time; see below.

'''Election news:''' Wanted: new Guild coordinators! If you value and enjoy the GOCE, why not help out behind the scenes? Nominations for our [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Coordinators/2024/2|mid-year coordinator election]] are now open until 23:59 on 15 June (UTC). Self-nominations are welcome. Voting commences at 00:01 on 16 June and continues until 23:50 on 30 June. Results will be announced at the election page.

'''Blitz:''' Nine of the fourteen editors who signed up for the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/April_2024|'''April 2024 Copy Editing Blitz''']] copy edited at least one article. Between them, they copy edited 55,853 words comprising twenty articles. Barnstars awarded are available [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/April_2024/Barnstars|here''']].

'''Drive:''' 58 editors signed up for our [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Backlog elimination drives/May_2024|'''May 2024 Backlog Elimination Drive''']] and 33 of those completed at least one copy edit. 251 articles and 475,952 words were copy edited. Barnstars awarded are [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Backlog elimination drives/May_2024/Barnstars|here''']].

'''Blitz:''' Our [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/June_2024|'''June 2024 Copy Editing Blitz''']] will begin on 16 June and finish on 22 June. Barnstars awarded will be posted [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/June_2024/Barnstars|'''here''']].

'''Progress report:''' As of 05:23, 8 June 2024 (UTC) , GOCE copyeditors have completed 161 requests since 1 January and the backlog stands at 2,779 articles.

Thank you all again for your participation; we wouldn't be able to achieve what we have without you! Cheers from {{noping|Baffle gab1978}} and your GOCE coordinators {{noping|Dhtwiki|Miniapolis|Wracking}}.

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== ''The Signpost'': 8 June 2024 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="column-count:2;"> {{Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08}} </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> * '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2024-06-08|Single-page]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe|Unsubscribe]] * [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:26, 8 June 2024 (UTC) </div></div>


== ''The Bugle'': Issue 218, June 2024 ==

{| style="width: 100%;"
| valign="top" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" |
{|
| [[File:The Bugle.png|250px|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News|alt=Full front page of The Bugle]]
| width="100%" valign="top" | <div style="text-align: center; color: darkslategray;">'''Your Military History Newsletter'''</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Project news: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/June 2024/Project news|From the editors; awards and honours; contest results]]''
* Articles: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/June 2024/Articles|Last month's new featured and A-class content]]''
* Book review: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/June 2024/Book reviews|Hawkeye7 looks at the Tokyo war crimes trials]]''
</div>
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: 85%; margin:0 auto; text-align:center;">
''The Bugle'' is published by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]]. To receive it on your talk page, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Members|join the project]] or sign up [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3#Non-members who want delivery|here]].<br/>If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3|this page]]. Your editors, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) and [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 09:42, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
</div>


== Procedural question ==

On a recent FA review the nominator and I got stymied on whether or not sources that discuss "idealism", a philosophical set of theories, can be summarized as "idealists", a group of people, when there is no source that actually says idealists. Is that fair summarizing or is it OR?

Is the answer context sensitive? There are three main types of idealism, and while there are some things in common with them all - enabling one to speak of idealism as an umbrella term - I would guess there are no groups of people who support them all - or groups of people who just support the general commonalities and not specific views - or groups of people referenced in any source we could find.

To complicate things, the term 'idealists' also has broader connotations. It's often used to describe optimists and others who have no real connection to the philosophical view at all. But comparing theories without recognizing it's people that hold them is kind of silly, and those who uphold them are fairly described as 'idealists'.

I kind of made a big deal about removing idealists and changing it to idealism, with lesser claims about it, so I need to know if I was right or wrong, by FA standards. Just in case anyone ever has the balls to ask me to do an FA review ever again. {{Smiley}} [[User:Jenhawk777|Jenhawk777]] ([[User talk:Jenhawk777|talk]]) 19:59, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

:I am quite sure that I will be so asking. Reticence with regard to my balls when I do will be appreciated. Idealists: you were quite right IMHO. If it is not the consensus of the HQ RSs, then using "idealist" to describe one who supports, believes in or promotes "idealism" is OR. Without going back to the review, it seems like a good catch to me. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 20:11, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
::I was going to send you the link to the section where we discussed it, but of course it's been archived now, and getting to it's a pain in the patootie. If you feel like going to the trouble, the discussion is under '''Types of existing entities''' in the ''Physical and Mental'' section. But this summarizes the issue fairly I think. The nominating editor [[user|Phlsph7|Phlsph7]] cooperated even when he didn't really agree, and was generally very reasonable with my detailed review, so it became moot, but I still needed to know. I felt that erring on the side of caution for FA was right. If you agree, I don't really care what anyone else says...{{Smiley}} (I hope you understand I am incapable of communicating without emoticons). Thank you! You're the best! [[User:Jenhawk777|Jenhawk777]] ([[User talk:Jenhawk777|talk]]) 22:04, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

== Anna Lee Fisher ==

This is a BLP article, and scheduling it for 24 August means that I will be travelling, and unable to watch it. [[User:Hawkeye7|<span style="color:#800082">Hawkeye7</span>]] [[User_talk:Hawkeye7|<span style="font-size:80%">(discuss)</span>]] 19:13, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
:You supported the nomination for the 24th yourself, which is an appropriate date. I see no particular reason why you have to be able to watch it, and there is a co-nominator. So I am disinclined to move it or swap it out. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 19:20, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
::I don't want you to swap it, I just want you to watch it. [[User:Hawkeye7|<span style="color:#800082">Hawkeye7</span>]] [[User_talk:Hawkeye7|<span style="font-size:80%">(discuss)</span>]] 19:53, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Ah! Yes, happy to do that. Having had 50 or so of mine go through TFA I know the sort of nonsense that comes up. I'll try and stay on top of that. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 20:55, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

== WikiCup 2024 July newsletter ==

The third round of the 2024 WikiCup ended on 28 June. As with Round 2, this round was competitive: each of the 16 contestants who advanced to Round 4 scored at least 256 points.

The following editors all scored more than 400 points in Round 3:

* {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant15|Generalissima}} with 1,059 points, mostly from 1 [[WP:FA|featured article]] on [[DeLancey W. Gill]], 11 [[WP:GA|good articles]], 18 [[WP:DYK|did you know]] nominations, and dozens of reviews;
* {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant15|Skyshifter}} with 673 points, mostly from 2 featured articles on [[Worlds (Porter Robinson album)]] and [[I'm God]], 5 good articles, and 2 did you know nominations;
* {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant15|Sammi Brie}} with 557 points, mostly from 1 featured article on [[KNXV-TV]], 5 good articles, and 8 did you know nominations; and
* {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant15|AryKun}} with 415 points, mostly from 1 featured article on [[Great cuckoo-dove]], with a high number of bonus points from that article.

The full scores for round 3 can be seen [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2024/Round 3|here]]. So far this year, competitors have gotten 28 featured articles, 38 featured lists, 240 good articles, 92 [[WP:ITN|in the news]] credits, and at least 285 [[WP:DYK|did you know]] credits. They have conducted 279 featured article reviews, as well as 492 good article reviews and peer reviews, and have added 22 articles to [[Wikipedia:featured topics|featured topics]] and [[Wikipedia:good topics|good topics]].

Remember that any content promoted after 28 June but before the start of Round 4 can be claimed during Round 4, which starts on 1 July at 00:00 (UTC). Invitations for collaborative writing efforts or any other discussion of potentially interesting work is always welcome on the WikiCup talk page. Remember, if two or more WikiCup competitors have done significant work on an article, all can claim points. If you are concerned that your nomination—whether for a good article, featured content, or anything else—will not receive the necessary reviews, please list it on [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Reviews Needed]].

If you would like to learn more about rules and scoring for the 2024 WikiCup, please see [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Scoring|this page]]. Further questions are welcome on [[Wikipedia talk:WikiCup]] and the judges ({{User|Cwmhiraeth}}, {{User|Epicgenius}}, and {{User|Frostly}}) are reachable on their talk pages. Good luck! <small>If you wish to start or stop receiving this newsletter, please feel free to add or remove your name from [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Newsletter/Send]].</small> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:30, 29 June 2024 (UTC)


== Leave ==

Hi, can I nominate [[narwhal]] for FAC? Thanks, [[User:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#000080;">'''''Wolverine'''''</span> <span style="color:#8A307F;">'''''XI'''''</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#2C5F2D;">talk to me</span>]])</sup> 07:57, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
:Not until 16:29 UTC. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 09:51, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
== Congratulations from the Military History Project ==
{| style="border: 2px solid lightsteelblue; background-color: whitesmoke;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Image:Wiki-stripe1.svg|75px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | &ensp;'''''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Awards#Service_awards|Military history reviewers' award]]'''''&ensp;
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid lightsteelblue;" | On behalf of the Military History Project, I am proud to present the The Milhist reviewing award (1 stripe) for participating in 2 reviews between April and June 2024. {{user0|Hawkeye7}} via [[User:MilHistBot|MilHistBot]] ([[User talk:MilHistBot|talk]]) 05:07, 2 July 2024 (UTC) <br><small>Keep track of upcoming reviews. Just copy and paste {{tlx|WPMILHIST Review alerts}} to your user space</small>
|}

== [[Sher Shah Suri]] ==

As you might recall from my previous nomination, I'm trying to get Sher Shah Suri to FA status. You're clearly a much more experienced editor than me who has had a vast experience with FA articles. I've begun working on improving the prose, but do you have any possible tips to advise me, or even a guide? Thanks -- [[User:Noorullah21|Noorullah]] ([[User talk:Noorullah21|talk]]) 06:41, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

== ''The Signpost'': 4 July 2024 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="column-count:2;"> {{Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04}} </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> * '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2024-07-04|Single-page]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe|Unsubscribe]] * [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:38, 4 July 2024 (UTC) </div></div>


== ''The Bugle'': Issue 219, July 2024 ==

{| style="width: 100%;"
| valign="top" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" |
{|
| [[File:The Bugle.png|250px|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News|alt=Full front page of The Bugle]]
| width="100%" valign="top" | <div style="text-align: center; color: darkslategray;">'''Your Military History Newsletter'''</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Project news: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/July 2024/Project news|From the editors; awards and honours; contest results]]''
* Articles: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/July 2024/Articles|Last month's new featured and A-class content]]''
* Book review: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/July 2024/Book reviews|Recent external reviews]]''
</div>
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: 85%; margin:0 auto; text-align:center;">
''The Bugle'' is published by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]]. To receive it on your talk page, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Members|join the project]] or sign up [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3#Non-members who want delivery|here]].<br/>If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3|this page]]. Your editors, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) and [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 12:08, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
</div>


== FAC ==

Can you please tell me what went wrong at the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] FAC? Was it something I said? If so don't take it personal; I was having not the greatest day when I was responding to your comments. I do, of course, appreciate the article problems you brought up at the FAC. '''[[User:Volcanoguy|<i style="color: red;">Volcano</i>]][[User talk:Volcanoguy|<i style="color: black;">guy</i>]]''' 17:00, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
:Yeah. I felt a need to have a very slow count to ten, which is not something that happens often. I should have got back to the review - one way or another - before now. RL got in the way. I'll try, hard, to wrap up a review, as objectively as I can, today or tomorrow. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 17:12, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
::My apologies. I shouldn't respond to anyone while I'm not in a good mood. '''[[User:Volcanoguy|<i style="color: red;">Volcano</i>]][[User talk:Volcanoguy|<i style="color: black;">guy</i>]]''' 15:29, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Diligence Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hey Gog, thanks again for stepping in as a temporary coordinator over at FGTC! My best wishes for what sounds like an exciting vacation. – '''<span style="font-family:Lucida;">[[User:Aza24|<span style="color:darkred">Aza24</span>]][[User talk:Aza24|<span style="color:#848484"> (talk)</span>]]</span>''' 19:13, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
|}Thanks {{u|Aza24}}, that's very generous of you. Especially considering how little work I ended up doing. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 18:15, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== Books & Bytes – Issue 63 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px;">
[[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.2;">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books & Bytes''</span><br />
Issue 63, May – June 2024
</div>
<div style="margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em;">
* One new partner
* 1Lib1Ref
* Spotlight: References check
<big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/May-June_2024|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big>
</div>
</div>
<small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:15, 18 July 2024 (UTC)</small>


== ''The Signpost'': 22 July 2024 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="column-count:2;"> {{Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22}} </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> * '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2024-07-22|Single-page]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe|Unsubscribe]] * [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:30, 22 July 2024 (UTC) </div></div>


== An apology ==

I apologize without qualification for snapping at you at FAC the other day. Life has been crazy for me lately, but that isn't your fault and you didn't do anything to deserve the rude tone I directed at you. I took the weekend off from Wikipedia to cool down. It's easy for me as a nominator to forget that the coords are a few brave souls handling a huge number of nominations at once, and I should have better communicated that while I had been inactive due to life circumstances, I was going to get to work on addressing the remaining comments. I really do appreciate how much work you put in at FAC, it's a thankless job and I personally couldn't handle it if I tried. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 21:52, 29 July 2024 (UTC)

== TFA ==

{{User QAIbox
| image = Schloss Tiefurt, day lilies in park.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Top|story]] · [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#Music|music]] · [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2024#18 Jul|places]]
}}
Thank you today for [[Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347]], introduced (in 2021): "An overarching article for a period of the Hundred Years' War where a lot happened - little of it to French benefit. Much of it became known as the English King's annus mirabilis. Francophile readers may wish to look away. This article attempts to summarise a number other articles, set them in context and fill the gaps between them."! - Great! -- [[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 06:17, 30 July 2024 (UTC)
==Thanks==
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[]]|[[File:Project editor retention barnstar update.png|130px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''Project Editor Retention'''<br><br>'''<span style="font-family:Garamond;font-size:18pt;color:black">This editor was willing to lend a helping hand!</span>'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for all you do to acknowledge others at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention/Editor of the Week|Editor of the Week Awards]]
|} [[User: Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black">Buster Seven</em>''']]<small>[[User talk:Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black"> Talk</em>''']]</small> (UTC) 11:36, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Second Battle of Cape Finisterre]] ==
Hello, in the article Second Battle of Cape Finisterre, does the sentence "By summer Anson was based ashore, in London" refer to both Anson and his forces? Thank you. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|P. ĐĂNG]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 05:15, 2 August 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Gog the Mild

2024-08-02T05:16:11Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Second Battle of Cape Finisterre */

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== RFA2024 update: phase I concluded, phase II begins ==

Hi there! Phase I of the [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review]] has concluded, with several impactful changes gaining community consensus and proceeding to various stages of implementation. Some proposals will be implemented in full outright; others will be discussed at phase II before being implemented; and still others will proceed on a trial basis before being brought to phase II. The following proposals have gained consensus:

* '''Proposals 2 and 9b''' ('''[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase II/Reminder of civility norms at RfA|phase II discussion]]'''): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 2: Add a reminder of civility norms at RfA|Add a reminder of civility norms at RfA]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 9b: Require links for claims of specific policy violations|Require links for claims of specific policy violations]]
* '''Proposal 3b''' (in trial): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 3b: Make the first two days discussion-only (trial)|Make the first two days discussion-only]]
* '''Proposal 13''' (in trial): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 13: Admin elections|Admin elections]]
* '''Proposal 14''' (implemented): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 14: Suffrage requirements|Suffrage requirements]]
* '''Proposals 16 and 16c''' ('''[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase II/Administrator recall|phase II discussion]]'''): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 16: Allow the community to initiate recall RfAs|Allow the community to initiate recall RfAs]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/2024_review/Phase_I#Proposal_16c%3A_Community_recall_process_based_on_dewiki|Community recall process based on dewiki]]
* '''Proposal 17''' ('''[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase II/Designated RfA monitors|phase II discussion]]'''): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 17: Have named Admins/crats to monitor infractions|Have named Admins/crats to monitor infractions]]
* '''Proposal 24''' ('''[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase II/Mentoring process|phase II discussion]]'''): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 24: Provide better mentoring for becoming an admin and the RfA process|Provide better mentoring for becoming an admin and the RfA process]]
* '''Proposal 25''' (implemented): [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review/Phase I#Proposal 25: Require nominees to be extended confirmed|Require nominees to be extended confirmed]]
See the [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/2024 review|project page]] for a full list of proposals and their outcomes. A huge thank-you to everyone who has participated so far :) looking forward to seeing lots of hard work become a reality in phase II. [[user:theleekycauldron|theleekycauldron]] ([[user talk:theleekycauldron|talk]]), via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 08:09, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

==Your EotW nomination==
back in early March is finally working its way up to the top of the queue. I have recently started to award mid-week in addition to Sunday in order to speed up the process and get the awards where they belong--on the editors talk page. I am updating the nomination just a bit. Thanks for all you do! [[User: Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black">Buster Seven</em>''']]<small>[[User talk:Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black"> Talk</em>''']]</small> (UTC) 13:32, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
:Good idea. Nice to see the award so busy. It doesn't seem that long ago that we were scratching around trying to find worthy recipients. Let me know if there is anything I can help with. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 19:53, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
::Agreed! A crowded Queue is a good problem to have. ''Don't hesitate to nominate'' is still the active thought. [[User: Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black">Buster Seven</em>''']]<small>[[User talk:Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black"> Talk</em>''']]</small> (UTC) 14:08, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
:::Welcome back. Just in time to congratulate your nominee. TRA [[User: Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black">Buster Seven</em>''']]<small>[[User talk:Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black"> Talk</em>''']]</small> (UTC) 20:45, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

== ''The Bugle'': Issue 217, May 2024 ==

{| style="width: 100%;"
| valign="top" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" |
{|
| [[File:The Bugle.png|250px|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News|alt=Full front page of The Bugle]]
| width="100%" valign="top" | <div style="text-align: center; color: darkslategray;">'''Your Military History Newsletter'''</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Project news: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2024/Project news|From the editors; awards and honours; contest results]]''
* Articles: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2024/Articles|Last month's new featured and A-class content]]''
* Book review: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2024/Book reviews|Hawkeye7 and Nick-D look at a diverse range of works]]''
* Op-ed: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/May 2024/Op-ed|Hawkeye7 on the "center of gravity"]]''
</div>
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: 85%; margin:0 auto; text-align:center;">
''The Bugle'' is published by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]]. To receive it on your talk page, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Members|join the project]] or sign up [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3#Non-members who want delivery|here]].<br/>If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3|this page]]. Your editors, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) and [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 20:19, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
</div>


== Narwhal ==

Can you quickly read the lead section of narwhal and comment on the prose? Thanks for your time. [[User:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#000080;">'''''Wolverine'''''</span> <span style="color:#8A307F;">'''''XI'''''</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#2C5F2D;">talk to me</span>]])</sup> 06:53, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 14:06, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks for your comments; I addressed them. So, what do you think of the article's state right now? Is it ready? Please let me know. [[User:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#000080;">'''''Wolverine'''''</span> <span style="color:#8A307F;">'''''XI'''''</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#2C5F2D;">talk to me</span>]])</sup> 04:14, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

== ''The Signpost'': 16 May 2024 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="column-count:2;"> {{Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16}} </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> * '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2024-05-16|Single-page]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe|Unsubscribe]] * [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:57, 16 May 2024 (UTC) </div></div>


== Rapide ==

hi gog, welcome back from the trip :). hope i’m not rushing you or anything but [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Aston Martin Rapide/archive1|this FAC has three supports, and a source review and image review]] both completed (it’s been open for nearly a month). mind taking a look at it? thanks and best! [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 15:22, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
:How strange, that was literally the last thing I was looking at. And thinking that I agree with [[User:FrB.TG|FrB.TG]]. Let's see if we can get another reviewer to give it a once over. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 15:26, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
::<s>Ok, i’ll see if i can get somebody.</s> Editor PCN02WPS kindly decided to leave comments :). [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 15:37, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
::PCN finished his review, and it seems like he’ll be leaving a support :). [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 23:32, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|Gog the Mild}} little friendly ping 😬 (sorry it's been two days, probably just my impatience) [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 12:37, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
:::As it happens, I have started looking at the article. Although I am now tempted to look at one which has been waiting longer instead. Pipe down and take a class in patience, or I shall ask Serial Number to have a little chat with you. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 13:51, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
::::''whoops, understood'' [[User:750h+|750]][[User talk:750h+|h+]] 14:02, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
:<small>{{nao|gimme gimme gimme}} This whole gimme gimme gimme approach is frankly disgusting. [[User talk:Serial Number 54129|<span style="color:red">——Serial Number 54129</span>]] 15:34, 22 May 2024 (UTC)</small>

== Input request @ Talk:Jinn ==
*{{al|Jinn}}
* An input request has been relisted to have more inputs about [[WP:DUE|DUE/UNDUE]] relevance and fringe-ness at [[Talk:Jinn#Comparative mythology, Due, Fringe or Undue?]].
{{collapse top|also Pre-RfC stage info:}}
* Also A user has proposed updates for consideration at [[User:Louis P. Boog/sandbox/Jinn sandbox 4-20-2024|this sand box]] for the article [[Jinn]].

As a discussion facilitator fyi a [[WP:DUE]] discussion (some aspects may touch [[WP:Fringe]]) is at [[Talk:Jinn#Pre-RfC]] stage's [[WP:RSN#Hachette Livre]] and [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard#Notable scholar's own work acceptable or OR?|WP:ORN]] step. After RSN and WP:ORN step, RfC formatting is likely to be discussed at [[Talk:Jinn#Pre-RfC]] in a new sub section.
{{collapse bottom}}
This input request / intimation is made to you, looking at your previous contribution to the article [[Pre-Islamic Arabia]] ([[xtools:articleinfo/en.wikipedia.org/Pre-Islamic_Arabia|Xtool]]) or talk page there of. [[User:Bookku| Bookku ]] ([[User talk:Bookku|talk]]) 13:05, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Kindness Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thanks so much for all of your hard work and help with the Featured Article process! [[User:Princessa Unicorn|Princessa Unicorn]] ([[User talk:Princessa Unicorn|talk]]) 11:40, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
|} Wow! No one ever gets thanked for that! I am touched, and your thoughtfulness is appreciated. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:02, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

{{-}}
== TFA ==
{{User QAIbox
| image = Hawthorn in bloom, Ehrenbach.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Top|story]] · [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#Music|music]] · [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2024#20 May|places]]
}}
Thank you today for [[Siege of Guînes (1352)]], introduced (in 2022): "Just when you thought it was safe to visit FAC after I had declared that there would be no more of my Edwardian Hundred Years' War articles, I find one down the back of the sofa. A fairly typical event from this conflict, of which enough has survived into the modern sources to reconstruct reasonably well." -- [[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 09:27, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

== Question about FAC process ==

First off, thank you for your pre-review comments [[Talk:Free and Candid Disquisitions|here]]. I nominated ''[[Free and Candid Disquisitions]]'' as my first FAC early last month, with three full reviews resulting in three supports. An image review was completed at the outset and addressed a single concern. However, I am worried that three supports and a neutral image review might be interpreted as insufficient to establish a consensus for promotion. Is there an informal minimum number of supports necessary to establish a consensus? If so, do you have recommendations about next steps? ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 18:25, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
:Also, I've noticed that FAC nominators have been burdening regulars with a lot of questions lately. I apologize if this sounds like just another squeaky wheel, and I fully understand if you'd rather not respond here. Thank you for your work as a coordinator. ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 18:39, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
::Well spotted. No problem. If you become a nuisance I will either ignore you or, more likely, tell you so. I only count two general supports - from UC and SC. Am I missing something? The number, type and quality of supports needed for any given nomination is more of an art than a science. That said, 1. it needs more, 2. it is ticking along nicely, 3. I have nudged a couple of potential reviewers, and 4. I had been thinking of looking at that one myself, I am not sure why it dropped off my radar. I ''may'' be able to go through it tomorrow. First FACs are always a bit nerve wracking, but I see nothing that need alarm you so far. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 19:21, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Your coordinator comments are appreciated. To point 4, don't feel an impetus to rush a review, as I have limited availability tomorrow. To point 1, I think I must have not understood something correctly: is a ''pass'' on a source review like that performed by Dugan Murphy (with the caveat that, as a first-timer, I needed a more in-depth one) not interchangeable with a ''support''? If not, I'm very appreciative that you clarified that point! Don't expect further pinging/talk page messages from me unless you make comments first or something goes horribly awry. ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 19:33, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
::::{{u|Pbritti}}, generally FAC requirements are divided into a '''pass''' for each of images and sources, and general '''supports'''; with the supports seen as separate things. Each of the two former need one pass for each and a nomination a ''bare minimum'' of three of the latter, but usually more. Reviewers' nomenclature is not always clear to non-aficionados, and even when it is I realise that the whole of the FAC procedure can be a bit of a [[black box]]. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:28, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}Hi! Your help through everything during the FAC was remarkably valuable. One of the most pleasant experiences thus far this year was telling my dad about the process this article underwent in order to reach FA status. Thanks for letting me know about the minimum character count for the TFA candidacy. There's a bit of a personal matter related to the TFA nom that I'd like to email you about, but only if you're open to receiving a message (something positive and not too serious). May I send an email to you via Wikipedia? ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 04:15, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
:Sure. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 14:51, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
::{{You've got mail}} ~ [[User:Pbritti|Pbritti]] ([[User talk:Pbritti|talk]]) 05:14, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

== FTC ==
Hey, just a heads up that I have sent an email regarding the FTC backlog. Cheers!—''[[User:MaranoFan|<b style="color:purple">N</b>]][[User talk:MaranoFan|<b style="color:teal">Ø</b>]]'' 21:39, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

== July TFAs ==

I'm looking for something Milhisty. Of yours, [[Battle of Zama]] looks tempting since it's a Vital Article. Is there another one you've nominated that hasn't run at TFA yet that you'd prefer? - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 23:43, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
:While I'm here ... there are a couple of nominations I'm thinking of pushing into August, but before I do it I want to make sure that's okay by you: [[WP:Today's featured article/requests/Political history of medieval Karnataka]] and [[WP:Today's featured article/requests/Phoolan Devi]]. The first has failed a previous TFAR, but I don't know that Harizotoh9 (the TFAR nominator) is attached to this particular article, it might be that a rerun on Indian history would work for them. For the second, I'm always slightly worried that running a bio on the anniversary of the death might send a strange signal of some kind, so I don't think I can run this one in July. Also, it could really use an image. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 02:41, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

::Hi {{u|Dank}}, not really, Zama is fine. If ''you'' prefer another, maybe [[Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347]]? It is not a battle and took place 1,500 years after Zama, so there is little overlap. Neither are date specific. If one of them is scheduled, it would please me if could run on the 30th, but that should be a minor consideration.

::I am happy to have both of those Indian-based articles in the August schedule. I can see why you wouldn't want to do anything which may be viewed as celebrating a person accused of multiple murders. I think we may struggle to find an image, but I will see what I can do. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:10, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, that too! Thanks much. I didn't have any problem with Zama, but now that you mention it, I'm a little more comfortable with the Hundred Years' War article. Although (my brain seems to be lagging behind my fingers) ... I'm not in a hurry to run either of these, if your preference is to run them on the anniversary. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 12:15, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Neither have an anniversary as such, Zama in particular doesn't. (If that makes sense.) For me running either on whatever date you wish is fine. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:49, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

== Admin assistance ==

Hi Gog, if you have the time, we have an IP persistently disrupting an article with wrong-headed punctuation ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_447&curid=23042123&diff=1227047113&oldid=1227040272 latest example]) -- been warned twice but I think it's time for admin intervention now, re. user or article or both... Cheers, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) 12:17, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:Hi [[User:Ian Rose|Ian]], some people need to get out more. I suspect that you may be confusing me with an admin. If I am wrong, please correct me; if I am not, perhaps [[User:David Fuchs|David]]? [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 12:33, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
::Ha, I could've sworn you went for it at some stage! Ah well, if I had a buck for each time ''I'd'' been mistaken for an admin I'd be able to retire now... [[User:Dank|Dan]] might also be interested...? Cheers, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) 12:42, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Thx Ian, but it's been too long since I've reviewed the IP-blocking rules, I better not. - Dank ([[User talk:Dank|push to talk]]) 12:45, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
::::I've watched the article, if there's another reversion I'll block. Sadly beyond being tendentious there's lots of chances IPs don't even see the talk page warnings these days so they're not as effective at deterrence. [[User:David Fuchs|<span style="color: #ad3e00;">Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs</span>]] <sup><small>[[User talk:David Fuchs|<span style="color: #ad3e00;">talk</span>]]</small></sup> 12:50, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
:::::Tks guys. [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) 13:04, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
::::{{reply|David Fuchs}} I reported it to [[WP:RFPP]] some while ago. Apparently we have to wait for Boston to wake up first though *shrug* [[User talk:Serial Number 54129|<span style="color:red">——Serial Number 54129</span>]] 13:07, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

== I thought about it, a lot. ==

{{You've got mail|sig=[[User:SusunW|SusunW]] ([[User talk:SusunW|talk]]) 19:01, 4 June 2024 (UTC)}}

== An officer at Lagos ==

Hi, I'm in the (slow) process of writing [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe/sandbox8|an article]] on Smith Callis, who commanded ''Culloden'' at Lagos. He was actually a rear-admiral at the time, but didn't know it yet! I wondered whether you remembered coming across any particular mentions on him while writing the FA? Thanks, [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]] ([[User talk:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|talk]]) 20:56, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

:There is very little in the literature on Lagos, and running through it and a couple of other possible suspects I can find no mention of either Callis or Culloden. For all I can tell they were both still in Gibraltar trying to step masts by the time the battle ended. Sorry. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 21:47, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
::''Culloden'' took a hammering off Toulon in June 1759, reinforcing the theory that she may have been undergoing such extensive repairs when La Clue went by that she never got into the battle. Some ships sailed without their captains, some later caught up. There is a certain vagueness as to whether some didn't. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 21:58, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
:::I won't be too worried if I can't dig up many detailed sources then (although in the Lagos article you do have ''Culloden'' engaging ''Centaur''?). Re Toulon, that's what I'm tackling next for Callis. Might be worth a separate article; ''Culloden'' with 16 men killed and 26 wounded, having to be pulled out of battery range by the fleet boats! [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]] ([[User talk:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|talk]]) 22:27, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
::::Funnily enough I am currently rereading Hornblower, wasn't he in command of the fleet boats? Oops, well spotted; yes, Culloden was the first ship to engage - enraging Boscowen by not by passing Centaure and going for the main French fleet. That's in McLynn, which I have. Sadly that is about all he says on the Culloden. Which doesn't even make the index, hence my missing it first time through. I have to go to Troude - in French and from 1867 - to even confirm Callis as the captain of Culloden. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 23:19, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

== Guild of Copy Editors June 2024 Newsletter ==

{| style="position: relative; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; padding: 0.5em 1em; background-color: #dfeff3; border: 2px solid #bddff2; border-color: rgba( 109, 193, 240, 0.75 ); border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 8px 8px 12px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.7 );"

| <span style="font-size: 110%;">'''[[WP:GOCE|Guild of Copy Editors]] June 2024 Newsletter'''</span>

<div style="float:right; width: 75px; height: 60px;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; top: -20px; right: -12px;">[[File:Writing Magnifying.PNG|100px|link=]]</div>
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[[File:Copyeditors progress.png|right|thumb]]

Hello and welcome to the June 2024 newsletter, a quarterly-ish digest of Guild activities since April. Don't forget you can unsubscribe at any time; see below.

'''Election news:''' Wanted: new Guild coordinators! If you value and enjoy the GOCE, why not help out behind the scenes? Nominations for our [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Coordinators/2024/2|mid-year coordinator election]] are now open until 23:59 on 15 June (UTC). Self-nominations are welcome. Voting commences at 00:01 on 16 June and continues until 23:50 on 30 June. Results will be announced at the election page.

'''Blitz:''' Nine of the fourteen editors who signed up for the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/April_2024|'''April 2024 Copy Editing Blitz''']] copy edited at least one article. Between them, they copy edited 55,853 words comprising twenty articles. Barnstars awarded are available [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/April_2024/Barnstars|here''']].

'''Drive:''' 58 editors signed up for our [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Backlog elimination drives/May_2024|'''May 2024 Backlog Elimination Drive''']] and 33 of those completed at least one copy edit. 251 articles and 475,952 words were copy edited. Barnstars awarded are [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Backlog elimination drives/May_2024/Barnstars|here''']].

'''Blitz:''' Our [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/June_2024|'''June 2024 Copy Editing Blitz''']] will begin on 16 June and finish on 22 June. Barnstars awarded will be posted [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Blitzes/June_2024/Barnstars|'''here''']].

'''Progress report:''' As of 05:23, 8 June 2024 (UTC) , GOCE copyeditors have completed 161 requests since 1 January and the backlog stands at 2,779 articles.

Thank you all again for your participation; we wouldn't be able to achieve what we have without you! Cheers from {{noping|Baffle gab1978}} and your GOCE coordinators {{noping|Dhtwiki|Miniapolis|Wracking}}.

{{center
| <small>To discontinue receiving GOCE newsletters, please remove your name from [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Mailing List|our mailing list]].</small>
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== ''The Signpost'': 8 June 2024 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="column-count:2;"> {{Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08}} </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> * '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2024-06-08|Single-page]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe|Unsubscribe]] * [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:26, 8 June 2024 (UTC) </div></div>


== ''The Bugle'': Issue 218, June 2024 ==

{| style="width: 100%;"
| valign="top" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" |
{|
| [[File:The Bugle.png|250px|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News|alt=Full front page of The Bugle]]
| width="100%" valign="top" | <div style="text-align: center; color: darkslategray;">'''Your Military History Newsletter'''</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Project news: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/June 2024/Project news|From the editors; awards and honours; contest results]]''
* Articles: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/June 2024/Articles|Last month's new featured and A-class content]]''
* Book review: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/June 2024/Book reviews|Hawkeye7 looks at the Tokyo war crimes trials]]''
</div>
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: 85%; margin:0 auto; text-align:center;">
''The Bugle'' is published by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]]. To receive it on your talk page, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Members|join the project]] or sign up [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3#Non-members who want delivery|here]].<br/>If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3|this page]]. Your editors, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) and [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 09:42, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Procedural question ==

On a recent FA review the nominator and I got stymied on whether or not sources that discuss "idealism", a philosophical set of theories, can be summarized as "idealists", a group of people, when there is no source that actually says idealists. Is that fair summarizing or is it OR?

Is the answer context sensitive? There are three main types of idealism, and while there are some things in common with them all - enabling one to speak of idealism as an umbrella term - I would guess there are no groups of people who support them all - or groups of people who just support the general commonalities and not specific views - or groups of people referenced in any source we could find.

To complicate things, the term 'idealists' also has broader connotations. It's often used to describe optimists and others who have no real connection to the philosophical view at all. But comparing theories without recognizing it's people that hold them is kind of silly, and those who uphold them are fairly described as 'idealists'.

I kind of made a big deal about removing idealists and changing it to idealism, with lesser claims about it, so I need to know if I was right or wrong, by FA standards. Just in case anyone ever has the balls to ask me to do an FA review ever again. {{Smiley}} [[User:Jenhawk777|Jenhawk777]] ([[User talk:Jenhawk777|talk]]) 19:59, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

:I am quite sure that I will be so asking. Reticence with regard to my balls when I do will be appreciated. Idealists: you were quite right IMHO. If it is not the consensus of the HQ RSs, then using "idealist" to describe one who supports, believes in or promotes "idealism" is OR. Without going back to the review, it seems like a good catch to me. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 20:11, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
::I was going to send you the link to the section where we discussed it, but of course it's been archived now, and getting to it's a pain in the patootie. If you feel like going to the trouble, the discussion is under '''Types of existing entities''' in the ''Physical and Mental'' section. But this summarizes the issue fairly I think. The nominating editor [[user|Phlsph7|Phlsph7]] cooperated even when he didn't really agree, and was generally very reasonable with my detailed review, so it became moot, but I still needed to know. I felt that erring on the side of caution for FA was right. If you agree, I don't really care what anyone else says...{{Smiley}} (I hope you understand I am incapable of communicating without emoticons). Thank you! You're the best! [[User:Jenhawk777|Jenhawk777]] ([[User talk:Jenhawk777|talk]]) 22:04, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

== Anna Lee Fisher ==

This is a BLP article, and scheduling it for 24 August means that I will be travelling, and unable to watch it. [[User:Hawkeye7|<span style="color:#800082">Hawkeye7</span>]] [[User_talk:Hawkeye7|<span style="font-size:80%">(discuss)</span>]] 19:13, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
:You supported the nomination for the 24th yourself, which is an appropriate date. I see no particular reason why you have to be able to watch it, and there is a co-nominator. So I am disinclined to move it or swap it out. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 19:20, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
::I don't want you to swap it, I just want you to watch it. [[User:Hawkeye7|<span style="color:#800082">Hawkeye7</span>]] [[User_talk:Hawkeye7|<span style="font-size:80%">(discuss)</span>]] 19:53, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
:::Ah! Yes, happy to do that. Having had 50 or so of mine go through TFA I know the sort of nonsense that comes up. I'll try and stay on top of that. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 20:55, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

== WikiCup 2024 July newsletter ==

The third round of the 2024 WikiCup ended on 28 June. As with Round 2, this round was competitive: each of the 16 contestants who advanced to Round 4 scored at least 256 points.

The following editors all scored more than 400 points in Round 3:

* {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant15|Generalissima}} with 1,059 points, mostly from 1 [[WP:FA|featured article]] on [[DeLancey W. Gill]], 11 [[WP:GA|good articles]], 18 [[WP:DYK|did you know]] nominations, and dozens of reviews;
* {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant15|Skyshifter}} with 673 points, mostly from 2 featured articles on [[Worlds (Porter Robinson album)]] and [[I'm God]], 5 good articles, and 2 did you know nominations;
* {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant15|Sammi Brie}} with 557 points, mostly from 1 featured article on [[KNXV-TV]], 5 good articles, and 8 did you know nominations; and
* {{Wikipedia:WikiCup/Participant15|AryKun}} with 415 points, mostly from 1 featured article on [[Great cuckoo-dove]], with a high number of bonus points from that article.

The full scores for round 3 can be seen [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2024/Round 3|here]]. So far this year, competitors have gotten 28 featured articles, 38 featured lists, 240 good articles, 92 [[WP:ITN|in the news]] credits, and at least 285 [[WP:DYK|did you know]] credits. They have conducted 279 featured article reviews, as well as 492 good article reviews and peer reviews, and have added 22 articles to [[Wikipedia:featured topics|featured topics]] and [[Wikipedia:good topics|good topics]].

Remember that any content promoted after 28 June but before the start of Round 4 can be claimed during Round 4, which starts on 1 July at 00:00 (UTC). Invitations for collaborative writing efforts or any other discussion of potentially interesting work is always welcome on the WikiCup talk page. Remember, if two or more WikiCup competitors have done significant work on an article, all can claim points. If you are concerned that your nomination—whether for a good article, featured content, or anything else—will not receive the necessary reviews, please list it on [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Reviews Needed]].

If you would like to learn more about rules and scoring for the 2024 WikiCup, please see [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Scoring|this page]]. Further questions are welcome on [[Wikipedia talk:WikiCup]] and the judges ({{User|Cwmhiraeth}}, {{User|Epicgenius}}, and {{User|Frostly}}) are reachable on their talk pages. Good luck! <small>If you wish to start or stop receiving this newsletter, please feel free to add or remove your name from [[Wikipedia:WikiCup/Newsletter/Send]].</small> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:30, 29 June 2024 (UTC)


== Leave ==

Hi, can I nominate [[narwhal]] for FAC? Thanks, [[User:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#000080;">'''''Wolverine'''''</span> <span style="color:#8A307F;">'''''XI'''''</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#2C5F2D;">talk to me</span>]])</sup> 07:57, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
:Not until 16:29 UTC. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 09:51, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
== Congratulations from the Military History Project ==
{| style="border: 2px solid lightsteelblue; background-color: whitesmoke;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Image:Wiki-stripe1.svg|75px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | &ensp;'''''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Awards#Service_awards|Military history reviewers' award]]'''''&ensp;
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid lightsteelblue;" | On behalf of the Military History Project, I am proud to present the The Milhist reviewing award (1 stripe) for participating in 2 reviews between April and June 2024. {{user0|Hawkeye7}} via [[User:MilHistBot|MilHistBot]] ([[User talk:MilHistBot|talk]]) 05:07, 2 July 2024 (UTC) <br><small>Keep track of upcoming reviews. Just copy and paste {{tlx|WPMILHIST Review alerts}} to your user space</small>
|}

== [[Sher Shah Suri]] ==

As you might recall from my previous nomination, I'm trying to get Sher Shah Suri to FA status. You're clearly a much more experienced editor than me who has had a vast experience with FA articles. I've begun working on improving the prose, but do you have any possible tips to advise me, or even a guide? Thanks -- [[User:Noorullah21|Noorullah]] ([[User talk:Noorullah21|talk]]) 06:41, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

== ''The Signpost'': 4 July 2024 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="column-count:2;"> {{Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04}} </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> * '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2024-07-04|Single-page]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe|Unsubscribe]] * [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:38, 4 July 2024 (UTC) </div></div>


== ''The Bugle'': Issue 219, July 2024 ==

{| style="width: 100%;"
| valign="top" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" |
{|
| [[File:The Bugle.png|250px|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News|alt=Full front page of The Bugle]]
| width="100%" valign="top" | <div style="text-align: center; color: darkslategray;">'''Your Military History Newsletter'''</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Project news: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/July 2024/Project news|From the editors; awards and honours; contest results]]''
* Articles: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/July 2024/Articles|Last month's new featured and A-class content]]''
* Book review: ''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/July 2024/Book reviews|Recent external reviews]]''
</div>
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: 85%; margin:0 auto; text-align:center;">
''The Bugle'' is published by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history|Military history WikiProject]]. To receive it on your talk page, please [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Members|join the project]] or sign up [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3#Non-members who want delivery|here]].<br/>If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from [[User:The ed17/Sandbox3|this page]]. Your editors, [[User:Ian Rose|Ian Rose]] ([[User talk:Ian Rose|talk]]) and [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 12:08, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
</div>


== FAC ==

Can you please tell me what went wrong at the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] FAC? Was it something I said? If so don't take it personal; I was having not the greatest day when I was responding to your comments. I do, of course, appreciate the article problems you brought up at the FAC. '''[[User:Volcanoguy|<i style="color: red;">Volcano</i>]][[User talk:Volcanoguy|<i style="color: black;">guy</i>]]''' 17:00, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
:Yeah. I felt a need to have a very slow count to ten, which is not something that happens often. I should have got back to the review - one way or another - before now. RL got in the way. I'll try, hard, to wrap up a review, as objectively as I can, today or tomorrow. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 17:12, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
::My apologies. I shouldn't respond to anyone while I'm not in a good mood. '''[[User:Volcanoguy|<i style="color: red;">Volcano</i>]][[User talk:Volcanoguy|<i style="color: black;">guy</i>]]''' 15:29, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Barnstar of Diligence Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hey Gog, thanks again for stepping in as a temporary coordinator over at FGTC! My best wishes for what sounds like an exciting vacation. – '''<span style="font-family:Lucida;">[[User:Aza24|<span style="color:darkred">Aza24</span>]][[User talk:Aza24|<span style="color:#848484"> (talk)</span>]]</span>''' 19:13, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
|}Thanks {{u|Aza24}}, that's very generous of you. Especially considering how little work I ended up doing. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild#top|talk]]) 18:15, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== Books & Bytes – Issue 63 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px;">
[[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.2;">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books & Bytes''</span><br />
Issue 63, May – June 2024
</div>
<div style="margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em;">
* One new partner
* 1Lib1Ref
* Spotlight: References check
<big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/May-June_2024|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big>
</div>
</div>
<small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:15, 18 July 2024 (UTC)</small>


== ''The Signpost'': 22 July 2024 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="column-count:2;"> {{Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22}} </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> * '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Single/2024-07-22|Single-page]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe|Unsubscribe]] * [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:30, 22 July 2024 (UTC) </div></div>


== An apology ==

I apologize without qualification for snapping at you at FAC the other day. Life has been crazy for me lately, but that isn't your fault and you didn't do anything to deserve the rude tone I directed at you. I took the weekend off from Wikipedia to cool down. It's easy for me as a nominator to forget that the coords are a few brave souls handling a huge number of nominations at once, and I should have better communicated that while I had been inactive due to life circumstances, I was going to get to work on addressing the remaining comments. I really do appreciate how much work you put in at FAC, it's a thankless job and I personally couldn't handle it if I tried. [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] ([[User talk:Trainsandotherthings|talk]]) 21:52, 29 July 2024 (UTC)

== TFA ==

{{User QAIbox
| image = Schloss Tiefurt, day lilies in park.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Top|story]] · [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#Music|music]] · [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2024#18 Jul|places]]
}}
Thank you today for [[Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347]], introduced (in 2021): "An overarching article for a period of the Hundred Years' War where a lot happened - little of it to French benefit. Much of it became known as the English King's annus mirabilis. Francophile readers may wish to look away. This article attempts to summarise a number other articles, set them in context and fill the gaps between them."! - Great! -- [[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 06:17, 30 July 2024 (UTC)
==Thanks==
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[]]|[[File:Project editor retention barnstar update.png|130px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''Project Editor Retention'''<br><br>'''<span style="font-family:Garamond;font-size:18pt;color:black">This editor was willing to lend a helping hand!</span>'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for all you do to acknowledge others at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention/Editor of the Week|Editor of the Week Awards]]
|} [[User: Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black">Buster Seven</em>''']]<small>[[User talk:Buster7|'''<em style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC;color:black"> Talk</em>''']]</small> (UTC) 11:36, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Second Battle of Cape Finisterre]] ==
Hello, in the article the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre, does the sentence "By summer Anson was based ashore, in London" refer to both Anson and his forces? Thank you. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|P. ĐĂNG]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 05:15, 2 August 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Gog the Mild

2024-08-02T05:15:40Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Thanks */

User talk:Vanjagenije

2024-08-02T04:42:08Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Genocide Bar and Chetnik War Crimes */

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== If you could look into this ==

Hi, I was wondering if you could take a look at this case-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/HaughtonBrit]. The user is currently evading his block through a combination of sock accounts, proxies and IPs in order to tendentiously edit various pages. Any help on this matter would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Suthasianhistorian8|Southasianhistorian8]] ([[User talk:Suthasianhistorian8|talk]]) 21:08, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

== Sockpuppet has returned ==
Hi Vanjagenije! Sockpuppet of [[User:Wiki.arfazhxss]] — {{userlinks|64.229.49.146}}, has returned after the expiration of block and has been disrupting the same talk pages again. [[User:A.Musketeer|A.Musketeer]] ([[User talk:A.Musketeer|talk]]) 15:06, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Wikipedia:Notability ==

Hello, I would like to ask if there are any specific regulations regarding the prominence of sculptures. I notice that the article [[Portrait of Ferenc Herczeg]] does not appear to meet Wikipedia's notability criteria. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 16:03, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|P. ĐĂNG}} Not to my knowledge. But, anyway, [[WP:GNG]] refers to all topics. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 21:29, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
::Can I place the [[Template:Notability]] template in the Portrait of Ferenc Herczeg page? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 15:02, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|P. ĐĂNG}} Sure, why not. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 21:48, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 07:06, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

== Requesting urgent intervention on [[WP:ANI]] ==

Hey there. Could you help take a look on [[WP:ANI#Repeated unexplained addition of Arabic-like scripts by IP address 180.75.238.55 in multiple Penang-related articles|this issue]]? There appears to be persistent inexplicable edits coming from said IP address with zero response to discussions. Appreciate your help on this. Thanks. [[User:HundenvonPenang|hundenvonPG]] ([[User talk:HundenvonPenang|talk]]) 08:40, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

== CSD F7 of [[:File:Rhodesia-independence-stamp-1965.jpg]] ==

Hi - I've left [[File_talk:Rhodesia-independence-stamp-1965.jpg|a response]]; would appreciate if you would elaborate your reasoning. Regards, [[User:Goldsztajn|Goldsztajn]] ([[User talk:Goldsztajn|talk]]) 21:12, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks, I've replied. Regards, [[User:Goldsztajn|Goldsztajn]] ([[User talk:Goldsztajn|talk]]) 21:53, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
==Orphaned non-free image File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|35px|text-top|left|⚠|link=]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. --[[User:B-bot|B-bot]] ([[User talk:B-bot|talk]]) 17:36, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg]]==
[[Image:Information icon4.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#F1|section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because the image is an unused duplicate or lower-quality copy of another file on Wikipedia having the same file format, and all inward links have been updated.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:File:When You Gonna Learn single.jpg|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]].  [[User:TheGreatestLuvofAll|TheGreatestLuvofAll]] ([[User talk:TheGreatestLuvofAll|talk]]) 21:41, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

== You've got mail ==

{{You've got mail|dashlesssig=[[User:Doug Weller|<span style="color:#070">Doug Weller</span>]] [[User talk:Doug Weller|talk]] 18:45, 30 April 2024 (UTC)}}

== Nomination of [[:Syed Zafrul Hasan Rizvi]] for deletion ==
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article [[:Syed Zafrul Hasan Rizvi]], to which you have [https://xtools.wmflabs.org/authorship/en.wikipedia.org/Syed_Zafrul_Hasan_Rizvi significantly contributed], is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or if it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].

The discussion will take place at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Syed Zafrul Hasan Rizvi]]''' until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.

To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit [[User:SDZeroBot/AfD notifier|the configuration page]]. Delivered by ''[[User:SDZeroBot|SDZeroBot]]'' ([[User talk:SDZeroBot|talk]]) 01:02, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
==Orphaned non-free image File:Nova Sintra Album.jpg==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|35px|text-top|left|⚠|link=]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:Nova Sintra Album.jpg]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. --[[User:B-bot|B-bot]] ([[User talk:B-bot|talk]]) 01:05, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

== Genocide Bar and Chetnik War Crimes ==

Hi, I undid your edit for Chetnik War Crimes as it seems you may have inadvertently removed a bunch of sourced content. I assume your aim was to remove the Genocide Bar however looking now, it seems only recently all listed genocides were removed from it and an edit war is taking place. I see on its talk page a call for an RFC is requested so perhaps it is best to wait for the final stable version? Until then, I think Bosnian Genocide, Genocide of Serbs in Independence State of Croatia, and Chetnik War Crimes During WWII and so on should still keep that side bar until editors make up their mind over the bar’s format. Otherwise it will just go back and forth for all these articles on a given day. Cheers. [[User:OyMosby|OyMosby]] ([[User talk:OyMosby|talk]]) 13:38, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|OyMosby}} The bar was only added to the article recently [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II&diff=prev&oldid=1220002818] by the same user who was edit-warring about the content of the bar. So, if you want to keep status quo, then it should be removed, I think. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 14:02, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
::That user wasn’t edit warring there it seems. They added it to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia&diff=prev&oldid=1220002714 other articles I mentioned on the same day] as well. I don’t think timing makes a difference. As for edit waring recently it appears to be a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Genocide_sidebar&diff=prev&oldid=1230812347 number of different other users]. It appears the long standing version of the bar listed all the various genocide articles. The latest version isn’t the stable once, hence why I suggested we wait for the RFC results when consus is reached there? Otherwise should the bar be removed from all articles no longer listed? [[User:OyMosby|OyMosby]] ([[User talk:OyMosby|talk]]) 14:32, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
:::Ok, we can wait for the bar to stabilize, I agree. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 20:07, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Template:Under construction]] and [[WP:SPEEDY]] ==
Hello, some new articles have been tagged with the "[[Template:Under construction|Under construction]]" template but fall under "[[Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#A2|CSD A2]]". Should we speedy delete these articles? How should we handle these cases? Thanks! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|P. ĐĂNG]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 04:42, 2 August 2024 (UTC)

Usdan Summer Camp for the Arts

2024-06-30T13:15:10Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1228295990 by HighAtop94 (Restorer)

{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=September 2017}}
{{peacock|date=September 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=October 2008}}
}}

[[File:UsdanLogo.jpg|alt=|thumb|250x250px|The USDAN logo]]
The '''Usdan Summer Camp for the Arts''' ('''USDAN'''; formally known as the '''Nathaniel and Suzanne Usdan Center for the Creative and Performing Arts''') is a [[Wheatley Heights]], [[Long Island]]-based [[summer camp|summer day camp]], situated on {{convert|140|acre|km2}} of woods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usdan.org/about-us/campus|title=The Campus|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref>

== Programs and classes ==
The camp is organized into divisions based on [[Educational stage|grade]] level: Discovery (Pre-K and 1); Partners In the Arts (2 and 3); Junior (4 through 6); and Senior (6 through 12).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usdan.org/programs|title=Our Program|date=2015-12-29|website=Usdan|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref> Students can choose classes from the following disciplines: [[art]], [[chess]], [[dance]], creative writing, [[music]], or [[theater]]. They can also choose between a "major" (two 50-minute periods) and a "minor" (one period) activity. The schedule has a recreation period, lunch and daily Usdan Festival Concerts throughout the three-, four-, or seven-week camp session.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usdan.org/programs|title=Schedule/Programs|last=|first=|date=|website=Usdan.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref>

The camp now offers classes in [[creative writing]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/family/kidsday/usdan-writing-program-1.23723720|title=Creative Writing at Usdan|last=Kim|first=Olivia|date=2018-11-22|website=Newsday|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121601/https://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/family/kidsday/usdan-writing-program-1.23723720|archive-date=2019-01-19|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref> video arts, 3D design and printing, chess, jazz and tap dance, nature, organic gardening, fashion design,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziv|first=Stav|date=2014-08-17|url=https://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-shopping/diy-design-usdan-campers-sew-their-own-back-to-school-looks-1.9059074|title=LI students create their own back-to-school looks|website=Newsday|language=en|access-date=2019-01-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420201450/https://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-shopping/diy-design-usdan-campers-sew-their-own-back-to-school-looks-1.9059074|archive-date=2021-04-20}}</ref> cartooning, architecture, animation, ukulele and guitar, Quidditch,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/usdan-campers-play-quidditch-in-wheatley-heights-1.13805694|title=Quidditch tournament held at summer camp|website=Newsday|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417183428/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/usdan-campers-play-quidditch-in-wheatley-heights-1.13805694|archive-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> and others.

== Campus ==

The Usdan Campus is composed of 140 acres of woodland.

Students have access to close to 70 studios and theaters, including the Andrew and Lily McKinley Amphitheater—a 1,000-seat campus center that hosts Usdan's daily Festival Concerts. Other campus buildings include: the Samuel and Lucille Lemberg Drama Center, the Jerrold Ross Discovery Center, and the Maurice B. Hexter Center. The campus also has four modern tennis courts, three large outdoor swimming pools, two yoga platforms, an archery range, a Quidditch field, and a recreation area for basketball and other games.

==History==
The camp was founded in 1968 by Dr. Maurice B. Hexter{{ref|notes|A}}, the executive vice president of the [[UJA-Federation of New York|Federation of Jewish Philanthropies]], musician and opera singer Andrew McKinley, and philanthropist Samuel Lemberg{{ref|notes|B}}, who provided initial funding for the project. It was opened to about 1,000 students. A phrase from the early days of Usdan that remains as the camp mantra is "Lose yourself for the summer. Find yourself for a lifetime."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libn.com/2018/07/26/usdan-gala-raises-200k/|title=Usdan gala raises $200K|last=Genn|first=Adina|date=2018-07-26|website=Long Island Business News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>

In 2016, the camp launched the Usdan Leadership Institute for the Arts. Tailored for Usdan's high school students (9th to 12th graders). Members receive leadership training twice a week and can mentor younger students or pursue a role for the camp.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-30 |title=Leadership Institute |url=https://www.usdan.org/our-program/leadership-institute |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Usdan |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, the camp celebrated its 50th anniversary summer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranucci|first=Danielle|date=2018-08-09|url=http://www.longislandernews.com/life-and-style/2018/8/9/celebrating-50-summers-of-the-arts|title=Celebrating 50 Summers Of Art|website=Long Islander News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref>

== Leadership and faculty ==
Mr. McKinley became the camp's founding executive director, a position he held for 16 years. Upon his retirement, the Usdan Board appointed cellist and educator Dale Lewis as his successor. Mr. Lewis held that role until he stepped down in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/14/nyregion/director-reflects-on-his-tenure-at-long-island-arts-camp.html|title=Usdan Camp Director Reflects On His Tenure|last=Lipson|first=Karin|date=2015-06-13|website=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref> He is currently Executive Director Emeritus. In 2015, Arts Educator Lauren Brandt Schloss,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/long-island/article/Usdan-Names-New-Executive-Director-20150622|title=Usdan Names New Executive Director|last=Peterson|first=Tyler|date=2015-06-22|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref> the camp's current executive director, joined Usdan.

Usdan's leadership includes its board of trustees and a leadership council of Long Island community and business leaders. As of January 2019, Usdan board of trustees members includes: Lillian Z. Cohen (Treasurer); Richard Eisenberg; Roslyn Jaffe; Michele Lowe (Secretary); Robert Nederlander, Jr.; Lesley Friedman Rosenthal; Dr. Jerrold Ross (Past President); and John Usdan (President). And Usdan Leadership Council include: Marilyn & Russell Albanese; Shari Alexander; Amanda Fugazy & Scott Brennan; Sheree & James Incorvaia; Angela Jaggar; Irene & Peter J. Klein; Rosemarie Klipper; Kirk Kordeleski; Sandra & Eric Krasnoff; Debra & Dale Lewis; Jane Monheit & Rick Montalbano; Joy & John Racanelli; Jennifer & Jonathan Allan Soros.<ref name="Board">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-29 |title=Board & Leadership |url=https://www.usdan.org/about-us/board-leadership |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Usdan |language=en}}</ref>

Since the center's inception, the board has completed capital campaigns to build theaters and teaching studios on Usdan's campus.

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Mariah Carey]], a singer and songwriter
* [[Natalie Portman]], an actress
* [[Olivia Thirlby]], an actress
* [[Jane Monheit]], a jazz singer
* [[Larry Saperstein]], an actor
* TV personality [[Stacy London]]
* Broadway personality [[Seth Rudetsky]]<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Usdan Alumni |url=https://www.usdan.org/about-us/alumni |archive-url= |archive-date= |accessdate=2008-07-28 |website=Usdan.org}}</ref>

== Notes ==
:A.{{note|noteA}}Hexter was a leader in New York (and global) Jewish and other good-works causes from 1929, when he moved from the US to Jerusalem to administer the Palestine Emergency Fund, through the 1960s. He died in 1980.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fowler |first1=Glenn |title=Maurice B. Hexter, 99, a Leader In Jewish Social Causes, Is Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/29/obituaries/maurice-b-hexter-99-a-leader-in-jewish-social-causes-is-dead.html |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=29 October 1990}}</ref>
:B.{{note|noteA}}Samuel Lemberg's daugher was Suzanne Usdan,<ref>{{cite news |title=Paid Notice: Deaths USDAN, SUZANNE |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/09/classified/paid-notice-deaths-usdan-suzanne.html |access-date=1 June 2024 |date=9 April 2002}}</ref> hence the name of the camp. Lemberg emigrated to the US in 1905, built a fortune in real estate, and according to his grandson,<ref>{{cite web |title=Midwood's Evolution: An Interview with John Usdan, Chief Executive Officer, Midwood Investment & Development |url=https://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2019.4_Oct/New%20York%20City/LEADERS-John-Usdan-Midwood.html |website=Leaders Online |access-date=1 June 2024 |format=magazine dated October, November, December 2019, Volume 42, Number 4}}</ref> believing he had no one to succeed him in running his company started to give away his fortune in 1945. Suzanne married Nathaniel "Duke" Usdan who was the heir to a paper company.<ref>{{cite web |title=NATHANIEL USDAN Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/nathaniel-usdan-obituary?id=21722760 |website=Legacy.com |access-date=1 June 2024 |format=the Legacy.com website says "New York Times on Oct. 21, 2015."}}</ref> The paper company's building still exists, with the Usdan name, at 401 Washington Street in NYC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heller & Usdan, Paper / U. S. Cordage Co. Inc., 401 Washington St., New York, 2002 |url=https://www.waltergrutchfield.net/hellerusdan.htm |website=Walter Grutchfield Signs Signs Signs! |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|https://www.usdan.org/}}

{{coord|40.761766|-73.390067|type:event_globe:earth_region:US-NY|display=title}}

[[Category:Huntington, New York]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Suffolk County, New York]]
[[Category:Education in Suffolk County, New York]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in New York (state)]]

Jamal Lowe

2024-06-30T13:11:29Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1231820309 by Lincoln Owl (Restorer)

{{short description|Jamaica international footballer (born 1994)}}
{{Use Jamaican English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jamal Lowe
| image = Jamal Lowe Hampton & Richmond Borough.jpeg
| caption = Lowe with [[Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C.|Hampton & Richmond Borough]]
| full_name = Jamal Akua Lowe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.efl.com/siteassets/efl-documents/202021/efl-squad-numbering-11.09.2020.pdf |title=Notification of shirt numbers: Swansea City |publisher=English Football League |page=69 |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|7|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]], England
| height = 1.83 m<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamal Lowe: Overview |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/7887/Jamal-Lowe/overview |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]], [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]]
| currentclub = [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = 2008
| youthclubs1 = [[Queens Park Rangers]]
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[Farnborough F.C.|Farnborough]]
| youthyears3 =
| youthclubs3 = [[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]]
| years1 = 2011–2015
| clubs1 = [[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]]
| caps1 = 13
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2012–2013
| clubs2 = → [[Hayes & Yeading United F.C.|Hayes & Yeading United]] (loan)
| caps2 = 3
| goals2 = 3
| years3 = 2013
| clubs3 = → [[Boreham Wood F.C.|Boreham Wood]] (loan)
| caps3 = 3
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2013
| clubs4 = → [[Hitchin Town F.C.|Hitchin Town]] (loan)
| caps4 = 13
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2013–2014
| clubs5 = → [[St Albans City F.C.|St Albans City]] (loan)
| caps5 = 16
| goals5 = 5
| years6 = 2014
| clubs6 = → [[Farnborough F.C.|Farnborough]] (loan)
| caps6 = 5
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2014
| clubs7 = → [[Hemel Hempstead Town F.C.|Hemel Hempstead Town]] (loan)
| caps7 = 9
| goals7 = 2
| years8 = 2015
| clubs8 = [[St Albans City F.C.|St Albans City]]
| caps8 = 14
| goals8 = 1
| years9 = 2015
| clubs9 = [[Hemel Hempstead Town F.C.|Hemel Hempstead Town]]
| caps9 = 11
| goals9 = 1
| years10 = 2015–2017
| clubs10 = [[Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C.|Hampton & Richmond Borough]]
| caps10 = 48
| goals10 = 29
| years11 = 2017–2019
| clubs11 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
| caps11 = 103
| goals11 = 25
| years12 = 2019–2020
| clubs12 = [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]]
| caps12 = 46
| goals12 = 6
| years13 = 2020–2021
| clubs13 = [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]]
| caps13 = 51
| goals13 = 14
| years14 = 2021–2024
| clubs14 = [[AFC Bournemouth]]
| caps14 = 36
| goals14 = 7
| years15 = 2023
| clubs15 = → [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] (loan)
| caps15 = 20
| goals15 = 3
| years16 = 2023–2024
| clubs16 = → [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] (loan)
| caps16 = 35
| goals16 = 9
| years17 = 2024–
| clubs17 = [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]]
| caps17 = 0
| goals17 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 = [[England national football C team|England C]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2021–
| nationalteam2 = [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]]
| nationalcaps2 = 4
| nationalgoals2 = 2
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{fb|JAM}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CONCACAF Nations League]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2024 CONCACAF Nations League Finals|2024 United States]]|[[2024 CONCACAF Nations League Finals squads #Jamaica|Team]]}}
| club-update = 00:37, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 03:21, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
}}
'''Jamal Akua Lowe''' (born 21 July 1994) is a professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] and [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] for {{English football updater|SheffieW}} club [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]] and the [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica national team]]. He was born in England and played for the [[England C]] team, before making his full international debut for Jamaica in 2021.

Lowe began his professional playing career with [[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]] in 2012. After several [[loan (sports)|loan]] spells, he briefly played for [[St Albans City F.C.|St Albans City]] and [[Hemel Hempstead Town F.C.|Hemel Hempstead Town]]. Lowe joined [[Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C.|Hampton & Richmond Borough]] in 2015 before moving to [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] two years later, spending two seasons with the club. He was signed by [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] in 2019 and joined [[Swansea City AFC | Swansea City]] in 2020. In 2021 he was signed by [[AFC Bournemouth]], and since then he has gone out on loan to [[Queens Park Rangers]].

==Club career==

===Barnet===
Lowe first featured for the Bees' senior team in February 2011 in the [[Herts Senior Cup]] against [[Hadley F.C.|Hadley]].<ref name = "Hadley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlybarnet.com/bfcsa/1011/fixtures/hadley_hsc_a_r.htm|title=Barnet Football Club Supporters Association|website=www.onlybarnet.com}}</ref> In the 2011–12 season, Lowe scored 19 goals for Barnet's under-18 team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barnetfc.com/team/Youth_Team_Profiles.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830235746/http://www.barnetfc.com/team/Youth_Team_Profiles.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Youth Team Profiles|archive-date=30 August 2012}}</ref> He made his league debut on 25 August 2012, in a 3–1 loss against [[York City F.C.|York City]] at [[Underhill Stadium|Underhill]], coming on as a late substitute for [[Curtis Weston]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19304350|title=Barnet 1-3 York|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> After making a second substitute appearance against [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]],<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/19447881 "Barnet 1–3 Gillingham"] BBC Sport. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.</ref> he was given his first start by manager [[Mark Robson (footballer)|Mark Robson]] on 15 September in a 3–0 loss against [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/19527962 "Bradford 3–0 Barnet"] BBC Sport. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.</ref>

Lowe signed a professional contract with the Bees in October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2012/october/lowe-pens-bees-deal/|title=LOWE PENS BEES DEAL - News - Barnet Football Club|website=www.barnetfc.com|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125172513/https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2012/october/lowe-pens-bees-deal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his [[FA Cup]] debut on 3 November, coming on as a substitute in the second half of a 2–0 defeat against [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] in the first round.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20107737 "Barnet 0–0 Oxford Utd"] BBC Sport. 3 November 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</ref> In December 2012, he was loaned out to [[Hayes & Yeading United F.C.|Hayes & Yeading United]]. He joined [[Boreham Wood F.C.|Boreham Wood]] on 15 February 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2013/february/jamal-lowe-leaves-on-loan/|title=JAMAL LOWE LEAVES ON LOAN - News - Barnet Football Club|website=www.barnetfc.com|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127112834/https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2013/february/jamal-lowe-leaves-on-loan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 15 August 2013, Lowe joined [[Hitchin Town F.C.|Hitchin Town]] on loan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2013/august/sykes-and-lowe-leave-on-loan/|title=SYKES AND LOWE LEAVE ON LOAN - News - Barnet Football Club|website=www.barnetfc.com|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075928/https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2013/august/sykes-and-lowe-leave-on-loan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His fourth loan spell away from the club began when he joined [[St Albans City F.C.|St Albans City]] on 22 November.<ref>[http://www.sacfc.co.uk/index.php/2012-04-10-18-56-53/latest-club-news/2436-saints-sign-exciting-striker.html Saints sign exciting striker]</ref> Then, his fifth loan spell came when he joined [[Farnborough F.C.|Farnborough]] on 28 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2014/february/lowe-joins-farnborough-on-loan/|title=Lowe Joins Farnborough On Loan - News - Barnet Football Club|website=www.barnetfc.com|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116130309/https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2014/february/lowe-joins-farnborough-on-loan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lowe was transfer-listed at the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager [[Martin Allen]] said: "He is a good lad who has worked hard and done well in both the games he has played but I need to bring in another striker and this will push Jamal further down the line".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2014/april/201415-retained-list/|title=2014/15 Retained List - News - Barnet Football Club|website=www.barnetfc.com|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083109/https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2014/april/201415-retained-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014–15, Lowe made two substitute appearances for the Bees before joining [[Hemel Hempstead Town F.C.|Hemel Hempstead Town]] on a three-month loan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2014/september/lowe-joins-hemel-hempstead-on-loan/|title=Lowe joins Hemel Hempstead on loan - News - Barnet Football Club|website=www.barnetfc.com|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126181037/https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2014/september/lowe-joins-hemel-hempstead-on-loan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 January 2015, he left Barnet permanently to join [[St Albans City F.C.|St Albans City]].<ref>[http://sacfc.co.uk/index.php/the-club/2012-04-10-18-56-53/latest-club-news/2933-saints-strikeforce-strengthened.html Saints strikeforce strengthened]</ref> At the end of the season he rejoined [[Hemel Hempstead Town F.C.|Hemel Hempstead Town]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pelling|first1=Chris|title=Hawkins signs new deal and Lowe returns.|url=http://www.hemelfc.com/news/player-news-1441040.html|publisher=Hemel Hempstead Town FC|access-date=2 November 2016|date=31 July 2015|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826235755/http://www.hemelfc.com/news/player-news-1441040.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After 11 league games he then joined [[Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C.|Hampton & Richmond Borough]].

===Portsmouth===
On 28 October 2016, [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] agreed terms to sign Lowe for an undisclosed fee on an 18-month contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lowe to sign in January|url=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/pompey-to-sign-jamal-lowe-from-hampton-richmond-in-january-3388192.aspx|publisher=Portsmouth FC|access-date=2 November 2016|date=28 October 2016}}</ref>
Jamal Lowe helped Portsmouth to win the 16/17 League 2 title, scoring a goal in the final match that saw them champions of the league and automatic promotion to league one where he stayed and became a permanent player in the squad. He was also in the squad that won the [[EFL Trophy]] in 2019.
In January 2018 Lowe signed a new contract keeping him at Fratton Park until 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Deal For Lowe|url=https://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/2018/january/new-deal-for-lowe/|publisher=Portsmouth FC|access-date=11 January 2018|date=11 January 2018}}</ref>

===Wigan Athletic===
On 1 August 2019, Lowe signed a three-year contract with [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] for an undisclosed fee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Latics confirm signing of Jamal Lowe from Portsmouth|url=https://wiganathletic.com/news/2019/august/Latics-confirm-signing-of-Jamal-Lowe-from-Portsmouth/|publisher=Wigan Athletic FC|access-date=1 August 2019|date=1 August 2019}}</ref> He scored his first goal for the club on 20 October 2019 against [[Nottingham Forest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50030935|title=Wigan 1–0 Nottingham Forest|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 October 2019|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Swansea City ===
On 27 August 2020, Lowe joined [[EFL Championship|Championship]] club [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] for £800,000, signing a three-year contract with an option of a further year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/swansea-city-complete-signing-jamal-lowe|title=SWANSEA CITY COMPLETE SIGNING OF JAMAL LOWE|publisher=[[Swansea City A.F.C.]]|date=27 August 2020|access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wigantoday.net/sport/football/live-blog-wigan-athletic-administrators-thursday-press-conference-2954259|title=LIVE BLOG: Wigan Athletic administrators' Thursday press conference|website=www.wigantoday.net}}</ref> He scored his first goal for Swansea in a 2–0 win over [[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe Wanderers]] on 26 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54215094 |title=Wycombe 0–2 Swansea |date=26 September 2020 |publisher=BBC|access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>

=== AFC Bournemouth ===
On 31 August 2021, Lowe signed a three-year contract with Swansea's Championship rivals [[AFC Bournemouth]], joining for a reported fee of £1.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lowe signs for the Cherries|url=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/first-team/lowe-signs-for-the-cherries/?dm_i=47ot,152n1,139725,57wy8,1|access-date=2021-08-31|website=AFCB| date=31 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamal Lowe completes £1.5million switch from Swansea to Cherries|url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/sport/19549507.jamal-lowe-completes-1-5m-switch-swansea-cherries/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Bournemouth Echo|date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Queens Park Rangers (loan) ====
On 11 January 2023, Lowe joined [[EFL Championship]] promotion hopefuls [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] on a six-month loan deal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/jamal-lowe-joins-on-loan-110123/ |title=Jamal Lowe joins on loan |publisher=QPR FC |date=11 January 2023 |accessdate=11 January 2023}}</ref>

==== Swansea City (loan) ====

On 5 June 2024, Bournemouth announced the player would leave in the summer when his contract expired.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Club confirm 23/24 released and retained list |url=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/club-news/club-confirm-2324-released-and-retained-list/?fbclid=iwzxh0bgnhzw0cmteaar0e0bchrbk35agwsbpwhyupweg7llwgutwtgc_lxypmlanme2fe9hybxye_aem_adxvu44dfduvi-kyl_h5avpy-h_eyu-w88_zpqumwirk7fmyp-vilno3rppqgmqayxqoeplu-in6kam9ov5bezah |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=AFCB}}</ref>

===Sheffield Wednesday===
On 30 June 2024, [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]] confirmed he would be signing for them on 1 July 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamal Lowe seals Owls switch |url=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2024/june/29/jamal-lowe-seals-owls-switch/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |publisher=Sheffield Wednesday FC |date=30 June 2024}}</ref>

==International career==
Despite being born in England and having previously played for the [[England C]] team, in March 2021 Lowe received his first call-up to the [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica national team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20210317/jff-names-team-usa-friendly|title=JFF names team for USA friendly|date=17 March 2021|website=jamaica-gleaner.com}}</ref> This came about as part of the [[Jamaican Football Federation]]'s attempt to target a number of English-born players for call ups in an attempt to improve the chances of Jamaica qualifying for the [[2022 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kemar Roofe's World Cup dream as Rangers star tops list for international side |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/kemar-roofes-world-cup-dream-19969208}}</ref> On 25 March 2021, Lowe scored his first goal on his debut in a 4–1 loss to [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.as.com/en/2021/03/25/football/1616687802_629564.html|title=United States 4-1 Jamaica|website=en.as.com|date=25 March 2021|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Born in England, Lowe is of Jamaican descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joe.co.uk/sport/jamaica-prepare-to-call-up-more-than-10-english-based-players-265618|title=Jamaica prepare to call up more than 10 English based players|website=JOE.co.uk|date=5 March 2021 }}</ref> Lowe worked as a PE teacher while playing in non-league football.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/09/21/portsmouths-jamal-lowe-teacher-playing-front-18000-fratton-park/|title=Portsmouth's Jamal Lowe: 'Being a teacher and playing in front of 18,000 at Fratton Park are as hard as each other'|first=Pippa|last=Field|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=21 September 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11674/11308356/jamal-lowe-interview-my-career-looked-like-it-was-going-in-a-downward-spiral|title=Jamal Lowe Interview: 'My career looked like it was going in a downward spiral'|website=Sky Sports}}</ref> He is friends with [[Nicke Kabamba]] and [[Junior Morias]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theathletic.com/2366921/2021/02/05/swanseas-jamal-lowe-this-is-my-dream-and-i-knew-i-had-to-make-it-happen/|title=Swansea's Jamal Lowe: 'This is my dream - and I knew I had to make it happen'|first=Stuart|last=James|website=The Athletic}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|as of 4 May 2024}}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=3|League
!colspan=2|[[FA Cup]]
!colspan=2|[[EFL Cup|League Cup]]
!colspan=2|Other
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]]
|[[2010–11 Barnet F.C. season|2010–11]]<ref name = "Hadley"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlybarnet.com/bfcsa/1011/fixtures/broxbourne_hsc_a_r.htm|title=Barnet Football Club Supporters Association|website=www.onlybarnet.com}}</ref>
|[[EFL League Two|League Two]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=HSC|Appearance in [[Herts Senior Cup]]}}||0||2||0
|-
|[[2011–12 Barnet F.C. season|2011–12]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svenskafans.com/england/barnet/Hemel-HempsteadBarnet-12-ef-426327|title=SvenskaFans|website=www.svenskafans.com}}</ref>
|League Two
|0||0||0||0||0||0||1{{efn|name=HSC}}||1||1||1
|-
|[[2012–13 Barnet F.C. season|2012–13]]<ref name=sb1213>{{soccerbase season|66901|2012|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlybarnet.com/bfcsa/1213/fixtures/tring_a_hsc_r.htm|title=Barnet Football Club Supporters Association|website=www.onlybarnet.com}}</ref>
|League Two
|8||0||1||0||0||0||2{{efn|One appearance in [[EFL Trophy|Football League Trophy]], one appearance and two goals in [[Herts Senior Cup]]}}||2||11||2
|-
|[[2013–14 Football Conference#Conference Premier|2013–14]]<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=J. Lowe: Summary |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jamal-lowe/262159/ |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|[[National League (division)|Conference Premier]]
|3||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||0||0||3||0
|-
|[[2014–15 Football Conference#Conference Premier|2014–15]]<ref name=soccerway/>
|Conference Premier
|2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||0||0||2||0
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!13||0||1||0||0||0||5||3||19||3
|-
|[[Hayes & Yeading United F.C.|Hayes & Yeading United]] (loan)
|[[2012–13 Football Conference#Conference South|2012–13]]<ref name=soccerway/>
|[[National League South|Conference South]]
|3||3||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||0||0||3||3
|-
|[[Boreham Wood F.C.|Boreham Wood]] (loan)
|[[2012–13 Football Conference#Conference South|2012–13]]<ref name=soccerway/>
|Conference South
|3||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||0||0||3||0
|-
|[[Hitchin Town F.C.|Hitchin Town]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 Southern Football League#Premier Division|2013–14]]<ref name=aylesbury>{{cite web |url=http://www.aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk/players/jamal-lowe |title=Jamal Lowe Profile |website=aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk |publisher=Aylesbury United F.C. |access-date=2 January 2021 }}</ref>
|[[Southern Football League|Southern League]]<br />Premier Division
|13||1||2||0||colspan=2|—||3{{efn|Two appearances in [[FA Trophy]], one appearance in [[Southern Football League|Southern League Cup]], one appearance in [[Herts Senior Cup]]}}||0||19||1
|-
|[[St Albans City F.C.|St Albans City]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 Southern Football League#Premier Division|2013–14]]<ref name=aylesbury/>
|Southern League<br />Premier Division
|16||5||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}||0||17||5
|-
|[[Farnborough F.C.|Farnborough]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 Football Conference#Conference South|2013–14]]<ref name=soccerway/><ref name=aylesbury/>
|Conference South
|5||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||0||0||5||0
|-
|[[Hemel Hempstead Town F.C.|Hemel Hempstead Town]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 Football Conference#Conference South|2014–15]]<ref name=soccerway/><ref name=aylesbury/>
|Conference South
|9||2||5||1||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|name=HSC}}||2||15||5
|-
|St Albans City
|[[2014–15 Football Conference#Conference South|2014–15]]<ref name=soccerway/><ref name=aylesbury/>
|Conference South
|14||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||0||0||14||1
|-
|Hemel Hempstead Town
|[[2015–16 National League#National League South|2015–16]]<ref name=soccerway/><ref name=aylesbury/>
|[[National League South]]
|11||1||3||0||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Herts Charity Cup]]}}||1||15||2
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C.|Hampton & Richmond Borough]]
|[[2015–16 Isthmian League#Premier Division|2015–16]]<ref name=HRBFC>{{cite web |url=https://www.hamptonfc.net/teams/110868/player/jamal-lowe-1625725/34377 |title=Jamal Lowe – Hampton & Richmond Borough FC 1st |work=Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. |publisher=Pitch Hero Ltd |access-date=2 January 2021 }}</ref>
|[[Isthmian League]]<br />Premier Division
|26||14||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||2{{efn|Appearances in [[FA Trophy]]}}||1||28||15
|-
|[[2016–17 National League#National League South|2016–17]]<ref name=HRBFC/><ref name="soccerway"/>
|National League South
|22||15||2||2||colspan=2|—||4{{efn|Two appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]], one appearance in Isthmian League Charity Shield, one appearance and four goals in [[Middlesex Senior Cup]]}}||5||28||22
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!48||29||2||2||colspan=2|—||6||6||56||37
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
|[[2016–17 Portsmouth F.C. season|2016–17]]<ref name=sb1617>{{soccerbase season|66901|2016|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|[[EFL League Two|League Two]]
|14||4||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||14||4
|-
|[[2017–18 Portsmouth F.C. season|2017–18]]<ref name=sb1718>{{soccerbase season|66901|2017|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|[[EFL League One|League One]]
|44||6||1||0||0||0||5{{efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}}||2||50||8
|-
|[[2018–19 Portsmouth F.C. season|2018–19]]<ref name=sb1819>{{soccerbase season|66901|2018|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|League One
|45||15||4||1||1||0||5{{efn|Three appearances and one goal in [[EFL Trophy]], two appearances in [[EFL League One play-offs|League One play-offs]]}}||1||55||17
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!103||25||5||1||1||0||10||3||119||29
|-
|[[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]]
|[[2019–20 Wigan Athletic F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref name=sb1920>{{soccerbase season|66901|2019|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|[[EFL Championship|Championship]]
|46||6||1||0||1||0||colspan=2|—||48||6
|-
|[[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]]
|[[2020–21 Swansea City A.F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref name=sb2021>{{soccerbase season|66901|2020|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|Championship
|44||14||2||0||1||0||colspan=2|—||47||14
|-
|rowspan=3|[[AFC Bournemouth]]
|[[2021–22 AFC Bournemouth season|2021–22]]<ref name="sb2022">{{soccerbase season|66901|2021|accessdate=29 January 2022}}</ref>
|Championship
|34||7||1||0||1||0||colspan=2|—||36||7
|-
|[[2022–23 AFC Bournemouth season|2022–23]]<ref name="sb2023">{{soccerbase season|66901|2022|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref>
|[[Premier League]]
|2||0||0||0||2||1||colspan=2|—||4||1
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!36!!7!!1!!0!!3!!1!!colspan=2|—!!40!!8
|-
|[[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] (loan)
|[[2022–23 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name="sb2023"/>
|Championship
|20||3||0||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||20||3
|-
|Swansea City (loan)
|[[2023–24 Swansea City A.F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|66901|2023|access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
|Championship
|35||9||0||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||35||9
|-
|[[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]]
|[[2024–25 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season|2024–25]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|66901|2024|access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
|Championship
|0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!419||103||22||4||5||1||27||15||474||126
|}

{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|match played 7 June 2022}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|82003|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year
|-
!National team||Year||Apps||Goals
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]]
|2021||3||1
|-
|2022||1||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total||4||2
|}

:''Scores and results list Jamaica's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lowe goal.''<ref name="NFT"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Jamal Lowe
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Venue
!scope="col"|Opponent
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Competition
|-
| align="center"|1 || 25 March 2021 || [[Stadion Wiener Neustadt]], [[Wiener Neustadt]], Austria || {{fb|USA}} || align="center"|1–2 || align="center"|1–4 || [[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]
|-
| align="center"|2 || 7 June 2022 || [[Independence Park (Jamaica)|Independence Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica || {{fb|SUR}} || align="center"|3–1 || align="center"|3–1 || [[2022–23 CONCACAF Nations League A]]
|}

==Honours==
'''Hampton & Richmond Borough'''
*[[Isthmian League|Isthmian Premier League]]: [[2015–16 Isthmian League#League table|2015–16]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hamptonfc.net/teams/110868/match-centre/1-1607665|title=StackPath|website=www.hamptonfc.net}}</ref>

'''Portsmouth'''
*[[EFL League Two]]: [[2016–17 EFL League Two|2016–17]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=John |editor-last=Anderson |title=Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2017–2018 |year=2017 |publisher=Headline Publishing Group |location=London |isbn=978-1-4722-3397-4 |pages=298–299}}</ref>
*[[EFL Trophy]]: [[2018–19 EFL Trophy|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47709134 |title=Portsmouth 2–2 Sunderland |first=Adam |last=Williams |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 March 2019 |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>

'''AFC Bournemouth'''
*[[EFL Championship]] second-place promotion: [[2021–22 EFL Championship|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/60342935|title=AFC Bournemouth 1-0 Nottingham Forest|website=BBC Sport |date=3 May 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>

'''Individual'''
*[[PFA Team of the Year]]: [[PFA Team of the Year (2010s)#League One 10|2018–19 League One]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepfa.com:443/news/2019/4/24/league-one-team-of-the-year|title=PFA League One Team Of The Year|website=www.thepfa.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Soccerway}}
*{{soccerbase}}

{{Sheffield Wednesday F.C. squad}}
{{2018–19 EFL League One PFA Team of the Year}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowe, Jamal}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Jamaican men's footballers]]
[[Category:Jamaica men's international footballers]]
[[Category:English men's footballers]]
[[Category:England men's semi-pro international footballers]]
[[Category:English people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:Barnet F.C. players]]
[[Category:Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players]]
[[Category:Boreham Wood F.C. players]]
[[Category:Hitchin Town F.C. players]]
[[Category:St Albans City F.C. players]]
[[Category:Farnborough F.C. players]]
[[Category:Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players]]
[[Category:Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. players]]
[[Category:Portsmouth F.C. players]]
[[Category:Wigan Athletic F.C. players]]
[[Category:Swansea City A.F.C. players]]
[[Category:AFC Bournemouth players]]
[[Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players]]
[[Category:Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:English Football League players]]
[[Category:National League (English football) players]]
[[Category:Southern Football League players]]
[[Category:Isthmian League players]]
[[Category:Footballers from the London Borough of Harrow]]
[[Category:Black British sportsmen]]

User:Plantaest/Zinnia

2024-05-02T15:01:41Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Signatures */

<div style="
font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Source Serif Pro', serif;
font-size: 3rem;
text-align: center;"
>Welcome,</div>

[[File:Zinnia Start Screen.png|875px|center]]

<div style="
box-shadow: 0 5px 8px #eee;
border: 1px solid #fff;
padding: 1rem;
border-radius: 1rem;
background-color: #A9C9FF;
background-image: linear-gradient(225deg, #A9C9FF 0%, #FFBBEC 100%);">
<div style="
padding: 1rem;
border-radius: 0.625rem;
border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
background: rgb(255 255 255 / 60%);
backdrop-filter: blur(1rem);
">
'''Zinnia''' is a comprehensive anti-vandalism application actively developed by [[User:Plantaest|Plantaest]]. The goal of Zinnia is to be a superior version to RecentChanges and Twinkle, as well as similar tools.

The idea for Zinnia has been brewing for years during my involvement in the Vietnamese Wikipedia.

In September 2022, '''Prototype 1''' of Zinnia was implemented. However, this prototype had several issues and was ultimately scrapped.

In March 2023, I proceeded with '''Prototype 2''' of Zinnia. This was a relatively complete prototype and an important precursor to Prototype 3. Due to complexity issues, Prototype 2 was also abandoned.

Information about Prototype 1 and 2 can be found on this page: [[:vi:User:Plantaest/Zinnia/Prototype 1 & 2]] (in Vietnamese).

In April 2024, after a busy period with other commitments, I returned to the project and implemented '''Prototype 3''', which is also the official version of Zinnia.

Zinnia is scheduled to be released on the English Wikipedia on '''June 15, 2024''', version '''0.1.0'''.
</div>
</div>

== Signatures ==
You can sign here to show your support for the Zinnia project. Thank you!
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* [[User:Mongrangvebet|Mongrangvebet]] ([[User talk:Mongrangvebet|talk]]) 10:53, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
* [[User:NgocAnMaster|<span style="color:#A48111">'''An'''</span><span style="color:#FF3399">'''ster'''</span>]] ([[User talk:NgocAnMaster|<span style="color:blue">talk</span>]]) 12:18, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
* [[User:P. ĐĂNG|P. ĐĂNG]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 15:01, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Media copyright questions

2024-04-21T08:57:19Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* File:Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg */

{{Short description|Copyright}}
{{/Header}}

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== I can't use a non-free image for info box of BLP's? ==

Hi,
so this is a question specifically about #1 of Wikipedia's non-free content policy:

"1. No free equivalent. Non-free content is used only where no free equivalent is available, '''or could be created''', that would serve the same encyclopedic purpose."

and more specifically about the "or could be created" portion. I have uploaded several non-free photos of notable living persons to the info boxes on their BLP's (because NO free alternatives were available). However, I just received a notice that basically it's inappropriate to do this '''because someone at some time may hypothetically create a free photo that can be accessed and uploaded.'''

It seems like a pretty steep hurdle and a detriment to the encyclopedia to remove images of notable individuals because no one has created a free version '''yet. '''

could use some advise here. thx! [[User:Slacker13|Slacker13]] ([[User talk:Slacker13|talk]]) 22:16, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
:This has been debated several times previously but that's the current policy and it is unlikely to change. Please remember that a photo of a subject is not actually a requirement of an encycloaedic article. In rare cases unless someone is a known recluse or in prison for life, then an image could be created even if it takes some effort that people are not prepared to make. Sorry to not have better news for you. All the recent non-free images you uploaded look like you should be able to obtain freely licenced images of them, perhaps through their agents or even the subject themselves, maybe even a selfie. [[User:Ww2censor|ww2censor]] ([[User talk:Ww2censor|talk]]) 22:52, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
::thank you! [[User:Slacker13|Slacker13]] ([[User talk:Slacker13|talk]]) 19:53, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:Yep, it's a steep hurdle, but it keeps the rule simple and the lawyers from the door. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 09:07, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
::yes, i understand. but still so frustrating. lol. [[User:Slacker13|Slacker13]] ([[User talk:Slacker13|talk]]) 19:52, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|Slacker13}} These file's have already been deleted for the reasons given above. Of course, if you feel that was done in error, you can ask for clarification for the administrator who deleted the files. If you click on the red links for the files' names, you'll see which administrator deleted them and why. You can then post a query on their user talk page if you want. FWIW, it's not so much that allowing this type of use will cause all kinds a legal problems for the WMF; that's a possibility, but it a real small one since this would almost certainly be considered a case of acceptable [[:fair use]]. However, as pointed about above, the current policy was something established quite a long time ago and discussed many times over the years since then. The consensus has always been for Wikipedia's policy to be [[:WP:NFC#Background|intentionally more restrictive than fair use]], and one of these restrictions has to do with non-free images of still living persons. You can of course propose a change be made at [[:WT:NFCC]] since [[:WP:CCC|policies can be changed if deemed necessary]]; however, the argument you've made above seems to have been made a number of times before in some shape or form, and it's never really gained any traction. -- [[User:Marchjuly|Marchjuly]] ([[User talk:Marchjuly|talk]]) 05:12, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:Marchjuly|Marchjuly]]for the guidance. It actually is quite helpful. I'm just frustrated, please understand not at you, but with the restrictions. It just adds such context and content to be able to see the person you're reading about. But I understand that this debate and consensus predates me. I won't make a stink. Warmly, [[User:Slacker13|Slacker13]] ([[User talk:Slacker13|talk]]) 21:13, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
::Actually, this a specific WMF requirement in their non-free resolution, [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy here]. A policy request change can't override that. [[User:Masem|M<span style="font-variant: small-caps">asem</span>]] ([[User Talk:Masem|t]]) 21:26, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
:::Thank you! [[User:Slacker13|Slacker13]] ([[User talk:Slacker13|talk]]) 19:51, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

== Can a PD picture be put back into copyright? ==

Forgive me if i'm in the wrong place; i know/understand next to nothing about copyrights, especially with regard to anything other than words. There is an image in [[Mohammed Shitta Bey]] the caption of which is a copyright notice. I asked on the talk page of the {{U|HkB99|user}} who uploaded the image, and got a {{Diff|User talk:HkB99|diff=next|1217571946|label=reply}} i don't fully understand. Two questions arise for me:
# Is an old (PD) picture made copyright again because it has been scanned and trimmed?
# Is it necessary (if the answer to the above is Yes) to label it as copyright in the caption on our article?<br/>
Any answers gratefully received. Happy days, ~ '''[[User:LindsayH|Lindsay]]'''<sup>'''[[User_talk:LindsayH|H]]'''[[User_talk:LindsayH|ello]]</sup> 09:26, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

:Their argument is that the editing, retouching and cropping create a new copyright in this specific version of a public domain image. That can be argued. (Mere scanning however does not, as it is intended as a "faithful copy".)
:However the user concerned [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mohamedu_Shitta_Mosque.jpg&action=history uploaded the image as their own work] and agreed that the image was made available by that user as cc-by-sa. While the edited image may be their copyright - as are any text contributions you or they make - this does not need to be stated, as the copyright and CC-BY-SA licence information can be found on the image page. The caption is also misleading as it implies the image cannot be reused by others; and in any case in copyright images, used as fair use etc, state the conditions on the image's own page, not in captions.
:I think the user may have misunderstood how WP contributions work, and what they are agreeing to. If they feel strongly about that then they might want to have the image removed from Wikimedia Commons. I'm not sure what the policy is, although WM Commons would not be under any obligation to agree, as the licence assignation is very clear. [[User:JimKillock|Jim Killock]] [[User_talk:JimKillock|(talk)]] 09:40, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
::I updated the information on the Commons page accordingly. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 09:58, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
::While the copyright notice on the Wikipedia page is perhaps misleading and definitely superfluous, it is not incongruent with a CC-BY-SA license. After all, that does require attribution and relicensing under the same license and so is very different from a public domain image. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 10:10, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
:::You are right, the caption isn't "wrong" from a copyright perspective (it perhaps ought to include ''cc-by-sa''), but presumably there is a WP policy not to add credit, copyright or licence information in captions, as it's never seen (excepting items like artworks where the name of original artist may be needed for context reasons etc). [[User:JimKillock|Jim Killock]] [[User_talk:JimKillock|(talk)]] 10:53, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
::::I remember reading years ago that we almost never show the copyright info, which was part of what triggered my questions here. I've changed it, anyway, as the image at Commons shows the attributions and status. Happy days, ~ '''[[User:LindsayH|Lindsay]]'''<sup>'''[[User_talk:LindsayH|H]]'''[[User_talk:LindsayH|ello]]</sup> 11:29, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[MOS:CREDITS]]. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 15:05, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:Without speaking to the legal or policy aspects, I find the idea of presenting a cropped public domain scan as one's own copyrighted work to be absurd. Licensing such an image without doing research on how licensing works and then still claiming all rights reserved is doubly absurd. [[User:Thebiguglyalien|<span style="color:#324717">The</span><span style="color:#45631f">big</span><span style="color:#547826">ugly</span><span style="color:#68942f">alien</span>]] ([[User talk:Thebiguglyalien|<span style="color:sienna">talk</span>]]) 17:09, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
Thank you all. I shall point the user here for the useful information, and take care of the caption on the article page. Happy days, ~ '''[[User:LindsayH|Lindsay]]'''<sup>'''[[User_talk:LindsayH|H]]'''[[User_talk:LindsayH|ello]]</sup> 10:26, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

:Dear Wikimedia Commons Community,
:I’m facing an urgent issue where my copyright, covering both an image and its caption under © 2024 SHITTA & DAVIES, was compromised through unauthorized edits shortly after upload. This alteration contradicts the explicit terms provided and constitutes a clear act of vandalism. In response, I removed the ripped image from Wikipedia, but it persists unlawfully on Wikimedia Commons - unfortunately, this as an act of piracy.
:This not only undermines the copyright integrity but also my trust in the platform’s respect for creator rights. [[User:HkB99|HkB99]] ([[User talk:HkB99|talk]]) 15:19, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
::We are not the Wikimedia Commons community. En.Wikipedia and Commons are separate projects despite their interlinking nature. If you have a problem on commons, you can get sympathy here, but not action. You will need to make your request on commons instead. It would probably help to be more specific. —[[User:David Eppstein|David Eppstein]] ([[User talk:David Eppstein|talk]]) 15:36, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
:::I can try and be a bit more specific, {{U|David Eppstein}}. In trying to make better use of the picture HkB99 uploaded a couple of days ago i moved it {{Diff|Mohammed Shitta Bey|diff=next|1217706259|}} and changed the caption; i thought that was acceptable, though i may have misread the advice i was given above. HkB99 has now removed the image from the article and wants it gone; i'm afraid it was i who suggested he come here (showing mine ignorance of images and files) rather than Commons, mostly because i don't know my way around Commons. Happy days, ~ '''[[User:LindsayH|Lindsay]]'''<sup>'''[[User_talk:LindsayH|H]]'''[[User_talk:LindsayH|ello]]</sup> 15:55, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:HkB99|HkB99]] Wikimedia Commons does have a policy of allowing courtesy deletions of recently uploaded images at the behest of the uploader. If you wish for me to request its speedy deletion at Commons on your behalf with reference to this discussion, I would be happy to do that for you. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 16:21, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
:::Not really a policy:[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Courtesy_deletions/2]. Also, in this particular case, such a discussion could go either way, there are reasons to oppose, basically that it seems a good picture of a historical person with articles on 3 WP:s. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 07:43, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::I was referring more to [[:c:COM:CSD|speedy deletion criterion]] G7, which does seem to be based in policy. Of course, given it was recently in use, that may not be considered appropriate. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 12:45, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::While the historical significance and educational value of the image cannot be understated, the heart of the matter remains the unauthorized use of copyrighted material on Wikimedia Commons. The infringement on © 2024 SHITTA & DAVIES rights needs addressing not just through content management policies but in a manner that respects the copyright holder's entitlement to compensation. Therefore, the proposal is straightforward: Wikimedia Commons should compensate © 2024 SHITTA & DAVIES at the standard stock price for the unauthorized use of the image. Upon payment, © 2024 SHITTA & DAVIES are prepared to grant a license that would legalize the use of the image on the platform. [[User:HkB99|HkB99]] ([[User talk:HkB99|talk]]) 13:58, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:HkB99|HkB99]] The issue is, that you personally authorised this usage under a CC-by-SA licence when you uploaded the work. You were asked to explain what the copyright status was, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mohamedu_Shitta_Mosque.jpg&oldid=865987086 you personally asserted that] ''"I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license."''
:::::Thus you can '''ask''' at Commons for your scan to be removed, on the basis that you didn't read or didn't understand the instructions you were given and accepted, or now want to change your mind. However, as the image is a public domain scan, etcetera, there may be some debate about whether to remove the image. However it would be helpful if acknowledged that this is your error, as you uploaded the image and accepted the copyright licence agreement, however this error may have occurred. There's not much point arguing otherwise as it is clear from the publicly visible image page creation and edit logs. [[User:JimKillock|Jim Killock]] [[User_talk:JimKillock|(talk)]] 14:44, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::{{ping|HkB99}} Any attempt to try and receive compensation for your image by posting here is going to go nowhere. None of us posting here (i.e. the Wikipedia Community) represent the Wikimedia Foundation in any official capacity and have no authority when it comes to such a request. The same applies to those (i.e. the Wikimedia Commons Community) posting on Commons. If compensation is what you're really after, I suggest you try [[:WP:Contact us|contacting the Wikimedia Foundation directly by email]] and state your case to them. I also suggest you take a close look at [[:Wikipedia:No legal threats]] and be very careful about posting anything that might be construed as such. In other words, anything related to legal matters that you would like to discuss should be done directly by email with the Wikimedia Foundation itself. Finally, regarding the copyright status of digitalized images, you might want to take a look at [[:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.]] and [[:National Portrait Gallery and Wikimedia Foundation copyright dispute]] for general reference. Your specific situation may not exactly the same as those two disputes, but those two cases seem to be primarily related to how Wikimedia Foundation's views the copyright status of digitalized public domain images. -- [[User:Marchjuly|Marchjuly]] ([[User talk:Marchjuly|talk]]) 21:54, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] Yes please, I would like to escalate deleting the pirated image. And for further avoidable of doubt to other commentators, please understand that the image is my copyright - only I have the original, which is now in PD. [[User:HkB99|HkB99]] ([[User talk:HkB99|talk]]) 16:13, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::I tagged it now as at [[:c:File:Mohamedu Shitta Mosque.jpg|its file page]], but I would fully expect this to be converted into a regular [[:c:COM:DR|deletion discussion at Commons]] rather than being unilaterally deleted by an administrator. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 16:48, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::''You'' (HkB99) uploaded it with the statement "I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license." How is it then ''pirated''? It is regrettable if you didn't bother to check what that meant (wouldn't be the first time someone did that), and [[MOS:CREDITS]] perhaps surprised you, but ''you'' decided to "give it to the world."
::::Felix QW, a Commons admin reverted your tag. HkB99, as I understand it, your next step is to go to '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamedu_Shitta_Mosque.jpg File:Mohamedu Shitta Mosque.jpg]''', find the "Nominate for deletion" link on the left side (assuming you're on a laptop), use that and make your case. Afaik, your best shot is to ask for a [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Courtesy_deletions/2 Courtesy deletion], which you may or may not get. Good luck. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 19:18, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::I am sorry, I didn't realise it had been restored to the Wikipedia article. That obviously makes it ineligible for speedy deletion, so [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]]'s advice is spot on. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 20:00, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

For the interested, thread on Commons: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Help_desk#Can_a_PD_picture_be_put_back_into_copyright? Can a PD picture be put back into copyright?] [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 19:44, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
: {{ping|HkB99}} Am I understanding correctly that you want "© 2024 SHITTA & DAVIES" to be part of the attribution? I can definitely fix it so that is noted on the license on the file (which is irrevocable). [[User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]] ([[User talk:Abzeronow|talk]]) 19:49, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::My understanding is that HkB99 wants/demands it to be part of the picture-caption in the en-WP article like here [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Shitta_Bey&oldid=1217326962], but perhaps I'm wrong. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 19:56, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::Hello @[[User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]],I hope this message finds you well. I want to clarify that my primary goal in this situation is to ensure proper attribution and respect for copyright.
::It's important to understand that the image in question is not in the public domain; it is under copyright for the year 2024. There exists a larger, physical version of this image that PD, but the copyrighted version has been specifically retouched and focused on the subject alone.
::After noticing the unauthorized alteration and re-addition of the image to Wikipedia, my concerns about copyright protection and attribution have only deepened.
::Initially, my intention was to share the image for educational purposes, believing in the platform's capacity to respect and protect the rights of copyright holders. However, the handling of this matter has raised significant concerns about the general understanding and enforcement of copyright principles within the community.
::There are two ways I would not mind proceeding:
::1. WK Commons purchasing the image at its standard stock price to redeem the infirigmemt, to which I have been advised by @[[User:Marchjuly|Marchjuly]] and am open to more advice and help/labour.
::2. As you have stated, correct attribution fixes this. The image is NOT in the public domain - Wikipedia currently tells a misleading and inevitably a story of future infringement. Irrevocably fixing the copyright © 2024 SHITTA & DAVIES to the license is a correct step forward. [[User:HkB99|HkB99]] ([[User talk:HkB99|talk]]) 04:37, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
:::You seem to have misunderstood what I posted above. I did post {{tq|If compensation is what you're really after, I suggest you try [[:WP:Contact us|contacting the Wikimedia Foundation directly by email]] and state your case to them.}}, but I didn't post the "WK Commons will purchase your image". So, if that's what you want, email the WMF and ask. I'm pretty sure everyone who's posted here knows what the WMF's answer will be, but you can find out yourself if you want. Before you go off emailing the WMF, though, you might want to contact an attorney specializing in image copyright law first to make sure you have a case. An attorney should be able to more clearly lay out what you're options are (e.g. [[:wmf:Legal:Digital Millennium Copyright Act takedowns]]) than anyone here at MCQ can do. As for your point #2, as explained by others above, that's not going to happen because that's not how images are attirbuted on Wikipedia as explained in [[:MOS:CREDITS]]; so, it's probably time to [[:WP:STICK|drop that stick]] and move on. Finally, you uploaded the image to Commons, and Commons is where you're going to have to resolve any issues with the images licensing. A discussion about the image is taking place at [[:c:COM:HD#Can a PD picture be put back into copyright?]] and you're free to participate in that discussion if you want. You can also start a new discussion at [[:c:COM:VPC]] if you want (but it's probably best to stick to one discussion at Commons at a time). There's really nothing more anybody here at MCQ can do for you other than to keep repeating what's already been posted above. -- [[User:Marchjuly|Marchjuly]] ([[User talk:Marchjuly|talk]]) 05:02, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
::::Thank you. No doubt, I understood the first time around. Best [[User:HkB99|HkB99]] ([[User talk:HkB99|talk]]) 06:11, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::The image is now incorrectly marked as being in the public domain - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamedu_Shitta_Mosque.jpg
:::::I am seeking simple, direct, resolution to the aforementioned statement:
:::::"The image is now incorrectly marked as being in the public domain - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamedu_Shitta_Mosque.jpg" [[User:HkB99|HkB99]] ([[User talk:HkB99|talk]]) 06:43, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
::::::Thank you all for your contributions. Seeing as there is no respect for copyright © 2024 SHITTA & DAVIES on this platform.
::::::We shall now enforce copyright law against accused parties.
::::::Please be reminded, I uploaded the image for the education and knowledge of this community. Being a beneficiary of the subjects estate, I did not have to redistribute any portion of the original copy now in PD.
::::::I did this for history. I did it for education. I only asked that the copyright (the image and caption) not be vandalised or the image be ripped from its copyright.
::::::Unfortunately, this platform does not do enough to educate and enforce copyright law.
::::::The current PD designation of my own image, to which you can see an iPhone screenshot bar at the bottom attesting to the fact the copyright is not from 1894, is incorrect and a clear breach of copyright law.
::::::The standard stock price of this image was rather high, and now the value is 0. Thank you all. [[User:HkB99|HkB99]] ([[User talk:HkB99|talk]]) 08:39, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Given the now-unambiguous legal threat here, building on several other comments that at best started to approach that bright line and warning for such, I have indef'ed HkB99. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 14:09, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Yeah, I was afraid of that. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 15:14, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
::::::The original position on the image page, whereby the image was stated as your creation and copyright, licenced by you as cc-by-sa, would cover this, without any need to state that the image is copyright anywhere else, such as specific Wikipedia pages.
::::::Whether the image is PD or not is a matter of debate, and something that Commons would need to determine. This discussion should move there. [[User:JimKillock|Jim Killock]] [[User_talk:JimKillock|(talk)]] 08:39, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
For info, I uploaded a file with the uncropped version of the photograph, but it's unfortunately a very small file from a postcard seller and copied via facebook. There might be a much larger copy published in [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03087298.2012.758414 this journal article], if someone can have access to it through an institutional subscription or something. -- [[User:Asclepias|Asclepias]] ([[User talk:Asclepias|talk]]) 19:31, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

:The version in that article is slighty better, yes. I've added it here [[:File:Prince Oyekan - Oba of Lagos and others, photo by Neils Walwin Holm, 1894-2.jpg]] The face would need a bit of retouching work to roughly match the current version, as the postcard seems to have been slightly damaged. I think all three are scans from the postcard however. [[User:JimKillock|Jim Killock]] [[User_talk:JimKillock|(talk)]] 20:05, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

== Process of fixing a license and moving to Commons? ==

[[:File:Harvey_Birdman,_Attorney_at_Law.png]] was uploaded with a copyrighted tag, but the logo is simple enough to fall under a public domain tag. I have already added the correct license (and trademark tag), but even with that and the non-free use template fixed, I would still be unable to use the FileExporter tool, as a revision is hidden.

What is the standard process for moving once copyright tagged files to Commons? Do I request for the revision to be unhidden, manually upload to Commons and tag the WP file for SD, or something else? Apologies if this is answered somewhere that I did not notice. [[User:DetriaSkies|<span style="background-color: black; color: pink">detria<sup>skies</sup></span>]] 17:12, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
: Hi {{u|DetriaSkies}}. I think there are two options for you here: (1) request the older revisions of the file be restored via [[:WP:REFUND]] (an administrator needs restore the older version) and then transfer the file to Commons; or (2) upload a new higher quality version of the logo to Commons yourself and then tag the local file for speedy deletion per [[:WP:F8]]. With respect to (2), if use the same file name and file format as the local file, the software will automatically replace the old file with the new one after the former has been deleted. -- [[User:Marchjuly|Marchjuly]] ([[User talk:Marchjuly|talk]]) 21:32, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::I saved y'all a trip to REFUND:) [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 22:06, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::Thank you both! [[User:DetriaSkies|<span style="background-color: black; color: pink">detria<sup>skies</sup></span>]] 22:43, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

== Question about LaTeX Licensing Versus CC-BY-SA ==

Hello!

Some time ago, I uploaded a work I made using LaTeX, [[:File:DominoLogic-LaTeX.png]], to Wikipedia. Not knowing which license to use, I seem to have uploaded it simultaneously under the LaTeX Project Public License and CC-BY-SA 4.0. Is this an issue? If so, how can it be resolved?

Thanks, [[User:DeemDeem52|DeemDeem52]] ([[User talk:DeemDeem52|talk]]) 02:27, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

:No issue. If there are two licences then that just means whoever reuses it gets to pick which terms they prefer. For example, most text on Wikipedia is both CC-BY-SA 4.0 and GFDL, but most people just reuse it under the CC. [[User:Alpha3031|Alpha3031]] ([[User talk:Alpha3031|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alpha3031|c]]) 07:28, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

== Iona Presentation College Crest ==

We host two versions of this crest, one under fair use at [[:File:Iona Presentation College new color logo.jpg]] and one at [[:File:Ionapresentation.jpg]] with the claim that it was first used in 1907 and is therefore in the public domain. If that is true, the colour variation of the former may have insufficient originality to attract new copyright, at least under US law. If we find the 1907 claim unconvincing, [[:File:Ionapresentation.jpg]] would probably have to be removed from the list that it is currently in use on. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 08:46, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
:Unconvincing indeed. It is obviously a more recent rendering, not a scan of a rendering made in 1907 found on a document. The source doesn't even say that the concept of the design is from 1907. -- [[User:Asclepias|Asclepias]] ([[User talk:Asclepias|talk]]) 11:16, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

== Which tags, please? ==

Hi, I uploaded [[:File:Greenbaum-Film Weissensee advertisement, April 1918.jpg]], but am unsure which copyright tags to use. The image is from a German trade publication, ''Lichtbild-Bühne'', Vol 11, No. 14, 6 April 1918 [pdf 77] (in German), online at https://archive.org/details/lichtbildbuhne-1918-04/page/n76/mode/1up?view=theater . The author appears to be unknown. I added a basic PD license. Could you also confirm that another image of a film studio on [pdf 98], https://archive.org/details/lichtbildbuhne-1918-04/page/n97/mode/1up?view=theater (not uploaded yet) would need the same copyright licenses? Cheers, [[User:MinorProphet|MinorProphet]] ([[User talk:MinorProphet|talk]]) 09:16, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

:There is a specific issue with anonymously published German works, namely that for non-photographic works such as this one seems to be, the copyright term usually extends to 70 years after the author's death, even if the author is unknown. Since we have no way of knowing when the author of this advertisement died, it would be safer to upload it locally here on the English Wikipedia, where we only care about US copyright law. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 09:57, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

::That's great, I'll move it to en:wp. Is the copyright notice correct, though? Many thanks, [[User:MinorProphet|MinorProphet]] ([[User talk:MinorProphet|talk]]) 17:59, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] This looks like {{tl|PD-EU-no author disclosure}} would apply on Commons. Under either the old or new methods (see [[:c:Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Germany#Anonymous and pseudonymous works]]) publication +70 years would be the duration of the copyright. [[User:Nthep|Nthep]] ([[User talk:Nthep|talk]]) 18:21, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
:::I added the {{tl|PD-EU-no author disclosure}} and left it on Commons for the moment. Thanks both for your helpful comments. [[User:MinorProphet|MinorProphet]] ([[User talk:MinorProphet|talk]]) 22:28, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
:::The way I understand the convoluted old German rules is that for works of fine art, which include works of applied art but not photographic works, the copyright term is always life + 70 years, regardless of anonymity. If this advertisement counts as a "work of fine art" by those standards then, one would have to wait the 120 years old-assumed period. [[User:Felix QW|Felix QW]] ([[User talk:Felix QW|talk]]) 05:45, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
::::It's not exactly in the same league as a [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer]] or a [[Caspar David Friedrich]], is it? I would argue it is a workman-like drawing for the purpose of promoting a business, with no pretensions to as to a higher purpose. Maybe it's best on en:wp as you suggested. Cheers, [[User:MinorProphet|MinorProphet]] ([[User talk:MinorProphet|talk]]) 08:36, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::doesn't look like fine art or even applied art to me, hence my suggestion that publication +70 is applicable. [[User:Nthep|Nthep]] ([[User talk:Nthep|talk]]) 10:50, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

== Can this picture be uploaded to wikimedia/wikidata? ==

Hello!

Can [[:File:Death and Taxes Steam Library Cover.jpg|this coverart]] be uploaded to wikimedia so that it can be used in [[wikidata:Q76348991|the template]] on wikidata?

Thanks :) - [[User:Tobost06|Tobost06]] ([[User talk:Tobost06|talk]]) 10:11, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{u|Tobost06}}: Sorry but no, non-free media can only be uploaded to wikis that allow non-free use. Those wikis are very few, such as the enwiki, where it is now. [[User:Ww2censor|ww2censor]] ([[User talk:Ww2censor|talk]]) 10:36, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
::Hey, thanks for answering so fast. Understood :) - [[User:Tobost06|Tobost06]] ([[User talk:Tobost06|talk]]) 10:40, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

== Can this picture be uploaded to [[Srikanth (film)|Srikanth]] ==

What is issue about this film poster [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Srikanth_film_poster.jpg] not upload to [[Srikanth (film)|Srikanth]] article. Please help. [[User:Sush150|Sush150]] ([[User talk:Sush150|talk]]) 09:04, 13 April 2024 (UTC)
: Hi {{u|Sush150}}. The problem has to do with the {{para|article}} parameter in the non-free use rationale you provided for the file. You added {{no redirect|Shrikanth (film)}} as the article where you want to use the file, but that page [[:WP:REDIRECT]]s to the article [[:Srikanta (film)]]. That's what the bot it seeing when it checks the rationale and that's why the bot moved the file. If you want to use the file in [[:Srikanth (film)]], then that's the name of the article you should add to the rationale. It looks like you might've just misspelled the name of the film by mistakenly adding an "h" to "Srikanth". -- [[User:Marchjuly|Marchjuly]] ([[User talk:Marchjuly|talk]]) 09:52, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

== File:Lincoln Chafee 2020 presidential campaign logo.webp ==

Does [[:File:Lincoln Chafee 2020 presidential campaign logo.webp]] really need to be treated as non-free simply due to the Statue of Liberty imagery used as the "i" in "Lincoln"? If it does, then it probably fails [[:WP:NFCCP]] based on it's current use. For reference, I asked the same at [[:Wikipedia:Media copyright questions/Archive/2023/August#Statue of Liberty imagery]] and just want to double check. -- [[User:Marchjuly|Marchjuly]] ([[User talk:Marchjuly|talk]]) 13:03, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

== Looking to use a picture for a non-living person, and can't find a commons picture of her. I believe all fair-use requirements to have been met (for any of the ones listed). Is this the right place to ask. ==

I am looking to add a picture of [[Olivia Frank]] on english Wikipedia. For rather obvious reasons, a new picture cannot be taken, and I can't find any existing pictures that are usable per commons.

Would any/every one of those meet the requirements for fair use? I believe this to be the case, but am rather inexperienced with this sort of media.

#https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/trans-mossad-spy-who-helped-track-down-the-munich-terrorists-is-laid-to-rest-brocccl6
#https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mossad-spy-identifies-neo-nazi-konrad
#https://confidentials.com/manchester/the-olivia-frank-story-manchesters-transgender-spy

Thank you :) [[User:FortunateSons|FortunateSons]] ([[User talk:FortunateSons|talk]]) 09:45, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:FortunateSons|FortunateSons]] I see no reason this wouldn't be allowed. Consider the book-cover [https://www.amazon.com/Mossad-Spy-what-youve-transgender/dp/1916096301] an option. Pick the one you think would be the best lead-image, and upload it at [[WP:FUW]] - "Upload a non-free file". [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 10:20, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you very much :) [[User:FortunateSons|FortunateSons]] ([[User talk:FortunateSons|talk]]) 10:31, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg File:Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg] ==

Hello everyone! I noticed that this file is copyrighted and I would like to use it for the article "Torture" in the Vietnamese Wikipedia project. Can I upload it to the Vietnamese Wikipedia with full copyright details like the English version? Hope to get some help! Have a nice day! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 04:09, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:P. ĐĂNG|P. ĐĂNG]] You'll have to ask on the Vietnamese Wikipedia. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 08:04, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
::[[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] Some members knowledgeable in this field on Vietnamese Wikipedia are currently inactive. At the Vietnamese Wikipedia project, when downloading a copyrighted image from the English Wikipedia, I often copy the entire copyright attribution of the English version to the Vietnamese version. I'm wondering if I can make the above file this way? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 08:54, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
::[[User:Toohool|Toohool]] Can you join this discussion? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 08:57, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Media copyright questions

2024-04-21T08:54:07Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* File:Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg */

Wikipedia:Media copyright questions

2024-04-21T04:09:46Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Looking to use a picture for a non-living person, and can't find a commons picture of her. I believe all fair-use requirements to have been met (for any of the ones listed). Is this the right place to ask. */

User talk:Buidhe

2024-04-21T03:59:18Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* File:Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg */

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== CS1 error on [[Garetosmab]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Qwerfjkl (bot)|Qwerfjkl (bot)]]. I have '''automatically detected''' that [[Special:Diff/1212123800|this edit]] performed by you, on the page [[:Garetosmab]], may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:
* A [[:Category:CS1 errors: bare URL|bare URL]] error. References show this error when one of the URL-containing parameters cannot be paired with an associated title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. ([//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garetosmab&action=edit&minor=minor&summary=Fixing+reference+error+raised+by+%5B%5BUser%3AQwerfjkl%20(bot)%7CQwerfjkl%20(bot)%5D%5D Fix] | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:Qwerfjkl%20(bot)/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F1212123800%7CGaretosmab%5D%5D Ask for help])
Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a [[false positive]], you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:Qwerfjkl/Botpreload&editintro=User:Qwerfjkl/boteditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:Qwerfjkl&preloadtitle=Qwerfjkl%20(bot)%20–%20Buidhe&section=new&preloadparams%5b%5d={{FULLPAGENAMEE:Garetosmab}}&preloadparams%5b%5d=1212123800 report it to my operator].
Thanks, [[User:Qwerfjkl (bot)|Qwerfjkl (bot)]] ([[User talk:Qwerfjkl (bot)|talk]]) 00:52, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

== March 2024 ==
<div class="user-block uw-pblock" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">You have been '''[[WP:Partial blocks|blocked]]''' from editing from certain pages ([[:German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war]]) for a period of '''2 weeks''' for edit warring. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to [[WP:Five pillars|make useful contributions]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">During a dispute, you should first try to [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|discuss controversial changes]] and seek [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. If that proves unsuccessful, you are encouraged to seek [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]], and in some cases it may be appropriate to request [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|page protection]].</div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please review Wikipedia's [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text to the bottom of your talk page: <code><nowiki>{{unblock|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}}</nowiki></code>.  [[User:EvergreenFir|'''<span style="color:#8b00ff;">Eve</span><span style="color:#6528c2;">rgr</span><span style="color:#3f5184;">een</span><span style="color:#197947;">Fir</span>''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 03:38, 27 March 2024 (UTC)</div></div>

== Soviet POWs ==

Since we are both blocked and apparently guilty of edit warring, we should instead include other editors to discuss the sources and what is accurate or not, instead of back and forth arguing without making progress. I see you pinged someone and I have asked someone else for input as well, hopefully this resolves the dispute. [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 03:44, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war]] ==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've [[Talk:German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war/GA1{{!}}begun reviewing]] the article [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[File:Time2wait.svg|20px|link=]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.   <small>Message delivered by [[User:ChristieBot|ChristieBot]], on behalf of [[User:Catlemur|Catlemur]]</small> -- [[User:Catlemur|Catlemur]] ([[User talk:Catlemur|talk]]) 01:44, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

== Edelman Family Foundation ==

Hello @[[User:Buidhe|Buidhe]]

I am reaching out to you because of your previous participation in one of the discussions regarding the reliability and neutrality of ''HuffPost/Pink News/ProPublica'' as sources used on Wikipedia.

Currently, there is an ongoing issue with the [[Joseph Edelman#Edelman Family Foundation|Edelman Family Foundation section]] in the [[Joseph Edelman]] Wikipedia article. The section appears to be biased and lacks a balanced representation of the foundation's activities, as it primarily focuses on a single controversial donation while neglecting to mention the organization's numerous other significant contributions to various causes.

I would like to invite you to participate in the [[Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons/Noticeboard#Suspected_bias_on_Joseph_Edelman's_page|discussion on the BLP Noticeboard]] to address the concerns surrounding the section's neutrality and explore ways to improve its content. [[User:Llama Tierna|Llama Tierna]] ([[User talk:Llama Tierna|talk]]) 18:05, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

== New Pages Patrol newsletter April 2024 ==

<div style="border:2px solid #90C0FF; background:#F0F0FF; width:99%; padding:4px">

{| style="float: right; border: 1px solid #BBB; background: #FFFFFF;
|}
Hello {{BASEPAGENAME}},
{| style="float: right;
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
|}
[[File:NPP unreviewed article statistics as of April 2, 2024.svg|thumb|400px|New Page Review queue January to March 2024]]

'''Backlog update:''' The October drive reduced the article backlog from 11,626 to 7,609 and the redirect backlog from 16,985 to 6,431! Congratulations to {{no ping|Schminnte}}, who led with over 2,300 points.

Following that, New Page Patrol organized another backlog drive for articles in January 2024. The January drive started with 13,650 articles and reduced the backlog to 7,430 articles. Congratulations to {{no ping|JTtheOG}}, who achieved first place with 1,340 points in this drive.

Looking at the graph, it seems like backlog drives are one of the only things keeping the backlog under control. Another backlog drive is being planned for May. Feel free to participate in the [[Wikipedia talk:New pages patrol/Reviewers#Next backlog drive|May backlog drive planning discussion]].

It's worth noting that both queues are gradually increasing again and are nearing 14,034 articles and 22,540 redirects. We encourage you to keep contributing, even if it's just a single patrol per day. Your support is greatly appreciated!

'''2023 Awards'''
[[File:New page reviewer of the year cup.svg|74px|left]]
{{no ping|Onel5969}} won the 2023 cup with 17,761 article reviews last year - that's an average of nearly 50/day. There was one Platinum Award (10,000+ reviews), 2 Gold Awards (5000+ reviews), 6 Silver (2000+), 8 Bronze (1000+), 30 Iron (360+) and 70 more for the 100+ barnstar. {{no ping|Hey man im josh}} led on redirect reviews by clearing 36,175 of them. For the full details, see the [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Awards|Awards page]] and the [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Awards#NPP Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]. Congratulations everyone for their efforts in reviewing!

'''WMF work on PageTriage:''' The [[:mw:Moderator Tools|WMF Moderator Tools team]] and volunteer software developers [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/extensions/PageTriage/+/966286|deployed the rewritten NewPagesFeed in October]], and then [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/extensions/PageTriage/+/967661|gave the NewPagesFeed a slight visual facelift in November]]. This concludes most major work to [[Special:NewPagesFeed]], and most major work by the WMF Moderator Tools team, who [[Wikipedia:Page Curation/2023 Moderator Tools project#October 20, 2023: Final update!|wrapped up their major work on PageTriage in October]]. The WMF Moderator Tools team and volunteer software developers will continue small work on PageTriage as time permits.

'''Recruitment:''' A couple of the coordinators have been inviting editors to become reviewers, via mass-messages to their talk pages. If you know someone who you'd think would make a good reviewer, then a personal invitation to them would be great. Additionally, if there are Wikiprojects that you are active on, then you can add a post there asking participants to join NPP. Please be careful not to double invite folks that have already been invited.

'''Reviewing tip:''' Reviewers who prefer to patrol new pages within their most familiar subjects can use the regularly updated [https://nppbrowser.toolforge.org/ NPP Browser] tool.

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* You can access live chat with patrollers on the [https://discordapp.com/invite/heF3xPu New Pages Patrol Discord].
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[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:27, 2 April 2024 (UTC)


== WCK drone strikes ==

I want a clarification about [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Central_Kitchen_drone_strikes&diff=prev&oldid=1217962049 this edit] because you have changed more than removing the IDF flag from the infobox but reverting other edits as well, contrary to your edit summary. -- [[User:Sameboat|Sameboat - 同舟]] ([[User talk:Sameboat|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Sameboat|contri.]]) 23:46, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{u|Sameboat}} I don't know what went wrong here, I only meant to remove the flag. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 01:04, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

==DYK for Transgender people in Nazi Germany==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2024/April#10 April 2024|10 April 2024]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Transgender people in Nazi Germany]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in just one night, thousands of books on the experiences and medical care of '''[[transgender people in Nazi Germany]]''' were burned ''(pictured)'' for being "un-German"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Transgender people in Nazi Germany]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page <small>([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [https://pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2024-03-31&end=2024-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany Transgender people in Nazi Germany])</small>, and the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics/Monthly DYK pageview leaders|the statistics page]] after its run on the Main Page has completed. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} —[[User:Kusma|Kusma]] ([[User talk:Kusma|talk]]) 00:02, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
{{DYK views|12,314|1,026.2|April 2024|Transgender people in Nazi Germany}} [[User:GalliumBot|GalliumBot]] ([[User talk:GalliumBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/GalliumBot|contribs]]) (he/[[It (pronoun)|it]]) 03:28, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
{{User QAIbox
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| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Top|story]] · [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#Music|music]] · [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2024#1 Apr|places]]
}}
Thank you for your work on the article, also featured on [[Portal:Germany]]. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:57, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

== Armenian Genocide ==

I know you quite often patrol and correct pages of genocides, and was seeing if you thought the infobox for the Armenian Genocide page looked adequate? [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 03:15, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

:I have been opposed to having an infobox there for a long time because most of the fields are oversimplified or at least somewhat disputed (death toll, location, time) depending on which events are counted as part of the genocide. Reducing "perpetrators" to the CUP or Ottoman state is rather simplistic, given widespread popular participation in aspects of the genocide even by non-Ottomans—for example, Iranian Kurds if you count killings in Iran. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 03:19, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
::I understand that part about the perpetrators, as similar to the Holocaust, while it was mainly Germany, a lot of it was carried out by its allies and local collaborators, so maybe something similar can be put for perpetrators? Also, the timeline is a bit wonky, but the most commonly stated, as provided by the Holocaust Museum as well, is 1915 to 1916. [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 03:22, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
:::I can live with those dates, but Suny and some others say it ended in early 1917. What's your source for 1915-1916 being the most common? ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 03:32, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
::::The sources for the date of 1915 to 1916 are listed here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Armenian Genocide (1915-16): In Depth |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bloxham |first=Donald |date=2003 |title=The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600788 |journal=Past & Present |issue=181 |pages=141–191 |issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eliminating an Existential Threat: the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1916 |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/eliminating-existential-threat-the-armenian-genocide-1915-1916 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> However, I see other sources listing it from 1915 to 1923, so as you said, the dates are complicated to pin down and interpret. [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 04:13, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::On top of the comment above, I may have misinterpreted "most common", as I see there's no agreed upon end date. Whether 1915–1917, 1915–1916, or 1915–1923. [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 04:27, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

==[[Katharine Coman]]==
I don't understand this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katharine_Coman&curid=1344322&diff=1219182785&oldid=1219177987 edit]. Cause of death, if known, is pretty essential to any encyclopedia biography, no? Hardly [[WP:TRIVIA|trivial]]. [[User:Nirva20|Nirva20]] ([[User talk:Nirva20|talk]]) 23:13, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
* [[User:Nirva20|Nirva20]], please look up [[WP:NONDEF]] again. The standard for categories is not "not trivia". Death categories are are widely overused because the cause of death is rarely the reason someone is notable. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 23:38, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
{{Reflist}}

== Nomination advice ==

Dear Buidhe, I am writing this message in recollection that some time ago you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Did_you_know_nominations/Battle_of_Meligalas&diff=prev&oldid=860802813 had suggested] that an article I [[Template:Did_you_know_nominations/Battle_of_Meligalas|had nominated for a DYK]] be nominated to be listed as a GA. The [[Battle of Meligalas|article]] is to a large extent a translation into English of a [[:el:Μάχη του Μελιγαλά|Greek Wikipedia article]] that has been recognized there as a FA. I think that it fulfills the criteria for the English Wikipedia as well and I am thus considering a FA nomination. As this is my first FA nomination in the English version of the encyclopedia, I followed the suggestion (which I found [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|here]]) that I seek the mentorship of an experienced user, but there has been no response at all for the past few days and weeks from neither of the users I contacted. I am wondering whether you could perhaps provide some help in this regard and in particular with whether it would be advisable to go ahead with a FA nomination without first submitting a GA nomination for this article. With many thanks in advance for your response, which I am sure to greatly appreciate, [[User:Ashmedai 119|Ashmedai 119]] ([[User talk:Ashmedai 119|talk]]) 15:08, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{u| Ashmedai 119}} while I don't know if a FAC would be successful at this point, it is likely to go more smoothly (especially as a first time nominator) if you go through GAN first. The criteria are not the same on enwiki as elwiki. Also, you will need access to most of the article's sources to verify content or make changes as necessary without compromising text-source integrity. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 17:24, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you very much for your advice. I have now submitted a GA nomination, as per your suggestion. I do have access to -if I don't miss something- all of the article's sources, as I happen to be the user who had most heavily contributed to the writing of the original Greek article. Many thanks once more, [[User:Ashmedai 119|Ashmedai 119]] ([[User talk:Ashmedai 119|talk]]) 19:45, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

== New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive ==

{| style="border: 5px solid #ABCDEF ; background-color: #FFF; padding:10px 15px 0"
|style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em; font-size:130%" |'''[[Wikipedia:New Page Patrol|New Page Patrol]] |''' <span style="font-size:85%">May 2024 Articles Backlog Drive</span>
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* On 1 May 2024, a one-month backlog drive for New Page Patrol will begin.
* Barnstars will be awarded based on the number of articles patrolled.
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== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg File:Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg] ==

Hello, I want to use the file "Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg" for the Vietnamese version of the article "Tra tấn." Can I download this copyrighted image for the Vietnamese Wikipedia project and use it in the article on "Tra tấn" in Vietnamese Wikipedia? Thank you! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 08:52, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

:[[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] You should be able to download the image and may be able to upload the image on Vietnamese Wikipedia, I do not know your wiki's specific image upload and copyright rules. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 07:36, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
::What about copyright issues? Can I download this photo to the Vietnamese Wikipedia with full copyright as the English Wikipedia version and use it in the Vietnamese Wikipedia? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 03:43, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
:::[[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] I'm not familiar with the copyright rules for Vietnamese Wikipedia, I would look [https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Quyền_tác_giả here] and [https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Thẻ_quyền_cho_tập_tin here] for more information, but I don't speak Vietnamese so I'm not much help, sorry. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 03:47, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
::::No worries! Thank you for trying. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 03:59, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Buidhe

2024-04-21T03:44:01Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* File:Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg */

User talk:Buidhe

2024-04-18T08:52:03Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive */

{{quotebox|I take requests for image and source reviews on historical topics at A-Class and Featured level. Please post all requests on this page.|align=center|width=80em}}{{Ds/aware|Eastern Europe|a-i|ap|e-e|tt}}
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== CS1 error on [[Garetosmab]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Qwerfjkl (bot)|Qwerfjkl (bot)]]. I have '''automatically detected''' that [[Special:Diff/1212123800|this edit]] performed by you, on the page [[:Garetosmab]], may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:
* A [[:Category:CS1 errors: bare URL|bare URL]] error. References show this error when one of the URL-containing parameters cannot be paired with an associated title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. ([//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garetosmab&action=edit&minor=minor&summary=Fixing+reference+error+raised+by+%5B%5BUser%3AQwerfjkl%20(bot)%7CQwerfjkl%20(bot)%5D%5D Fix] | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:Qwerfjkl%20(bot)/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F1212123800%7CGaretosmab%5D%5D Ask for help])
Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a [[false positive]], you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:Qwerfjkl/Botpreload&editintro=User:Qwerfjkl/boteditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:Qwerfjkl&preloadtitle=Qwerfjkl%20(bot)%20–%20Buidhe&section=new&preloadparams%5b%5d={{FULLPAGENAMEE:Garetosmab}}&preloadparams%5b%5d=1212123800 report it to my operator].
Thanks, [[User:Qwerfjkl (bot)|Qwerfjkl (bot)]] ([[User talk:Qwerfjkl (bot)|talk]]) 00:52, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

== Signups open for [[WP:The Core Contest|The Core Contest]] 2024 ==

[[WP:The Core Contest|The Core Contest]]—Wikipedia's most exciting contest—returns again this year from April 15 to May 31. The goal: to improve [[Wikipedia:Vital articles|vital]] or other core articles, with a focus on those in the worst state of disrepair. Editing can be done individually, but in the past groups have also successfully competed. There is {{GBP|300}} of prize money divided among editors who provide the "best additive encyclopedic value". '''[[Wikipedia:The Core Contest/Entries|Signups are open now]]'''. Cheers from the judges, [[User:Femke|Femke]], [[User:Casliber|Casliber]], [[User:Aza24|Aza24]]. – '''<span style="font-family:Lucida;">[[User:Aza24|<span style="color:darkred">Aza24</span>]][[User talk:Aza24|<span style="color:#848484"> (talk)</span>]]</span>''' 02:20, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

<small>If you wish to start or stop receiving news about The Core Contest, please add or remove yourself from [[Wikipedia:The Core Contest/delivery list|the delivery list]].</small>


== Request ==

Hello, collegue. May I ask you to read [[Forced assimilation in Azerbaijan|this article]] and express your criticism? With respect, [[User:Smpad|Smpad]] ([[User talk:Smpad|talk]]) 18:50, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

== March 2024 ==
<div class="user-block uw-pblock" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">You have been '''[[WP:Partial blocks|blocked]]''' from editing from certain pages ([[:German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war]]) for a period of '''2 weeks''' for edit warring. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to [[WP:Five pillars|make useful contributions]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">During a dispute, you should first try to [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|discuss controversial changes]] and seek [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. If that proves unsuccessful, you are encouraged to seek [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]], and in some cases it may be appropriate to request [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|page protection]].</div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please review Wikipedia's [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text to the bottom of your talk page: <code><nowiki>{{unblock|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}}</nowiki></code>.  [[User:EvergreenFir|'''<span style="color:#8b00ff;">Eve</span><span style="color:#6528c2;">rgr</span><span style="color:#3f5184;">een</span><span style="color:#197947;">Fir</span>''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 03:38, 27 March 2024 (UTC)</div></div>

== Soviet POWs ==

Since we are both blocked and apparently guilty of edit warring, we should instead include other editors to discuss the sources and what is accurate or not, instead of back and forth arguing without making progress. I see you pinged someone and I have asked someone else for input as well, hopefully this resolves the dispute. [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 03:44, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war]] ==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've [[Talk:German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war/GA1{{!}}begun reviewing]] the article [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[File:Time2wait.svg|20px|link=]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.   <small>Message delivered by [[User:ChristieBot|ChristieBot]], on behalf of [[User:Catlemur|Catlemur]]</small> -- [[User:Catlemur|Catlemur]] ([[User talk:Catlemur|talk]]) 01:44, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

== Edelman Family Foundation ==

Hello @[[User:Buidhe|Buidhe]]

I am reaching out to you because of your previous participation in one of the discussions regarding the reliability and neutrality of ''HuffPost/Pink News/ProPublica'' as sources used on Wikipedia.

Currently, there is an ongoing issue with the [[Joseph Edelman#Edelman Family Foundation|Edelman Family Foundation section]] in the [[Joseph Edelman]] Wikipedia article. The section appears to be biased and lacks a balanced representation of the foundation's activities, as it primarily focuses on a single controversial donation while neglecting to mention the organization's numerous other significant contributions to various causes.

I would like to invite you to participate in the [[Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons/Noticeboard#Suspected_bias_on_Joseph_Edelman's_page|discussion on the BLP Noticeboard]] to address the concerns surrounding the section's neutrality and explore ways to improve its content. [[User:Llama Tierna|Llama Tierna]] ([[User talk:Llama Tierna|talk]]) 18:05, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

== New Pages Patrol newsletter April 2024 ==

<div style="border:2px solid #90C0FF; background:#F0F0FF; width:99%; padding:4px">

{| style="float: right; border: 1px solid #BBB; background: #FFFFFF;
|}
Hello {{BASEPAGENAME}},
{| style="float: right;
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
|}
[[File:NPP unreviewed article statistics as of April 2, 2024.svg|thumb|400px|New Page Review queue January to March 2024]]

'''Backlog update:''' The October drive reduced the article backlog from 11,626 to 7,609 and the redirect backlog from 16,985 to 6,431! Congratulations to {{no ping|Schminnte}}, who led with over 2,300 points.

Following that, New Page Patrol organized another backlog drive for articles in January 2024. The January drive started with 13,650 articles and reduced the backlog to 7,430 articles. Congratulations to {{no ping|JTtheOG}}, who achieved first place with 1,340 points in this drive.

Looking at the graph, it seems like backlog drives are one of the only things keeping the backlog under control. Another backlog drive is being planned for May. Feel free to participate in the [[Wikipedia talk:New pages patrol/Reviewers#Next backlog drive|May backlog drive planning discussion]].

It's worth noting that both queues are gradually increasing again and are nearing 14,034 articles and 22,540 redirects. We encourage you to keep contributing, even if it's just a single patrol per day. Your support is greatly appreciated!

'''2023 Awards'''
[[File:New page reviewer of the year cup.svg|74px|left]]
{{no ping|Onel5969}} won the 2023 cup with 17,761 article reviews last year - that's an average of nearly 50/day. There was one Platinum Award (10,000+ reviews), 2 Gold Awards (5000+ reviews), 6 Silver (2000+), 8 Bronze (1000+), 30 Iron (360+) and 70 more for the 100+ barnstar. {{no ping|Hey man im josh}} led on redirect reviews by clearing 36,175 of them. For the full details, see the [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Awards|Awards page]] and the [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Awards#NPP Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]. Congratulations everyone for their efforts in reviewing!

'''WMF work on PageTriage:''' The [[:mw:Moderator Tools|WMF Moderator Tools team]] and volunteer software developers [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/extensions/PageTriage/+/966286|deployed the rewritten NewPagesFeed in October]], and then [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/extensions/PageTriage/+/967661|gave the NewPagesFeed a slight visual facelift in November]]. This concludes most major work to [[Special:NewPagesFeed]], and most major work by the WMF Moderator Tools team, who [[Wikipedia:Page Curation/2023 Moderator Tools project#October 20, 2023: Final update!|wrapped up their major work on PageTriage in October]]. The WMF Moderator Tools team and volunteer software developers will continue small work on PageTriage as time permits.

'''Recruitment:''' A couple of the coordinators have been inviting editors to become reviewers, via mass-messages to their talk pages. If you know someone who you'd think would make a good reviewer, then a personal invitation to them would be great. Additionally, if there are Wikiprojects that you are active on, then you can add a post there asking participants to join NPP. Please be careful not to double invite folks that have already been invited.

'''Reviewing tip:''' Reviewers who prefer to patrol new pages within their most familiar subjects can use the regularly updated [https://nppbrowser.toolforge.org/ NPP Browser] tool.

{{refbegin}}
'''Reminders:'''
* You can access live chat with patrollers on the [https://discordapp.com/invite/heF3xPu New Pages Patrol Discord].
* Consider adding [[Wikipedia talk:New pages patrol/Reviewers|the project discussion page]] to your watchlist.
* To opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers/Newsletter list|here]].

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[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:27, 2 April 2024 (UTC)


== WCK drone strikes ==

I want a clarification about [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Central_Kitchen_drone_strikes&diff=prev&oldid=1217962049 this edit] because you have changed more than removing the IDF flag from the infobox but reverting other edits as well, contrary to your edit summary. -- [[User:Sameboat|Sameboat - 同舟]] ([[User talk:Sameboat|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Sameboat|contri.]]) 23:46, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{u|Sameboat}} I don't know what went wrong here, I only meant to remove the flag. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 01:04, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

==DYK for Transgender people in Nazi Germany==
{{ivmbox
|image = Updated DYK query.svg
|imagesize=40px
|text = On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2024/April#10 April 2024|10 April 2024]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Transgender people in Nazi Germany]]''''', which you recently created, substantially expanded, or brought to good article status. The fact was ''... that in just one night, thousands of books on the experiences and medical care of '''[[transgender people in Nazi Germany]]''' were burned ''(pictured)'' for being "un-German"?'' The nomination discussion and review may be seen at [[Template:Did you know nominations/Transgender people in Nazi Germany]]. You are welcome to check how many pageviews the nominated article or articles got while on the front page <small>([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]], [https://pageviews.toolforge.org/?start=2024-03-31&end=2024-04-20&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany Transgender people in Nazi Germany])</small>, and the hook may be added to [[Wikipedia:Did you know/Statistics/Monthly DYK pageview leaders|the statistics page]] after its run on the Main Page has completed. Finally, if you know of an interesting fact from another recently created article, then please feel free to suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know talk page]].
}} —[[User:Kusma|Kusma]] ([[User talk:Kusma|talk]]) 00:02, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
{{DYK views|12,314|1,026.2|April 2024|Transgender people in Nazi Germany}} [[User:GalliumBot|GalliumBot]] ([[User talk:GalliumBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/GalliumBot|contribs]]) (he/[[It (pronoun)|it]]) 03:28, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
{{User QAIbox
| image = Himmelsschlüssel, Engweder Kopf.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| bold = [[User:Gerda Arendt/Top|story]] · [[User talk:Gerda Arendt#Music|music]] · [[User:Gerda Arendt/Places and songs 2024#1 Apr|places]]
}}
Thank you for your work on the article, also featured on [[Portal:Germany]]. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 07:57, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

== Armenian Genocide ==

I know you quite often patrol and correct pages of genocides, and was seeing if you thought the infobox for the Armenian Genocide page looked adequate? [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 03:15, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

:I have been opposed to having an infobox there for a long time because most of the fields are oversimplified or at least somewhat disputed (death toll, location, time) depending on which events are counted as part of the genocide. Reducing "perpetrators" to the CUP or Ottoman state is rather simplistic, given widespread popular participation in aspects of the genocide even by non-Ottomans—for example, Iranian Kurds if you count killings in Iran. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 03:19, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
::I understand that part about the perpetrators, as similar to the Holocaust, while it was mainly Germany, a lot of it was carried out by its allies and local collaborators, so maybe something similar can be put for perpetrators? Also, the timeline is a bit wonky, but the most commonly stated, as provided by the Holocaust Museum as well, is 1915 to 1916. [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 03:22, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
:::I can live with those dates, but Suny and some others say it ended in early 1917. What's your source for 1915-1916 being the most common? ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 03:32, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
::::The sources for the date of 1915 to 1916 are listed here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Armenian Genocide (1915-16): In Depth |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bloxham |first=Donald |date=2003 |title=The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600788 |journal=Past & Present |issue=181 |pages=141–191 |issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eliminating an Existential Threat: the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1916 |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/eliminating-existential-threat-the-armenian-genocide-1915-1916 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> However, I see other sources listing it from 1915 to 1923, so as you said, the dates are complicated to pin down and interpret. [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 04:13, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::On top of the comment above, I may have misinterpreted "most common", as I see there's no agreed upon end date. Whether 1915–1917, 1915–1916, or 1915–1923. [[User:Reaper1945|Reaper1945]] ([[User talk:Reaper1945|talk]]) 04:27, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

==[[Katharine Coman]]==
I don't understand this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katharine_Coman&curid=1344322&diff=1219182785&oldid=1219177987 edit]. Cause of death, if known, is pretty essential to any encyclopedia biography, no? Hardly [[WP:TRIVIA|trivial]]. [[User:Nirva20|Nirva20]] ([[User talk:Nirva20|talk]]) 23:13, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
* [[User:Nirva20|Nirva20]], please look up [[WP:NONDEF]] again. The standard for categories is not "not trivia". Death categories are are widely overused because the cause of death is rarely the reason someone is notable. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 23:38, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
{{Reflist}}

== Nomination advice ==

Dear Buidhe, I am writing this message in recollection that some time ago you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Did_you_know_nominations/Battle_of_Meligalas&diff=prev&oldid=860802813 had suggested] that an article I [[Template:Did_you_know_nominations/Battle_of_Meligalas|had nominated for a DYK]] be nominated to be listed as a GA. The [[Battle of Meligalas|article]] is to a large extent a translation into English of a [[:el:Μάχη του Μελιγαλά|Greek Wikipedia article]] that has been recognized there as a FA. I think that it fulfills the criteria for the English Wikipedia as well and I am thus considering a FA nomination. As this is my first FA nomination in the English version of the encyclopedia, I followed the suggestion (which I found [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|here]]) that I seek the mentorship of an experienced user, but there has been no response at all for the past few days and weeks from neither of the users I contacted. I am wondering whether you could perhaps provide some help in this regard and in particular with whether it would be advisable to go ahead with a FA nomination without first submitting a GA nomination for this article. With many thanks in advance for your response, which I am sure to greatly appreciate, [[User:Ashmedai 119|Ashmedai 119]] ([[User talk:Ashmedai 119|talk]]) 15:08, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{u| Ashmedai 119}} while I don't know if a FAC would be successful at this point, it is likely to go more smoothly (especially as a first time nominator) if you go through GAN first. The criteria are not the same on enwiki as elwiki. Also, you will need access to most of the article's sources to verify content or make changes as necessary without compromising text-source integrity. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|<span style="color: black">buidhe</span>]]''' 17:24, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you very much for your advice. I have now submitted a GA nomination, as per your suggestion. I do have access to -if I don't miss something- all of the article's sources, as I happen to be the user who had most heavily contributed to the writing of the original Greek article. Many thanks once more, [[User:Ashmedai 119|Ashmedai 119]] ([[User talk:Ashmedai 119|talk]]) 19:45, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

== New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive ==

{| style="border: 5px solid #ABCDEF ; background-color: #FFF; padding:10px 15px 0"
|style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em; font-size:130%" |'''[[Wikipedia:New Page Patrol|New Page Patrol]] |''' <span style="font-size:85%">May 2024 Articles Backlog Drive</span>
|rowspan=3|[[File:NPP Barnstar.png|right|80px]]
|-
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* On 1 May 2024, a one-month backlog drive for New Page Patrol will begin.
* Barnstars will be awarded based on the number of articles patrolled.
* Barnstars will also be granted for re-reviewing articles previously reviewed by other patrollers during the drive.
* Each review will earn 1 point.
* Interested in taking part? '''[[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Backlog drives/May 2024/Participants|Sign up here]]'''.
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|} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:14, 17 April 2024 (UTC)


== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg File:Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg] ==

Hello, I want to use the file "Waterboarding a captured North Vietnamese soldier near Da Nang.jpeg" for the Vietnamese version of the article "Tra tấn." Can I download this copyrighted image for the Vietnamese Wikipedia project and use it in the article on "Tra tấn" in Vietnamese Wikipedia? Thank you! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 08:52, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

Laurie Dhue

2024-03-10T03:28:06Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1212902556 by Eejit43 (Restorer)

{{Short description|American television journalist}}
{{Infobox person
|image =  |
| name = Laurie Dhue
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|2|10|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = {{ubl | [[The Westminster Schools]] | [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]}}
| occupation = Television journalist
| spouse =
| relatives =
}}

'''Laurie Walker Dhue''' (born February 10, 1969) is an American television journalist. She was a [[Fox News|Fox News Channel]] [[news presenter|anchor]] from 2000 to 2008, reporting for the television show ''[[Geraldo Rivera Reports|Geraldo at Large]]'' and the host of ''[[Fox Report]]'' ''Weekend''.
Born in [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]], Laurie Dhue grew up in [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,81104,00.html|title=Five Minutes with Laurie Dhue|publisher=FoxNews.com|access-date=2009-09-11|date=2004-09-01|archive-date=2009-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011010240/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,81104,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Her mother is Hutton Dhue, and her father, Bob Dhue, was a former vice president of wrestling operations for [[World Championship Wrestling]]. Dhue graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[political science]] with a concentration in [[dramatic arts]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.harrywalker.com/bios/Dhue_Laurie.pdf |title=Laurie Dhue Full Bio |publisher=The Harry Walker Agency |access-date=2009-09-14 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025019/http://www.harrywalker.com/bios/Dhue_Laurie.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Before joining the [[Fox News]] in 2000, she worked for [[MSNBC]] as host of its ''Special Edition''. She started at MSNBC in April 1999 as the anchor of ''Newsfront''. She worked at [[CNN]] from 1990 to 1999, where she served as anchor for weekend programs, such as ''CNN Saturday'', ''CNN Sunday'', ''World View'', and ''The World Today''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thesop.org/story/journalism/2006/10/02/judyth-piazza-chats-with-laurie-dhue-fox-news.php|title=Judyth Piazza chats with Laurie Dhue, FOX news|publisher=thesop.org|date=2006-10-02|access-date=2016-05-21|archive-date=2016-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623180945/http://thesop.org/story/journalism/2006/10/02/judyth-piazza-chats-with-laurie-dhue-fox-news.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

She interned as a weekend morning anchor for WSB-TV in Atlanta and did the occasional weekend edition of ''[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]'' for NBC. She hosted ''Fox Report'' weekend edition and appeared weekly on ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]''. She also reported for ''[[Geraldo Rivera Reports|Geraldo at Large]]'', ''On the Record with [[Greta Van Susteren]]'', and ''Fox Report with [[Shepard Smith]]''. Dhue served as the voice of the official Fox News Radio launch in 2004 and anchored evening news updates for several years.

On March 30, 2011, she was the guest host of ''[[The Joy Behar Show]]'' on [[CNN]]'s sister network, [[HLN (TV network)|HLN]]. She was replaced by Frances Rivera on the WPIX-TV Morning News in New York City August 29, 2011.

Dhue began hosting ''For the Record'' on the new media channel '[[Blaze Media|TheBlaze]]' on March 13, 2013. On September 9, 2013, Dhue premiered as the evening anchor for [[TheBlaze]] TV News.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theblaze.com/blog/2013/09/09/Laurie-Dhue-premieres-as-news-anchor-for-theblaze-tv-tonight|title=The Blaze, LAURIE DHUE PREMIERES AS NEWS ANCHOR FOR THEBLAZE TV TONIGHT!|publisher=TheBlaze Inc.|date=September 6, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2013|archive-date=September 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911142650/http://www.theblaze.com/blog/2013/09/09/laurie-dhue-premieres-as-news-anchor-for-theblaze-tv-tonight/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her last day with TheBlaze was April 17, 2015.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=reallauriedhue|number=589032941143076865
|title=My last day @theblaze. Thank you @glennbeck 4 the great experience & thx to my talented colleagues 4 your hard work}} {{better source|date=February 2024}}</ref>

===Alcoholism and activism===
In February 2011, Dhue publicly admitted to a 15-year battle with alcoholism. She was successfully treated for her addiction and has since become a vocal spokesperson for the recovery movement. She has particularly advocated for the need for openness about the disease, the stigmas attached to those who are alcoholic, and the need for greater access to recovery options and programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/12/07/where-have-you-gone-laurie-dhue-im-still-here-but-clean-and-sober/2/#2ba8f3828bbb|title=Where Have You Gone, Laurie Dhue? ('I'm Still Here, But Clean And Sober')|work=Forbes|date=7 December 2014|access-date=27 June 2018|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627203143/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/12/07/where-have-you-gone-laurie-dhue-im-still-here-but-clean-and-sober/2/#2ba8f3828bbb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Laurie Dhue: Recovering out loud|url=http://www.reneweveryday.com/laurie-dhue-recovering-out-loud/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512105725/https://reneweveryday.com/laurie-dhue-recovering-out-loud/|archive-date=2012-05-12|publisher=Renew Media, LLC.|accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> She performs public speaking at conventions, conferences, corporate events, and special events.<ref>[http://www.harrywalker.com/speaker/Laurie-Dhue.cfm?Spea_ID=1171 Laurie Dhue profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002050413/http://www.harrywalker.com/speaker/Laurie-Dhue.cfm?Spea_ID=1171 |date=2009-10-02 }}, Harry Walker Agency website; Retrieved December 30, 2015.</ref>

==Sexual harassment lawsuit==
Dhue is one of many women who have settled suits with Fox News in sexual harassment claims against long-time anchor [[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] and former president [[Roger Ailes]]. As of 2017, she was writing a book discussing her experience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-fox-oreilly-settlements-20170401-story.html|title=Sexual Harassment Lawsuit|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1 April 2017|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405045132/http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-fox-oreilly-settlements-20170401-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Glenn Beck}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhue, Laurie}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Blaze Media people]]
[[Category:American television news anchors]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American television reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Atlanta]]
[[Category:CNN people]]
[[Category:Fox News people]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni]]
[[Category:The Westminster Schools alumni]]

Toomey

2024-03-10T03:25:21Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1161678162 by MatthewHoobin (Restorer)

{{distinguish|Twomey}}
'''Toomey''' is a [[surname]], and may refer to:

==People==
*[[Bill Toomey]] (born 1939), American Olympic track and field athlete
*[[George Toomey]] (fl. 1900–1901), American college football coach
*[[Harold D. Toomey]] (1898–1953), New York politician
*[[Jenny Toomey]] (born 1968), American rock musician and arts activist
*[[Jim Toomey]] (born 1960), American syndicated cartoonist (''Sherman's Lagoon'')
*[[Marie Toomey]] (fl. 1946–1950), Australian tennis player
*[[Nicole Toomey]] (born 2002), New Zealand international lawn bowler
*[[Pat Toomey]] (born 1961), Republican politician from Pennsylvania; U.S. representative 1999–2005 and U.S. senator 2011–2023
*[[Paul Toomey]] (born 1956) American professional soccer player
*[[Regis Toomey]] (1898–1991), American film and television actor
*[[Brother Cleve]] (born Robert Toomey; 1955–2002), American musician and mixologist
*[[Robyn Toomey]] (born 1964), New Zealand field hockey player
*[[Sean Toomey]] (born 1979), American professional ice hockey player
*[[Timothy J. Toomey, Jr.]] (born 1953), American politician from Massachusetts; state legislator since 1992
*[[Tia-Clair Toomey]] (born 1993) Australian weightlifter and CrossFit athlete

==Fictional characters==
*[[Claire Toomey]], character in the British soap opera ''Family Affairs''
*[[The Langoliers (TV miniseries)#Cast|Craig Toomey]], character in the American sci-fi miniseries ''The Langoliers''

{{surname}}

Naruhito

2024-03-10T03:21:20Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1212902176 by Eejit43 (Restorer)

{{short description|Emperor of Japan since 2019}}
{{about|the Emperor of Japan|other people with this name|Naruhito (given name)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Naruhito
{{nobold | {{Ubl
| {{native name|ja|徳仁|italics=no|paren=omit}}
}}}}
| image = Naruhito and Masako visit Bogor Palace 48 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Naruhito in 2023
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| reign = 1 May 2019 – present
| coronation = 22 October 2019
| cor-type = Japan
| predecessor = [[Akihito]]
| suc-type = {{nowrap|[[Heir presumptive]]}}
| successor = [[Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan|Fumihito]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Masako Owada]]|9 June 1993}}
| issue = [[Aiko, Princess Toshi]]
| era name = {{lang|ja-latn|[[Reiwa era|Reiwa]]}}
| era dates = 1 May 2019 – present
| house = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father = [[Akihito]]
| mother = [[Michiko Shōda]]
| birth_name = Naruhito, Prince Hiro<br/>({{lang|ja|浩宮徳仁親王}})
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|2|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tokyo, Japan
| religion = [[Shinto]]
| signature = [[File:ReiwaShinsho.svg|25px]]
}}
{{Japanese Imperial Family}}


{{Nihongo|'''Naruhito'''|徳仁|extra={{IPA-ja|naɾɯꜜçi̥to|pron}}; born 23 February 1960}} is [[Emperor of Japan]]. He acceded to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] on 1 May 2019, beginning the {{lang|ja-latn|[[Reiwa]]}} era, following the [[2019 Japanese imperial transition|abdication of his father]], [[Akihito]].<ref name="BBC 2019-05-01">{{cite news| access-date=2019-05-02| title=Japan's new Emperor Naruhito pledges unity| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48101637| date=1 May 2019| website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He is the 126th monarch according to Japan's [[List of emperors of Japan|traditional order of succession]].

Naruhito was born in Tokyo during the reign of his grandfather [[Hirohito]] as the eldest child of Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess [[Empress Michiko|Michiko]]. [[Death and state funeral of Hirohito|Emperor Hirohito died]] in 1989, at which point Akihito became emperor and Naruhito became the [[heir apparent]]. Naruhito was formally invested as [[crown prince]] in 1991. He attended [[Gakushūin]] schools in Tokyo and later studied history at [[Gakushuin University]] and English at [[Merton College, Oxford]]. In 1993, he married diplomat [[Masako Owada]]. They have one daughter, [[Aiko, Princess Toshi]].

Continuing his grandfather's and father's boycott over the [[Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine|enshrinement of convicted war criminals]], Naruhito has never visited [[Yasukuni Shrine]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/why-yasukuni-shrine-is-controversial-symbol-japans-war-legacy-2021-08-13/| title=Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan's war legacy| newspaper=[[Reuters]]| date=14 August 2021}}</ref> He is interested in water policy and [[water conservation]] and likes to play the [[viola]]. He was an honorary president of the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] and [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] and is a supporter of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]].<ref name="IHA-Activities"/>

== Name ==
Before becoming emperor, Naruhito was generally referred in the Japanese press by his given name and princely title. Upon succeeding to the throne, he is no longer referred to by his given name, but as {{nihongo|"His Majesty the Emperor"|天皇陛下|Tennō Heika}}, which may be shortened to {{nihongo|"His Majesty"|陛下|Heika}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Members of the Order of the Garter |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheGarter/MembersoftheOrderoftheGarter.aspx |website=The British Monarchy |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430150348/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheGarter/MembersoftheOrderoftheGarter.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> In writing, the Emperor is also referred to formally as {{Nihongo|"'''The Reigning Emperor'''"|今上天皇|Kinjō Tennō}}. The [[Japanese era name|era]] of Naruhito's reign bears the name {{Nihongo|"[[Reiwa]]"|令和}} {{IPA-ja|ɾeːwa|pron|Ja-reiwa.ogg}}, and according to custom he will be renamed {{Nihongo|'''Emperor Reiwa'''|令和天皇|Reiwa Tennō|see "[[posthumous name]]"}} by order of the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]] after his death.

The name of the next era under his successor will be established after his death or before his abdication.<ref name=":1">{{cite press release| title=National Day of Japan to be celebrated| date=7 December 2007| publisher=Embassy of Japan in Pakistan| url=http://www.pk.emb-japan.go.jp/PRESS/Press%202007/JPNEMPAK%2007-041,%20NATIONAL%20DAY%20OF%20JAPAN%20TO%20BE%20CELEBRATED.htm| access-date=28 December 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202180142/http://www.pk.emb-japan.go.jp/PRESS/Press%202007/JPNEMPAK%2007-041%2C%20NATIONAL%20DAY%20OF%20JAPAN%20TO%20BE%20CELEBRATED.htm| archive-date=2 February 2008| url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Naruhito19610204.jpg|thumb|left|Naruhito in February 1961]]

Naruhito was born on 23 February 1960 at 4:15 p.m. in the Imperial Household Agency Hospital in [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://showa.mainichi.jp/news/1960/02/post-9a3e.html| title=浩宮徳仁親王（現皇太子）誕生| trans-title=Showa News: Birth of Imperial Prince Hironomiya Naruhito (current Crown Prince)| date=23 February 1960| newspaper=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]| location=Tokyo| access-date=30 April 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023754/http://showa.mainichi.jp/news/1960/02/post-9a3e.html| archive-date=24 December 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref> As a prince, he later quipped, "I was born in a barn inside the moat".<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=69}}</ref> His parents, [[Akihito]] and [[Empress Michiko|Michiko]], were then crown prince and crown princess of Japan, while his paternal grandfather, [[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]], reigned as emperor. [[Reuters]] reported that Naruhito's paternal grandmother, [[Empress Kōjun]], had driven her daughter-in-law and grandchildren to depression in the 1960s by persistently accusing Michiko of not being suitable for her son.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/06/16/world/main206551.shtml?source=search_story |title=Japan's Dowager Empress Dead At 97| work=[[CBS News]]| date=2000-06-16| access-date=2016-10-21| archive-date=6 April 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406083805/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/japans-dowager-empress-dead-at-97/| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Naruhito's childhood was reported to be happy, and he enjoyed activities such as mountain climbing, riding, and learning the violin. He played with the children of the royal chamberlain, and he was a fan of the [[Yomiuri Giants]] in the [[Central League]], his favorite player being No. 3, later team manager, [[Shigeo Nagashima]]. One day, Naruhito found the remains of an ancient roadway on the palace grounds, sparking a lifelong fascination with the history of transportation, which would provide the subject of his bachelor's and master's degrees in history.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=76}}</ref> He later said, "I have had a keen interest in roads since childhood. On roads, you can go to the unknown world. Since I have been leading a life where I have few chances to go out freely, roads are a precious bridge to the unknown world, so to speak."<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=77}}</ref>

In August 1974, when the prince was 14, he was sent to [[Melbourne]], Australia, for a homestay. Naruhito's father, then the [[Crown Prince Akihito]], had had a positive experience there on a trip the year before and encouraged his son to go as well.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=56}}</ref> He stayed with the family of businessman Colin Harper.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=57}}</ref> He got along with his host brothers, riding around [[Point Lonsdale]], playing the [[violin]] and [[tennis]], and climbing [[Uluru]] together.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|pp=60–61}}</ref> Once he even played the violin for dignitaries at a state dinner at [[Government House, Canberra|Government House]] hosted by Governor-General [[John Kerr (governor-general)|Sir John Kerr]].<ref name="Hills, Ben p. 60">{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=60}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko with three children; Prince Naruhito, Prince Fumihito and Princess Sayako. (September 1969).jpg|thumb|Naruhito, aged 9, with his parents and siblings, 1969]]
When Naruhito was four years old he was enrolled in the prestigious [[Gakushūin]] school system, where many of Japan's elite families and ''narikin'' ([[nouveau riche|nouveaux riches]]) send their children.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|pp=77–78}}</ref> In senior high, Naruhito joined the geography club.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=79}}</ref>

Naruhito graduated from [[Gakushuin University]] in March 1982 with a [[Bachelor of Letters]] degree in [[history]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=81}}</ref> In July 1983, Naruhito undertook a three-month intensive English course before entering [[Merton College, Oxford]] University, in the United Kingdom,<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|pp=142–143, 152}}</ref> where he studied until 1986. Naruhito did not, however, submit his thesis ''A Study of Navigation and Traffic on the Upper Thames in the 18th Century'' until 1989.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|pp=144–145}}</ref> He later revisited these years in his book, ''The Thames and I – a Memoir of Two Years at Oxford.'' He visited some 21 historic pubs, including the [[The Trout Inn|Trout Inn]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|pp=145–146}}</ref> Naruhito joined the Japan Society and the drama society, and became the honorary president of the [[karate]] and [[judo]] clubs.<ref name="Hills, Ben p. 150">{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=150}}</ref> He played inter-college [[tennis]], seeded number three out of six on the Merton team,<ref name="Hills, Ben p. 150" /> and took golf lessons from a pro.<ref name="Hills, Ben p. 150" /> In his three years at Merton he also climbed the highest peaks in three of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom: Scotland's [[Ben Nevis]], Wales's [[Snowdon]] and [[Scafell Pike]] in England.<ref name="Hills, Ben p. 151">{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=151}}</ref>

While at Oxford, Naruhito also was able to go sightseeing across Europe and meet much of its royalty, including the [[British royal family]].<ref name="Hills, Ben p. 151"/> The relatively relaxed manners of the United Kingdom's royals amazed him: "[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], he noted with surprise, poured her own tea and served the sandwiches."<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=148}}</ref> He also went skiing with [[Liechtenstein]]'s [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Prince Hans-Adam II]], holidayed in [[Mallorca]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] with Spain's [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|King Juan Carlos I]], and sailed with [[Norway]]'s [[Harald V of Norway|Crown Prince Harald]] and [[Queen Sonja of Norway|Crown Princess Sonja]] and Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|pp=151–152}}</ref>

Upon his return to Japan, Naruhito enrolled once more in [[Gakushūin University]] to earn a [[Master of Humanities]] degree in history, successfully earning his degree in 1988.<ref name="kunaicho"/>

== Personal life ==

=== Marriage and family ===
{{multiple image
| align = left
|perrow = 1/1
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako in formal wedding robes.jpg
| caption1 = The newly married Crown Prince Naruhito and Crown Princess Masako in Japanese traditional attire, with the Prince wearing a ''[[sokutai]]'', the Princess a ''[[jūnihitoe]]'', 1993
| image2 = Japanese 500-yen commemorative coin 1993 Imperial Wedding.jpg
| caption2 = A 500-yen coin issued to commemorate the Imperial Wedding
}}
Naruhito first met [[Empress Masako|Masako Owada]] (staff working at the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]) at a tea for [[Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo|Infanta Elena of Spain]] in November 1986,<ref>{{cite news| last1=Fitzpatrick| first1=Beth Cooney| title=Great Royal Weddings: Princess Masako and Crown Prince Naruhito| url=http://main.stylelist.com/2011/01/21/great-royal-weddings-princess-masako-and-crown-prince-naruhito/| access-date=2 December 2016| agency=AOL| work=Stylelist| date=21 January 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910132147/http://main.stylelist.com/2011/01/21/great-royal-weddings-princess-masako-and-crown-prince-naruhito/| archive-date=10 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hills, Ben p. 150"/> during her studies at the [[University of Tokyo]]. The prince was immediately captivated by her,<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|pp=120–121}}</ref> and arranged for them to meet several times over the next few weeks.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=123}}</ref> Because of this, they were pursued relentlessly by the press throughout 1987.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=136}}</ref>

Despite the [[Imperial Household Agency]]'s disapproval of Masako Owada, and her attending [[Balliol College, Oxford]], for the next two years, Naruhito remained interested in Masako. He proposed to her three times before the Imperial Palace announced their engagement on 19 January 1993. The wedding took place on 9 June the same year at the Imperial Shinto Hall in Tokyo before 800 invited guests, including many of Europe's heads of state and royalty.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=2}}</ref>

By the time of their marriage, Naruhito's father had ascended the throne, so Naruhito had been invested as the crown prince with the title {{nihongo|'''Prince Hiro'''|浩宮 |Hiro-no-miya}} on 23 February 1991.<ref name="kunaicho">{{cite web| title=Personal Histories of Their Imperial Highnesses the Crown Prince and Crown Princess| url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e02/ed02-04.html| access-date=2 December 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205200713/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e02/ed02-04.html| archive-date=5 December 2002}}</ref>

[[File:Naruhito, Masako and Aiko in Tochigi Prefecture.jpg|thumb|Naruhito and Masako, with their daughter, Aiko, in [[Tochigi Prefecture]] in 2019]]

Masako's first pregnancy was announced in December 1999, but she [[Miscarriage|miscarried]].<ref>{{cite news| date=1999-12-31| title=Royal miscarriage stuns an expectant Japan| url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/31/justinmccurry.jonathanwatts |access-date=2023-01-02| newspaper=[[The Guardian]]| location=London| first1=Justin| last1=McCurry| first2=Jonathan| last2=Watts| language=en}}</ref> Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako have one daughter, {{nihongo|[[Aiko, Princess Toshi]]|敬宮愛子内親王|Toshi-no-miya Aiko Naishinnō}}, born 1 December 2001 at the Imperial Household Agency Hospital in [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Girl Born to Japan's Princess| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/01/world/girl-born-to-japan-s-princess.html| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=1 December 2001| agency=[[Associated Press]]| access-date=16 November 2011| url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Japan: A Name For The Royal Baby| last1=French| first1=Howard W.| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/08/world/world-briefing-asia-japan-a-name-for-the-royal-baby.html| newspaper=The New York Times| date=8 December 2001| access-date=16 November 2011| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Hobbies and interests ===
Naruhito is interested in water policy and [[water conservation]]. In March 2003, in his capacity as honorary president of the Third [[World Water Forum]], he delivered a speech at the forum's opening ceremony titled "Waterways Connecting [[Kyoto]] and Local Regions". Visiting Mexico in March 2006, he gave the keynote address at the opening ceremony for the Fourth World Water Forum, "[[Edo]] and Water Transport". And in December 2007, he gave a commemorative talk at the opening ceremony for the First Asia-Pacific Water Summit, "Humans and Water: From Japan to the Asia-Pacific Region".<ref name="kunaicho"/>

Naruhito plays the [[viola]], having switched from the [[violin]] because he thought the latter "too much of a leader, too prominent" to suit his musical and personal tastes.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|2006|p=72}}</ref> He enjoys [[jogging]], [[hiking]], and [[mountaineering]] in his spare time.<ref name="Hills, Ben p. 60"/>

==Crown Prince of Japan==
{{Expand section|date=June 2021|small=no}}
[[File:Ceremony for Proclamation of Crown Prince(1991).png|thumb|Naruhito at his Ceremony for Proclamation of Crown Prince (''Rikkōshi-Senmei-no-gi'') in 1991]]
The Crown Prince was a patron of the [[1998 Winter Olympics]] and [[1998 Winter Paralympics]]. He is also a supporter of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] and in 2006 attended the 14th [[Nippon Jamboree]], the Japanese national jamboree organized by the [[Scout Association of Japan]]. The crown prince has also been an honorary vice-president of the [[Japanese Red Cross|Japanese Red Cross Society]] since 1994.<ref name="kunaicho" /> In 2001, the Crown Prince visited the [[United Kingdom]]; he met [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] at [[Windsor Castle]].<ref>{{cite news| author=| date=2022-09-09| title=Queen Elizabeth II and her friendly ties with three emperors| url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/09/09/national/queen-elizabeth-japan-ties/| access-date=2022-09-11| newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]| location=Tokyo| language=en-US}}</ref>

For two weeks in 2012, Naruhito temporarily took charge of [[Emperor of Japan#Role|his father's duties]] while [[Akihito|the Emperor]] underwent and recovered from heart bypass surgery.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17071024| work=BBC News| title=Japanese Emperor Akihito's heart surgery 'a success'| date=18 February 2012}}</ref> Naruhito's birthday was named "[[Mount Fuji]] Day" by [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]] and [[Yamanashi Prefecture]]s because of his reported love of the mountain.

==Emperor of Japan==
{{further|2019 Japanese imperial transition|Reiwa}}
{{Expand section|date=June 2021|small=no}}
On 1 December 2017, [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Shinzo Abe]] announced that Naruhito's father, Emperor [[Akihito]], would [[2019 Japanese imperial transition|abdicate on 30 April 2019]], and that Naruhito would become the 126th [[Emperor of Japan]] as of 1 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://japantoday.com/category/politics/Emperor-Akihito-to-abdicate-on-April-30-2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224525/https://japantoday.com/category/politics/Emperor-Akihito-to-abdicate-on-April-30-2019| archive-date=3 December 2017| title=Emperor Akihito to abdicate on April 30, 2019| website=[[Japan Today]]| date=December 2017| access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref><ref name="Japan Times 2017-12-01">{{cite news| url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/01/national/emperors-abdication-date-confirmed-april-30-2019/| title=Japan sets date for Emperor Akihito's abdication as April 30, 2019| first=Tomohiro| last=Osaki| date=1 December 2017| newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]| access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref> Following an abdication ceremony on the afternoon of 30 April, Akihito's reign and the [[Heisei era]] continued until the end of the day. Naruhito then succeeded him as emperor at the beginning of the day on 1 May, ushering in the [[Reiwa era]]. The transition took place at midnight, and Naruhito formally began his reign in a ceremony later that morning. In his first statement as emperor, he pledged to reflect deeply on the course followed by his father, and fulfill his constitutional responsibility "as the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people of Japan".<ref name="BBC 2019-05-01" />

Under Article 4 of the [[Constitution of Japan|Constitution]], Naruhito's role is defined as entirely ceremonial and representative. Unlike most other constitutional monarchs, Naruhito lacks even nominal powers related to government;<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/japan/111.htm "The Status of the Emperor"]. ''[[Library of Congress]]'' [[Country Studies]].</ref> he is barred from making political statements.<ref name="BBC 2019-05-01"/> His role is limited to performing ceremonial duties as delineated by the Constitution, and even then he is constrained by the requirements of the Constitution and the binding advice of the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]]. For instance, while he formally appoints the [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime minister]], he is required to appoint the person designated by the [[National Diet]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/Government-and-society "Japan"]. ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]''. </ref>

Naruhito's [[Enthronement of the Japanese emperor|enthronement ceremony]] took place on 22 October 2019,<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]| location=Tokyo| title=Enthronement ceremony for new emperor mulled for Oct. 2019| date=31 December 2017| access-date=31 December 2017| quote=The government is mulling scheduling the enthronement ceremony for the next emperor for October 2019, months after Crown Prince Naruhito accedes to the Imperial Throne on May 1 that year upon his father Emperor Akihito's abdication, it has been learned.| url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20171231/p2a/00m/0na/018000c| df=dmy-all}}</ref> where he was duly enthroned in an ancient-style proclamation ceremony. On 23 July 2021, Naruhito opened the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] (originally scheduled to be played in 2020, postponed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Japan|COVID-19 pandemic]]) hosted in [[Tokyo]], just as his grandfather, [[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]], had done in [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]].

Naruhito and Masako's first trip abroad as emperor and empress took place in September 2022, to the [[United Kingdom]] to attend the [[state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-62918196| title=The Queen's funeral in pictures| work=BBC News| date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2022-09-10| title=Emperor Naruhito plans to attend Queen Elizabeth's funeral in first overseas trip| url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/09/10/national/emperor-naruhito-queen-funeral/| access-date=2022-09-11| website=The Japan Times| location=Tokyo| agency=[[Kyodo News]], Reuters| language=en-US}}</ref> They visited [[Indonesia]] in June 2023, their first state visit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan's emperor in Indonesia for first state visit |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/world/2023/06/19/japans-emperor-in-indonesia-for-first-state-visit.html |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=The Jakarta Post |date=19 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesians welcome Japan's Emperor, Empress |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/videos/20230621212449354/ |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=[[NHK World-Japan]] |date=21 June 2023}}</ref>

In February 2024, Naruhito marked his 64th birthday with a message mourning the victims of the [[2024 Noto earthquake|Noto earthquake]], and expressed desire to visit the affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Author |first=No |date=2024-02-23 |title=On 64th birthday, Japan's Emperor Naruhito mourns Noto quake victims |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/02/23/japan/japan-emperor-turns-64/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=A. B. C. |title=Japan's Emperor Naruhito mourns the deadly Noto quake in a solemn birthday speech |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/japans-emperor-naruhito-mourns-deadly-noto-quake-solemn-107472625 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> He had previously received condolences for the victims from King [[Charles III]] of the United Kingdom in early January.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=King Charles Sent a Message of Condolence to Japan's Emperor Naruhito |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a46275041/king-charles-japan-earthquakes-2024-message-emporor-naruhito/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Town & Country |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
{{dynamic list}}
* 1993 – {{nihongo||テムズとともに: 英国の二年間|Temuzu to tomoni: Eikoku no ninenkan|[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/032395987 OCLC 032395987]|}}
* 2006 – ''The Thames and I: A Memoir of Two Years at Oxford'' with [[Hugh Cortazzi]]. Folkestone, Kent: [[Global Oriental]]. {{ISBN|978-1-905246-06-9}}; {{OCLC|65196090}}

== Titles, styles and honours ==
{{Infobox royal styles
| name = Emperor Naruhito
| image = File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg
| image_size = 80
| reference = [[Majesty|His Majesty]]
| spoken = Your Majesty
}}

===Titles and styles===
*23 February 1960 – 7 January 1989: Naruhito, ''His Imperial Highness'' Prince Hiro (浩宮徳仁親王殿下 ''Hiro-no-miya Naruhito shinnō denka'')<ref name=":3">{{cite web| title=天皇陛下のあゆみ｜平成から令和へ新時代の幕開け| trans-title=History of His Majesty the Emperor| url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/special/japans-emperor6/articles/articles_crown-prince_03.html| access-date=2023-01-02| language=ja| website=[[NHK|Japan Broadcasting Corp]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news| title=1960年浩宮徳仁さま誕生東京は奉祝ムード| trans-title=1960 Naruhito Hiromiya is born; Tokyo is in a celebratory mood| url=https://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_society/articles/000233547.html| date=30 October 2021| access-date=2023-01-02| website=TV Morning News| language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web| date=2019-06-12| title=天皇・皇族の「お名前」：御称号から親王まで…| url=https://murao-jp.com/jloyal/royal-name/| access-date=2022-09-18| trans-title="Names" of the Emperor and the Imperial Family: From titles to Imperial Princes...| website=Murao's historical information site "Lemuria"| language=ja}}</ref>
*7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019: ''His Imperial Highness'' The Crown Prince of Japan (皇太子殿下 ''Kōtaishi denka'')<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/>
*1 May 2019 – present: ''His Majesty'' The Emperor (天皇陛下 ''Ten'nō heika)''<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/>

===Honours===

{{see also|List of honours of the Japanese imperial family by country}}

====National====
* [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|60px]] Collar of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum|Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum]] (1 May 2019)<ref name="chrysanthemum">{{cite web| title=令和元年5月1日（水）午前 {{!}} 令和元年 {{!}} 官房長官記者会見| url=https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/tyoukanpress/201905/01_a.html|trans-title=Wednesday, May 1, 2019, morning| website=Prime Minister's Office of Japan| access-date=2023-01-02| language=ja| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607073452/http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/tyoukanpress/201905/01_a.html| archive-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>
* [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum|Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum]] (23 February 1980)<ref name="chrysanthemum"/>
* [[File:JPN Toka-sho BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Paulownia Flowers]] (1 May 2019)<ref name="chrysanthemum"/>
* [[File:JPN_Zuiho-sho_1Class_BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]] (1 May 2019) <ref name="chrysanthemum"/>
* [[File:JPN Bunka-kunsho BAR.svg|60px]] The [[Order of Culture]] (1 May 2019)<ref name="chrysanthemum"/>
* [[File:Golden Pheasant Award ribbon.svg|60px]] The [[Golden Pheasant Award]] of the [[Scout Association of Japan]] (1989)<ref name="reinanzaka">{{cite web| date=2014-05-23| script-title=ja:ボーイスカウト日本連盟きじ章受章者| trans-title=Recipient of the Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan| url=http://reinanzaka-sc.o.oo7.jp/kiroku/documents/20140523-3-kiji-list.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811030258/http://reinanzaka-sc.o.oo7.jp/kiroku/documents/20140523-3-kiji-list.pdf| archive-date=2020-08-11| website=Reinanzaka Scout Club| language=ja}}</ref>
* [[File:Red Cross Order of Merit (Japan).svg|60px]] The Golden Medal of Merit of the [[Japanese Red Cross]] (1 May 2019)<ref name="chrysanthemum"/>
* [[File:Red Cross Order of Merit (Japan).svg|60px]] The Golden Medal of Honorary Member of the [[Japanese Red Cross]] (1 May 2019)<ref name="chrysanthemum"/>

====Foreign====
* {{flag|Austria}}: [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria|Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (1999) <ref name="AUT1299">{{cite web| url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf| title=Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour| language=de| page=1299| website=Parliament of Austria}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]]{{CN|date=December 2021}}
* {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]] (R.E., 2004)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer| title=Modtagere af danske dekorationer| trans-title=Recipients of Danish decorations| website=Royal House of Denmark| date=12 December 2017| access-date=2023-01-02| language=da| archive-date=12 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512015518/http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.borger.dk/foa/Sider/Default.aspx?fk=26&foaid=10526981&paid=| website=Life in Denmark| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217235456/https://www.borger.dk/foa/Sider/Default.aspx?fk=26&foaid=10526981&paid=| archive-date=17 December 2012| title=Personal Details – His Imperial Highness Naruhito}}</ref>
* {{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross 1st Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
* {{flag|Hungary}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary]] (2000) <ref>{{cite journal| url=https://magyarkozlony.hu/dokumentumok/71864f464d306a3d655dbff967cb35b6aa48fcd0/megtekintes| journal=Hungarian Journal, State Gazette| issue=64| date=23 June 2000| language=hu| page=3830| title=I: Personal Section}}</ref>
* {{flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (1982)
* {{flag|Jordan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Supreme Order of the Renaissance]] (1995)
* {{flag|Kuwait}}: Collar of the [[Order of Mubarak the Great]] (2012)
* {{flag|Luxembourg}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau]] (2017)
* {{flag|Malaysia}}: Honorary Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (S.M.N., 2012)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|url-status=dead| title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan| trans-title=Listing of Distinguished Recipients of Stars and Medals| access-date=15 June 2016| archive-date=19 July 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp| website=Prime Minister of Malaysia}}</ref>
* {{flag|Netherlands}}:
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Netherlands)|Order of the Crown]] (1991){{cn|date=December 2023}}
** Recipient of the [[Decorations and medals of the Netherlands|King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal]] (2013)
* {{flag|Norway}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Olav]] (26/03/2001)
* {{flag|Philippines}}: Grand Collar of the [[Order of Sikatuna]], Rank of Raja (3 December 2002)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/filipino-recipients-of-japanese-decorations-and-japanese-recipients-of-philippine-decorations/| title=Filipino recipients of Japanese decorations and Japanese recipients of Philippine decorations| website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref>
* {{flag|Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] (2 December 1993)<ref name="PrPort">{{cite web| url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154| title=Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas| trans-title=Foreign Citizens Honored with Portuguese Orders| website=President of Portugal |language=pt |access-date=13 June 2012 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Spain}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]] (8 November 2008)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2008/11/10/pdfs/A44698-44698.pdf| title=Presidencia Del Goberino| trans-title=Presidency of the Government| work=Boletín Oficial del Estado| date=10 November 2008| access-date=2023-01-02| language=es}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sweden}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Seraphim]] (26 March 2007){{CN|date=December 2021}}
* {{flag|Tonga}}:
** Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Crown of Tonga]] (1 August 2008)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://matangitonga.to/2008/08/01/royal-orders-presented-palace| title=Royal orders presented at Palace| website=Matangi Tonga| date=1 August 2008| access-date=2 January 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121030307/https://matangitonga.to/2008/08/01/royal-orders-presented-palace| archive-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
** Coronation Medal of H.M. King George Tupou V (1 August 2008)<ref>{{cite news| last1=Ito| first1=Kazuya| title=Crown Princess Masako completes first duties abroad in more than 2 years| url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201507040031| access-date=2 December 2016| newspaper=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]| location=Tokyo| date=4 July 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705051734/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201507040031| archive-date=5 July 2015}}</ref>
** Coronation Medal of H.M. King Tupou VI (4 July 2015)
* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}: Member First Class of the [[Order of Zayed]] (23 January 1995)<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/01/23/Japanese-crown-prince-visits-UAE/8159790837200/| title=Japanese crown prince visits UAE| date=23 January 1995| website=[[United Press International]]| access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref>

====Honorary degrees====
* [[University of Oxford]], Doctor of Law<ref name="IHA-Activities">{{cite web| url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/history/history02.html| title=Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress – The Imperial Household Agency| website=The Imperial Household Agency| access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book| last1=Hills| first1=Ben| title=Princess Masako: Prisoner of the Chrysanthemum Throne| year=2006| publisher=Penguin| isbn=978-1-5854-2568-6| url=https://archive.org/details/princessmasakopr00hill| url-access=registration}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Emperor Naruhito}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/activity/activity02.html Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress] at the Imperial Household Agency website

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Imperial House of Japan]]|23 February|1960}}
{{s-roy|jp}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Akihito]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Crown Prince of Japan|years=1989–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fumihito, Prince Akishino|Fumihito]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Akihito]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of Japan]]|years=2019–present}}
{{s-inc|heir={{nowrap|[[Fumihito, Prince Akishino|Fumihito]]}}|heir-type=Heir presumptive}}
{{s-end}}
{{Monarchs of Japan}}
{{Japanese princes}}
{{Sovereigns of monarchies}}
{{Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm}}
{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}
{{portal bar|Japan|Biography|Royalty|Monarchy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naruhito, Crown Prince}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Gakushuin University alumni]]
[[Category:Japanese emperors]]
[[Category:Japanese princes]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chiyoda, Tokyo]]
[[Category:Reiwa period]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]

[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Tonga]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria]]

Unemployment

2024-03-10T03:18:52Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1201592397 by MrOllie (Restorer)

{{short description|People without work and actively seeking work}}
{{About||payments tax paid to unemployed people|Unemployment benefits}}
[[File:Unemployment rate, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=2|Unemployment rate, 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Unemployment rate |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/unemployment-rate |website=Our World in Data |access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>]]
{{Economics sidebar}}
{{Macroeconomics sidebar}}
{{Capitalism sidebar}}

'''Unemployment''', according to the [[OECD]] (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate-by-age-group.htm|title=Employment - Employment rate by age group - OECD Data|website=theOECD}}</ref> not being in paid [[employment]] or [[self-employment]] but currently available for [[Work (human activity)|work]] during the [[reference period]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/|title=OECD Statistics|website=stats.oecd.org}}</ref>

Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the [[labour force]] (the total number of people employed added to those unemployed).<ref name="auto"/>

Unemployment can have many sources, such as the following:

* new [[technology|technologies]] and [[invention]]s
* the status of the [[economy]], which can be influenced by a [[recession]]
* [[competition]] caused by [[globalization]] and [[international trade]]
* [[Policy|policies]] of the [[government]]
* [[regulation]] and [[market (economics)|market]]

Unemployment and the status of the economy can be influenced by a country through, for example, [[fiscal policy]]. Furthermore, the [[monetary authority]] of a country, such as the [[central bank]], can influence the availability and cost for money through its [[monetary policy]].

In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely [[Conceptual model|modelling]] the effects of unemployment within the economic system. Some of the main types of unemployment include [[structural unemployment]], [[frictional unemployment]], [[cyclical unemployment]], [[involuntary unemployment]] and classical unemployment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. |first=Hawkins, Kevin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/21972786 |title=Unemployment |date=1987 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-022763-6 |oclc=21972786}}</ref> Structural unemployment focuses on foundational problems in the economy and inefficiencies inherent in labor markets, including a mismatch between the supply and demand of laborers with necessary skill sets. Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to [[disruptive technology|disruptive technologies]] and [[globalization]]. Discussions of frictional unemployment focus on voluntary decisions to work based on individuals' valuation of their own work and how that compares to current wage rates added to the time and effort required to find a job. Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address job entry threshold and wage rates.

According to the UN's [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO), there were 172 million people worldwide (or 5% of the reported global workforce) without work in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page3.jspx?MBI_ID=2&locale=en&_afrLoop=1809645378580656&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26locale%3Den%26_afrLoop%3D1809645378580656%26MBI_ID%3D2%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dsxm9jfbzq_21|title=International Labour Organization: Unemployment rate}}</ref>

Because of the difficulty in measuring the unemployment rate by, for example, using surveys (as in the [[United States]]) or through registered unemployed citizens (as in some [[Europe]]an countries), statistical figures such as the [[employment-to-population ratio]] might be more suitable for evaluating the status of the [[workforce]] and the economy if they were based on people who are registered, for example, as [[taxpayer]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/crs-implementation-and-assistance/tax-identification-numbers/|title=Tax identification numbers (TINs) - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}</ref>

==Definitions, types, and theories==
[[File:Unemployment in Mexico 2009.jpg|thumb|Unemployment in Mexico 2009]]
The state of being without any work yet looking for work is called unemployment. Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including [[#Cyclical unemployment|cyclical or Keynesian unemployment]], [[frictional unemployment]], [[structural unemployment]] and classical unemployment definition. Some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonal unemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hidden unemployment.

Though there have been several definitions of "voluntary" and "[[involuntary unemployment]]" in the economics literature, a simple distinction is often applied. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual's decisions, but involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of [[frictional unemployment]] is voluntary since it reflects individual search behavior. Voluntary unemployment includes workers who reject low-wage jobs, but involuntary unemployment includes workers fired because of an economic crisis, [[deindustrialization|industrial decline]], company bankruptcy, or organizational restructuring.

On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, and classical (natural) unemployment may result from the legislative and economic choices made by labour unions or political parties.

The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those with fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers even when wages are allowed to adjust and so even if all vacancies were to be filled, some unemployed workers would still remain. That happens with cyclical unemployment, as macroeconomic forces cause microeconomic unemployment, which can boomerang back and exacerbate those macroeconomic forces.

===Real wage unemployment===
Classical, natural, or real-wage unemployment, occurs when real wages for a job are set above the [[market-clearing]] level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. On the other hand, most economists argue that as wages fall below a livable wage, many choose to drop out of the labour market and no longer seek employment. That is especially true in countries in which low-income families are supported through public welfare systems. In such cases, wages would have to be high enough to motivate people to choose employment over what they receive through public welfare. Wages below a livable wage are likely to result in lower labor market participation in the above-stated scenario. In addition, consumption of goods and services is the primary driver of increased [[demand for labor]]. Higher wages lead to workers having more income available to consume goods and services. Therefore, higher wages increase general consumption and as a result demand for labor increases and unemployment decreases.

Many economists{{who|date=September 2020}} have argued that unemployment increases with increased governmental regulation. For example, [[minimum wage]] laws raise the cost of some low-skill laborers above market equilibrium, resulting in increased unemployment as people who wish to work at the going rate cannot (as the new and higher enforced wage is now greater than the value of their labour).<ref>{{cite book |first=F. A. |last=Hayek |title=The Constitution of Country |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1960 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book |first=Alain |last=Anderton |title=Economics |year=2006 |location=Ormskirk |publisher=Causeway |edition=Fourth |isbn=978-1-902796-92-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/economics04edande}}</ref> Laws restricting layoffs may make businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

However, that argument overly simplifies the relationship between wage rates and unemployment by ignoring numerous factors that contribute to unemployment.<ref name="P. Garegnani 1970">{{cite journal |first=P. |last=Garegnani |title=Heterogeneous Capital, the Production Function and the Theory of Distribution |journal=[[Review of Economic Studies]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |year=1970 |pages=407–436 |jstor=2296729 |doi=10.2307/2296729}}</ref><ref name="Robert L. Vienneau 2005">{{cite journal |first=Robert L. |last=Vienneau |title=On Labour Demand and Equilibria of the Firm |journal=[[The Manchester School (journal)|The Manchester School]] |volume=73 |issue=5 |year=2005 |pages=612–619 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.2005.00467.x|s2cid=153778021 }}</ref><ref name="Ian Steedman 2009">{{cite journal |first1=Arrigo |last1=Opocher |first2=Ian |last2=Steedman |title=Input Price-Input Quantity Relations and the Numéraire |journal=[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]] |volume=3 |year=2009 |issue=5 |pages=937–948 |doi=10.1093/cje/bep005}}</ref><ref name="Wyne Godley 1989">{{cite journal |first1=Michael |last1=Anyadike-Danes |first2=Wyne |last2=Godley |title=Real Wages and Employment: A Skeptical View of Some Recent Empirical Work |journal=[[The Manchester School (journal)|The Manchester School]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |year=1989 |pages=172–187 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.1989.tb00809.x}}</ref><ref name="Graham White 2001">{{cite journal |first=Graham |last=White |title=The Poverty of Conventional Economic Wisdom and the Search for Alternative Economic and Social Policies |journal=The Drawing Board: An Australian Review of Public Affairs |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=67–87 |url=http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n2/white.html }}</ref> Some, such as [[Murray Rothbard]], suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market-clearing level.<ref>{{cite book |first=Murray |last=Rothbard |title=America's Great Depression |location=Princeton |publisher=Van Nostrand |year=1963 |page=45 |title-link=America's Great Depression }}</ref>

In ''Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America'', economists [[Richard Vedder]] and Lowell Gallaway argue that the empirical record of wages rates, productivity, and unemployment in America validates classical unemployment theory. Their data shows a strong correlation between adjusted real wage and unemployment in the United States from 1900 to 1990. However, they maintain that their data does not take into account [[exogenous variable|exogenous events]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Vedder |first2=Lowell |last2=Gallaway |title=Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America |location=New York |publisher=NYU Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8147-8792-2 }}</ref>

===Cyclical unemployment===
[[File:US Unemployment rate 1990 to present.png|thumb|upright=1.5|US unemployment rate, 1990—2022. The increase in unemployment during recessions (shaded) is called cyclical unemployment.]]
Cyclical, deficient-demand, or [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] unemployment occurs when there is not enough [[aggregate demand]] in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently, fewer workers are needed, wages are sticky and do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and unemployment results.<ref name="Keynes 2007">{{cite book|title=The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money |last=Keynes |first=John Maynard |year=2007 |orig-year=1936 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-0-230-00476-4 |url=http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynescont.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316094655/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynescont.htm |archive-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> Its name is derived from the frequent ups and downs in the [[business cycle]], but unemployment can also be persistent, such as during the [[Great Depression]].

With cyclical unemployment, the number of unemployed workers exceeds the number of job vacancies and so even if all open jobs were filled, some workers would still remain unemployed. Some associate cyclical unemployment with frictional unemployment because the factors that cause the friction are partially caused by cyclical variables. For example, a surprise decrease in the money supply may suddenly inhibit aggregate demand and thus inhibit [[labor demand]].

[[Keynesian]] economists, on the other hand, see the lack of supply of jobs as potentially resolvable by government intervention. One suggested intervention involves [[deficit spending]] to boost employment and goods demand. Another intervention involves an expansionary [[monetary policy]] to increase the [[supply of money]], which should reduce [[interest rate]]s, which, in turn, should lead to an increase in non-governmental spending.<ref>
{{cite book
|first = Seymour E.
|last=Harris
|title=The New Economics: Keynes' Influence on Theory and Public Policy
|year=2005
|isbn=978-1-4191-4534-6
|publisher= Kessinger Publishing}}
</ref>

===Unemployment under "full employment"===
{{Main|Full employment}}
[[File:NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg|thumb|right|Short-run [[Phillips curve]] before and after Expansionary Policy, with Long-Run Phillips Curve (NAIRU). Note, however, that the unemployment rate is an inaccurate predictor of inflation in the long term.<ref name=chang/><ref name=hossfeld/>]]

In demands based theory, it is possible to abolish cyclical unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand for products and workers. However, the economy eventually hits an "[[inflation]] barrier" that is imposed by the four other kinds of unemployment to the extent that they exist. Historical experience suggests that low unemployment affects inflation in the short term but not the long term.<ref name=chang>Chang, R. (1997) [https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113212953/https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf |date=13 November 2013}} ''Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review'' 1Q97:4–13</ref> In the long term, the [[velocity of money]] supply measures such as the MZM ("money zero maturity", representing cash and equivalent [[demand deposit]]s) velocity is far more predictive of inflation than low unemployment.<ref name=hossfeld>Oliver Hossfeld (2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215511/http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/forschungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFERWP_2010-4.pdf "US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction"] ''International Network for Economic Research'' working paper no. 2010.4</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/MZMV |title=MZM velocity |publisher=Research.stlouisfed.org |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

Some demand theory economists see the inflation barrier as corresponding to the [[natural rate of unemployment]]. The "natural" rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists when the labour market is in equilibrium, and there is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates. An alternative technical term for that rate is the [[NAIRU]], the ''Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment''. Whatever its name, demand theory holds that if the unemployment rate gets "too low", inflation will accelerate in the absence of wage and price controls (incomes policies).

One of the major problems with the NAIRU theory is that no one knows exactly what the NAIRU is, and it clearly changes over time.<ref name=chang/> The margin of error can be quite high relative to the actual unemployment rate, making it hard to use the NAIRU in policy-making.<ref name=hossfeld/>

Another, normative, definition of full employment might be called the ''ideal'' unemployment rate. It would exclude all types of unemployment that represent forms of inefficiency. This type of "full employment" unemployment would correspond to only frictional unemployment (excluding that part encouraging the [[McJob]]s management strategy) and so would be very low. However, it would be impossible to attain this full-employment target using only demand-side [[Keynesian]] stimulus without getting below the NAIRU and causing accelerating inflation (absent incomes policies). Training programs aimed at fighting structural unemployment would help here.

To the extent that hidden unemployment exists, it implies that official unemployment statistics provide a poor guide to what unemployment rate coincides with "full employment".<ref name=chang/>

===Structural unemployment===
{{Main|Structural unemployment}}
[[File:Okuns law quarterly differences.svg|thumb|[[Okun's Law]] interprets unemployment as a function of the rate of growth in GDP.]]
[[Structural unemployment]] occurs when a labour market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for the available jobs. Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment except that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to abolish this type of unemployment easily.

Structural unemployment may also be encouraged to rise by persistent cyclical unemployment: if an economy suffers from longlasting low aggregate demand, it means that many of the unemployed become disheartened, and their skills (including [[job hunting|job-searching]] skills) become "rusty" and obsolete. Problems with debt may lead to [[homelessness]] and a fall into the vicious cycle of poverty, which means that people affected in this way may not fit the job vacancies that are created when the economy recovers. The implication is that sustained ''high'' demand may ''lower'' structural unemployment. This theory of persistence in structural unemployment has been referred to as an example of [[path dependence]] or "[[hysteresis]]".

Much ''[[technological unemployment]]'',<ref name="Jerome 1934"/> caused by the replacement of workers by machines might be counted as structural unemployment. Alternatively, technological unemployment might refer to the way in which steady increases in labour productivity mean that fewer workers are needed to produce the same level of output every year. The fact that aggregate demand can be raised to deal with the problem suggests that the problem is instead one of cyclical unemployment. As indicated by [[Okun's law]], the demand side must grow sufficiently quickly to absorb not only the growing labour force but also the workers who are made redundant by the increased labour productivity.

Seasonal unemployment may be seen as a kind of structural unemployment since it is linked to certain kinds of jobs (construction and migratory farm work). The most-cited official unemployment measures erase this kind of unemployment from the statistics using "seasonal adjustment" techniques. That results in substantial and permanent structural unemployment.

===Frictional unemployment===
{{Main|Frictional unemployment}}
[[File:US beveridge 2004 through fall 2010.gif|thumb|The [[Beveridge curve]] of 2004 [[vacancy (economics)|job vacancy]] and unemployment rate (from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics)]]

Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs in which a worker [[search theory|searches]] for or transitions from one job to another. It is sometimes called ''search unemployment'' and can be voluntary, based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are [[heterogeneity in economics|heterogeneous]], and a mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment, work-time, location, seasonal industries, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. New entrants (such as graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of frictional unemployment.

Workers and employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away. They will invest some time and effort to find a better match. That is, in fact, beneficial to the economy since it results in a better allocation of resources. However, if the search takes too long and mismatches are too frequent, the economy suffers since some work will not get done. Therefore, governments will seek ways to reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment by multiple means including providing education, advice, training, and assistance such as [[daycare center]]s.

The frictions in the [[labour market]] are sometimes illustrated graphically with a [[Beveridge curve]], a downward-sloping, convex curve that shows a correlation between the unemployment rate on one axis and the vacancy rate on the other. Changes in the supply of or demand for labour cause movements along the curve. An increase or decrease in labour market frictions will shift the curve outwards or inwards.

===Hidden unemployment===
Official statistics often underestimate unemployment rates because of hidden, or covered, unemployment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Komlos |first=John |url=https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7859.pdf |title=The Real U.S. Unemployment Rate Is Twice the Official Rate, and the Phillips Curve |publisher=CesIfo working paper No 7859 |year=2019 |pages=54–74}}</ref> That is the unemployment of potential workers that are not reflected in official unemployment statistics because of how the statistics are collected. In many countries, only those who have no work but are actively looking for work and/or qualifying for social security benefits are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking for work and sometimes those who are on government "retraining" programs are not officially counted among the unemployed even though they are not employed.

The statistic also does not count the "[[underemployment|underemployed]]", those working fewer hours than they would prefer or in a job that fails to make good use of their capabilities. In addition, those who are of working age but are currently in full-time education are usually not considered unemployed in government statistics. Traditional unemployed native societies who survive by gathering, hunting, herding, and farming in wilderness areas may or may not be counted in unemployment statistics.

===Long-term unemployment===
'''Long-term unemployment''' (LTU) is defined in [[European Union]] statistics as unemployment lasting for longer than one year (while unemployment lasting over two years is defined as ''very long-term unemployment''). The United States [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] (BLS), which reports current long-term unemployment rate at 1.9 percent, defines this as unemployment lasting 27 weeks or longer. Long-term unemployment is a component of [[structural unemployment]], which results in long-term unemployment existing in every social group, industry, occupation, and all levels of education.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Bivens |first1= Josh |last2=Shierholz |first2=Heidi |title=Lagging Demand, Not Unemployability, Is Why Long-term Unemployment Remains So High |publisher=Economic Policy Institute |url=http://www.epi.org/publication/lagging-demand-is-behind-high-long-term-unemployment/}}</ref>

In 2015 the European Commission published recommendations on how to reduce long-term unemployment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016H0220%2801%29&qid=1456753373365 |title=COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION of 15 February 2016 on the integration of the long-term unemployed into the labour market |id=2016/C 67/01 |date=20 February 2016 |work=[[Official Journal of the European Union]]}}</ref> These advised governments to:

* encourage long-term unemployed people to '''register''' with an [[Public employment service|employment service]];
* provide each registered long-term unemployed person with an '''individual in-depth assessment''' to identify their needs and potential within 18 months;
* offer a tailor-made '''job integration agreement''' (JIA) to all registered long-term unemployed within 18 months. These might include measures such as [[Mentorship|mentoring]], help with [[Job hunting|job search]], [[further education]] and [[training]], support for housing, transport, child and care services and rehabilitation. Each person would have a single point of contact to access this support, which would be implemented in partnership with employers.

In 2017–2019 it implemented the Long-Term Unemployment project to research solutions implemented by EU member states and produce a toolkit<ref>{{Cite web|title=LTU project - Long Term Unemployment project - EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND - European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/esf/transnationality/ltu-project|access-date=11 March 2021|website=EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND|language=en}}</ref> to guide government action. Progress was evaluated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commission publishes report on reintegration of long-term unemployed|url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&langId=en&newsId=9346|access-date=11 March 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> in 2019.

===Marxian theory of unemployment===
[[File:Marx - Theorien über den Mehrwert, 1956 - 5708926.tif|thumb|[[Karl Marx]], ''Theorien über den Mehrwert'', 1956]]
{{Blockquote|text=It is in the very nature of the [[capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]] to overwork some workers while keeping the rest as a [[reserve army of labour|reserve army]] of unemployed paupers.|author=Marx|source=[[Theories of Surplus Value|Theory of Surplus Value]]<ref name="Marx 1863 478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300"/>}}

Marxists share the Keynesian viewpoint of the relationship between economic demand and employment, but with the caveat that the market system's propensity to slash wages and reduce labor participation on an enterprise level causes a requisite decrease in aggregate demand in the economy as a whole, causing crises of unemployment and periods of low economic activity before the [[capital accumulation]] (investment) phase of economic growth can continue. According to [[Karl Marx]], unemployment is inherent within the unstable capitalist system and periodic crises of mass unemployment are to be expected. He theorized that unemployment was inevitable and even a necessary part of the capitalist system, with recovery and regrowth also part of the process.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/hardcastle/unemployment.htm |title=Marx and Keynes on Unemployment |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083213/https://www.marxists.org/archive/hardcastle/unemployment.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The function of the [[proletariat]] within the capitalist system is to provide a "[[reserve army of labour]]" that creates downward pressure on wages. This is accomplished by dividing the proletariat into surplus labour (employees) and under-employment (unemployed).<ref>Marx, Karl (2009). Capital: An Abridged Edition. Edited by David McLellan, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953570-5}}.</ref> This reserve army of labour fight among themselves for scarce jobs at lower and lower wages. At first glance, unemployment seems inefficient since unemployed workers do not increase profits, but unemployment is profitable within the global capitalist system because unemployment lowers wages which are costs from the perspective of the owners. From this perspective low wages benefit the system by reducing [[economic rent]]s. Yet, it does not benefit workers; according to Karl Marx, the workers (proletariat) work to benefit the bourgeoisie through their production of capital.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm | title=Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1)}}</ref> Capitalist systems unfairly manipulate the market for labour by perpetuating unemployment which lowers laborers' demands for fair wages. Workers are pitted against one another at the service of increasing profits for owners. As a result of the capitalist mode of production, Marx argued that workers experienced alienation and estrangement through their economic identity.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/a/l.htm | title=Glossary of Terms: Al}}</ref> According to Marx, the only way to permanently eliminate unemployment would be to abolish capitalism and the system of forced competition for wages and then shift to a socialist or communist economic system. For contemporary Marxists, the existence of persistent unemployment is proof of the inability of capitalism to ensure full employment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marx|first=Karl|title=The Communist Manifesto|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm|access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref>

==Measurement==
{{Redirect|Unemployment rate|a list of countries|List of countries by unemployment rate}}
There are also different ways national statistical agencies measure unemployment. The differences may limit the validity of international comparisons of unemployment data.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf "International Unemployment Rates: How Comparable are They?"] by Constance Sorrentino, Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3–20.</ref> To some degree, the differences remain despite national statistical agencies increasingly adopting the definition of unemployment of the International Labour Organization.<ref name="ilo.org">International Labour Organization Bureau of Statistics [http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_088394.pdf Measurement of employment, unemployment and underemployment – Current international standards and issues in their application]. Retrieved August 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924111726/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_088394.pdf |date=24 September 2011 }}</ref> To facilitate international comparisons, some organizations, such as the [[OECD#Statistics|OECD]], [[Eurostat]], and [[Division of international labor comparisons|International Labor Comparisons Program]], adjust data on unemployment for comparability across countries.

Though many people care about the number of unemployed individuals, economists typically focus on the unemployment rate, which corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed caused by increases in population and increases in the labour force relative to the population. The unemployment rate is expressed as a [[percentage]] and calculated as follows:

:<math>\text{Unemployment rate}=\frac{\text{Unemployed workers}}{\text{Total labor force}} \times 100</math>

As defined by the [[International Labour Organization]], "unemployed workers" are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work.<ref>International Labour Organization, Bureau of Statistics,[http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf The Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians], received 21 July 2007</ref>
Individuals who are actively seeking job placement must make the effort to be in contact with an employer, have job interviews, contact job placement agencies, send out resumes, submit applications, respond to advertisements, or some other means of active job searching within the prior four weeks. Simply looking at advertisements and not responding will not count as actively seeking job placement. Since not all unemployment may be "open" and counted by government agencies, official statistics on unemployment may not be accurate.<ref name="sfgate.com">{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Zuckerman |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/11/17/BU239666.DTL |title=Official unemployment numbers omit discouraged seekers, part-time workers |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=17 November 2002 |access-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629055550/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2002%2F11%2F17%2FBU239666.DTL |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> In the United States, for example, the unemployment rate does not take into consideration those individuals who are not actively looking for employment, such as those who are still attending college.<ref>Coy, P. (11 September 2012). U.S. jobless rate drops for the worst of all reasons. Businessweek.Com, 5.</ref>

According to the OECD, Eurostat, and the US [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] the unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labour force.

"An unemployed person is defined by Eurostat, according to the guidelines of the International Labour Organization, as:

* someone aged 15 to 74 (in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway: 16 to 74 years);
* without work during the reference week;
* available to start work within the next two weeks (or has already found a job to start within the next three months);
* actively having sought employment at some time during the last four weeks."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Unemployment|title=Glossary:Unemployment|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>

The labour force, or workforce, includes both employed (employees and self-employed) and unemployed people but not the economically inactive, such as pre-school children, school children, students and pensioners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Labour_force|title=Glossary:Labour force|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>

The unemployment rate of an individual country is usually calculated and reported on a monthly, quarterly, and yearly basis by the National Agency of Statistics. Organisations like the OECD report statistics for all of its member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/unemp/unemployment-rate.htm|title=Unemployment rate|publisher= Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)}}</ref>

Certain countries provide unemployment compensation for a certain period of time for unemployed citizens who are registered as unemployed at the government [[employment agency]]. Furthermore, pension receivables or claims could depend on the registration at the government employment agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=862&langId=en|title=Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion|publisher= European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usa.gov/unemployment|title=Unemployment Help|publisher=United States government website}}</ref>

In many countries like in [[Germany]], the unemployment rate is based on the number of people who are registered as unemployed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Arbeit/Arbeitsmarkt/Glossar/arbeitslosenquote.html|title=Arbeitslosenquote|publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt}}</ref> Other countries like the United States use a labour force survey to calculate the unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/|title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Labour_force_survey_(LFS)|title=Glossary:Labour force survey (LFS)|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>

The ILO describes four different methods to calculate the unemployment rate:<ref>International Labour Organization, LABORSTA,[http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/c3e.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707132204/http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/c3e.html|date=7 July 2007}}. Retrieved 22 July 2007.</ref>
* ''Labour Force Sample Surveys'' are the most preferred method of unemployment rate calculation since they give the most comprehensive results and enables calculation of unemployment by different group categories such as race and gender. This method is the most internationally comparable.
* ''Official Estimates'' are determined by a combination of information from one or more of the other three methods. The use of this method has been declining in favor of labour surveys.
* ''Social Insurance Statistics'', such as unemployment benefits, are computed based on the number of persons insured representing the total labour force and the number of persons who are insured that are collecting benefits. This method has been heavily criticized because if the expiration of benefits before the person finds work.
* ''Employment Office Statistics'' are the least effective since they include only a monthly tally of unemployed persons who enter employment offices. This method also includes those who are not unemployed by the ILO definition.

The primary measure of unemployment, U3, allows for comparisons between countries. Unemployment differs from country to country and across different time periods. For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States had lower unemployment levels than many countries in the [[European Union]],<ref>Schmitt, John; Rho, Hye Jin; Fremstad, Shawn. [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/US-EU-UR-2009-05.pdf U.S. Unemployment Now As High as Europe.] Center for Economic and Policy Research. May 2009.</ref> which had significant internal variation, with countries like the United Kingdom and [[Denmark]] outperforming [[Italy]] and [[France]]. However, large economic events like the Great Depression can lead to similar unemployment rates across the globe.

In 2013, the ILO adopted a resolution to introduce new indicators to measure the unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution I Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization |publisher=ILO |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_230304.pdf}}</ref>
*LU1: Unemployment rate: [persons in unemployment / labour force] × 100
*LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment) / labour force]
x 100
*LU3: Combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force: [(persons in unemployment + potential labour force) / (extended labour force)] × 100
*LU4: Composite measure of labour underutilization: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment + potential

labour force) / (extended labour force)] × 100

===European Union (Eurostat)===
{{Further|List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate|List of European regions by unemployment rate}}
[[File:Unemployment Rate in Europe (2020).svg|thumb|Unemployment in Europe (2021) according to Worldbank]]
[[File:Unemployment_rates_EU-28,_EA-19,_US_and_Japan,_seasonally_adjusted,_January_2000_-_October_2019.png|thumb|Unemployment rates from 2000 to 2019 for United States, Japan and [[European Union]]]]

[[Eurostat]], the statistical office of the [[European Union]], defines unemployed as those persons between age 15 and 74 who are not working, have looked for work in the last four weeks, and are ready to start work within two weeks; this definition conforms to ILO standards. Both the actual count and the unemployment rate are reported. Statistical data are available by member state for the European Union as a whole (EU28) as well as for the [[eurozone]] (EA19). Eurostat also includes a long-term unemployment rate, which is defined as part of the unemployed who have been unemployed for more than one year.<ref>Marco Giugni, ed. ''The Contentious Politics of Unemployment in Europe: Welfare States and Political Opportunities''(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) covers Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland.</ref>

The main source used is the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). It collects data on all member states each quarter. For monthly calculations, national surveys or national registers from employment offices are used in conjunction with quarterly EU-LFS data. The exact calculation for individual countries, resulting in harmonized monthly data, depends on the availability of the data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_SDDS/EN/une_esms.htm|title=European Commission, Eurostat|access-date=5 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126055630/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_SDDS/en/une_esms.htm|archive-date=26 November 2009}}</ref>

===United States Bureau of Labor statistics===
{{See also|Unemployment in the United States|JOLTS report}}

[[File:USA 2008 unemployment by county.svg|thumb|Unemployment rate in the US by county in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/la/laucnty08.txt|title=Labor force data by county, 2008 annual averages|author=Bureau of Labor Statistics|year=2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=8em}}{{legend|#0000ff|1.2–3%}}{{legend|#00dddd|3.1–4%}}{{legend|#00ffaa|4.1–5%}}{{legend|#00ff00|5.1–6%}}{{legend|#77cc00|6.1–7%}}{{legend|#ffff00|7.1–8%}}{{legend|#ffaa00|8.1–9%}}{{legend|#ff0000|9.1–10%}}{{legend|#ff00aa|10.1–11%}}{{legend|#666666|11.1–13%}}{{legend|#000000|13.1–22.9%}}{{colend}}]]

The [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] measures employment and unemployment (of those over 17 years of age) by using two different labor force surveys<ref>United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics,[http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_faq.htm]. Retrieved 23 July 2007.</ref> conducted by the [[United States Census Bureau]] (within the [[United States Department of Commerce]]) and/or the Bureau of Labor Statistics (within the [[United States Department of Labor]]) that gather employment statistics monthly. The [[Current Population Survey]] (CPS), or "Household Survey", conducts a survey based on a sample of 60,000 households. The survey measures the unemployment rate based on the ILO definition.<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, [http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_over.htm#overview Current Population Survey overview]. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</ref>

The Current Employment Statistics survey (CES), or "Payroll Survey", conducts a survey based on a sample of 160,000 businesses and government agencies, which represent 400,000 individual employers.<ref name=c>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "[http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_02012008.pdf The Employment Situation: January 2008]," January 2008</ref> Since the survey measures only civilian nonagricultural employment, it does not calculate an unemployment rate, and it differs from the ILO unemployment rate definition. Both sources have different classification criteria and usually produce differing results. Additional data are also available from the government, such as the unemployment insurance weekly claims report available from the Office of Workforce Security, within the U.S. Department of Labor's [[Employment and Training Administration]].<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Employment & Training Administration, Office of Workforce Security, [http://workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/unemploy/claims_arch.asp UI Weekly Claims]</ref> The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides up-to-date numbers via a PDF linked here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_03052010.pdf |title=The Employment Situation: February 2010 |access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> The BLS also provides a readable concise current Employment Situation Summary, updated monthly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm |title=Employment Situation Summary |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>
[[File:US Unemployment measures.svg|thumb|U1–U6 since 1950, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics]]

The Bureau of Labor Statistics also calculates six alternate measures of unemployment, U1 to U6, which measure different aspects of unemployment:<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table A-15. Alternative measures of labour underutilization Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref>
* U1:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab15.htm |title=Labor Force Statistics (CPS), Alternative Measures U-1 through U-6 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> Percentage of labor force unemployed 15 weeks or longer.
* U2: Percentage of labor force who lost jobs or completed temporary work.
* U3: Official '''unemployment rate''', per the ILO definition, occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively looked for [[wage labor|work]] within the past four weeks.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf|author=International Labor Organization |title=Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment, and underemployment, adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labor Statisticians; see page 4 |date=October 1982 |access-date=26 November 2007 }}</ref>
* U4: U3 + "[[discouraged workers]]", or those who have stopped looking for work because current economic conditions make them believe that no work is available for them.
* U5: U4 + other "marginally attached workers," or "loosely attached workers", or those who "would like" and are able to work but have not looked for work recently.
* U6: U5 + Part-time workers who want to work full-time, but cannot for economic reasons ([[underemployment]]).
''Note: "Marginally attached workers" are added to the total labour force for unemployment rate calculation for U4, U5, and U6.'' The [[Current Population Survey#1994 revisions|BLS revised the CPS in 1994]] and among the changes the measure representing the official unemployment rate was renamed U3 instead of U5.<ref>{{cite web |first1=John E. |last1=Bregger |first2=Steven E. |last2=Haugen |year=1995 |title=BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures |work=Monthly Labor Review, October: 19–29 |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1995/10/art3full.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=6 March 2009 }}</ref> In 2013, Representative [[Duncan D. Hunter|Hunter]] proposed that the Bureau of Labor Statistics use the U5 rate instead of the current U3 rate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rep. Hunter Seeks to Change Jobless Reporting Method |author=Honathan Horn |url=http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2013/apr/24/tp-rep-hunter-seeks-to-change-jobless-reporting/ |newspaper=San Diego Union Tribune |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020412/http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2013/apr/24/tp-rep-hunter-seeks-to-change-jobless-reporting/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}<br />{{cite news |title=GOP lawmaker calls for change to how government measures unemployment |author=Molly K. Hooper |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/house/220457-gop-lawmaker-calls-for-change-to-how-government-measures-unemployment- |newspaper=The Hill |date=8 April 2012 |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013147/http://thehill.com/homenews/house/220457-gop-lawmaker-calls-for-change-to-how-government-measures-unemployment- |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |title=The Unemployment Rate Is a Farce That Needs Fixing: Rep. Duncan Hunter |author=Matt Nesto |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/breakout/unemployment-rate-farce-needs-fixing-rep-duncan-hunter-113437674.html |newspaper=Yahoo! Finance |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref>

Statistics for the US economy as a whole hide variations among groups. For example, in January 2008, the US unemployment rates were 4.4% for adult men, 4.2% for adult women, 4.4% for Caucasians, 6.3% for Hispanics or Latinos (all races), 9.2% for African Americans, 3.2% for Asian Americans, and 18.0% for teenagers.<ref name=c/> Also, the US unemployment rate would be at least 2% higher if prisoners and jail inmates were counted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/00-05_REP_PunishingDecade_AC.pdf |title=The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium |publisher=Justice Policy Institute |date=May 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution |first1=Bruce |last1=Western |first2=Katherine |last2=Beckett |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |volume=104 |issue=4 |year=1999 |pages=1030–1060 |doi=10.1086/210135 |s2cid=27785866 }}</ref>

The unemployment rate is included in a number of major economic [[index (economics)|indices]] including the US [[The Conference Board|Conference Board]]'s [[Index of Leading Indicators]] a [[macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] measure of the state of the economy.

{{multiple image
| footer =
| align = none
| image1 = US Unemployment 1800-1890.gif
| width1 = {{#expr: (200 * 628 / 398) round 0}}
| alt1 = US Unemployment 1800–1890
| caption1 = Estimated US unemployment rate from 1800 to 1890. All data are estimates based on data compiled by Lebergott.<ref name="Lebergott1964">{{cite book |first=Stanley |last=Lebergott |year=1964 |title=Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800 |url=https://archive.org/details/manpowerineconom0000lebe |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manpowerineconom0000lebe/page/164 164]–190 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill
}}</ref> See limitations section below on how to interpret unemployment statistics in self-employed, agricultural economies. See image information for complete data.
| image2 = US annual unemployment rate.svg
| width2 = {{#expr: (200 * 796 / 416) round 0}}
| alt2 = US Unemployment since 1890
| caption2 = Estimated US unemployment rate since 1890; 1890–1930 data are from [[Christina Romer]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Christina |last=Romer |year=1986 |title=Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data |journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |jstor=1831958 |doi=10.1086/261361|s2cid=15302777 }}</ref> 1930–1940 data is from Coen.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert M. |last=Coen |year=1973 |title=Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s: A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience |journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=46–55 |jstor=1927993 |doi=10.2307/1927993}}</ref> 1940–2011 data is from [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aat1.txt |title=Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1940 to date |access-date=6 March 2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf |title=Historical Comparability |year=2006 |work=Employment and Earnings. Household Data Explanatory Notes, February 2006 }}</ref> See image info for complete data.
| direction =
| total_width =
}}

===Alternatives===
====Limitations of definition====
Some critics believe that current methods of measuring unemployment are inaccurate in terms of the impact of unemployment on people as these methods do not take into account the 1.5% of the available working population incarcerated in US prisons (who may or may not be working while they are incarcerated); those who have lost their jobs and have become [[discouraged worker|discouraged]] over time from actively looking for work; those who are [[self-employed]] or wish to become self-employed, such as tradesmen or building contractors or information technology consultants; those who have retired before the official retirement age but would still like to work (involuntary early retirees); those on [[disability]] pensions who do not possess full health but still wish to work in occupations that suitable for their medical conditions; or those who work for payment for as little as one hour per week but would like to work full time.<ref name="Krueger 1999">{{cite journal|last=Krueger|first=Alan B.|author2=Lawrence F. Katz|title=New Trend in Unemployment?: The High-Pressure U.S. Labor Market of the 1990s|journal=Brookings Review|year=1999|url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1999/fall_unemployment_katz.aspx|access-date=18 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084352/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1999/fall_unemployment_katz.aspx|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

The last people are "involuntary part-time" workers, those who are underemployed, such as a computer programmer who is working in a retail store until he can find a permanent job, involuntary stay-at-home mothers who would prefer to work, and graduate and professional school students who are unable to find worthwhile jobs after they graduated with their bachelor's degrees.

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P109961, Berlin, Arbeitsamt Sonnenallee, Arbeitslose.jpg|thumb|A government unemployment office with job listings, [[West Berlin]], [[West Germany]], 1982]]
Internationally, some nations' unemployment rates are sometimes muted or appear less severe because of the number of self-employed individuals working in agriculture.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/> Small independent farmers are often considered self-employed and so cannot be unemployed. That can impact non-industrialized economies, such as the United States and Europe in the early 19th century, since overall unemployment was approximately 3% because so many individuals were self-employed, independent farmers; however, non-agricultural unemployment was as high as 80%.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/>

Many economies industrialize and so experience increasing numbers of non-agricultural workers. For example, the United States' non-agricultural labour force increased from 20% in 1800 to 50% in 1850 and 97% in 2000.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/> The shift away from self-employment increases the percentage of the population that is included in unemployment rates. When unemployment rates between countries or time periods are compared, it is best to consider differences in their levels of industrialization and self-employment.

Additionally, the measures of employment and unemployment may be "too high". In some countries, the availability of [[unemployment benefits]] can inflate statistics by giving an incentive to register as unemployed. People who do not seek work may choose to declare themselves unemployed to get benefits; people with undeclared paid occupations may try to get unemployment benefits in addition to the money that they earn from their work.<ref name="Reporting benefit fraud.">{{cite web|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/BenefitFraud/DG_10014876 |title=Reporting benefit fraud |publisher=Directgov |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

However, in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, and the European Union, unemployment is measured using a sample survey (akin to a [[Gallup Organization|Gallup]] poll).<ref name="ilo.org"/> According to the BLS, a number of Eastern European nations have instituted labour force surveys as well. The sample survey has its own problems because the total number of workers in the economy is calculated based on a sample, rather than a census.

It is possible to be neither employed nor unemployed by ILO definitions by being outside of the "labour force".<ref name="sfgate.com"/> Such people have no job and are not looking for one. Many of them go to school or are retired. Family responsibilities keep others out of the labour force. Still others have a physical or mental disability that prevents them from participating in the labour force. Some people simply elect not to work and prefer to be dependent on others for sustenance.

Typically, employment and the labour force include only work that is done for monetary gain. Hence, a [[homemaker]] is neither part of the labour force nor unemployed. Also, full-time students and prisoners are considered to be neither part of the labour force nor unemployed.<ref name="Krueger 1999"/> The number of prisoners can be important. In 1999, economists Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger estimated that increased incarceration lowered measured unemployment in the United States by 0.17% between 1985 and the late 1990s.<ref name="Krueger 1999"/>

In particular, as of 2005, roughly 0.7% of the US population is incarcerated (1.5% of the available working population). Additionally, children, the elderly, and some individuals with disabilities are typically not counted as part of the labour force and so are not included in the unemployment statistics. However, some elderly and many disabled individuals are active in the labour market.

In the early stages of an [[boom and bust|economic boom]], unemployment often rises.<ref name="Keynes 2007"/> That is because people join the labour market (give up studying, start a job hunt, etc.) as a result of the improving job market, but until they have actually found a position, they are counted as unemployed. Similarly, during a [[recession]], the increase in the unemployment rate is moderated by people leaving the labour force or being otherwise discounted from the labour force, such as with the self-employed.

For the fourth quarter of 2004, according to [[OECD]] ([http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/30/35024561.pdf Employment Outlook 2005] {{ISBN|92-64-01045-9}}), normalized unemployment for men aged 25 to 54 was 4.6% in the US and 7.4% in France. At the same time and for the same population, the employment rate (number of workers divided by population) was 86.3% in the US and 86.7% in France. That example shows that the unemployment rate was 60% higher in France than in the US, but more people in that demographic were working in France than in the US, which is counterintuitive if it is expected that the unemployment rate reflects the health of the labour market.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Dean|url=http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/beat_the_press_archive?month=01&year=2007&base_name=wall_street_journal_gets_germa&162#comment-1679545|title=Wall Street Journal Gets German Unemployment Wrong|work=The American Prospect|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033323/http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/beat_the_press_archive?month=01&year=2007&base_name=wall_street_journal_gets_germa&162#comment-1679545|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Raymond Torres, OECD head of Employment Analysis, [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-823448,36-917229@51-628862,0.html Avec 1,2 % de baisse fin avril, le taux de chômage continue sa décrue]{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Le Monde'', 30 mai 2007 : ''unemployment measure is less and less meaningful to measure labour market efficiency.''</ref>

Those deficiencies make many [[labour economics|labour market]] economists prefer to look at a range of economic statistics such as labour market participation rate, the percentage of people between 15 and 64 who are currently employed or searching for employment, the total number of full-time jobs in an economy, the number of people seeking work as a raw number and not a percentage, and the total number of person-hours worked in a month compared to the total number of person-hours people would like to work. In particular, the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] does not use the unemployment rate but prefers various employment rates to date recessions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwwdev.nber.org/dec2008.html |title=Determination of the December 2007 Peak in Economic Activity |publisher=The National Bureau of Economic Research |date=28 November 2008 |access-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130905171428/http%3A//wwwdev.nber.org/dec2008.html |archive-date=5 September 2013 }}</ref>

====Labor force participation rate====
[[File:US Labor Force Participation Rate by gender.png|thumb|upright=1.5|US labor force participation rate from 1948 to 2021, by gender
{{legend|#4A90E2|Male participation}}
{{legend|#000000|Total labor force participation}}
{{legend|#AA4643|Female participation}}]]
[[File:Work Force Participation Rate by Age Group.webp|thumb|300px|{{center|Work Force Participation Rate by Age Group}}
{{legend-line|#B8BEBA solid 3px|55+}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|25-54}}
{{legend-line|#FFD932 solid 3px|20-24}}
{{legend-line|#EE220C solid 3px|16-19}}
]]
The labor force participation rate is the ratio between the [[labor force]] and the overall size of their [[cohort (statistics)|cohort]] (national population of the same age range). In the West, during the latter half of the 20th century, the labor force participation rate increased significantly because of an increase in the number of women entering the workplace.

In the United States, there have been four significant stages of women's participation in the labour force: increases in the 20th century and decreases in the 21st century. Male labor force participation decreased from 1953 to 2013. Since October 2013, men have been increasingly joining the labour force.

From the late 19th century to the 1920s, very few women worked outside the home. They were young single women who typically withdrew from the labor force at marriage unless family needed two incomes. Such women worked primarily in the [[textile manufacturing]] industry or as [[domestic worker]]s. That profession empowered women and allowed them to earn a living wage. (Source on women earning a living wage?) At times, they were a financial help to their families.

Between 1930 and 1950, female labor force participation increased primarily because of the increased demand for office workers, women's participation in the high school movement, and [[electrification]], which reduced the time that was spent on household chores. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, most women were secondary earners working mainly as secretaries, teachers, nurses, and librarians ([[pink-collar]] jobs).

From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s, there was a period of revolution of women in the labor force brought on by various factors, many of which arose from the [[second-wave feminism]] movement. Women more accurately planned for their future in the work force by investing in more applicable majors in college that prepared them to enter and compete in the labor market. In the United States, the female labor force participation rate rose from approximately 33% in 1948 to a peak of 60.3% in 2000. As of April 2015, the female labor force participation is at 56.6%, the male labor force participation rate is at 69.4%, and the total is 62.8%.<ref name="research.stlouisfed.org">[https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/LNS11300002 Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: Women] Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</ref>

A common theory in modern economics claims that the rise of women participating in the US labor force in the 1950s to the 1990s was caused by the introduction of a new contraceptive technology, [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], as well as the adjustment of [[age of majority]] laws. The use of birth control gave women the flexibility of opting to invest and to advance their career while they maintained a relationship. By having control over the timing of their fertility, they were not running a risk of thwarting their career choices. However, only 40% of the population actually used the birth control pill.

That implies that other factors may have contributed to women choosing to invest in advancing their careers. One factor may be that an increasing number of men delayed the age of marriage, which allowed women to marry later in life without them worrying about the quality of older men. Other factors include the changing nature of work, with machines replacing physical labor, thus eliminating many traditional male occupations, and the rise of the service sector in which many jobs are gender neutral.

Another factor that may have contributed to the trend was the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. Such legislation diminished sexual discrimination and encouraged more women to enter the labor market by receiving fair remuneration to help raising families and children.

At the turn of the 21st century, the labor force participation began to reverse its long period of increase. Reasons for the change include a rising share of older workers, an increase in school enrollment rates among young workers, and a decrease in female labor force participation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Van Zandweghe|first=Willem|title=Interpreting the Recent Decline in Labor Force Participation|journal=KC Fed Economic Review, First Quarter, 2012|pages=5–34|url=http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/pdf/12q1VanZandweghe.pdf|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115193338/http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/pdf/12q1VanZandweghe.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The labor force participation rate can decrease when the rate of growth of the population outweighs that of the employed and the unemployed together. The labor force participation rate is a key component in long-term economic growth, almost as important as [[productivity]].

A historic shift began around the end of the [[Great Recession]] as women began leaving the labor force in the United States and other developed countries. The female labor force participation rate in the United States has steadily decreased since 2009, and as of April 2015, the female labor force participation rate has gone back down to 1988 levels of 56.6%.<ref name="research.stlouisfed.org"/>

Participation rates are defined as follows:

{| style="margin:auto; width:90%;"
| Pop = total population || LF = labor force = U + E
|-
| LFpop = labor force population <br /> (generally defined as all men and women aged 15–64) || p = participation rate = LF / LFpop
|-
| E = number employed || e = rate of employment = E / LFpop
|-
| U = number of unemployed || u = rate of unemployment = U / LF
|}

The labor force participation rate explains how an increase in the unemployment rate can occur simultaneously with an increase in employment. If a large number of new workers enter the labor force but only a small fraction become employed, then the increase in the number of unemployed workers can outpace the growth in employment.<ref>Peter Barth and Dennis Heffley [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621060113/http://www.cteconomy.uconn.edu/TCE_Individual_Articles/Spring_2004/LocalLaborForceParticipationRates.pdf "Taking Apart Taking Part: Local Labor Force Participation Rates"] University of Connecticut, 2004.</ref>

====Unemployment-to-population ratio====
The unemployment-to-population ratio calculates the share of unemployed for the whole population. This is in contrast to the unemployment rate, which calculates the percentage of unemployed persons in relation to the ''active'' population. Particularly, many young people between 15 and 24 are studying full-time and so are neither working nor looking for a job. That means that they are not part of the labor force, which is used as the [[denominator]] when the unemployment rate is calculated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics#Youth_unemployment_trends |title=Unemployment statistics - Statistics Explained |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

The [[youth unemployment]] ratios in the European Union range from 5.2 (Austria) to 20.6 percent (Spain). They are considerably lower than the standard youth unemployment rates, ranging from 7.9 (Germany) to 57.9 percent (Greece).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php?title=File:Youth_unemployment,_2012Q4_%28%25%29.png&filetimestamp=20130418091546# |title=File:Youth unemployment, 2012Q4 (%).png - Statistics Explained |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

==Effects==
High and the persistent unemployment, in which [[economic inequality]] increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth because it is a waste of resources; generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions; drives people to poverty; constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility; and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest, and conflict.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Castells-Quintana|first=David|author2=Vicente Royuela |title=Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation|journal=Investigaciones Regionales|year=2012|volume=12|issue=24|pages=153–173|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/33140/1/617293.pdf|access-date=17 October 2013|hdl=10017/27066|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The 2013 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, [[Robert J. Shiller]], said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem.<ref>{{cite news|last=Christoffersen|first=John|title=Rising inequality 'most important problem,' says Nobel-winning economist|url=https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/rising-inequality-most-important-problem-says-nobel-winning-economist/article_a5065957-05c3-5ac0-ba5b-dab91c22973a.html|access-date=19 October 2013|newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

===Costs===
====Individual====
[[File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Migrant Mother'', photograph by [[Dorothea Lange]], 1936]]
Unemployed individuals are unable to earn money to meet financial obligations. Failure to pay mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to [[homelessness]] through [[foreclosure]] or [[eviction]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/16/national/main6213988.shtml |title=Suburban Homeless: Rising Tide of Families |work=CBS News |date=16 February 2010 |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219010200/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/16/national/main6213988.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Across the United States the growing ranks of people made homeless in the foreclosure crisis are generating [[tent cities]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/26/tent-city-california-recession-economy |title=U.S. tent cities highlight new realities as recession wears on |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 March 2009 |location=London |first=Oliver |last=Burkeman}}</ref>

Unemployment increases susceptibility to [[cardiovascular disease]], [[somatization]], [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and [[suicide]]. In addition, unemployed people have higher rates of medication use, poor diet, physician visits, [[tobacco smoking]], [[alcoholic beverage]] consumption, drug use, and lower rates of exercise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781380|title = Mission Critical: Getting Vets With PTSD Back to Work|last1 = Meade|first1 = Barbara J.|date = 29 March 2013|work = NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health|last2 = Glenn|first2 = Margaret K.|last3 = Wirth|first3 = Oliver|publisher = Medscape & NIOSH}}</ref> According to a study published in Social Indicator Research, even those who tend to be optimistic find it difficult to look on the bright side of things when unemployed. Using interviews and data from German participants aged 16 to 94, including individuals coping with the stresses of real life and not just a volunteering student population, the researchers determined that even optimists struggled with being unemployed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newswise.com/articles/view/545782/ |title=Even Optimists Get the Blues When Pink-slipped |work=Newswise |access-date=27 October 2008 }}</ref>

In 1979, [[M. Harvey Brenner]] found that for every 10% increase in the number of unemployed, there is an increase of 1.2% in total mortality, a 1.7% increase in [[cardiovascular disease]], 1.3% more [[cirrhosis]] cases, 1.7% more suicides, 4.0% more arrests, and 0.8% more assaults reported to the police.<ref>{{cite book |first=M. Harvey |last=Brenner |chapter=Influence of the Social Environment on Psychology: The Historical Perspective |title=Stress and Mental Disorder |editor-first=James E. |editor-last=Barrett |location=New York |publisher=Raven Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-89004-384-4 }}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite web|author=Richard Ashley|year=2007|url=http://ashleymac.econ.vt.edu/ashley/3204/brenner.pdf|title=Fact sheet on the impact of unemployment|publisher=Virginia Tech, Department of Economics|access-date=11 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025150953/http://ashleymac.econ.vt.edu/ashley/3204/brenner.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref>

A study by [[Christopher Ruhm]] in 2000 on the effect of recessions on health found that several measures of health actually improve during recessions.<ref name=Ruhm>{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Ruhm |title=Are Recessions Good for Your Health? |journal=[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] |year=2000 |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=617–650 |doi=10.1162/003355300554872 |s2cid=51729569 |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/C_Ruhm_Are_2000.pdf }}</ref> As for the impact of an economic downturn on crime, during the [[Great Depression]], the crime rate did not decrease. The unemployed in the US often use [[welfare]] programs such as [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]] or accumulating [[debt]] because unemployment insurance in the US generally does not replace most of the income that was received on the job, and one cannot receive such aid indefinitely.

Not everyone suffers equally from unemployment. In a prospective study of 9,570 individuals over four years, highly conscientious people suffered more than twice as much if they became unemployed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boyce|first=Christopher J.|author2=Wood, Alex M. |author3=Brown, Gordon D.A. |title=The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment|journal=Journal of Research in Personality |year=2010 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=535–539 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.001 }}</ref> The authors suggested that may because of conscientious people making different attributions about why they became unemployed or through experiencing stronger reactions following failure. There is also the possibility of reverse causality from poor health to unemployment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bockerman|first=Petri|author2=Ilmakunnas, Pekka |title=Unemployment and self-assessed health: evidence from panel data|journal=Health Economics |year=2009|volume=18|issue=2|pages=161–179|doi=10.1002/hec.1361 |pmid=18536002 |url=http://www.petribockerman.fi/bockerman%26ilmakunnas_une_2009.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.719.5903}}</ref>

Some researchers hold that many of the low-income jobs are not really a better option than unemployment with a [[welfare state]], with its [[unemployment insurance]] benefits. However, since it is difficult or impossible to get unemployment insurance benefits without having worked in the past, those jobs and unemployment are more complementary than they are substitutes. (They are often held short-term, either by students or by those trying to gain experience; turnover in most low-paying jobs is high.)

Another cost for the unemployed is that the combination of unemployment, lack of financial resources, and social responsibilities may push unemployed workers to take jobs that do not fit their skills or allow them to use their talents. Unemployment can cause [[underemployment]], and fear of job loss can spur psychological anxiety. As well as anxiety, it can cause depression, lack of confidence, and huge amounts of stress, which is increased when the unemployed are faced with health issues, poverty, and lack of relational support.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Unemployment and underemployment: A narrative analysis about loss|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236855506|journal = Journal of Vocational Behavior|pages = 256–265|volume = 82|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.02.005|first1 = David L.|last1 = Blustein|first2 = Saliha|last2 = Kozan|first3 = Alice|last3 = Connors-Kellgren|year = 2013}}</ref>

Another personal cost of unemployment is its impact on relationships. A 2008 study from Covizzi, which examined the relationship between unemployment and divorce, found that the rate of divorce is greater for couples when one partner is unemployed.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Covizzi
| first = Ilaria
| date = 1 July 2008
| title = Does Union Dissolution Lead to Unemployment? A Longitudinal Study of Health and Risk of Unemployment for Women and Men Undergoing Separation
| journal = European Sociological Review
| language = en
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 347–361
| doi = 10.1093/esr/jcn006
| issn = 0266-7215
}}</ref> However, a more recent study has found that some couples often stick together in "unhappy" or "unhealthy" marriages when they are unemployed to buffer financial costs.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Amato
| first1 = Paul R.
| last2 = Beattie
| first2 = Brett
| date = 1 May 2011
| title = Does the unemployment rate affect the divorce rate? An analysis of state data 1960–2005
| journal = Social Science Research
| volume = 40
| issue = 3
| pages = 705–715
| doi = 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.12.012
}}</ref> A 2014 study by Van der Meer found that the stigma that comes from being unemployed affects personal well-being, especially for men, who often feel as though their masculine identities are threatened by unemployment.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Meer
| first = Peter H. van der
| date = 21 November 2012
| title = Gender, Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: Why Being Unemployed Is Worse for Men than for Women
| journal = Social Indicators Research
| language = en
| volume = 115
| issue = 1
| pages = 23–44
| doi = 10.1007/s11205-012-0207-5
| s2cid = 145056657
| issn = 0303-8300
}}</ref>

====Gender and age====
{{anchor|Effects of unemployment on men}}Unemployment can also bring personal costs in relation to gender. One study found that women are more likely to experience unemployment than men and that they are less likely to move from temporary positions to permanent positions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Fang
| first1 = Tony
| last2 = MacPhail
| first2 = Fiona
| date = 27 November 2007
| title = Transitions from Temporary to Permanent Work in Canada: Who Makes the Transition and Why?
| journal = Social Indicators Research
| language = en
| volume = 88
| issue = 1
| pages = 51–74
| doi = 10.1007/s11205-007-9210-7
| issn = 0303-8300
| hdl = 10315/6293
| s2cid = 154555810
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> Another study on gender and unemployment found that men, however, are more likely to experience greater stress, depression, and adverse effects from unemployment, largely stemming from the perceived threat to their role as breadwinner.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Michniewicz
| first1 = Kenneth S.
| last2 = Vandello
| first2 = Joseph A.
| last3 = Bosson
| first3 = Jennifer K.
| date = 19 January 2014
| title = Men's (Mis)Perceptions of the Gender Threatening Consequences of Unemployment
| journal = Sex Roles
| language = en
| volume = 70
| issue = 3–4
| pages = 88–97
| doi = 10.1007/s11199-013-0339-3
| s2cid = 144321429
| issn = 0360-0025
}}</ref> The study found that men expect themselves to be viewed as "less manly" after a job loss than they actually are and so they engage in compensating behaviors, such as financial risk-taking and increased assertiveness. Unemployment has been linked to extremely adverse effects on men's [[mental health]].<ref>{{citation|title=Facing the Challenge: The Impact of Recession and Unemployment on Men's Health in Ireland|date=June 2011|url=http://www.mhfi.org/IPHreport2011.pdf|publisher=Institute of Public Health in Ireland}}</ref> Professor Ian Hickie of the [[University of Sydney]] said that evidence showed that men have more restricted social networks than women and that men have are heavily work-based. Therefore, the loss of a job for men means the loss of a whole set of social connections as well. That loss can then lead to men becoming [[social isolation|socially isolated]] very quickly.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/25/loneliness-a-key-risk-factor-for-suicide-among-australian-men-study Social isolation a key risk factor for suicide among Australian men – study]. ''The Guardian''. Author - Melissa Davey. Published 25 June 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</ref> An Australian study on the mental health impacts of graduating during an economic downturn found that the negative mental health outcomes are greater and more scarring for men than women. The effect was particularly pronounced for those with vocational or secondary education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Ang |last2=Toll |first2=Mathew |title=Effects of graduating during economic downturns on mental health |journal=Annals of Epidemiology |date=2021 |volume=55 |issue=55 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.12.005| issn=1047-2797 |pmid=33359536 |s2cid=229693054 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279720304348}}</ref>

Costs of unemployment also vary depending on age. The young and the old are the two largest age groups currently experiencing unemployment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Kaberi Gayen
| last2 = Ronald McQuaid
| last3 = Robert Raeside
| date = 22 June 2010
| title = Social networks, age cohorts and employment
| journal = International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
| volume = 30
| issue = 5/6
| pages = 219–238
| doi = 10.1108/01443331011054208
| issn = 0144-333X
}}</ref> A 2007 study from Jacob and Kleinert found that young people (ages 18 to 24) who have fewer resources and limited work experiences are more likely to be unemployed.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Jacob
| first1 = Marita
| last2 = Kleinert
| first2 = Corinna
| date = 1 April 2008
| title = Does Unemployment Help or Hinder Becoming Independent? The Role of Employment Status for Leaving the Parental Home
| journal = European Sociological Review
| language = en
| volume = 24
| issue = 2
| pages = 141–153
| doi = 10.1093/esr/jcm038
| issn = 0266-7215
| hdl = 10419/31878
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> Other researchers have found that today's high school seniors place a lower value on work than those in the past, which is likely because they recognize the limited availability of jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Wray-Lake
| first1 = Laura
| last2 = Syvertsen
| first2 = Amy K.
| last3 = Briddell
| first3 = Laine
| last4 = Osgood
| first4 = D. Wayne
| last5 = Flanagan
| first5 = Constance A.
| date = 1 September 2011
| title = Exploring the Changing Meaning of Work for American High School Seniors From 1976 to 2005
| journal = Youth & Society
| language = en
| volume = 43
| issue = 3
| pages = 1110–1135
| doi = 10.1177/0044118X10381367
| issn = 0044-118X
| pmc = 3199574
| pmid = 22034546
}}</ref> At the other end of the age spectrum, studies have found that older individuals have more barriers than younger workers to employment, require stronger social networks to acquire work, and are also less likely to move from temporary to permanent positions.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Additionally, some older people see [[age discrimination]] as the reason for them not getting hired.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = McVittie
| first1 = Chris
| last2 = McKinlay
| first2 = Andy
| last3 = Widdicombe
| first3 = Sue
| title = Passive and active non-employment: Age, employment and the identities of older non-working people
| journal = Journal of Aging Studies
| volume = 22
| issue = 3
| pages = 248–255
| doi = 10.1016/j.jaging.2007.04.003
| year = 2008
}}</ref>

====Social====
[[File:Dyfiharipadarally (32).jpg|thumb|Demonstration against unemployment in [[Kerala]], [[South India]], [[India]] on 27 January 2004]]
An economy with high unemployment is not using all of the resources, specifically labour, available to it. Since it is operating below its [[production possibility frontier]], it could have higher output if all of the workforce were usefully employed. However, there is a tradeoff between economic efficiency and unemployment: if all [[frictional unemployment|frictionally unemployed]] accepted the first job that they were offered, they would be likely to be operating at below their skill level, reducing the economy's efficiency.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_1st_Edn_Ch22/PThy_1st_Edn_Chap_22.html |title=Price Theory: First Edition, Chapter 22: Inflation and Unemployment |publisher=Daviddfriedman.com |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

During a long period of unemployment, workers can lose their skills, causing a loss of [[human capital]]. Being unemployed can also reduce the [[life expectancy]] of workers by about seven years.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

High unemployment can encourage [[xenophobia]] and [[protectionism]] since workers fear that foreigners are stealing their jobs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=M. |last2=Rotte |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Crime, unemployment, and xenophobia?: An ecological analysis of right-wing election results in Hamburg, 1986–2005 |journal=Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=29–63 |doi=10.1007/s10037-008-0032-0 |s2cid=161133018 }}</ref> Efforts to preserve existing jobs of domestic and native workers include legal barriers against "outsiders" who want jobs, obstacles to immigration, and/or [[tariff]]s and similar [[trade barrier]]s against foreign competitors.

High unemployment can also cause social problems such as crime. If people have less disposable income than before, it is very likely that crime levels within the economy will increase.

A 2015 study published in ''[[The Lancet]]'', estimates that unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year globally.<ref>Sarah Boseley (11 February 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/feb/11/unemployment-causes-45000-suicides-a-year-worldwide-finds-study Unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year worldwide, finds study]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref>

====Sociopolitical====
[[File:Unemployment in Germany 2003 by states.png|thumb|Unemployment rate in [[Germany]] in 2003 by [[states of Germany|states]]]]
High levels of unemployment can be causes of civil unrest,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sulich|first=Adam|year=2016|title=The young people's labour market and crisis of integration in European Union |url=https://www.academia.edu/25508981 |journal=International Conference on European Integration |volume=2 |pages=926–934}}</ref> in some cases leading to revolution, particularly [[totalitarianism]]. The fall of the [[Weimar Republic]] in 1933 and [[Machtergreifung|Adolf Hitler's rise to power]], which culminated in [[World War II]] and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate<ref name="leopold">[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/les-leopold/why-are-we-afraid-to-crea_b_487041.html Why are We Afraid to Create the Jobs We Need?], Les Leopold, 5 March 2010</ref> of above 20%; see Great Depression in Central Europe for details.

However the [[hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]] is not directly blamed for the Nazi rise. Hyperinflation occurred primarily in 1921 to 1923, the year of Hitler's [[Beer Hall Putsch]]. Although hyperinflation has been blamed for damaging the credibility of democratic institutions, the Nazis did not assume government until 1933, ten years after the hyperinflation but in the midst of high unemployment.

Rising unemployment has traditionally been regarded by the public and the media in any country as a key guarantor of electoral defeat for any government that oversees it. That was very much the consensus in the United Kingdom until 1983, when Thatcher's Conservative government won a [[1983 United Kingdom general election|landslide in the general election]], despite overseeing a rise in unemployment from 1.5 million to 3.2 million since the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 election]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15276765 |work=BBC News | title=Whatever happened to full employment? | date=13 October 2011}}</ref>

===Benefits===
{{Main|Full employment}}
The primary benefit of unemployment is that people are available for hire, without being [[recruiter|headhunted]] away from their existing employers. That permits both new and old businesses to take on staff.

Unemployment is argued to be "beneficial" to the people who are not unemployed in the sense that it averts inflation, which itself has damaging effects, by providing (in [[Marxian economics|Marxian]] terms) a [[reserve army of labour]], which keeps wages in check.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Natale|first1= Samuel|last2=Rothschild|first2= Brian|year=1995|title=Work Values: Education, Organization and Religious Concerns (Value Inquiry Book Series , No 28)|publisher=Brill Rodopi|pages=91–100}}</ref> However, the direct connection between full local employment and local inflation has been disputed by some because of the recent increase in [[international trade]] that supplies low-priced goods even while local employment rates rise to full employment.<ref>{{cite book |last=He |first=Xiaohong |year=1998 |chapter=From Trade Among Nations to Trade Within Firms Across National Borders |title=Globalization and Regionalization: Strategies, Policies, and Economic Environments |editor1-first=Jean Louis |editor1-last=Mucchielli |editor2-first=Peter J. |editor2-last=Buckley |editor3-first=Victor V. |editor3-last=Cordell |publisher=International Business Press |location=Binghamton, NY |pages=15–73 |isbn=978-0-7890-0513-7 }}</ref>

[[File:Efficiency wage Shapiro Stiglitz.svg|thumb|In the [[Shapiro–Stiglitz model]] of efficiency wages, workers are paid at a level that dissuades shirking. That prevents wages from dropping to market clearing levels.]] Full employment cannot be achieved because workers would shirk if they were not threatened with the possibility of unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/01/29/what-full-employment-really-means|title=What full employment really means|date=2017|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> The curve for the no-shirking condition (labelled NSC) thus goes to infinity at full employment. The inflation-fighting benefits to the entire economy arising from a presumed optimum level of unemployment have been studied extensively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=Carl |last2=Stiglitz |first2=Joseph E. |title=Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=74 |year=1984 |pages=433–444 |issue=3 |jstor=1804018}}</ref> The [[Shapiro–Stiglitz model]] suggests that wages never bid down sufficiently to reach 0% unemployment.<ref name=SHAPIROSTGLTZMATH>{{cite web |url=http://coin.wne.uw.edu.pl/lwincenciak/docs/lecture_4.pdf |title=Efficiency wages, the Shapiro-Stiglitz Model |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112948/http://coin.wne.uw.edu.pl/lwincenciak/docs/lecture_4.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> That occurs because employers know that when wages decrease, workers will shirk and expend less effort. Employers avoid shirking by preventing wages from decreasing so low that workers give up and become unproductive. The higher wages perpetuate unemployment, but the threat of unemployment reduces shirking.

Before current levels of world trade were developed, unemployment was shown to reduce inflation, following the [[Phillips curve]], or to decelerate inflation, following the NAIRU/[[natural rate of unemployment]] theory since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing a current job. When more jobs are available for fewer workers (lower unemployment), that may allow workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents and needs.

As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, [[special interests]] may also benefit. Some employers may expect that employees with no fear of losing their jobs will not work as hard or will demand increased wages and benefit. According to that theory, unemployment may promote general labour [[productivity]] and [[profit (economics)|profitability]] by increasing employers' rationale for their [[monopsony]]-like power (and profits).<ref name="Marx 1863 478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300">{{cite book|last=Marx|first=Karl|title=Theorien über den Mehrwert (Theory of Surplus Value)|year=1863|pages=478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300|url=http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me26/me26b471.htm}}</ref>

Optimal unemployment has also been defended as an environmental tool to brake the constantly accelerated growth of the GDP to maintain levels that are sustainable in the context of resource constraints and environmental impacts.<ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = O'Sullivan
| first1 = Arthur
| author-link = Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)
| first2 = Steven M. | last2 = Sheffrin | author-link2 = Steven M. Sheffrin
| title = Economics: Principles in Action
| url = https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul
| url-access = limited
| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
| year = 2003
| location = Upper Saddle River, NJ
| page = [https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul/page/n351 335]
| isbn = 978-0-13-063085-8
}}</ref> However, the tool of denying jobs to willing workers seems a blunt instrument for conserving resources and the environment. It reduces the consumption of the unemployed across the board and only in the short term. Full employment of the unemployed workforce, all focused toward the goal of developing more environmentally efficient methods for production and consumption, might provide a more significant and lasting cumulative environmental benefit and reduced [[resource consumption]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Richard |first=Michael Graham |date=2 June 2008 |url=http://treehugger.com/files/2008/02/4_reasons_recession_bad_environment.php |title=Counter-Point: 4 Reasons Why Recession is BAD for the Environment |work=TreeHugger |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209142057/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/4_reasons_recession_bad_environment.php |archive-date=9 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some critics of the "culture of work" such as the anarchist [[The Abolition of Work|Bob Black]] see employment as culturally overemphasized in modern countries. Such critics often propose quitting jobs when possible, working less, reassessing the cost of living to that end, creation of jobs that are "fun" as opposed to "work," and creating cultural norms in which work is seen as unhealthy. These people advocate an "[[anti-work]]" ethic for life.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Idle Foundation|url=http://idlefoundation.org|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709181256/http://idlefoundation.org/|archive-date=9 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Decline in work hours===
As a result of productivity, the work week declined considerably during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hours of Work in U.S. History |year=2010 |url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whaples.work.hours.us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026075949/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whaples.work.hours.us |archive-date=26 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Whaples
| first1 = Robert
| title = The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences |journal=[[Journal of Economic History]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=454–457
| year = 1991
| jstor = 2122588
| doi=10.1017/s0022050700039073
| s2cid = 153813437
}}</ref> By the 1920s, the average workweek in the US was 49 hours, but it was reduced to 40 hours (after which overtime premium was applied) as part of the 1933 [[National Industrial Recovery Act]]. During the Great Depression, the enormous productivity gains caused by [[electrification]], [[mass production]], and agricultural mechanization were believed to have ended the need for a large number of previously employed workers.<ref name="Jerome 1934">{{Cite book
| last1 = Jerome
| first1 = Harry
| title = Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research
| year = 1934
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = Bell
| first1 = Spurgeon
| title = Productivity, Wages and National Income, The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution
| year = 1940
}}</ref>

==Remedies==
{{see also|Job creation index}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 75%; float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|+United States families on relief (in 1,000s)<ref>{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Donald S.|title=WPA and Federal Relief Policy|year=1943|page=34}}</ref>
|-
!
! 1936
! 1937
! 1938
! 1939
! 1940
! 1941
|-
! colspan="7"| Workers employed
|-
! WPA
| 1,995
| 2,227
| 1,932
| 2,911
| 1,971
| 1,638
|-
! CCC and NYA
| 712
| 801
| 643
| 793
| 877
| 919
|-
! Other federal work projects
| 554
| 663
| 452
| 488
| 468
| 681
|-
! colspan="7"| Cases on public assistance
|-
! Social security programs
| 602
| 1,306
| 1,852
| 2,132
| 2,308
| 2,517
|-
! General relief
| 2,946
| 1,484
| 1,611
| 1,647
| 1,570
| 1,206
|-
! colspan="7"| Totals
|-
! Total families helped
| 5,886
| 5,660
| 5,474
| 6,751
| 5,860
| 5,167
|-
! Unemployed workers (BLS)
| 9,030
| 7,700
| 10,390
| 9,480
| 8,120
| 5,560
|-
! Coverage (cases/unemployed)
| 65%
| 74%
| 53%
| 71%
| 72%
| 93%
|}

Societies try a number of different measures to get as many people as possible into work, and various societies have experienced close to [[full employment]] for extended periods, particularly during the [[post-World War II economic expansion]]. The United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s averaged 1.6% unemployment,<ref>{{cite book | last = Sloman | first = John | title = Economics | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/economics0000slom/page/811 811] | publisher = Prentice Hall | location = London | isbn = 978-0-273-65574-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/economics0000slom/page/811}}</ref> and in Australia, the 1945 ''[[White Paper on Full Employment in Australia]]'' established a government policy of full employment, which lasted until the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/26/having-a-constant-pool-of-unemployed-workers-is-deliberate-policy|title=Having a constant pool of unemployed workers is deliberate policy {{!}} Van Badham|last=Badham|first=Van|date=26 July 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

However, [[mainstream economics|mainstream economic]] discussions of full employment since the 1970s suggest that attempts to reduce the level of unemployment below the [[natural rate of unemployment]] will fail but result only in less output and more inflation.

===Demand-side solutions===
Increases in the demand for labour move the economy along the [[demand curve]], increasing wages and employment. The demand for labour in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. As such, if the demand for goods and services in the economy increases, the demand for labour will increase, increasing employment and wages.

There are many ways to stimulate demand for goods and services. Increasing wages to the working class (those more likely to spend the increased funds on goods and services, rather than various types of savings or commodity purchases) is one theory that is proposed. Increased wages are believed to be more effective in boosting demand for goods and services than central banking strategies, which put the increased money supply mostly into the hands of wealthy persons and institutions. Monetarists suggest that increasing money supply in general increases short-term demand. As for the long-term demand, the increased demand is negated by inflation. A rise in fiscal expenditures is another strategy for boosting aggregate demand.

Providing aid to the unemployed is a strategy that is used to prevent cutbacks in consumption of goods and services, which can lead to a vicious cycle of further job losses and further decreases in consumption and demand. Many countries aid the unemployed through social [[welfare]] programs. Such unemployment benefits include [[unemployment insurance]], [[unemployment compensation]], welfare, and subsidies to aid in retraining. The main goal of such programs is to alleviate short-term hardships and, more importantly, to allow workers more time to search for a job.

A direct demand-side solution to unemployment is government-funded employment of the able-bodied poor. This was notably implemented in Britain from the 17th century until 1948 in the institution of the [[workhouse]], which provided jobs for the unemployed with harsh conditions and poor wages to dissuade their use. A modern alternative is a [[job guarantee]] in which the government guarantees work at a living wage.

Temporary measures can include [[public works]] programs such as the [[Works Progress Administration]]. Government-funded employment is not widely advocated as a solution to unemployment except in times of crisis. That is attributed to the public sector jobs' existence depending directly on the tax receipts from private sector employment.
[[File:State Employment growth and Tax Changes for the Top 10%.jpg|thumb|Supply-side economics proposes that lower taxes lead to employment growth. Historical state data from the United States shows a heterogeneous result.]]

In the US, the unemployment insurance allowance is based solely on previous income (not time worked, family size, etc.) and usually compensates for one third of previous income. To qualify, people must reside in their respective state for at least a year and work. The system was established by the [[Social Security Act]] of 1935. Although 90% of citizens are covered by unemployment insurance, less than 40% apply for and receive benefits.<ref>{{cite web|work=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities|title=Introduction to Unemployment Insurance|url=http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1466#_ftn2|access-date=21 October 2010|date=15 December 2008}}</ref> However, the number applying for and receiving benefits increases during recessions. For highly-seasonal industries, the system provides income to workers during the off-season, thus encouraging them to stay attached to the industry.
[[File:State Employment growth and Tax Changes for the Bottom 90% v2.jpg|thumb|Tax decreases on high income earners (top 10%) are not correlated with employment growth, but tax decreases on lower-income earners (bottom 90%) are correlated with employment growth.<ref name="economix.blogs.nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/tax-cuts-for-job-creators/ | work=The New York Times | title=Tax Cuts for Job Creators | date=19 October 2012}}</ref>]]

According to classical economic theory, markets reach equilibrium where supply equals demand; everyone who wants to sell at the market price can do so. Those who do not want to sell at that price do not; in the labour market, this is classical unemployment. Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase short-term growth in the economy, increasing the demand for labour and decreasing unemployment.

===Supply-side solutions===
However, the labor market is not 100% efficient although it may be more efficient than the bureaucracy. Some{{who|date=March 2021}} argue that minimum wages and union activity keep wages from falling, which means that too many people want to sell their labour at the going price but cannot. That assumes [[perfect competition]] exists in the labour market, specifically that no single entity is large enough to affect wage levels and that employees are similar in ability.

Advocates{{who|date=March 2021}} of [[supply-side]] policies believe those policies can solve the problem by making the labour market more flexible. These include removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of unions. Supply-siders argue that their reforms increase long-term growth by reducing labour costs. The increased supply of goods and services requires more workers, increasing employment. It is argued{{by whom|date=March 2021}} that supply-side policies, which include cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, create jobs, reduce unemployment, and decrease labor's share of national income. Other supply-side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers.

==History==
[[File:Unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen opened in Chicago by Al Capone, 02-1931 - NARA - 541927.jpg|thumb|Unemployed men outside a soup kitchen in [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]], 1931]]
There are relatively limited historical records on unemployment because it has not always been acknowledged or measured systematically. Industrialization involves [[economies of scale]], which often prevent individuals from having the capital to create their own jobs to be self-employed. An individual who cannot join an enterprise or create a job is unemployed. As individual farmers, ranchers, spinners, doctors and merchants are organized into large enterprises, those who cannot join or compete become unemployed.

Recognition of unemployment occurred slowly as economies across the world industrialized and bureaucratized. Before that, traditional [[Self-sustainability|self-sufficient]] native societies had no concept of unemployment. The recognition of the concept of "unemployment" is best exemplified through the well documented historical records in England. For example, in 16th-century, England no distinction was made between [[vagrancy (people)|vagrants]] and the jobless; both were simply categorized as "[[sturdy beggar]]s", who were to be punished and moved on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Sturdy+Beggars&offset=0 |title=Sturdy Beggars |publisher=Probertencyclopaedia.com |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608180220/http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Sturdy+Beggars&offset=0 |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref>

===16th century===

The closing of the [[monastery|monasteries]] in the 1530s increased [[poverty]], as the [[Roman Catholic Church]] had helped the poor. In addition, there was a significant rise in [[enclosures]] during the [[Tudor period]]. Also, the population was rising. Those unable to find work had a stark choice: starve or break the law. In 1535, a bill was drawn up calling for the creation of a system of [[public works]] to deal with the problem of unemployment, which were to be funded by a tax on income and capital. A law that was passed a year later allowed vagabonds to be whipped and hanged.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/poortudors.html |title=Poor Tudors |publisher=Localhistories.org |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref>

In 1547, a bill was passed that subjected vagrants to some of the more extreme provisions of the criminal law: two years' servitude and branding with a "V" as the penalty for the first offense and death for the second.<ref>R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key, Early modern England, 1485–1714, p176</ref> During the reign of Henry VIII, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed.<ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/execution/readings/history.html History of the Death Penalty]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In the 1576 Act, each town was required to provide work for the unemployed.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/poverty_01.shtml Poverty in Elizabethan England]". BBC – History.</ref>

The [[Poor Relief Act 1601]], one of the world's first government-sponsored welfare programs, made a clear distinction between those who were unable to work and those able-bodied people who refused employment.<ref>"[http://www.brandonsd.mb.ca/crocus/library/social_classes_in_shakespeare.htm#Poor Social Classes in Shakespeare's England]" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316162145/http://www.brandonsd.mb.ca/crocus/library/social_classes_in_shakespeare.htm#Poor |date=16 March 2010 }}</ref> Under the [[Poor Law]] systems of [[English Poor Laws|England and Wales]], [[Scottish Poor Laws|Scotland]] and [[Irish Poor Laws|Ireland]], a [[workhouse]] was a place people unable to support themselves could go to live and work.<ref>"[http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/historyf.htm British social policy, 1601–1948] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630115443/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/historyf.htm |date=30 June 2007 }}", The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen.</ref>

===Industrial Revolution to late 19th century===
[[File:Tompkins square riot 1874.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Depression of 1873–79]]: [[New York City Police Department|New York City police]] violently attacking unemployed workers in [[Tompkins Square Riot (1874)|Tompkins Square Park]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], 1874]]
{{blockquote|text=Poverty was a highly visible problem in the eighteenth century, both in cities and in the countryside. In France and Britain by the end of the century, an estimated 10 percent of the people depended on charity or begging for their food.|author=Jackson J. Spielvogel|source=, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fwxLkRmd-4QC Western Civilization: Since 1500]. Cengage Learning. p.566. {{ISBN|0-495-50287-1}}}} By 1776, some 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in England and Wales and housed almost 100,000 paupers.

A description of the miserable living standards of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by [[Fredrick Engels]] in ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] in 1844''.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 |last= Engels |first= Fredrick |year= 1892 |publisher= Swan Sonnenschein & Co |location= London |pages= 45, 48–53 |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html |access-date= 21 December 2011 |archive-date= 12 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013114/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html |url-status= dead }}Link is to excerpt</ref> In the preface to the 1892 edition, Engels noted that the extreme poverty he had written about in 1844 had largely disappeared. [[David Ames Wells]] also noted that living conditions in England had improved near the end of the 19th century and that unemployment was low.

The scarcity and the high price of labor in the US in the 19th century was well documented by contemporary accounts, as in the following:

{{blockquote|text="The laboring classes are comparatively few in number, but this is counterbalanced by, and indeed, may be one of the causes of the eagerness by which they call in the use of machinery in almost every department of industry. Wherever it can be applied as a substitute for manual labor, it is universally and willingly resorted to.... It is this condition of the labor market, and this eager resort to machinery wherever it can be applied, to which, under the guidance of superior education and intelligence, the remarkable prosperity of the United States is due."<ref>{{citation | last = Roe | first = Joseph Wickham | title = English and American Tool Builders | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1916 | location = New Haven, Connecticut | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ | lccn = 16011753}}. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ({{LCCN|27024075}}); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ({{ISBN|978-0-917914-73-7}}). Report of the British Commissioners to the New York Industrial Exhibition, London 1854</ref>|author=[[Joseph Whitworth]], 1854}}

Scarcity of labor was a factor in the economics of [[slavery in the United States]].

As new territories were opened and federal land sales were conducted, land had to be cleared and new homesteads established. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants annually came to the US and found jobs digging canals and building railroads. Almost all work during most of the 19th century was done by hand or with horses, mules, or oxen since there was very little mechanization. The workweek during most of the 19th century was 60 hours. Unemployment at times was between one and two percent.

The tight labor market was a factor in productivity gains by allowing workers to maintain or to increase their nominal wages during the secular deflation that caused real wages to rise at various times in the 19th century, especially in its final decades.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society
|last=Wells
|first=David A.
|year=1891 |publisher= D. Appleton and Co.|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-543-72474-8 |url= https://archive.org/details/recenteconomicc01wellgoog |quote=RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.
}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R79053, Arbeitsloser auf Arbeitssuche.jpg
| width1 = 147
| caption1 = An unemployed [[Germans|German]], 1928. Unemployment in [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] reached almost 30% of the workforce after the Great Depression.
| image2 = UnemployedMarch.jpg
| width2 = 165
| caption2 = Unemployed [[Canadians|Canadian]] men, marching for jobs during the Great Depression to Bathurst Street United Church, [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] in [[Canada]], 1930
}}
There were labor shortages during [[World War I]].<ref name="Jerome 1934"/> Ford Motor Co. doubled wages to reduce turnover. After 1925, unemployment gradually began to rise.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression |last=Beaudreau |first=Bernard C.|year=1996 |publisher=Authors Choice Press|location=New York, Lincoln, Shanghi }}</ref>

The 1930s saw the [[Great Depression]] impact unemployment across the globe. In Germany and the United States, the unemployment rate reached about 25% in 1932.<ref>[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/about.htm About the Great Depression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220090243/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/about.htm |date=20 December 2008 }}, University of Illinois</ref>

In some towns and cities in the northeast of England, unemployment reached as high as 70%; the national unemployment level peaked at more than 22% in 1932.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/3156.html |title=Social conditions in Britain in the 1930s: employment and unemployment |publisher=Blacksacademy.net |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910191113/http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/3156.html |archive-date=10 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unemployment in Canada reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933.<ref>[http://www.canadianeconomy.gc.ca/English/economy/1929_39depression.html 1929–1939 – The Great Depression] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127051620/https://canadianeconomy.gc.ca/english/economy/1929_39depression.html |date=27 January 2009 }}, Source: [[Bank of Canada]]</ref> In 1929, the U.S. unemployment rate averaged 3%.<ref>[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Steindl.GD.Recovery Economic Recovery in the Great Depression], Frank G. Steindl, Oklahoma State University {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928064254/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Steindl.GD.Recovery |date=28 September 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:WPA Art Poster, Work Promotes Confidence.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|WPA poster promoting the benefits of employment]]
In the US, the [[Works Progress Administration]] (1935–43) was the largest make-work program. It hired men (and some women) off the relief roles ("dole") typically for unskilled labor.<ref>Nancy E. Rose, ''Put to Work: The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression'' (2nd ed. 2009)</ref>
During the New Deal, over three million unemployed young men were taken out of their homes and placed for six months into more than 2600 work camps managed by the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Finegan |first=Chance |url=http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2008/09/park-history-spirit-civilian-conservation-corps |title=National Park History: "The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps" |publisher=National Parks Traveler |date=11 September 2008 |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905182850/http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2008/09/park-history-spirit-civilian-conservation-corps |archive-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Unemployment in the United Kingdom fell later in the 1930s as the Depression eased, and it remained low (in single figures) after [[World War II]].

Fredrick Mills found that in the US, 51% of the decline in work hours was due to the fall in production and 49% was from increased productivity.<ref name="Rifkin 1995">{{cite book| author = Rifkin, Jeremy | title = The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era | publisher = Putnam Publishing Group | year = 1995| isbn = 978-0-87477-779-6| title-link = The End of Work }}</ref>

By 1972, [[unemployment in the United Kingdom]] had crept back up above 1,000,000, and it was even higher by the end of the decade, with inflation also being high. Although the [[monetarist]] economic policies of [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government saw inflation reduced after 1979, unemployment soared in the early 1980s and in 1982, it exceeded 3,000,000, a level that had not been seen for some 50 years. That represented one in eight of the workforce, with unemployment exceeding 20% in some places that had relied on declining industries such as coal mining.<ref name="politics.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/employment/unemployment-$366619.htm |title=Unemployment, issue briefing |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609124435/http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/employment/unemployment-$366619.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

However, it was a time of high unemployment in all other major industrialised nations as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phelps |first1=Edmund S. |author-link=Edmund S. Phelps |last2=Zoega |first2=Gylfi |chapter=The Incidence of Increased Unemployment in the Group of Seven, 1970–94 |pages=177–210 |title=Essays in Economic Theory, Growth and Labor Markets |editor1-first=George |editor1-last=Bitros |editor2-first=Yannis |editor2-last=Katsoulacos |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84064-739-6 }}</ref> By the spring of 1983, unemployment had risen by 6% in the previous 12 months, compared to 10% in Japan, 23% in the US, and 34% in [[West Germany]] (seven years before [[Reunification of Germany|Reunification]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/inquire/p/b88b2934-f50c-4ea7-9545-07ecda47865f |title=CPA Poster Collection |publisher=Conservative Party Archive Poster Collection |access-date=17 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812184047/http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/detail/ODLodl~6~6~51795~105151%3A1983-08 |archive-date=12 August 2011 }}</ref>

Unemployment in the United Kingdom remained above 3,000,000 until the spring of 1987, when the economy enjoyed a boom.<ref name="politics.co.uk"/> By the end of 1989, unemployment had fallen to 1,600,000. However, inflation had reached 7.8%, and the following year, it reached a nine-year high of 9.5%; leading to increased interest rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://safalra.com/other/historical-uk-inflation-price-conversion/ |title=Historical UK Inflation And Price Conversion |publisher=Safalra's Website |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

Another [[early 1990s recession|recession occurred from 1990 to 1992]]. Unemployment began to increase, and by the end of 1992, nearly 3,000,000 in the United Kingdom were unemployed, a number that was soon lowered by a strong economic recovery.<ref name="politics.co.uk"/> With inflation down to 1.6% by 1993, unemployment then began to fall rapidly and stood at 1,800,000 by early 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/16/business/jobless-rate-in-britain-drops-to-six-year-low.html |title=Jobless Rate in Britain Drops to Six-Year Low |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 January 1997 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Unemployment rate in Japan.svg|thumb|right|350px|Unemployment rate of Japan.<ref name=OECDemp>{{Citation |publisher=OECD |title= OECD Labour Force Statistics 2020|date=2020 |doi=10.1787/23083387|isbn= 9789264687714}}</ref> Red line is G7 average.<br> 15-24 age (thin line) is [[youth unemployment]]. ]]

The official unemployment rate in the 16 [[European Union]] (EU) countries that use the euro rose to 10% in December 2009 as a result of [[late 2000s recession|another recession]].<ref>"[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5191873,00.html?maca=en-rss-en-eu-2092-rdf Euro-zone unemployment climbs to 10 percent high]. {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Welle]]|italic=no}}. 29 January 2010.</ref> [[Latvia]] had the highest unemployment rate in the EU, at 22.3% for November 2009.<ref>"[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2010/01/08/Eurozone-unemployment-hits-double-digits/UPI-55211262961642/ Eurozone unemployment hits double digits]". UPI.com. 8 January 2010.</ref> Europe's young workers have been especially hard hit.<ref>"[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/13/europes_new_lost_generation Europe's New Lost Generation]". Foreign Policy. 13 July 2009.</ref> In November 2009, the unemployment rate in the [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|EU27]] for those aged 15–24 was 18.3%. For those under 25, the unemployment rate in [[Spain]] was 43.8%.<ref>[http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/09/109&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en November 2009 Euro area unemployment rate up to 10.0% EU27 up to 9.5% ]. [[Eurostat]]. 8 January 2010.</ref> Unemployment has risen in two thirds of European countries since 2010.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/apr/30/global-unemployment-outlook-gloomy-ilo Global unemployment outlook gloomy, warns ILO]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 30 April 2012.</ref>

Into the 21st century, unemployment in the United Kingdom remained low and the economy remaining strong, and several other European economies, such as France and Germany, experienced a minor recession and a substantial rise in unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2003770.stm |title=Germany's recession ends |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2002 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2008, when the recession brought on another increase in the United Kingdom, after 15 years of economic growth and no major rises in unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7670800.stm |title=Jobless rise highest for 17 years |work=BBC News |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> In early 2009, unemployment passed the 2 million mark, and economists were predicting it would soon reach 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7947766.stm |title=Unemployment passes two million |work=BBC News |date=18 March 2009 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> However, the end of the recession was declared in January 2010<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8479639.stm |title=UK economy emerges from recession |work=BBC News |date=27 January 2010 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> and unemployment peaked at nearly 2.7 million in 2011,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/03/15/uk-youth-unemployment-at-its-highest-in-two-decades-22.5 |title= UK youth unemployment at its highest in two decades: 22.5% |work=MercoPress |date= 15 April 2012}}</ref> appearing to ease fears of unemployment reaching 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8634241.stm |title=UK unemployment increases to 2.5 million |work=BBC News |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> The unemployment rate of Britain's young black people was 47.4% in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/mar/09/half-uk-young-black-men-unemployed |title=Half of UK's young black males are unemployed |work=The Guardian |date=9 March 2012 |location=London |first1=James |last1=Ball |first2=Dan |last2=Milmo |first3=Ben |last3=Ferguson}}</ref> 2013/2014 has seen the employment rate increase from 1,935,836 to 2,173,012 as supported by<ref>http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/2014_2015re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-226710 {{dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> showing the UK is creating more job opportunities and forecasts the rate of increase in 2014/2015 will be another 7.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/index.html|title=Data |publisher= ONS|work=ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

The [[2008–2012 global recession]] has been called a "mancession" because of the disproportionate number of men who lost their jobs as compared to women. The gender gap became wide in the United States in 2009, when 10.5% of men in the [[labor force]] were unemployed, compared with 8% of women.<ref>{{citation|last=Baxter|first=Sarah|title=Women are victors in 'mancession{{'-}}|date=7 June 2009|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6445913.ece|work=The Sunday Times|location=London|access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Howard J. Wall|title=The 'Man-Cession' of 2008-2009|date=October 2009|url=http://stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id=1712|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829033336/http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id=1712|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three quarters of the jobs that were lost in the recession in the US were held by men.<ref>{{citation|last=Daum|first=Meghan|title=Inside the mating economy|date=20 October 2011|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/20/opinion/la-oe-daum-bolick-20111020|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Vanderkam|first=Laura|title=The Princess Problem|date=4 March 2012|url=http://lauravanderkam.com/2012/03/princess-problem-2/|publisher=originally ran in USA Today on 12 August 2009}}</ref>

A 26 April 2005 ''Asia Times'' article noted, "In regional giant South Africa, some 300,000 textile workers have lost their jobs in the past two years due to the influx of Chinese goods".<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20050425165247/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GD26Dj01.html Asia strips Africa's textile industry]". ''Asia Times''. 26 April 2005.</ref> The increasing [[Economy of the United States#International trade|US trade deficit]] with China cost 2.4 million American jobs between 2001–2008, according to a study by the [[Economic Policy Institute]] (EPI).<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN238294820100323 China trade blamed for 2.4 million lost US jobs-report]". Reuters. 23 March 2010.</ref> From 2000 to 2007, the United States lost a total of 3.2 million manufacturing jobs.<ref>"[https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-20-4155011268_x.htm Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000]". ''USA Today''. 20 April 2007.</ref> 12.1% of US military veterans who had served after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001 were unemployed as of 2011; 29.1% of male veterans aged 18–24 were unemployed.<ref name=":0"/> As of September 2016, the total veteran unemployment rate was 4.3 percent. By September 2017, that figure had dropped to 3 percent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/8379-utilities-open-employment-arms-u-s-military-veterans/|title=Utilities open employment arms to U.S. military veterans|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=11 October 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=23 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

About 25,000,000 people in the world's 30 richest countries lost their jobs between the end of 2007 and the end of 2010, as the economic downturn pushed most countries into [[recession]].<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/sep/16/unemployment-rises-recession Unemployment hits highest since 1995]". 16 September 2009.</ref> In April 2010, the US unemployment rate was 9.9%, but the government's broader U-6 unemployment rate was 17.1%.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/05/07/broader-u-6-unemployment-rate-increases-to-171-in-april/ Broader U-6 Unemployment Rate Increases to 17.1% in April]". [[The Wall Street Journal]]. 7 May 2010.</ref> In April 2012, the unemployment rate was 4.6% in Japan.<ref>[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics Unemployment statistics]. [[Eurostat]]. April 2012.</ref> In a 2012 story, the ''Financial Post'' reported, "Nearly 75 million youth are unemployed around the world, an increase of more than 4 million since 2007. In the European Union, where a debt crisis followed the financial crisis, the youth unemployment rate rose to 18% last year from 12.5% in 2007, the ILO report shows."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/05/23/global-youth-unemployment-rate-climbs/ |title=Global youth unemployment rate climbs |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> In March 2018, according to US Unemployment Rate Statistics, the unemployment rate was 4.1%, below the 4.5–5.0% norm.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebalance.com/current-u-s-unemployment-rate-statistics-and-news-3305733|title=Current U.S. Unemployment Rate Statistics and News|date=April 2018|last=AMADEO|first=KIMBERLY|newspaper=The Balance }}</ref>

In 2021, the labor force participation rate for non-white women and women with children declined significantly during the covid-19 pandemic, with approximately 20 million women leaving the workforce. Men were not nearly as impacted, leading some to describe the phenomenon as a "she-cession".<ref>{{cite web | title=The She-cession: How the Pandemic Forced Women from the Workplace and How Employers Can Respond | website=Ohioline | date=20 January 2022 | url=https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-4110 | access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Lim | first1=Katherine | last2=Zabek | first2=Mike | title=Women of color and women with children disproportionately left the labor force during the COVID-19 pandemic | website=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis | date=28 February 2022 | url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2022/women-of-color-and-women-with-children-disproportionately-left-the-labor-force-during-the-covid-19-pandemic | access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Business and economics}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Universal basic income]]
* [[Career and Life Planning Education]]
* [[Critique of work]]
* [[Economics terminology that differs from common usage]]
* [[Effective unemployment rate]]
* [[Employment protection legislation]]
* [[Employment-to-population ratio]]
* [[Federal Reserve Economic Data]] (FRED)
* [[Graduate unemployment]]
* [[Green growth]]
* [[HIRE Act]]
* [[Job migration]]
* [[Jobseeker's Allowance]]
* [[List of countries by long-term unemployment rate]]
* [[List of countries by unemployment rate]]
* [[List of films featuring unemployment]]
* [[List of U.S. states by unemployment rate]]
* [[List of European regions by unemployment rate]]
* [[Practice firm]]
* [[Refusal of work]]
* [[Salary inversion]]
* [[Short-time working]]
* [[Spatial mismatch]]
* [[Technological unemployment]]
* [[Unemployment extension]]
* [[Waithood]]
* [[Workfare]]
* [[Youth exclusion]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Farmer |first=Roger E. A. |author-link=Roger Farmer |chapter=Unemployment |title=Macroeconomics |location=Cincinnati |publisher=South-Western Publishing |year=2001 |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-324-14964-7 |pages=173–192}}
*{{cite journal|title=Political aspects of full employment |last=Kalecki |first=Michał |author-link=Michał Kalecki |year=1943 |url=http://pluto.mscc.huji.ac.il/~mshalev/ppe/Kalecki_FullEmployment.pdf |journal=The Political Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=322–331|doi=10.1111/j.1467-923X.1943.tb01016.x }}
*{{cite journal|title=Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy |last=McGaughey |first=Ewan |date=September 2022 |journal=(2022) 51(3) Industrial Law Journal 511–559|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3044448|ssrn=3044448 |s2cid=219336439 }}
*{{cite book|title=Aftershock: The Next Economy and America's Future |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Reich |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |edition=1st |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-307-59281-1}}
*{{cite book |first=David |last=Romer |author-link=David Romer |chapter=Unemployment |title=Advanced Macroeconomics |edition=Fourth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2011 |pages=456–512 |isbn=978-0-07-351137-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Simonazzi |first1=Annamaria |author-link2=Fernando Vianello |last2=Vianello |first2=Fernando |year=2001 |chapter=Financial Liberalization, the European Single Currency and the Problem of Unemployment |editor1-last=Franzini |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Pizzuti |editor2-first=F. R. |title=Globalization, Institutions and Social Cohesion |publisher=Springer |location=Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-67741-3}}

===Historical: Europe and Japan===

*{{cite book|title=Full Employment in a Free Society |last=Beveridge |first=William H. |author-link=William Beveridge |edition=1st |year=1944 |publisher=Allen & Unwin}}, in Great Britain.
* Broadberry, Stephen N., and Albrecht Ritschl. "Real Wages, Productivity, and Unemployment in Britain and Germany during the 1920s." ''Explorations in Economic History'' 32.3 (1995): 327-349.
* Dimsdale, Nicholas H., Nicholas Horsewood, and Arthur Van Riel. "Unemployment in interwar Germany: an analysis of the labor market, 1927-1936." ''Journal of Economic History'' (2006): 778-808. [https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2630c4a8-575b-4869-a30e-771e832ac650/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Dimsdale.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article online]
* Heimberger, Philipp, Jakob Kapeller, and Bernhard Schütz. "The NAIRU determinants: What’s structural about unemployment in Europe?." ''Journal of Policy Modeling'' 39.5 (2017): 883-908. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philipp_Heimberger/publication/316748234_The_NAIRU_determinants_What%27s_structural_about_unemployment_in_Europe/links/5e60bc5e92851cefa1deed3d/The-NAIRU-determinants-Whats-structural-about-unemployment-in-Europe.pdf online]
* Kato, Michiya. "Unemployment and Public Works Policy in Interwar Britain and Japan: An International Comparison." (2010): 69-101. [https://osu.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=1274&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1 online]
* Kaufman, Roger T. "Patterns of Unemployment in North America, Western Europe and Japan." ''Unemployment in Western countries'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 1980). 3-35.
* Nickell, Stephen, Luca Nunziata, and Wolfgang Ochel. "Unemployment in the OECD since the 1960s. What do we know?." ''Economic Journal'' 115.500 (2005): 1-27 [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.475.2377&rep=rep1&type=pdf online].
* {{cite book | last=Stachura | first=P.D. | title=Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=1986 | isbn=978-1-349-18355-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYGwCwAAQBAJ | access-date=3 June 2023}}
* Topp, Niels-Henrik. "Unemployment and Economic Policy in Denmark in the 1930s." ''Scandinavian Economic History Review'' 56.1 (2008): 71-90.
*{{cite book|last=Webb |first=Sidney |author-link=Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield |title=How the Government Can Prevent Unemployment. |year=1912 |edition=First |location=Letchworth, Herts. |work=The National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution. |publisher=Garden City Press Ltd. |url=https://archive.org/stream/howgovernmentcan00webb#page/n3/mode/2up}}, in Great Britain

===Historical: United States===
* Jensen, Richard J. "The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 19.4 (1989): 553-583 [https://rjensen.people.uic.edu/causes-cures.pdf online].
*{{cite book |last=Keyssar |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Keyssar |title=Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23016-2 |year=1986 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/outofworkfirstce0000keys}}
* Margo, Robert A. "Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s." ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 7.2 (1993): 41-59. [https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.7.2.41 online]
* Stricker, Frank. ''American Unemployment: Past, Present, and Future'' (University of Illinois Press, 2020) [https://eh.net/?s=Unemployment online review]
* Sundstrom, William A. "Last hired, first fired? Unemployment and urban black workers during the Great Depression." ''Journal of Economic History'' (1992): 415-429. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123118 online]
* Temin, Peter. "Socialism and Wages in the Recovery from the Great Depression in the United States and Germany." ''Journal of Economic History'' (1990): 297-307 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy_Hatton2/publication/227465071_Labour_Markets_in_the_Interwar_Period_and_Economic_Recovery_in_the_UK_and_the_USA/links/5494da670cf2ec1337581c28.pdf online].

==External links==
{{wikiquote-inline|unemployment}}
{{wiktionary-inline|unemployment}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Unemployment }}
*{{Commons category-inline|Unemployment}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051223210842/http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/datazone_uicalc_index Economic Policy Institute]
* [https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/unemployment-rate Current unemployment figures], CEIC Data
* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lab_une_rat-labor-unemployment-rate Current unemployment rates by country]
* [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=251 OECD Unemployment statistics]
* [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/SL-UEM-TOTL-ZS/ Unemployment statistics] by Lebanese-economy-forum, World Bank data
* [https://jobcity.in JobCity is Right Platform for Govt Jobs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100601214002/http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/UNEM Thermal maps of the world's unemployment percentage rates] – by country, 2007–2010

{{Employment}}
{{Economics}}
{{Finance}}
{{Aspects of capitalism}}
{{United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

[[Category:Unemployment| ]]
[[Category:Personal financial problems]]
[[Category:Waste of resources]]

HHVM

2024-03-10T03:06:50Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1186061233 by InRRainbows (Restorer)

{{Short description|Process virtual machine developed by Meta}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox software
| name = HHVM
| logo = HHVM logo.svg
| logo size = x64px
| logo alt = HHVM logo, featuring white uppercase "HHVM" letters on a black background, with stylized triangular geometric shapes on the left
| logo caption =
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q18150679|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| latest release date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q18150679|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}}}
| developer = [[Meta Platforms]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2011|12|09}}<ref name="initial-release">{{cite web
| url = https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/the-hiphop-virtual-machine/10150415177928920
| title = The HipHop Virtual Machine
| date = December 9, 2011 | access-date = August 2, 2014
| author = Jason Evans | publisher = [[Meta Platforms]]
}}</ref>
| programming language = [[PHP]], [[C++]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/facebook/hhvm/wiki/Building-and-installing-hhvm-on-CentOS-7.x
| title = Building and installing HHVM on CentOS 7.x
| date = May 26, 2015 | access-date = June 12, 2015
| publisher = [[Meta Platforms]] | website = github.com
}}</ref> [[OCaml]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/facebook/hhvm/wiki/Building%20the%20Hack%20Typechecker
| title = Building the Hack typechecker
| date = September 10, 2014 | access-date = June 12, 2015
| publisher = Meta | website = github.com
}}</ref>{{Efn|Only the [[Hack (programming language)|Hack]]'s [[Data type|type]]-checking ({{Mono|hh_server}} and {{Mono|hh_client}}) and code-formatting ({{Mono|hh_format}}) [[Command-line utility|command-line utilities]] and [[Daemon (computing)|daemons]] bundled together with the HipHop Virtual Machine are written in [[OCaml]].}} and [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Facebook's HHVM Begins Seeing Rust Rewrite - Phoronix |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Facebook-Rust-HHVM |access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>
| operating system =
| platform =
| license = [[PHP License]] and [[Zend License]]<ref name="license">{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/facebook/hhvm#license
| title = facebook/hhvm: License
| access-date = August 2, 2014
| publisher = [[Facebook, Inc.]] | website = github.com
}}</ref>
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''HipHop Virtual Machine''' ('''HHVM''') is an [[Open-source software|open-source]] virtual machine based on [[Just-in-time compilation|just-in-time (JIT) compilation]] that serves as an execution engine for the [[Hack (programming language)|Hack programming language]]. By using the principle of JIT compilation, Hack code is first transformed into intermediate '''HipHop bytecode''' ('''HHBC'''), which is then dynamically translated into [[x86-64]] [[machine code]], optimized, and natively executed.<ref>{{cite conference
| url = https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3192374
| title = HHVM JIT: A Profile-Guided, Region-Based Compiler for PHP and Hack
| date = June 20, 2018
| last = Ottoni
| first = Guilherme
| book-title = Proceedings of the 39th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI)
| pages = 151–165
| publisher = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/facebook/hhvm
| title = facebook/hhvm
| access-date = August 2, 2014
| publisher = Meta Platforms | website = github.com
}}</ref> This contrasts with PHP's usual [[Interpreted language|interpreted]] execution, in which the [[Zend Engine]] transforms PHP [[source code]] into [[opcode]]s that serve as a form of [[bytecode]], and executes the opcodes directly on the Zend Engine's virtual [[CPU]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.phpbuilder.com/articles/application-architecture/optimization/php-and-zend-engine-internals.html
| title = PHP and Zend Engine Internals
| date = April 28, 2014
| access-date = September 23, 2014
| author = Kaushik Pal
| website = phpbuilder.com
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140915042514/http://www.phpbuilder.com/articles/application-architecture/optimization/php-and-zend-engine-internals.html
| archive-date = September 15, 2014
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

HHVM is developed by [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], with the project's source code hosted on [[GitHub]];<ref>[https://github.com/facebook/hhvm HHVM source code on GitHub]</ref> it is licensed under the terms of the [[PHP License]] and [[Zend License]].<ref name="initial-release" /><ref name="license" />

== Overview ==
HHVM was created as the successor to the [[HipHop for PHP]] (HPHPc) PHP execution engine, which is a PHP-to-[[C++]] [[transpiler]] also created by Facebook.<ref name="performance">{{cite web
| url = https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/speeding-up-php-based-development-with-hiphop-vm/10151170460698920
| title = Speeding up PHP-based development with HHVM
| date = November 29, 2012 | access-date = August 2, 2014
| author = Drew Paroski | publisher = [[Meta Platforms]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Announcement on GitHub removing HPHPc support
| url = https://github.com/facebook/hiphop-php/commit/fc5b95110ff75110ad55bb97f7c93a8c4eb68e3b
| date = February 19, 2013 | access-date = May 24, 2013
| publisher = [[Meta Platforms]] | website = github.com
}}</ref> Based on the gained experience and aiming to solve issues introduced by HPHPc, Meta decided in early 2010 to create a JIT-based PHP [[virtual machine]]. Issues associated with HPHPc included reaching a [[Plateau effect|plateau]] for further performance improvements, a fundamental inability to support all features of the PHP language, and difficulties arising from specific time- and resource-consuming development and deployment processes.<ref name="performance" /> In Q1 2013, the production version of the facebook.com website stopped using HPHPc and switched to HHVM.

Following the JIT compilation principle, HHVM first converts the executed code into an [[intermediate language]], the high-level [[bytecode]] HHBC. HHBC is a bytecode format created specifically for HHVM, appropriate for consumption by both [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreters]] and just-in-time compilers. Next, HHVM dynamically ("just-in-time") translates the HHBC into x86-64 machine code, [[Optimizing compiler|optimized]] through dynamic analysis of the translated bytecode. Finally, it executes the x86-64 machine code.<ref name="initial-release" /><ref name="performance" /><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/facebook/hhvm/blob/master/hphp/doc/bytecode.specification
| title = HipHop Bytecode v1 revision 18
| date = July 31, 2014 | access-date = May 24, 2013
| publisher = [[Meta Platforms]] | website = github.com
}}</ref> As a result, HHVM has certain similarities to the virtual machines used by other programming languages, including the [[Common Language Runtime]] (CLR, for the [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] language) and [[Java virtual machine]] (JVM, for the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] language).

HHVM brings many benefits in comparison with HPHPc. HHVM uses the same execution engine when deployed in both production and development environments, while supporting integration between the execution engine and the [[HPHPd]] [[debugger]] in both environment types; as a result, maintaining [[HPHPi]] (HipHop interpreter) separately as a development utility is no longer needed as it was the case with HPHPc. HHVM also eliminates the lengthy [[Software build|builds]] required by HPHPc to run programs, resulting in much simpler development and deployment processes than it was the case with HPHPc.<ref name="initial-release" /> Finally, versions of HHVM before 4.0 have almost complete support for the entire PHP language (as defined by the official implementation of PHP version 5.4), including the support for the <code>create_function()</code> and <code>eval()</code> constructs, which was impossible with HPHPc.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/facebook/hiphop-php/issues/716
| title = facebook/hhvm: About upgrade to PHP 5.4 engine
| date = May 2013 | access-date = August 2, 2014
| website = github.com
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/facebook/hhvm/wiki
| title = facebook/hhvm: Home
| date = May 8, 2014 | access-date = August 2, 2014
| publisher = [[Meta Platforms]] | website = github.com
}}</ref>

Together with HHVM 3.0,<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://hhvm.com/blog/4349/hhvm-3-0-0
| title = HHVM 3.0.0
| date = March 28, 2014 | access-date = December 26, 2022
| author1 = Paul Tarjan
| publisher = [[Facebook]]
}}</ref> Meta also released [[Hack (programming language)|Hack]], a derivative of PHP<ref>{{cite magazine
| url = https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2014/03/facebook-hack/
| title = Facebook Introduces 'Hack,' the Programming Language of the Future
| date = March 20, 2014 | access-date = April 15, 2014
| author = Cade Metz | magazine = [[Wired (website)|Wired]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://code.facebook.com/posts/264544830379293/hack-a-new-programming-language-for-hhvm/
| title = Hack: a new programming language for HHVM
| date = April 2014 | access-date = March 23, 2014
| author1 = Julien Verlaguet | author2 = Alok Menghrajani
| publisher = [[Facebook]] | website = code.facebook.com
}}</ref> that allows programmers to use both [[dynamic typing]] and [[static typing]] (a concept also known as [[gradual typing]]), and allows [[Data type|types]] to be specified for [[Function (programming)|function]] [[Argument (computer programming)|arguments]], function [[return value]]s, and [[class properties]]. However, Hack does not provide complete [[backward compatibility]] since it removes several PHP features, such as the <code>[[goto]]</code> statement and dynamic [[Variable (computer science)|variable]] names.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://radar.oreilly.com/2014/04/facebooks-hack-hhvm-and-the-future-of-php.html
| title = Facebook's Hack, HHVM, and the future of PHP
| date = April 3, 2014 | access-date = August 2, 2014
| author = Josh Lockhart | publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://docs.hhvm.com/manual/en/hack.annotations.php
| title = Hack and HHVM: Type Annotations (Hack Manual)
| access-date = March 25, 2014
| website = docs.hhvm.com
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://docs.hhvm.com/manual/en/hack.otherrulesandfeatures.typeinference.php
| title = Hack and HHVM: Type Inference (Hack Manual)
| access-date = March 25, 2014
| website = docs.hhvm.com
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140326062812/http://docs.hhvm.com//manual/en/hack.otherrulesandfeatures.typeinference.php
| archive-date = March 26, 2014
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://docs.hhvm.com/manual/en/hack.unsupported.php
| title = Hack and HHVM: Unsupported PHP Features in Hack (Hack Manual)
| access-date = April 2, 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151104213753/http://docs.hhvm.com/manual/en/hack.unsupported.php
| archive-date = 2015-11-04
| website = docs.hhvm.com
}}</ref>

In September 2017, it was announced that version 3.30 would be the last version of HHVM to officially support PHP, and that HHVM will only support Hack going forward.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://hhvm.com/blog/2018/09/12/end-of-php-support-future-of-hack.html
| title = Ending PHP Support, and The Future Of Hack
| date = September 12, 2018 | access-date = December 26, 2022
| author = Fred Emmott
}}</ref> This was due to differences and incompatibilities in PHP 7.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3226489/web-development/forget-php-facebooks-hhvm-engine-switches-to-hack-instead.html|title=Forget PHP! Facebook's HHVM engine switches to Hack instead|last=Krill|first=Paul|date=2017-09-20|website=InfoWorld|language=en|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> HHVM 4.0, released in February 2019, was the first version without support for PHP.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://hhvm.com/blog/2019/02/11/hhvm-4.0.0.html
| title = HHVM 4.0.0
| date = February 11, 2019 | access-date = December 26, 2022
| author = Fred Emmott
}}</ref>

== Performance ==
As a process virtual machine that provides the execution environment, HHVM has the ability to use live type information to produce more efficient [[native code]], leading to a higher web server [[throughput]] and lower [[Latency (engineering)|latency]]. In Q4 2012, the execution of facebook.com's [[source code]] on HHVM achieved performance parity with HPHPc,<ref name="performance" /> and in December 2013 HPHPc was even surpassed by around 15%.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.hhvm.com/blog/2813/we-are-the-98-5-and-the-16
| title = We are the 98.5% (and the 16%)
| date = December 19, 2013 | access-date = August 2, 2014
| website = hhvm.com
}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Computer programming}}

* [[LLVM]]
*[[Parrot virtual machine]]
* [[Phalanger (compiler)|Phalanger]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website}}

{{PHP}}
{{Facebook navbox}}

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[[Category:Facebook software]]
[[Category:Free compilers and interpreters]]
[[Category:OCaml software]]
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[[Category:Stack-based virtual machines]]
[[Category:Bytecodes]]

Pachinko

2024-02-06T03:16:22Z

P. ĐĂNG: Reverted good faith edits by 2600:6C56:4A00:4FAE:8945:1AE3:6E57:4EC3 (talk)

{{short description|Japanese arcade/gambling game}}

{{about|the mechanical game popular in Japan}}
{{dist|Panchiko}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Pachinko machine 5.JPG|thumb|A modern ''pachinko'' machine]]
[[File:Electric City Akihabara Pachinko.jpg|thumb|A ''pachinko'' parlor in Tokyo]]
{{nihongo|'''Pachinko'''|パチンコ}} is a mechanical game originating in [[Japan]] that is used as an [[arcade game]], and much more frequently for [[gambling]]. Pachinko fills a niche in [[Gambling in Japan|Japanese gambling]] comparable to that of the [[slot machine]] in the West as a form of low-stakes, low-strategy gambling.

Pachinko parlors are widespread in Japan, and usually also feature a number of slot machines (called ''[[pachislo]]'' or pachislots) so these venues look and operate similarly to [[casino]]s. Modern pachinko machines have both mechanical and electrical components.

Gambling for cash is illegal in Japan, but the widespread popularity of low-stakes pachinko in Japanese society has enabled a specific [[legal loophole]] allowing it to exist. Pachinko balls won from games cannot be exchanged directly for money in the parlor, nor can they be removed from the premises or exchanged with other parlors. However, they can be legally traded to the parlor for so-called "special prize" tokens (特殊景品 ''tokushu keihin''), which can in turn be "sold" for cash to a separate vendor off-premises. These vendors (ostensibly independent from, but often owned by, the parlor owner) then sell the tokens back to the parlor at the same price paid for them—plus a small commission, creating a cash profit—without technically violating the law.<ref name="Kushner" />

By 1994, the pachinko market in Japan was valued at {{JPY|30 trillion}} (nearly {{US$|300 billion|long=no}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Schodt|first=Frederik|author-link=Frederik L. Schodt|title=Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga|publisher=Stone Bridge Press|location=Berkeley, CA|year=1996|isbn=978-1-880656-23-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0yDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 111]|title-link=Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga}}</ref> In 1999, sales and revenue from pachinko parlors contributed 5.6% of Japan's {{JPY|500 trillion}} GDP, and they employed over 330,000 people, 0.52% of all those employed in Japan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Consumer casualties : exploring the economics of habit, information, and uncertainty in Japan|last=Wan, Junmin.|date=6 November 2014|isbn=978-1-137-38724-0|location=New York, NY|oclc=882185031}}</ref> However, the sales amount of these pachinko parlors is calculated based on the total amount that customers rented pachinko balls from pachinko parlors. It is said that on average, about 85% of the money spent by customers in pachinko parlors is returned to the customers, so the sales of pachinko parlors are said to be about 15% of the statistical amount.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hbol.jp/122534/5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929142539/https://hbol.jp/122534/5|script-title=ja:パチンコの還元率は競馬より高い約85％。そのギャンブル性について考える|language=ja|publisher=Harbor Business Online/[[Fusosha]]|date=22 December 2016|archive-date=29 September 2017}}</ref> As of 2015, Japan's pachinko market generates more gambling revenue than that of [[Macau]], [[Las Vegas]], and [[Singapore]] combined.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2017/01/30/pachinko-japan-gambling-casinos-economy/ |title=This Japanese Slot Game Generates More Revenue Than Las Vegas and Macau Combined |last=Hincks |first=Joseph |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=30 January 2017 |access-date=15 February 2021}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Pachinko gambling's [[grey market]] nature and tremendous profit historically resulted in considerable infiltration by [[yakuza]], who used it as a vehicle for [[money laundering]] and [[racketeering]]. Since the 1990s, however, this has been less of an issue due to police crackdowns.<ref name="Plotz" /> There were over 7 million pachinkos around the world in 2018 with more than half of them being in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Devin |title=Japan Pachinko Industry Continues Reeling, Profits Down 27 Percent |url=https://www.casino.org/news/japan-pachinko-industry-continues-reeling-profits-down-27-percent/ |website=Casino.org |date=3 August 2021 |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Following a number of years of decline of parlours and machines, the number of pachinko machines in Japan dropped to around 2.5 million by the end of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pachinko Faces Tough Year as Decline Continues |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00765/ |website=Nippon.com |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>

== Description ==
A pachinko machine resembles a vertical [[pinball]] machine, but is different from Western pinball in several ways. It uses small (11 mm diameter) steel balls, which the owner (usually a "pachinko parlor", featuring many individual games in rows) rents to the player, while pinball games use a larger, captive ball.

The player loads one or more balls into the machine, then presses and releases a spring-loaded handle, which is attached to a padded hammer inside the machine, launching the ball(s) into a metal track. The track guides the ball over the top of the playing field; then when it loses momentum, it falls into the playing field. Some pachinko machines have a bumper to bounce the ball as it reaches the top, while others allow it to travel all the way around the field, to fall the second time it reaches the top.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The playing field is populated by numerous brass pins, several small cups into which the player hopes the ball will fall (each catcher is barely the width of the ball), and a hole at the bottom into which the ball falls if it does not enter a catcher. The ball bounces from pin to pin, both slowing its descent and deflecting it laterally across the field. A ball that enters a catcher triggers a payout, in which a number of balls are dropped into a tray at the front of the machine.<ref name="Reed how"/>

Many games made since the 1960s feature "tulip" catchers, which have small flippers that open to expand the width of the catcher. They are controlled by the machine, and may open and close randomly or in a pattern; expert players try to launch a ball so it reaches the catcher when its flippers are open.<ref name="Reed how">{{cite web |last=Reed |first=Daniel J. |year=2010 |title=How the Game Works |url=http://faculty.ccp.edu/faculty/dreed/Campingart/pachinko/game.htm |work=Dan's Pachinko Data Page |access-date=9 November 2009}}</ref>

The game's object is to win as many balls as possible, which can be exchanged for prizes. Pachinko machines were originally strictly mechanical, but have since incorporated extensive electronics, becoming similar to [[video slot machine]]s. Another type of machine often found in pachinko parlors, called a "pachislot", does not involve steel balls, but are [[Medal game|loaded with tokens]] or coins and trigger reels comparable to those of a traditional [[slot machine]]. Online casinos also offer "pachislot" games to tailor their product to the Japanese market.

== History ==
Pachinko machines were first built during the 1920s as a children's toy called the {{nihongo|"Corinth game"|コリントゲーム|''korinto gēmu''}}, based on and named after the American "Corinthian [[bagatelle]]".<ref name="Reed about">{{cite web |title=A little about the machines, and who makes (made) them |url=http://faculty.ccp.edu/faculty/dreed/Campingart/pachinko/about.htm |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> Another likely inspiration was the {{lang|fr|Billard japonais}}, 'Japanese billiards', invented in Western Europe during the 18th century. It emerged as an adult pastime in [[Nagoya]] around 1930, and spread from there.<ref name=stripes>{{cite web |title=Pachinko |url=http://okinawa.stripes.com/news/pachinko |date=15 September 2014 |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222162010/http://okinawa.stripes.com/news/pachinko |archive-date=22 December 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

All of Japan's pachinko parlors were closed down during World War II but re-emerged in the late 1940s. Pachinko has remained popular since; the first commercial parlor was opened in Nagoya in 1948.<ref name=stripes /> As a country influenced by Japan during its occupation, [[Taiwan]] has many pachinko establishments.<ref name=JT20140524/>

An estimated 80 percent of pachinko parlors in Japan are owned by [[Koreans in Japan|ethnic Koreans]].<ref name=JT20140524>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Simon |title=Ball and chain: gambling's darker side |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/05/24/lifestyle/ball-chain-gamblings-darker-side/ |newspaper=The Japan Times |date=24 May 2014 |access-date=15 February 2021 |df=mdy-all}}{{subscription required}}</ref> In 2001, British company BS Group bought a stake in Tokyo Plaza, which was running almost 20 parlors in all of Japan, and had also opened parlors in the United Kingdom.{{Cn|date=July 2023}}

Until the 1980s, pachinko machines were mechanical devices,<ref name="vintagepachinko1">{{cite web |title=Modern vs Vintage Pachinko Machines |url=http://www.vintagepachinko.com/information/vintage-vs-modern-pachinko.htm |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315232041/http://www.vintagepachinko.com/information/vintage-vs-modern-pachinko.htm |archive-date=15 March 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> using bells to indicate different states of the machine. Electricity was used only to flash lights and to indicate problems, such as a machine emptied of its balls.<ref name="Reed electrical">{{cite web |url=http://faculty.ccp.edu/faculty/dreed/Campingart/pachinko/electrical.htm |title=Electrical Notes |access-date=16 February 2021 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Balls were launched using a flipper; their speed was controlled by pulling the flipper down to different levels. Manufacturers in this period included Nishijin and [[SANKYO|Sankyo]]; most of these machines available on online auction sites today date to the 1970s.<ref name="vintagepachinko1" /> After that time, pachinko machines incorporated more electronic features, thus requiring electricity for operation.

<gallery class="center" widths="187" heights="200">
File:Early Pinball.jpg|{{lang|fr|Billard japonais}}, Southern Germany/Alsace {{circa|1750–70}}
File:Masamura Gauge All 15.jpg|A pre-war pachinko machine
File:Mechanical sankyo pachinko machine.jpg|A mechanical pachinko machine from the 1970s
File:Pachinko machine, Tokyo (screen blurred).jpg|A modern, electronic pachinko machine in a [[Tokyo]] parlor
</gallery>

== Mechanisms ==
[[File:Pachinko entrance.jpg|thumb|right|The entrance to a pachinko parlor in [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]], Tokyo, Japan]]
To play pachinko, players get a number of metal balls by inserting cash or cards directly into the machine they want to use. They then shoot the balls into the machine. Older pachinko machines use a spring-loaded lever for shooting balls individually; while later ones use a round knob, controlling the strength of a mechanically fired plunger that shoots the balls. The balls fall vertically through an array of pins, levers, cups, traps and obstacles until they enter a payoff target or reach the bottom of the playfield.

The player has a chance to get more balls if a launched ball lands in one of certain places as it falls. Having more balls is considered a benefit because it allows the player to remain in the game longer, and ultimately creates a larger winning chance.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=#60 Japanese PACHINKO MACHINE played byTodd Tuckey from TNT Amusements – WHY BOTHER??? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BT-PWC8_h4M |url-status=live |date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/BT-PWC8_h4M |archive-date=17 November 2021 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Newer "pachislot" machines have a digital [[slot machine]] display on a large screen, where the objective is to get three numbers or symbols in a row for a jackpot.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} When fired, the balls drop through an array of pins, similar to a pachinko machine. Some fall into a center gate and activate the slot-machine display.

Every ball that goes into the center gate results in one spin, but there is a limit on the number of spins at one time because of the possibility of balls passing through the center gate while a spin is still in progress. Each spin pays out a small number of balls, but the objective is to hit the jackpot. The machine's programming decides the outcome of each spin.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

=== Design ===
Pachinko machines vary in several aspects—including decorative mechanics, sound, gimmicks, modes, and gates. The playing field is usually a wooden board with a transparent acrylic overlay containing artwork. Most modern machines have an LCD screen over the main start pocket. The game is played by keeping the stream of balls to the left of the screen, but many models have their optimized ball stream. Vintage machines vary in pocket location and strategy, with most having a specific center area containing win pockets.

=== Payout mode ===
[[File:Insideanoldpachinkomachine.jpg|thumb|right|The inside workings of a pachinko machine being pulled out of a parlor]]
If the first two numbers, letters, or symbols of the spin match up, the digital program will display many animations before the third reel stops spinning, to give the player an added excitement. This is called a reach (or rīchi) and sometimes longer animations are played called super reaches. Pachinko machines offer different odds in hitting a jackpot; if the player manages to obtain a jackpot, the machine will enter into payout mode.

The payout mode lasts for a number of rounds. During each round, amidst more animations and movies playing on the center screen, a large payout gate opens up at the bottom of the machine layout and the player must try to shoot balls into it. Each ball that successfully enters into this gate results in many balls being dropped into a separate tray at the bottom of the machine, which can then be placed into a ball bucket.

=== Hidden modes, hints, and instant wins ===
To enhance gameplay, modern machines have integrated several aspects not possible in vintage machines. A common one is the ability to switch between different play modes, including rare and hidden modes that can differ significantly from normal play. Two examples can be seen in the ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion (franchise)|Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' series of pachinko machines, which include Mission Mode and Berserker Mode, ranging from having little effect on winning to being an almost guaranteed win.<ref>{{cite web|author=van custompachinko |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKPCx8uZHnM&feature=BFa&list=PL1ED4C101C86F244A | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/eKPCx8uZHnM| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=Evangelion 4 pachinko 3 minute mission mode |publisher=YouTube |date=17 February 2010 |access-date=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=van custompachinko |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWboJ8mwUNQ&feature=BFa&list=PLA226F31D09BDC567 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/NWboJ8mwUNQ| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=Evangelion: The Beginning and the End – Rei mode |publisher=YouTube |date=25 February 2010 |access-date=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Graphics in videos and light patterns can also give players a general idea of what these winning odds are. For example, a super reach may cause a change in animation, or show an introductory animation or picture. This adds excitement, with some changes having much more significance than others in terms of odds of winning on a given spin. Some machines feature instant wins. There are also second-chance wins, where a spin that appears to have lost, or to have a very low winning chance, gives the player three matching numbers and starts "fever mode".<ref>{{cite web|author=van custompachinko |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1Ua3fY6Aw8&feature=BFa&list=PL0295172B98329168 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/c1Ua3fY6Aw8| archive-date=17 November 2021|url-status=live |title=Ashita no Joe Rikishi Mode |publisher=YouTube |date=1 November 2010 |access-date=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== <span class="anchor" id="kakuhen"></span> Post-payout systems ===

After the payout mode has ended, the pachinko machine may do one of two things. Most Pachinko machines employ the {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} ({{Lang|ja|確変}}, short for {{Nihongo|2=確率変動|3=kakuritsu hendō}} meaning probability change) system, where some percentage of the possible jackpots on the digital slot machine result in the odds of hitting the next jackpot multiplying by a large amount, followed by another spin regardless of the outcome. The probability of a {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} occurring is determined by a [[Random number generation|random number generator]].

Hence, under this system, it is possible for a player to get a string of consecutive jackpots after the first "hard-earned" one, commonly referred to as "fever mode". Another type of {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} system is a special time or ST ''{{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}}''. With these machines, every jackpot earned results in a ''{{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}}'', but in order to earn a payout beyond the first jackpot, the player must hit a certain set of odds within a given number of spins.

When a jackpot does not result in a {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} combination, the pachinko machine will enter into {{Transliteration|ja|jitan}} ({{Lang|ja|時短}}, short for {{Nihongo|2=時間短縮|3=jikan tanshuku}} meaning time-reduction) mode, with a much larger number of spins than ''{{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}}''. Under the original payout odds, the center gate widens to make it considerably easier for balls to fall into it; this system is also present in ''{{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}}''.

To compensate for the increase in the number of spins, the digital slot machine produces the final outcomes of each spin faster. ST pachinko machines do not offer this mode; after it ends, the machine spins as in ''{{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}}''. Once no more jackpots have been made, the pachinko machine reverts to its original setting.

=== Koatari ===
Starting in 2007, the majority of Japanese pachinko machines started to include {{Transliteration|ja|koatari}} ({{Lang|ja|小当たり}}, small jackpot) into their payout systems. {{Transliteration|ja|Koatari}} is shorter than the normal jackpot and during payout mode the payout gate opens for a short time only, even if no balls go into it. The timing of the opening of the gates is unpredictable, effectively making it a jackpot where the player receives no payout. {{Transliteration|ja|Koatari}} jackpots can result in a {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} as per normal operation, depending on the payout scheme of the machine in question. The main purpose of {{Transliteration|ja|koatari}} is so that pachinko manufacturers can offer payout schemes that ''appear'' to be largely favorable to customers, without losing any long-term profit.

In addition to being able to offer higher {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} percentages, this made it possible for manufacturers to design battle-type machines. Unlike old-fashioned pachinko machines that offer a full payout or a {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} for any type of jackpot earned, these machines require players to hit a {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} jackpot with a certain probability in order to get a full payout. This is orchestrated by the player entering into "battle", where the player, in accordance with the item that the machine is based on, must "defeat" a certain enemy or foe in order to earn another ''{{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}}''. If the player loses, it means that a normal {{Transliteration|ja|koatari}} has been hit and the machine enters into {{Transliteration|ja|jitan}} mode.

Another reason for incorporating every {{Transliteration|ja|koatari}} is that they have made it possible for a machine to go into {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} mode without the player's knowledge. This is referred to as {{Transliteration|ja|senpuku}} ({{Lang|ja|潜伏}} 'hidden') {{Transliteration|ja|kakuhen}} because it does not occur in any of the jackpot modes. A player sitting at a used pachinko machine offering the number 1 in ''x'' chance of hitting a jackpot in normal mode can hit it within ''x'' spins easily because the previous player did not realize that the machine was in ''{{Transliteration|ja|senpuku}}''. This induces players to keep playing their machines, even though they may still be in normal mode. Japanese pachinko players have not shown significant signs of protest in response to the incorporation of ''{{Transliteration|ja|koatari}}''; on the contrary, battle-type pachinko machines have become a major part of most parlors.

== Prizes ==
[[File:Pachinko balls.jpg|thumb|Pachinko balls]]
Winnings take the form of additional balls, which players may either use to keep playing or exchange for prizes ({{Nihongo|2=景品|3=keihin}}). When players wish to exchange their winnings, they must call a parlor staff member by using a call button located at the top of their station. The staff member will then carry the player's balls to an automated counter to see how many balls they have.<ref name="Plotz"/>

After recording the number of balls the player won and the number of the machine they used, the staff member will then give the player a voucher or card with the number of balls stored in it. Some modern machines can count the balls automatically, without the need for staff. The player then hands it in at the parlor's exchange center to get their prizes. Among the array of prizes available, there will invariably be an item known as the "special prize" ({{Nihongo|2=特殊景品|3=tokushu keihin}} typically a small silver or gold novelty item encased in plastic) that can be sold for cash at an outside establishment in the vicinity of the parlor.<ref name="Plotz"/>

Special prizes are awarded to the player in amounts corresponding to the number of balls won. For example, one special prize worth ¥1500 outside the parlor might be offered to a customer per 400 balls won, assuming each ball originally cost 4 yen. The vast majority of players opt for the maximum number of special prizes offered for their ball total, selecting other prizes only when they have a remaining total too small to receive a special prize.<ref name="Plotz">{{cite web |last=Plotz |first=David |url=http://www.japansociety.org/pachinko_nation |title=Pachinko Nation |publisher=[[Japan Society, New York]] |date=4 November 2008 |access-date=9 November 2009 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920173309/http://www.japansociety.org/pachinko_nation |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Besides the special prizes, prizes may be as simple as chocolate bars, pens or cigarette lighters, or as complicated as electronics, bicycles and other items. Under Japanese law, cash cannot be paid out directly for pachinko balls, but there is usually a small establishment located nearby, separate from the game parlor but sometimes in a separate unit as part of the same building, where players may sell special prizes for cash. This is tolerated by the police because the pachinko parlors that pay out goods and special prizes are nominally independent from the shops that buy back the special prizes.<ref name="Kushner">{{cite web|first=David|last=Kushner|title=The Secret Life of Pachinko |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/consumer-electronics/gaming/the-secret-life-of-pachinko|work=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|author-link=David Kushner (writer)|date=1 October 2010|access-date=2 October 2010}}</ref>

Some pachinko parlors may even give out vouchers for groceries at a nearby [[supermarket]]. The ''[[yakuza]]'' ([[organized crime]]) were formerly often involved in prize exchange, but a great deal of police effort beginning in the 1960s and ramping up in the 1990s has largely done away with their influence.<ref name="Plotz" /> In Tokyo, the special prize exchange is handled exclusively by the {{ill|Tokyo Union Circulation|jp|東京商業流通組合}} company (known as TUC), which sells pachinko and slot parlors gold slivers in standardized plastic cases, which it buys back from winning customers at its "TUC Shop" windows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyoukyo.or.jp/bohai.html|title=新流通システム|publisher=Toyoukyo.or.jp|access-date=24 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219175822/http://www.toyoukyo.or.jp/bohai.html|archive-date=19 December 2012 |language=Japanese |trans-title=Promotion of activities to eliminate gangsters that intervene in the industry}}</ref>

The three-shop system<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.casinoonline.jp/basic/onlinecasino-law/ |title=オンラインカジノは違法か？合法か？問題に結論！【5分でわかる！】 |access-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref> is a system employed by pachinko parlors to exchange for keihin (prizes), usually with items such as cigarette lighters or ball-point pens. These items are carried to a nearby shop and exchanged for cash as a way of circumventing gambling laws.

== Recreational pachinko ==
{{No sources|section|date=July 2023}}
Many [[arcade video game]]s in Japan feature pachinko models from different times. They offer more playing time for the same amount of money, and have balls that can be exchanged only for game tokens to play other games in the establishment. As many of these arcades are smoke-free and gambling is removed, they are popular venues for casual players, newcomers, children, and those wanting to play in a more relaxed atmosphere.

In such arcades, thrifty gamblers may spend a small amount on a newly released pachinko model to get a feel for the machine before going to a real parlor. These machines can also be found in many stores, where they pay out capsules containing a prize coupon or store credit.

== Regulations ==

=== Smoking ===
Smoking is allowed in pachinko parlors, although there are discussions in Japan to extend public [[smoking ban]]s to them.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://archive.metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/635/feature.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060711140004/http://metropolis.japantoday.com/tokyo/635/feature.asp| archive-date = 11 July 2006| title = A dying breed: Japan's smokers are feeling the heat as the government slowly tackles tobacco| access-date = 12 September 2006| last = Shores| first = Trey| date = 26 May 2006| publisher = Metropolis}}</ref>

=== Crime ===
[[File:Antipachinkodemonstration-tokyojapan-2013.jpg|thumb|An anti-pachinko demonstration in Tokyo, Japan (2013)]]

[[Gambling in Japan|Gambling is illegal in Japan]], but pachinko is regarded as an exception and treated as an amusement activity.<ref>{{cite news|last=Master |first=Farah |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-casino-pachinko-idUSBREA4B0V320140512 |title=Taxing times for pachinko as Japan considers casino gamble |work=Reuters |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> Although awarding direct money prizes for it is illegal, parlors may reward players with tokens which can then be sold for cash at nearby exchange centers. With growing public and political pressure in recent years, since passage of Japan's blanket anti-gambling law in the 1990s, police are more active in regulating parlors.<ref name="Plotz" />

Retired police officers often work in the pachinko industry; critics have pointed out that while this has had a deterrent effect against organized crime, it also means these operators are in a strong position to influence police officers in their favor.<ref name="Plotz" />

Police tolerate the level of gambling in pachinko parlors. For example, in May 2005, a parlor in [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] reported to the local police that someone had counterfeited their tokens and made off with the equivalent of US$60,000 in cash by trading them in at their nearby exchange center. Even with such information proving that this parlor was illegally operating an exchange center, which by law must be independent of the parlor, the police did not shut them down, but tracked down the thief.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hkgem.com/reports/prelist/Documents/EDynam-20120706-15.pdf| title = Fraud Investigation: Pachinko parlor}}</ref>

=== Ball designs ===
It is forbidden for pachinko balls to be removed from a parlor to be used elsewhere. To help prevent this, many parlors have a design or name engraved on each of their balls, inspiring some people to collect pachinko balls with various designs.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

== Addiction ==
{{See also|Gambling in Japan}}
A 2014 study showed that pathological gambling tendencies among Japanese adults was 9.04% in men and 1.6% in women, higher than the North American prevalence of 1.6%, particularly for men.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Toyama|first1=T.|last2=Nakayama|first2=H.|last3=Takimura|first3=T.|last4=Yoshimura|first4=A.|last5=Maesato|first5=H.|last6=Matsushita|first6=S.|last7=Osaki|first7=Y.|last8=Higuchi|first8=S.|date=1 September 2014|journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism|volume=49|issue=suppl 1|pages=i17|doi=10.1093/alcalc/agu052.75|issn=0735-0414|title=Sy17-4 * Prevalence of Pathological Gambling in Japan: Results of National Surveys of the General Adult Population in 2008 and 2013|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1999, 29% of players thought of themselves as addicted and needing treatment. Another 30% said they exceeded their budgets and borrowed money to play.<ref name=":0" />

== Franchises ==

A number of [[media franchise]]s, mainly the [[media mix]]—including [[Cinema of Japan|Japanese film]], [[anime]], [[manga]], [[Television in Japan|television]] and [[video game franchises]]—have generated significant revenue from sales of licensed pachinko and pachislot machines to pachinko parlors and [[amusement arcade]]s.<ref name=DKPPPLNF>{{cite news |last=Graser |first=Marc |title='Dark Knight' Producer Plays Pachinko to Launch Next Franchise (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2013/digital/games/dark-knight-trilogy-producer-plays-pachinko-to-launch-next-franchise-1200571785/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=2 August 2013}}</ref> [[Sega Sammy Holdings]] and [[Konami]] are two major license holders for most media mix pachinko machines.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Rich Stanton |date=2022-05-13 |title=Konami just had its best-ever year, thanks to games you've never heard of |language=en |work=PC Gamer |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/konami-just-had-its-best-ever-year-thanks-to-games-youve-never-heard-of/ |access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bean machine]]
* [[Pachinko allocation]]
* [[Plinko]], a game similar to pachinko, featured on the American game show ''[[The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)|The Price Is Right]]''
* [[Visual Pinball]], a software game engine for creating computer game simulations of pachinko and pinball machines
* ''[[The Wall (American game show)|The Wall]]'', an American game show, features a four-story-high pegboard wall similar to Plinko and Pachinko
* ''[[Super Mario Sunshine]]'', a video game with a level colloquially known as the "Pachinko machine"

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Pachinko}}
* [http://pachinkoplanet.com/zencart/index.php?main_page=page&id=2&chapter=2&zenid=bqff82amvfcqplln150biks7u2/ History of Pachinko]
* [https://www.festival-history.com/2021/09/ertugrul-dirilis-ertugrul-history-of.html History of Ertugrul]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113164259/http://pachinkoplanet.com/zencart/index.php?main_page=page&id=2&chapter=2&zenid=bqff82amvfcqplln150biks7u2%2F |date=13 January 2019 }}

{{Gambling}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pachinko| ]]
[[Category:Japanese games]]
[[Category:Gambling in Japan]]
[[Category:Slot machines]]
[[Category:Redemption games]]
[[Category:Yakuza]]

Zanac

2024-02-06T03:15:06Z

P. ĐĂNG: Reverted 1 edit by 2600:8800:4197:7600:5D7F:3343:BA5A:A30E (talk) to last revision by Discospinster

{{short description|Vertical scrolling shooter video game released in 1986}}
{{distinguish|Zanax}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Zanac
| image = ZanacBoxArt.jpg
| caption = North American NES box art
| developer = [[Compile (company)|Compile]]
| publisher = {{vgrelease|JP|[[Pony Canyon]]|NA|[[Fujisankei Communications International|FCI]]}}
| designer = {{ubl|Masamitsu Niitani|Takayuki Hirono|Koji Teramoto}}
| programmer = {{ubl|Takayuki Hirono|Masamitsu Niitani}}
| artist = Koji Teramoto
| composer = Masatomo Miyamoto
| released = {{ubl|'''MSX'''{{vgrelease|JP|November 28, 1986}}|'''Famicom/NES'''{{vgrelease|JP|November 28, 1986|NA|October 1987}}|'''PlayStation''' {{vgrelease|JP|November 29, 2001}}}}
| genre = [[Shoot 'em up]]
| series = ''Zanac''
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
| platforms = [[MSX]]<br>[[Family Computer Disk System]]<br>[[Nintendo Entertainment System]]<br>[[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]
}}

{{nihongo|'''''Zanac'''''|ザナック}} is a [[shoot 'em up]] [[video game]] developed by [[Compile (company)|Compile]] and published in [[Japan]] by [[Pony Canyon]] and in [[North America]] by [[Fujisankei Communications International|FCI]]. It was released for the [[MSX]] computer, the [[Family Computer Disk System]], the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]], and for the [[Virtual Console]]. It was reworked for the MSX2 computer as '''''Zanac EX''''' and for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] as '''''Zanac X Zanac'''''. Players fly a lone [[spacecraft|starfighter]], dubbed the ''AFX-6502 Zanac'', through twelve levels; their goal is to destroy the ''System''—a part-organic, part-mechanical entity bent on destroying mankind.

''Zanac'' was developed by main core developers of Compile, including Masamitsu "Moo" Niitani, Koji<ref name="atwiki">{{cite web|url=http://www13.atwiki.jp/game_staff/pages/184.html|title=GameStaff@wiki - JANUS寺本|publisher=13.atwiki.jp|access-date=2014-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201223129/http://www13.atwiki.jp/game_staff/pages/184.html|archive-date=2014-02-01|url-status=live}}</ref> "Janus" Teramoto, and Takayuki<ref name="atwiki2">{{cite web|url=http://www13.atwiki.jp/game_staff/pages/200.html|title=GameStaff@wiki - 広野隆行|publisher=13.atwiki.jp|access-date=2014-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201223132/http://www13.atwiki.jp/game_staff/pages/200.html|archive-date=2014-02-01|url-status=live}}</ref> "Jemini" Hirono. All of these developers went on to make other popular similarly based games such as ''[[The Guardian Legend]]'', ''[[Blazing Lazers]]'', and the ''[[Puyo Puyo]]'' series. The game is known for its intense and fast-paced gameplay, level of difficulty, and music which seems to match the pace of the game. It has been praised for its unique adaptive [[artificial intelligence]], in which the game automatically adjusts the difficulty level according to the player's skill level, rate of fire and the ship's current defensive status/capability.

==Gameplay==
In ''Zanac'', the player controls the spaceship ''AFX-6502 Zanac'' as it flies through various [[planet]]s, [[space station]]s, and [[outer space]] and through an [[Naval fleet|armada]] of enemies comprising the defenses of the game's main antagonist—the "System". The player must fight through twelve [[Level (video games)|level]]s and destroy the System and its defenses.<ref name="Manual1">FCI, p. 1.</ref> The objective is to shoot down enemies and projectiles and accumulate points. Players start with three lives, and they lose a life if they get hit by an enemy or projectile. After losing a life, gameplay continues with the player reappearing on the screen and losing all previously accumulated power-ups; the player remains temporarily invincible for a moment upon reappearing on the screen. The game ends when all the player's lives have been lost or after completing the twelfth and final area.<ref name="Manual3">FCI, p. 3.</ref> However, the player can earn [[Life (video games)#Extra lives|1-up]]s (extra lives) throughout the game by accumulating high point scores. ''Zanac'' has a [[Glossary of video game terms|continue]] option which allows players to restart the game from the level in which they lost all their lives.<ref name="Thomas" />

The player operates a rapid-fire main cannon, which can be upgraded by collecting [[power-up]]s found in blue boxes that periodically descend from the top of the screen.<ref name="Manual10-11">FCI, pp. 10–11.</ref> As the main cannon's power level is upgraded, the number of bullets fired from the ship as well as their speed increases. In addition, the player operates a specialty weapon that is separate from the main cannon. There are eight different specialty weapons, each represented by differently-numbered power-ups. The player can change the type of specialty weapon equipped by collecting a differently-numbered power-up or can upgrade their current specialty weapon by collecting a numbered power-up that matches their current weapon. These weapons range from directional bullets to shields to indestructible projectiles.<ref name="Manual5-6">FCI, pp. 5–6.</ref> Players lose all accumulated power-ups if they lose a life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zanax (NES Review)|url=http://www.flyingomelette.com/reviews/nes/zanac.html|publisher=Flying Omelette|access-date=2014-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904235852/http://www.flyingomelette.com/reviews/nes/zanac.html|archive-date=2014-09-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Zanac1.png|thumb|left|Gameplay on the [[NES]] version]]
Enemies in ''Zanac'' include [[meteoroid|meteors]], various bullet-shooting enemy aircraft, bullet-resistant disks, ground turrets, and [[reconnaissance aircraft|reconnaissance planes]].<ref>FCI, pp. 7–9.</ref> The [[boss (video games)|bosses]] consist of stationary fortresses consisting entirely of ground turrets.<ref name="Manual10">FCI, p. 10.</ref> The player must destroy all these turrets within a specified time limit to score bonus points. Every stage has one or more of these stationary fortresses. In addition, large enemy ships acting as "mini-bosses" appear throughout the game. These ships are more resistant to the player's weaponry; all bullets inflict minor damage and are repelled off the mini-bosses, which change color as they become more damaged.<ref name="Manual10" />

The distinguishing aspect of ''Zanac'''s gameplay is its unique enemy [[artificial intelligence]], called the "Automatic Level of Difficulty Control" or ALC.<ref name="Thomas" /> The ALC measures the System's aggressiveness and the game's difficulty depending on the actions of the player, such as attack pattern and skill level.<ref name="Manual4">FCI, p. 4.</ref> The ALC increases for experts but decreases for inexperienced players.<ref name="Thomas" /> For instance, shooting the main cannon frequently, collecting power-ups, and failing to destroy bosses within the specified time limit increases the ALC, resulting in a greater number of tougher enemies appearing on-screen. However, actions such as losing lives, starting a new level, or destroying reconnaissance planes reduces the ALC, resulting in fewer on-screen enemies.<ref name="Manual4" />

==Plot==
[[File:Zanac MSX gameplay.png|thumb|right|Gameplay of ''Zanac'' on the [[MSX]], where the game debuted]]
The plot of ''Zanac'' revolves around the "System"—a device figuratively similar to [[Pandora's box]]. The System was created [[millennium|millennia]] ago by an unknown alien race. It contains boundless wisdom and knowledge, as well as vast destructive potential. If properly opened it would grant access to untold wisdom and technology, but if improperly accessed it would unleash almost unlimited destruction. Mankind attempted to access the System and failed, causing the System to spread throughout space and to exert mass destruction on all forms of life, including the human race. Mankind then discovered how to properly access the knowledge and technology within the System, but could not shut its destructive expansion down because of its vast tactical systems.

Moreover, the defenses of the System are designed around destroying and overcoming entire fleets. Mankind hopes that a lone starfighter may be able to slip through and penetrate the defenses of the System, allowing such a ship to fight its way into the heart of the System and destroy it. The ''AFX-6502 Zanac'', the most advanced starfighter ever produced, is launched on a desperate mission to fight its way to the heart of the System and shut it down.<ref name="Manual1" />

==Release history==
''Zanac'' was initially released in 1986 for the [[MSX]] computer by the Japanese video game company [[Compile (company)|Compile]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/zanac/platform/msx |title=''Zanac'' for MSX |publisher=GameSpot |access-date=2011-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624132718/http://www.gamespot.com/zanac/platform/msx/ |archive-date=2013-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>—the same company responsible for other games such as ''[[Blazing Lazers]]'', ''[[Devil's Crush]]'', and the ''[[Puyo Puyo]]'' series. Compile then re-released the game for the MSX2 computer later that same year as ''Zanac Ex'', which featured improved graphics (with smooth scrolling) and extended music over the original MSX version.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Generation MSX |title=''Zanac-Ex'' (1986, Compile) |url=http://www.generation-msx.nl/msxdb/softwareinfo/755 |access-date=2009-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318115134/http://www.generation-msx.nl/msxdb/softwareinfo/755 |archive-date=2009-03-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Zanac'' was then ported and heavily reworked again for release on the [[Family Computer Disk System]] in Japan on November 11, 1986,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/zanac/platform/famicomds |title=''Zanac'' for FDS |access-date=2011-12-22 |publisher=GameSpot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622225829/http://www.gamespot.com/zanac/platform/famicomds/ |archive-date=2013-06-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> and then in North America for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] in October 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Zanac'' for NES |publisher=GameSpot |access-date=2011-12-22 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/zanac/platform/nes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207211502/http://www.gamespot.com/zanac/platform/nes/ |archive-date=2012-02-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The NES version was later re-released for [[Wii]]'s [[Virtual Console]] service on December 3, 2007, and published by [[D4 Enterprise]]. This version is identical to the NES version released in 1987.<ref name="Mangrino">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/shippin-out-december-3-7-golden-compass-alvin-and-the-chipmunks-6183568 |last=Mangrino |first=Tom |title=Shippin' Out December 3–7: ''Golden Compass'', ''Alvin and the Chipmunks'' |access-date=2011-12-22 |date=2007-12-03 |publisher=GameSpot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416083027/http://www.gamespot.com/news/shippin-out-december-3-7-golden-compass-alvin-and-the-chipmunks-6183568 |archive-date=2012-04-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Compile released a compilation titled ''Zanac X Zanac'' for Sony's [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] console in Japan on November 29, 2001, to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the original.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Zanac X Zanac'' for PS |publisher=GameSpot |access-date=2011-12-22 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/zanac-x-zanac |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624154837/http://www.gamespot.com/zanac-x-zanac/ |archive-date=2013-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/zanac-x-zanac/platform/ps |title=''Zanac X Zanac'' PlayStation |access-date=2011-12-22 |publisher=GameSpot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622125011/http://www.gamespot.com/zanac-x-zanac/platform/ps/ |archive-date=2013-06-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> This compilation features an updated version of ''Zanac''—titled ''Zanac Neo''—and three versions of the NES version of the game, including a version featuring enhanced graphics and sound. The game features two-player cooperative gameplay as well as a remix of the game's soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mugg |first=Charles |last2=Sheffield |first2=Brandon |title=Review: ''Zanac X Zanac'' |publisher=Insert credit |date=2002-11-02 |access-date=2009-06-22 |url=http://www.insertcredit.com/reviews/zanac/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615081158/http://www.insertcredit.com/reviews/zanac/index.html |archive-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>

A version of the game was released on the [[Nintendo Switch]] via the [[G-Mode Archives]] series in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=G-MODE Archives ZANAC |website=Nintendo.com |accessdate=2023-05-22 |url=https://www.nintendo.com/store/products/g-mode-archives29-zanac-switch/}}</ref>

==Reception and legacy==
{{Video game reviews
| Allgame = 4/5<ref name="Weiss">{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Brett Alan |title=''Zanac'' > Review |publisher=[[Allgame]] |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=14948 |access-date=2011-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211100553/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=14948 |archive-date=2014-12-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GSpot = 7.5<ref name="Provo">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/zanac/reviews/zanac-review-6183853 |title=Wii ''Zanac'' Review |access-date=2011-12-22 |last=Provo |first=Frank |date=2007-12-10 |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413045606/http://www.gamespot.com/zanac/reviews/zanac-review-6183853/ |archive-date=2013-04-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| IGN = 6.5<ref name="Thomas">{{cite web |url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/839/839646p1.html |title=''Zanac'' Review: Ask Your Doctor if Prescription ''Zanac'' is Right for You |access-date=2008-06-08 |last=Thomas |first=Lucas M. |date=2007-12-07 |publisher=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704161126/http://wii.ign.com/articles/839/839646p1.html |archive-date=2008-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
''Zanac'', in retrospect, has been considered a unique [[shoot 'em up]] game, combining gameplay elements from games such as [[Xevious]], especially with the extensive power-up system and vertical-scrolling gameplay that features both air and ground targets.<ref name="Provo" /> Brett Alan Weiss of [[Allgame]] praised ''Zanac'', calling it an extremely fast-paced shooter in which the player is almost completely surrounded by enemy ships and bullets. He praises the game for its music which seems to flow along with the action of the game; he calls the music "at least as close as you can get to a Zen moment while playing a shooting game on the NES".<ref name="Weiss" /> Frank Provo of [[GameSpot]] lauded ''Zanac'' for its difficulty level, its ability to handle many sprites on the screen without slowdown or other glitches, and its unique [[artificial intelligence|AI]], which placed this game in a subgenre of its own.<ref name="Provo" /> However, criticisms include mediocre and primitive music and sound, a steep learning curve in gameplay and difficulty level, and poor translation in the game itself and in the game's instruction manual.<ref name="Thomas" /> In addition, Weiss says that enemies in ''Zanac'', while fearsome, "don't have much personality".<ref name="Weiss" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
*{{Cite book |year=1986 |title=''Zanac'' Instruction Manual |publisher=[[Fujisankei Communications International|FCI]] |id=NES-ZA-USA}}

==External links==

{{Aleste}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zanac}}
[[Category:1986 video games]]
[[Category:Compile (company) games]]
[[Category:D4 Enterprise games]]
[[Category:Famicom Disk System games]]
[[Category:Fujisankei Communications International games]]
[[Category:MSX games]]
[[Category:MSX2 games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Entertainment System games]]
[[Category:PlayStation (console) games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Network games]]
[[Category:Pony Canyon games]]
[[Category:Scrolling shooters]]
[[Category:Virtual Console games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Japan]]
[[Category:Single-player video games]]

Culture of South Africa

2024-02-06T03:09:27Z

P. ĐĂNG: Reverted 1 edit by 180.252.86.130 (talk)

{{Short description|Overview of culture in South Africa}}
{{Use South African English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Culture of South Africa}}
[[File:Zoulous (Shakaland).jpg|thumb|270px|[[Zulus]] in [[Natal Province|Natal]]]]

[[South Africa]] is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity. Almost all South Africans speak [[English language|English]] to some degree of proficiency, in addition to their native language, with English acting as a [[lingua franca]] in commerce, education, and government.<ref name="PoselZeller2011">{{cite journal|last1=Posel|first1=Dorrit|last2=Zeller|first2=Jochen|title=Home language and English language ability in South Africa: Insights from new data|journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies|volume=29|issue=2|year=2011|pages=115–126|issn=1607-3614|doi=10.2989/16073614.2011.633360|hdl=10413/8453|s2cid=145123143 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Teaching English Today 2020">{{cite web | title=ENGLISH IN SOUTH AFRICA – A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD (2) | website=Teaching English Today | date=2020-11-03 | url=https://teachenglishtoday.org/index.php/2010/06/english-in-south-africa-a-double-edged-sword-2/ | access-date=2021-06-15}}</ref> South Africa has eleven official languages, but other indigenous languages are spoken by smaller groups, chiefly [[Khoisan languages]].<ref name="du Plessis2019">{{cite journal|last1=du Plessis|first1=Menán|title=The Khoisan Languages of Southern Africa: Facts, Theories and Confusions|journal=Critical Arts|year=2019|volume=33 |issue=4–5 |pages=1–22|issn=0256-0046|doi=10.1080/02560046.2019.1647256|s2cid=203429045 }}</ref>

Members of the middle class, who are predominantly [[white South Africans|white]] and [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] but whose ranks include growing numbers of other groups, have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in [[Western Europe]], [[North America]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].

The [[Apartheid]] state [[Population Registration Act, 1950|legally classified South Africans into one of four race groups]], determined [[Group Areas Act|where they could live]], and enforced segregation in education, work opportunities, public amenities and social relations. Although these laws were abolished by the early 1990s, the apartheid racial categories remain ingrained in South African culture,<ref>{{cite news|last=Rondganger|first=Lee|title=Being an African makes me who I am|url=http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/being-an-african-makes-me-who-i-am-1.280599#.UTsrQ9ZTCz4|access-date=9 March 2013|newspaper=IOL|date=6 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=du Preez|first=Max|title=Are we all 'coloured'?|url=http://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/Are-we-all-coloured-20110309|access-date=9 March 2013|newspaper=News24|date=9 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Posel2001">{{cite journal |url=http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf |title= What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108101109/http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf |archive-date=2006-11-08 |journal=Transformation|issn=0258-7696 |year=2001|last=Posel|first= Deborah|pages= 50–74}}</ref><ref name="Pillay2019">{{cite book|last1=Pillay|first1=Kathryn|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity |chapter=Indian Identity in South Africa|year=2019|pages=77–92|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9|isbn=978-981-13-2897-8 |doi-access=free}}</ref> with South Africans continuing to classify themselves, and each other, as belonging to one of the four defined race groups (blacks, whites, [[Coloureds]] and Indians)<ref name="Pillay2019"/><ref name="Posel2001"/> making it difficult to define a single ''South African culture'' that doesn't make reference to these racial categories.<ref name="Pillay2019"/>

==History==
{{Main|History of South Africa}}
{{See also|Demographics of South Africa}}

==Art==
{{Main|Art of South Africa}}
[[Image:San Painting, Ukalamba Drakensberge 1.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Common Eland|Eland]]'', [[rock painting]], [[Drakensberg]], South Africa]]
The oldest art objects in the world were discovered in a South African cave. Dating from 75,000 years ago, these small drilled snail shells could have no other function than to have been strung on a string as a necklace. South Africa was one of the cradles of the human species. One of the defining characteristics of our species is the making of art (from Latin 'ars' meaning worked or formed from basic material).

The scattered tribes of [[Khoisan]] peoples moving into South Africa from around 10,000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings. They were superseded by [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] and [[Nguni people|Nguni]] peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms. In the 20th century, traditional tribal forms of art were scattered and re-melded by the divisive policies of [[apartheid]].

New great forms of art evolved in the mines and townships: a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes. The Dutch-influenced folk art of the [[Afrikaner]] [[Trekboer]] and the urban white artists earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards also contributed to this eclectic mix, which continues to evolve today.

One form of art developed during the period of apartheid. This new characterization was termed "township art" and became common in the 1960s and 1970s. This art style tended to depict scenes from everyday life of poor black individuals in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peffer, John.|title=Art and the end of apartheid|date=2009|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-6792-5|location=Minneapolis|pages=31|oclc=320842091}}</ref> Common visual elements in this art style are dilapidated houses, women washing clothes, penny whistlers, and black mother-and-child tableaux.
[[File:Simphiwe Ndzube - Oracles of the Pink Universe - 2021.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Oracles of the Pink Universe by Simphiwe Ndzube, 2021]]
Contemporary South Africa has a stellar art scene, with artists receiving international recognition. The recent 'Figures and Fictions' exhibition of South African photography at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London included the work of [[Mikhael Subotzky]], [[Zanele Muholi]], [[David Goldblatt]], [[Zwelethu Mthethwa]] and [[Guy Tillim]]. Contemporary South African artists whose work has been met with international acclaim include [[Marlene Dumas]], [[William Kentridge]] and John Smith.

== Architecture ==
{{See also|Architecture of Johannesburg|Cape Dutch architecture}}
[[File:Castle of Good Hope.jpg|thumb|upright|Gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]], the oldest building in South Africa]]
[[File:Old Dutch Reformed Church, Ladismith 1.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Old Dutch]] church in [[Ladismith]]]]
The [[architecture of South Africa]] mirrors the vast ethnic and cultural diversity of the country and its historical colonial period. In addition, influences from other distant countries have contributed to the variety of the South African architectural landscape.

[[Herbert Baker]], among the country's most influential architects, designed the [[Union Buildings]] in [[Pretoria]]. Other buildings of note include the [[Rhodes memorial]] and [[St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town|St George's Cathedral]] in [[Cape Town]], and [[St John's College (Johannesburg, South Africa)|St John's College]] in [[Johannesburg]].

[[Cape Dutch architecture]] was prominent in the early days (17th century) of the [[Cape Colony]], and the name derives from the fact that the initial settlers of the Cape were primarily Dutch. The style has roots in medieval Holland, Germany, France and Indonesia. Houses in this style have a distinctive and recognizable design, with a prominent feature being the grand, ornately rounded gables, reminiscent of features in townhouses of [[Amsterdam]] built in the [[Dutch architecture|Dutch style]].

The rural landscape of South Africa is populated with traditional and European-influenced [[African architecture]].

== Literature ==
{{Main|Literature of South Africa}}
[[File:Olive Schreiner.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Olive Schreiner]], the author of ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883)]]
There are 11 national languages in South Africa. South Africa's unique social and political history has generated a rich variety of literatures, with themes spanning pre-colonial life, the days of apartheid, and the lives of people in the "new South Africa".

Many of the first black South African print authors were missionary-educated, and many wrote in either English or [[Afrikaans]]. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was [[Sol Plaatje|Solomon Thekiso Plaatje]]'s ''[[Mhudi]]'', written in 1930.

Notable white English-language South African authors include [[Nadine Gordimer]] who was, in [[Seamus Heaney]]'s words, one of "the guerrillas of the imagination", and who became the first South African and the seventh woman to be awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1991. Her novel, ''[[July's People]]'', was released in 1981, depicting the collapse of white-minority rule.

[[Athol Fugard]], whose plays have been regularly premiered in [[fringe theatre]]s in South Africa, London (The [[Royal Court Theatre]]), and New York City. [[Olive Schreiner]]'s ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) was a revelation in Victorian literature: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form.

[[Alan Paton]] published the acclaimed novel ''[[Cry, the Beloved Country]]'' in 1948. He told the tale of a black priest who comes to [[Johannesburg]] to find his son, which became an international best-seller. During the 1950s, ''[[Drum (South African magazine)|Drum]]'' magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to urban black culture.

Afrikaans-language writers also began to write controversial material. [[Breyten Breytenbach]] was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. [[Andre Brink]] was the first [[Afrikaner]] writer to be [[banned book|banned]] by the government after he released the novel ''[[A Dry White Season]]'' about a white South African who discovers the truth about a black friend who dies in police custody.

[[John Maxwell Coetzee|John Maxwell (JM) Coetzee]] was also first published in the 1970s, and became internationally recognize in 1983 with his [[Booker Prize]]-winning novel [[Life & Times of Michael K]]. His 1999 novel ''[[Disgrace (novel)|Disgrace]]'' won him his second [[Booker Prize]] as well as the 2000 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]]. He is also the recipient of the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 2003.

English writer [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], author of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', was born in [[Bloemfontein]] in 1892.

===Poetry===
{{Main|South African poetry}}
South Africa has a rich tradition of [[oral poetry]]. Several influential African poets became prominent in the 1970s such as [[Mongane Wally Serote]], whose most famous work, ''No Baby Must Weep'', gave insight into the everyday lives of black South Africans under apartheid. Another famous black novelist, [[Zakes Mda]], transitioned from poetry and plays to becoming a novelist in the same time period. His novel, ''The Heart of Redness'' won the 2001 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]] and was made a part of the school curriculum across South Africa.

== Cinema ==
{{Main|Cinema of South Africa}}
While many foreign films have been produced about South Africa (usually involving race relations), few local productions are known outside South Africa itself. One exception was the film ''[[The Gods Must Be Crazy]]'' in 1980, set in the [[Kalahari]]. This is about how life in a traditional community of [[San people|San]] (Bushmen) is changed when a [[Coca-Cola|Coke]] bottle, thrown out of a plane, suddenly lands from the sky. The late [[Jamie Uys]], who wrote and directed ''The Gods Must Be Crazy'', also had success overseas in the 1970s with his films ''Funny People'' and ''Funny People II'', similar to the TV series ''[[Candid Camera]]'' in the US. [[Leon Schuster]]'s ''You Must Be Joking!'' films are in the same genre, and hugely popular among South Africans. Schuster's most successful film internationally is Mr Bones, which was also the best performing film locally at the time of its release, grossing 35m USD.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pelangi|first=Laskar|date=5 June 2009|title=The world's most loved movies|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jun/05/box-office-records-world-cinema|access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> This was surpassed by the sequel, Mr Bones 2: Back from the Past.

The most high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was ''[[District 9]]''. Directed by [[Neill Blomkamp]], a native South African, and produced by [[Peter Jackson]], the action/science-fiction film depicts a sub-class of alien refugees forced to live in the slums of [[Johannesburg]] in what many saw as a creative allegory for [[apartheid]]. The film was a critical and commercial success worldwide, and was nominated for Best Picture at the [[82nd Academy Awards]].

Other notable exceptions are the film ''[[Tsotsi]]'', which won the [[Academy Award for Foreign Language Film]] at the [[78th Academy Awards]] in 2006 as well as ''[[U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha]]'', which won the [[Golden Bear]] at the 2005 [[Berlin International Film Festival]].

== Music ==
{{Main|Music of South Africa}}
[[File:Sontonga.jpg|thumb|[[Enoch Sontonga]]]]
There is great diversity in music from South Africa. Many black musicians who sang in Afrikaans or English during apartheid have since begun to sing in traditional African languages, and have developed a unique style called ''[[Kwaito]]''. Of note is [[Brenda Fassie]], who launched to fame with her song "Weekend Special", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]], while the [[Soweto String Quartet]] performs classic music with an African flavour. White and Coloured South African singers are historically influenced by European musical styles.

South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably [[Hugh Masekela]], [[Jonas Gwangwa]], [[Abdullah Ibrahim]], [[Miriam Makeba]], [[Jonathan Butler]], [[Chris McGregor]], and [[Sathima Bea Benjamin]]. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the [[contemporary music|contemporary]] [[Steve Hofmeyr]] and the [[punk rock]] band [[Fokofpolisiekar]]. Crossover artists such as Verity (internationally recognised for innovation in the music industry) and [[Johnny Clegg]] and his bands [[Juluka]] and [[Savuka]] have enjoyed various success underground, publicly, and abroad. [https://donclarke.co.za Don Clarke] who wrote ''Sanbonani''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mojapelo|first=Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-KW9f02oNMC&q=sanbonani+p+j+powers&pg=PA79|title=Beyond Memory: Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South Africa|publisher=African Minds|year=2008|isbn=978-1-920299-28-6|location=Somerset West|pages=78, 79}}</ref>'','' a local hit for [[PJ Powers|P J Powers]] and Hotline in 1986 wrote much of the music for [[Leon Schuster]]'s films including ''Till You're Free Again''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Till You're Free again|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaCzVmDmPFI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/KaCzVmDmPFI |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''which he recorded for the film [[Frank and Fearless]] in 2018.'' Rap-rave group [[Die Antwoord]] have also found international success.

The South African music scene includes ''[[Kwaito]]'', a new music genre that had developed in the mid-1980s and has since developed to become a popular socio-economic form of representation among the populace. However, some argue that the political aspects of Kwaito have since diminished after Apartheid, and the relative interest in politics has become a very minor aspect of daily life. Others argue that in a sense, Kwaito is in fact a political force that shows activism in its apolitical actions.

Today, major corporations like [[Sony]], [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]], and [[EMI]] have appeared on the South African scene to produce and distribute Kwaito music. Due to its popularity, as well as the general influence of DJs, who are among the top 5 most influential types of people within the country, Kwaito has taken over radio, television, and magazines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511220834/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-05-11|title=South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic", and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success{{!}}Popular Music and Society}}</ref>

South African [[rock music]] is a very popular subculture, especially within the Johannesburg region. The [[alternative rock]] and [[metal music|metal]] band [[Seether]] gained international popularity in the early 2000s, with five of their albums achieving [[RIAA certification|Gold or Platinum certification]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA: Seether|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Seether#search_section|website=RIAA|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> Four other alternative rock bands, [[Kongos (band)|KONGOS]], [[Civil Twilight (band)|Civil Twilight]], [[Prime Circle (band)|Prime Circle]] and the [[Parlotones]] have also achieved success abroad in the late 2000s.

== Cuisine ==
{{Main|South African cuisine}}
[[File:CuisineSouthAfrica.jpg|thumb|left|An array of traditional South African cuisine]]
The [[cuisine of South Africa]] is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a ''[[braai]]''. A variation of the barbecue, braais often feature [[boerewors]] or spicy sausages, and mielies ([[maize]]) or [[Mielie-meal]], often as a porridge, or [[pearl millet]], a staple food of black South Africans. Pastries such like [[koeksister]]s and desserts like [[melktert]] (milk tart) are also universally popular.

[[File:Braai Boerewors.JPG|thumb|right|Meat on a traditional South African [[braai]]]]
[[Indian cuisine|Indian]] food like [[curry]] is also popular, especially in [[Durban]] with its large Indian population. Another local Indian Durban speciality is the 'bunny' or [[bunny chow]], which consists of a hollowed-out loaf of white bread filled with curry.

The Portuguese community has also made its mark, with spicy [[peri-peri]] chicken being a favourite. The South African Portuguese-themed restaurant chain [[Nando's]] now has restaurants in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Malaysia, Kenya and the United Arab Emirates.

===Wine===
{{Main|South African wine}}
South Africa has developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best [[vineyard]]s lying in valleys around [[Stellenbosch]], [[Franschhoek]], [[Paarl]] and [[Barrydale]]. [[South African wine]] has a history dating back to 1659, and at one time [[Constantia, Cape Town|Constantia]] was considered one of the greatest wines in the world. Access to international markets has unleashed a burst of new energy and new investment. Production is concentrated around [[Cape Town]], with major vineyard and production centres at [[Paarl]], [[Stellenbosch]] and [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]].

There are about 60 [[appellations]] within the [[Wine of Origin]] (WO) system, which was implemented in 1973 with a hierarchy of designated production regions, districts and wards. WO wines must be made 100% from [[grapes]] from the designated area. "Single vineyard" wines must come from a defined area of less than 5 hectares. An "Estate Wine" can come from adjacent farms, as long as they are farmed together and [[wine]] is produced on site. A ward is an area with a distinctive soil type and/or climate, and is roughly equivalent to a European appellation.<ref name="WObooklet">{{cite web|title=Wine of Origin booklet |publisher=SAWIS |date=13 August 2005 |url=http://www.sawis.co.za/SAWISPortal/uploads/Wine%20of%20origin%20booklet2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927074811/http://www.sawis.co.za/SAWISPortal/uploads/Wine%20of%20origin%20booklet2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=20 June 2007}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in South Africa}}
[[Image:Herbert Baker clocktower, Rhodes University, 2004.jpg|upright|thumb|The heart of the [[Rhodes University]] campus]]
Learners have twelve years of formal schooling, from grade 1 to 12. Grade R is a pre-primary foundation year. Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm |title=Education in South Africa |publisher=SouthAfrica.info |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617125606/http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm |archive-date=17 June 2010 }}</ref> High School education spans a further five years. The [[National Senior Certificate|Senior Certificate]] examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a [[List of universities in South Africa|South African university]].<ref name=edufacts0831>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/services/education/edufacts.htm|title=A parent's guide to schooling|access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref>
''See: [[Matriculation in South Africa]]; [[High school#South Africa|High school in South Africa]]''

Public universities in South Africa are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically oriented university degrees; [[University of Technology|universities of technology]] (formerly called "[[Technikon]]s"), which offer vocational oriented diplomas and degrees; and comprehensive universities, which offer both types of qualification. Public institutions are usually English medium, although instruction may take place in [[Afrikaans]] as well. There are also a large number of other educational institutions in South Africa – some are local campuses of foreign universities, some conduct classes for students who write their exams at the distance-education [[University of South Africa]] and some offer unaccredited or non-accredited diplomas.
''See: [[List of universities in South Africa]]; [[List of post secondary institutions in South Africa]]; [[:Category:Higher education in South Africa]]''

Public expenditure on education was at 6.1% of the 2016 GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/149206|title=Government expenditure on education (% of GDP)|publisher=United Nations Development Program|access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref>

Under [[apartheid]], schools for blacks were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called ''[[Bantu Education Act|Bantu Education]]'' which was only designed to give them sufficient skills to work as labourers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/sidebar.php?id=3|title=Bantu Education|publisher=Overcoming Apartheid|access-date=20 June 2010}}</ref> Redressing these imbalances has been a focus of recent education policy; see [[Education in South Africa#Restructuring of universities and technikons|Education in South Africa: Restructuring]].

===Scouting===
South Africa has also had a large influence in the [[Scouting]] movement, with many Scouting traditions and ceremonies coming from the experiences of [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]] (the founder of Scouting) during his time in South Africa as a military officer in the 1890s-1900s. [[Scouts South Africa]] (then known as Boy Scouts of South Africa) was one of the first youth organisations to open its doors to youth and adults of all races in South Africa. This happened on 2 July 1977 at a conference known as ''Quo Vadis''.<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|url=http://www.scouting.org.za/visitors/history.html|title=History of Scouting in South Africa|publisher=South African Scout Association|access-date=30 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101060338/http://www.scouting.org.za/visitors/history.html|archive-date=1 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Society ==

===Gender roles===
{{Main|Women in South Africa}}
{{Further|Feminism in South Africa}}

===Sexual orientation===
{{Main|LGBT rights in South Africa}}
South Africa enacted same-sex marriage laws in 2006 allowing full marriage and adoption rights to same-sex couples. Although the Constitutional and legal system in South Africa theoretically ensures equality, social acceptance is generally lacking, especially outside of urban areas. Lesbian women from smaller towns (especially the [[Township (South Africa)|townships]]) are often victims of beating or rape. This has been posited, in part, to be because of the perceived threat they pose to traditional male authority.<ref>[http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/south_africa/sanews008.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126075109/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/south_africa/sanews008.htm|date=26 November 2007}}</ref> Although evidence of hatred may influence rulings on a case-by-case basis, South Africa has no specific [[hate crime]] legislation; human rights organisations have criticised the South African police for failing to address the matter of bias-motivated crimes.<ref name="Gandar 2021">{{cite web | last=Gandar | first=Sally | title=MAVERICK CITIZEN OP-ED: Bodies pile up as the hate crimes bill gathers dust in Parliament | website=Daily Maverick | date=2021-04-27 | url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-27-bodies-pile-up-as-the-hate-crimes-bill-gathers-dust-in-parliament/ | access-date=2021-06-22}}</ref>

For example, the NGO ''[[ActionAid]]'' has condemned the continued [[impunity]] and accused governments of turning a blind eye to reported murders of lesbians in homophobic attacks in South Africa; as well as to so-called [[corrective rape|"corrective" rapes]], including cases among pupils, in which cases the male rapists purport to raping the lesbian victim with the intent of thereby "curing" her of her sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actionaid.org/pages.aspx?PageID=34&ItemID=447 |title=Press Releases |publisher=ActionAid |access-date=2013-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320205134/http://www.actionaid.org/pages.aspx?PageID=34&ItemID=447 |archive-date=20 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24v2/Components/Generic/News24v2_Print_PopUp_Article/0,8838,2-7-1442_2286705,00.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317004841/http://www.news24.com/News24v2/Components/Generic/News24v2_Print_PopUp_Article/0%2C8838%2C2-7-1442_2286705%2C00.html|date=17 March 2009}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
{{main|Science and technology in South Africa}}
Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon [[Christiaan Barnard]] at [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in December 1967. [[Max Theiler]] developed a vaccine against Yellow Fever, [[Allan McLeod Cormack]] pioneered x-ray [[Computed tomography]], and [[Aaron Klug]] developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques. These advancements were all (with the exception of that of Barnard) recognised with [[Nobel Prizes]]. [[Sydney Brenner]] won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in [[molecular biology]].

[[Mark Shuttleworth]] founded an early Internet security company [[Thawte]], that was subsequently bought out by world-leader [[VeriSign]].

South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the [[Southern African Large Telescope]], the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the [[Karoo Array Telescope]] as a pathfinder for the $20 billion [[Square Kilometer Array]] project to be built in South Africa and Australia.

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sport in South Africa}}

[[Image:Springbok parade.jpg|thumb|The ''[[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]]'' in a bus parade after winning the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]]]]
[[Image:South African Cricket team 2008.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[South Africa national cricket team|Proteas]]'' at [[the Oval]] in 2008]]
The most popular sports in South Africa are [[association football]], [[rugby union|rugby]], and [[cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|title=Sport in South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629152527/http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|archive-date=29 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other sports with significant support are [[field hockey]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]], [[golf]], [[boxing]], [[tennis]], [[netball]] and [[softball]]. Although association football commands the greatest following among the [[adolescents|youth]], other sports like [[basketball]], [[surfing]], [[judo]] and [[skateboarding]] are increasingly popular.

Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake [[Jacob Matlala]], [[Vuyani Bungu]], [[Welcome Ncita]], [[Dingaan Thobela]], [[Gerrie Coetzee]] and [[Brian Mitchell (boxer)|Brian Mitchell]]. Footballers who have played for major foreign clubs include [[Lucas Radebe]] and [[Philemon Masinga]], (both formerly of [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]]), [[Quinton Fortune]] ([[Atlético Madrid]] and [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]), [[Benni McCarthy]] ([[Ajax Amsterdam]], [[F.C. Porto]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] and [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]), [[Aaron Mokoena]] (Ajax Amsterdam, Blackburn Rovers and [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]), [[Delron Buckley]] ([[Borussia Dortmund]]) and [[Steven Pienaar]] (Ajax Amsterdam and [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]). South Africa has also produced [[1979 Formula One]] World Champion, [[Jody Scheckter]], along with his son, two time [[Indycar Series]] race winner, [[Tomas Scheckter]], who led the most laps in both his first two [[Indianapolis 500]] starts during the 2002 and 2003 running of the race. Durban Surfer [[Jordy Smith]] won the 2010 Billabong J-Bay competition making him the No.1 ranked surfer in the world. Famous current cricket players include [[Herschelle Gibbs]], [[Graeme Smith]], [[Jacques Kallis]], [[JP Duminy]], etc. Most of them also participate in the [[Indian Premier League]].

South Africa has also produced numerous world class rugby players, including [[Francois Pienaar]], [[Joost van der Westhuizen]], [[Danie Craven]], [[Frik du Preez]], [[Naas Botha]] and [[Bryan Habana]]. South Africa hosted and won the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]] and won the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] in [[France]] as well as the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]] in Japan. It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the [[1996 African Cup of Nations]], with the [[South Africa national football team|national team]] going on to win the tournament. It also hosted the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]], the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 World Twenty20 Championship]], and it was the host nation for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], which was the first time the tournament was held in Africa. FIFA president [[Sepp Blatter]] awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper |first=Billy |title=South Africa gets 9/10 for World Cup |url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup |publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=12 July 2010 |access-date=9 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715063001/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup |archive-date=15 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2004, the swimming team of [[Roland Schoeman]], [[Lyndon Ferns]], [[Darian Townsend]] and [[Ryk Neethling]] won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4x100 freestyle relay. [[Penny Heyns]] won Olympic Gold in the 1996 [[Atlanta Olympic Games]].

In golf, [[Gary Player]] is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the [[Grand Slam (golf)|Career Grand Slam]], one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include [[Bobby Locke]], [[Ernie Els]], [[Retief Goosen]], [[Trevor Immelman]] and [[Louis Oosthuizen]].

===Tradition===
South Africa's tradition food is [[Koeksisters]] and [[Braai]]

== See also ==
*[[List of South Africans]]
*[[List of heritage sites in South Africa]]
*[[Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities]]
*[[South African art]]
*[[South Africa]]
*[[List of South African artists]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{South Africa topics}}

{{Africa topic|Culture of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of South Africa}}
[[Category:South African culture| ]]

The Big Sick

2024-02-06T03:08:13Z

P. ĐĂNG: Reverted 1 edit by 2601:283:4C01:EEC0:CDE0:94D8:8F6F:9228 (talk)

{{Short description|2017 film by Michael Showalter}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Big Sick
| image = The Big Sick.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Michael Showalter]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Judd Apatow]]
* [[Barry Mendel]]
}}
| writers = {{Plainlist|
* [[Emily V. Gordon]]
* [[Kumail Nanjiani]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Kumail Nanjiani
* [[Zoe Kazan]]
* [[Holly Hunter]]
* [[Ray Romano]]
* [[Anupam Kher]]
}}
| music = [[Michael Andrews (musician)|Michael Andrews]]
| cinematography = Brian Burgoyne
| editing = Robert Nassau
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[FilmNation Entertainment]]
* [[Apatow Productions]]
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Amazon Studios]] 
* [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2017|1|20|[[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]|2017|6|23|United States}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/big-sick-film|title = THE BIG SICK|website = [[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date = February 8, 2019}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $5 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/the-big-sick-kumail-nanjiani-emily-gordon-amazon-movie-peter-bart-1202114465/|title=Peter Bart: Can 'The Big Sick' Grab Healthy Box Office Take Among Summer Tentpoles?|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 15, 2017}}</ref>
| gross = $56.4 million<ref name=BOM>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=thebigsick.htm |title=The Big Sick (2017)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=July 28, 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Big Sick''''' is a 2017 American [[romantic comedy|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Michael Showalter]] and written by [[Emily V. Gordon]] and [[Kumail Nanjiani]]. It stars Nanjiani, [[Zoe Kazan]], [[Holly Hunter]], [[Ray Romano]], [[Adeel Akhtar]], and [[Anupam Kher]]. Gordon and Nanjiani wrote the film based on their relationship; it follows an interracial couple who must deal with cultural differences after Emily (Kazan) becomes ill.

The film had its world premiere at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] on January 20, 2017. It began a limited theatrical release on June 23, 2017, by [[Amazon Studios]] and [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]], before going wide on July 14, 2017. One of the most acclaimed films of 2017, it was chosen by [[American Film Institute]] as one of the top 10 films of the year and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/afiawards/AFI-Awards-2017.aspx|title=AFI Awards 2017|website=[[American Film Institute|AFI]]|access-date=December 8, 2017}}</ref> With a budget of $5 million, it grossed $56 million worldwide, becoming one of the highest-grossing [[independent film]]s of 2017.

==Plot==

Kumail is an [[Uber]] driver and struggling [[stand-up comedian]] in Chicago. His parents are [[first-generation immigrant]]s from Pakistan, who live in the suburbs. One evening, after performing at the local [[comedy club]], Kumail sleeps with a graduate student from the [[University of Chicago]] named Emily. He drives her home and they agree not to meet again.

Kumail visits his family over the weekend, where his mother tries to set him up for an [[arranged marriage]]. Kumail is not interested but plays along. Meanwhile, Kumail and Emily continue hooking up and eventually start dating. Emily confesses to him her past divorce, then reveals she feels strongly about him. Kumail, however, dodges any requests to meet her parents. When she discovers that he has been seeing other women for potential marriage, she breaks up with him.

Although heartbroken, Kumail moves on, focusing on stand-up and securing an audition for the [[Montreal Comedy Festival]]. One night, he is informed that Emily has been admitted to the hospital. He goes to drive her home, but is pressured by doctors into giving permission to place Emily into an [[induced coma]] for treatment. Kumail signs the medical release, then informs Emily's parents in [[North Carolina]].

Terry and Beth arrive the next day. They are hostile to Kumail for his break-up with Emily, but Terry allows Kumail to continue visiting. Emily undergoes surgery for a rapidly spreading infection, but fails to stabilize. Doctors are unable to diagnose her illness, and Beth ponders moving her to a better hospital.

Distracted with Emily's condition, Kumail ignores his parents' continued demands about marriage. He tells them about Emily and they refuse to speak with him. Meanwhile, Emily's infection grows unchecked. Kumail learns that she could die, causing him to fail his Montreal audition.

The next morning, Emily's health suddenly improves and she is brought out of the coma. Terry and Beth, who have grown to like Kumail during this time, ask him to visit. Emily is diagnosed with a rare [[adult-onset Still's disease]]. She will fully recover but has lower inhibitions, and rebuffs Kumail when he arrives to see her. At a party celebrating her recovery, Kumail asks Emily to get back together, but she refuses.

Emily later watches a video of Kumail's Montreal audition. She realizes the extent of his efforts to keep seeing her despite family pressure, and visits him at the local theater. Kumail informs her that he is moving to New York City to pursue stand-up. Emily is disappointed but wishes him luck.

Kumail starts to patch his relationship with his family before leaving Chicago. In NYC, he performs at a local club and is heckled, albeit encouragingly, by a female audience member. He turns to see that it is Emily, and she hints that she is there to meet him. End credits show his marriage with Emily, in which he reconciled with his parents.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|

* [[Kumail Nanjiani]] as a fictionalized version of himself, an aspiring stand-up comic
* [[Zoe Kazan]] as Emily Gardner, Kumail's girlfriend. She is a fictionalized version of Kumail's wife [[Emily V. Gordon]]
* [[Holly Hunter]] as Beth Gardner, Emily's mother
* [[Ray Romano]] as Terry Gardner, Emily's father
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Azmat Nanjiani, Kumail's father
* [[Zenobia Shroff]] as Sharmeen Nanjiani, Kumail's mother
* [[Adeel Akhtar]] as Naveed Nanjiani, Kumail's brother
* [[Bo Burnham]] as CJ, a stand-up comic and Kumail's friend
* [[Aidy Bryant]] as Mary, a stand-up comic and Kumail's friend
* [[Kurt Braunohler]] as Chris, a stand-up comic and Kumail's friend and roommate
* [[Vella Lovell]] as Khadija, a woman Kumail's parents set him up with

* [[Jeremy Shamos]] as Bob Dalavan, a talent agent
* [[David Alan Grier]] as Andy Dodd, the owner of the Playground Stadium and [[master of ceremonies|MC]] for its comedy shows
* Ed Herbstman as Sam Highsmith, a stand-up comic who is not liked by the others
* [[Shenaz Treasurywala]] as Fatima Nanjiani, Kumail's sister-in-law
* [[Rebecca Naomi Jones]] as Jesse
* Kuhoo Verma as Zubeida
* [[Mitra Jouhari]] as Yazmin
* Celeste Arias as Denise
* [[Jeff Blumenkrantz]] as Dr. Wright
* [[Linda Emond]] as Dr. Cunningham
* [[Susham Bedi]] as Tina, Khadija's mother
* Rahul Bedi as Farhan, Khadija's father
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In December 2015, it was announced [[Kumail Nanjiani]] would star in the film from a screenplay written by him and wife [[Emily V. Gordon]], while [[Judd Apatow]] would produce alongside [[Barry Mendel]], under their [[Apatow Productions]] banner, while [[FilmNation Entertainment]] would finance the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/12/filmnation-to-fully-finance-and-sell-judd-apatow-produced-the-big-sick-kumail-nanjiani-1201653066/|title=FilmNation To Fully Finance And Sell Judd Apatow-Produced 'The Big Sick'|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Ali|last=Jafaar|date=December 4, 2015|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> [[Michael Andrews (musician)|Michael Andrews]] composed the film's score.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2016/12/16/michael-andrews-to-score-michael-showalters-the-big-sick/|title=Michael Andrews to Score Michael Showalter's 'The Big Sick'|website=FilmMusicReporter|date=December 16, 2016|access-date=December 16, 2016}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In February 2016, [[Zoe Kazan]] joined the cast,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/berlin-zoe-kazan-kumail-najiani-big-sick-1201704013/|title=Berlin: Zoe Kazan Joins Kumail Nanjiani in 'The Big Sick'|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Dave|last=McNary|date=February 11, 2016|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> along with [[Holly Hunter]] and [[Ray Romano]] in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/vinyls-ray-romano-batman-v-supermans-holly-hunter-join-romantic-comedy-the-big-sick-exclusive/|title='Vinyl's' Ray Romano, 'Batman v Superman's' Holly Hunter Join Romantic Comedy 'The Big Sick' (Exclusive)|website=[[The Wrap]]|first=Thom|last=Geler|date=April 13, 2016|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Unlike many of the other portrayals in ''The Big Sick'', Romano's and Hunter's roles in the film were not modeled after [[Emily V. Gordon]]'s actual parents. Instead, Hunter said that she never contacted or spoke with Gordon's mother before playing the part, as she wanted to "feel my own freedom with the character".<ref name="hunteruproxx">{{cite web|url=http://uproxx.com/movies/holly-hunter-interview-the-big-sick/|title=Holly Hunter On Creating A Sense Of Intimacy In 'The Big Sick'|first=Bill|last=Hanstock|work=[[Uproxx]]|date=June 27, 2017|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref> In May 2016, [[Aidy Bryant]], [[Bo Burnham]], [[Adeel Akhtar]] and [[Kurt Braunohler]] also joined the cast of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-aidy-bryant-joins-judd-893604|title=Cannes: Aidy Bryant Joins Judd Apatow-Produced 'The Big Sick'|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Pamela|last=McClintock|date=May 13, 2016|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/05/adeel-akhar-cast-judd-apatow-produced-the-big-sick-kumail-nanjiani-1201761273/|title=Adeel Akhtar Joins Judd Apatow-Produced 'The Big Sick'|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Ali|last=Jafaar|date=May 23, 2016|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> [[David Alan Grier]] was cast in ''The Big Sick'' after he met with Gordon when she was a writer for ''[[The Carmichael Show]]''. Grier's role was part of a larger subplot that was ultimately cut from the film's release.<ref name="grierinterview">{{cite AV media|url=http://pix11.com/2017/07/07/comedy-legend-david-alan-grier-on-the-carmichael-show-the-big-sick-and-whats-next/|title=Comedy legend David Alan Grier on ‘The Carmichael Show,’ ‘The Big Sick’ and what’s next|publisher=[[WPIX]]|date=July 7, 2017|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="playbacknanjiani">{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/in-contention/playback-podcast-kumail-nanjiani-the-big-sick-silicon-valley-1202466311/|title=Playback: Kumail Nanjiani on 'The Big Sick' and the Need for Representation|first=Kristopher|last=Tapley|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=June 16, 2017|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref>

[[Anupam Kher]]'s casting in the film was reported in June 2016. He was directly contacted by [[Kumail Nanjiani]], as Nanjiani's father had recommended Kher play the role. According to Kher, his character's last scene in the film was the first scene he had filmed for the production. ''The Big Sick'' marks Kher's 500th appearance in a [[feature film]].<ref name="dnaindiakher">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-revealed-anupam-kher-s-500th-film-is-a-hollywood-flick-titled-the-big-sick-2223634|title=Revealed: Anupam Kher's 500th film is a Hollywood flick titled 'The Big Sick'|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=June 14, 2016|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="mashablekher">{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2017/07/09/anupam-kher-the-big-sick/#B.ijEeQ2Buq8|title=Fun fact: The Pakistani dad is the biggest movie star in 'The Big Sick'|first=Proma|last=Khosla|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=July 9, 2017|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="indianexpresskher">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anupam-kher-finishes-shooting-for-the-big-sick-2860749/|title=Anupam Kher finishes shooting for The Big Sick|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=June 18, 2016|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="youtubekher">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx0mtllLH2M|title=Conversation with Anupam Kher of THE BIG SICK|first=Joe|last=Neumaier|publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]] Foundation|date=June 19, 2017|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
The screenplay for ''The Big Sick'' is written by [[Emily V. Gordon]] and her husband [[Kumail Nanjiani]] and is loosely based on the real-life courtship between them before their marriage in 2007. According to Nanjiani, the idea to make a script about them was first inspired by the film's eventual co-producer [[Judd Apatow]] when the two met while appearing in a 2012 episode of the ''[[You Made It Weird]]'' [[podcast]].<ref name="dailybeastnanjiani">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/kumail-nanjiani-on-the-art-of-crafting-a-masterful-911-joke-and-being-accosted-by-trump-supporters|title=Kumail Nanjiani on the Art of Crafting a Masterful 9/11 Joke and That Time He Was Accosted by Trump Supporters|first=Marlow|last=Stern|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=June 21, 2017|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref> Developed over the course of three years, the script has been called [[semi-autobiographical]] because, in addition to the two lead characters modeled after them, many of the events occurring during Gordon and Nanjiani's relationship are noted as being portrayed to an extent in the film.<ref name="kumailnewyorkinterview">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/08/kumail-nanjianis-culture-clash-comedy|last=Marantz|first=Andrew|title=Kumail Nanjiani's Culture-Clash Comedy|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=May 8, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name="sydneyinterview">{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/meet-the-husband-and-wife-team-behind-judd-apatowproduced-comedy-the-big-sick-20170801-gxncj2.html|first=Karl|last=Quinn|title=Meet the husband and wife team behind Judd Apatow-produced comedy The Big Sick|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=August 3, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name="nprinterview">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/07/12/536822055/how-a-medically-induced-coma-led-to-love-marriage-and-the-big-sick|first=Terry|last=Gross|title=How A Medically Induced Coma Led To Love, Marriage And 'The Big Sick'|work=[[NPR]]|date=July 12, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name="latimesinterview">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-big-sick-kumail-nanjiani-emily-gordon-relationship-advice-20170623-htmlstory.html|first=Jen|last=Yamato|title=5 reasons Kumail Nanjiani and Emily V. Gordon stayed married after turning their love life into 'The Big Sick'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 23, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name="nprreview">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/06/21/533826224/the-big-sick-is-a-wonderful-movie-and-an-imperfect-milestone|first=Justin|last=Chang|title='The Big Sick' Is A Wonderful Movie And An Imperfect Milestone|work=[[NPR]]|date=June 21, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref>

Though not part of the original script, a real-life incident involving [[Holly Hunter]] heckling an unnamed player during a [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] [[tennis]] match inspired a similar scene in the film where Nanjiani's character is heckled during one of his [[stand-up comedy|stand-up sets]].<ref name="hollyhuntervanityfair">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/06/holly-hunter-the-big-sick|title=Holly Hunter Doesn't Want to Talk About That Time She Heckled Someone|first=Yohana|last=Desta|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=June 22, 2017|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on May 11, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-51316-paul-rudd-starts-rolling-on-an-ideal-home-gal-gadot-wraps-shooting-on-wonder-woman/|title=On the Set for 5/13/16: Paul Rudd Starts Rolling on 'An Ideal Home', Gal Gadot Wraps Shooting on 'Wonder Woman'|website=SSN Insider|date=May 13, 2016|access-date=June 22, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429193126/http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-51316-paul-rudd-starts-rolling-on-an-ideal-home-gal-gadot-wraps-shooting-on-wonder-woman/|archive-date=April 29, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== Release ==
''The Big Sick'' premiered at the [[2017 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance Film Festival]] on January 20, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/12/sundance-2017-premieres-midnight-special-events-robert-redford-rashida-jones-1201864406/|title=Sundance 2017: Robert Redford, New Rashida Jones Netflix Series, 'Rebel In The Rye' & More On Premiere, Docu, Midnight & Kids Slates|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Dominic|last=Patten|date=December 5, 2016|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after, [[Amazon Studios]] acquired distribution rights to the film, after bids from [[Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions]], [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]], [[Focus Features]] and [[Paramount Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/the-big-sick-judd-apatow-sundance-8-figure-deal-michael-showalter-amazon-sony-focus-1201891561/|title=Amazon Wrapping Up $12 Million Deal For Sundance Pic 'The Big Sick:' Sources|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 22, 2017|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> The $12 million acquisition marked the second-largest deal of the 2017 festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2017/01/18/the-biggest-deals-at-sundance-film-festival-2017/|title=Netflix Leads $100 Million-Plus Worth Of Deals At Sundance Film Festival 2017 [Updated]|last=Robehmed|first=Natalie|date=January 18, 2017|work=Forbes|access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sundance-2017-acquisitions-20170127-story.html|title=The big deals at Sundance: Why the movies sold and how they might succeed|last1=Zeitchik|first1=Steven|date=January 28, 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 5, 2017|last2=Olsen|first2=Mark}}</ref> [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] partnered with Amazon on the U.S. release, and spent around $20 million on marketing the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/big-sick-release-date-amazon-lionsgate-sets-kumail-nanjiani-film-june-debut-976043|title=Sundance Hit 'The Big Sick' Gets June Release Date|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Ashley|last=Lee|date=February 14, 2017|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Deadline.com">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-spiderman-homecoming-box-office-weekend-1202128838/|title='War For The Planet Of The Apes' Reaps $5M Thursday Night |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> It also screened at [[South by Southwest]] on March 16, 2017, where it won an Audience Award in the category Festival Favorites.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/sxsw-2017-audience-award-winners-1202011563/|title=SXSW Announces 2017 Audience Award Winners|last=Kelley|first=Seth|date=March 18, 2017|work=Variety|access-date=May 5, 2017|language=en}}</ref> The film began a [[limited release]] on June 23, 2017, before going wide on July 14, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/the-big-sick-will-spread-to-theaters-this-summer-1201911478/|title='The Big Sick' Will Spread To Theaters This Summer|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 14, 2017|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
There was backlash against the movie due to South Asian women being portrayed as stereotypical and undesirable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deb |first=Sopan |date=2017-07-23 |title='The Big Sick,' South Asian Identity and Me |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/23/movies/the-big-sick-south-asian-identity-and-marriage.html |access-date=2022-07-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Also, [[Vella Lovell]], a half White and Black actress who is not of South Asian descent, played a Pakistani love interest with a strained accent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-22 |title='grown-ish' Can Do Better When it Comes to Pushing The Envelope of Representation |url=https://decider.com/2018/02/22/grownish-representation/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Decider |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, Kumail Nanjiani said, "Our movie was the first one in a long time where there were multiple Desi female characters, and the first few you see are reduced...People wanted to see themselves. It's something I completely regret. I would not do it that way now."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=2021-10-12 |title=Kumail Nanjiani's Feelings |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/kumail-nanjiani-eternals-profile.html |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office ===
''The Big Sick'' grossed $42.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $13.4 million in other territories, for a total gross of $56.2 million.<ref name=BOM />

In the film's limited opening weekend, it made $421,577 from five theaters (a per-theater gross of $84,315, the best of 2017 until ''[[Lady Bird (film)|Lady Bird]]'' in November), finishing 17th at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/transformers-the-last-knight-opening-weekend-box-office-1202118976/|title=Why 'Transformers' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69M Start; 'Wonder Woman' & 'Cars 3' Fight Over 2nd Place|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 25, 2017}}</ref> The film expanded to 2,597 theaters on July 14, 2017, and was projected to gross $9–11 million over the weekend.<ref name="Deadline.com" /> It grossed $7.6 million over the weekend, finishing fifth at the box office.<ref name=opening>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-spiderman-homecoming-box-office-weekend-1202128838/|title='War For The Planet Of The Apes' Hangs Onto $56.5M Opening In The Midst Of Sluggish Summer|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=July 16, 2017 |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref> On July 25, the film crossed $26 million, becoming the second highest-grossing [[independent film]] of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/06/highest-grossing-indie-films-2017-1201764229/|title=The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2017 (A Running List) – IndieWire|first=Kate|last=Erbland|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=June 6, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider">{{cite web|url=http://businessinsider.com/the-big-sick-is-best-romantic-comedy-since-knocked-up-2017-7|title='The Big Sick' is the best romantic comedy in recent memory — and you can see it now|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 303 reviews, with an average rating of 8.30/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Funny, heartfelt, and intelligent, ''The Big Sick'' uses its appealing leads and cross-cultural themes to prove the standard romcom formula still has some fresh angles left to explore."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_big_sick/|title=The Big Sick (2017)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> It was rated as Rotten Tomatoes' #1 summer movie of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Summer Movie Scorecard 2017|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/summer-movie-scorecard-2017/4/|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=November 17, 2017}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film received an average score of 86 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-big-sick|title=The Big Sick reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="opening" />

In a review for the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', Peter Howell gave ''The Big Sick'' four stars out of four, praising the film as "hilarious and heartbreaking", as well as applauding the performances of the entire cast.<ref name="thestarreview">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2017/06/29/the-big-sick-breathes-life-into-romantic-comedy-review.html|first=Peter|last=Howell|title=The Big Sick breathes life back into romantic comedy: review|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=June 29, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> [[Richard Roeper]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' praised the film: "It is funny and smart and wise and silly, it is romantic and sweet and just cynical enough, and it is without a doubt one of the best romantic comedies I have seen in a long time."<ref name="roeperreview">{{cite web|url=http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/the-big-sick-turns-unorthodox-courtship-into-smart-silly-rom-com/|first=Richard|last=Roeper|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|title=The Big Sick turns unorthodox courtship into smart, silly rom-com|date=June 29, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> ''The Big Sick'' was also selected as an "NYT Critic's Pick" by [[Manohla Dargis]] of ''[[The New York Times]]''. In her review, Dargis praised [[Michael Showalter]]'s direction and the screenplay by [[Emily V. Gordon]] and [[Kumail Nanjiani]] for "revitalizing an often moribund subgenre with a true story of love, death and the everyday comedy of being a 21st-century American."<ref name="nytreview">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/22/movies/the-big-sick-review-kumail-nanjiani.html?_r=0|first=Manohla|last=Dargis|work=[[New York Times]]|title=Review: In 'The Big Sick,' Comedy Is Hard, Love Harder|date=June 22, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref>

While praising the lead performances, [[Robbie Collin]] of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' wrote a mixed review for ''The Big Sick''. Collin contends that director Showalter "never comes close to dampening down its leading couple's inextinguishable appeal."<ref name="collinreview">{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/big-sick-review-good-chemistry-keeps-culture-clash-romcom-rude/|first=Robbie|last=Collin|author-link=Robbie Collin|title=The Big Sick review: good chemistry keeps this culture-clash romcom in rude health|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=July 28, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> In a negative review for ''[[The New Yorker]]'', [[Richard Brody]] wrote that the film "suffers from an excess of pleasantness, and this very pleasantness thins out its substance, blands out its tone, weakens its comedy."<ref name="newyorkerreview">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-bland-likability-of-the-big-sick|first=Richard|last=Brody|title=The Bland Likability of The Big Sick|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=June 26, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
According to a poll conducted by [[AwardsDaily]] in July 2017, polling one hundred critics, ''The Big Sick'' was voted the second best film of 2017 so far, behind ''[[Get Out]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/2017/07/12/ad-critics-poll-get-best-movie-2017-far/|title=AD Critics Poll: 'Get Out' tops the chart of 2017 favorites, so far|work=[[AwardsDaily]]|date=July 12, 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| AARP's [[Movies for Grownups Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| February 5, 2018
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Holly Hunter]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/aarps-movies-grownups-awards-2018-post-leads-nominees-1075285/item/ |title=AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards: 'The Post' Leads Nominees |last=Lee |first=Ashley |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 17, 2018|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aarp.org/entertainment/movies-for-grownups/info-2018/award-winners-photo.html?intcmp=AE-ENT-M4G-FLXSLDR-SLIDE7|title=Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards|website=[[AARP]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aarp.org/entertainment/movies-for-grownups/info-2018/award-winners-photo.html?intcmp=AE-ENT-M4G-FLXSLDR-SLIDE6|title=Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards|website=[[AARP]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Intergenerational Film
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Awards]]
| [[90th Academy Awards|March 4, 2018]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| [[Emily V. Gordon]] and [[Kumail Nanjiani]]
| {{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="AA18">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-2018-complete-list-nominees-1067893 |title=Oscars: 'Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Noms |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 23, 2018|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[American Film Institute]]
| [[American Film Institute Awards 2017|January 5, 2018]]
| Top Ten Films of the Year
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/awards/afi-awards-2017-get-out-wonder-woman-handmaids-tale-1202633344/ |title='Get Out', 'Wonder Woman', 'Handmaid's Tale' Make AFI Awards Lists |first=Kristopher |last=Tapley |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Austin Film Critics Association]]
| rowspan="3"| January 8, 2018
| Best Supporting Actress
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-austin-film-critics-association-afca-nominations/|title=The 2017 Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations|last=Neglia|first=Matt|date=December 30, 2017|work=nextbestpicture.com|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Best Original Screenplay
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| Top 10 Films
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{draw|9th Place}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Chicago Film Critics Association]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2017|December 12, 2017]]
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://chicagofilmcritics.org/blog/2017/12/10/call-me-by-your-name-and-the-shape-of-water-lead-chicago-film-critics-association-nominees|title='Call Me By Your Name' and 'The Shape of Water' lead 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees|publisher=[[Chicago Film Critics Association]]|first=Erik|last=Childress|date=December 10, 2017|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213092421/https://chicagofilmcritics.org/blog/2017/12/10/call-me-by-your-name-and-the-shape-of-water-lead-chicago-film-critics-association-nominees|archive-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chicagofilmcritics.org/blog/2017/12/13/lady-bird-call-me-by-your-name-win-big-for-the-chicago-film-critics-association|title='Lady Bird,' 'Call Me By Your Name' win big for Chicago film critics|publisher=Chicago Film Critics Association|first=Erik|last=Childress|date=December 12, 2017|access-date=December 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213092421/https://chicagofilmcritics.org/blog/2017/12/13/lady-bird-call-me-by-your-name-win-big-for-the-chicago-film-critics-association|archive-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="6"| [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| [[23rd Critics' Choice Awards|January 11, 2018]]
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/awards/critics-choice-film-nominations-list-1202631789/|title='Shape of Water' Leads Critics' Choice Film Nominations |first=Kristopher |last=Tapley |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 6, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Comedy|Best Comedy]]
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor in a Comedy|Best Actor in a Comedy]]
| Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy|Best Actress in a Comedy]]
| [[Zoe Kazan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association]]
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2017|December 13, 2017]]
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{draw|4th Place}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dfwcritics.com/dfw-film-critics-name-the-shape-of-water-best-picture-of-2017/|title=DFW Film Critics Name 'The Shape of Water' Best Picture of 2017|last=Jorgenson|first=Todd|date=December 13, 2017|work=[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association]]|access-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Detroit Film Critics Society]]
| rowspan="3"| December 7, 2017
| Best Screenplay
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/the-2017-detroit-film-critics-society-awards-nominations/ |title=The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations |work=[[Detroit Film Critics Society]] |date=December 4, 2017 |access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Ensemble
| The cast of ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Empire Awards]]
| March 18, 2018
| [[Empire Award for Best Comedy|Best Comedy]]
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/empire-film-awards-2018-the-last-jedi-leads-the-pack-with-nine-nominations-including-best-film-a3744171.html |title=Empire Film Awards 2018: The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley |first=Jennifer |last=Ruby |newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=January 19, 2018 |access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/star-wars-last-jedi-leads-nominations-uks-empire-awards-1076867 |title='Star Wars: The Last Jedi' Leads Nominations for U.K.'s Empire Awards |first=Alex |last=Ritman |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 22, 2018 |access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Florida Film Critics Circle]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 2017|December 23, 2017]]
| [[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2017/12/20/the-shape-of-water-leads-2017-florida-film-critics-awards-nominations/|title='The Shape of Water' Leads 2017 Florida Film Critics Awards Nominations|publisher=[[Florida Film Critics Circle]]|access-date=December 21, 2017}}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2017/12/23/2017-ffcc-winners/ |title=2017 FFCC Winners |publisher=[[Florida Film Critics Circle]] |access-date=December 23, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast|Best Cast]]
| The cast of ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Georgia Film Critics Association]]
| rowspan="3"| January 12, 2018
| Best Picture
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2017-awards.html|title=2017 Awards|publisher=[[Georgia Film Critics Association]]|date=January 8, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Original Screenplay
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Gotham Awards]]
| [[Gotham Independent Film Awards 2017|November 27, 2017]]
| [[Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/awards/gotham-awards-nominations-2017-1202594047/ |title='Get Out' Leads 2017 Gotham Awards Nominations |last=Erbland |first=Kate |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=October 19, 2017 |access-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Houston Film Critics Society]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2017|January 6, 2018]]
| [[Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/entertainment/movies/article/The-Shape-of-Water-inundates-Houston-critics-12423977.php|title='The Shape of Water' inundates Houston critics' film awards nominations|work = [[Houston Chronicle]]|date = December 12, 2017|access-date = December 12, 2017|first=Cary |last=Darling}}</ref>
|-
| [[Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Humanitas Prize]]
| February 16, 2018
| Feature – Comedy
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/01/humanitas-prize-2018-finalists-three-film-categories-1202239458/|title=Humanitas Prize Finalists Announced; Feature Awards Split Into 3 Categories|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 9, 2018|access-date=January 9, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[IGN Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| December 19, 2017
| Movie of the Year
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.ign.com/wikis/best-of-2017-awards/Movie_of_the_Year|title=BEST OF 2017 NOMINEES|last=IGN Editors|work=[[IGN Awards]]|date=December 4, 2017|access-date=December 5, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Best Comedy Movie
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{draw|Runner-up}}
|-
| Best Lead Performer in a Movie
| Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| Best Supporting Performer in a Movie
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Ray Romano]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Independent Spirit Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[33rd Independent Spirit Awards|March 3, 2018]]
| [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female|Best Supporting Female]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramos|first1=Dino-Ray|last2=D'Alessandro|first2=Anthony|last3=Grobar|first3=Matt|title=Jordan Peele's 'Get Out' Leads Inclusive Spirit Awards Ceremony— Complete Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2018/03/film-independent-spirit-awards-live-blog-complete-winners-list-1202309470/|website=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=March 4, 2018|date=March 3, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay|Best First Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IndieWire Critics Poll]]
| December 19, 2017
| Best Supporting Actress
| Holly Hunter
| {{draw|4th Place}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/12/best-movies-2017-critics-films-performances-get-out-phantom-thread-lady-bird-1201909032/|title=2017 Critics Poll: The Best Films and Performances According to Over 200 Critics|last=Kohn|first=Eric|date=December 19, 2017|work=[[IndieWire]]|access-date=December 20, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[London Film Critics' Circle]]
| [[London Film Critics Circle Awards 2017|January 28, 2018]]
| [[London Film Critics' Circle Award for Supporting Actress of the Year|Supporting Actress of the Year]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/12/london-critics-circle-nominations-2017-three-billboards-phantom-thread-lady-macbeth-1202229652/ |title='Three Billboards' Leads London Critics' Circle Film Award Nominations |first=Nancy |last=Tartaglione |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 19, 2017 |access-date=December 20, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild]]
| rowspan="2"| February 24, 2018
| Feature Motion Picture: Best Contemporary Makeup
| Kirsten Sylvester and Leo Won
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-makeup-artists-hair-stylists-guild-award-nominations-1067879/item/feature-motion-picture-best-contemporary-makeup-1067899 |title=Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards: 'Darkest Hour,' 'Wonder' Lead Feature Nominees |first=Carolyn |last=Giardina |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=January 5, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Feature Motion Picture: Best Contemporary Hair Styling
| Tonia Ciccone and Toni Roman-grimm
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Online Film Critics Society]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Awards 2017|December 28, 2017]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-online-film-critics-society-ofcs-nominations/|title=The 2017 Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Nominations|work=NextBigPicture|last=Neglia|first=Matt|access-date=December 18, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]]
| January 2, 2018
| Career Achievement Award
| Holly Hunter
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psfilmfest.org/events/events-calendar/film-awards-gala|title=Palm Springs International Film Festival – 2018 Awards Gala|publisher=[[Palm Springs International Film Festival]]|date=November 16, 2017|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121091655/https://www.psfilmfest.org/events/events-calendar/film-awards-gala|archive-date=November 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Producers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild of America Awards 2017|January 20, 2018]]
| [[Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture|Best Theatrical Motion Picture]]
| [[Judd Apatow]] and Barry Mendel
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/producers-guild-awards-nominations-2018-list-full-1057825|title=PGA Awards: 'Wonder Woman,' 'The Post,' 'Three Billboards' Up for Top Film Prize|last=Lewis|first=Hilary|date=January 5, 2018|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=January 5, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[San Diego Film Critics Society]]
| rowspan="3"| [[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2017|December 11, 2017]]
| [[San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdfcs.org/2017-award-nominations/|title=2017 San Diego Film Critics Society's Award Nominations|publisher=[[San Diego Film Critics Society]]|date=December 9, 2017|access-date=December 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210072120/http://www.sdfcs.org/2017-award-nominations/|archive-date=December 10, 2017}}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdfcs.org/2017-award-winners/|title=2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners|publisher=San Diego Film Critics Society|date=December 11, 2017|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212155617/http://www.sdfcs.org/2017-award-winners/|archive-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Comedic Performance
| Ray Romano
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[San Francisco Film Critics Circle]]
| rowspan="2"| [[San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards 2017|December 10, 2017]]
| [[San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sffcc.org/2017/12/2017-san-francisco-film-critics-circle-awards/|title=2017 San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards|publisher=[[San Francisco Film Critics Circle]]|date=December 10, 2017|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211082551/http://sffcc.org/2017/12/2017-san-francisco-film-critics-circle-awards/|archive-date=December 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Santa Barbara International Film Festival]]
| January 31, 2018
| Virtuoso Award
| Kumail Nanjiani
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/gal-gadot-kumail-nanjiani-timothee-chalamet-virtuosos-award-santa-barbara-film-festival-1202625399/ |title=Gal Gadot, Kumail Nanjiani, Timothee Chalamet Among Recipients for Virtuosos Award at Santa Barbara Film Festival |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Rebecca |last=Rubin |date=November 29, 2017 |access-date=November 29, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Satellite Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[22nd Satellite Awards|February 10, 2018]]
| [[Satellite Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressacademy.com/news/ipa-reveals-noms-for-22nd-satellite-awards-plus-robert-legato-for-tesla-award-greta-gerwig-as-auteur-recipient/ |title=IPA Reveals Noms for 22nd Satellite™ Awards, Plus Robert Legato for Tesla Award & Greta Gerwig as Auteur Recipient |publisher=[[International Press Academy]] |access-date=November 29, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[24th Screen Actors Guild Awards|January 21, 2018]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
| The cast of ''The Big Sick''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/2018-sag-nominations-three-billboards-top-nominee-1202638969/ |title=Screen Actors Guild Award Nominations: 'Three Billboards' Dominates, 'The Post' Shut Out |first=Brent |last=Lang |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 13, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Seattle Film Critics Society]]
| rowspan="2"| December 18, 2017
| Best Supporting Actress
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2017/12/11/blade-runner-2049-leads-the-2017-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/|title='Blade Runner 2049' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations|publisher=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]]|access-date=December 12, 2017|date=December 11, 2017|type=Press release|location=Seattle, WA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212163705/http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2017/12/11/blade-runner-2049-leads-the-2017-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/|archive-date=December 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Screenplay
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[South by Southwest]]
| March 18, 2017
| Audience Award: Festival Favorites
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://schedule.sxsw.com/2017/films/72039 |title=Audience Award: Festival Favorites – The Big Sick {{!}} SXSW 2017 Schedule |website=schedule.sxsw.com |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[St. Louis Film Critics Association]]
| rowspan="2"| [[St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2017|December 17, 2017]]
| [[St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{draw|Runner-up}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stlfilmcritics.org/awards|title=2017 StLFCA Annual Award Nominees|publisher=[[St. Louis Film Critics Association]]|access-date=December 12, 2017|date=December 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212162611/http://www.stlfilmcritics.org/awards|archive-date=December 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2017|December 8, 2017]]
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| Holly Hunter
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wafca.com/awards/ |title=The 2017 WAFCA Awards: 'Get Out' Is In with D.C. Film Critics |publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] |date=December 8, 2017 |access-date=December 8, 2017 |type=Press release |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208185356/http://www.wafca.com/awards/ |archive-date=December 8, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Women Film Critics Circle]]
| December 17, 2017
| Best Screen Couple
| ''The Big Sick''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle (WFCC) Nominations|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-women-film-critics-circle-wfcc-nominations/|last=Neglia|first=Matt|access-date=December 13, 2017|date=December 12, 2017}}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shockya.com/news/2017/12/23/women-film-critics-circle-awards-2017s-best-movies/ |title=The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2017's Best Movies |first=Karen |last=Benardello |publisher=Shockya.com |date=December 23, 2017 |access-date=December 23, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2017|February 11, 2018]]
| [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/awards/writers-guild-awards-nominations-2018-1202653140/|title=Writers Guild Awards: 'Get Out,' 'Call Me by Your Name,' 'Lady Bird' Nab Nominations|last=McNary|first=Dave|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 4, 2018|access-date=January 4, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Satte Pe Satta]]. At minute 1:54:56 in ''The Big Sick'', the father of the co-star (played by [[Kumail Nanjiani]]) reveals that he and the mother saw ''Satte Pe Satta'' on their first date.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|The Big Sick}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{AllMovie title}}

{{Michael Showalter}}
{{Judd Apatow}}
{{Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Comedy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Sick, The}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 independent films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s American films]]
[[Category:2010s English-language films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Apatow Productions films]]
[[Category:Asian-American romance films]]
[[Category:Comedy films about Asian Americans]]
[[Category:FilmNation Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films about comedians]]
[[Category:Films about diseases and disorders]]
[[Category:Films about interracial romance]]
[[Category:Films about Pakistani Americans]]
[[Category:Films directed by Michael Showalter]]
[[Category:Films produced by Judd Apatow]]
[[Category:Films scored by Michael Andrews]]
[[Category:Films set in Chicago]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chicago]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]

Jared McCain

2024-02-06T03:06:12Z

P. ĐĂNG: Reverted 1 edit by Jett Day (talk)

{{short description|American basketball player}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Jared McCain
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| team = Duke Blue Devils
| number = 0
| position = [[Shooting guard]] / [[point guard]]
| league = [[Atlantic Coast Conference]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 3
| weight_lb = 197
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|2|20}}
| birth_place = [[Sacramento, California]], U.S.
| high_school = [[Centennial High School (Corona, California)|Centennial]]<br>([[Corona, California]])
| college = [[Duke Blue Devils men's basketball|Duke]] (2023–present)
| highlights =
* [[McDonald's All-American Game|McDonald's All-American]] ([[2023 McDonald's All-American Boys Game|2023]])
* [[Jordan Brand Classic]] (2023)
* [[Nike Hoop Summit]] (2023)
* [[California Mr. Basketball]] (2023)
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Men's basketball}}
{{MedalCountry|{{bk|USA}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 FIBA Under-18 Americas Championship|2022 Mexico]]|[[United States men's national under-19 basketball team|Team]]}}
}}
'''Jared McCain''' (born February 20, 2004) is an American [[college basketball]] player for the [[Duke Blue Devils men's basketball|Duke Blue Devils]] of the [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] (ACC). He was a consensus five-star [[college recruiting|recruit]] and one of the top players in the 2023 class.

==High school career==
McCain attended [[Centennial High School (Corona, California)|Centennial High School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/03/04/alexander-centennials-jared-mccain-is-a-social-media-star|title=Alexander: Centennial’s Jared McCain is a social media star|first=Jim|last=Alexander|work=[[Orange County Register]]|date=May 4, 2022|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> He was named the California Gatorade Player of the Year as a junior after averaging 16.9 points, 4.7 rebounds, and four assists per game.<ref>{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Luca |date=November 13, 2022 |title=Centennial hoop star Jared McCain building a potential fortune |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/story/2022-11-13/centennial-basketball-star-jared-mccain-is-building-potential-fortune |access-date=April 18, 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> He was selected to play in the [[2023 McDonald's All-American Boys Game]] during his senior year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric-Paul |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Centennial boys basketball star Jared McCain chosen for McDonald’s All-American Game |url=https://www.pressenterprise.com/2023/01/25/centennial-boys-basketball-star-jared-mccain-chosen-for-mcdonalds-all-american-game |access-date=April 30, 2023 |work=[[The Press-Enterprise]]}}</ref> McCain averaged 17.7 points, 7.1 rebounds, four assists, and 1.5 steals per game for Centennial during the season and repeated as the California Gatorade Player of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric-Paul |date=March 16, 2023 |title=Centennial’s Jared McCain again chosen Gatorade’s California boys basketball player of the year |url=https://www.pressenterprise.com/2023/03/16/centennials-jared-mccain-again-chosen-gatorades-california-boys-basketball-player-of-the-year/ |access-date=May 3, 2023 |work=[[The Press-Enterprise]]}}</ref>

===Recruiting===
McCain was a consensus five-star [[college recruiting|recruit]] and one of the top players in the 2023 class, according to major recruiting services.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawson |first=Theo |date=March 18, 2022 |title=Class of 2023 five-star prospect Jared McCain commits to Duke over Gonzaga, others |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2022/mar/18/class-of-2023-five-star-prospect-jared-mccain-comm/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/35046354/duke-commit-jared-mccain-signs-excel-sports|title=Duke commit Jared McCain signs with Excel Sports|first=Myron|last=Medcalf|website=[[ESPN.com]]|date=November 17, 2022|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> On March 18, 2022, he committed to playing college basketball for [[Duke Blue Devils men's basketball|Duke]] over offers from [[Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball|Gonzaga]], [[Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball|Kansas]], and [[Houston Cougars men's basketball|Houston]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Borzello |first1=Jeff |last2=Biancardi |first2=Paul |name-list-style=and |date=March 18, 2022 |title=Duke Blue Devils get verbal commitment from five-star junior guard Jared McCain in 2023 class |url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/33540308 |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=[[ESPN.com]] |authorlink2=Paul Biancardi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10030239-5-star-sg-jared-mccain-commits-to-duke-over-gonzaga-houston-more|title=5-Star SG Jared McCain Commits to Duke over Gonzaga, Houston, More|first=Doric|last=Sam|website=[[Bleacher Report]]|date=March 18, 2022|access-date=April 3, 2023}}</ref>

{{College Athlete Recruit Start|40=no|collapse=no|year=2023}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
| recruit = Jared McCain
| position = [[Shooting guard|SG]]
| hometown = [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento, CA]]
| highschool = [[Centennial High School (Corona, California)|Centennial]] (CA)
| feet = 6
| inches = 3
| weight = 195
| 40 =
| commitdate = March 18, 2022
| scout stars =
| rivals stars = 5
| 247 stars = 5
| espn stars = 5
| espn grade = 92
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit End
| 40 =
| year = 2023
| rivals ref title = Duke 2023 Basketball Commitments
| scout ref title =
| espn ref title = 2023 Duke Blue Devils Recruiting Class
| rivals school = duke
| scout s =
| espn schoolid = 150
| 247 overall = 14
| rivals overall = 12
| espn overall = 10
| accessdate = October 26, 2023
| bball = yes
}}

==College career==
McCain enrolled at [[Duke University]] in June 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://247sports.com/college/duke/article/dukes-freshman-class-together-at-k-academy-211031411/|title=LOOK: Duke's freshman class together at K Academy|first=Adam|last=Rowe|website=[[247Sports.com]]|date=June 2, 2023|access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref>

McCain made his college basketball debut on November 6, 2023, scoring 8 points in 15 minutes in a 92-54 win against [[Dartmouth Big Green men's basketball|Dartmouth]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dartmouth 54-92 Duke (Nov 6, 2023) Box Score |url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/boxscore/_/gameId/401576147 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

==National team career==
McCain played for the [[United States men's national under-19 basketball team|United States under-18 basketball team]] at the [[2022 FIBA Under-18 Americas Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric-Paul |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Jared McCain, Londynn Jones help USA basketball teams win FIBA championships |url=https://www.pressenterprise.com/2022/06/23/jared-mccain-londynn-jones-help-usa-basketball-teams-win-fiba-championships |access-date=May 3, 2023 |work=[[The Press-Enterprise]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://goduke.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/jared-mccain/19455 Duke Blue Devils bio]
*[https://www.usab.com/players/jared-mccain USA Basketball bio]

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCain, Jared}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Riverside County, California]]
[[Category:Centennial High School (Corona, California) alumni]]
[[Category:Duke Blue Devils men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Shooting guards]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Corona, California]]

Robert Weitbrecht

2024-02-06T03:04:39Z

P. ĐĂNG: Reverted 1 edit by 107.161.47.196 (talk)

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Robert Weitbrecht
|image = Weitbrecht.png
|image_size = 250px
|alt =
|caption = Dr. Weitbrecht shows off his TTY device.
|birth_date = {{birth date|1920|04|11}}
|birth_place = [[Orange, California]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1983|05|19|1920|04|11}}
|death_place =
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[People of the United States|American]]
|ethnicity =
|fields =
|workplaces = [[SRI International]]<br/>[[Weitbrecht Communications]]
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]]<br/>[[University of Chicago]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for =
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards = 1971 [[Laurent Clerc Award]]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Robert Haig Weitbrecht''' (1920-1983) was an engineer at [[SRI International]] and later the spin-off company [[Weitbrecht Communications]] who invented a type of a modem (a form of [[acoustic coupler]]).

==Early life and education==
Weitbrecht was born in [[Orange, California]] in 1920.<ref name="about">{{cite web | publisher=Weitbrecht Communications| title=About Us | url=http://www.weitbrecht.com/about-wci.phtml| access-date=2007-02-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061230174451/http://www.weitbrecht.com/about-wci.phtml |archive-date = 2006-12-30}}</ref> He was born Deaf and his education was mainstream for the most part with the exception of acquiring some signing and lip-reading skills from a Deaf school early on. He went on to earn a B.S. in Astronomy from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1942 and finished his formal education with a M.S. in Astronomy from the [[University of Chicago]] in 1957.

==Career==
Weitbrecht was initially a physicist at the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California (now [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]), then an electronics scientist at the [[Pacific Missile Test Center|U.S. Naval Air Missile Test Center]].<ref name="dsc">{{cite news|url=http://www.twu.edu/dsc/weibrechti.htm|title=Robert H. Weitbrecht|work=Deaf Scientist Corner|publisher=[[Texas Women's University]]|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref> For his efforts, he earned the United States Navy's Superior Accomplishment Award.<ref name="dsc"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifmyhandscouldspeak.wordpress.com/2009/07/27/robert-weitbrecht-astronomer-and-inventor/|title=Robert Weitbrecht: Astronomer and Inventor|publisher=If My Hands Could Speak...|date=2009-07-27|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref>

Even in his high school days, Weitbrecht was interested in amateur radio and used radiotelegraph to communicate with fellow radio operators around the country.<ref>{{cite web|first=Harry G.|last=Lang|url=http://gupress.gallaudet.edu/excerpts/POOOone.html|title=Chapter One continued...|work=A Phone Of Our Own|publisher=[[Gallaudet University]]|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref> In 1964, this love for communication came together with the need to interact with a colleague who could not operate an amateur radio. To solve this problem, Weitbrecht created a device that used the public telephone system to achieve communication: the [[teleprinter|teletypewriter]] (TTY).<ref name="about"/>

After being approached by [[James C. Marsters]], Weitbrecht came up with a revised design for the [[acoustic coupler]] (a type of [[modem]]), which used [[echo suppression]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/23/us/23marsters.html|title=James Marsters, Deaf Inventor, Dies at 85|first=Dennis|last=Hevesi|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2009-08-22|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Selected Telecommunications Devices for Hearing-Impaired Persons |url=https://fas.org/ota/reports/8225.pdf |first=Virginia W. |last=Stern |author2=Martha Ross Redden |publisher=Office of Technology Assessment |date=December 1935|access-date=2009-09-03}}</ref> In 1964, Marsters and Weitbrecht adapted used teletypewriter equipment, and Weitbrecht made the first successful teletypewriter phone call from one deaf person to another. It took several tries, until Weitbrecht's words appeared clearly: "Are you printing now? Let's quit for now and gloat over the success."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/27/AR2009082703954.html|title=James C. Marsters, 85: Phone System Increased Independence for Deaf|first=T. Rees|last=Shapiro|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2009-08-28|access-date=2009-08-31}}</ref> Today, this type of device is known as a [[telecommunications device for the deaf]].

==Personal life==
Weitbrecht earned a pilot's license in 1967.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gannon|first=Jack|year=1981|title=Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America|location=Silver Spring, MD|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|pages=198, 201|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_198.pdf}}</ref> Weitbrecht died after being involved in an automobile accident in 1983.<ref name="about"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb1z09p13q/?query=Robert%2520Weitbrecht Finding Aid to the Robert Weitbrecht papers, 1931-1982], [[The Bancroft Library]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Weitbrecht, Robert}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Orange, California]]
[[Category:SRI International people]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project people]]
[[Category:Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni]]
[[Category:American deaf people]]
[[Category:20th-century American inventors]]

Overland Trail

2024-02-06T03:04:08Z

P. ĐĂNG: Reverted 1 edit by 108.70.149.110 (talk)

{{About|the overland trail in the United States|the 1960 NBC [[Western (genre)|western]] TV series|Overland Trail (TV series)|other uses|Overland Route (disambiguation)}}

The '''Overland Trail''' (also known as the '''Overland Stage Line''') was a [[stagecoach]] and [[Wagon train|wagon trail]] in the [[American West]] during the [[19th century in the United States|19th century]]. While portions of the route had been used by explorers and trappers since the 1820s, the Overland Trail was most heavily used in the 1860s as a route alternative to the [[Oregon Trail|Oregon]], [[California Trail|California]], and [[Mormon Trail|Mormon]] trails through central Wyoming. The Overland Trail was famously used by the Overland Stage Company owned by [[Ben Holladay]] to run mail and passengers to [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], via stagecoaches in the early 1860s. Starting from [[Atchison, Kansas]], the trail descended into [[Colorado]] before looping back up to southern [[Wyoming]] and rejoining the [[Oregon Trail]] at [[Fort Bridger]]. The stage line operated until 1869 when the completion of the [[First transcontinental railroad]] eliminated the need for mail service via stagecoach.

== History ==
[[File:Pony Express Map William Henry Jackson.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Map of the 1860 [[Pony Express#Route of the Pony Express|Pony Express]] Route by [[William Henry Jackson]]. The Pony Express helped define the Overland Trail.]]

In 1850, [[U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers]] Captain [[Howard Stansbury]]'s expedition was returning east. At [[Fort Bridger]], [[Jim Bridger]] advised Stansbury of a shorter route than the Oregon Trail. According to Erb, Brown and Hughes, "From the [[Green River (Colorado River tributary)|Green River]] this trail went eastward along [[Bitter Creek (Wyoming)|Bitter Creek]], skirting the [[Red Desert (Wyoming)|Red Desert]] to Muddy Creek, following the Muddy Canyon to [[Bridger Pass|Bridger's Pass]] where the [[Continental Divide of the Americas|Continental Divide]] was crossed, then down Sage Creek crossing the [[North Platte River]] and dropping down onto the [[Laramie Plains]]." General [[William Henry Ashley]] had crossed the Laramie Plains in 1825, and [[John C. Fremont]] had explored the area near Bridger Pass in 1842, while natives had used this and other trails for years, including the [[Cherokee Trail]] as recently as 1849. In 1858, Lieutenant F.T. Bryan made his third expedition over the Bridger Pass route, when a topographical party with engineers determined a roadway that included built bridges, and filled-in gullies.<ref name="ebh">{{cite book |last1=Erb |first1=Louise |last2=Brown |first2=Ann |last3=Hughes |first3=Gilberta |title=The Bridger Pass Overland Trail; 1862-1869, Through Colorado and Wyoming and Cross Roads at the Rawlins-Baggs Stage Road in Wyoming |date=1989 |publisher=Journal Publishing Company, Inc. |location=Greeley |pages=7–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stansbury |first1=Howard |title=Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, including a Reconnoissance of a New Route Through the Rocky Mountains |url=https://archive.org/details/explorationands00stangoog/page/n336/mode/2up?q=bridger+ |publisher=Lippincott, Grambo, & Co. |access-date=22 April 2021 |location=Philadelphia |page=261 |date=1852}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An expedition to the valley of the Great salt lake of Utah|last=Stansbury|first=Howard|publisher=Lippincott, Grambo, and Co.|year=1855|pages=233|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AJA3655.0001.001}}</ref>

From 1859, the Leavenworth and Pike's Peak Express operated mail stages from Missouri along the [[South Pass (Wyoming)|South Pass]] Oregon-California trail. The [[George Chorpenning|Chorpenning]] contract was annulled in 1860 and was subsequently awarded to the [[Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company]] (C.O.C and P.P Express), which ran stage lines between Missouri and Utah along the Oregon Trail. In 1860, the C.O.C and P.P Express started the [[Pony Express]] , which followed the Oregon and Mormon Trails to Salt Lake City and the Central [[Nevada]] Route to Sacramento. The Pony Express only lasted a year before the C.O.C and P.P Express went bankrupt and the assets were sold to Ben Holladay. In 1861, Holladay was awarded the Postal Department contract for overland mail service between the end of the western terminus of the railroad in [[Missouri]] and [[Kansas]] and Salt Lake City. Service from Utah to [[California]] was given to the Overland Mail Company and other stage lines. Holladay initially operated along the original South Pass route, but changed the route further south to the Bridger Pass route after Shoshone attacks. This more southerly route would also allow connecting routes to Denver. In 1862, the new route was reconnoitered, and on 21 July 1862, mail coaches began using it.<ref name="root">{{cite book|title=The overland stage to California: Personal reminiscences and authentic history of the great Overland Stage Line and Pony Express from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean|last=Root|first=Frank Albert|year=1901|publisher=Crane & Co.|isbn=9780598280831 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBUWAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name=ebh/>{{rp|10-11}}

According to Erb, Brown and Hughes, "Stations were located approximately every 10 to 15 miles apart and stocked with the finest horses, mules, tack and coaches. The larger places, called Home Stations, located approximately every 50 miles, where the driver's route ended, were built to accommodate travelers with meals and overnight lodging, and had a telegraph station. The smaller, or swing stations, built on one-quarter to one-half acre plots, just provided fresh teams for the coaches."<ref name=ebh/>{{rp|11}}

Holladay retained the mail contract on the route until 1866, when it was sold to [[Wells Fargo]]. Stage operations continued until 1869, when the completion of the [[Transcontinental railroad|Transcontinental Railroad]] made stage service unnecessary.

{{Historical trails of Colorado sidebar}}
Over time, increasing emigrant traffic and homesteading in the plains and shifting [[American bison|buffalo]] herds forced Native American tribes into southern Wyoming and northern Colorado, leading to conflicts on the Overland Trail, especially in the eastern portion along the [[South Platte River]] and in the western portion along the [[Laramie Plains]]. Attempts to force the Native Americans onto a reservation came to a head during the [[Colorado War]] in 1864. [[Camp Collins]], near present-day [[Fort Collins, Colorado]], and [[Fort Sanders (Wyoming)|Fort Sanders]] and [[Fort Halleck (Wyoming)|Fort Halleck]] in Wyoming were established to protect travelers against [[Sioux]] raids on the trail during the 1860s. Stagecoach stations and ranches along {{convert|150|mi|km}} of the South Platte River were burned down by an army of [[Cheyenne]], [[Arapaho]], and Sioux in January and early February 1865 as part of a campaign of reprisals after the United States Army committed the [[Sand Creek Massacre]]. (See [[Battle of Julesburg]].)

== Route ==
[[File:Overland Stage route - colorized - Roy D. Marsh.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Route of the Overland Trail between Atchison, Kansas and Salt Lake City, Utah Territory; includes connecting routes to Denver.]]

According to Erb, Brown, and Hughes, "Holladay's Mail and Stage route extended from [[Atchison, Kansas]] to [[Salt Lake City]] and California. As the trail entered the northeast corner of Colorado along the [[South Platte River]] at Old Julesburg, it departed from the Oregon-California trail, which continued on north to the North Platte and Ft. Laramie and over South Pass, while the new mail route continued to the west and became known as the Overland Stage and Mail Line, or simply the Overland Trail."<ref name=ebh/>{{rp|12}}

Stations along the route, proceeding east to west, included Julesburg, Antelope, Spring Hill, Dennison's, Valley, Kelley's, Beaver Creek, Bijou, Fremont's Orchard, Eagle's Nest, Latham, Laporte, Bonner, Cherokee or Stonewall, Virginia Dale, Willow Springs, Big Laramie, Little Laramie, Cooper Creek, Rock Creek, Medicine Bow, elk Mountain (Fort Halleck), Pass Creek, North Platte, Sage Creek, Pine Grove, Bridger's Pass, Sulphur Springs, Washakie, Duck Lake, Dug Springs, LaClede, Big Pond, Black Buttes, Point of Rocks, Salt Wells, Rock Springs, Green River, Lone Tree, Ham's Fork, Church Buttes, Millerville, and Fort Bridger. Stations north from Denver to Laporte included Childs or Churches, Boones, St. Vrain, Little Thompson, Big Thompson, and Spring Creek. Stations north from Denver to Latham included Pierson's, Fort Lupton, and Big Bend.<ref name=ebh/>{{rp|14-16,38}}

The Walbach cut-off was heavily traveled by emigrants in the 1850s, avoiding the dip down south into Colorado and back north. It originated near Julesburg and followed [[Lodgepole Creek]], across the [[Laramie Mountains]], and Laramie Plains, before joining the Overland Trail at the Little Laramie Station. [[Camp Walbach]] was located along the trail where it entered the Laramie Mountains.<ref name=ebh/>{{rp|15,36}}

== Remnants ==
Several modern highways follow the same route as the Overland Trail. [[Interstate 76 (west)|Interstate 76]] follows the South Platte River to [[Fort Morgan, Colorado]], and [[U.S. Route 34]] goes between Fort Morgan and Greeley. North of Fort Collins, [[U.S. Route 287]] follows the path of the Overland Trail north to Laramie. West of Laramie the Overland Trail route was closely followed by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1869 and the [[Lincoln Highway]] and Interstate 80 in the 20th century.

Remains of stage stops are scattered throughout Wyoming and northern Colorado including well preserved buildings at [[Virginia Dale, Colorado]] and [[Point of Rocks Stage Station|Point of Rocks, Wyoming]]. The trail is occasionally marked with markers and historical signs where the trail crosses a highway. Switchbacks on the route can be clearly seen when on highway 287, just north of the town of Laporte, Colorado, above the present day Forks Lumber company, and portions of the route just east of that spot are well preserved and easily seen (although they are crossing through private property).

Cabins from [[Camp Collins]] an army post and stop along the Overland Trail are located at the Heritage Center at the [[Fort Collins Museum and Discovery Science Center]]. Included is the oldest cabin of Fort Collins [[Elizabeth Hickok Robbins Stone|"Auntie" Stone]], who provided food to Camp Collins post officers and a small hotel and resting spot for Overland Trail passengers.

[[File:Almondstage.JPG|thumb|150px|right|A stone marker denoting the Almond stage stop at Point of Rocks, WY]]

== Stage stops and notable landmarks ==

* [[Julesburg, Colorado]]
* [[Platte River Crossing|North Platte River Crossing]] – Carbon County, Wyoming
* [[Bear River City, Wyoming]]
* [[Granger, Wyoming]]
* [[Point of Rocks, Wyoming]]
* [[Rattlesnake Station]] – Elmore County, Idaho
* [[Rock Creek Station and Stricker Homesite]] – Twin Falls County, Idaho

==Overland Trail Museum==

[[File:Overland Trail Museum.JPG|thumb|left|The Overland Trail Museum in Sterling, Colorado]]
The city of [[Sterling, Colorado]], operates the Overland Trail Museum, located on US route 6, just east of the [[South Platte River]].<ref>City of Sterling [http://www.sterlingcolo.com/?page_id=145 Overland Trail Museum]</ref> Opened in 1936, the museum contains dioramas and artifacts that relate to the history of the trail and to the city of Sterling. {{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Fort Morgan Cut-Off]]
* [[Oregon Trail]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* LaSalle, Michael E. ''Emigrants on the Overland Trail: The Wagon Trains of 1848'' (Kirksville: Truman State University Press, 2011. xx, 516 pp.

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.sterlingcolo.com/?page_id=145 Overland Trail Museum]

[[Category:1860s in the United States]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Colorado]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Kansas]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Utah]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Wyoming]]
[[Category:Overland Trail| ]]
[[Category:Wells Fargo]]

Wikipedia:Help desk

2024-02-01T09:59:55Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Timothy Busfield */

{{Short description|Page for questions relating to Wikipedia}}
{{/Header}}
{{skip to top and bottom}}
[[Category:Wikipedia help pages with dated sections]]
<div style="width:51%;">__TOC__</div>




= January 29 =

== [[Ravioli]]; [[pisarei e faśö]] ==

In these two pages the "Etymology" paragraph was positioned after the "History" paragraph; on the [[ravioli]] page I think I solved it, but I don't know about the [[pisarei e faśö]] page (I don't know where the "Preparation" paragraph should be placed). Thanks in advance. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 00:57, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]]: The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink/Tools/guidelines]] don't specify the order for such sections. [[WP:BEBOLD|Be bold]], and discuss on the talk page if anyone reverts your edits. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 01:44, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== What to do with draft ==

I've run into a few cases where there will be a small article in mainspace, and then a draft article on a related topic that has more content, but is not independently notable from the main article so would not get past AfC. (usually with my field of interests, on the perpetrator of a crime apart from the article on the crime)

Can I just move it into article space myself as a redirect and then merge the content into the existing page? (providing attribution of course) [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 03:12, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] I think, in the hypothetical you describe, that it ''can'' be ok to do something like that. If I know article X, and then find related draft Y with some useful content, it ''could'' be reasonable to improve the article with some of the draft content, [[WP:COPYWITHIN]] may apply depending on what I do. If the draft has a useful title, I could also make a redirect from that title. Before I did this, I would check if the draft creator is active, and if they are, I'd probably try to discuss it with them first, to see if they object. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 07:53, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== company account ==

This our company account but someone else has ownership of it. we would request you to transfer the ownership. thank you.

please return my account as soon as possible [[User:Ahemad mi|Ahemad mi]] ([[User talk:Ahemad mi|talk]]) 13:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{u|Ahemad mi}} Are you referring to the [[MYBYK]] article? It is not an account, but an encyclopedia article. The article is not owned by any particular individual, it belongs to Wikipedia. Are you associated with this company? [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 13:37, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:"Company accounts" are forbidden: all Wikipedia accounts must be used by one individual only. As 331dot says, nobody [[WP:OWN|owns]] any article: almost all articles may be edited by almost anybody. One major exception is that people are strongly discouraged from editing articles on subjects with which they have a connection.
:If you wish changes to be made in Wikipedia's article about your company you should
:# If there are more than one of you working on this, each create an individual account.
:# Each of you make the '''mandatory''' declaration of your status as a [[WP:paid editor|paid editor]] (see that link for details).
:# Do not edit the article directly, but instead make formal [[WP:edit request|edit request]]s for changes you wish to see. Make sure that any information you wish to introduce is cited to a [[WP:reliable source|reliable source]], and (unless it is uncontroversial factual information like places, dates, or names of officers) to a [[WP:independent source|independent source]].
:Note that {{HD/WINI}} [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 17:53, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

=== MYBYK PAGE ===

I was created mybyk page but that page is not shown on google [[User:Nikhilmakwana598|Nikhilmakwana598]] ([[User talk:Nikhilmakwana598|talk]]) 13:34, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:It is currently in your [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nikhilmakwana598/sandbox sandbox] so it is not an official Wikipedia article. Wikipedia has no control over how external search engines index and display their results. It is also completely unsourced, see [[WP:YFA]] for help.--'''''[[User:ianmacm|<span style="background:#88b;color:#cff;font-variant:small-caps">♦Ian<span style="background:#99c">Ma<span style="background:#aad">c</span></span>M♦</span>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ianmacm|(talk to me)]]</sup>''''' 13:38, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[MYBYK]] already exists. I recommend working on that article rather than writing it again. [[User:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#6BAD2D">Recon</span>]][[User talk:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#2F3833">rabbit</span>]] 13:46, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
: {{Ping|Nikhilmakwana598}} Is this related to the sub-section above, also about MYBYK? Please note the comments there. <span class="vcard"><span class="fn">[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]]</span> (<span class="nickname">Pigsonthewing</span>); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]</span> 15:02, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== SAVE AN UNPUBLISHED PAGE ==

will my unpublished page be saved in the drafts or userpage if i go offline so i can come back to it next time to continue creating before publishing? [[User:Okwudili Nwakobi|Okwudili Nwakobi]] ([[User talk:Okwudili Nwakobi|talk]]) 15:30, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{ec}} {{ping|Okwudili Nwakobi}} Do you have a link to that page, it can be [[Wikipedia:Userfication|userfied]]. - <span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS">[[User:FlightTime|<span style="color:#800000">'''FlightTime'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:FlightTime|<span style="color:#1C0978">'''open channel'''</span>]])</small></span> 15:41, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Okwudili Nwakobi}} No it will not. you must click on the button whose name is "publish": That button is deceptively named. It performs the "save" function. It does NOT put your work into the main namespace. To "publish" into a user subpage, just create that page (e.g., [[User:Okwudili Nwakobi/my workspace]]). To "publish" into a draft, just create it in draft space (e.g., [[Draft:foobar]]). "Publish" is a legal term in copyright law. When you save anything on a Wikimedia server, you "publish" it in the copyright sense, and you license it under [[CC-BY-SA]], even in user space or draft space. -[[User:Arch dude|Arch dude]] ([[User talk:Arch dude|talk]]) 15:43, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:Your other alternative (using the source editor) is to copy out the wikicode from your not-yet-saved draft or userpage and paste it into a local text editor on your device, so that you only store the content locally and not on a Wikipedia server. Later, you would copy/paste the material back into a Wikipedia editing window to continue writing. [[User:Michael D. Turnbull|Mike Turnbull]] ([[User talk:Michael D. Turnbull|talk]]) 17:02, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== Building materials ==

No mention of ferrock [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:8661:E350:C5D9:7D5C:796C:671F|2600:1700:8661:E350:C5D9:7D5C:796C:671F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:8661:E350:C5D9:7D5C:796C:671F|talk]]) 15:37, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:That is likely because it is a relatively new material. You are welcome to discuss this on [[Talk:Building material|the talk page of Building material]]. [[User:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#6BAD2D">Recon</span>]][[User talk:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#2F3833">rabbit</span>]] 15:41, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::There was a brief discussion about Ferrock and Carbicrete in March 2021 [[Wikipedia:Teahouse/Questions/Archive_1100#Notable_enough?|here]], but this was not pursued - possibly because there were insufficient [[WP:reliable sources|reliable sources]] giving extensive, [[WP:Independent|Independent]] coverage at that time. This may well have changed, but, with many new products, most of the information is, either directly, or indirectly, from the manufacturers, so is not independent. - [[User:Arjayay|Arjayay]] ([[User talk:Arjayay|talk]]) 15:51, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::It seems like the user interested in the conversation is no longer active, but they had a start to an article to be split from [[Cement]] at [[User:Nellas Galadhon/sandbox]] that mentions Ferrock. [[User:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#6BAD2D">Recon</span>]][[User talk:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#2F3833">rabbit</span>]] 16:02, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== How to change the User Page title? ==

I have created a new user talk page for me in Wikipedia. But I am unable to change the title of User Page talk. I am not eligible to "Move" the page with new page. Please suggest me how can I achieve this? Here is my Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim

Thanks in advance. [[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] ([[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|talk]]) 16:17, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]]: Hi there! It appears you were creating a [[WP:Draft|draft article]] on your [[WP:User page|user page]], so I moved it to [[Draft:Muhtasim Fuad Fahim]] for you. [[WP:AUTO]] explains that Wikipedia strongly discourages autobiographies, which are a [[WP:PSCOI|conflict of interest]] (COI). You must [[WP:DECLARECOI|declare your COI]] on your user page. I added a welcome message at your user talk page, [[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]]. Hope this is what you were looking for. Please reply here if you were asking for something else. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 16:40, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]]. Yes, I was looking for it. Please change the name to "Md. Muhtasim Fuad Fahim" from "Muhtasim Fuad Fahim". That would be a great help for me. [[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] ([[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|talk]]) 16:45, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]]: If you want to change your username so it doesn't include "Md" (and therefore your user page and user talk page do not contain "Md"), see [[WP:RENAME]]. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 16:53, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::And, @[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]], if you want to change the draft title so that it includes Md. - please don't, honorifics are not normally included in article titles. [[Special:Contributions/57.140.16.1|57.140.16.1]] ([[User talk:57.140.16.1|talk]]) 17:13, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::{{ec}} [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]], as the IP above implies, it sounds more like it's the other way round: {{u|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim}} seems to want change the draft article name so that it ''does'' contain the "Md". It appears to be used as a title (Doctor of Medicine sounds less likely, but what do I know - maybe the user is both a software engineer and a doctor). Compare the draft text, where Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim's father is named as "Md. Abdur Rashid". Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim, it's against Wikipedia's house style to have titles such as "MD" in article names, so we won't make that change. Moreover, I'm afraid your draft is much too [[WP:ADVERTISEMENT|promotional]] to become an article any time soon, and it severely lacks [[WP:reliable sources|reliable sources]]. [[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]] | [[User talk:Bishonen|tålk]] 17:24, 29 January 2024 (UTC).
:::::@[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]]: Ah, he wrote "to...from" and I was incorrectly reading it as "from...to". Thanks! [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 17:52, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]]. Can you please let me know how to start with my user page again and which rules should be strictly followed? Please let me know in details. [[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] ([[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|talk]]) 17:57, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]]: To learn how to edit and Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, I suggest you start at [[Help:Introduction]]. I suggest spending a significant amount of time editing existing articles to hone your skills. When you're ready to create an article, you would gather multiple published [[WP:IS|independent]] [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] that have provided [[WP:SIGCOV|significant coverage]] of you, and determine whether they demonstrate that you meet Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, called "[[WP:NBIO|notability]]". If so, you would [[WP:DECLARECOI|declare your COI]] on your user page. Then follow the instructions at [[Help:Your first article]] and summarize what the sources have published, and be prepared for a process that may include months of waiting for review, declines, and rewrites, before an article is accepted. If you are successful, then you could never edit the article directly due to your COI, but could submit [[Wikipedia:Edit requests|edit requests]] on the article talk page. Hope this helps. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 18:01, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Thanks a lot. I would like to be connected with you for further help. Thanks again. [[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] ([[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|talk]]) 18:06, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your reply @[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]]. Bit I am not using the Honorfics. It's "Md." by which it defines "Mohammad". Not any honorfics. Shouldn’t I use it? Please suggest me as I am new here. [[Special:Contributions/103.72.212.137|103.72.212.137]] ([[User talk:103.72.212.137|talk]]) 17:32, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your reply @[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]]. I am using this "Md." which defines Mohammad not any honorifics or designation ans same for my father. Shouldn’t I use those before names? Please let me know as I am new here. [[Special:Contributions/103.72.212.137|103.72.212.137]] ([[User talk:103.72.212.137|talk]]) 17:35, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::No, you shouldn't use those abbreviations either. Use the whole name if you want to. Please log in to your account to post. [[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]] | [[User talk:Bishonen|tålk]] 17:43, 29 January 2024 (UTC).
::::::Huh, we do actually have a few articles using that abbreviation - [[Md. Hafizur Rahman]], for instance. Not sure if it's worth moving them to a non-abbreviated title. Seems to be a thing in Bangladesh. [[Special:Contributions/57.140.16.1|57.140.16.1]] ([[User talk:57.140.16.1|talk]]) 18:24, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] / IP editor. Please log in before adding more comments, so we are sure that your contributions are logged to your account. Your draft has been deleted by an administrator because it was too [[WP:PROMOTION|promotional]], which is not in line with Wikipedia's purposes. You can start again using the [[WP:AfC]] process but I suggest you leave your username as it is. You might be better to focus on improving some of our existing articles on topics that interest you, to learn how things work here. Writing articles of an acceptable standard is difficult to do straight off. [[User:Michael D. Turnbull|Mike Turnbull]] ([[User talk:Michael D. Turnbull|talk]]) 17:46, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Tuscany]]; https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toscana ==

Why, despite the two pages being very close in terms of references (the Italian article has 47, while this one has 39), this article is "only" 58,039 bytes long, while the Italian article has 159,035? [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 18:43, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:Courtesy link [[Tuscany]]. Why should they? They have been written by different people to (probably) different requirements in different languages. [[User:Martin of Sheffield|Martin of Sheffield]] ([[User talk:Martin of Sheffield|talk]]) 18:48, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:Speculation:There may be more interested people on it-WP, that article has 620 "authors" compared to en-WP 332. Also, the average it-editor probably knows more about it, and ''feels'' different about it. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 18:57, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|Martin of Sheffield}} {{Ping|Gråbergs Gråa Sång}} no, I mean that since the English language article has more or less the same sources as the Italian language article, the English language article should be quite long. However, one thing I appreciate about the English language edition is that it gives a lot of importance to sources, so I assume that in the Italian language article there are numerous lines without sources. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 00:42, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::That's what I meant by "different requirements". I thought that you were an Italian speaker and therefore should be able to answer this yourself. For myself, the languages that I speak other than English have names like FORTRAN or COBOL so I'll leave this query to you. [[User:Martin of Sheffield|Martin of Sheffield]] ([[User talk:Martin of Sheffield|talk]]) 15:00, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Replying to a user's email ==

How do I reply to a user's email without inadvertantly exposing my email? I'm using Gmail if that matters. Thanks in advance! [[User:Cessaune|<span style="color:#f70a90">Cessaune</span>]] [[User talk:Cessaune|'''<span style="color:#000000"><nowiki>[</nowiki>talk<nowiki>]</nowiki></span>''']] 18:51, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:Seems like the best way is to go to their userpage and click the "Email this User" button. [[Wikipedia:Emailing_users#Privacy_issues_and_protecting_personal_information|More info about email replies here]]. - [[User:AquilaFasciata | AquilaFasciata]] ([[User talk:AquilaFasciata |talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/AquilaFasciata |contribs]]) 18:55, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks! I'm still kind of confused. So is there no way to reply to the email directly without showing my email? Do I have to send another email? [[User:Cessaune|<span style="color:#f70a90">Cessaune</span>]] [[User talk:Cessaune|'''<span style="color:#000000"><nowiki>[</nowiki>talk<nowiki>]</nowiki></span>''']] 18:58, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::According to the link you will reveal your email if you go to their userpage and click the "Email this User" button. You can reply to their message on Wikipedia, e.g. by visiting the editor's user talk page, without revealing your email. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 19:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks! I guess I'll make a Wikipedia-specific email then. [[User:Cessaune|<span style="color:#f70a90">Cessaune</span>]] [[User talk:Cessaune|'''<span style="color:#000000"><nowiki>[</nowiki>talk<nowiki>]</nowiki></span>''']] 19:09, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== How to return what was edited ? ==

How to return what was edited ? [[User:Mrs. lyly|Mrs. lyly]] ([[User talk:Mrs. lyly|talk]]) 19:12, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:If you go to the page history and click on your edit, there is an "Undo" button you can press. You can then make edits or just press "Publish" and it'll be undone. - [[User:AquilaFasciata | AquilaFasciata]] ([[User talk:AquilaFasciata |talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/AquilaFasciata |contribs]]) 19:22, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== Referencing errors on [[Special:Diff/1200533104|Dave Pirner]] ==

''[[User:Qwerfjkl (bot)|Reference]] help requested.''

Need help fixing reference.

Thanks, [[Special:Contributions/135.134.236.224|135.134.236.224]] ([[User talk:135.134.236.224|talk]]) 19:38, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:Hi there! One way to source the video would be to use...
:* <code><nowiki>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kY7J_Ffq7Fo|title=Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum Talks About Joey's Song, Butch Vig and the Green Bay Packers|date=January 6, 2024|publisher=Fox Cities Core|via=YouTube}}</nowiki></code>
:which generates...
:* {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kY7J_Ffq7Fo|title=Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum Talks About Joey's Song, Butch Vig and the Green Bay Packers|date=January 6, 2024|publisher=Fox Cities Core|via=YouTube}}
:However, although at the 2:27 mark he says he was NOT born in Green Bay, Wisconsin (despite what the Wikipedia article says), I didn't hear him state where he WAS born. Therefore, I don't think this video is a good source for his birth place. I suggest discussing on [[Talk:Dave Pirner]] to find a better source. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 20:06, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== Biased tampering on Wiki pages ==

This Wikipedia page is being tampered with by internet trolls and is being infused with speculation, biased language, and gossip-blog style writing.

We need to lock this until further investigation:

[[Big Foot (Nicki Minaj song)]] - Wikipedia [[User:Essie the Great|Essie the Great]] ([[User talk:Essie the Great|talk]]) 20:12, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:Issues with an article should be discussed on its associated talk page. You may request page protection at [[WP:RFPP]]. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 20:15, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:[[User:Essie the Great|Essie the Great]] (and [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]]) please do not [[Wikipedia:Edit war]]. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 20:24, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::The editor in question has been blocked for vandalism. [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]] ([[User talk:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|talk]]) 20:29, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== What does this mean? I've spent days building an article and now this. ==

Something went wrong

No stashed content found for 0/6ed2f3d8-b317-11ee-b613-4cd98faf2bd5 [[User:Petertcook75|Petertcook75]] ([[User talk:Petertcook75|talk]]) 20:18, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Petertcook75|Petertcook75]], that is an error which often occurs when the Visual Editor is kept open for too long. You can find some discussion and workarounds [[Wikipedia:Help_desk/Archives/2023_December_2#Deleted_content|here]]. [[Special:Contributions/57.140.16.1|57.140.16.1]] ([[User talk:57.140.16.1|talk]]) 20:42, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:Hello, Peter. Are you the Peter T Cook who founded the nonprofit about which you have written a draft in [[User:Petertcook75/sandbox]]? If so, you should disclose your [[WP:Conflict of Interest|Conflict of Interest]] on your user page. This will draw people's attention to the fact that you have a connection with your subject.
:I am not a reviewer, but I doubt that your draft will be accepted in its present form. First it is [[WP:promotional|promotional]]: no Wikipedia article should ever use evaluative language like "innovative", "revolutionary" or "stands as a beacon", unless it is directly quoting a reliable published source wholly unconnected with the subject. Basically, {{HD/WINI}}
:Your references are not very helpful, because most of them are bare url's, which make it difficult for a reader or reviewer to evaluate how significant they are likely to be. You should certainly convert all the references to Wikipedia into [[WP:wikilinks|wikilinks]]: Wikipedia, like other user-generated sources, may not be used as a reference.
:Note also that a reference which does not mention Largest Heart Corporation is almost always useless. The purpose of a citation in a Wikipedia article is to provide the reader with a way to [[WP:V|verify]] a claim in the article, nothing more. Many of your references are just noise, and should be removed.
:My advice (which is what I always advise new editors who try the challenging task of creating an article before they have learnt the skills they need) is to put this draft aside completely for a few months, while you learn about Wikipedia by making improvements to some of our six million existing articles, particularly learning about [[WP:verifiability|verifiability]], [[WP:reliable sources|reliable sources]], [[WP:neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and [[WP:notability|notability]]. Then when you have more understanding, read [[WP:your first article|your first article]]. At that point, you will probably want to discard the whole of what you have written, and begin again, by finding '''independent''' sources about the Corporation and, if you can find them, forgetting everything you know about it, and writing a summary of what they say. (And don't forget to include any criticism, if some of them have made any). [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 22:40, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::I have rejected the draft and tagged it for deletion. You are seriously deluded if you think the content was suitable for an encyclopaedia [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 22:56, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== Does this tool exist ==

Is there a tool that shows a view of the article but highlights exactly what text you contributed? 21:49, 29 January 2024 (UTC) [[User:Prhartcom|Prhartcom]] ([[User talk:Prhartcom|talk]]) 21:49, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{ping|Prhartcom}} [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Who_Wrote_That%3F This] might be what you're looking for. [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]] ([[User talk:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|talk]]) 22:21, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

::This works, thanks, now I can click any word in the article and it tells me who wrote that word. But I still don't have a view of the article showing which text was written by a given user. I will keep a look out for any such tool! [[User:Prhartcom|Prhartcom]] ([[User talk:Prhartcom|talk]]) 22:35, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Prhartcom}} The [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Who_Wrote_That%3F Who Wrote That?]" page says, "When you hover over content, the tool highlights all content by the same author." Is that not what you want? [[User:Deor|Deor]] ([[User talk:Deor|talk]]) 22:47, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Not sure why but mine doesn't have the hover feature. I have the latest version of Chrome and I have to click a word for anything to happen; a speech bubble opens to say who wrote that word. Hovering doesn't do anything. Hopefully I'll figure it out. Thanks again. [[User:Prhartcom|Prhartcom]] ([[User talk:Prhartcom|talk]]) 00:12, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Got it to work after a restart. Now it's brilliant! [[User:Prhartcom|Prhartcom]] ([[User talk:Prhartcom|talk]]) 03:20, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Sandbox Issue ==

Hi Wiki Publishers,

I have created article and try to publish it but my post just showing Sandbox..How Can I publish it successfully? [[User:Md Leon Mia|Md Leon Mia]] ([[User talk:Md Leon Mia|talk]]) 22:16, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:I have added a header which will allow you to submit your draft for review when it is ready.
:You have started well, by finding sources, which is a lot better than many editors do when they try to create an article. Not all your sources are independent of the company: Remember that the article should be a summary of what '''independent''' reliable sources have published about the company. {{HD/WINI}} [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 22:44, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

= January 30 =

== [[Colatura di alici]] ==

I would like to remove the warning "This article does not cite any sources. (January 2024)" because it's placed in the wrong place; it should be placed at the beginning of the article. Unfortunately, I cannot remove the warning, because removing it also removes the bibliography. Someone has wrongly formatted the bibliography. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 00:48, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]], I have reversed one of your changes so the article now has a references section again. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 01:01, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|TSventon}} to me it looks more like a bibliography than references. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 01:11, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{Ping|JackkBrown}} "References" is a more usual heading, according to [[MOS:REFERENCES]]. The main thing is don't change the code under it as you did previously. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 01:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]]: In [[Special:Diff/1200652450|this edit]], it appears you changed <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> to <code><nowiki>{{References}}</nowiki></code>. {{tl|References}} redirects to {{tl|Unreferenced}} - a banner usually placed at the top of an article stating that the article has no sources. Maybe you meant to use {{tl|reflist}}, a template that formats the list of references in the proper place, usually a section called "References". [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 03:15, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::{{Ping|GoingBatty}} yes, that's right, my mistake, it had never happened to me before. I solved it: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colatura_di_alici&diff=prev&oldid=1200729682. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 03:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Closing the Media Viewer is impossible? ==

<small style="color:#666;">''That's dearchivation of my topic because it's ongoing. It's under today's date to prevent the bot from archiving it again.''</small> Hello. I noticed some issue with the Media Viewer of MW (i'm sure: this problem was not happened in the past). I cannot close it when i opened it after scrolling the page down (i mean going back to the article, '''not disabling it'''), because the page header covers it's close button. Are there any way to hide the header when the media viewer is opened? (This is a '''serious''' '''bug''', it'll be better if someone can hide it when it's opened for everyone, not with some user-script.) [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 21:30, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]]: What device are you using? Could you please give an example of an article and image where you are experiencing this? Thanks! [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 00:33, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] Firefox on Windows 10 PC, that happens on even the photo in this page. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 00:59, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Extra note: my header is sticky. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 01:51, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::::@[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]]: I just had a similar experience that I could duplicate with the image on this page.
::::# I click on the image above to go to [[:File:The_Batley_Frontier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_413091.jpg]] and can see the close button.
::::# I click on the image itself and it expands to cover the whole screen. Even when scrolling, I cannot see the close button.
::::# I used my browser back button to go back to the help desk page.
::::Does this work for you? [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 01:56, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Yes, i cannot see the close button on the in-page media viewer and that's the problem. I don't remember this from past so i think a recent interface change must be caused this. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 02:03, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]]: Just to clarify - does using your browser's back button resolve the issue? [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 02:12, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] Yes (sorry for late answer), but the close button is easier to use and must not be covered by header. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 12:14, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::::I don't think there is a Close button on that page. When I open the image by clicking on it, it opens [/media/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/The_Batley_Frontier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_413091.jpg /media/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/The_Batley_Frontier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_413091.jpg], and the only content is the image, which does not fill my screen - there is a black border around it, and above that is the usual browser header. The only way back is the browser Back button. I do not remember there ever being a Close 'X' button for images displayed in this specific way. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Verbarson|-- Verbarson ]] <sup>[[User talk:Verbarson|talk]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Verbarson|edits]]</sub></span> 21:03, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::That's the builtin media support of the browser and not the subject of this topic. If you look at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_credentials_for_learning#/media/File:The_digital_credentials_ecosystem.svg] (if you not disabled media viewer) you probably see a close button at the topright corner, now click it and click the image again after scrolling the page down a few lines. If your header is sticky like mine, you must see that button is covered by the header. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 22:13, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::@[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] By "sticky header", are you referring to some gadget or user CSS? If so, I think you need to bring this up with whoever wrote that gadget or CSS. [[User talk:Rummskartoffel|<span style="font-weight:normal;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#e40303,#ff8c00,#ffed00,#008026,#004dff,#750787);color:transparent;background-clip:text;-webkit-background-clip:text;">Rummskartoffel</span>]] 22:01, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::::No, my custom CSS does not have a rule to make it sticky (i don't know if it's a gadget and i don't know who made it). I have a z-index, and problem is solved when i delete it, '''but i got problems on other wikis when i deleted it.''' So, i think there's a bug, but i'm not sure it's where. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 23:58, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Image layout ==

Could I have some help from a sighted editor to deal with [[Special:Diff/1198506136|this edit]] on my watchlist to the [[Torreón]] page? I'm blind and use a screen reader and even *I* know that that's a rather unorthodox image layout. Thanks! [[User:Graham87|Graham87]] ([[User talk:Graham87|talk]]) 05:36, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:I ripped out a bunch of images. Now it looks ok to me. Maybe ''excessive'', but just a stack on the right edge. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 06:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::I use the skinnier width layout on vector and it is still uh... not pretty. But that's mostly the fault of the climate table. [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 07:03, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:DMacks|DMacks]], @[[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]]: The article suffers from attempting to be a picture-postcard of the town. I have further culled the "sight-seeing" images which caused the clutter by removing any not mentioned in the text; and restored the climate table to full-width. [[User:Bazza 7|Bazza]] ([[User talk:Bazza 7|talk]]) 09:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks [[User:Bazza 7|Bazza 7]]! [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 15:47, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Draftspace ==

Once I make an article in draft space, once I think it's ready do I ''have'' to go through the AfC process, or can I just move it provided I am a (generally) experienced editor?

This isn't related to any articles that were moved into draftspace due to being considered currently unsuitable for mainspace, I figure that would be different. [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 06:55, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
: You don't have to, but newer users are well-advised to go through the Afc process. You have over 12,000 edits and around a dozen created articles to your credit, and that seems like well into the experienced editor territory. If based on your experience, you are persuaded that the Draft demonstrates clear [[WP:Notability]] and has sufficient citations to [[WP:RS|reliable sources]], I think you are within your rights to just move it to main space. [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 08:38, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:(ec) :Per [[WP:CONFIRM]], "Autoconfirmed/confirmed users can create articles". The worst that that can happen is it gets [[WP:AfD]]'d. Just remember to remove the draft afterwards. [[User:Clarityfiend|Clarityfiend]] ([[User talk:Clarityfiend|talk]]) 08:42, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::I knew that, I was just worried about the fact I started it in draftspace and was going to move it, not starting it directly in mainspace. I seem to be fine to do this though. [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 08:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

::The normal way to promote a draft to an article is to ''move'' it from "Draft:Whatever" to "Whatever", turning the former title into a redirect. I don't think that anything else that could be called a removal is needed. -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 09:18, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Not with your own draft. That would make the whole process rather pointless. [[User:Clarityfiend|Clarityfiend]] ([[User talk:Clarityfiend|talk]]) 00:22, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::I would guess they meant the big draft template thing that's created whenever you make a draft with the draft wizard. [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 09:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::I have written over a hundred articles and none has ever been deleted. I write new articles in my sandbox space, and move them to main space only when I am certain that the topic is notable and that my work shows that through its references. And that it complies with our other [[WP:PAG|policies and guidelines]]. Newer autoconfirmed editors can create mainspace articles if they want, but the New Pages Patrollers will take a look and they are not pushovers. Editors who write outstanding content have nothing to worry about. Editors who write mediocre, poorly referenced content ought to worry and should change their ways. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 11:17, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== can't login on other device ==

There is no problem to log in on my computer, but it doesn't work on my smartphone. Could it be blocked for some reason? I deleted and downloaded the wiki app twice, but it doesn't help. What is the problem? [[User:Dall'Abaco|Dall'Abaco]] ([[User talk:Dall'Abaco|talk]]) 09:04, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:What happens when you instead use a browser on your phone? -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 09:15, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::login via browser on iphone doesn't work neither [[User:Dall'Abaco|Dall'Abaco]] ([[User talk:Dall'Abaco|talk]]) 09:38, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:When, using your computer, you successfully log in, are you typing in your password, or is the browser feeding Wikipedia the password you've already had the browser save for the purpose? If the latter, is it possible that, now that you're using your phone, you've misremembered the password? -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 12:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::No, I can reach my account from every device except my iPhone. It's IP adresse is obviously blocked, so I guess. The previous history: a couple of month before I had another wiki account which worked well on every device, but I deleted it and created this one. Since that moment I can't use the mobile phone. Could it be relevant somehow? [[User:Dall'Abaco|Dall'Abaco]] ([[User talk:Dall'Abaco|talk]]) 16:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::You can't actually delete an account, you can only abandon it...do you still have the login information? [[User:Valereee|Valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 16:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Yes, but I can‘t login there from the iPhone neither. Whatever browser I use or an app - it doesn‘t work here. But on other devices. [[Special:Contributions/213.21.54.182|213.21.54.182]] ([[User talk:213.21.54.182|talk]]) 17:50, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::it says, the password is incorrect. When I tried to change password from the mobile it didn‘t work neither - as if no action werde done at all, and the password remained the same on other devices. Very strange. [[Special:Contributions/213.21.54.182|213.21.54.182]] ([[User talk:213.21.54.182|talk]]) 18:02, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::Using another iPhone it doesn't login neither. Only on android. [[User:Dall'Abaco|Dall'Abaco]] ([[User talk:Dall'Abaco|talk]]) 18:09, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Another inconsistency in [[B]] ==

Note that most articles denote the letter is in Latin alphabet, but B is in Latin-script alphabet. I want to note that so you should make it sound synchronized it every alphabetical article. It is different in the lead sentence. [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|talk]]) 11:37, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:If you have a suggestion for the article [[B]], please make it in a formal edit request at the foot of [[Talk:B]]. (Perhaps you should rephrase "make it sound synchronized it", which makes no sense to me. Also, please explain the difference between "Latin alphabet" and "Latin-script alphabet".) -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 12:27, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::No need to talk about. The main and visible change is the redirect to subheading and the entire article. One, for 'Latin-script alphabet', direct me to the written alphabet. Another, for 'Latin alphabet' takes me to the entire article. You can go there for verification. [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|talk]]) 14:11, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::I think (and I could be wrong, because it's a bit confusing), that say [[A]] says it's {{tq|is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet}}, whilst B says it's of the Latin-script alphabet. [[Latin alphabet]] and [[latin-script alphabet]] are for some reason different articles. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 14:18, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::I agree with you. It could confuse the readers as what would be more correct and more precise, Latin or Latin-script. Though it looks the same, but there is actual difference in meaning. So why not figure it out now? [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|talk]]) 14:33, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Probably a better question for one of the talk pages in question, probably at [[talk:B]], or [[WT:LANGUAGES]]. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 14:35, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::Yeah. I will do that now. [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|talk]]) 14:37, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Education noticeboard/Wiki Ed course submissions]] ==

Can anyone fix the archiving here? It's some sort of unusual manual system, but the page hasn't been archived since sometime in 2022 and it's now at 700Kbytes. I can't even get it to load. [[User:Valereee|Valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 12:19, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:I'm on it. [[User:Graham87|Graham87]] ([[User talk:Graham87|talk]]) 15:31, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Valereee|Valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 15:47, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Done ... I hope it all works. That page had/has ... a remarkably odd setup. I'll try to keep an eye on it. [[User:Graham87|Graham87]] ([[User talk:Graham87|talk]]) 16:10, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== How to use Massviews to search for all English Wikipedia pages which use references from a source? ==

Hi all

I want to find all the pages on English Wikipedia (and later from other Wikipedias) which use references from a specific source, starting with FAO.

I've managed to work out with help that I can use [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews/?platform=all-access&agent=user&source=search&range=latest-30&project=en.wikipedia.org&sort=views&direction=1&view=list&target=insource:%22fao.org%22 this query for all articles on English Wikipedia which includes fao.org in the wikitext].

However I've realised this will miss out any references sources from FAO which don't include the URL, e.g if the reference was generated from an ISBN. I think this can be captured if it would be possible to add to the previous search to look for either fao.org or publisher=FAO on the page.

Can someone tell me how to add this to the existing query?

Thanks very much

[[User:John Cummings|John Cummings]] ([[User talk:John Cummings|talk]]) 12:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== My own Wikipedia page ==

I would like to get rid of the template at the top of my page which flags up a problem with my wikipedia page [[Special:Contributions/82.12.60.204|82.12.60.204]] ([[User talk:82.12.60.204|talk]]) 13:07, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:we don't know who you are, you know. [[user:ltbdl|ltb]][[user:ltbdl/d|<span style="color:orange">d</span>]][[user:ltbdl|l]] ([[user talk:ltbdl|talk]]) 13:18, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::[[Danny Lee Wynter]] is NOT your Wikipedia page it is Wikipedias article about you and currently it is VERY poorly sourced to two press releases, hence the tags. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 13:20, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:Three of the four tags on the article were inappropriately applied, so I have removed them. However, the fourth is correct - the article lacks sources. See [[WP:V]] and [[WP:RS]]. And if you are the subject of the article, please see [[WP:FAQAS|our FAQ]]. <span class="vcard"><span class="fn">[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]]</span> (<span class="nickname">Pigsonthewing</span>); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]</span> 14:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== The edits I've put up are getting deleted by another user who is threatening to block me from platform ==

I've been editing a page on wikipedia --> [[Jensen-Group]]. I've been editing with information about the company from their website. I've tried to make the edits on the page twice now, but the same user called Mean As Custard has been deleting my edits and claims the content I'm adding is 'promotional or advertising material' which I believe it is not. I've only been adding facts from the company's website which are factual according to the company. The user Mean As Custard is threatening to block me from using the platform if I make the edits to the wikipedia page. What should I do? [[Special:Contributions/2A02:C7C:6421:ED00:557A:F4B:3B1E:FF00|2A02:C7C:6421:ED00:557A:F4B:3B1E:FF00]] ([[User talk:2A02:C7C:6421:ED00:557A:F4B:3B1E:FF00|talk]]) 15:31, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:This user [[User:Idabranding]] is editing whilst logged out, has now been blocked for promotional and undisclosed paid editing. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 15:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== please enable preview by default again ==

Several days ago, the preview feature stopped working. By "preview", I mean the setting that can be enabled by clicking the very last text string ("Edit preview settings") at the bottom of most if not all Wikipedia pages. By "stopped working", I mean that it is off by default. (It had been on for many months if not years.)

If there is a reason why the default is now off, at least please make the setting persistent. As it is, I need to click on the "Edit preview settings" string and enable it on every page. When I open a new page in Wikipedia, the new page should inherit that setting from the old page (my opinion, of course). But please restore the default of having preview enabled. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/184.169.112.59|184.169.112.59]] ([[User talk:184.169.112.59|talk]]) 19:00, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:Hi fellow IP editor - the preview feature still works exactly as it always has for me. It sounds like there may be a problem specific to the software you use to edit Wikipedia. If you head over to [[WP:VPT]] and give them the details on your setup, maybe they can pinpoint the problem. [[Special:Contributions/57.140.16.1|57.140.16.1]] ([[User talk:57.140.16.1|talk]]) 19:47, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks for the reply. Sad to say, I am not an editor. At the link you provided (and possibly out-of-context), I read: "Page Previews is made for readers who have no use for many Navpopups features like disambiguating links, and many other features would just be distractions to most readers. And Page Previews is designed to work for unregistered users so it has no configuration options apart from a way to disable it." Well, I am a reader and have no login, so that seems to describe me, except that preview now has no configuration option apart from a way to enable (rather than disable) it--and that option does not stick from page to page. FWIW, this is in Firefox 122.0 under macOS 11.7.10. However, based on your comment that it hasn't changed for you, I checked the Wikipedia home page in Safari, and preview is enabled in that browser, so maybe something changed in Firefox. Being a non-techy, I wouldn't know where to look. [[Special:Contributions/184.169.112.59|184.169.112.59]] ([[User talk:184.169.112.59|talk]]) 21:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::It sounds like a problem with a cookie in Firefox. Try to delete cookies for wikipedia.org. Start by clicking the padlock icon to the left of the address bar in Firefox while you are here at wikipedia.org. [[User:PrimeHunter|PrimeHunter]] ([[User talk:PrimeHunter|talk]]) 20:35, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Changing accounts ==

I have a new account. How do I import bookmarks from my old one ? [[User:Bear2647|Bear2647]] ([[User talk:Bear2647|talk]]) 19:27, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:Hello. Bookmarks are a feature of the mobile app, and are not available in a browser, as far as I know. I don't know whether you can transfer them between accounts or not. The place to look is [[MW:Wikimedia Apps]] and its subpages (there seems to be information about bookmarks in the "Android App FAQ" and "IOS App FAQ" pages). If you can't find what you want, I suggest asking on the talk page of the appropriate FAQ page.
: You could also ask at [[WP:VPT]], but unless somebody there happens to know the answer, I suspect they'll point you to the same pages as I have done. [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 21:23, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::I suggest others not spend too much time on this question; they are either a sock of soon-to-be-banned {{user|Bears247}}, or a joe job. [[User:Floquenbeam|Floquenbeam]] ([[User talk:Floquenbeam|talk]]) 21:37, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping| Bear2647}} Just [[WP:AGF]]ing for a moment. (yeah. I know) What was that old account? [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 21:40, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::I'm right here. You can threaten me directly. Are you a moderator? An admin ? [[User:Bear2647|Bear2647]] ([[User talk:Bear2647|talk]]) 22:03, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::You know, Bear, it doesn't really matter whether someone asking a question is an admin. Maybe that's been the problem. Any experienced editor is worth listening to and taking seriously. [[User:Valereee|Valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 22:19, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::I'm an admin, not that it matters, and I'd like answer to my question ''to better assist'' you. Thanks! [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 00:01, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::CU found this Bear unrelated to that Bear. Anyway. Not sure what "closed account means," but I'm out of time and I'm hungry, so signing off. [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 00:06, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::this other account is not me. crazy to me that somebody would take the time to make a fake account in attempt to get me banned [[User:Bears247|Bears247]] ([[User talk:Bears247|talk]]) 04:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::::{{yo|Bears247}} Or just someone with exquisitely poor timing in choosing so similar a username. Or one of our LTA's having fun. I guess we'll never know. Oh, blocked. {{ping| Bear2647}} Please email me the answer to what your prior account was. Thanks [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 06:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Population history table appearing under references header regardless of its placement in the source ==

The population history table for [[Armstrong's Point]] keeps appearing under the references header, regardless of its actual position in the source. I'm trying to have it under the demographics header like it is for [[Centennial, Winnipeg]] and [[Central Park (Winnipeg)]] but when displayed on a full desktop display it always appears under the References tag. It doesn't do this on the mobile app or when the page is less than a 16:9 ratio. Any advice would be highly appreciated.

Thank you, [[User:AveryTrashmouth|AveryTrashmouth]] ([[User talk:AveryTrashmouth|talk]]) 20:27, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:It's something to do with the presence of the image on the right in the §History section. Removing that image fixes the placement of the §Demographics items. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 20:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Citation error ==

Hello
I'm writing a draft and I have a problem with citing a source [[Draft:Zuru (Company)|here]]. Could you help me fix it again? Thanks! ⚒️[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|<span style="background-color: blue; color: white">''★MinecraftPlayer★''<sup>321</sup></span>]]⚒️ [[User talk:MinecraftPlayer321|Let's Chat!]] 21:03, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Zuru_(Company)&diff=prev&oldid=1200620884 This] is the edit that broke things. You wrote:
::<code><ref name=":3"</code>
:with no closing <code>></code> for the tag. But there is a deeper problem. Either you are trying to define the reference named ":3", but you do not have an actual reference here, or you are trying to re-use a reference, but there is no actual ref by that name defined. What exactly do you want in that reference? [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 21:19, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::I need the 3rd reference of the list ⚒️[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|<span style="background-color: blue; color: white">''★MinecraftPlayer★''<sup>321</sup></span>]]⚒️ [[User talk:MinecraftPlayer321|Let's Chat!]] 21:46, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Hold up. I'm sorry, I gave the wrong link. Here's the [[Draft:Zuru (Company)|updated page]]. I need the second reference of the reference list. Thanks ⚒️[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|<span style="background-color: blue; color: white">''★MinecraftPlayer★''<sup>321</sup></span>]]⚒️ [[User talk:MinecraftPlayer321|Let's Chat!]] 21:49, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::@[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|MinecraftPlayer321]]: It appeared you both had slightly incorrect syntax for the empty ref tag and was using a name that matched the title in the cite but not the name of the ref. This [[Special:Diff/1201089310|diff]] fixes it, I believe, so you can see how it normally should be. Please let me know if I was wrong in my assumption. [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 22:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Thank you! ⚒️[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|<span style="background-color: blue; color: white">''★MinecraftPlayer★''<sup>321</sup></span>]]⚒️ [[User talk:MinecraftPlayer321|Let's Chat!]] 00:04, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Pump won't work ==

I have a 32 Oz bottle of facial cleanser. When I inserted the pump into bottle I can't get the pump to work. Please respond on what to do. [[Special:Contributions/2601:201:8B80:67B0:8A94:8136:EBF2:BA41|2601:201:8B80:67B0:8A94:8136:EBF2:BA41]] ([[User talk:2601:201:8B80:67B0:8A94:8136:EBF2:BA41|talk]]) 21:03, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:This page is for asking questions about "how to use or edit Wikipedia". [[User:Meters|Meters]] ([[User talk:Meters|talk]]) 21:09, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:You could try contacting the manufacturer. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 21:22, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

= January 31 =

== Help with the COI policy ==

I've read through [[WP:COI]], but I'm struggling to figure out what I'd do in my specific scenario. I don't have any ''actual'' COIs at the moment, but I do have ''potential'' COIs that I've avoided editing. However, if I was to start editing some of these I would feel very uncomfortable publicly declaring those COIs due to many of them being specific enough that I'd be worried about my privacy - I'm very particular about what personal information I share. Would the best solution to just be to fully avoid editing articles where I have a potential COI, or is there a process for privately disclosing COIs? [[User:Suntooooth|Suntooooth]], it/he ([[User talk:Suntooooth|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Suntooooth|contribs]]) 02:26, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[User:Suntooooth|Suntooooth]], it's ultimately a matter of personal judgment. COI is a largely subjective spectrum, with the only hard rule being that editing for pay must be disclosed. I think in most cases, keeping one's potential biases in mind while editing and communicating with other editors is perfectly sufficient. [[WP:BEBOLD|Be bold]], and if you otherwise follow site guidelines, you'll be fine.<span id="Remsense:1706668238362:WikipediaFTTCLNHelp_desk" class="FTTCmt"> — [[User:Remsense|<span style="border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;padding:3px;background:#1E816F;color:#fff">'''Remsense'''</span>]][[User talk:Remsense|<span lang="zh" style="border:1px solid #1E816F;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;padding:1px 3px;color:#000">诉</span>]] 02:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)</span>
::Fair enough, that makes sense. Thank you! [[User:Suntooooth|Suntooooth]], it/he ([[User talk:Suntooooth|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Suntooooth|contribs]]) 02:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::[[User:Suntooooth|Suntooooth]], best of luck, and happy editing! {{smily}}<span id="Remsense:1706668544545:WikipediaFTTCLNHelp_desk" class="FTTCmt">— [[User:Remsense|<span style="border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;padding:3px;background:#1E816F;color:#fff">'''Remsense'''</span>]][[User talk:Remsense|<span lang="zh" style="border:1px solid #1E816F;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;padding:1px 3px;color:#000">诉</span>]] 02:35, 31 January 2024 (UTC)</span>

== [[Lungo]] ==

The [[Lungo#References|reference]] n. '''4''' presents a problem; not having added it, I don't know how to solve it. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 02:29, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{fixed}} – the last name field contained a URL instead of the author's name. [[User:Tollens|Tollens]] ([[User talk:Tollens|talk]]) 02:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|Tollens}} thank you very much! [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 02:34, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salame genovese di Sant'Olcese]] ==

This page requires the creation of a discussion page. Everything I can do I do, frankly too much, but some (few) little things I "ask" for here; for example in this case I have never had the opportunity to create a discussion page in an article and, therefore, I never felt the need to find out how to do. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 03:10, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]], created, using [[WP:RATER]]. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 03:27, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]]: Another way to create a discussion page is to click the red "Talk" link on the article page. You can then click the "Start a discussion" button or the "Create Source" link, add any appropriate templates and discussion, and then save. Happy editing! [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 21:13, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Buccellato di Lucca]] ==

This text doesn't seem good to me. I don't have a great knowledge of the English language; I can translate every sentence and every word of this language, but I have difficulty writing sentences from scratch. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 02:14, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|JackkBrown}} I suggest you solicit input from Wikiproject Italy at [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Italy]], but you should be more specific about your concern rather than it just doesn't seem good. [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 04:59, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:That article describes its subject as a type of [[sweetbread]]. It isn't; it's a type of sweet bread. [[User:Maproom|Maproom]] ([[User talk:Maproom|talk]]) 08:57, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::I removed the [[sweetbread]] link. You do not need to be an expert in Italian cuisine to know that Buccellato di Lucca is not a thymus gland. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 21:17, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{Ping|Cullen328}} of course in Italian I know what it's, but for an Italian it's easy to get confused between "sweet bread" and "[[sweetbread]]" (see this: [[Wikipedia:Help desk#https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buccellato_di_Lucca&diff=prev&oldid=1201517214]]); even the British and Americans, no offence intended, create confusion with, not a few, Italian words. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 21:20, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::{{u|JackkBrown}}, I think that many native English speakers are unaware of what [[sweetbreads]] even means. It is an uncommon food, at least in the United States. I have eaten it a few times in "old school" Italian restaurants in San Francisco, but is very rarely seen on menus elsewhere, in my experience. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 21:39, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::(In French, it's "ris de veau".) The wikilinked [[sweetbread]] makes it clear what it is. [[User:Maproom|Maproom]] ([[User talk:Maproom|talk]]) 23:13, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Help with an unsourced POV article ==

The article is at [[Oba Michael Olobayo (Obaro Ero Il)]]. It was created by an editor whose only contributions was the article itself. I've made several cleanup edits, and unsure how to proceed. Is this the proper forum for such a discussion? I considered putting it on the articles respective talk page, but it's pretty much dead and would never be seen. [[User:Professor Penguino|Professor Penguino]] ([[User talk:Professor Penguino|talk]]) 05:18, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:If there are no citations it can be tagged for speedy deletion under [[Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#A7._No_indication_of_importance_(people,_animals,_organizations,_web_content,_events)|A7]]. [[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]]|[[User talk:Shantavira|<sup>feed me</sup>]] 08:59, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/oinochoe. ==

Hi, I'm writing without italics all the known terms of the English language that relate to Italian food, using this dictionary: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/oinochoe. I remembered that I had previously written [[Oenochoe|oinochoe]] and [[Tondo (art)|tondo]] in italics, so I looked these two terms up and, unfortunately for me, they appear in this dictionary. Should I delete the italics from these two pages? Is it right for me to take this dictionary literally? However, mine isn't a question about italics, but rather whether I should rely solely on the English dictionary for all cases (e.g. for Italian food it's correct, because it's a limited subject, however vast). [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 06:50, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:According to [[WP:ITALICS]] you should be italicizing foreign words unless they're in common use in English. I think you were right to italicize ''oinochoe'' and ''tondo'' even if they're in a dictionary because they're very rarely used in English. I don't quite get your other question, but dictionaries don't have any special status as sources per [[WP:RS]], though they are fine to cite. [[User:HansVonStuttgart|HansVonStuttgart]] ([[User talk:HansVonStuttgart|talk]]) 08:21, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|HansVonStuttgart}} I, actually, only use the dictionary to identify common and uncommon foods in the English language. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 08:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Timothy Busfield]] ==
In the article about Timothy Busfield. The phrase "traveled frequently" in the sentence "Busfield studied drama at East Tennessee State University and traveled frequently with the Actors Theater of Louisville, which took him to Europe and Israel." What does that mean? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 08:28, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:Who can tell? Perhaps the person who wrote this long, detailed, and very feebly referenced article. As there's been a "needs additional citations for verification" template atop this thing for ''over a decade'', and as it's about a living person, I think it's high time somebody took an editorial machete to it, chopping out everything that isn't well referenced. That person could be you, [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]]! -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 08:51, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::[[User:Hoary|Hoary]]: I am researching more about this man's life using all other outside documents, hoping that I will find reliable sources to include in Wikipedia. Thank you for responding to my question. A good day! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 09:59, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
:Doesn't it simply mean [[Touring theatre|toured]]? [[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]]|[[User talk:Shantavira|<sup>feed me</sup>]] 08:54, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 09:59, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

== Is this a bug? ==

I was starting recent changes patrolling, when i saw a blocked user submitting an unblock request, intrigued i went to the talk page and saw this:
[[File:Screenshot_for_helpdesk.jpg|thumb|Screenshot]]
Why are there accept and decline buttons? Im sure they ''probably'' dont do anything, but i wanted to know, cause i checked other unblocks and it showed the same thing. [[User:Begocc|Begocci]] ([[User talk:Begocc|talk]]) 09:54, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
: [[User:Begocc|Begocci]], are you still seeing that? Their block appeal has been [[Special:Diff/1201309505|declined]], and the page looks correct in Vector 2010. I looked at the pre-decline version, and that looked okay to me as well. But it doesn't seem like you should have seen that screen at any point. You might consider asking again at [[WP:VPT]] or posting a link here from there. [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 11:23, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::Ok, ive gone to a more [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Drakkar68&oldid=1201193046 recent unblock request], still shows the same two buttons and thing to fill in, and yes, if i go to an earlier revision i can still se the buttons. help?
::[[File:Screenshot_for_help_desk2.png|thumb|2nd screenshot]]
::[[User:Begocc|Begocci]] ([[User talk:Begocc|talk]]) 11:52, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::i have absolutely no words for this, [[User talk:Begocc#Test as Begocc|what the fuck?]] [[User:Begocc|Begocci]] ([[User talk:Begocc|talk]]) 12:09, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Just to confirm, you don't have any userscripts installed for this? '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 12:13, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::checked [[xtools:ec/en.wikipedia.org/Begocc|this]] and found nothing, currently disabling user scripts to check [[User:Begocc|Begocci]] ([[User talk:Begocc|talk]]) 12:29, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::After disabling ALL my userscripts its normal (no accept/decline buttons), but i never installed something like this, do i do not know what to do. [[User:Begocc|Begocci]] ([[User talk:Begocc|talk]]) 12:57, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::You have [[User:In actu/vector-2022.js|this]] installed, which has [[User:Guerillero/vector-2022.js|this]] installed, which has [[User:Enterprisey/unblock-review.js]] installed. [[User:1AmNobody24|<span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;background-color: #4D4DFF;color: white">Nobody</span>]] ([[User talk:1AmNobody24|<span style="color: #4D4DFF">talk</span>]]) 13:00, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::Thank you, now to go and enable everything else :D [[User:Begocc|Begocci]] ([[User talk:Begocc|talk]]) 13:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Probably best to just take the scripts from the base place, and not the one that has other things listed. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 13:34, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:The alphabetically ordered list of administrators shows nobody between Beetstra and Beland. But who knows: perhaps you have acquired a new power. Remember: With great power comes great responsibility. -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 12:23, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::[[Special:UserRights/Begocc]] looks normal - just extendedconfirmed. I have the same groups, and I'm not seeing the accept and decline buttons, so it's presumably an issue on Begocc's end and not with the template? [[User:Caeciliusinhorto-public|Caeciliusinhorto-public]] ([[User talk:Caeciliusinhorto-public|talk]]) 12:39, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== I have regarded the issue in [[Talk:B]] and [[WT:Languages|Wikiproject Languages]] ==

Please go there and tell me your thought. [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC8:DF00:B50C:773B:1A40:16BA|2001:EE0:4BC8:DF00:B50C:773B:1A40:16BA]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC8:DF00:B50C:773B:1A40:16BA|talk]]) 11:45, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:My thoughts are that you are obsessively trying to impose a rigid consistency between articles which (a) is unnecessary and (b) may be at odds with the actual factuality of letters' histories. Or it may not, but the matter is so trivial that I am not going to invest time in examining it more closely.
:Speaking generally, the world is messy. Attempts to impose over-strict, over-simplified classifications on it are doomed to failure. Being myself somewhat 'rule-rigid' by nature, though not suffering from full-blown OCD, it has taken me decades to come to acceptance of this, but doing so has enabled me to discard a great deal of totally unnecessary angst: I recommend that you, too, 'loosen up.'
:Those are my thoughts, like 'em or not. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} [[Special:Contributions/90.205.103.187|90.205.103.187]] ([[User talk:90.205.103.187|talk]]) 17:39, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== new article and linking ==

I'm a new editor. I made a new page today that in OTHER articles has a red link [[Wikipedia:Red link]] should I begin linking the red ones to my new article [[User:Qstor2|Qstor2]] ([[User talk:Qstor2|talk]]) 12:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[User:Qstor2|Qstor2]], yes, you can link mentions in other articles. I assume this is [[1st Maryland Cavalry, CSA]]. I suggest moving the article to [[1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion (Confederate)]], following [[2nd Maryland Cavalry Battalion (Confederate)]]. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 13:16, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::Yes, thanks! I followed the format for a link I saw elsewhere. How do I change the format to 1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion (Confederate). Will it affect the links to the old page I did earlier today? [[User:Qstor2|Qstor2]] ([[User talk:Qstor2|talk]]) 13:19, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::[[User:Qstor2|Qstor2]], you need to move the page, see [[Help:How to move a page]]. You need a reason, you could select other reason and "consistent with [[2nd Maryland Cavalry Battalion (Confederate)]]". [[1st Maryland Cavalry, CSA]] will remain as a redirect, so the links you have already done will still work. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 13:32, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks have a great day [[User:Qstor2|Qstor2]] ([[User talk:Qstor2|talk]]) 13:36, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:When you create an article, you can also use [https://edwardbetts.com/find_link Edward Betts' tool] which looks up other articles for the title of your article so you can review and see if you need to link those pages. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 13:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks! [[User:Qstor2|Qstor2]] ([[User talk:Qstor2|talk]]) 17:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:TSventon (talk)|TSventon (talk)]] sorry one more thing. How do I fix the space in the "box" on the right between Valley campaigns of 1864 and Overland Campaign? Thanks in advance. [[User:Qstor2|Qstor2]] ([[User talk:Qstor2|talk]]) 17:51, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Qstor2|Qstor2]] I put all the engagements in one line as in [[2nd Maryland Cavalry Battalion (Confederate)]], which didn't have the blank line. That fixed the problem, I am not sure why. To ping, you copy the first bit of the signature as I did here or use <nowiki>{{reply to|Username}} Message text. ~~~~</nowiki>. Unfortunately pings don't work if you get the code slightly wrong or you don't sign. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 18:57, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Tabot]] image ==

For several years Ethiopian Christians have been occasionally removing [[c:File:Äthiopien_Tabot_Linden-Museum_90290.jpg|this image]] from the Tabot page because of religious concerns about viewing a tabot uncovered. Do we have a policy which specifically addresses whether such an image can or should be used? Thanks. [[User:GordonGlottal|GordonGlottal]] ([[User talk:GordonGlottal|talk]]) 13:16, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:[[User:GordonGlottal|GordonGlottal]] [[WP:NOTCENSORED]] is probably what you are looking for. [[User:Sungodtemple|Sungodtemple]] ([[User talk:Sungodtemple|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sungodtemple|contribs]]) 13:27, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{Ping|GordonGlottal}} If it's a long-term and regular issue, ask at [[WP:RFPP]] for "long term semi protection", explaining why. <span class="vcard"><span class="fn">[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]]</span> (<span class="nickname">Pigsonthewing</span>); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]</span> 14:40, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:: I've removed it again. I can't really argue with WP:NOTCENSORED, except that it says not to include potentially offensive material if it isn't encyclopedic, and I'm not convinced that we ''must'' (nor should) include it: there is already a picture of a covered tabot, in its intended context (as opposed to a looted artifact), and the article goes on to explain (now citing a source) that the tabot is supposed to be hidden from public view. (Perhaps to look at this another way: Wikipedia ''could'' put an autopsy or nude photo in the Infobox of an article about a celebrity, because after all WP:NOTCENSORED, but that doesn't mean we ''have'' to.) The bare tabot, as far as I can tell, is no longer in the Linden-Museum's inventory, and no longer appears on its website. I reached out to [[:commons:User talk:KarlHeinrich|the uploader on Commons]] (as their image, so far as I can tell, was made available independently of the museum), but they haven't been active since 2015. If I had to guess (I don't actually know), the uncovered tabot is war loot and that's how it ended up in the museum, which has seemingly removed it from its collection (whatever the actual provenance; (''add'l. edit'') even if it's not war loot, then the museum ought to have given serious thought about displaying it this way, which it seems that they have). I don't think my inference is reckless; the British Museum still has a tabot (that was most assuredly war loot) in its collection, but they have removed it from display, both within the museum and on their website [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1868-1001-21 link]. If the museums have qualms about placing stolen war booty on display, then that ought to tell us something (meanwhile, Westminster Abbey at least covered up the stolen tabot it currently holds in one of its chapels [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/09/30/king-charles-faces-pressure-to-return-sacred-tabot-to-ethiopia link]). -- [[User:Gyrofrog|Gyrofrog]] [[User_talk:Gyrofrog|(talk)]] 15:47, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::[[User:Gyrofrog|Gyrofrog]], if there is further disagreement about the image, there should be a discussion on the article talk page,rather than via edit summaries and the Help desk. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 21:58, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:An IP user has also edited the English caption to [[:File:Ethiopia Plate of portable altar.jpg]] to say "IT'S OFFENSIVE AND WILL BE PUNISHED". I've raised this at [[C:COM:Village pump#Inappropriate caption]]. [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 15:29, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:: I'd meant to ask whether this might be a question for Commons, since that's where the images are kept. The discussion was moved to [[C:COM:Administrators' noticeboard#Inappropriate caption]]. As I noted there, another image of an uncovered tabot no longer appears in the [[Warsaw National Museum|MNW]]'s collection, or at least not via its website ([http://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/en/search-results?phrase=tabot link]). Thanks, -- [[User:Gyrofrog|Gyrofrog]] [[User_talk:Gyrofrog|(talk)]] 17:19, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes any decision on what is deleted on Commons needs to happen on Commons. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 21:58, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Catalan and Basques ==

Why are Wikipedia editors so anti identifying people as Catalan and Basques instead insisting on calling them Spanish? Examples include Pep Guardiola who everyone knows is Catalan, except some individuals on Wikipedia who instead on refering to him as Spanish/Spaniard. Sure he played for Spain and has a Spanish passport but he himself clearly identifies as Catalan and closely supports the movement for Catalan independence.
Any thoughts please? [[User:HackneyGlyn21|HackneyGlyn21]] ([[User talk:HackneyGlyn21|talk]]) 14:00, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:Wikipedia should simply report what [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] say, so please check the citations. If those sources state that someone identifies as Catalan or whatever I see no reason to change that. [[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]]|[[User talk:Shantavira|<sup>feed me</sup>]] 14:16, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:There is some guidance at [[MOS:NATIONALITY]], which says {{tq|A [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography/2018 archive#RfC on use of Spanish regional identity in biography leads|2018 RfC]] on Spanish regional identity in the lead resulted in consensus to use the regional identity used most often in reliable sources with which the subject identifies most.}} [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 14:18, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Dead Wayback Machine (archive) links ==

In the featured article [[Adamson Tannehill]], the following archive (Wayback Machine) links are dead: Notes numbers 30-33, 37, 39, 42, 45-47, 49-51, 59, 64, and 67. All are references from the Univ. of Pittsburgh Library System or the Univ. of Pittsburgh. I cannot fix the archive links. Could someone lend a hand?

Also, the archive link in number 1 is an erroneous link to someone other than Tannehill, and the number 38 archive link will not fully load. Could I get help reviving them too? I greatly appreciate the help! [[User:Tfhentz|Tfhentz]] ([[User talk:Tfhentz|talk]]) 16:43, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:I had a go with [[user:IABot|IABot]] but it didn't do much good and has been reverted. Quite frankly, the refs are a complete unwieldy unreadable mess and you may be wasting your time with the Wayback Machine for each specific page, especially if there is a complete online version. Reffing individual pages with their own url is essentially pointless, an example of gnomishly taking things to extremes. The Uni of Pittsburgh's own site throws up similar error messages to Wayback when I looked for the James B. Tannehill book [https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt:01awn7797m/viewer]: this seems to be a problem at their end, but I found a url somehere else. There may be other websites than Uni of Pittsburgh hosting the books. I would suggest at least adding a url to the main cite, e.g.:
<code><nowiki>Tannehill, James B. (1940). [https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/2/23/Tannahill-64.pdf ''Genealogical History of the Tannahills, Tannehills and Taneyhills'']. Washington, D.C.: Gibson Bros., Inc. OCLC 1298766782.</nowiki></code>
* Tannehill, James B. (1940). [https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/2/23/Tannahill-64.pdf ''Genealogical History of the Tannahills, Tannehills and Taneyhills'']. Washington, D.C.: Gibson Bros., Inc. OCLC 1298766782.
Or you could use {{tl|cite book}} to create proper cites for each book in the bibliography using a single url - here's an example:
<nowiki>{{cite book |last=Tannehill |first=James B. |date=1940 |title=Genealogical History of the Tannahills, Tannehills and Taneyhills |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Gibson Bros. |oclc=1298766782 |url=https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/2/23/Tannahill-64.pdf}}</nowiki>
*{{cite book |last=Tannehill |first=James B. |date=1940 |title=Genealogical History of the Tannahills, Tannehills and Taneyhills |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Gibson Bros. |oclc=1298766782 |url=https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/2/23/Tannahill-64.pdf}}
You can then either use a simple <code><nowiki><ref>Tannehill, pp. 41–2</ref></nowiki></code> or use {{tl|sfn}}s as in <code><nowiki>{{sfn|Tannehill|1940|pp=41–2}}</nowiki></code>: the latter would need consensus to change the reffing style. [[User:MinorProphet|MinorProphet]] ([[User talk:MinorProphet|talk]]) 18:48, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== {{strikethrough|Flatlist}} Plainlist template; [[list of Italian dishes]] ==

Could someone help me insert the {{strikethrough|flatlist}} plainlist template ([[User:Belbury]] claims it's correct to add this template for ingredients as well, whereas I claim it should only be inserted for countries of origin) on all the foods on the [[list of Italian dishes]] page? Please. The ones that need the template are about 90/95, not many, in two or three we can do it in about ten minutes or twenty. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 17:24, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:I haven't said anything about the flatlist template, only that you were wrong to characterise {{t|plainlist}} as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buccellato_di_Lucca&diff=prev&oldid=1201434920 "not used for ingredients"] in food infoboxes. [[:Template:Infobox food]] explicitly includes plainlist as an option for that field. [[User:Belbury|Belbury]] ([[User talk:Belbury|talk]]) 17:53, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buccellato_di_Lucca&diff=prev&oldid=1201517214 ==

In the English language, is there a difference between "sweet bread" and "[[sweetbread]]"? [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 20:58, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|JackkBrown}} Yes – "sweet bread" is [[bread]] which is sweet, while "[[sweetbread]]" is, quite confusingly, meat. [[User:Tollens|Tollens]] ([[User talk:Tollens|talk]]) 21:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|Tollens}} thank you very much for the clarification. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 21:04, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:Tollens is definitely on the right track. "Sweetbread", ''normally'' corresponding to a word with stress on the first syllable, commonly means a kind of meat. With this meaning, it's not "[[Principle of compositionality|compositional]]": if they only know the meanings of "sweet" and "bread" and an elementary fact about English grammar, people will not be able to determine this common meaning of "sweetbread". By contrast, "sweet bread", ''normally'' corresponding to stressed "sweet" followed by stressed "bread", parallels "good bread", "cheap bread", "poor bread", "fine bread", and so forth: with this meaning, it's compositional, simply meaning bread that's sweet. But there are two complications. First, English has no one recognized authority (organization, dictionary, or similar) decreeing either the meanings or the spellings of words and word sequences. Secondly, even though there are plenty of areas where most (or even all) users of English as a first language agree (and perhaps most would agree on this difference between "sweetbread" and "sweet bread"), individual people have their own idiosyncrasies of typing and so forth. -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 22:44, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|Hoary}} excellent explanation, thank you very much! [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 00:48, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

= February 1 =

== Italics and non-italics in title ==

The page [[House of X and Powers of X]] is not about a comic book as usual, but about two comic books ("House of X" is one, and "Powers of X" the other). They have a single article because they were published concurrently, both as part of the same comic book project, and with a story that was basically going from one to the other all the time. It would be way too confusing and with duplicate and overlapped info to write it as two articles, so it is done that way. The article's title is in italics, I understand that is caused by {{tl|Infobox comic book title}}. However, the italics should then be for both comics, but not the "and". Is there a way to fix that? [[User:Cambalachero|Cambalachero]] ([[User talk:Cambalachero|talk]]) 03:53, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

:[[WP:DISPLAYTITLE]] tells you how to get some more complex formatting into the displayed article title. You'll also want to add "|italic title=no" to the infobox. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 03:58, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

== CSS, JS, and <embed> restriction ==

=== CSS restriction ===

<small style="color:#666;">''That's dearchivation of my topic because it's ongoing. It's under today's date to prevent the bot from archiving it again. That's maybe look like solved, but there's a not solved question anyway (about .mw-parser-output).''</small>Hello, that's my second question. Unfortunately, santizer.php restricts the use of CSS (not bans it at all but restricts it a bit) and i got some problems about that. Looks like i cannot put some rules because of

elseif ( preg_match(

'! expression

| filter\s*:

| accelerator\s*:

| -o-link\s*:

| -o-link-source\s*:

| -o-replace\s*:

| url\s*\‍(

| image\s*\‍(

| image-set\s*\‍(

| attr\s*\‍([^)]+[\s,]+url

!ix', $value ) ) {

return '/* insecure input */';

}

Is santizer.php looks into TemplateStyles? If yes, is that elseif looks to it? If yes (or i will cannot use they on TemplateStyles because other reasons), are there a way to use these rulesets?

=== JS restriction ===

Also, are there a way to put a JS into a wiki page? I can need doing that for various reasons.

=== <embed> restriction ===

Finally, are there a way to put an <embed> into a wiki page? I need doing it to run [[Adobe Flash|Shockwave Flash]] movies, really. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 23:44, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:Ask technical questions like this at [[WP:Village pump (technical)]].

:—[[User:Trappist the monk|Trappist the monk]] ([[User talk:Trappist the monk|talk]]) 23:49, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:: I'll answer anyway. CSS: TemplateStyles is not sanitized by the specific code you copied here, but it is sanitized by other code elsewhere that imposes a similar (but not identical) set of restrictions, so what you are trying to do is unlikely to work there. {{pb}} JS: Literally yes, via techniques such as [[WP:User scripts]] and [[WP:Gadget|gadget]]s, but assuming you are actually asking whether it is possible to add JavaScript that runs for each viewer of a wiki page then no because that would open up [[cross-site scripting]] attacks. [[WP:On-demand gadgets]] will hopefully soon be enabled, which would in theory allow an interface admin to set up JavaScript that runs on a given page, but in practice they won't without a very good reason. {{pb}} <embed>: This is outright not possible, although of course if you are running JavaScript it could add the embed tag for you. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 00:08, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:::@[[User:Pppery|Pppery]] Your assumation is correct, i mean putting that script to that page. I hope that gadget is going to allow standard users to put their scripts at least in their user space. But, i cannot understand why CSS's are santizing because i cannot see any vulnerability at CSS's. And, i'll be happy if some embed support will come to MW, thanks. And, @[[User:Orangemike|Orangemike]]: i cannot understand it because open-source players (emulators, such as Ruffle) also can run those movies. Shcokwave Flash technology supports lots of features for very tiny storing spaces and hardware powers, i love it. Thanks. <small>I wrote that to not that pump because that's a question right now, i think i must transfer it to the pump if that's converted to a request. I hope i understood correctly.</small> [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 04:49, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:::: For example CSS could load content from a third-party website thereby resulting in every viewer of a page sending their IP address to that website, a violation of privacy. That's just one example I can think of off the top of my head, and I'm sure there are more. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 04:52, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:::::Are users not sending their IP's to WMF anyway? (that's just the thing i wanted to do...) [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 04:55, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:::::: Yes, and the WMF imposes a strict [[wmf:Policy:Privacy policy#IP Addresses 2|privacy policy]] on that data, which third-party websites added through CSS (even if non-malicious) won't follow. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 05:14, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:::::::So, it'll be very good if the WMF servers van download these data with their IP adresses and give that data to me instead of saying me "please download https://www.example.com/blabla-image.jpg". I don't care about giving my IP's to image servers but (as you say) someone can care about that and that way will make both they and i happy. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 05:20, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: I don't think the WMF wants to operate an arbitrary [[reverse proxy]], nor would it be a good idea even if they did. Anyway, I decline to indulge in further hypotheticals - Wikipedia doesn't support loading stuff from external sites for various reasons and this is not going to change in the future. If this is really just about an image that you can upload it to Wikimedia Commons - the sanitizer for TemplateStyles CSS does accept URLs pointing to files uploaded on Commons. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 05:38, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:::::::::Thanks. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 17:16, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

::::::::::Also, i noticed another thing in templatestyles to ask. Why all of the rulesets are limited to .mw-parser-output? Does anyone know that? [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 04:34, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:As I understand it, Wikipedia does not permit the use of proprietary formats such as Adobe Flash; you must provide content in an open-source format. --[[User:Orangemike|<span style="color:#F80">Orange Mike</span>]] | [[User talk:Orangemike|<span style="color:#FA0">Talk</span>]] 01:33, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

::Also looks like SWF is an open-source format, look at [https://open-flash.github.io/mirrors/swf-spec-19.pdf] there's almost every details of the format was explained. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 05:02, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:Even if <embed> would be allowed Wikimedia sites do not permit displaying content from external sites, even for images. You would also need to get Flash movies as an accepted format either locally or in Commons. Considering the format is obsolete I really think it would be easier to convert the Flash movies you want into some other acceptable format like .webm and upload the converted video. [[User:MKFI|MKFI]] ([[User talk:MKFI|talk]]) 08:54, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

== Удаление статьи ==

Здравствуйте. Подскажите, пожалуйста, как можно удалить статью о человеке из википедии?
Статья обо мне и я хочу удалить

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Зюзин,_Александр_Викторович [[Special:Contributions/83.69.214.109|83.69.214.109]] ([[User talk:83.69.214.109|talk]]) 06:28, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

:(Above, via Google Translate: "Hello. Please tell me how can I delete an article about a person from Wikipedia? Article about me and I want to delete")
:This is the help desk for the English-language Wikipedia - we have no control over Russian-language Wikipedia content. [[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]] ([[User talk:AndyTheGrump|talk]]) 06:41, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

: The RU wiki help desk is at [[:ru:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B]] [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 07:06, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Help desk

2024-01-31T08:28:28Z

P. ĐĂNG:

{{Short description|Page for questions relating to Wikipedia}}
{{/Header}}
{{skip to top and bottom}}
[[Category:Wikipedia help pages with dated sections]]
<div style="width:51%;">__TOC__</div>




= January 28 =

== The Miss America Pageant of 1961 ==

I believe that you have a mistake on your page for the 1961 Miss America contest. You claim that it happened on September 10, 1961. Unless they were in the habit of holding that pageant on Sundays, you are mistaken. I believe that the Miss America Pageant was held on September 9, 1961. An odd bit of trivia, I know, but you see I'd been told all my life that I was born during that pageant. Grandma doesn't lie. I was born Saturday, September 9, 1961. [[Special:Contributions/216.119.20.108|216.119.20.108]] ([[User talk:216.119.20.108|talk]]) 00:32, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:The Miss America pageant is a multi-day event although the final day gets most of the attention. [https://hswv.pastperfectonline.com/Photo/3B75CBDB-6292-4D9A-A1DB-263912259320 This source] says that the 1961 pageant ran from September 5 to September 10. Both your grandmother and the Wikipedia article are correct. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 01:41, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Anomalous temporary situations where good can be done. ==
{{Moved discussion from|Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#Anomalous temporary situations where good can be done.| [[User:Aaron Liu|<span style="color:#0645ad">Aaron Liu</span>]] ([[User talk:Aaron Liu#top|talk]]) 01:09, 28 January 2024 (UTC)}}

This is almost certainly in the wrongly place so I apologise but the situation is urgent and dire.

My son is an artist who's work is considered important in the way it informs the debate on the subject of Intentionalism. It appears in a PhD dissertation, in on line journals such as the Dutch "Aesthetic Investigations" and is used as course materials in schools.

Note: That's a qualified important, not the holy grail of "Important", just the foothills.

He's considered really important in the Titanic battle he's fighting against the authorities to ensure equality for all.

It's critically important that, on his behalf, a standard wiki page is created that pushed the envelope of the article rules, even if for a short time. I haven't a clue what to do and what to say, but I could really use hlp urgently.

Thanks Roger.

[[User:Nemo183|Nemo183]] ([[User talk:Nemo183|talk]]) 00:54, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:I think we need a name first, and then we can assess his [[WP:Notability]]. [[User:Aaron Liu|<span style="color:#0645ad">Aaron Liu</span>]] ([[User talk:Aaron Liu#top|talk]]) 01:10, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:[[User:Nemo183|Nemo183]], the virtues of a subject (e.g. the person's benefit to society) have no direct effect on their [[WP:N|notability (as defined by and for Wikipedia)]]. This proposed subject either is or isn't notable. If he's notable, then it's likely that some disinterested person (of course not a relative) will eventually want to create a draft or article about him. (A person with a conflict of interest, such as a relative, can make a draft.) If he's not notable, then no article can be made, and creating a draft will merely waste the creator's time. -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 01:23, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:Also, please have a look at [[WP:NOTADVOCACY]]. [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 12:30, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:Wikipedia is not the place to promote a person, place, or idea. Please take your advocacy elsewhere. [[User:Cremastra|🌺 Cremastra ]] ([[User talk:Cremastra|talk]]) 14:29, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== My "complicated username" block on Swedish Wikipedia has banned me from using the Wikipedia Library ==

Hi. I have already written a "Help Me" thing on my talk page about this but since I really want to get this resolved as quick as possible I'm also writing here.
So a month or two ago I accidentally clicked on a link that sent me to Swedish Wikipedia. When I got there I received a notification that when I translated said that I was "indefinitely blocked from Swedish Wikipedia for having a complicated username". I thought that was silly and just went back to English Wikipedia. But for a while now whenever I went to access the Wikipedia Library I had this pop-up that told me that I couldn't use it because I had an active block on my account. But when I would check the English Wikipedia list of blocked users I wouldn't be there. I only today made the connection between the two. I left a reply on my [[:sv:Användardiskussion:Qwexcxewq|Swedish Wikipedia talk page]] but I don't think that anything will come of this, and even if something were to it would be difficult communicating since I don't speak the language. I don't want to change my username but besides from that I don't know what else I can do to get access to the Wikipedia Library again? Is there a way I can somehow delete my Swedish account or change my Swedish username? Or somehow have this resolved? I do a lot of editing on articles relating to Zoology so I use JSTOR a lot so this effects my editing a lot. [[User:Qwexcxewq|Qwexcxewq]] ([[User talk:Qwexcxewq|talk]]) 03:42, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|Qwexcxewq}}There is nothing wrong with your username, just to let you know. Someone will be along with advice about the rest. Sorry I don't have the knowledge or access to help further. Cheers, - <span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS">[[User:FlightTime|<span style="color:#800000">'''FlightTime'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:FlightTime|<span style="color:#1C0978">'''open channel'''</span>]])</small></span> 03:53, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::From what I can tell based on a translation the Swedish Wikipedia blocked them for having a complicated username, being what appears to be a random string of letters(perhaps more so in Swedish). We have that policy too, but usually the name would need to be much longer and more random than this one to apply that here. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 09:02, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Other than being a palindrome, I can't tease any meaning out of it, Swedish or other. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 09:10, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
: {{re|Qwexcxewq}} At [[WP:LIBRARY]] there is an email address for the project. If you reach out that way, then maybe the WMF staff can allow your account access to the library even with the Swedish block. [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 03:55, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks for the suggestion I will try this. [[User:Qwexcxewq|Qwexcxewq]] ([[User talk:Qwexcxewq|talk]]) 23:00, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:Ping @[[User:Nikkimaria|Nikkimaria]] if you have a comment. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 09:00, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::I posted a translated message on their Swedish user talk page asking that the block be removed. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 09:03, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|331dot}} Thank you! - <span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS">[[User:FlightTime|<span style="color:#800000">'''FlightTime'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:FlightTime|<span style="color:#1C0978">'''open channel'''</span>]])</small></span> 15:35, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::: [[User:FlightTime|FlightTime]] your Swedish block was canceled (nothing I did). {{u|331dot}}, you can search high and low and you won't find a Swede with internet access who doesn't speak and read English to a high level. (Ditto, Holland.) [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 05:25, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for the advice, I wasn't sure I should assume. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 08:53, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Create a wiki ==

How do I create a Wikipedia page about someone? [[User:Transadvocate101|Transadvocate101]] ([[User talk:Transadvocate101|talk]]) 07:15, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:Creating a new article (not a "page" or a "wiki") that will be accepted is very difficult for someone new to editing Wikipedia. I suggest you gain more experience with editing first. However, please start by reading [[WP:Your first article]] which will tell you all you need to know. [[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]]|[[User talk:Shantavira|<sup>feed me</sup>]] 09:17, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:If you mean creating a new wiki, not an article, please start with downloading MediaWiki and putting it into a server or your computer (you'll need a PHP servering program for do that, and the wiki will be unusable when you turn off your computer), then maybe installing some extensions/gadgets, and opening it to the world by your modem settings/their options. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 16:32, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:: Pretty clear what "Wikipedia page about someone" means, though, isn't it? [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 05:28, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== "Not constructive" contributions ==

Hi,

I was filling out some info about [[Algis Uždavinys]], about his family and faith. More specifically, I had written (with references):

---

'''Death'''

One week before his death, Algis posted a quotation from the poem “In Praise” by Kathleen Raine on his Facebook page:

If this were my last of days

I would praise all that is —

Oh sun’s bright rays

That wake my eyes

Once more upon this world . . .

'''Personal Life'''

He was a convert to Islam and died a Muslim. He is survived by his wife Virginija (or Virginia), and their two daughters, one of whose name is Ruta.

---

And then I recieved this message:

"Hello, I'm Queen of Hearts. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse or the Help desk. Thanks. QueenofHearts 07:02, 28 January 2024 (UTC)"

What does it mean if a contribution is not constructive? Why was my contribution not constructive? How can I make it constructive?

Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:E0:67ED:DC00:B8F1:30E5:B466:CD97|2A02:E0:67ED:DC00:B8F1:30E5:B466:CD97]] ([[User talk:2A02:E0:67ED:DC00:B8F1:30E5:B466:CD97|talk]]) 07:18, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:(courtesy ping to {{u|Queen of Hearts}}, who reverted) [[User:LittlePuppers|LittlePuppers]] ([[User talk:LittlePuppers|talk]]) 07:39, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::I fail to see why a Facebook post one week before his death is worth mentioning in a biography. I do not think that the direct quotation from Kathleen Raine's poem is appropriate, but even if it is, it would need to be attributed to a specific publication with bibliographic details. This is policy. {{tpq|He was a convert to Islam and died a Muslim}} is a strange formulation that seems to imply that his commitment to Islam was in doubt. Why? Also, we do not normally mention the name of non-notable children. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:58, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::"I fail to see why a Facebook post one week before his death is worth mentioning in a biography."
:::Frankly, I thought it was interesting coincidence. But I understand.
:::"even if it is, it would need to be attributed to a specific publication with bibliographic details."
:::Well, a source was already provided: "K. Raine, Living with Mystery: Poems 1987-91 (Golgonooza Press 1992)."
:::"He was a convert to Islam and died a Muslim is a strange formulation that seems to imply that his commitment to Islam was in doubt. Why?"
:::Not that it was in question, I just happened to formulate it that way.
:::"we do not normally mention the name of non-notable children."
:::Thanks, TIL.
:::All in all, does the strangeness of a formulation, the worthiness of the poem, and the name of non-notable children necessitate that all the edits be undone? Can I re-write the parts in accordance with this feedback? [[Special:Contributions/2A02:E0:67ED:DC00:B8F1:30E5:B466:CD97|2A02:E0:67ED:DC00:B8F1:30E5:B466:CD97]] ([[User talk:2A02:E0:67ED:DC00:B8F1:30E5:B466:CD97|talk]]) 08:06, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::::What an individual Wikipedia editor personally thinks is a coincidence does not belong in an encyclopedia article. Sorry for missing the reference to the poem. Since he wrote extensively about Islam, I think mentioning that he was a Muslim is justified, but it should be a straightforward statement, instead of written in a way that makes readers think "what's going on here?" Sure, you can try again, but if any other editor objects, you will need to gain consensus. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 08:20, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:Hi there! I suggest reviewing the [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]] page. When your good faith edits are reverted in the future, the best place to have the discussion is the article's talk page (e.g. [[Talk:Algis Uždavinys]]), where you can work with the person who reverted your edit and other interested editors to come to a [[WP:Consensus|consensus]]. Happy editing! [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 15:30, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Castro Pretorio]] ==

Why does the bot keep adding this template? https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castro_Pretorio&diff=prev&oldid=1199476511. There are no references in this article, only notes (3). [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 16:06, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:I think it's seeing external links as sources, not notes. It's probably only looking at external links, that's like a bug and you may talk with the operator for changing the source code to count references only if they are under the "References" H2. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 16:26, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] & @[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]]: The bot uses [[WP:AWB/GF|AWB's general fixes]]. Changing {{tag|ref}} to {{tl|efn}} and changing {{tl|reflist}} to {{tl|notelist}} prevents AWB from changing {{tl|unreferenced}}. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 21:08, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] Okay, but still i think it'll be better if the source code can be changed to don't see they as references if they are not under "References" H2. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 23:12, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::::@[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]]: That's fine - feel free to submit a request for the AWB developers by following the instructions at [[Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser]]. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 23:36, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Deletion ==

how to delete a Wikipedia page [[User:Zaddy007|Zaddy007]] ([[User talk:Zaddy007|talk]]) 18:23, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{u|Zaddy007}} That depends on the article and your reasons for wanting it deleted. Can you given more information? [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 18:25, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::i want to delete a page that is spreading wrong information [[User:Zaddy007|Zaddy007]] ([[User talk:Zaddy007|talk]]) 18:38, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::So we know it's an article you think is spreading wrong information. Is it '''[[AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China]]'''? [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 18:44, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::::no but they are adding a wrong information about a specific community or caste [[User:Zaddy007|Zaddy007]] ([[User talk:Zaddy007|talk]]) 18:46, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::That is quite possible, Wikipedia is made by people and therefor not perfect. However, you saying "this is false", is not good enough, any WP-article is meant to be a summary of cited [[WP:RS]]. You can try to start discussion about this at the talkpage of the article in question, or pages like [[Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics]] and [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Pakistan]]. And be prepared to provide [[WP:RS]] that supports your argument. Good luck. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 18:55, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Also be advised that there are special rules when editing about South Asian social groups, please see your user talk page. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 21:46, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

=== Meghwal ===

[[Meghwal]] please delete this page [[User:Zaddy007|Zaddy007]] ([[User talk:Zaddy007|talk]]) 18:43, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Zaddy007}} No. the subject meets our notability requirements and is reasonably well-referenced. If you feel the article should be changed, please discuss this on the article's talk page at [[Talk:Meghwal]]. -[[User:Arch dude|Arch dude]] ([[User talk:Arch dude|talk]]) 19:37, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Zuppa toscana]] ==

A few minutes ago I removed the "Cookbook" template from the top of the page, because I don't think it's correct to put it there, but I don't know where to put it, as there is no "External links" paragraph. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 21:01, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]]: The instructions at [[Template:Cookbook]] states "Rather than creating an otherwise-empty External links section for this template, this template may be placed at the top of the last section on the page", which I have done. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 21:11, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|GoingBatty}} I would like to avoid opening a new topic, so I would like to ask you how I can add a wikilink from Wiktionary, I'm referring to "elioconcentrato" (on the [[list of Italian dishes]] page). [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 22:49, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]]: I think you want to create a wikilink from the English Wikiipedia article to Wikitionary - see [[Help:Interwiki linking]]. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 23:33, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
::::{{Ping|GoingBatty}} thank you very much! Done (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Italian_dishes&diff=prev&oldid=1200175228?; https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Italian_dishes&diff=prev&oldid=1200175433). [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 23:43, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

== Harasment by AndyTheGrump ==

I no longer know how to deal with AndyTheGrump. He now only insults me on the [[Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard/Incidents#The_Other_Karma_is_now_demanding_that_content_they_added_to_the_article_not_be_removed|ANI]] page and assumes bad intentions. Which suggests [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct trolling] according to the UCoC. <br/>
But I've heard that you shouldn't create a new ANI request, when already one exists because it will be deleted. How should I proceed so that this stops and he leaves me alone? [[User:The Other Karma|The Other Karma]] ([[User talk:The Other Karma|talk]]) 21:16, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:If calling out your refusal to collaborate is against the UCoC then there is something wrong with the UCoC. [[User:Phil Bridger|Phil Bridger]] ([[User talk:Phil Bridger|talk]]) 21:47, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:This is forum shopping with zero evidence to backup accusations against @[[User:AndyTheGrump|AndyTheGrump]]. cc @[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]] who might want to broaden the block they applied. <span style="font-family:Calibri; font-weight:bold;">[[User:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#a117f2;">Star</span>]] [[User talk:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#df00fe;">Mississippi</span>]]</span> 22:21, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
: {{u|The Other Karma}}, I know you are dealing with the upset of a [[WP:PARTIAL|partial block]], and that's a shock to the system, but at this point the best thing to do is not to be defensive, much less counterattack, and avoid drama of any sort. There is already a call to increase the restriction you are currently under, and I mentioned to you once already at ANI not to damage your case further. Please disengage here; this is a time to lick your wounds, reflect privately, then regroup and listen to what experienced editors are telling you, and figure out how to internalize good advice and move forward again in a new direction. Plenty of editors out there will help you with that, but you have to show a willingness to hear it, understand it, and adapt. Your best strategy now, imho, is silence on all noticeboards, and a temporary retreat. Just taking a few days off to clear your head might help; see [[WP:WIKIBREAK]]. Then come back refreshed, and ready to start again. [[:de:Grußformel (Korrespondenz)#Abkürzungen|MfG]], [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:34, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:: Oops, too late; the full block happened while I was editing. I'll add a note at your UTP. [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:36, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes. Sorry, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]], but as I have just said at ANI, yes, I do want to extend the block to indefinite, and have done so. No prejudice to editors out there helping the user to ultimately become unblocked. [[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]] | [[User talk:Bishonen|tålk]] 22:39, 28 January 2024 (UTC).

==[[Susannah Taylor]]==
Ref number 1 - please fix - I cannot
Thanks [[Special:Contributions/115.70.23.77|115.70.23.77]] ([[User talk:115.70.23.77|talk]]) 21:51, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:Sure you can! If the source is actually a journal, then add {{para|journal}} with the journal name. If you're just citing the web page, change {{tl|cite journal}} to {{tl|cite web}}. Happy editing! [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 21:55, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

::Please help - I did what you said but now the entire citation is in RED! [[Special:Contributions/115.70.23.77|115.70.23.77]] ([[User talk:115.70.23.77|talk]]) 22:05, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:::I [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susannah_Taylor&diff=prev&oldid=1200153077 fixed] the major problem: each component of a 'cite' is separated from the others by a vertical bar. You had placed copy of the title before the first bar (small but critical detail in GoingBatty's comment is '|journal=' not 'journal='). But you already have that in the {{para|title}} field. GoingBatty makes an important other point though...is this actually a published ''journal'' at all, or instead is it solely a website? In a journal, there is the publication-name and then the article-title in it. For a website, there is the title of the webpage, and maybe a website name for the whole site. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 22:32, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

:::: I failed again. Please fix[[Special:Contributions/115.70.23.77|115.70.23.77]] ([[User talk:115.70.23.77|talk]]) 00:25, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
: See below, I think I fixed it. For next time, no need to start a new question while this one is still on the Help Desk. [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 03:38, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

{{FYI|Merged sections with same header by same user. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 03:53, 29 January 2024 (UTC)}}

Reference number 1 is in red (still), please assist [[Special:Contributions/115.70.23.77|115.70.23.77]] ([[User talk:115.70.23.77|talk]]) 03:32, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
: From the web page it does not seem like a journal, so I changed it to {{t|Cite web}}. Please revert if that is not correct. [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 03:38, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== CSS, JS, and <embed> restriction ==

=== CSS restriction ===
Hello, that's my second question. Unfortunately, santizer.php restricts the use of CSS (not bans it at all but restricts it a bit) and i got some problems about that. Looks like i cannot put some rules because of
elseif ( preg_match(
'! expression
| filter\s*:
| accelerator\s*:
| -o-link\s*:
| -o-link-source\s*:
| -o-replace\s*:
| url\s*\‍(
| image\s*\‍(
| image-set\s*\‍(
| attr\s*\‍([^)]+[\s,]+url
!ix', $value ) ) {
return '/* insecure input */';
}
Is santizer.php looks into TemplateStyles? If yes, is that elseif looks to it? If yes (or i will cannot use they on TemplateStyles because other reasons), are there a way to use these rulesets?
=== JS restriction ===
Also, are there a way to put a JS into a wiki page? I can need doing that for various reasons.
=== <embed> restriction ===
Finally, are there a way to put an <embed> into a wiki page? I need doing it to run [[Adobe Flash|Shockwave Flash]] movies, really. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 23:44, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:Ask technical questions like this at [[WP:Village pump (technical)]].
:—[[User:Trappist the monk|Trappist the monk]] ([[User talk:Trappist the monk|talk]]) 23:49, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
:: I'll answer anyway. CSS: TemplateStyles is not sanitized by the specific code you copied here, but it is sanitized by other code elsewhere that imposes a similar (but not identical) set of restrictions, so what you are trying to do is unlikely to work there. {{pb}} JS: Literally yes, via techniques such as [[WP:User scripts]] and [[WP:Gadget|gadget]]s, but assuming you are actually asking whether it is possible to add JavaScript that runs for each viewer of a wiki page then no because that would open up [[cross-site scripting]] attacks. [[WP:On-demand gadgets]] will hopefully soon be enabled, which would in theory allow an interface admin to set up JavaScript that runs on a given page, but in practice they won't without a very good reason. {{pb}} <embed>: This is outright not possible, although of course if you are running JavaScript it could add the embed tag for you. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 00:08, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Pppery|Pppery]] Your assumation is correct, i mean putting that script to that page. I hope that gadget is going to allow standard users to put their scripts at least in their user space. But, i cannot understand why CSS's are santizing because i cannot see any vulnerability at CSS's. And, i'll be happy if some embed support will come to MW, thanks. And, @[[User:Orangemike|Orangemike]]: i cannot understand it because open-source players (emulators, such as Ruffle) also can run those movies. Shcokwave Flash technology supports lots of features for very tiny storing spaces and hardware powers, i love it. Thanks. <small>I wrote that to not that pump because that's a question right now, i think i must transfer it to the pump if that's converted to a request. I hope i understood correctly.</small> [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 04:49, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::: For example CSS could load content from a third-party website thereby resulting in every viewer of a page sending their IP address to that website, a violation of privacy. That's just one example I can think of off the top of my head, and I'm sure there are more. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 04:52, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Are users not sending their IP's to WMF anyway? (that's just the thing i wanted to do...) [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 04:55, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::: Yes, and the WMF imposes a strict [[wmf:Policy:Privacy policy#IP Addresses 2|privacy policy]] on that data, which third-party websites added through CSS (even if non-malicious) won't follow. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 05:14, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::So, it'll be very good if the WMF servers van download these data with their IP adresses and give that data to me instead of saying me "please download https://www.example.com/blabla-image.jpg". I don't care about giving my IP's to image servers but (as you say) someone can care about that and that way will make both they and i happy. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 05:20, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::: I don't think the WMF wants to operate an arbitrary [[reverse proxy]], nor would it be a good idea even if they did. Anyway, I decline to indulge in further hypotheticals - Wikipedia doesn't support loading stuff from external sites for various reasons and this is not going to change in the future. If this is really just about an image that you can upload it to Wikimedia Commons - the sanitizer for TemplateStyles CSS does accept URLs pointing to files uploaded on Commons. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 05:38, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::Thanks. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 17:16, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::::::Also, i noticed another thing in templatestyles to ask. Why all of the rulesets are limited to .mw-parser-output? Does anyone know that? [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 04:34, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:As I understand it, Wikipedia does not permit the use of proprietary formats such as Adobe Flash; you must provide content in an open-source format. --[[User:Orangemike|<span style="color:#F80">Orange Mike</span>]] | [[User talk:Orangemike|<span style="color:#FA0">Talk</span>]] 01:33, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::Also looks like SWF is an open-source format, look at [https://open-flash.github.io/mirrors/swf-spec-19.pdf] there's almost every details of the format was explained. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 05:02, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

= January 29 =

== [[Ravioli]]; [[pisarei e faśö]] ==

In these two pages the "Etymology" paragraph was positioned after the "History" paragraph; on the [[ravioli]] page I think I solved it, but I don't know about the [[pisarei e faśö]] page (I don't know where the "Preparation" paragraph should be placed). Thanks in advance. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 00:57, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]]: The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink/Tools/guidelines]] don't specify the order for such sections. [[WP:BEBOLD|Be bold]], and discuss on the talk page if anyone reverts your edits. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 01:44, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== What to do with draft ==

I've run into a few cases where there will be a small article in mainspace, and then a draft article on a related topic that has more content, but is not independently notable from the main article so would not get past AfC. (usually with my field of interests, on the perpetrator of a crime apart from the article on the crime)

Can I just move it into article space myself as a redirect and then merge the content into the existing page? (providing attribution of course) [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 03:12, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] I think, in the hypothetical you describe, that it ''can'' be ok to do something like that. If I know article X, and then find related draft Y with some useful content, it ''could'' be reasonable to improve the article with some of the draft content, [[WP:COPYWITHIN]] may apply depending on what I do. If the draft has a useful title, I could also make a redirect from that title. Before I did this, I would check if the draft creator is active, and if they are, I'd probably try to discuss it with them first, to see if they object. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 07:53, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== company account ==

This our company account but someone else has ownership of it. we would request you to transfer the ownership. thank you.

please return my account as soon as possible [[User:Ahemad mi|Ahemad mi]] ([[User talk:Ahemad mi|talk]]) 13:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{u|Ahemad mi}} Are you referring to the [[MYBYK]] article? It is not an account, but an encyclopedia article. The article is not owned by any particular individual, it belongs to Wikipedia. Are you associated with this company? [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 13:37, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:"Company accounts" are forbidden: all Wikipedia accounts must be used by one individual only. As 331dot says, nobody [[WP:OWN|owns]] any article: almost all articles may be edited by almost anybody. One major exception is that people are strongly discouraged from editing articles on subjects with which they have a connection.
:If you wish changes to be made in Wikipedia's article about your company you should
:# If there are more than one of you working on this, each create an individual account.
:# Each of you make the '''mandatory''' declaration of your status as a [[WP:paid editor|paid editor]] (see that link for details).
:# Do not edit the article directly, but instead make formal [[WP:edit request|edit request]]s for changes you wish to see. Make sure that any information you wish to introduce is cited to a [[WP:reliable source|reliable source]], and (unless it is uncontroversial factual information like places, dates, or names of officers) to a [[WP:independent source|independent source]].
:Note that {{HD/WINI}} [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 17:53, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

=== MYBYK PAGE ===

I was created mybyk page but that page is not shown on google [[User:Nikhilmakwana598|Nikhilmakwana598]] ([[User talk:Nikhilmakwana598|talk]]) 13:34, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:It is currently in your [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nikhilmakwana598/sandbox sandbox] so it is not an official Wikipedia article. Wikipedia has no control over how external search engines index and display their results. It is also completely unsourced, see [[WP:YFA]] for help.--'''''[[User:ianmacm|<span style="background:#88b;color:#cff;font-variant:small-caps">♦Ian<span style="background:#99c">Ma<span style="background:#aad">c</span></span>M♦</span>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ianmacm|(talk to me)]]</sup>''''' 13:38, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[MYBYK]] already exists. I recommend working on that article rather than writing it again. [[User:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#6BAD2D">Recon</span>]][[User talk:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#2F3833">rabbit</span>]] 13:46, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
: {{Ping|Nikhilmakwana598}} Is this related to the sub-section above, also about MYBYK? Please note the comments there. <span class="vcard"><span class="fn">[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]]</span> (<span class="nickname">Pigsonthewing</span>); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]</span> 15:02, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== SAVE AN UNPUBLISHED PAGE ==

will my unpublished page be saved in the drafts or userpage if i go offline so i can come back to it next time to continue creating before publishing? [[User:Okwudili Nwakobi|Okwudili Nwakobi]] ([[User talk:Okwudili Nwakobi|talk]]) 15:30, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{ec}} {{ping|Okwudili Nwakobi}} Do you have a link to that page, it can be [[Wikipedia:Userfication|userfied]]. - <span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS">[[User:FlightTime|<span style="color:#800000">'''FlightTime'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:FlightTime|<span style="color:#1C0978">'''open channel'''</span>]])</small></span> 15:41, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Okwudili Nwakobi}} No it will not. you must click on the button whose name is "publish": That button is deceptively named. It performs the "save" function. It does NOT put your work into the main namespace. To "publish" into a user subpage, just create that page (e.g., [[User:Okwudili Nwakobi/my workspace]]). To "publish" into a draft, just create it in draft space (e.g., [[Draft:foobar]]). "Publish" is a legal term in copyright law. When you save anything on a Wikimedia server, you "publish" it in the copyright sense, and you license it under [[CC-BY-SA]], even in user space or draft space. -[[User:Arch dude|Arch dude]] ([[User talk:Arch dude|talk]]) 15:43, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:Your other alternative (using the source editor) is to copy out the wikicode from your not-yet-saved draft or userpage and paste it into a local text editor on your device, so that you only store the content locally and not on a Wikipedia server. Later, you would copy/paste the material back into a Wikipedia editing window to continue writing. [[User:Michael D. Turnbull|Mike Turnbull]] ([[User talk:Michael D. Turnbull|talk]]) 17:02, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== Building materials ==

No mention of ferrock [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:8661:E350:C5D9:7D5C:796C:671F|2600:1700:8661:E350:C5D9:7D5C:796C:671F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:8661:E350:C5D9:7D5C:796C:671F|talk]]) 15:37, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:That is likely because it is a relatively new material. You are welcome to discuss this on [[Talk:Building material|the talk page of Building material]]. [[User:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#6BAD2D">Recon</span>]][[User talk:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#2F3833">rabbit</span>]] 15:41, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::There was a brief discussion about Ferrock and Carbicrete in March 2021 [[Wikipedia:Teahouse/Questions/Archive_1100#Notable_enough?|here]], but this was not pursued - possibly because there were insufficient [[WP:reliable sources|reliable sources]] giving extensive, [[WP:Independent|Independent]] coverage at that time. This may well have changed, but, with many new products, most of the information is, either directly, or indirectly, from the manufacturers, so is not independent. - [[User:Arjayay|Arjayay]] ([[User talk:Arjayay|talk]]) 15:51, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::It seems like the user interested in the conversation is no longer active, but they had a start to an article to be split from [[Cement]] at [[User:Nellas Galadhon/sandbox]] that mentions Ferrock. [[User:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#6BAD2D">Recon</span>]][[User talk:Reconrabbit|<span style="color:#2F3833">rabbit</span>]] 16:02, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== How to change the User Page title? ==

I have created a new user talk page for me in Wikipedia. But I am unable to change the title of User Page talk. I am not eligible to "Move" the page with new page. Please suggest me how can I achieve this? Here is my Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim

Thanks in advance. [[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] ([[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|talk]]) 16:17, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]]: Hi there! It appears you were creating a [[WP:Draft|draft article]] on your [[WP:User page|user page]], so I moved it to [[Draft:Muhtasim Fuad Fahim]] for you. [[WP:AUTO]] explains that Wikipedia strongly discourages autobiographies, which are a [[WP:PSCOI|conflict of interest]] (COI). You must [[WP:DECLARECOI|declare your COI]] on your user page. I added a welcome message at your user talk page, [[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]]. Hope this is what you were looking for. Please reply here if you were asking for something else. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 16:40, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]]. Yes, I was looking for it. Please change the name to "Md. Muhtasim Fuad Fahim" from "Muhtasim Fuad Fahim". That would be a great help for me. [[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] ([[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|talk]]) 16:45, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]]: If you want to change your username so it doesn't include "Md" (and therefore your user page and user talk page do not contain "Md"), see [[WP:RENAME]]. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 16:53, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::And, @[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]], if you want to change the draft title so that it includes Md. - please don't, honorifics are not normally included in article titles. [[Special:Contributions/57.140.16.1|57.140.16.1]] ([[User talk:57.140.16.1|talk]]) 17:13, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::{{ec}} [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]], as the IP above implies, it sounds more like it's the other way round: {{u|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim}} seems to want change the draft article name so that it ''does'' contain the "Md". It appears to be used as a title (Doctor of Medicine sounds less likely, but what do I know - maybe the user is both a software engineer and a doctor). Compare the draft text, where Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim's father is named as "Md. Abdur Rashid". Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim, it's against Wikipedia's house style to have titles such as "MD" in article names, so we won't make that change. Moreover, I'm afraid your draft is much too [[WP:ADVERTISEMENT|promotional]] to become an article any time soon, and it severely lacks [[WP:reliable sources|reliable sources]]. [[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]] | [[User talk:Bishonen|tålk]] 17:24, 29 January 2024 (UTC).
:::::@[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]]: Ah, he wrote "to...from" and I was incorrectly reading it as "from...to". Thanks! [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 17:52, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]]. Can you please let me know how to start with my user page again and which rules should be strictly followed? Please let me know in details. [[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] ([[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|talk]]) 17:57, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]]: To learn how to edit and Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, I suggest you start at [[Help:Introduction]]. I suggest spending a significant amount of time editing existing articles to hone your skills. When you're ready to create an article, you would gather multiple published [[WP:IS|independent]] [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] that have provided [[WP:SIGCOV|significant coverage]] of you, and determine whether they demonstrate that you meet Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, called "[[WP:NBIO|notability]]". If so, you would [[WP:DECLARECOI|declare your COI]] on your user page. Then follow the instructions at [[Help:Your first article]] and summarize what the sources have published, and be prepared for a process that may include months of waiting for review, declines, and rewrites, before an article is accepted. If you are successful, then you could never edit the article directly due to your COI, but could submit [[Wikipedia:Edit requests|edit requests]] on the article talk page. Hope this helps. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 18:01, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Thanks a lot. I would like to be connected with you for further help. Thanks again. [[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] ([[User talk:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|talk]]) 18:06, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your reply @[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]]. Bit I am not using the Honorfics. It's "Md." by which it defines "Mohammad". Not any honorfics. Shouldn’t I use it? Please suggest me as I am new here. [[Special:Contributions/103.72.212.137|103.72.212.137]] ([[User talk:103.72.212.137|talk]]) 17:32, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your reply @[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]]. I am using this "Md." which defines Mohammad not any honorifics or designation ans same for my father. Shouldn’t I use those before names? Please let me know as I am new here. [[Special:Contributions/103.72.212.137|103.72.212.137]] ([[User talk:103.72.212.137|talk]]) 17:35, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::No, you shouldn't use those abbreviations either. Use the whole name if you want to. Please log in to your account to post. [[User:Bishonen|Bishonen]] | [[User talk:Bishonen|tålk]] 17:43, 29 January 2024 (UTC).
::::::Huh, we do actually have a few articles using that abbreviation - [[Md. Hafizur Rahman]], for instance. Not sure if it's worth moving them to a non-abbreviated title. Seems to be a thing in Bangladesh. [[Special:Contributions/57.140.16.1|57.140.16.1]] ([[User talk:57.140.16.1|talk]]) 18:24, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim|Mdmuhtasimfuadfahim]] / IP editor. Please log in before adding more comments, so we are sure that your contributions are logged to your account. Your draft has been deleted by an administrator because it was too [[WP:PROMOTION|promotional]], which is not in line with Wikipedia's purposes. You can start again using the [[WP:AfC]] process but I suggest you leave your username as it is. You might be better to focus on improving some of our existing articles on topics that interest you, to learn how things work here. Writing articles of an acceptable standard is difficult to do straight off. [[User:Michael D. Turnbull|Mike Turnbull]] ([[User talk:Michael D. Turnbull|talk]]) 17:46, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Tuscany]]; https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toscana ==

Why, despite the two pages being very close in terms of references (the Italian article has 47, while this one has 39), this article is "only" 58,039 bytes long, while the Italian article has 159,035? [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 18:43, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:Courtesy link [[Tuscany]]. Why should they? They have been written by different people to (probably) different requirements in different languages. [[User:Martin of Sheffield|Martin of Sheffield]] ([[User talk:Martin of Sheffield|talk]]) 18:48, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:Speculation:There may be more interested people on it-WP, that article has 620 "authors" compared to en-WP 332. Also, the average it-editor probably knows more about it, and ''feels'' different about it. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 18:57, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|Martin of Sheffield}} {{Ping|Gråbergs Gråa Sång}} no, I mean that since the English language article has more or less the same sources as the Italian language article, the English language article should be quite long. However, one thing I appreciate about the English language edition is that it gives a lot of importance to sources, so I assume that in the Italian language article there are numerous lines without sources. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 00:42, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::That's what I meant by "different requirements". I thought that you were an Italian speaker and therefore should be able to answer this yourself. For myself, the languages that I speak other than English have names like FORTRAN or COBOL so I'll leave this query to you. [[User:Martin of Sheffield|Martin of Sheffield]] ([[User talk:Martin of Sheffield|talk]]) 15:00, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Replying to a user's email ==

How do I reply to a user's email without inadvertantly exposing my email? I'm using Gmail if that matters. Thanks in advance! [[User:Cessaune|<span style="color:#f70a90">Cessaune</span>]] [[User talk:Cessaune|'''<span style="color:#000000"><nowiki>[</nowiki>talk<nowiki>]</nowiki></span>''']] 18:51, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:Seems like the best way is to go to their userpage and click the "Email this User" button. [[Wikipedia:Emailing_users#Privacy_issues_and_protecting_personal_information|More info about email replies here]]. - [[User:AquilaFasciata | AquilaFasciata]] ([[User talk:AquilaFasciata |talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/AquilaFasciata |contribs]]) 18:55, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks! I'm still kind of confused. So is there no way to reply to the email directly without showing my email? Do I have to send another email? [[User:Cessaune|<span style="color:#f70a90">Cessaune</span>]] [[User talk:Cessaune|'''<span style="color:#000000"><nowiki>[</nowiki>talk<nowiki>]</nowiki></span>''']] 18:58, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::According to the link you will reveal your email if you go to their userpage and click the "Email this User" button. You can reply to their message on Wikipedia, e.g. by visiting the editor's user talk page, without revealing your email. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 19:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks! I guess I'll make a Wikipedia-specific email then. [[User:Cessaune|<span style="color:#f70a90">Cessaune</span>]] [[User talk:Cessaune|'''<span style="color:#000000"><nowiki>[</nowiki>talk<nowiki>]</nowiki></span>''']] 19:09, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== How to return what was edited ? ==

How to return what was edited ? [[User:Mrs. lyly|Mrs. lyly]] ([[User talk:Mrs. lyly|talk]]) 19:12, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:If you go to the page history and click on your edit, there is an "Undo" button you can press. You can then make edits or just press "Publish" and it'll be undone. - [[User:AquilaFasciata | AquilaFasciata]] ([[User talk:AquilaFasciata |talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/AquilaFasciata |contribs]]) 19:22, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== Referencing errors on [[Special:Diff/1200533104|Dave Pirner]] ==

''[[User:Qwerfjkl (bot)|Reference]] help requested.''

Need help fixing reference.

Thanks, [[Special:Contributions/135.134.236.224|135.134.236.224]] ([[User talk:135.134.236.224|talk]]) 19:38, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:Hi there! One way to source the video would be to use...
:* <code><nowiki>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kY7J_Ffq7Fo|title=Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum Talks About Joey's Song, Butch Vig and the Green Bay Packers|date=January 6, 2024|publisher=Fox Cities Core|via=YouTube}}</nowiki></code>
:which generates...
:* {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kY7J_Ffq7Fo|title=Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum Talks About Joey's Song, Butch Vig and the Green Bay Packers|date=January 6, 2024|publisher=Fox Cities Core|via=YouTube}}
:However, although at the 2:27 mark he says he was NOT born in Green Bay, Wisconsin (despite what the Wikipedia article says), I didn't hear him state where he WAS born. Therefore, I don't think this video is a good source for his birth place. I suggest discussing on [[Talk:Dave Pirner]] to find a better source. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 20:06, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== Biased tampering on Wiki pages ==

This Wikipedia page is being tampered with by internet trolls and is being infused with speculation, biased language, and gossip-blog style writing.

We need to lock this until further investigation:

[[Big Foot (Nicki Minaj song)]] - Wikipedia [[User:Essie the Great|Essie the Great]] ([[User talk:Essie the Great|talk]]) 20:12, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:Issues with an article should be discussed on its associated talk page. You may request page protection at [[WP:RFPP]]. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 20:15, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:[[User:Essie the Great|Essie the Great]] (and [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]]) please do not [[Wikipedia:Edit war]]. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 20:24, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::The editor in question has been blocked for vandalism. [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]] ([[User talk:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|talk]]) 20:29, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== What does this mean? I've spent days building an article and now this. ==

Something went wrong

No stashed content found for 0/6ed2f3d8-b317-11ee-b613-4cd98faf2bd5 [[User:Petertcook75|Petertcook75]] ([[User talk:Petertcook75|talk]]) 20:18, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Petertcook75|Petertcook75]], that is an error which often occurs when the Visual Editor is kept open for too long. You can find some discussion and workarounds [[Wikipedia:Help_desk/Archives/2023_December_2#Deleted_content|here]]. [[Special:Contributions/57.140.16.1|57.140.16.1]] ([[User talk:57.140.16.1|talk]]) 20:42, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:Hello, Peter. Are you the Peter T Cook who founded the nonprofit about which you have written a draft in [[User:Petertcook75/sandbox]]? If so, you should disclose your [[WP:Conflict of Interest|Conflict of Interest]] on your user page. This will draw people's attention to the fact that you have a connection with your subject.
:I am not a reviewer, but I doubt that your draft will be accepted in its present form. First it is [[WP:promotional|promotional]]: no Wikipedia article should ever use evaluative language like "innovative", "revolutionary" or "stands as a beacon", unless it is directly quoting a reliable published source wholly unconnected with the subject. Basically, {{HD/WINI}}
:Your references are not very helpful, because most of them are bare url's, which make it difficult for a reader or reviewer to evaluate how significant they are likely to be. You should certainly convert all the references to Wikipedia into [[WP:wikilinks|wikilinks]]: Wikipedia, like other user-generated sources, may not be used as a reference.
:Note also that a reference which does not mention Largest Heart Corporation is almost always useless. The purpose of a citation in a Wikipedia article is to provide the reader with a way to [[WP:V|verify]] a claim in the article, nothing more. Many of your references are just noise, and should be removed.
:My advice (which is what I always advise new editors who try the challenging task of creating an article before they have learnt the skills they need) is to put this draft aside completely for a few months, while you learn about Wikipedia by making improvements to some of our six million existing articles, particularly learning about [[WP:verifiability|verifiability]], [[WP:reliable sources|reliable sources]], [[WP:neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and [[WP:notability|notability]]. Then when you have more understanding, read [[WP:your first article|your first article]]. At that point, you will probably want to discard the whole of what you have written, and begin again, by finding '''independent''' sources about the Corporation and, if you can find them, forgetting everything you know about it, and writing a summary of what they say. (And don't forget to include any criticism, if some of them have made any). [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 22:40, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::I have rejected the draft and tagged it for deletion. You are seriously deluded if you think the content was suitable for an encyclopaedia [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 22:56, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

== Does this tool exist ==

Is there a tool that shows a view of the article but highlights exactly what text you contributed? 21:49, 29 January 2024 (UTC) [[User:Prhartcom|Prhartcom]] ([[User talk:Prhartcom|talk]]) 21:49, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:{{ping|Prhartcom}} [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Who_Wrote_That%3F This] might be what you're looking for. [[User:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|Pickersgill-Cunliffe]] ([[User talk:Pickersgill-Cunliffe|talk]]) 22:21, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

::This works, thanks, now I can click any word in the article and it tells me who wrote that word. But I still don't have a view of the article showing which text was written by a given user. I will keep a look out for any such tool! [[User:Prhartcom|Prhartcom]] ([[User talk:Prhartcom|talk]]) 22:35, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Prhartcom}} The [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Who_Wrote_That%3F Who Wrote That?]" page says, "When you hover over content, the tool highlights all content by the same author." Is that not what you want? [[User:Deor|Deor]] ([[User talk:Deor|talk]]) 22:47, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Not sure why but mine doesn't have the hover feature. I have the latest version of Chrome and I have to click a word for anything to happen; a speech bubble opens to say who wrote that word. Hovering doesn't do anything. Hopefully I'll figure it out. Thanks again. [[User:Prhartcom|Prhartcom]] ([[User talk:Prhartcom|talk]]) 00:12, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Got it to work after a restart. Now it's brilliant! [[User:Prhartcom|Prhartcom]] ([[User talk:Prhartcom|talk]]) 03:20, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Sandbox Issue ==

Hi Wiki Publishers,

I have created article and try to publish it but my post just showing Sandbox..How Can I publish it successfully? [[User:Md Leon Mia|Md Leon Mia]] ([[User talk:Md Leon Mia|talk]]) 22:16, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

:I have added a header which will allow you to submit your draft for review when it is ready.
:You have started well, by finding sources, which is a lot better than many editors do when they try to create an article. Not all your sources are independent of the company: Remember that the article should be a summary of what '''independent''' reliable sources have published about the company. {{HD/WINI}} [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 22:44, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

= January 30 =

== [[Colatura di alici]] ==

I would like to remove the warning "This article does not cite any sources. (January 2024)" because it's placed in the wrong place; it should be placed at the beginning of the article. Unfortunately, I cannot remove the warning, because removing it also removes the bibliography. Someone has wrongly formatted the bibliography. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 00:48, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]], I have reversed one of your changes so the article now has a references section again. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 01:01, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|TSventon}} to me it looks more like a bibliography than references. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 01:11, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{Ping|JackkBrown}} "References" is a more usual heading, according to [[MOS:REFERENCES]]. The main thing is don't change the code under it as you did previously. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 01:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]]: In [[Special:Diff/1200652450|this edit]], it appears you changed <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> to <code><nowiki>{{References}}</nowiki></code>. {{tl|References}} redirects to {{tl|Unreferenced}} - a banner usually placed at the top of an article stating that the article has no sources. Maybe you meant to use {{tl|reflist}}, a template that formats the list of references in the proper place, usually a section called "References". [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 03:15, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::{{Ping|GoingBatty}} yes, that's right, my mistake, it had never happened to me before. I solved it: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colatura_di_alici&diff=prev&oldid=1200729682. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 03:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Closing the Media Viewer is impossible? ==

<small style="color:#666;">''That's dearchivation of my topic because it's ongoing. It's under today's date to prevent the bot from archiving it again.''</small> Hello. I noticed some issue with the Media Viewer of MW (i'm sure: this problem was not happened in the past). I cannot close it when i opened it after scrolling the page down (i mean going back to the article, '''not disabling it'''), because the page header covers it's close button. Are there any way to hide the header when the media viewer is opened? (This is a '''serious''' '''bug''', it'll be better if someone can hide it when it's opened for everyone, not with some user-script.) [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 21:30, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]]: What device are you using? Could you please give an example of an article and image where you are experiencing this? Thanks! [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 00:33, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] Firefox on Windows 10 PC, that happens on even the photo in this page. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 00:59, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Extra note: my header is sticky. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 01:51, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::::@[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]]: I just had a similar experience that I could duplicate with the image on this page.
::::# I click on the image above to go to [[:File:The_Batley_Frontier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_413091.jpg]] and can see the close button.
::::# I click on the image itself and it expands to cover the whole screen. Even when scrolling, I cannot see the close button.
::::# I used my browser back button to go back to the help desk page.
::::Does this work for you? [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 01:56, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Yes, i cannot see the close button on the in-page media viewer and that's the problem. I don't remember this from past so i think a recent interface change must be caused this. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 02:03, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]]: Just to clarify - does using your browser's back button resolve the issue? [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 02:12, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] Yes (sorry for late answer), but the close button is easier to use and must not be covered by header. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 12:14, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::::I don't think there is a Close button on that page. When I open the image by clicking on it, it opens [/media/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/The_Batley_Frontier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_413091.jpg /media/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/The_Batley_Frontier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_413091.jpg], and the only content is the image, which does not fill my screen - there is a black border around it, and above that is the usual browser header. The only way back is the browser Back button. I do not remember there ever being a Close 'X' button for images displayed in this specific way. <span class="nowrap">[[User:Verbarson|-- Verbarson ]] <sup>[[User talk:Verbarson|talk]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Verbarson|edits]]</sub></span> 21:03, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::That's the builtin media support of the browser and not the subject of this topic. If you look at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_credentials_for_learning#/media/File:The_digital_credentials_ecosystem.svg] (if you not disabled media viewer) you probably see a close button at the topright corner, now click it and click the image again after scrolling the page down a few lines. If your header is sticky like mine, you must see that button is covered by the header. [[User:RuzDD|RuzDD]] ([[User talk:RuzDD|talk]]) 22:13, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

== Image layout ==

Could I have some help from a sighted editor to deal with [[Special:Diff/1198506136|this edit]] on my watchlist to the [[Torreón]] page? I'm blind and use a screen reader and even *I* know that that's a rather unorthodox image layout. Thanks! [[User:Graham87|Graham87]] ([[User talk:Graham87|talk]]) 05:36, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:I ripped out a bunch of images. Now it looks ok to me. Maybe ''excessive'', but just a stack on the right edge. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 06:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::I use the skinnier width layout on vector and it is still uh... not pretty. But that's mostly the fault of the climate table. [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 07:03, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:DMacks|DMacks]], @[[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]]: The article suffers from attempting to be a picture-postcard of the town. I have further culled the "sight-seeing" images which caused the clutter by removing any not mentioned in the text; and restored the climate table to full-width. [[User:Bazza 7|Bazza]] ([[User talk:Bazza 7|talk]]) 09:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks [[User:Bazza 7|Bazza 7]]! [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 15:47, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Draftspace ==

Once I make an article in draft space, once I think it's ready do I ''have'' to go through the AfC process, or can I just move it provided I am a (generally) experienced editor?

This isn't related to any articles that were moved into draftspace due to being considered currently unsuitable for mainspace, I figure that would be different. [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 06:55, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
: You don't have to, but newer users are well-advised to go through the Afc process. You have over 12,000 edits and around a dozen created articles to your credit, and that seems like well into the experienced editor territory. If based on your experience, you are persuaded that the Draft demonstrates clear [[WP:Notability]] and has sufficient citations to [[WP:RS|reliable sources]], I think you are within your rights to just move it to main space. [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 08:38, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:(ec) :Per [[WP:CONFIRM]], "Autoconfirmed/confirmed users can create articles". The worst that that can happen is it gets [[WP:AfD]]'d. Just remember to remove the draft afterwards. [[User:Clarityfiend|Clarityfiend]] ([[User talk:Clarityfiend|talk]]) 08:42, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::I knew that, I was just worried about the fact I started it in draftspace and was going to move it, not starting it directly in mainspace. I seem to be fine to do this though. [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 08:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

::The normal way to promote a draft to an article is to ''move'' it from "Draft:Whatever" to "Whatever", turning the former title into a redirect. I don't think that anything else that could be called a removal is needed. -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 09:18, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Not with your own draft. That would make the whole process rather pointless. [[User:Clarityfiend|Clarityfiend]] ([[User talk:Clarityfiend|talk]]) 00:22, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::I would guess they meant the big draft template thing that's created whenever you make a draft with the draft wizard. [[User:PARAKANYAA|PARAKANYAA]] ([[User talk:PARAKANYAA|talk]]) 09:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::I have written over a hundred articles and none has ever been deleted. I write new articles in my sandbox space, and move them to main space only when I am certain that the topic is notable and that my work shows that through its references. And that it complies with our other [[WP:PAG|policies and guidelines]]. Newer autoconfirmed editors can create mainspace articles if they want, but the New Pages Patrollers will take a look and they are not pushovers. Editors who write outstanding content have nothing to worry about. Editors who write mediocre, poorly referenced content ought to worry and should change their ways. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 11:17, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== can't login on other device ==

There is no problem to log in on my computer, but it doesn't work on my smartphone. Could it be blocked for some reason? I deleted and downloaded the wiki app twice, but it doesn't help. What is the problem? [[User:Dall'Abaco|Dall'Abaco]] ([[User talk:Dall'Abaco|talk]]) 09:04, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:What happens when you instead use a browser on your phone? -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 09:15, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::login via browser on iphone doesn't work neither [[User:Dall'Abaco|Dall'Abaco]] ([[User talk:Dall'Abaco|talk]]) 09:38, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:When, using your computer, you successfully log in, are you typing in your password, or is the browser feeding Wikipedia the password you've already had the browser save for the purpose? If the latter, is it possible that, now that you're using your phone, you've misremembered the password? -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 12:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::No, I can reach my account from every device except my iPhone. It's IP adresse is obviously blocked, so I guess. The previous history: a couple of month before I had another wiki account which worked well on every device, but I deleted it and created this one. Since that moment I can't use the mobile phone. Could it be relevant somehow? [[User:Dall'Abaco|Dall'Abaco]] ([[User talk:Dall'Abaco|talk]]) 16:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::You can't actually delete an account, you can only abandon it...do you still have the login information? [[User:Valereee|Valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 16:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Yes, but I can‘t login there from the iPhone neither. Whatever browser I use or an app - it doesn‘t work here. But on other devices. [[Special:Contributions/213.21.54.182|213.21.54.182]] ([[User talk:213.21.54.182|talk]]) 17:50, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::it says, the password is incorrect. When I tried to change password from the mobile it didn‘t work neither - as if no action werde done at all, and the password remained the same on other devices. Very strange. [[Special:Contributions/213.21.54.182|213.21.54.182]] ([[User talk:213.21.54.182|talk]]) 18:02, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::Using another iPhone it doesn't login neither. Only on android. [[User:Dall'Abaco|Dall'Abaco]] ([[User talk:Dall'Abaco|talk]]) 18:09, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Another inconsistency in [[B]] ==

Note that most articles denote the letter is in Latin alphabet, but B is in Latin-script alphabet. I want to note that so you should make it sound synchronized it every alphabetical article. It is different in the lead sentence. [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|talk]]) 11:37, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:If you have a suggestion for the article [[B]], please make it in a formal edit request at the foot of [[Talk:B]]. (Perhaps you should rephrase "make it sound synchronized it", which makes no sense to me. Also, please explain the difference between "Latin alphabet" and "Latin-script alphabet".) -- [[User:Hoary|Hoary]] ([[User talk:Hoary|talk]]) 12:27, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::No need to talk about. The main and visible change is the redirect to subheading and the entire article. One, for 'Latin-script alphabet', direct me to the written alphabet. Another, for 'Latin alphabet' takes me to the entire article. You can go there for verification. [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|talk]]) 14:11, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::I think (and I could be wrong, because it's a bit confusing), that say [[A]] says it's {{tq|is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet}}, whilst B says it's of the Latin-script alphabet. [[Latin alphabet]] and [[latin-script alphabet]] are for some reason different articles. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 14:18, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::I agree with you. It could confuse the readers as what would be more correct and more precise, Latin or Latin-script. Though it looks the same, but there is actual difference in meaning. So why not figure it out now? [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|talk]]) 14:33, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Probably a better question for one of the talk pages in question, probably at [[talk:B]], or [[WT:LANGUAGES]]. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 14:35, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::Yeah. I will do that now. [[Special:Contributions/2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75]] ([[User talk:2001:EE0:4BC5:7AC0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75|talk]]) 14:37, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Education noticeboard/Wiki Ed course submissions]] ==

Can anyone fix the archiving here? It's some sort of unusual manual system, but the page hasn't been archived since sometime in 2022 and it's now at 700Kbytes. I can't even get it to load. [[User:Valereee|Valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 12:19, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:I'm on it. [[User:Graham87|Graham87]] ([[User talk:Graham87|talk]]) 15:31, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Valereee|Valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 15:47, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Done ... I hope it all works. That page had/has ... a remarkably odd setup. I'll try to keep an eye on it. [[User:Graham87|Graham87]] ([[User talk:Graham87|talk]]) 16:10, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== How to use Massviews to search for all English Wikipedia pages which use references from a source? ==

Hi all

I want to find all the pages on English Wikipedia (and later from other Wikipedias) which use references from a specific source, starting with FAO.

I've managed to work out with help that I can use [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews/?platform=all-access&agent=user&source=search&range=latest-30&project=en.wikipedia.org&sort=views&direction=1&view=list&target=insource:%22fao.org%22 this query for all articles on English Wikipedia which includes fao.org in the wikitext].

However I've realised this will miss out any references sources from FAO which don't include the URL, e.g if the reference was generated from an ISBN. I think this can be captured if it would be possible to add to the previous search to look for either fao.org or publisher=FAO on the page.

Can someone tell me how to add this to the existing query?

Thanks very much

[[User:John Cummings|John Cummings]] ([[User talk:John Cummings|talk]]) 12:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== My own Wikipedia page ==

I would like to get rid of the template at the top of my page which flags up a problem with my wikipedia page [[Special:Contributions/82.12.60.204|82.12.60.204]] ([[User talk:82.12.60.204|talk]]) 13:07, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:we don't know who you are, you know. [[user:ltbdl|ltb]][[user:ltbdl/d|<span style="color:orange">d</span>]][[user:ltbdl|l]] ([[user talk:ltbdl|talk]]) 13:18, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::[[Danny Lee Wynter]] is NOT your Wikipedia page it is Wikipedias article about you and currently it is VERY poorly sourced to two press releases, hence the tags. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 13:20, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:Three of the four tags on the article were inappropriately applied, so I have removed them. However, the fourth is correct - the article lacks sources. See [[WP:V]] and [[WP:RS]]. And if you are the subject of the article, please see [[WP:FAQAS|our FAQ]]. <span class="vcard"><span class="fn">[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]]</span> (<span class="nickname">Pigsonthewing</span>); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]</span> 14:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== The edits I've put up are getting deleted by another user who is threatening to block me from platform ==

I've been editing a page on wikipedia --> [[Jensen-Group]]. I've been editing with information about the company from their website. I've tried to make the edits on the page twice now, but the same user called Mean As Custard has been deleting my edits and claims the content I'm adding is 'promotional or advertising material' which I believe it is not. I've only been adding facts from the company's website which are factual according to the company. The user Mean As Custard is threatening to block me from using the platform if I make the edits to the wikipedia page. What should I do? [[Special:Contributions/2A02:C7C:6421:ED00:557A:F4B:3B1E:FF00|2A02:C7C:6421:ED00:557A:F4B:3B1E:FF00]] ([[User talk:2A02:C7C:6421:ED00:557A:F4B:3B1E:FF00|talk]]) 15:31, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:This user [[User:Idabranding]] is editing whilst logged out, has now been blocked for promotional and undisclosed paid editing. [[User:Theroadislong|Theroadislong]] ([[User talk:Theroadislong|talk]]) 15:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== please enable preview by default again ==

Several days ago, the preview feature stopped working. By "preview", I mean the setting that can be enabled by clicking the very last text string ("Edit preview settings") at the bottom of most if not all Wikipedia pages. By "stopped working", I mean that it is off by default. (It had been on for many months if not years.)

If there is a reason why the default is now off, at least please make the setting persistent. As it is, I need to click on the "Edit preview settings" string and enable it on every page. When I open a new page in Wikipedia, the new page should inherit that setting from the old page (my opinion, of course). But please restore the default of having preview enabled. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/184.169.112.59|184.169.112.59]] ([[User talk:184.169.112.59|talk]]) 19:00, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:Hi fellow IP editor - the preview feature still works exactly as it always has for me. It sounds like there may be a problem specific to the software you use to edit Wikipedia. If you head over to [[WP:VPT]] and give them the details on your setup, maybe they can pinpoint the problem. [[Special:Contributions/57.140.16.1|57.140.16.1]] ([[User talk:57.140.16.1|talk]]) 19:47, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks for the reply. Sad to say, I am not an editor. At the link you provided (and possibly out-of-context), I read: "Page Previews is made for readers who have no use for many Navpopups features like disambiguating links, and many other features would just be distractions to most readers. And Page Previews is designed to work for unregistered users so it has no configuration options apart from a way to disable it." Well, I am a reader and have no login, so that seems to describe me, except that preview now has no configuration option apart from a way to enable (rather than disable) it--and that option does not stick from page to page. FWIW, this is in Firefox 122.0 under macOS 11.7.10. However, based on your comment that it hasn't changed for you, I checked the Wikipedia home page in Safari, and preview is enabled in that browser, so maybe something changed in Firefox. Being a non-techy, I wouldn't know where to look. [[Special:Contributions/184.169.112.59|184.169.112.59]] ([[User talk:184.169.112.59|talk]]) 21:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Changing accounts ==

I have a new account. How do I import bookmarks from my old one ? [[User:Bear2647|Bear2647]] ([[User talk:Bear2647|talk]]) 19:27, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

:Hello. Bookmarks are a feature of the mobile app, and are not available in a browser, as far as I know. I don't know whether you can transfer them between accounts or not. The place to look is [[MW:Wikimedia Apps]] and its subpages (there seems to be information about bookmarks in the "Android App FAQ" and "IOS App FAQ" pages). If you can't find what you want, I suggest asking on the talk page of the appropriate FAQ page.
: You could also ask at [[WP:VPT]], but unless somebody there happens to know the answer, I suspect they'll point you to the same pages as I have done. [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 21:23, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::I suggest others not spend too much time on this question; they are either a sock of soon-to-be-banned {{user|Bears247}}, or a joe job. [[User:Floquenbeam|Floquenbeam]] ([[User talk:Floquenbeam|talk]]) 21:37, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping| Bear2647}} Just [[WP:AGF]]ing for a moment. (yeah. I know) What was that old account? [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 21:40, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::I'm right here. You can threaten me directly. Are you a moderator? An admin ? [[User:Bear2647|Bear2647]] ([[User talk:Bear2647|talk]]) 22:03, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::You know, Bear, it doesn't really matter whether someone asking a question is an admin. Maybe that's been the problem. Any experienced editor is worth listening to and taking seriously. [[User:Valereee|Valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 22:19, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::I'm an admin, not that it matters, and I'd like answer to my question ''to better assist'' you. Thanks! [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 00:01, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::CU found this Bear unrelated to that Bear. Anyway. Not sure what "closed account means," but I'm out of time and I'm hungry, so signing off. [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 00:06, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::::this other account is not me. crazy to me that somebody would take the time to make a fake account in attempt to get me banned [[User:Bears247|Bears247]] ([[User talk:Bears247|talk]]) 04:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::::::::{{yo|Bears247}} Or just someone with exquisitely poor timing in choosing so similar a username. Or one of our LTA's having fun. I guess we'll never know. Oh, blocked. {{ping| Bear2647}} Please email me the answer to what your prior account was. Thanks [[User:Deepfriedokra|-- Deepfriedokra]] ([[User talk:Deepfriedokra|talk]]) 06:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Population history table appearing under references header regardless of its placement in the source ==

The population history table for [[Armstrong's Point]] keeps appearing under the references header, regardless of its actual position in the source. I'm trying to have it under the demographics header like it is for [[Centennial, Winnipeg]] and [[Central Park (Winnipeg)]] but when displayed on a full desktop display it always appears under the References tag. It doesn't do this on the mobile app or when the page is less than a 16:9 ratio. Any advice would be highly appreciated.

Thank you, [[User:AveryTrashmouth|AveryTrashmouth]] ([[User talk:AveryTrashmouth|talk]]) 20:27, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:It's something to do with the presence of the image on the right in the §History section. Removing that image fixes the placement of the §Demographics items. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 20:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

== Citation error ==

Hello
I'm writing a draft and I have a problem with citing a source [[Draft:Zuru (Company)|here]]. Could you help me fix it again? Thanks! ⚒️[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|<span style="background-color: blue; color: white">''★MinecraftPlayer★''<sup>321</sup></span>]]⚒️ [[User talk:MinecraftPlayer321|Let's Chat!]] 21:03, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Zuru_(Company)&diff=prev&oldid=1200620884 This] is the edit that broke things. You wrote:
::<code><ref name=":3"</code>
:with no closing <code>></code> for the tag. But there is a deeper problem. Either you are trying to define the reference named ":3", but you do not have an actual reference here, or you are trying to re-use a reference, but there is no actual ref by that name defined. What exactly do you want in that reference? [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 21:19, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::I need the 3rd reference of the list ⚒️[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|<span style="background-color: blue; color: white">''★MinecraftPlayer★''<sup>321</sup></span>]]⚒️ [[User talk:MinecraftPlayer321|Let's Chat!]] 21:46, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::Hold up. I'm sorry, I gave the wrong link. Here's the [[Draft:Zuru (Company)|updated page]]. I need the second reference of the reference list. Thanks ⚒️[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|<span style="background-color: blue; color: white">''★MinecraftPlayer★''<sup>321</sup></span>]]⚒️ [[User talk:MinecraftPlayer321|Let's Chat!]] 21:49, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
::::@[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|MinecraftPlayer321]]: It appeared you both had slightly incorrect syntax for the empty ref tag and was using a name that matched the title in the cite but not the name of the ref. This [[Special:Diff/1201089310|diff]] fixes it, I believe, so you can see how it normally should be. Please let me know if I was wrong in my assumption. [[User:Skynxnex|Skynxnex]] ([[User talk:Skynxnex|talk]]) 22:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::Thank you! ⚒️[[User:MinecraftPlayer321|<span style="background-color: blue; color: white">''★MinecraftPlayer★''<sup>321</sup></span>]]⚒️ [[User talk:MinecraftPlayer321|Let's Chat!]] 00:04, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Pump won't work ==

I have a 32 Oz bottle of facial cleanser. When I inserted the pump into bottle I can't get the pump to work. Please respond on what to do. [[Special:Contributions/2601:201:8B80:67B0:8A94:8136:EBF2:BA41|2601:201:8B80:67B0:8A94:8136:EBF2:BA41]] ([[User talk:2601:201:8B80:67B0:8A94:8136:EBF2:BA41|talk]]) 21:03, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:This page is for asking questions about "how to use or edit Wikipedia". [[User:Meters|Meters]] ([[User talk:Meters|talk]]) 21:09, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:You could try contacting the manufacturer. [[User:GoingBatty|GoingBatty]] ([[User talk:GoingBatty|talk]]) 21:22, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

= January 31 =

== Help with the COI policy ==

I've read through [[WP:COI]], but I'm struggling to figure out what I'd do in my specific scenario. I don't have any ''actual'' COIs at the moment, but I do have ''potential'' COIs that I've avoided editing. However, if I was to start editing some of these I would feel very uncomfortable publicly declaring those COIs due to many of them being specific enough that I'd be worried about my privacy - I'm very particular about what personal information I share. Would the best solution to just be to fully avoid editing articles where I have a potential COI, or is there a process for privately disclosing COIs? [[User:Suntooooth|Suntooooth]], it/he ([[User talk:Suntooooth|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Suntooooth|contribs]]) 02:26, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[User:Suntooooth|Suntooooth]], it's ultimately a matter of personal judgment. COI is a largely subjective spectrum, with the only hard rule being that editing for pay must be disclosed. I think in most cases, keeping one's potential biases in mind while editing and communicating with other editors is perfectly sufficient. [[WP:BEBOLD|Be bold]], and if you otherwise follow site guidelines, you'll be fine.<span id="Remsense:1706668238362:WikipediaFTTCLNHelp_desk" class="FTTCmt"> — [[User:Remsense|<span style="border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;padding:3px;background:#1E816F;color:#fff">'''Remsense'''</span>]][[User talk:Remsense|<span lang="zh" style="border:1px solid #1E816F;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;padding:1px 3px;color:#000">诉</span>]] 02:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)</span>
::Fair enough, that makes sense. Thank you! [[User:Suntooooth|Suntooooth]], it/he ([[User talk:Suntooooth|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Suntooooth|contribs]]) 02:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:::[[User:Suntooooth|Suntooooth]], best of luck, and happy editing! {{smily}}<span id="Remsense:1706668544545:WikipediaFTTCLNHelp_desk" class="FTTCmt">— [[User:Remsense|<span style="border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;padding:3px;background:#1E816F;color:#fff">'''Remsense'''</span>]][[User talk:Remsense|<span lang="zh" style="border:1px solid #1E816F;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;padding:1px 3px;color:#000">诉</span>]] 02:35, 31 January 2024 (UTC)</span>

== [[Lungo]] ==

The [[Lungo#References|reference]] n. '''4''' presents a problem; not having added it, I don't know how to solve it. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 02:29, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{fixed}} – the last name field contained a URL instead of the author's name. [[User:Tollens|Tollens]] ([[User talk:Tollens|talk]]) 02:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
::{{Ping|Tollens}} thank you very much! [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 02:34, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salame genovese di Sant'Olcese]] ==

This page requires the creation of a discussion page. Everything I can do I do, frankly too much, but some (few) little things I "ask" for here; for example in this case I have never had the opportunity to create a discussion page in an article and, therefore, I never felt the need to find out how to do. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 03:10, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
:[[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]], created, using [[WP:RATER]]. [[User:TSventon|TSventon]] ([[User talk:TSventon|talk]]) 03:27, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Buccellato di Lucca]] ==

This text doesn't seem good to me. I don't have a great knowledge of the English language; I can translate every sentence and every word of this language, but I have difficulty writing sentences from scratch. [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 02:14, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
: {{re|JackkBrown}} I suggest you solicit input from Wikiproject Italy at [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Italy]], but you should be more specific about your concern rather than it just doesn't seem good. [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 04:59, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== Help with an unsourced POV article ==

The article is at [[Oba Michael Olobayo (Obaro Ero Il)]]. It was created by an editor whose only contributions was the article itself. I've made several cleanup edits, and unsure how to proceed. Is this the proper forum for such a discussion? I considered putting it on the articles respective talk page, but it's pretty much dead and would never be seen. [[User:Professor Penguino|Professor Penguino]] ([[User talk:Professor Penguino|talk]]) 05:18, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/oinochoe. ==

Hi, I'm writing without italics all the known terms of the English language that relate to Italian food, using this dictionary: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/oinochoe. I remembered that I had previously written [[oenochoe|oinochoe]] and [[tondo (art)|tondo]] in italics, so I looked these two terms up and, unfortunately for me, they appear in this dictionary. Should I delete the italics from these two pages? Is it right for me to take this dictionary literally? However, mine isn't a question about italics, but rather whether I should rely solely on the English dictionary for all cases (e.g. for Italian food it's correct, because it's a limited subject, however vast). [[User:JackkBrown|JackkBrown]] ([[User talk:JackkBrown|talk]]) 06:50, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

:According to [[WP:ITALICS]] you should be italicizing foreign words unless they're in common use in English. I think you were right to italicize ''oinochoe'' and ''tondo'' even if they're in a dictionary because they're very rarely used in English. I don't quite get your other question, but dictionaries don't have any special status as sources per [[WP:RS]], though they are fine to cite. [[User:HansVonStuttgart|HansVonStuttgart]] ([[User talk:HansVonStuttgart|talk]]) 08:21, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

== [[Timothy Busfield]] ==
In the article about Timothy Busfield. The phrase "traveled frequently" in the sentence "Busfield studied drama at East Tennessee State University and traveled frequently with the Actors Theater of Louisville, which took him to Europe and Israel." What does that mean? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 08:28, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

Portrait of Ferenc Herczeg

2024-01-20T07:32:37Z

P. ĐĂNG:

{{Template:Notability}}
{{Short description|Sculpture by István Szentgyörgyi}}
[[Image:Portrait of Ferenc Herceg by Istvan Szentgyoergyi, 1920.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Portrait of Count István Széchenyi and Széchenyi Chain Bridge, Budapest.<br>Reverse of a Ferenc Herczeg Medal by István Szentgyörgyi]]
'''Portrait of Ferenc Herczeg''' is an undated [[sculpture]] by [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] [[sculptor]] [[István Szentgyörgyi]].

The title ''Portrait of Ferenc Herceg'' is misleading because the picture shows the reverse of the bronze medal/plate in question and does not represent the portrait of the playwright Herczeg, but shows the portrait of Count [[István Széchenyi]], who initiated the construction of the [[Széchenyi Chain Bridge]] in Budapest. The work is a reference to [[Ferenc Herczeg]]'s drama ''“The Bridge”'', a fictional love story about the reason for the construction.

The description of the bronze "Ferenc Herceg (reverse)"
reads: ''"The undated medal represents the portrait of Count István Széchenyi to Herceg's drama 'The Bridge' "''.
<ref>[http://www.hung-art.hu/frames-e.html?/english/s/szentgyo ''Fine Arts in Hungary from the beginnings to the mid 20th Century. A Virtual Museum '']</ref>

The [[Bronze]] medal measures {{Convert|69|cm|abbr=on}} x {{Convert|47|cm|abbr=on}} and is currently on display at the [[Hungarian National Museum]] in [[Budapest]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Hungary}}

[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Hungary]]

{{sculpture-stub}}

User talk:Vanjagenije

2024-01-20T07:06:46Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Wikipedia:Notability */ Reply

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== Closed SPI ==

I see you closed this SPI [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Gabi838r], did you see the evidence I added later regarding another possible master? [[User:Magherbin|Magherbin]] ([[User talk:Magherbin|talk]]) 18:13, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

== Logo background ==

Hi Vanjagenije! I noticed that the word "Girls" in the logo [[GirlsDoPorn]] that you added [[Special:Diff/1185592538|here]] is not visible against the white background (as the image has a transparent background). Do you know how to fix this? I'm not sure if there can be a fix in the infobox parameters or if the file itself needs a duplicate with a black background. — [[User:Bilorv|Bilorv]] ('''[[User talk:Bilorv|<span style="color:purple">talk</span>]]''') 20:42, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
:I don't know. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 10:08, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
::I've asked at [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)#White_text_on_transparent_background|VPT]]. — [[User:Bilorv|Bilorv]] ('''[[User talk:Bilorv|<span style="color:purple">talk</span>]]''') 15:07, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

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The [[WP:ARBCOM|Arbitration Committee]] is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration|Wikipedia arbitration process]]. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose [[WP:BAN|site bans]], [[WP:TBAN|topic bans]], editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy|arbitration policy]] describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

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== How should I handle a new potential sock after cu endorsed? ==

Hi, I found another possible: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Slowking4&diff=prev&oldid=1187999135] at a case you endorsed for cu. I didn't want to add it to the list of accounts at the top of the case page, unless you say I should do so. ☆ <span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family: Papyrus">[[User:Bri|Bri]]</span> ([[User talk:Bri|talk]]) 19:42, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

== Uninvestigated Block ==

Hi! This is [[User:Wiki.arfazhxss|Arfaz]]. I am a student, I have an identity. You blocked me a few minutes ago, claiming that I have abused the use of multiple accounts in wikipedia in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide this article] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War this one] as well. I will appeal for the block, but I wasn't given any change to talk, to have a say when I was blocked for 2 days (along with the other account that was blocked as well). [[Special:Contributions/2604:3D08:2481:4F00:4C91:731:FCB9:1DE7|2604:3D08:2481:4F00:4C91:731:FCB9:1DE7]] ([[User talk:2604:3D08:2481:4F00:4C91:731:FCB9:1DE7|talk]]) 00:32, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
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[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|35px|text-top|left|⚠|link=]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:Nova stranka logo.png]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. --[[User:B-bot|B-bot]] ([[User talk:B-bot|talk]]) 18:31, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you ==

{| class="barnstar" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#fdffe7;"
|-
|rowspan="2" style="padding-right:5px;" | [[File:Working Man's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]

|style="font-size:1.65em; padding:0; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Working Wikipedian's Barnstar'''
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|style="border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for the prompt and prolific clerk work at SPI! [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 13:23, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
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:Thank you! '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 09:15, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

== Winged Blade of Godric ==

Hi, I have given more evidences related to Winged Blade of Godric. I found the master Godric got many warnings from admins for his/her behaviour and editings. Kindly check my new evidences, Thank you very much. [[User:Timovinga|Timovinga]] ([[User talk:Timovinga|talk]]) 08:54, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

== If you could look into this ==

Hi, I was wondering if you could take a look at this case-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/HaughtonBrit]. The user is currently evading his block through a combination of sock accounts, proxies and IPs in order to tendentiously edit various pages. Any help on this matter would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Suthasianhistorian8|Southasianhistorian8]] ([[User talk:Suthasianhistorian8|talk]]) 21:08, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

== Sockpuppet has returned ==
Hi Vanjagenije! Sockpuppet of [[User:Wiki.arfazhxss]] — {{userlinks|64.229.49.146}}, has returned after the expiration of block and has been disrupting the same talk pages again. [[User:A.Musketeer|A.Musketeer]] ([[User talk:A.Musketeer|talk]]) 15:06, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Wikipedia:Notability ==

Hello, I would like to ask if there are any specific regulations regarding the prominence of sculptures. I notice that the article [[Portrait of Ferenc Herczeg]] does not appear to meet Wikipedia's notability criteria. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 16:03, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|P. ĐĂNG}} Not to my knowledge. But, anyway, [[WP:GNG]] refers to all topics. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 21:29, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
::Can I place the [[Template:Notability]] template in the Portrait of Ferenc Herczeg page? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 15:02, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|P. ĐĂNG}} Sure, why not. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 21:48, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 07:06, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Vanjagenije

2024-01-19T15:02:19Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Wikipedia:Notability */ Reply

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== Closed SPI ==

I see you closed this SPI [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Gabi838r], did you see the evidence I added later regarding another possible master? [[User:Magherbin|Magherbin]] ([[User talk:Magherbin|talk]]) 18:13, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

== Logo background ==

Hi Vanjagenije! I noticed that the word "Girls" in the logo [[GirlsDoPorn]] that you added [[Special:Diff/1185592538|here]] is not visible against the white background (as the image has a transparent background). Do you know how to fix this? I'm not sure if there can be a fix in the infobox parameters or if the file itself needs a duplicate with a black background. — [[User:Bilorv|Bilorv]] ('''[[User talk:Bilorv|<span style="color:purple">talk</span>]]''') 20:42, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
:I don't know. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 10:08, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
::I've asked at [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)#White_text_on_transparent_background|VPT]]. — [[User:Bilorv|Bilorv]] ('''[[User talk:Bilorv|<span style="color:purple">talk</span>]]''') 15:07, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

== ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message ==

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Hello! Voting in the '''[[WP:ACE2023|2023 Arbitration Committee elections]]''' is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on {{#time:l, j F Y|{{Arbitration Committee candidate/data|2023|end}}-1 day}}. All '''[[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2023#Election timeline|eligible users]]''' are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The [[WP:ARBCOM|Arbitration Committee]] is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration|Wikipedia arbitration process]]. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose [[WP:BAN|site bans]], [[WP:TBAN|topic bans]], editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy|arbitration policy]] describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2023/Candidates|the candidates]] and submit your choices on the '''[[Special:SecurePoll/vote/{{Arbitration Committee candidate/data|2023|poll}}|voting page]]'''. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{tlx|NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. <small>[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:29, 28 November 2023 (UTC)</small>

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== How should I handle a new potential sock after cu endorsed? ==

Hi, I found another possible: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Slowking4&diff=prev&oldid=1187999135] at a case you endorsed for cu. I didn't want to add it to the list of accounts at the top of the case page, unless you say I should do so. ☆ <span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family: Papyrus">[[User:Bri|Bri]]</span> ([[User talk:Bri|talk]]) 19:42, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

== Uninvestigated Block ==

Hi! This is [[User:Wiki.arfazhxss|Arfaz]]. I am a student, I have an identity. You blocked me a few minutes ago, claiming that I have abused the use of multiple accounts in wikipedia in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide this article] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War this one] as well. I will appeal for the block, but I wasn't given any change to talk, to have a say when I was blocked for 2 days (along with the other account that was blocked as well). [[Special:Contributions/2604:3D08:2481:4F00:4C91:731:FCB9:1DE7|2604:3D08:2481:4F00:4C91:731:FCB9:1DE7]] ([[User talk:2604:3D08:2481:4F00:4C91:731:FCB9:1DE7|talk]]) 00:32, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
==Orphaned non-free image File:Nova stranka logo.png==
[[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|35px|text-top|left|⚠|link=]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:Nova stranka logo.png]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you. --[[User:B-bot|B-bot]] ([[User talk:B-bot|talk]]) 18:31, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you ==

{| class="barnstar" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#fdffe7;"
|-
|rowspan="2" style="padding-right:5px;" | [[File:Working Man's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]

|style="font-size:1.65em; padding:0; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Working Wikipedian's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for the prompt and prolific clerk work at SPI! [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 13:23, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
|}
:Thank you! '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 09:15, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

== Winged Blade of Godric ==

Hi, I have given more evidences related to Winged Blade of Godric. I found the master Godric got many warnings from admins for his/her behaviour and editings. Kindly check my new evidences, Thank you very much. [[User:Timovinga|Timovinga]] ([[User talk:Timovinga|talk]]) 08:54, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

== If you could look into this ==

Hi, I was wondering if you could take a look at this case-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/HaughtonBrit]. The user is currently evading his block through a combination of sock accounts, proxies and IPs in order to tendentiously edit various pages. Any help on this matter would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Suthasianhistorian8|Southasianhistorian8]] ([[User talk:Suthasianhistorian8|talk]]) 21:08, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

== Sockpuppet has returned ==
Hi Vanjagenije! Sockpuppet of [[User:Wiki.arfazhxss]] — {{userlinks|64.229.49.146}}, has returned after the expiration of block and has been disrupting the same talk pages again. [[User:A.Musketeer|A.Musketeer]] ([[User talk:A.Musketeer|talk]]) 15:06, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

== Wikipedia:Notability ==

Hello, I would like to ask if there are any specific regulations regarding the prominence of sculptures. I notice that the article [[Portrait of Ferenc Herczeg]] does not appear to meet Wikipedia's notability criteria. [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 16:03, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|P. ĐĂNG}} Not to my knowledge. But, anyway, [[WP:GNG]] refers to all topics. '''[[User:Vanjagenije|<span style="color:#008B8B;">Vanjagenije</span>]] [[User talk:Vanjagenije|<span style="color: #F4A460;">(talk)</span>]]''' 21:29, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
::Can I place the [[Template:Notability]] template in the Portrait of Ferenc Herczeg page? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 15:02, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

Sweet corn

2024-01-18T16:08:07Z

P. ĐĂNG: Undid revision 1196816016 by KawaiiOverloadPookie (talk)

{{Short description|Variety of corn}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Sweet corn
| image = vegCorn.jpg
| image_caption = Husked sweet corn
| species = ''[[Zea mays]]'' convar. ''saccharata'' var. ''rugosa''
| origin = United States
}}
[[File:Sweet Corns.jpg|thumb|200px|Loose kernels of sweet corn]]

'''Sweet corn''' (''Zea mays'' convar. ''saccharata'' var. ''rugosa''),<ref>{{cite journal | first = A. T. | last = Erwin |date=July 1951 | title = Sweet Corn—Mutant or historic species? | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | page = 302 | publisher = Springer New York | doi=10.1007/bf02985153| s2cid = 28127396 }}</ref> also called '''sweetcorn''', '''sugar corn''' and '''pole corn''', is a variety of [[corn]] grown for human consumption with a high [[sugar]] content. Sweet corn is the result of a naturally occurring [[recessive]] [[mutation]] in the genes which control conversion of sugar to [[starch]] inside the [[endosperm]] of the corn kernel. Sweet corn is picked when still immature (the milk stage) and prepared and eaten as a [[vegetable]], rather than [[field corn]], which is harvested when the kernels are dry and mature (dent stage).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/Corn.html | title=Corn }}</ref> Since the process of maturation involves converting sugar to starch, sweet corn stores poorly and must be eaten fresh, [[Canning|canned]], or frozen, before the kernels become tough and starchy.

It is one of the six major types of corn, the others being [[dent corn]], [[flint corn]], [[pod corn]], [[popcorn]], and [[flour corn]].<ref>Linda Campbell Franklin, "Corn," in Andrew F. Smith (ed.), ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America''. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 (pp. 551–558), p. 553.</ref>

According to the [[USDA]], 100 grams of raw yellow sweet corn contains 3.43 g [[glucose]], 1.94 g [[fructose]], and 0.89 g [[sucrose]].<ref>[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/ FoodData Central (USDA)]. Search for "corn, sweet, yellow, raw" and click on "SR Legacy Foods".</ref>
{{toclimit|3}}

{{nutritionalvalue|
name=Sweet corn, yellow, raw<br/> (seeds only)|
kJ=360|
water=75.96 g|
protein=3.2 g|
fat = 1.18 g|
carbs=19.02 g|
fiber=2.7 g|
sugars=3.22 g|
potassium_mg=270|
magnesium_mg=37|
iron_mg=0.52| vitC_mg=6.8|
vitA_ug=9|
folate_ug=46|
niacin_mg=1.700|
thiamin_mg=0.200|
tryptophan=0.023 g|
threonine=0.129 g|
isoleucine=0.129 g|
leucine=0.348 g|
lysine=0.137 g|
methionine=0.067 g|
cystine=0.026 g|
phenylalanine=0.150 g|
tyrosine=0.123 g|
valine=0.185 g|
arginine=0.131 g|
histidine=0.089 g|
alanine=0.295 g|
aspartic acid=0.244 g|
glutamic acid=0.636 g|
glycine=0.127 g|
proline=0.292 g|
serine=0.153 g|
source_usda=1|
right=1|
note=One ear of medium size (6-¾ to 7-½ inches long) maize has 90 grams of seeds}}

==History==
In 1493, Christopher Columbus returned to Europe with corn seeds, although this revelation did not succeed due to inadequate education of how to produce corn. Sweet corn occurs as a spontaneous mutation in [[field corn]] and was grown by several [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes. The European cultivation of sweet corn occurred when the [[Iroquois]] tribes grew the first recorded sweet corn (called 'Papoon') for European settlers in 1779.<ref name="RJSch">Schultheis, Jonathan R. [https://web.archive.org/web/19970713003950/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-13.html "Sweet Corn Production."] North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, [[North Carolina State University]]. Revised 12/94.</ref> It soon became a popular food in the southern and central regions of the United States.

[[File:YoungSweetCorn.jpg|thumb|200px|Young sweet corn]]
[[File:MatureSweetCorn.jpg|thumb|200px|The same rows of corn 41 days later at maturity]]

[[Open pollination|Open pollinated]] [[cultivar]]s of white sweet corn started to become widely available in the United States in the 19th century. Two of the most enduring cultivars, still available today, are 'Country Gentleman' (a [[Shoepeg corn]] with small kernels in irregular rows) and 'Stowell's Evergreen'.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesunion.com/living/article/Make-every-ear-count-546254.php | publisher = Times Union | title = Make every ear count | date = 6 August 2009 | access-date = 2021-04-03}}</ref>

Sweet corn production in the 20th century was influenced by the following key developments:
*[[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] allowed for more uniform maturity, improved quality and disease resistance
**In 1933 'Golden Cross Bantam' was released. It is significant for being the first successful single-cross hybrid and the first specifically developed for disease resistance ([[Stewart's wilt]] in this case).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/prokaryotes/Pages/StewartWilt.aspx | title = Stewart's Wilt of Corn | access-date = 2014-07-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171122102918/https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/prokaryotes/Pages/StewartWilt.aspx | archive-date = 2017-11-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*identification of the separate gene mutations responsible for sweetness in corn and the ability to breed cultivars based on these characteristics:
**''su'' (normal sugary)
**''se'' (sugary enhanced, originally called Everlasting Heritage)
**''sh2'' (shrunken-2)<ref name="DLLarson">{{cite journal|last= Levey Larson|first= Debra|date= August 2003|title= Supersweet sweet corn: 50 years in the making|journal= Inside Illinois|volume= 23|issue= 3|url= http://www.news.uiuc.edu/II/03/0807/sweetcorn.html|access-date= 2009-09-03|publisher= University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081012155831/http://www.news.uiuc.edu/II/03/0807/sweetcorn.html|archive-date= 2008-10-12}}</ref>

There are currently hundreds of cultivars, with more constantly being developed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Anatomy==
{{see also|Maize#Structure and physiology}}
The [[fruit]] of the sweet corn plant is the corn [[Corn kernel|''kernel'']], a type of fruit called a [[caryopsis]]. The ''ear'' is a collection of kernels on the [[Corncob|''cob'']]. Because corn is a [[monocot]], there is always an even number of rows of kernels.{{Elucidate|date=September 2010}} The ear is covered by tightly wrapped leaves called the ''[[husk]]''. ''Silk'' is the name for the [[pistil]]late flowers, which emerge from the husk. The husk and silk are removed by hand, before boiling but not necessarily before roasting, in a process called ''husking'' or ''shucking''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Consumption==
{{see also|List of maize dishes|Protein combining}}
In most of [[Latin America]], sweet corn is traditionally eaten with beans. Although both corn and beans contain all 9 essential amino acids, eating a wide variety of foods in one day that includes grains and beans ensures the right balance of essential amino acids.<ref>Gardner CD, Hartle JC, Garrett RD, Offringa LC, Wasserman AS. (2019) Maximizing the intersection of human health and the health of the environment with regard to the amount and type of protein produced and consumed in the United States. Nutrition Reviews 77(4):197–215. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy073</ref> In [[Brazil]], sweet corn cut off from the cobs is generally eaten with [[pea]]s (where this combination, given the practicality of steamed canned grains in an urban diet, is a frequent addition to diverse meals such as salads, stews, seasoned white rice, risottos, soups, pasta, and whole sausage hot dogs).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In Malaysia, there exists a variety unique to the region of Cameron highlands named "pearl corn". The kernels are glossy white, resembling pearls, and can be eaten raw off the cob, although they are often boiled in water and salt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eatfresh.org/discover-foods/corn|title=Corn (bicolor)|website=eatFresh.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207142430/http://eatfresh.org/discover-foods/corn|archive-date=7 December 2018|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref>

In the Philippines, boiled sweet corn kernels are served hot with margarine and cheese powder as an inexpensive snack sold by street vendors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilovetansyong.com/2013/07/SweetCorn.html|title=Japanese Corn in the Philippines: So Corny! So Sweet! So Cheesy! - I ♥ Tansyong™}}</ref>

Similarly, sweet corn in [[Indonesia]] is traditionally ground or soaked with [[milk]], which makes available the [[B vitamins|B vitamin]] [[Niacin (nutrient)|niacin]] in the corn, the absence of which would otherwise lead to [[pellagra]]; in Brazil, a combination of ground sweet corn and milk is also the basis of various well-known dishes, such as ''[[pamonha]]'' and the pudding-like dessert {{lang|pt|curau}}, while sweet corn eaten directly off the cob tends to be served with butter.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In Europe and Asia sweet corn is often used as a [[pizza]] topping or in [[salads]]. [[Corn on the cob]] is a sweet corn cob that has been boiled, steamed, or grilled whole; the kernels are then cut off and eaten or eaten directly off the cob. [[Creamed corn]] is sweet corn served in a milk or cream sauce. Sweet corn can also be eaten as [[baby corn]]. [[Corn soup]] can be made adding water, butter and flour, with salt and pepper for seasoning.

In the United States, sweet corn is eaten as a steamed vegetable or on the cob, and is usually served with butter and salt. It can be found in Tex-Mex cooking in chili, tacos, and salads. Corn mixed and cooked with [[lima beans]] is one form of [[succotash]]. Sweet corn is one of the most popular vegetables in the United States, being most popular in the southern and central regions of the country, and can be purchased either fresh, canned, or frozen. Sweet corn ranks among the top ten vegetables in value and per capita consumption.

If left to dry on the plant, kernels may be taken off the cob and cooked in oil where, unlike [[popcorn]], they expand to about double the original kernel size and are often called [[corn nut]]s.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

=== Health benefits ===
[[File:Sweet corn.jpg|thumb|200px|Overripe sweet corn]]
Cooking sweet corn increases levels of [[ferulic acid]], which has anti-[[cancer]] properties.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2002/08/cooking-sweet-corn-boosts-disease-fighting-nutrients | title = Cooking sweet corn boosts its ability to fight cancer and heart disease by freeing healthful compounds, Cornell scientists find | publisher = Cornell Chronicle |publication-date=2002-08-08 |access-date = 2022-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://thaisonfoods.vn/loi-ich-cua-sua-bap-mang-lai-la-gi-mua-sua-bap-o-dau-ngon/ | title = What are the benefits of sweet corn? | date = 15 December 2018 | publisher = Thai Son Food |publication-date=2018-12-15 |access-date = 2022-02-24}}</ref>

==Cultivars==
{{Main|List of sweetcorn varieties}}
Open pollinated (non-[[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]) corn has largely been replaced in the commercial market by sweeter, earlier hybrids, which also have the advantage of maintaining their sweet flavor longer. ''su'' cultivars are best when cooked within 30 minutes of harvest. Despite their short storage life, many open-pollinated cultivars such as 'Golden Bantam' remain popular for home gardeners and specialty markets or are marketed as [[heirloom seed]]s. Although less sweet, they are often described as more tender and flavorful than hybrids.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Genetics===
{{hatnote|In the following text, lowercase gene names indicate the recessive, loss-of-function mutants. The UniProt links provided are for the regular wild-type genes.}}
[[File:Sweet White Corn.jpg|thumb|200px|Cut white sweet corn. [[Shoepeg corn|"Shoepeg"]] is a popular cultivar from the 1900s.]]

Early cultivars, including those used by Native Americans, were the result of the mutant ''su'' ("sugary") or ''su1'' ({{UniProt|O22637}}) [[allele]] of an [[isoamylase]].<ref name="RJSch"/> They contain about 5–10% sugar by weight.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} These varieties are juicy due to the [[phytoglycogen]] content, but they lose sugar quickly after harvest, with the content halving in 24 hours.<ref name=ARWT>{{cite web |last1=Ragusea |first1=Adam |last2=Tracy |first2=William |title=How science saves sweet corn |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIVG54wNPd0 |website=YouTube |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=en |date=August 24, 2021}}</ref>

''Supersweet corn'' are cultivars of sweet corn which produce higher than normal levels of sugar developed by [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] professor John Laughnan.<ref name="DLLarson"/> He was investigating two specific [[gene]]s in sweet corn, one of which, the ''sh2'' mutation ({{UniProt|P55241}}, a [[Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase]]), caused the corn to shrivel when dry. After further investigation, Laughnan discovered that the endosperm of ''sh2'' sweet corn kernels store less starch and from 4 to 10 times more sugar than normal ''su'' sweet corn. He published his findings in 1953, disclosing the advantages of growing supersweet sweet corn, but many corn breeders lacked enthusiasm for the new supersweet corn due to the seed shiveling reducing germination rate.<ref name=ARWT/>

Illinois Foundation Seeds Inc. was the first seed company to release a supersweet corn and it was called 'Illini Xtra Sweet', but widespread use of supersweet hybrids did not occur until the early 1980s. The popularity of supersweet corn rose due to its long shelf life and large sugar content when compared to conventional sweet corn.<ref name=ARWT/> This has allowed the long-distance shipping of sweet corn and has enabled manufacturers to can sweet corn without adding extra sugar or salt.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Breeding has resolved the germination rate issue, but it is still generally true that ''sh2'' corn is less juicy than their ''su'' counterparts. ''sh2-i'' ("shivel2-intermediate") cultivars under development exploits a different mutation on the same gene to try and create varieties that are both juicy and sweet.<ref name=ARWT/>

The third gene mutation to be discovered is the ''se'' (or ''se1'') for "sugary enhanced" allele, responsible for so-called "Everlasting Heritage" cultivars, such as 'Kandy Korn'. Cultivars with the ''se'' alleles have a longer storage life and contain 12–20% sugar.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} The gene for ''Se1'' has been located.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Xia |last2=Mogel |first2=Karl J. Haro von |last3=Lor |first3=Vai S. |last4=Hirsch |first4=Candice N. |last5=De Vries |first5=Brian |last6=Kaeppler |first6=Heidi F. |last7=Tracy |first7=William F. |last8=Kaeppler |first8=Shawn M. |title=Maize sugary enhancer1 ( se1 ) is a gene affecting endosperm starch metabolism |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=8 October 2019 |volume=116 |issue=41 |pages=20776–20785 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1902747116|pmid=31548423 |pmc=6789923 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11620776Z |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Sweet Corn.JPG|200px|thumb|Cooking turns yellow sweet corn golden]]

All of the alleles responsible for sweet corn are [[recessive]], so it must be isolated from other corn, such as field corn and [[popcorn]], that release pollen at the same time; the [[endosperm]] develops from genes from both parents, and [[heterozygous]] kernels will be tough and starchy. The ''se'' and ''su'' alleles do not need to be isolated from each other. However supersweet cultivars containing the ''sh2'' allele must be grown in isolation from other cultivars to avoid cross-[[pollination]] and resulting starchiness, either in space (various sources quote minimum quarantine distances from 100 to 400 feet or 30 to 120 m) or in time (i.e., the supersweet corn does not pollinate at the same time as other corn in nearby fields).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Modern breeding methods have also introduced cultivars incorporating multiple gene types:
*''sy'' (for ''synergistic'') adds the ''sh2'' gene to some kernels (usually 25%) on the same cob as a ''se'' base (either homozygous or heterozygous)
*''augmented sh2'' adds the ''se'' and ''su'' gene to a ''sh2'' parent
Often seed producers of the ''sy'' and ''augmented sh2'' types will use brand names or trademarks to distinguish these cultivars instead of mentioning the genetics behind them. Generally these brands or trademarks will offer a choice of white, bi-color and yellow cultivars which otherwise have very similar characteristics.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Genetically modified corn===
[[Genetically modified maize|Genetically modified sweet corn]] is available to commercial growers to resist certain insects or herbicides, or both. Such transgenic varieties are not available to home or small acreage growers due to protocols that must be followed in their production.<ref name="ncga">{{cite web |title= Insect Resistance Management Fact Sheet For Bt Corn|url= http://www.ncga.com/managing-bt-technology|access-date=2015-06-03|publisher= National Corn Growers Association}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Frozen vegetables]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Maize|<br />Maize}}

{{corn|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maize varieties]]
[[Category:Vegetables]]
[[Category:Crops originating from indigenous Americans]]
[[Category:Crops originating from North America]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the United States]]
[[Category:Grasses of Mexico]]
[[Category:Grasses of North America]]
[[Category:Grasses of the United States]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Mesoamerica]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Symbols of Illinois]]

Player-coach

2024-01-18T16:06:33Z

P. ĐĂNG: Undid revision 1196815709 by 86.172.199.146 (talk)

{{short description|Condition where a team player is also coach}}
[[File:Kenny Dalglish 2011.jpg|thumb|right|180px|After the [[Heysel Stadium disaster]] in 1985 and [[Joe Fagan]]'s subsequent resignation as manager, [[Kenny Dalglish]] served as the player-manager of [[Liverpool Football Club|Liverpool]] from 1985 to 1990.]]
A '''player-coach''' (also '''playing coach''', '''captain-coach''', or '''player-manager''') is a member of a sports team who simultaneously holds both playing and [[coach (sport)|coaching]] duties. Player-coaches may be head coaches or assistant coaches, and they may make changes to the squad and also play on the team.

Very few current major professional sports teams have head coaches who are also players, though it is common for senior players to take a role in managing more junior athletes. Historically, when professional sports had less money to pay players and coaches or managers, player-coaches were more common. Likewise, where player-coaches exist today, they are more common at, but not exclusive to, the lower levels where money is less available.

== Player-coaches in basketball ==
{{further|List of National Basketball Association player-coaches}}
[[File:Bill Russell in the Green Room.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Bill Russell]] served as the player-coach of the [[Boston Celtics]] from 1966 to 1969, winning 2 NBA championships in that timespan.]]

The player-coach was, for many decades, a long-time fixture in professional [[basketball]]. Many notable coaches in the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] served as player-coaches, including [[Bill Russell (basketball)|Bill Russell]] and [[Lenny Wilkens]]. This was especially true up through the 1970s, when the league was not as financially successful as it is today, and player-coaches were often used to save money. The practice fell out of favor in the 1980s (though [[Mike Dunleavy Sr.]], while an assistant coach with the [[Milwaukee Bucks]], once came out of retirement and played several games when a rash of injuries decimated the team). Today, the [[collective bargaining agreement]] between the NBA and the players' union prohibits the use of player-coaches, in order to avoid circumventing the league's [[salary cap]], as coaches' salaries are not counted under the cap. Therefore, if a player is to serve as a coach, he would have to receive commission from his contract as a player. The player, then, is not technically an official coach of his team but instead simply a coach in name. One example of a player in recent years who was groomed for eventual official coaching duties using this practice was [[Avery Johnson]]. The last player to serve as an official assistant coach was [[Tree Rollins]] for the [[Orlando Magic]] during the 1994-1995 season, and the last player to serve as head coach was [[Dave Cowens]] for the [[Boston Celtics]] during the 1978-1979 season.

== Player-coaches in American football ==
In the early days of professional American football, player-coaches were a necessity, as most leagues' rules prohibited coaching from the sidelines. The [[National Football League]] eventually allowed sideline coaches in the late 1920s, and they quickly became the norm. During the 1920s, legendary player-coaches in the NFL include [[Curly Lambeau]], who played for the [[Green Bay Packers]] from 1919 to 1929 and served as their head coach from 1919 to 1949, and [[George Halas]], who held similar roles for the [[Chicago Bears]], a team for which he was also part-owner and business manager. [[Ernie Nevers]] held the positions of both fullback and head coach for the [[Duluth Eskimos]] in 1927 and the [[Chicago Cardinals]] from 1929 to 1931. [[Jimmy Conzelman]] was player-coach for four teams during the 1920s. In the mid-1950s, [[Tom Landry]] played defensive back while serving as [[defensive coordinator]] for the [[New York Giants]]. In the early 1970s, when Landry was coach of the [[Dallas Cowboys]], he made running back [[Dan Reeves]] a player-coach.

In the television era, pro football evolved into a higher-impact two-platoon game, so players serving as head coaches became impractical.

More modern players have acted as player-assistant coaches in an unofficial capacity, such as journeyman quarterback [[Steve DeBerg]], who served as an unofficial mentor for younger, more skilled arms while also serving as their backup.

In an official capacity, much like the NBA, the current [[NFL collective bargaining agreement|CBA]] between the NFL and the [[NFL Players Association]] prohibits official player-coaches due to teams using it to circumvent the salary cap. This was evident in [[2020 NFL season|2020]] when the [[Denver Broncos]] were forced to start [[practice squad]] [[wide receiver]] [[Kendall Hinton]] at quarterback due to all of the Broncos regular quarterbacks being placed into [[COVID-19]] protocols as a result of backup quarterback [[Jeff Driskel]] testing positive for COVID-19 and being around the remaining quarterbacks on the team without wearing [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|face masks]]. Originally, the Broncos wanted to use offensive quality control coach [[Rob Calabrese]] to play quarterback, but the NFL turned them down out of hand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/30413697/sources-denver-broncos-bid-start-assistant-coach-qb-denied-league?platform=amp|title=Sources: Broncos' bid to start coach at QB nixed|date=29 November 2020}}</ref> The Saints defeated the Broncos 31–3, with Hinton going 1 for 9 and two [[Interception (American football)|interceptions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amp.usatoday.com/amp/6459666002|title=Broncos WR-turned-QB Kendall Hinton goes 1-for-9 with two interceptions in loss to Saints}}</ref>

By the 21st century, on-field playcalling duties would often be split between the head coach or offensive coordinator and the [[Quarterback]]. [[Peyton Manning]], [[Brett Favre]], [[Tom Brady]], [[Ben Roethlisberger]] and [[Drew Brees]] pioneered what would essentially become roles as on-field offensive coordinators by taking vocal leadership in playcalling and game management.

==Player-coaches in cricket==
Player-coaches in [[cricket]] are almost unheard of, although professional coaches are a relatively recent innovation and a similar role was generally filled by the [[Captain (cricket)|team captain]]; this may still be the case in amateur competition. Internationally, [[Shane Deitz]] was appointed non-playing coach of [[Vanuatu cricket team|Vanuatu]] in 2014 and, after meeting the necessary residency qualifications, made his international playing debut in 2018, at the age of 42.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1144689.html |title=At 42, Deitz set for hip return to cricket after 10-year hiatus |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Similarly, former Australian international [[Ryan Campbell]] was appointed as a non-playing [[batting coach]] of [[Hong Kong cricket team|Hong Kong]] in 2013,<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/hkg/content/story/637439.html "HKCA appoints Ryan Campbell as Specialist Batting Coach"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</ref> and after meeting the residency qualifications made his playing debut for Hong Kong in 2016, at the age of 44.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/hkg/content/story/966333.html "Hong Kong pick ex-Australia keeper Campbell for WT20"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</ref>

More recently the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] full-member team of [[India national cricket team|India]] had a spell in following the resignation of head coach [[Anil Kumble]] where the team played without a coach. In this instance, team captain [[Virat Kohli]] was given the nickname 'Koach' (Kohli + Coach) as he served as player coach for the tour of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumble resigns as partnership with Kohli becomes 'untenable'|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/anil-kumble-resigns-as-partnership-with-virat-kohli-becomes-untenable-1104895|access-date=2021-11-13|website=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Player-managers in association football ==
{{globalize|date=January 2016}} 
{{see also|:Category:Association football player-managers}}
In [[association football]], this situation usually arises when a [[Manager (football)|manager]] leaves a team suddenly, and the [[chairman]] has to make a quick decision to appoint someone new as a [[caretaker manager]]. The chairman will usually either ask a [[Coach (sport)|coach]] to take temporary charge or turn to one of the club's most senior players. If this particular player gains good results for the team during his time in charge, he may be appointed full-time manager, which leaves him a player–manager. However, there are instances when a [[free agent]] is appointed by a new team as a manager and offers his playing abilities.

=== In English men's football ===
Notable football player-managers include: [[Kenny Dalglish]] ([[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]), [[Graeme Souness]] ([[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]), [[Glenn Hoddle]] ([[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]] and [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]), [[Bryan Robson]] ([[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]]), [[Peter Reid]] ([[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]), [[Ruud Gullit]], [[Gianluca Vialli]] (both Chelsea).<ref name=fft/><ref name=talk/> Dalglish won [[double (association football)|a double]] of the league title and [[FA Cup]] in his first season as player-manager and continued to win two more league titles and an FA Cup before retiring from playing completely five years after becoming manager. Souness won three Scottish league titles and several cup competitions when he was player-manager of Rangers. He then succeeded Dalglish as Liverpool manager just before Rangers won another Scottish league title, but at the age of 38 he did not register himself as a player for Liverpool. In 1997, Ruud Gullit won the FA Cup with Chelsea in his first season as player-manager, also making history by being the first foreign and non-white manager to win a major trophy in English football. He was sacked nine months later, and Chelsea appointed another player-manager (Gianluca Vialli) in his place. Within weeks of taking over, Vialli guided Chelsea to victory in the [[Football League Cup|League Cup]], and two months after that, they won the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]].<ref name=fft>[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/why-so-few-player-managers-vincent-kompany-anderlecht One's Kompany: just where have all the player-managers gone?], [[FourFourTwo]], 22 May 2019</ref><ref name=talk>[https://talksport.com/football/546090/top-10-player-managers-vincent-kompany-kenny-dalglish-ruud-gullit-graeme-souness/amp Balancing Act: Top 10 player-managers in English football include legends from Chelsea, Liverpool and Rangers as Vincent Kompany takes up new role at Anderlecht], [[TalkSport]], 21 May 2019</ref>

A number of bigger clubs have appointed player-managers on a temporary basis but not given them permanent contracts. Notable cases include [[Ossie Ardiles]] ([[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]) in 1987 and [[Dave Watson]] ([[Everton F.C.|Everton]]) a decade later, although Ardiles later returned to Tottenham as manager in 1993 after managing three other clubs. During the first decade of the 21st century, however, the concept gradually fell into almost total disuse and was normally only practiced by smaller clubs.<ref name="player manager">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21928791 |title=Where have football's player-managers gone? |first=Simon |last=Austin |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328150158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21928791 |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref> In March 2013, a ''[[BBC Sport]]'' article suggested that the concept of having a player-manager had gone out of fashion, with only two clubs in the English professional leagues using player-managers at that time.<ref name = "player manager"/>

There have been four player-managers in the [[Premier League]] since 2000:
*[[Stuart McCall]], who managed two [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] games on an interim basis in late 2000
*[[Garry Monk]], who was appointed interim player-manager of Swansea City in February 2014, after their manager, [[Michael Laudrup]], was sacked
*[[Leon Britton]], who also became player-manager of Swansea City after the sacking of [[Paul Clement (football manager)|Paul Clement]]<ref name = "player manager"/>
*[[Ryan Giggs]] was appointed player-coach at [[Manchester United]] by [[David Moyes]] on 4 July 2013 and Giggs served as interim player-manager until the appointment of [[Louis van Gaal]] on 9 May 2014 as [[manager (association football)|manager]] following Moyes' dismissal<ref name=talk/>

=== In English women's football ===
[[Chelsea L.F.C.]] defender [[Casey Stoney]] served a six-month spell as player-manager from January to June 2009 after the mid-season resignation of manager Steve Jones, and guided the club to a third-place finish in the [[2008–09 FA Women's Premier League]] National Division.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/ive-always-wanted-to-do-this---stoney-unfazed-by-pressure-of-managing-man-utd/ruenljf5qsbe15upjzcwqze1n |title='I've always wanted to do this' - Stoney unfazed by pressure of managing Man Utd |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=28 April 2023 |work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |first=Kris |last=Voakes]]}}</ref>

=== In Slovak men's football ===
In [[Slovakia]], comparably to surrounding countries, player-coaches and player-managers are most common in semi-professional or amateur clubs with sides being led by formerly professional players on the brink of retirement or in early stages of their managerial careers. Frequently, such player-managers are linked with clubs from their native areas. Examples include [[Milan Jambor]] playing and managing [[FK Svit]], [[Stanislav Šesták]] playing for and managing a club from his native village of [[Demjata]] or [[Peter Petráš]]'s tenure in [[1. FC Tatran Prešov|Tatran Prešov]] during their years in crisis in [[3. Liga (Slovakia)|3. Liga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TJ Sokol Ľubotice |url=http://sokollubotice.sk/rs/190/trenerskelavicky/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=sokollubotice.sk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rezerva MFK Zemplín zdemolovala Svit- Noviny Zemplína |url=http://www.novinyzemplina.sk/clanky.php?id=5363 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.novinyzemplina.sk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Petráš chcel ušetriť hráčov. Po piatich rokoch nastúpil za Prešov |url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/petras-chcel-usetrit-hracov-po-piatich-rokoch-nastupil-za-presov/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=sportnet.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref> In professional football (top two leagues) such cases are rarer but have occurred in the past, especially in smaller and financially struggling clubs, such as [[FK Senica|Senica]], which has cooperated with [[Juraj Piroska]] simultaneously in a role of a players and assistant manager.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piroska tvárou Senice! Nový káder, nové ambície |url=https://www.fortunaliga.sk:443/clanok/2050-piroska-tvarou-senice-novy-kader-nove-ambicie |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Fortuna liga}}</ref>

=== In other European football ===
In 2019, [[Vincent Kompany]] served as player-manager for [[RSC Anderlecht]] before retiring.<ref name=fft/><ref name=talk/>

In September 2021, [[Ferencvárosi TC (women's football)|Ferencvárosi TC]] appointed forward [[Fanny Vágó]] as player-manager, who then led the team to two [[Női NB I]] championships in 2021–22 and 2022–23 while also continuing as the league's leading goalscorer in both seasons.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://sportal.blikk.hu/video/vago-fanny-vesziteni-is-tudni-kell-es-talan-peldat-kellene-mutatni/iLHfN7lz |title=Vágó Fanny: "Veszíteni is tudni kell, és talán példát kellene mutatni" |trans-title=Fanny Vágó: "You have to know how to lose, and maybe you should set an example" |date=2 June 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Sportal |language=hu}}</ref> When prompted to choose between managing her club and continuing to play for the [[Hungary women's national football team]] by its manager [[Margret Kratz]], Fanny  chose club management and ended her international career.<ref name="m4-202303">{{cite news |url=https://m4sport.hu/magyar-foci/cikk/2023/03/22/a-ferencvaros-vagy-a-cimeres-mez-vago-fanny-szerint-megalazo-modon-kerult-ki-a-noi-labdarugo-valogatottbol/ |title= Ferencváros vagy címeres mez |trans-title=Ferencváros or jersey with a crest |date=22 March 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=M4 Sport |language=hu}}</ref>

=== In Brazilian men's football ===
Brazilian world-cup winner [[Romário]] was also a player-coach for [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GloboEsporte.com > Futebol > Vasco - NOTÍCIAS - Romário vai treinar o Vasco|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/ESP/Noticia/Futebol/Vasco/0,,MUL154745-4283,00.html|access-date=2021-12-20|website=globoesporte.globo.com}}</ref> He was appointed in November 2006 when Celso Roth was sacked after a loss and debuted in a 1–0 win against [[Club América]] in the quarterfinals of the [[Copa Sudamericana]]. Despite the victory, Vasco was eliminated because of a 2–0 loss in the first leg. He continued as a coach until early February when he decided to go against Vasco's president [[Eurico Miranda]] forced him to use the then youth player [[Alan Kardec]] in a match for [[2008 Campeonato Carioca|Campeonato Carioca]]. Romário left Vasco both as a coach and player.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GloboEsporte.com > Futebol > Flamengo - NOTÍCIAS - Kléber Leite abre as portas para Romário|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/ESP/Noticia/Futebol/Flamengo/0,,MUL289487-4282,00.html|access-date=2021-12-20|website=globoesporte.globo.com}}</ref>

=== In American women's football ===
In 2009, [[Sky Blue FC]] defender [[Christie Rampone]] took on her team's player-manager role after the resignation of [[Kelly Lindsey]], herself the caretaker manager after the earlier resignation of [[Ian Sawyers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/2009/07/sky_blue_fc_coach_quits_abrupt.html |title=Sky Blue FC coach quits abruptly; Christie Rampone to serve as player-coach |date=July 30, 2009 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |work=[[The Star-Ledger]] |first=Frank |last=Giase}}</ref> She led Sky Blue from the lowest seed in the [[2009 Women's Professional Soccer Playoffs]] to the league's inaugural championship match, which Sky Blue won.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.allforxi.com/2020/5/19/21262531/sky-blue-fc-surprise-wps-champions-2009-underdog-rise |title=Sky Blue FC's surprise 2009 championship run is an all-time underdog story |date=May 19, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |work=All For XI |first=Kim |last=McCauley}}</ref> Rampone later revealed that she was also more than two months' pregnant during her championship run as player-manager.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/rampone-expecting-second-child |title=Rampone expecting second child |date=August 25, 2009 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |work=[[Fox Sports]]}}</ref>

=== Challenges ===
The chief executive of the [[League Managers Association]] stated his belief that the increased workload for managers made combining the two roles difficult. The last permanent player-manager in the top flight of English football was [[Gianluca Vialli]], who retired from playing in 1999 when he was the manager of Chelsea.<ref name = "player manager"/> The governing bodies have also imposed requirements for managers to hold professional coaching qualifications, which few players obtain before retiring.<ref name="player manager"/>

== Player-managers in baseball ==
{{further|List of Major League Baseball player-managers}}
[[File:Jimmy Carter with Pete Rose and family - NARA - 181552 (cropped).tif|thumb|right|upright=.8|[[Pete Rose]] is the most recent player-manager in Major League Baseball]]

In [[baseball]], the [[manager (baseball)|manager]] selects the [[batting order (baseball)|lineup]] and [[starting pitcher]] before each game, and makes substitutions throughout the game. In early [[History of baseball|baseball history]], it was not uncommon for players to serve as player-managers; that is, they managed the team while still being signed to play for the club. One reason for this is that by hiring a player as a manager, the team could save money by paying only one salary.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OstPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4975,1065614 |title=Bush May Take Bancroft's Post as Pilot |newspaper=[[The Evening Independent]] |date=November 25, 1933 |page=6A |access-date=April 16, 2012 |via=[[Google News]]}}</ref><ref name=stein/>{{rp|4}} Also, popular players were named player-managers in an effort to boost game attendance.<ref name=stein>{{cite book|last=Stein|first=Fred|title=And the Skipper Bats Cleanup: A History of the Baseball player–manager, with 42 Biographies of Men Who Filled the Dual Role|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQFPr7UyEvMC&q=And+the+Skipper+Bats+Cleanup:+A+History+of+the+Baseball+player–manager,+with+42+Biographies+of+Men+Who+Filled+the+Dual+Role|isbn=0-7864-1228-3|year=2002}}</ref>{{rp|4–5}}

While no [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) team has been led by a player-manager since 1986, they were once common. In 1934, five of the eight [[National League (baseball)|National League]] managers were also players.<ref name=stein/>{{rp|10}} Notable players who spent time as player-managers include [[Cap Anson]], [[Lou Boudreau]], [[Fred Clarke]], [[Ty Cobb]], [[Mickey Cochrane]], [[Joe Cronin]], [[Connie Mack]], [[John McGraw]], [[Frank Robinson]], [[Tris Speaker]], and [[Joe Torre]], each of whom is an inductee of the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame]]. Clarke spent the longest time as a major league player-manager, serving as such for the [[Louisville Colonels]] from 1897 to 1899 and the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] from 1900 to 1915. Robinson became the first African-American manager in MLB history, breaking another [[baseball color line]], when he was named the [[Cleveland Indians]]' player-manager in 1975.

The most recent player-manager in MLB was [[Pete Rose]], who, upon being traded from the [[Montreal Expos]] to the [[Cincinnati Reds]] in August 1984, was immediately named the Reds' manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1122453/index.htm|title=Pete Rose's return as manager-player wowed the media, – 08.27.84 – SI Vault|website=cnn.com|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> Rose managed and served as a backup infielder until the end of the 1986 season, when he retired as a player. Rose continued to manage the Reds until 1989, when he was given a lifetime ban by MLB for gambling on baseball.

In their final game of the 2016 season, the [[Miami Marlins]] allowed [[Martin Prado]] to serve as player-manager. Prado started the game at third base and played for three innings before taking himself out of the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miami.cbslocal.com/2016/10/03/martin-prado-serves-as-marlins-player-manager-in-season-finale/|title=Martin Prado Serves As Marlins' Player-Manager In Season Finale|date=3 October 2016|website=cbslocal.com|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004152332/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2016/10/03/martin-prado-serves-as-marlins-player-manager-in-season-finale/|archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref>

== Australian rules football ==
Captain-coaches used to be a relatively common occurrence in [[Australian rules football]], even at the [[Australian Football League|highest level of play]]; in fact, for the [[History of the Australian Football League|first nine years of the VFL]] (1897–1905), the [[AFL Grand Final|premiership]]-winning team was coached by a player in every instance. However, the increasing professionalism and complications of the game late into the 20th century meant that the efficacy of captain-coaching was becoming increasingly unviable. The last captain-coach to win the premiership at the top level was [[Carlton Football Club|Carlton]]'s [[Alex Jesaulenko]], who managed to secure a 5-point victory in the [[1979 VFL grand final|1979 VFL Grand Final]] against [[Collingwood Football Club|Collingwood]]. Jesaulenko was also the final captain-coach in the VFL/AFL, serving as captain-coach until Round 8 on 16 May 1981.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 1981 |title=St Kilda v North Melbourne – Match Stats |url=http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/1981/121519810516.html |work=afltables.com}}</ref> However, [[Malcolm Blight]] was a non-captaining player-coach at [[North Melbourne Football Club|North Melbourne]] until Round 16 of the same season but was not captain during this time.<ref>{{cite web |title=The North Story: Malcolm Blight profile |url=http://www.kangaroos.com.au/History/PlayerHistory/MalcolmBlight/tabid/14471/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120182806/http://www.kangaroos.com.au/History/PlayerHistory/MalcolmBlight/tabid/14471/Default.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012 |work=kangaroos.com.au}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ryder Cup#Captains]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Wulf, Steve. [http://espn.go.com/espn/story/_/id/9407299/the-evolution-player-coaches "The evolution of player-coaches"] ESPN.com, 21 June 2013

[[Category:Player-coaches| ]]
[[Category:Sports coaches]]
[[Category:Basketball personnel]]

User talk:Vanjagenije

2024-01-18T16:03:40Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Wikipedia:Notability */ new section

Talk:Fred J. Wiseman

2023-12-12T06:34:27Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* First airmail */

{{WikiProject Aviation|class=B|Biography=yes}}
{{WikiProject Biography
|class=B
|living=no
|auto=yes
|listas=Wiseman, Fred J
}}
{{DYK talk|8 December|2023|image=Pilot Fred J Wiseman at Olympia "flyer" 1911 (CURTIS 1216) (cropped).jpeg|entry=... that '''[[Fred J. Wiseman]]''' ''(pictured)'' delivered the world's first unofficial airmail flight by airplane?|nompage=Template:Did you know nominations/Fred. J. Wiseman}}

== Subject ==

Fred Wiseman came up during the my research for the [[August Schilling]] page. The subject is interesting and is sufficiently covered by reputable sources. Feel free to contribute. Please use this Talk page if you have questions. Best regards, [[User:Darwin Naz|Darwin Naz]] ([[User talk:Darwin Naz|talk]]) 23:33, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

==Did you know nomination==
{{Template:Did you know nominations/Fred. J. Wiseman}}

== Feedback from New Page Review process ==

I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Great article.

'''<span style="text-shadow:7px 7px 8px black; font-family:Papyrus">[[User:scope_creep|<span style="color:#3399ff">scope_creep</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:scope_creep#top|Talk]]</sup></span>''' 07:38, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

== First airmail ==

In this article it is written "It was officially sanctioned by the U.S. Postal Service." Does this mean that Fred J. Wiseman's flight was fined by the US Postal Service?. I can't find any articles or other sources stating that Wiseman's flight was penalized. Is there any mistake? Please someone answer. Thanks! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 07:50, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
:[[User:Darwin Naz|Darwin Naz]] What do you think about this? [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 10:00, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
::Hello {{U|P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang}}, sanction is one of those interesting words which can have opposite meanings. So when the article says Wiseman's flight was sanctioned by the U.S. Postal Service, it means it was officially authorised or approved. See [[Contronym]] for more info and examples. [[User:JennyOz|JennyOz]] ([[User talk:JennyOz|talk]]) 05:26, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
:::Thanks, [[User:JennyOz|JennyOz]], for your help! Hope that answered your concern {{U|P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang}}. regards, [[User:Darwin Naz|Darwin Naz]] ([[User talk:Darwin Naz|talk]]) 23:23, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
::::Thanks for the answer. Have a nice day! [[User:P. ĐĂNG|Phong Dang]] ([[User talk:P. ĐĂNG|talk]]) 06:34, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

Talk:Fred J. Wiseman

2023-12-10T10:00:27Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* First airmail */

Talk:Fred J. Wiseman

2023-12-10T07:50:54Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* First airmail */ new section

User talk:Vanjagenije

2023-11-09T14:48:46Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* Wikipedia article */ Reply

User talk:Vanjagenije

2023-11-06T15:12:56Z

P. ĐĂNG: /* November Articles for creation backlog drive */

Terra nullius

2023-10-28T11:40:47Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1182293488 by P. ĐĂNG (Restorer)

{{Short description|International law term for unclaimed land}}
{{Italic title}}
{{For|the book|Terra Nullius (Coleman novel){{!}}''Terra Nullius'' (Coleman novel)}}
{{Distinguish|No man's land}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Antarctica, unclaimed.svg|200px|thumb|right|The unclaimed areas of Antarctica, including all of [[Marie Byrd Land]]]]
'''''Terra nullius''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛr|ə|_|n|ʌ|ˈ|l|aɪ|ə|s}}, plural ''terrae nullius'') is a [[Latin]] expression meaning "[[no man's land|nobody's land]]".<ref name=Klotz-1998>
{{cite book
|first=Frank G. |last=Klotz
|date=June 1998
|title=America on the Ice: Antarctic policy issues
|publisher=DIANE Publishing
|isbn=0-7881-7048-1
|page=3
|quote=Antarctica was what international lawyers refers to as ''terra nullius'' – literally, "nobody's land".
|url={{GBurl|id=yww_zPcd8nMC|pg=PA3}}
|via=Google Books
}}
</ref> It was a principle sometimes used in [[international law]] to justify claims that territory may be acquired by a state's [[Acquisition of sovereignty#Effective occupation|occupation]] of it.{{efn|Even as to ''terra nullius'', like a volcanic island, or territory abandoned by its former sovereign, a claimant by right as against all others has more to do than planting a flag or rearing a monument. From the 19th century the most generous settled view has been that discovery accompanied by symbolic acts give no more than "''an inchoate title, an option, as against other states, to consolidate the first steps by proceeding to effective occupation within a reasonable'' {{nowrap|''time''." — [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] (1998) [[New Jersey v. New York]]<ref name=SCotUS-1998-05-26-523-US-767>
{{cite web
| title = New Jersey v. New York, 523 US 767 (1998)
| publisher = US Supreme Court
| url = http://openjurist.org/523/us/767/new-jersey-v-new-york
| date = 26 May 1998
| volume = US
| issue = 523
| at = 523.US.767
| access-date = 29 January 2010
}}
</ref>}}}}<ref name=intl-law-multi-ref>
{{cite book
|first=I. |last=Brownlie
|year=1990
|title=Principles of Public International Law
|edition=4th |page=146
}}
<br/>{{*}}{{cite book
|first=W.E. |last=Hall
|year=1923
|title=A Treatise on International Law
|pages=102–103
}}
<br/>{{*}}{{cite book
|first=C. |last=Hyde
|year=1945
|title=International Law
|edition=revised 2nd |page=329
}}
<br/>{{*}}{{cite book
|first=J. |last=Moore
|year=1906
|title=International Law
|page=258
}}
<br/>{{*}}{{cite book
|first=L. |last=Oppenheim
|year=1937
|title=International Law
|edition=5th |at=§§222-223, pp. 439–441
|publisher=H. Lauterpacht
}}
<br/>{{*}}{{cite book
|first=R. |last=Phillimore
|year=1871
|title=International Law
|edition=2nd |page=273
}}
<br/>{{*}}{{cite book
|first=E. |last=Vattel
|year=1844
|title=Law of Nations
|edition=6th Am. |at=§208, p. 99
|publisher=J. Chitty
}}
</ref> There are currently three territories sometimes claimed to be ''terra nullius'': [[Bir Tawil]] (a strip of land between [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]]), four pockets of land near the [[Danube]] due to the [[Croatia–Serbia border dispute]], and parts of [[Antarctica]], principally [[Marie Byrd Land]].

== Doctrine ==
In international law, ''terra nullius'' is territory which belongs to no state. Sovereignty over territory which is ''terra nullius'' can be acquired by any state by occupation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grant |first1=John P. |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law |last2=Barker |first2=J. Craig |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195389777 |edition=3rd |pages=596}}</ref> According to [[L. F. L. Oppenheim|Oppenheim]]: "The only territory which can be the object of occupation is that which does not already belong to another state, whether it is uninhabited, or inhabited by persons whose community is not considered to be a state; for individuals may live on as territory without forming themselves into a state proper exercising sovereignty over such territory."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Oppenheim's International Law, Vol. I, Peace |publisher=Longman |year=1992 |editor-last=Jennings |editor-first=Robert |location=Burnt Mill |pages=687 |editor-last2=Watts |editor-first2=Sir Arthur}}</ref>

Occupation of ''terra nullius'' is one of several ways in which a state can acquire territory under international law. The other means of acquiring territory are conquest, [[cession]] by agreement, accretion through the operations of nature, and [[Prescription (sovereignty transfer)|prescription]] through the continuous exercise of sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mickelson |first=Karin |date=2014 |title=The Maps of International Law: Perceptions of Nature in the Classification of Territory |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=621–639 |doi=10.1017/S0922156514000235|s2cid=146548691}}</ref>{{sfn|Grant|Barker|2009|p=599}}

==History==
Although the term ''terra nullius'' was not used in international law before the late nineteenth century,{{sfn|Benton|Straumann|2010|p=6}} some writers have traced the concept to the [[Roman law]] term ''[[res nullius]]'', meaning ''nobody's thing''. In Roman law, things that were ''res nullius'', such as wild animals (''ferae bestiae''), lost slaves and abandoned buildings could be taken as property by anyone by seizure. Benton and Straumann, however, state that the derivation of ''terra nullius'' from ''res nullius'' is "by analogy" only.<ref>
{{harvnb|Benton|Straumann|2010|p=1}}: "Contrary to the view of some historians, our analysis will show that ''res nullius'' was a concept with firm foundation in Roman legal sources, but ''terra nullius'' was merely derived from the Roman concept of ''res nullius'' by analogy."
</ref>

Sixteenth century writings on ''res nullius'' were in the context of European colonisation in the [[New World]] and the [[Discovery doctrine|doctrine of discovery]]. In 1535, [[Domingo de Soto]] argued that Spain had no right to the Americas because the lands had not been ''res nullius'' at the time of discovery.{{sfn|Benton|Straumann|2010|pp=23–25}} [[Francisco de Vitoria|Francisco di Vitoria]], in 1539, also used the ''res nullius'' analogy to argue that the indigenous populations of the Americas, although “barbarians”, had both sovereignty and private ownership over their lands, and that the Spanish had gained no legal right to possession through mere discovery of these lands.{{sfn|Benton|Straumann|2010|pp=21–23}} Nevertheless, Vitoria stated that the Spanish possibly had a limited right to rule the indigenous Americans because the latter “are unsuited to setting up or administering a commonwealth both legitimate and ordered in human and civil terms.”{{sfn|Mickelson|2014|p=627}}

[[Alberico Gentili]], in his ''De Jure Belli Libri Tres'' (1598), drew a distinction between the legitimate occupation of land that was ''res nullius'' and illegitimate claims of sovereignty through discovery and occupation of land that was not ''res nullius'', as in the case of the Spanish claim to the Americas.{{sfn|Benton|Straumann|2010|p=25}} [[Hugo Grotius]], writing in 1625, also stated that discovery does not give a right to sovereignty over inhabited land, “For discovery applies to those things which belong to no one.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borch |first=Merete |date=2001 |title=Rethinking the Origins of Terra Nullius |journal=Australian Historical Studies |volume=32 |issue=117 |pages=222–239 [233] |doi=10.1080/10314610108596162 |s2cid=144756641 |via=Taylor and Francis Online |url=http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/resources/pdfs/76.pdf |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>

By the eighteenth century, however, some writers argued that territorial rights over land could stem from the settlement and cultivation of that land. [[William Blackstone]], in 1765, wrote, “Plantations or colonies, in distant countries, are either such where the lands are claimed by right of occupancy only, by finding them desert and uncultivated, and peopling them from the mother-country; or where, when already cultivated, they have been either gained by conquest, or ceded to us by treaties. And both these rights are founded upon the law of nature, or at least upon that of nations."{{sfn|Borch|2001|pp=225–226.|ps=Borch incorrectly gives the date of the first edition of Blackstone's ''Commentaries'' as 1756}}

Borch states that many commentators erroneously interpreted this to mean that uncultivated lands, whether inhabited or not, could be claimed by a colonising state by right of occupancy.{{sfn|Borch|2001|p=226}} Several years before Blackstone, [[Emer de Vattel]], in his ''Le droit des gents'' (1758), drew a distinction between land that was effectively occupied and cultivated, and the unsettled and uncultivated land of nomads which was open to colonisation.{{sfn|Benton|Straumann|2010|p=26}}

The [[Berlin Conference|Berlin West Africa Conference]] of 1884-85 endorsed the principle that sovereignty over an unclaimed territory required effective occupation, and that where native populations had established effective occupation their sovereignty could not be unilaterally overturned by a colonising state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fitzmaurice |first=Andrew |date=2007 |title=The genealogy of Terra Nullius |journal=Australian Historical Studies |volume=38 |issue=129 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/10314610708601228 |s2cid=59461350 |via=[[Taylor & Francis]] |url=http://surplusvalue.org.au/Misc%20Articles%20and%20Poems/terra%20nullius%20copy.pdf |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>{{rp|10}}

The term ''terra nullius'' was used in 1885 in relation to the dispute between Spain and the United States over [[Isla Contoy|Contoy Island]]. Herman Eduard von Hoist, wrote, “Contoy was not, in an international sense, a desert, that is an abandoned island and hence ''terra nullius.''"{{sfn|Fitzmaurice|2007|p=2|loc=note 4}} In 1888, the {{lang|fr|[[Institut de Droit International]]}} introduced the concept of ''territorium nullius'' (nobody’s territory) as a [[public law]] equivalent to the [[private law]] concept of ''res nullius''.{{sfn|Fitzmaurice|2007|pp=10–13}}

In 1909, the Italian international jurist Camille [[Piccioni]] described the island of [[Svalbard|Spitzbergen]] in the Arctic Circle as ''terra nullius''. Even though the island was inhabited by the nationals of several European countries, the inhabitants did not live under any formal sovereignty.{{sfn|Fitzmaurice|2007|pp=3–4}}

In subsequent decades, the term ''terra nullius'' gradually replaced ''territorium nullius.'' Fitzmaurice argues that the two concepts were initially distinct, ''territorium nullius'' applying to territory in which the inhabitants might have property rights but had not developed political sovereignty whereas ''terra nullius'' referred to an absence of property. Nevertheless, ''terra nullius'' also implied an absence of sovereignty because sovereignty required property rights acquired through the [[exploitation of natural resources|exploitation of nature]].{{sfn|Fitzmaurice|2007|p=13}} Michael Connor, however, argues that ''territorium nullius'' and ''terra nullius'' were the same concept, meaning land without sovereignty, and that property rights and cultivation of land were not part of the concept.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Connor |first=Michael |date=5 April 2006 |title=Null Truth to Academic Accusations |pages= |work=The Australian, Higher Education Supplement |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/357364869 |access-date=27 October 2022 |id={{ProQuest|357364869}} }}</ref>

The term ''terra nullius'' was adopted by the [[International Court of Justice]] in its 1975 Western Sahara advisory opinion.{{sfn|Fitzmaurice|2007|p=6}} The majority wrote, "'Occupation' being legally an original means of peaceably acquiring sovereignty over territory otherwise than by cession or succession, it was a cardinal condition of a valid 'occupation' that the territory should be ''terra nullius'' – a territory belonging to no-one – at the time of the act alleged to constitute the 'occupation'."{{sfn|"Mabo case"|1992|loc=per Brennan, para. 42}} The court found that at the time of Spanish colonisation in 1884, the inhabitants of Western Sahara were nomadic but socially and politically organised in tribes and under chiefs competent to represent them. According to State practice of the time the territory therefore was not ''terra nullius''.{{sfn|Grant|Barker|2009|p=675}}

== Current claims of ''terra nullius'' ==
There are three instances where land is sometimes claimed to be ''terra nullius'', [[Marie Byrd Land]] in [[Antarctica]], [[Bir Tawil]] bordering [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]], and [[Croatia–Serbia border dispute|four small areas]] along the [[Croatia]]–[[Serbia]] border.

=== Marie Byrd Land ===
While several countries have made [[territorial claims in Antarctica|claims to parts of Antarctica]] in the first half of the 20th century, the remainder, including most of [[Marie Byrd Land]] (the portion east from [[150th meridian west|150°W]] to [[90th meridian west|90°W]]), has not been claimed by any sovereign state. Signatories to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]] of 1959 agreed not to make such claims, except the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]], who reserved the right to make a claim.

=== Bir Tawil ===
{{See|Egypt–Sudan border}}
[[File:Egypt Sudan claims.svg|thumb|left|Simplified map showing Egypt's territory (yellow), Sudan's territory (blue), the disputed Halaib Triangle (light green), Wadi Halfa Salient (dark green), and the unclaimed Bir Tawil (white).]]

Between [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]] is the {{convert|2,060|km2|abbr=on}} landlocked territory of [[Bir Tawil]], which was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and 1902. One border placed Bir Tawil under Sudan's control and the [[Halaib Triangle]] under Egypt's; the other border did the reverse. Each country asserts the border that would give it the much larger Halaib Triangle, to the east, which is adjacent to the [[Red Sea]], with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either country (each claims the other owns it). Bir Tawil has no settled population, but the land is used by [[Bedouin]]s who roam the area.{{efn|
name=news-Heaton's-2014-BirTawil-claim|
There is some disagreement of whether Bir Tawil is ''terra nullius'' or not. For example, see the news and analysis of Jeremiah Heaton's 2014 flag-planting in Bir Tawil, in an effort to make his daughter, Emily, a "princess" at
''Wash. Post'',<ref name=Najarro-2014-07-12-WashPost>{{cite news |first=Ileana |last=Najarro |date=12 July 2014 |title=V{{grey|[irgini]}}a man plants flag, claims African country, calling it 'Kingdom of North Sudan' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, DC |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/va-man-plants-flag-claims-african-country-calling-it-kingdom-of-north-sudan/2014/07/12/abfbcef2-09fc-11e4-8a6a-19355c7e870a_story.html |access-date=2021-08-21 }}</ref> ''Opinio Juris'',<ref name=Borgen-2014-07-16-be-king>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Borgen |date=2014-07-16 |title=The man who would be king, daddy's little princess, and their territorial claim |website=Opinio Juris (opiniojuris.org) |url=http://opiniojuris.org/2014/07/16/man-king-daddys-little-princess-territorial-claim/ |access-date=2021-08-21 }}</ref> and ''KDVR'' Denver.<ref name=Holden-2014-07-17>{{cite news |first=Will C. |last=Holden |date=17 July 2014 |title=Man lays claim to African land to make daughter real life 'princess' |website=[[KDVR]] kdvr.com |place=Denver, CO |url=http://kdvr.com/2014/07/17/man-lays-claim-to-african-land-to-make-daughter-real-life-princess/ |access-date=30 March 2018 }}</ref>}}

=== Gornja Siga and other pockets ===
[[File:Croatia Serbia border Backa Baranja.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|The Croatia–Serbia border dispute in the [[Bačka]] and [[Baranya (region)|Baranja]] area. The Croatian claim corresponds to the red line, while the Serbian claim corresponds to the course of the [[Danube]].{{legend|#ffff00|Under Serbian control, claimed by Croatia}}{{legend|#00ff00|Under ''[[de facto]]'' Croatian control, although not claimed by either Croatia or Serbia}}]]

[[Croatia–Serbia border dispute|Croatia and Serbia dispute several small areas]] on the east bank of the [[Danube]]. However, four pockets on the west bank, of which Gornja Siga is the largest, are not claimed by either country. [[Serbia]] makes no claims on the land while Croatia states that the land belongs to Serbia.<ref name=Bartlett-2016-05-24-crypto-libtns>{{cite news |last=Bartlett |first=Jamie |date=24 May 2016 |title=The crypto-libertarians using technology to undermine the nation-state |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/24/the-crypto-libertarians-using-technology-to-undermine-the-nation/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/24/the-crypto-libertarians-using-technology-to-undermine-the-nation/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live
}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Croatia states that the disputed area is not ''terra nullius'' and they are negotiating with Serbia to settle the border.<ref>{{cite press release |date=6 July 2015 |title=On Virtual Narratives at Croatia's Borders |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/nachrichten-91528/on-virtual-narratives-at-croatia-s-borders-160587/160587 |work=Hungarian Embassy of the Republic of Croatia |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)]]}}</ref>

== Historical claims of ''terra nullius'' ==
Several territories have been claimed to be ''terra nullius''. In a minority of those claims, international and domestic courts have ruled on whether the territory is or was ''terra nullius'' or not.

=== Africa ===
==== Burkina Faso and Niger ====
A narrow strip of land adjacent to two territorial markers along the [[Burkina Faso–Niger border]] was claimed by neither country until the [[International Court of Justice]] settled a [[Burkina Faso–Niger Frontier Dispute case|more extensive territorial dispute]] in 2013. The former unclaimed territory was awarded to Niger.<ref name=ICJ-2013-04-16-jdgt>
{{cite report
|title=Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger)
|date=16 April 2013
|series=Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders
|publisher=International Court of Justice
|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/149/judgments
|access-date=4 August 2017
}}
</ref>

====Western Sahara====
{{Main|Advisory opinion on Western Sahara}}
At the request of [[Morocco]], the [[International Court of Justice]] in 1975 addressed whether [[Western Sahara]] was ''terra nullius'' at the time of Spanish colonization in 1885. The court found in [[advisory opinion on Western Sahara|its advisory opinion]] that Western Sahara was not ''terra nullius'' at that time.

===Asia===
====Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone====
[[Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone]]

====Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone====
[[Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone]]

====Pinnacle Islands (Diaoyu Islands/Senkaku Islands)====
A [[Senkaku Islands dispute|disputed archipelago]] in the [[East China Sea]], the uninhabited [[Senkaku Islands|Pinnacle Islands]], were claimed by [[Japan]] to have become part of [[Empire of Japan|its territory]] as ''terra nullius'' in January 1895, following the Japanese victory in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. However, this interpretation is not accepted by the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (Taiwan), both of whom claim sovereignty over the islands.

====Scarborough Shoal (South China Sea)====
The [[China|People's Republic of China]] and the [[Philippines]] both claim the [[Scarborough Shoal]] or Panatag Shoal or Huangyan Island ({{zh|s=黄岩岛|t=黃巖島|p=Huángyán Dǎo}}), nearest to the island of [[Luzon]], located in the [[South China Sea]]. The Philippines claims it under the principles of ''terra nullius'' and EEZ ([[exclusive economic zone]]). China's claim refers to its discovery in the 13th century by Chinese fishermen (the former Nationalist government on the Chinese mainland had also claimed this territory after the founding of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in 1911). However, despite China's position of non-participation in a [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] case, in 2016, the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) denied the lawfulness of China's "[[nine-dash line]]" claim.<ref name=Schofield-2016-CSEA-38-3-339>
{{cite journal
|last=Schofield |first=Clive
|year=2016
|title=A landmark decision in the South China Sea: The scope and implications of the Arbitral Tribunal's award
|journal=Contemporary Southeast Asia
|volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=339–348
|doi=10.1355/cs38-3a
|jstor=24916757 |s2cid=157502728
|issn=0129-797X
}}
</ref><ref name=PCoA-2016-case-2013-19>
{{cite web
|title=Case nr. 2013-19
|year=2016
|publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration
|url=https://docs.pca-cpa.org/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf
}}
</ref><ref name=Johnson-2016-07-12-JT>
{{cite news
|last=Johnson |first=Jesse
|date=2016-07-12
|title=Tribunal rejects Beijing's claims to South China Sea; Japan braces for reaction
|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]
|lang=en-US
|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/12/asia-pacific/tribunal-rules-chinese-claims-south-china-sea/
|access-date=2020-08-20
}}
</ref><ref name=Perlez-2016-07-12-NYT>
{{cite news
|last=Perlez |first=Jane
|date=2016-07-12
|title=Tribunal rejects Beijing's claims in South China sea
|lang=en-US
|place=New York, NY
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|issn=0362-4331
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html
|access-date=2020-08-20
}}
</ref><ref name=Lawfare-2016-07-12-ruling>
{{Cite web
|title=Tribunal issues landmark ruling in South China Sea arbitration
|date=2016-07-12
|website=Lawfare
|lang=en
|url=https://www.lawfareblog.com/tribunal-issues-landmark-ruling-south-china-sea-arbitration
|access-date=2020-08-20
}}
</ref>

Despite this, China continues to build artificial islands in the South China Sea, and Scarborough Shoal is a prime location for another one.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} Chinese ships have been seen in the vicinity of the shoal. Analysis of photos has concluded that the ships lack dredging equipment and therefore represent no imminent threat of reclamation work.<ref name=Mollman-2016-09-11-Qz>
{{cite news
|last=Mollman |first=Steve
|date=11 September 2016
|title= The "strategic triangle" that would allow Beijing to control the South China Sea
|newspaper=Quartz
|lang=en-US
|url=http://qz.com/775382/all-eyes-are-on-the-scarborough-shoal-the-reef-rimmed-lagoon-that-would-allow-beijing-to-control-the-south-china-sea/
|access-date= 27 October 2016
}}
</ref>

===Europe===
====Ireland====
The term ''terra nullius'' has been applied by some modern academics in discussing the [[Plantations of Ireland|English colonisation of Ireland]], although the term is not used in the international law sense and is often used as an analogy. Griffen and Cogliano state that the English viewed Ireland as a ''terra nullius''.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Patrick |last1=Griffin |first2=Francis D. |last2=Cogliano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LK4BEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Terra+nullius%22+ireland&pg=PT198 |title=Ireland and America: Empire, Revolution, and Sovereignty|date=7 July 2021 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=9780813946023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> In ''The Irish Difference: A Tumultuous History of Ireland’s Breakup With Britain'', Fergal Tobin writes that "Ireland had no tradition of unified statehood and no culturally unified establishment. Indeed, it had never known any kind of political unity until a version of it was imposed by [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]'s sword […] So the English Protestant interest […] came to regard Ireland as a kind of ''terra nullius''."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6ktEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22came+to+regard+ireland+as%22+nullius&pg=PT57|title=The Irish Difference: A Tumultuous History of Ireland's Breakup With Britain|first=Fergal|last=Tobin|date=14 April 2022 |publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=9781838952624 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Similarly, Bruce McLeod writes in ''The Geography of Empire in English Literature, 1580-1745'' that "although the English were familiar with Ireland and its geography in comparison to North America, they treated Ireland as though it were ''terra nullius'' and thus easily and geometrically subdivided into territorial units."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JA8e7j4iw3sC&dq=%22although+the+english%22+%22terra+nullius%22+ireland&pg=PA53|title=The Geography of Empire in English Literature, 1580-1745|first=Bruce|last=McLeod|date=28 September 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521660792 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Rolston and McVeigh trace this attitude back to [[Gerald of Wales]] (13th century), who wrote "This people despises work on the land, has little use for the money-making of towns, contemns the rights and privileges of citizenship, and desires neither to abandon, nor lose respect for, the life which it has been accustomed to lead in the woods and countryside." The semi-[[nomadism]] of the native Irish meant that some English judged them not to be productive users of land. However, Rolston and McVeigh state that Gerald made it clear that Ireland was acquired by conquest and not through the occupation of ''terra nullius''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2635910 |title=Civilising the Irish|first1=Bill |last1=Rolston |first2=Robbie|last2=McVeigh |date=25 July 2009|ssrn=2635910 |via=papers.ssrn.com}}</ref>
====Rockall====
According to Ian Mitchell, [[Rockall]] was ''terra nullius'' until it was claimed by the [[United Kingdom]] in 1955.
It was formally annexed in 1972.<ref name=Mitchell-2012-IslesN>
{{cite book
|first=Ian |last=Mitchell |author-link=Ian Mitchell (author)
|date=2012
|title=Isles of the North
|page=232
|publisher=[[Birlinn (publisher)|Birlinn]]
|isbn=978-0-85790-099-9
|url={{GBurl|id=QM-8BQAAQBAJ|pg=PT232}}
|via=Google Books
}}
</ref><ref name=BBC-News-OnThisDay-21Sep>
{{cite news
|title=21 September 1955: Britain claims Rockall
|department=On This Day
|website=[[BBC News]]
|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm
}}
</ref><ref name=Rockall-act-1972-02-10>
{{cite web
|title=Island Of Rockall Act 1972
|website=[[legislation.gov.uk]]
|date=10 February 1972
|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/2/pdfs/ukpga_19720002_en.pdf
}}</ref>

==== Sealand ====
In 1967, [[Paddy Roy Bates]] claimed an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea as the "[[Principality of Sealand]]". The structure is now within British territorial waters and no country recognises Sealand.<ref name="Ward-2000-06-05-BBC-News">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Ward |date=5 June 2000 |title=Offshore and offline? |publisher=[[BBC News]] |department=UK |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/778267.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222175031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/778267.stm |archive-date=22 February 2009}}</ref>

==== Svalbard ====
[[Denmark–Norway]], the [[Dutch Republic]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] all claimed sovereignty over the archipelago of [[Svalbard]] in the seventeenth century, but none permanently occupied it. Expeditions from each of these polities visited Svalbard principally during the summer for [[whaling]], with the first two sending a few wintering parties in the 1620s and 1630s.{{sfn|Fitzmaurice|2007}}

During the 19th century, both [[Norway]] and [[Russia]] made strong claims to the archipelago. In 1909, Italian jurist Camille Piccioni described Spitzbergen, as it was then known, as ''terra nullius'':
{{blockquote|The issue would have been simpler if Spitzbergen, until now terra nullius, could have been attributed to a single state, for reasons of neighbouring or earlier occupation. But this is not the case and several powers can, for different reasons, make their claims to this territory which still has no master.<ref name=Piccioni-1909-RevueGen-XVI>{{cite book |first=Camille |last=Piccioni |year=1909 |title=Revue generale de droit international public |volume=XVI}}{{fcn|date=October 2023|reason=I believe this is a journal. Need at least page or title of article.}}</ref>}}

The territorial dispute was eventually resolved by the [[Svalbard Treaty]] of 9 February 1920 which recognized Norwegian sovereignty over the islands.

=== North America ===
==== Canada ====
[[Joseph Trutch]], the first [[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia]], insisted that [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] had never owned land, and thus their land claims could safely be ignored. It is for this reason that most of [[British Columbia]] remains [[unceded land]].<ref name=Miller-2003-10-sht-comm>{{cite conference |first=Bruce Granville |last=Miller |date=October 2003 |title=A short commentary on land claims in BC |conference=11th Annual National Land Claims Workshop |publisher=Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs |url=https://www.ubcic.bc.ca/a_short_commentary_on_land_claims_in_bc |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>

In ''[[R. v. Guerin|Guerin v. The Queen]]'', a [[Supreme Court of Canada|Canadian Supreme Court]] decision of 1984 on aboriginal rights, the Court stated that the government has a [[Fiduciary|fiduciary duty]] toward the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a ''[[sui generis]]'' right. Since then there has been a more complicated debate and a general narrowing of the definition of "fiduciary duty".{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==== Eastern Greenland ====
[[Norway]] occupied and claimed parts of (then uninhabited) eastern [[Greenland]] in 1931, claiming that it constituted ''terra nullius'' and calling the territory [[Erik the Red's Land]].<ref name=Jacobs-2015-03-04>{{cite web |first=Frank |last=Jacobs |date=4 March 2015 |title=The cold war that wasn't: Norway annexes Greenland |website=Big Think (bigthink.com) |url=http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-cold-war-that-wasnt-norway-annexes-greenland |access-date= 30 March 2018}}</ref>

The [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] ruled against the Norwegian claim. The Norwegians accepted the ruling and withdrew their claim.

==== United States ====
A similar concept of "uncultivated land" was employed by [[John Quincy Adams]] to identify supposedly unclaimed [[wilderness]].<ref name=CMichU-HistLib-NtvAm-land-rt>{{cite report |title=A brief history of land transfers between American Indians and the United States Government |series=Native American Material / Treaty Rights |place=Mount Pleasant, MI |department=Clarke Historical Library |publisher=[[Central Michigan University]] |url=https://www.cmich.edu/library/clarke/ResearchResources/Native_American_Material/Treaty_Rights/Pages/New-Section---The-Land.aspx |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

===== Guano Islands =====
The [[Guano Islands Act]] of 18 August 1856 enabled citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing [[guano]] deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of other governments. It also empowers the [[President of the United States]] to use the military to protect such interests, and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States.

=== Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
{{Further |Indigenous land rights in Australia}}The British penal [[colony of New South Wales]], which included more than half of mainland Australia, was proclaimed by Governor Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] at Sydney in February 1788.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Feb 1788 – Colony of NSW formally proclaimed |url=https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/magazine/onthisday/7-february-1788 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=NSW Government, State archives and records}}</ref> At the time of British colonisation, Aboriginal Australians had occupied Australia for at least 50,000 years. They were complex [[Hunter-gatherer|hunter-gatherers]] with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Elizabeth |year=2015 |title=Complex hunter-gatherers: a view from Australia |journal=Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=61 |issue=232 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00052182 |s2cid=162146349}}</ref><ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). ''The Original Australians''. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. p. 217. {{ISBN|978-1760527075}}.</ref> The Aboriginal population of the Sydney area was an estimated 4,000 to 8,000 people who were organised in clans which occupied land with traditional boundaries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attenbrow |first=Val |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records |publisher=[[UNSW Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1742231167 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=22–26}}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Aboriginal people and place |url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Sydney Barani}}</ref>

There is debate over whether Australia was colonised by the British from 1788 on the basis that the land was ''terra nullius''. Frost, Attwood and others argue that even though the term ''terra nullius'' was not used in the eighteenth century, there was widespread acceptance of the concept that a state could acquire territory through occupation of land that was not already under sovereignty and was uninhabited or inhabited by peoples who had not developed permanent settlements, agriculture, property rights or political organisation recognised by European states.{{sfn|Borch|2001|p=223}} Borch, however, states that, "it seems much more likely that there was no legal doctrine maintaining that inhabited land could be regarded as ownerless, nor was this the basis of official policy, in the eighteenth century or before. Rather it seems to have developed as a legal theory in the nineteenth century.”{{sfn|Borch|2001|p=224}}

In [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|''Mabo v Queensland (No 2)'' (1992)]], Justice Dawson stated, "Upon any account, the policy which was implemented and the laws which were passed in New South Wales make it plain that, from the inception of the colony, the Crown treated all land in the colony as unoccupied and afforded no recognition to any form of native interest in the land."{{sfn|"Mabo case"|1992|loc=per Dawson, para. 36}}

[[Stuart Banner]] states that the first known Australian legal use of the concept (although not the term) ''terra nullius'' was in 1819 in a tax dispute between [[Barron Field (author)|Barron Field]] and the Governor of [[New South Wales]] [[Lachlan Macquarie]]. The matter was referred to British Attorney General [[Samuel Shepherd]] and Solicitor General [[Robert Gifford, 1st Baron Gifford|Robert Gifford]] who advised that New South Wales had not been acquired by conquest or cession, but by possession as "desert and uninhabited".<ref name=Banner-2005>{{cite journal |first=Banner |last=Stuart |year=2005 |title=Why Terra Nullius? Anthropology and Property Law in Early Australia |journal=Law and History Review |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=95–131 |doi=10.1017/S0738248000000067 |jstor=30042845 |s2cid=145484253}}</ref><ref name=Clemens-2018-10-The-Monthly>{{cite web |last=Justin |first=Clemens |title=Barron Field and the myth of terra nullius |website=The Monthly |date=October 2018 |url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2018/october/1538316000/justin-clemens/barron-field-and-myth-terra-nullius#mtr}}</ref>

In 1835, a [[Proclamation of Governor Bourke|Proclamation by Governor Bourke]] stated that British subjects could not obtain title over vacant Crown land directly from Aboriginal Australians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Documenting Democracy |url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-42.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.foundingdocs.gov.au}}</ref>

In ''R v Murrell'' (1836) Justice Burton of the Supreme Court of New South Wales stated, "although it might be granted that on the first taking possession of the Colony, the aborigines were entitled to be recognised as free and independent, yet they were not in such a position with regard to strength as to be considered free and independent tribes. They had no sovereignty."{{sfn|Borch|2001|p=236}}

In the Privy Council case ''Cooper v Stuart'' (1889), Lord Watson stated that New South Wales was, "a tract of territory practically unoccupied, without settled inhabitants or settled law, at the time when it was peacefully annexed to the British dominions."{{sfn|"Mabo case"|1992|loc=per Brennan, para. 36}}

In the Mabo Case (1992), the [[High Court of Australia]] considered the question of whether Australia had been colonised by Britain on the basis that it was ''terra nullius''. The court did not consider the legality of the initial colonisation as this was a matter of international law and, "The acquisition of territory by a sovereign state for the first time is an act of state which cannot be challenged, controlled or interfered with by the courts of that state."{{sfn|"Mabo case"|1992|loc=per Brennan, paras. 31–32}} The questions for decision included the implications of the initial colonisation for the transmission of the common law to New South Wales and whether the common law recognised that the Indigenous inhabitants had any form of native title to land. Dismissing a number of previous authorities, the court rejected the "enlarged notion of terra nullius", by which lands inhabited by Indigenous peoples could be considered desert and uninhabited for the purposes of Australian [[municipal law]].{{sfn|"Mabo case"|1992|loc=per Brennan, paras. 36, 46, 63}} The court found that the common law of Australia recognised a form of native title held by the Indigenous peoples of Australia and that this title persisted unless extinguished by a valid exercise of sovereign power inconsistent with the continued right to enjoy native title.{{sfn|"Mabo case"|1992|loc=per Brennan, para. 83}}

==== Clipperton Island ====
The sovereignty of [[Clipperton Island]] was settled by arbitration between [[Second French Empire|France]] and [[Mexico]]. King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] of Italy rendered a decision in 1931 that the sovereignty of Clipperton Island belongs to France from the date of November 17, 1858. The Mexican claim was rejected for lack of proof of prior Spanish discovery and, in any event, no effective occupation by Mexico before 1858, when the island was therefore ''territorium nullius'', and the French occupation then was sufficient and legally continuing.<ref name=Ireland-1941-Bdrys-Posn-Confl>{{cite book |last=Ireland |first=Gordon |year=1941 |title=Boundaries, Possessions, and Conflicts in Central and North America and the Caribbean |page=320 |publisher=Octagon Books |place=New York, NY}}</ref>

==== South Island of New Zealand ====
In 1840, the newly appointed [[lieutenant governor|Lieutenant-Governor]] of [[New Zealand]], Captain [[William Hobson]] of the [[Royal Navy]], following instructions from the British government, declared the Middle Island of New Zealand (later known as the "[[South Island]]") as ''terra nullius'',{{cn|date=October 2021}} and therefore fit for occupation by European [[settler]]s. Hobson's decision was also influenced by a [[Nanto-Bordelaise Company | small party of French settlers]] heading towards [[Akaroa]] on [[Banks Peninsula]] to settle in 1840.<ref name=O-Regan-1989-NgaiTahu-Waitangi>{{cite book |first=Tipene |last=O'Regan |year=1989 |article=The Ngai Tahu claim |editor-first=Ian Hugh |editor-last=Kawharu |title=Waitangi: Māori and Pākehā perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi |place=Auckland, NZ / New York, NY |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-558175-X |oclc=643932154}}</ref>{{qn|date=October 2021}}

=== South America ===
==== Patagonia ====
[[Patagonia]] was according to some considerations regarded a ''terra nullius'' in the 19th century. This notion ignored the Spanish Crown's recognition of indigenous [[Mapuche]] sovereignty and is considered by scholars Nahuelpán and Antimil to have set the stage for an era of Chilean "republican colonialism".<ref name="NahuelpánMoreno-AntimilCaniupán-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Nahuelpán Moreno |first1=Héctor Javier |last2=Antimil Caniupán |first2=Jaime Anedo |year=2019 |title=Colonialismo republicano, violencia y subordinación racial mapuche en Chile durante el siglo XX |lang=es |trans-title=Republican Colonialism, Violence and Mapuche Racial Subordination in Chile during the Twentieth Century |journal=Revista de historia regional y local |volume=11 |issue=21 |pages=211–248 |via=Dialnet |doi=10.15446/historelo.v11n21.71500 |doi-access=free |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6794837}}</ref>

== Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty ==
View the following chart as if it was a "cross-section" of Earth, stretching from underground to outer space.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" cellpadding="5"
|+Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty
|-
|style="background:#ff9090;color:black;border:3px dashed red;"colspan="8"| [[Outer space]] <small>(including Earth's [[orbit]]s; the [[Moon]] and other [[astronomical object|celestial bodies]], and their orbits)</small>
|-
|style="background:#90ff90;color:black;border:2px solid black;"colspan="2"| [[airspace|national airspace]]
|style="background:yellow;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[territorial waters]] [[airspace]]
|style="background:yellow;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[Territorial waters#Contiguous zone|contiguous zone]] [[airspace]]
|style="background:#ff9090;color:black;border:2px solid black;"colspan="4"| [[airspace|international airspace]]
|-
|style="background:#90ff90;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[list of sovereign states|territorial land surface]]
|style="background:#90ff90;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[internal waters|internal waters' surface]]
|style="background:#90ff90;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[territorial waters|territorial waters' surface]]
|style="background:yellow;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[Territorial waters#Contiguous zone|contiguous zone surface waters]]
|style="background:yellow;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[exclusive economic zone|exclusive economic zone waters' surface]]
|style="background:#ff9090;color:black;border:2px solid black;"colspan="3"| [[international waters|international waters' surface]]
|- style="color:black;"
|style="background:#90ff90;border:2px solid black;"colspan="2"| [[internal waters]]
|style="background:#90ff90;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[territorial waters]]
|style="background:yellow;color:black;border:2px solid black;"colspan="2"| [[exclusive economic zone]]
|style="background:#ff9090;color:black;border:2px solid black;"colspan="3"| [[international waters]]
|-
|style="background:#90ff90;color:black; border:2px solid black;"colspan="2" rowspan="2"| [[Earth|under ground surface]] in [[list of sovereign states|land territory]]
|style="background:#90ff90;color:black; border:2px solid black;"| [[continental shelf|surface waters overlying continental shelf]]
|style="background:yellow;color:black;border:2px solid black;"colspan="2"| [[continental shelf|surface waters overlying continental shelf]]
|style="background:yellow;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[Territorial waters#Extended continental shelf claims|surface waters overlying extended continental shelf]]
|style="background:#ff9090;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[International Seabed Authority|international waters' seabed surface]]
|-
|style="background:#90ff90;color:black;border:2px solid black;"colspan="3"| [[continental shelf|beneath continental shelf seabed]]
|style="background:yellow;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[Territorial waters#Extended continental shelf claims|beneath extended continental shelf seabed]]
|style="background:#ff9090;color:black;border:2px solid black;"| [[International Seabed Authority|international waters beneath seabed]]
|}
{{legend|#90ff90|full national [[jurisdiction]] and [[sovereignty]]}}
{{legend|yellow|restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty}}
{{legend|#ff9090|international jurisdiction per [[common heritage of humanity]]}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=15em|content=
* [[Aboriginal title]]
** [[Henry Reynolds (historian)|Henry A. Reynolds]]
** [[History wars]]
** [[Native title in Australia]]
*** ''[[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo v Queensland]]''
*** ''[[Wik Peoples v Queensland]]''
* [[Allodial title]]
* [[Antarctic Treaty System]]
* [[Common heritage of humanity]]
* [[Discovery doctrine]]
* [[Extraterrestrial real estate]]
* [[Frontier]]
* [[Frontier thesis]]
* [[Indigenous land rights]]
* [[Advisory opinion on Western Sahara|International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara, 1975]]
* [[International waters]]
* [[International zone]]s
* [[Land claim]]
* [[Manifest destiny]]
* [[No man's land]]
* ''[[Res nullius]]'' (original and broader formulation in law)
* [[Space colonization]]
* [[Space law]]
* [[Uncontacted peoples]]
* [[Wilderness]]
}}

=== Appropriation concepts ===
{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=15em|content=
* [[Adverse possession]]
* [[Homestead principle]]
* [[Original appropriation]]
* [[Pedis possessio]]
* [[Seasteading]]
* [[Usucaption]]
* [[Uti possidetis]]
}}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em|refs=

}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal
|first1=Lauren |last1=Benton
|first2=Benjamin |last2=Straumann
|date=February 2010
|title=Acquiring empire by law: From Roman doctrine to early modern European practice
|journal=Law and History Review
|volume=28 |number=1 |pages=1–38
|publisher=American Society for Legal History
|doi=10.1017/S0738248009990022
|jstor=40646121
|s2cid=143079931}}
* {{Cite web |date=1992 |title=Mabo v Queensland (No 2) ("Mabo case") [1992] HCA 23 |url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/HCA/1992/23.html?context=1;query=Mabo%20No%202;mask_path=au/cases/cth/HCA |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Australasian Legal Information Institute |ref={{sfnref|"Mabo case"|1992}}}}</ref>
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|last=Connor |first=Michael
|title=The Invention of 'Terra Nullius'
|place=Sydney, NSW, AU
|publisher=[[Macleay Press]]
|year=2005}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book
|last=Culhane |first=Dara
|year=1998
|title=The Pleasure of the Crown: Anthropology, law, and the First Nations
|place=Vancouver, BC
|publisher=Talon Books}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book |last=Keating |first=Joshua |year=2018 |title=Invisible Countries: Journeys to the Edge of Nationhood |publisher=Yale |isbn=978-0-300-22162-6}}
* {{cite book
|last=Lindqvist |first=Sven |author-link=Sven Lindqvist
|year=2007
|title='Terra Nullius': A journey through no one's land
|edition=hdbk
|translator=Death, Sarah
|place=New York
|publisher=The New Press
|lang=en
|isbn=978-1595580511
|postscript=,}}
** {{cite book
|last=Lindqvist |first=Sven |author-link=Sven Lindqvist
|year=2008 |orig-year=2007
|title='Terra Nullius': A journey through no one's land
|edition=pbk
|translator=Death, Sarah
|publisher=Granta
|place=London
|lang=en
|isbn=978-1847085214
}} [http://www.svenlindqvist.net/main.asp?cat=2&lang=2&id=218 book info here]. ''svenlindqvist.net'' (author's website).
* {{cite book
|first=Tim |last=Rowse
|year=2001
|article=Terra nullius
|editor1-first=Graeme |editor1-last=Davison
|editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Hirst
|editor3-first=Stuart |editor3-last=Macintyre
|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History
|publisher=Oxford University Press}}{{ISBN?}}

==External links==
* {{cite report
|author=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner
|title=Social Justice Reports, 1994–2009
|url=http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830005936/http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/
|archive-date=30 August 2007
}}

* {{cite report
|author=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner
|title=Native Title Reports, 1994–2009
|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/native-title-reports
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629233905/https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/native-title-reports
|archive-date=29 June 2019
}}

* {{cite web
|title=A history of the concept of ''terra nullius''
|series=Research projects
|department=History
|publisher=The [[University of Sydney]]
|url=http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/history/research/projects/fitzmaurice_terra.shtml
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.11.27-030552/http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/history/research/projects/fitzmaurice_terra.shtml
|archive-date=2012-11-27
}}

* {{cite web
|first=Richard |last=Bourke
|title=Proclamation {{grey|[of ''terra nullius'']}}
|date=10 October 1835
|publisher=NSW Migration Heritage Centre
|series=Statement of Significance
|quote=document in the collection of the National Archives of the United Kingdom, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
|url=http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/objectsthroughtime/objects/bourketerra/
|url-status=dead |access-date=2021-08-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231082943/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/objectsthroughtime/objects/bourketerra/
|archive-date=2007-12-31
}} – Governor Burke's 1835 proclamation of ''terra nullius''.

* {{cite web
|last=Veracini |first=Lorenzo
|date=10 February 2006
|title=Terra nullius and the 'history wars'
|type=book review / opinion
|id=article 4141
|url=https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=4141&page=0
|access-date=2021-08-22
}} – analysis of Michael Conner's denial of ''terra nullius'' (''The Invention of Terra Nullius'').

* {{cite web
|title=Terror nullius
|url=http://www.wulfdhund.de/rassismusanalyse/?Ergaenzungen:Australien
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515005453/http://www.wulfdhund.de/rassismusanalyse/?Ergaenzungen:Australien
|archive-date=15 May 2012
}}


* {{cite AustLII|HCA|23|1992|litigants=[[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)]]|parallelcite=(1992) 175 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1|date=3 June 1992|courtname=[[High Court of Australia]]}}.

* {{cite AustLII|HCA|40|1996|litigants=[[Wik Peoples v Queensland]]|parallelcite=(1996) 187 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1|date=23 December 1996|courtname=[[High Court of Australia|High Court]]}}.

* {{cite web
|author=[[International Court of Justice]]
|year=1975
|title=Advisory opinion regarding Western Sahara
|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/igeneralinformation/ibbook/Bbook8-2.15.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228165021/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/igeneralinformation/ibbook/Bbook8-2.15.htm
|archive-date=28 February 2007
}}

* {{cite web
|title=History before European Settlement
|publisher=[[Parliament of New South Wales]]
|url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryBeforeEuropeanSettlement
|access-date=13 January 2005
|archive-date=5 February 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205181214/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryBeforeEuropeanSettlement
|url-status=dead
}}

* {{cite web
|title=Material on ''terra nullius''
|series=NSW primary school curriculum
|place=[[New South Wales]]
|url=http://www.bosnsw-k6.nsw.edu.au/linkages/IntegratedUnits/aboriginal/invasion_learn03.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050414140704/http://www.bosnsw-k6.nsw.edu.au/linkages/IntegratedUnits/aboriginal/invasion_learn03.html
|archive-date=14 April 2005
}}

* {{cite AustLII|NSWSupC|4|1832|litigants=R. v Boatman or Jackass and Bulleye|parallelcite=(1832) NSW Sel Cas (Dowling) 68|date=23 February 18328|courtname=auto}}.

{{Colonization}}
{{Types of administrative division}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terra Nullius}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Common law]]
[[Category:Constitutional state types]]
[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:Legal fictions]]
[[Category:Latin legal terminology]]
[[Category:Aboriginal title]]
[[Category:Legal doctrines and principles]]
[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Space law]]
[[Category:Borders]]

Hosaena

2023-10-28T11:40:05Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1181080105 by Frietjes (Restorer)

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Hossana
| pushpin_map = Ethiopia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Ethiopia
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Ethiopia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Central Ethiopia Regional State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of zones of Ethiopia|Zone]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hadiya Zone|Hadiya]]
| population_as_of = 2007
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Population and Housing Census 2007 – SNNPR Statistical |url=https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Statistical_SNNPR.pdf |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Ethiopian Statistical Agency}}</ref>
| population_total = 69995
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset = +3
| coordinates = {{coord|7|33|N|37|51|E|region:ET|display=inline}}
| elevation_m = 2177
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
| population_est = 179761
| pop_est_as_of = 2021
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Population Projection Towns as of July 2021 |url=https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Population-of-Towns-as-of-July-2021.pdf |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Ethiopian Statistics Agency}}</ref>
}}

'''Hosaina''' (also spelled [[Hosaina]]) is a town and separate [[Districts of Ethiopia|woreda]] in southern [[Ethiopia]], and the administrative center of the [[Hadiya Zone]]. Located in the [[Central Ethiopia Regional State]], Hosaina has a latitude and longitude of {{coord|7|33|N|37|51|E|region:ET-SN_type:city(57439)|display=inline,title}} with an elevation of 2177 meters above sea level. It was part of [[Limo (woreda)|Limo]] woreda and is surrounded by it.

A nearby landmark is the rock-hewn [[Dawabelo Cave]], whose rock-hewn pillars suggest that it is an unfinished [[monolithic church]].<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: the Bradt Travel Guide'', third edition (London: Bradt, 2002), p. 378</ref> An all-weather road was built in 1963 by the [[Gurage Road Association]], which connected Hosaina na to [[Addis Ababa]] by way of [[Welkite]] and [[Endibir]].<ref name=CSAE>[http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/evstudies/pdfs/imdibir/imdibir-nophotos.pdf "Ethiopian Village Studies: Imbdibir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216060224/http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/evstudies/pdfs/imdibir/imdibir-nophotos.pdf |date=2009-12-16 }}, Centre for the Study of African Economies (accessed 5 July 2009)</ref> According to the SNNPR's Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, {{as of|2003|lc=on}} Hosaena's amenities include digital telephone access, postal service, 24-hour electrical service, a bank and a hospital.<ref>[http://www.snnprbofed.gov.et/Reports/Hotel%20and%20Tourism.xls "Detailed statistics on hotels and tourism"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531221518/http://www.snnprbofed.gov.et/Reports/Hotel%20and%20Tourism.xls |date=2011-05-31 }}, Bureau of Finance and Economic Development website (accessed 4 September 2009)</ref>

== History ==
In 1910 Hosaena became the administrative center of the province of [[Hadiya Zone|Hadiya]]. The town was occupied by the Italians on 11 February 1937. By 1958 Hosaena was one of 27 places in Ethiopia ranked as First Class Township.<ref name="NAI-web">[https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html "Local History of Ethiopia"] The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 3 December 2007)</ref>

In 1929, a pair of missionaries settled in the town, their efforts leading to Hosaena becoming a center of [[P'ent'ay|Protestant Christianity]] in southern Ethiopia; as early as December 1949, the town hosted a Bible conference, attended by 800 persons. In April 1970, the administrative center of the Kembata Synod of the [[Mekane Yesus Church]] was officially moved from [[Durame]] to Hosaena; the synod was later renamed the "South Central Synod."<ref name=NAI-web/>

== Demographics ==
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the CSA, this woreda has a total population of 69,995, of whom 35,523 are men and 34,472 women. The majority of the inhabitants were [[P'ent'ay|Protestants]], with 65.74% of the population reporting that belief, 24.6% practiced [[Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity]], 6.57% were [[Islam in Ethiopia|Muslim]], and 1.99% were [[Roman Catholicism in Ethiopia|Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Population and Housing Census 2007 – SNNPR Statistical |url=https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Statistical_SNNPR.pdf |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Ethiopian Statistical Agency}}</ref>

The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 31,701 of whom 15,593 were men and 16,108 were women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1994 |title=Population and Housing Census 1994 – SNNPR Region |url=https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Population-and-Housing-Census-1994-SNNPR-Region.pdf |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Ethiopian Statistical Agency}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{portal|Africa}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Cities of Ethiopia}}

{{Districts of the Central Ethiopia Regional State}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ethiopia]]

Terra nullius

2023-10-28T11:37:53Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1181837842 by Safes007 (Restorer)

Charles Taze Russell

2023-10-28T11:35:40Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1175182127 by InternetArchiveBot (Restorer)

{{Short description|Founder of the Bible Student movement (1852–1916)}}
{{about|the pastor|the African-American architect|Charles Thaddeus Russell}}
{{Use American English|date = August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|birth_name= Charles Taze Russell
|birth_date={{birth date|1852|02|16|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Allegheny, Pennsylvania]], US
|death_date={{death date and age|1916|10|31|1852|02|16|mf=y}}
|death_place=[[Pampa, Texas]], US
|image=Charles Taze Russell sharp.jpg
|caption=Russell in 1911
| signature = Charles_Taze_Russell%27s_signature.jpg
| occupation= {{hlist | Writer | pastor}}
}}

'''Charles Taze Russell''' (February 16, 1852 – October 31, 1916), or '''Pastor Russell''', was an American Christian [[Restorationism (Christian primitivism)|restorationist]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] from [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, and founder of what is now known as the [[Bible Student movement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064467/Charles-Taze-Russell |title=Russell, Charles Taze |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=September 22, 2006 |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref>Parkinson, James ''The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell'', 1975</ref> He was an early [[Christian Zionist]].<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2018-08-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/before-herzl-there-was-pastor-russell-a-neglected-chapter-of-zionism/0000017f-f598-d318-afff-f7fb42430000 Before Herzl there was Pastor Russell], [[Haaretz]]</ref>

In July 1879, Russell began publishing a monthly religious magazine, ''[[The Watchtower|Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence]]''. In 1881, he co-founded [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society]] with [[William Henry Conley]] as president; in 1884 the corporation was officially registered, with Russell as president. Russell wrote many articles, books, tracts, pamphlets and sermons, totaling approximately 50,000 printed pages. From 1886 to 1904, he published a six-volume Bible study series originally titled ''Millennial Dawn'', later renamed ''[[Studies in the Scriptures]]'', nearly 20 million copies of which were printed and distributed around the world in several languages during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite book | last = Penton| first = M. James | author-link = James Penton| title = Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses| publisher = University of Toronto Press| year = 1997|edition=2nd| pages = 13–46| isbn = 0-8020-7973-3}}</ref> (A seventh volume was commissioned by his successor as society president, [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|Joseph Rutherford]], and published in 1917.) The Watch Tower Society ceased publication of Russell's writings in 1927,<ref>WTB&TS, "God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached" (1973) page 347</ref> though his books are still published by several independent groups.

After Russell's death, a [[Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)|crisis surrounding Rutherford's leadership of the society]] culminated in a movement-wide schism. As many as three-quarters of the approximately 50,000<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2REMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA374 |title=The New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge |volume=7 |publisher=Funk and Wagnalls Company |date=1910 |page=374 |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> Bible Students who had been associating in 1917 had left by 1931. This shift resulted in the formation of several groups that retained variations on the name ''[[Bible Student movement|Bible Students]]''. Those who maintained fellowship with the Watch Tower Society adopted the name ''[[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's witnesses]]'' in 1931,<ref>Prior to the April 1, 1976 issue of ''The Watchtower'', "witnesses" was uncapitalized in Watch Tower Society literature when referring to the denomination.</ref> while those who severed ties with the Society formed their own groups including the [[Pastoral Bible Institute]] in 1918, the [[Laymen's Home Missionary Movement]] in 1919, and the [[Dawn Bible Students Association]] in 1929.

==Early life==
{{Bible Students}}
Charles Taze Russell was born to [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] parents,<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=The Watchtower|date=January 1, 1955|page=7|title=Part 1—Early Voices (1870–1878)|quote=Both parents were Presbyterians of Scottish-Irish lineage.}}</ref> immigrant Joseph Lytel Russell {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|t|əl}} (1813–1897) and Ann Eliza Birney (1825–1861), on February 16, 1852, in [[Allegheny, Pennsylvania]]. Russell was the second of five children, of whom two survived into adulthood. His mother died when he was 9 years old.<ref>''Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose'', 1959, p. 17</ref>

The Russells lived for a time in [[Philadelphia]] before moving to Pittsburgh, where they became members of the [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America|Presbyterian Church]]. When Charles was in his early teens, his father made him partner of his Pittsburgh [[haberdasher]]y store. By age twelve, Russell was writing business contracts for customers and given charge of some of his father's other clothing stores.<ref>''Jehovah's Witnesses Proclaimers of God's Kingdom'', 1993, p. 42</ref> At age thirteen, Russell left the Presbyterian Church to join the [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational Church]]. In his youth he was known to chalk Bible verses on fence boards and city sidewalks in an attempt to convert unbelievers; he particularly noted the punishment of hell awaiting the unfaithful.<ref>''Overland Monthly'' February 1917 pg 129: "Up to the age of fifteen ... his favorite teacher was Spurgeon, because, as he said, "he peppered it hot," his claim being that if one believed a thing he should tell it with all his might. So at the age of fifteen he used to go about the city of Pittsburg on Saturday evenings with a piece of chalk writing on the fence boards and telling the people not to fail to attend church on Sunday, so that they might escape the terrible hell in which he so firmly believed."</ref>

At age sixteen, a discussion with a childhood friend on faults perceived in Christianity (such as contradictions in [[creed]]s, along with medieval traditions) led Russell to question his faith. He investigated various other religions, but concluded that they did not provide the answers he was seeking.<ref>''The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell'', 1975, p. A–1</ref> In 1870, at age eighteen, he attended a presentation by [[Adventism|Adventist]] minister [[Jonas Wendell]]. Russell later said that, although he had not entirely agreed with Wendell's arguments, the presentation had inspired him with a renewed zeal and belief that the Bible is the word of God.<ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'', June 1, 1916 p. 170: "Though his Scripture exposition was not entirely clear, and though it was very far from what we now rejoice in, it was sufficient, under God, to reestablish my wavering faith in the Divine inspiration of the Bible, and to show that the records of the Apostles and the Prophets are indissolubly linked. What I heard sent me to my Bible to study with more zeal and care than ever before, and I shall ever thank the Lord for the leading; for although Adventism helped me to no single truth, it did help me greatly in the unlearning of errors, and thus prepared me for the Truth."</ref>

==Marriage==
On March 13, 1879, Russell married Maria Frances Ackley ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|.|ə}}; 1850–1938) after a few months' acquaintance.<ref>''Pittsburgh Gazette'', March 14, 1879</ref> The couple separated in 1897. Russell blamed the marriage breakup on disagreements over Maria Russell's insistence on a greater editorial role in ''Zion's Watch Tower'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Penton | first = M.J. | title = Apocalypse Delayed | publisher = University of Toronto Press | year = 1997 | pages = 35–40 |isbn=978-0-8020-7973-2 }}</ref> A later court judgment noted that he had labelled the marriage "a mistake" three years before the dispute over her editorial ambitions had arisen.<ref>[[Barbara Grizzuti Harrison]], ''Visions of Glory – A History and Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses'', Simon & Schuster, 1978, chapter 2.</ref>

Maria Russell filed a suit for legal separation in the Court of Common Pleas at Pittsburgh in June 1903. In 1906 she filed for divorce under a claim of [[mental cruelty]].<ref>''Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada: Champions of Freedom of Speech and Worship'' by M. James Penton, Macmillan of Canada, 1976, page 313, "Mrs. Russell obtained her "divorce", or separation, on grounds of mental cruelty"</ref> She was granted a [[Legal separation#A mensa et thoro|separation]], with alimony, in 1908.<ref name="Jehovah's Witnesses p. 645">''Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom'', p. 642</ref> Maria Russell died at the age of 88 in [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], Florida, on March 12, 1938, from complications related to [[Hodgkin's disease]].<ref>St. Petersburg Times, March 14, 1938. {{cite news|newspaper=The Evening Independent|title=Woman Religious Writer, Resident 16 Years, Passes|date=March 14, 1938|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P50LAAAAIBAJ&pg=5060,5746821&dq}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Ministry==
Russell was a charismatic figure, but claimed no special revelation or vision for his teachings and no special authority on his own behalf. He stated that he did not seek to found a new denomination, but intended to gather together those who were seeking the truth of God's Word "during this harvest time".<ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'', September 15, 1895, pg 216: Quote: "Beware of 'organization.' It is wholly unnecessary. The Bible rules will be the only rules you will need. Do not seek to bind others' consciences, and do not permit others to bind yours."</ref><ref>Studies in the Scriptures, Volume 4 ''The Battle of Armageddon'', 1897, pp 157–159</ref><ref>Daschke, Dereck and W. Michael Ashcraft, eds. ''New Religious Movements''. New York: New York UP, 2005.</ref> He wrote that the "clear unfolding of truth" within his teachings was due to "the simple fact that God's due time has come; and if I did not speak, and no other agent could be found, the very stones would cry out."<ref name=WT06>[http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/zwt15july06.html ''Zion's Watch Tower'', July 15, 1906, p. 229] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527131757/http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/zwt15july06.html |date=May 27, 2013 }}.</ref>

He viewed himself—and all other Christians anointed with the Holy Spirit—as "God's mouthpiece" and an ambassador of Christ.<ref name=WT06 /> Later in his career he accepted without protest that many Bible Students viewed him as the "[[Faithful and discreet slave|faithful and wise servant]]" of Matthew 24:45.<ref name=WT23>''Watch Tower'', March 1, 1923, pages 68 and 71.</ref> After his death, the ''Watch Tower'' said that he had been made "ruler of all the Lord's goods".<ref name=WT23 />

===Beginnings===
{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
About 1870, Russell and his father established a group with a number of acquaintances to undertake an analytical study of the Bible and the origins of Christian doctrine, creed, and tradition. The group, strongly influenced by the writings of [[Millerism|Millerite]] [[Adventism|Adventist]] ministers [[George Storrs]] and [[George Stetson]], who were also frequent attendees, concluded that many of the primary doctrines of the established churches, including the Trinity, hellfire, and inherent immortality of the soul, were not substantiated by the scriptures.<ref>{{cite book | last = Penton| first = M. James | author-link = James Penton| title = Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses| publisher = University of Toronto Press| year = 1997|edition=2nd| pages = 14–17| isbn = 0-8020-7973-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alan Rogerson|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|publisher=Constable|year=1969|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last = Wills |first = Tony |title = A People For His Name | publisher = Lulu Enterprises |year = 2006 |page = 4|isbn = 978-1-4303-0100-4}}</ref><ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'', June 1, 1916, pp. 170–175</ref>

Around January 1876, Russell received a copy of Nelson Barbour's ''Herald of the Morning'' in the mail. Barbour was an influential Adventist writer and publisher. Russell telegraphed Barbour to set up a meeting. Barbour and John Henry Paton visited in Allegheny in March 1876 at Russell's expense so that he could hear their arguments, and compare the conclusions that each side had made in their studies. Russell sponsored a speech by Barbour in St. George's Hall, Philadelphia in August 1876 and attended other lectures by Barbour.

Among the teachings Barbour introduced was the view that Christians who had died would be raised in April 1878.<ref>''Herald of the Morning'', July 1878 p.5</ref> Russell, who had previously rejected prophetic chronology, was moved to devote his life to what he was convinced were now the last two years before the invisible, spiritual return of Christ. He sold his five clothing stores for approximately $300,000 (current value ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|300000|1876|r=-3}}}}). With Russell's encouragement and financial backing, Barbour wrote an outline of their views in ''[[Three Worlds (book)|Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World]]'', published in 1877. A text Russell had previously written, titled ''The Object and Manner of our Lord's Return'', was published concurrently through the offices of the ''Herald of the Morning''.<ref>Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 230</ref> Russell was eager to lead a Christian revival and called two separate meetings of Christian leaders in Pittsburgh. Russell's ideas, particularly stressing the imminence of the [[rapture]] and the second advent of Christ, were rejected both times.<ref>''The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell'', 1975, pp A–2</ref><ref>''Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose'', 1959, pp. 18–19</ref>

===Split with Barbour===
{{See also|Nelson H. Barbour}}
[[File:Development of Bible Students en.svg|thumb|500px|A simplified chart of historical developments of major groups within Bible Students]]
When 1878 arrived, failure of the expected rapture brought great disappointment for Barbour and Russell, and their associates and readers. But one of Russell's associates claimed that Russell was not upset.

{{blockquote|While talking with Russell about the events of 1878, I told him that Pittsburgh papers had reported he was on the Sixth Street bridge dressed in a white robe on the night of the Memorial of Christ's death, expecting to be taken to heaven together with many others. I asked him, "Is that correct?" Russell laughed heartily and said: "I was in bed that night between 10:30 and 11:00 P.M. However, some of the more radical ones might have been there, but I was not. Neither did I expect to be taken to heaven at that time, for I felt there was much work to be done preaching the Kingdom message to the peoples of the earth before the church would be taken away.|[[Alexander Hugh Macmillan]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204745/http://www.quotedstatements.com/fotm.htm ''Faith on the March'', 1957, page 27] Archive.org</ref>}}

Confused by what was perceived to be an error in calculation, Russell re-examined the doctrine to see if he could determine whether it had biblical origins or was simply Christian tradition.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} He concluded that the doctrine was Christian tradition. Through the pages of the ''Herald'', he wrote about what he had concluded on the subject. Barbour, embarrassed by the failure of their expectations, rejected Russell's explanation. They conducted a debate in successive issues of the journal from early 1878 to mid-1879. In a matter of months, Barbour changed some of the views which he and Russell had previously shared, and no longer relied on prophetic chronology. They began to debate over the issue of [[Ransom theory of atonement#Protestantism|'Christ's ransom']], and the two eventually separated because of their disagreements.

Russell withdrew his financial support and started his own journal, ''Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence'', publishing his first issue in July 1879. Barbour formed The Church of the Strangers that same year, continuing to publish ''Herald of the Morning''.<ref>Message to Herald of the Morning subscribers, ''Zion's Watch Tower'', July 1, 1879, Supplement</ref><ref>''Rochester Union and Advertiser'', October 5, 1895, p. 12</ref><ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'', June 1, 1916 p. 171</ref>

===Watch Tower Society===
In 1881, Russell founded [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society]], with [[William Henry Conley]] as president and Russell as secretary-treasurer; they intended to disseminate tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles. All materials were printed and bound by Russell's privately owned Tower Publishing Company for an agreed price,<ref>''1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', page 42</ref> then distributed by [[Colportage|colporteurs]]. The Society was [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] in 1884, with Russell as president, and in 1886 its name was changed to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.

In 1908, Russell transferred the headquarters of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society to [[Brooklyn]], New York where it remained until 2016, when it was relocated to [[Warwick, New York]].

===Publications===
With the formation of the Watch Tower Society, Russell intensified his ministry. His Bible study group had grown to hundreds of local members, with followers throughout [[New England]], the [[The Virginias|Virginias]], [[Ohio]], and elsewhere. They annually re-elected him "Pastor", and commonly referred to him as "Pastor Russell". Congregations that eventually formed in other nations also followed this tradition.<ref name="Pastor Russell 1918, p. 6">''Biography of Pastor Russell, Divine Plan of the Ages'', 1918, p. 6</ref><ref>''Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens'', 1915</ref>

In 1881, Russell published his first work to gain wide distribution: ''Food for Thinking Christians.'' The 162-page "pamphlet" was published using donated funds amounting to approximately $40,000 (current value ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|40000|1878}}}}).<ref>''Overland Monthly'', January 1917 p. 128</ref> It had a circulation of nearly 1.5 million copies over a period of four months distributed throughout the United States, Canada and Great Britain by various channels.<ref>''Watch Tower'', December 1, 1916 p. 357</ref><ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'', September 1881 p. 5</ref> During the same year he published ''Tabernacle and its Teachings'' which was quickly expanded and reissued as ''Tabernacle Shadows of the "Better Sacrifices"'', outlining his interpretation of the various animal sacrifices and tabernacle ceremonies instituted by [[Moses]]. Russell claimed that the distribution of these works and other tracts by the Watch Tower Society during 1881 exceeded by eight times that of the [[American Tract Society]] for the year 1880.<ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'', September 1881 p. 5: "As we were reaching Christians in the cities with the pamphlets, we sent the papers only with weekly and monthly journals, and hope thus to have reached many Christians in country districts. We sent out in this way over 400,000 copies. Thus you see that from an apparently small beginning, the tract work has spread to the immense proportions of 1,200,000 copies, or about 200,000,000 pages in four months, or about eight times as much (in number) as were distributed by the American Tract Society in the last year."</ref>

In 1903, newspapers began publishing his written sermons. These newspaper sermons were syndicated worldwide in as many as 4,000 newspapers, eventually reaching an estimated readership of some 15 million in the United States and Canada.<ref name="Pastor Russell 1918, p. 6" />

In 1910, the secular journal ''[[Overland Monthly]]'' calculated that by 1909, Russell's writings had become the most widely distributed, privately produced English-language works in the United States. It said that the entire corpus of his works were the third most circulated on earth, after the Bible and the Chinese Almanac.<ref>''Overland Monthly'', January 1910 p. 130: "As a writer, Mr. Russell's books have enjoyed a larger circulation than any English work ... Of his work entitled 'Studies in the Scriptures,' the average output is two thousand three hundred copies for each working day. We regret the records of 1909 are not yet complete, but in 1908 seven hundred and twenty-eight thousand, four hundred and seventy-four volumes were sold. Since publication, three million five hundred and thirty-four thousand volumes have been circulated. Last year, in addition to these there were three hundred and eight million pages of his tracts circulated. In all literature the Bible is about the only book that has had a larger circulation ... In the literature of the world, the order would probably be as follows: The Bible, the Chinese Almanac, the 'Studies in the Scriptures,' 'Don Quixote,' 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' and Hubbard's 'Message to Garcia.'"</ref> In 1912 ''The Continent'', a Presbyterian journal, stated that in North America Russell's writings had achieved a greater circulation "than the combined circulation of the writings of all the priests and preachers in North America".<ref>''The Continent'', McCormick Publishing Company, vol. 43, no. 40, October 3, 1912 p. 1354</ref>

Russell also had many critics, and he was frequently described as a [[heresy|heretic]] in this period.<ref>''Millennial Dawnism: The Annihilation of Jesus Christ'' by I.M. Haldeman, 1913; ''"Pastor" Russell's Position and Credentials'' by J.H. Burridge; ''Some Facts about the self-styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell'' by J.J. Ross, 1912</ref>

====''Studies in the Scriptures''====
Russell devoted nearly a tenth of his fortune, along with contributed funds, in publishing and distributing ''Food for Thinking Christians'' in 1881. That year he also published ''The Tabernacle and its Teachings'' and ''Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices''. In 1886, after reportedly not making back most of the money spent publishing these three titles, he began publication of what was intended to be a seven-volume series. The volumes were collectively called ''Millennial Dawn'', later renamed ''[[Studies in the Scriptures]]'' to clarify that they were not novels. Russell published six volumes in the series:{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}
* ''The Plan of the Ages'' – later renamed ''The Divine Plan of the Ages'' (1886)
* ''The Time is at Hand'' (1889)
* ''Thy Kingdom Come'' (1891)
* ''The Day of Vengeance'' – later renamed ''The Battle of Armageddon'' (1897)
* ''The At-one-ment Between God and Men'' (1899)
* ''The New Creation'' (1904)

The delayed publication of the seventh volume became a source of great anticipation and mystery among Bible Students. Following Russell's death in 1916, a seventh volume titled ''The Finished Mystery'' was published in 1917; this was advertised as his "posthumous work". This seventh volume was a detailed interpretation of the [[Book of Revelation]], but also included interpretations of [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] and the [[Song of Songs|Song of Solomon]]. Controversy quickly surrounded both its publication and content. It soon became known that much of the contents were written and compiled by two of Russell's associates, Clayton J. Woodworth and [[George H. Fisher]], and edited by [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|Joseph Rutherford]], by then the new president of the Watch Tower Society.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Franz | first = Raymond | author-link = Raymond Franz | title = Crisis of Conscience | publisher = Commentary Press | year = 2004 | location = Atlanta, Georgia | pages = [https://archive.org/details/crisisofconscien00raym/page/61 61–62, 206–211] | isbn = 0-914675-23-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/crisisofconscien00raym/page/61 }}</ref>

====''Photo Drama of Creation''====
{{Main|The Photo-Drama of Creation}}
Russell directed the production of a worldwide roadshow presentation titled ''[[The Photo-Drama of Creation]]'', an innovative eight-hour religious film in four parts. It was the first major screenplay to incorporate synchronized sound, moving film, and color slides.<ref name=filmsite>American Movie Classics, [http://www.filmsite.org/1914-filmhistory.html "Timeline of Greatest Film History Milestones'..."1914"]. Retrieved 15 April 2009</ref> Production began as early as 1912, and the ''Drama'' was introduced in 1914 by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162536/trivia IMDB article "Photo-Drama of Creation (1914), Retrieved 15 April 2009]</ref><ref>[http://www.filmsite.org/milestones1910s_2.html "Timeline of Influential Milestones...1910s", American Movie Classics, retrieved 15 April 2009] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110133622/http://www.filmsite.org/milestones1910s_2.html |date=January 10, 2010 }}</ref> A book by the same name was also published. The project's expenses put the organization under some financial pressures; the full cost was estimated at about US$300,000 (current value ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|300000|1914|r=-4}}}}).<ref>"Society Uses Many Means to Expand Preaching", ''Centennial of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania 1884–1984'', page 24, "The Photo-Drama presented the explanation of Bible truth from the time of creation, the fall into sin, the promises of God to redeem man and His dealings through history until the millennial restitution. It is believed to have been viewed by more than 9,000,000 people throughout North America and Europe, as well as many others in places around the world. It took two years and $300,000 to complete the project, many of the scenes being hand colored. Yet admission was free and no collections were taken."</ref><ref>"United States of America", ''1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', page 59</ref><ref>The Warning Work (1909–1914)", ''The Watchtower'', March 1, 1955, page 143</ref>

==Theology and teachings==
Following his examination of the Bible, Russell and other Bible Students came to regard Christian creeds and traditions as harmful errors. They saw their own work as restoring Christianity to the purity of its first century. Many contemporary Church leaders and scholars considered his views heretical. Russell agreed with other Protestants on the primacy of the Bible, and on [[sola fide|justification by faith alone]], but thought that errors had been introduced in interpretation. Russell agreed with many 19th-century Protestants, including [[Millerism|Millerite]]s, in the concept of a [[Great Apostasy]] that began in the first century AD. He also agreed with many other contemporary Protestants in belief in the imminent [[Second Coming]] of Christ, and in [[Armageddon]].

Russell's scriptural interpretations differed from those of Catholics, and of many Protestants, in the following areas:
[[File:Chart from Divine Plan of the ages.GIF|300px|thumb|Chart from ''The Divine Plan of the Ages'', (''Studies in the Scriptures'', Vol 1): The Chart of the Ages<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chart of the Ages |website=bible411.com |url=http://bible411.com/sits/volume1/ChartOfTheAges_700x1257.gif |access-date=February 19, 2022 |archive-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120133418/http://bible411.com/sits/volume1/ChartOfTheAges_700x1257.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
* [[Hell]]. He said there was a heavenly resurrection of 144,000 righteous, as well as a "great multitude", but believed that the remainder of mankind [[Christian mortalism|slept in death]], awaiting an earthly resurrection, rather than suffering in a literal Hell.
* The [[Trinity]]. Russell believed in the divinity of Christ, but differed from [[Christian Orthodoxy|orthodoxy]] by teaching that Jesus had received that divinity as a gift from [[God the Father|the Father]] after dying on the cross. He also taught that the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] is not a [[Three Persons of God|person]], but the manifestation of God's power.
* Christ's [[Second Coming]]. Russell believed that Christ had returned invisibly in October 1874, and that he had been [[parousia|ruling from heaven]] since that date. He believed that a "time of trouble" began then that would mark a gradual deterioration of [[civilization|civilized society]] leading up to the end of the "Gentile Times", with a climactic multi-national attack on a restored [[Land of Israel|Israel]], worldwide anarchy, and the sudden destruction of all world governments in October 1914. After the outbreak of [[World War I]] in July 1914, Russell reinterpreted 1914 as the beginning of [[Armageddon]].
* [[Pyramidology]]. Following views first taught by Christian writers such as [[John Taylor (1781–1864)|John Taylor]] (1781–1864), [[Charles Piazzi Smyth]] (1819–1900) and [[Joseph Seiss]] (1823–1904), Russell believed that [[the Great Pyramid of Giza]] was built by the [[Hebrews]] (associating them with the [[Hyksos]]) under God's direction, but to be understood only in the modern era. He adopted Seiss' terminology, referring to the pyramid as "the Bible in stone". He held that certain biblical texts, including Isaiah 19:19–20, prophesied a future understanding of the Great Pyramid. He believed that the pyramid's various ascending and descending passages represented biblical concepts such as the [[fall of man]], the provision of the [[Torah|Mosaic Law]], the [[death of Christ]] and the exultation of the saints in heaven. Calculations were based on the assumption that each [[inch]] of the various passages represented one year. Dates such as 1874, 1914, and 1918 purportedly emerged from the study of this monument.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pastor-russell.com/volumes/V3/Study_10.html |title=The Corroborative Testimony of God's stone witness and prophet, the Great Pyramid in Egypt |publisher= Pastor-russell.com |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-date=January 15, 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060115204714/http://www.pastor-russell.com/volumes/V3/Study_10.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>
* [[Christian Zionism]]. Expanding on an idea suggested by Nelson Barbour, Russell taught as early as 1879 that God's favor had been restored to [[Jews]] as the result of a prophetic "double" which had ended in 1878 (favor from [[Jacob]] to Jesus, then disfavor from Jesus until 1878). In 1910, he conducted a meeting at the [[New York Hippodrome]] Theatre, with thousands of Jews attending. His teaching that Jews should not convert to Christianity shocked Jews and Christians alike. Russell believed that the land of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] belonged exclusively to the Jewish race, that God was then calling Jews back to their land, and that they would be the center of earthly leadership under [[Kingship and kingdom of God|God's Kingdom]]. Early in Russell's ministry, he speculated that the Jews might flock to Palestine and form their own nation by the year 1910. Shortly before his death in 1916, he used the Jewish press to stress that 1914 prophetically marked the time when [[Gentile]] nations no longer had earthly authority; he said that all Jews were, from that time onward, permitted and guided by God to gather to Palestine and to reclaim the land boldly for themselves.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium.MAGAZINE-before-herzl-there-was-pastor-russell-a-neglected-chapter-of-zionism-1.6409303|title= Before Herzl, There Was Pastor Russell: A Neglected Chapter of Zionism|last= Bohstrom |first= Philippe|date=August 22, 2018|work=Haaretz|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Spiritualism]] and the [[occult]]. "Russell attacked Spiritualism (which he called Spiritism)".<ref>J. Gordon Melton, ''Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology'', Gale Group, 2001, Vol. 1, p. 829.</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Russell Pyramid.JPG|right|thumb|A pyramid memorial stood near Russell's gravesite in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania until its removal in 2021<ref name="pyramidRemoval" />]]
Russell's health declined markedly in the three years leading up to his death. During his final ministerial tour of the western and southwestern United States, he became increasingly ill with [[cystitis]],<ref name="tazedeath" /> but ignored advice to abandon the tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916DEC.asp |title=Zion's Watch Tower, December 1916, pages R6601: 360-R6006:366 |publisher=Mostholyfaith.com |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401145453/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916DEC.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russell died on October 31, 1916, at age 64 near [[Pampa, Texas]], while returning to Brooklyn by train.<ref name="tazedeath">{{cite book | last = Wills | first = Tony | title = A People For His Name | publisher = Lulu Enterprises | year = 2006 | page = 35 | isbn = 978-1-4303-0100-4}}</ref><ref>Some early sources cited his death as November 1.</ref><ref>''St. Paul Enterprise'', November 14, 1916 p. 3 column 3, "The fact is he did not die of heart trouble, but of an inflammation of the bladder, and while writing you on Brother Bohnet's desk I could not fail to see on the burial permit that the cause of death was given as 'Cystitis'."</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Rogerson |first = Alan| title = Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses | publisher = Constable & Co, London| year = 1969 |page = 31| isbn=978-0-09-455940-0}}</ref><ref>"The Jehovah's Witnesses", ''Extraordinary groups'' by W. W. Zellner, William M. Kephart, 2000, page 338, "On October 31, 1916, the stormy life of Charles Russell came to an end. While on a nationwide lecture tour, he died unexpectedly of heart failure in a Pullman car near Pampa, Texas." [https://books.google.com/books?id=izrSSWrKu8cC&dq=charles+russell+heart+attack+%22october+31%22&pg=PA338 Online]</ref><ref>New York Times, November 1, 1916, as cited by A.H. Macmillan, ''Faith on the March'', 1957, page 62, "October 31: Charles Taze Russell, pastor of the Brooklyn Tabernacle, and known all over the country as 'Pastor Russell,' died from heart disease at 2:30 o'clock this afternoon on an Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe train, en route from Los Angeles to New York."</ref>

An associate of Russell stated that Russell's body at age 64 was more worn out than that of his father who died at age 84.<ref>''St. Paul Enterprise'', November 14, 1916, pg 1 col 2: "Is it any wonder he died a score of years ahead of his natural time? His father looked younger at 84 than did the son at 64."</ref> He was buried in United Cemetery, Pittsburgh. The gravesite is marked by a headstone. Nearby stood a {{convert|7|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} pyramid memorial erected by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society]] in 1921.<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1916_Russell_Grave_Pittsburgh_PA.pdf Pictures from Russell's Gravesite] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806061109/http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1916_Russell_Grave_Pittsburgh_PA.pdf |date=August 6, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=pyramid>[http://www.quotes-watchtower.co.uk/pyramid.html ''Pyramid''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508100440/http://www.quotes-watchtower.co.uk/pyramid.html |date=May 8, 2018 }}. Retrieved May 4, 2009.</ref> The pyramid memorial was vandalized and subsequently removed in September 2021.<ref name="pyramidRemoval">{{cite web |title=Pyramid Shape Monument |url=https://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/russell_c/pyramid_monument.html |website=Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{See also|Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)}}
{{Further|Joseph Franklin Rutherford#Reorganization}}
In January 1917, [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] was elected president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, despite disputes over the election process. Further disputes arose over interpretation of sections of Russell's will dealing with the future contents of ''Zion's Watch Tower'' magazine, as well as who, if anyone, had authority to print new literature. By the end of the 1920s, nearly three-quarters of the Bible Student congregations had rejected<ref>''Thirty Years a Watchtower Slave'', William J. Schnell, Baker, Grand Rapids, 1956, as cited by Alan Rogerson, ''Millions Now Living Will Never Die'', 1969, page 52. Rogerson notes that it is not clear exactly how many Bible Students left. Joseph Rutherford wrote in 1934 that "of the great multitude that left the world to follow Jesus Christ only a few are now in God's organization".</ref><ref>''Chicago Daily Tribune'' October 30, 1949 pg 18: "Pastor Russell died in 1916. In the 33 years since, the methods of this sect have deviated completely from those of Pastor Russell and his manner of teaching."</ref> Rutherford's on-going changes in organizational structure, doctrinal interpretations, and congregational practices,<ref>{{cite book|title=Your Will Be Done on Earth|url=https://archive.org/details/yourwillbedoneon0000watc|url-access=registration|publisher=Watchtower|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/yourwillbedoneon0000watc/page/337 337]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|publisher=Watchtower|year=1959|page=313}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed—The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|page=61}} Attendance at the annual Memorial (statistics were published each year in the ''Watch Tower'') shows the growth in the period before 1925. 1919: 17,961, 1922: 32,661, 1923: 42,000, 1924: 62,696, 1925: 90,434. 1926 marked the first decrease: 89,278. There are no published statistics from the years 1929–1934. In 1935, Memorial attendance was 63,146. {{cite magazine|title=Questions From Readers|magazine=The Watchtower|date=August 15, 1996|page=31}}</ref> some of which began to appear in material printed by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society as early as 1917. Many Bible Students were disaffected by Rutherford's rejection of Russell's views regarding his role in the restoration of the "truth"<ref>''Watch Tower'', February 1927</ref> and support of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza|Great Pyramid]] as having been built under God's direction.<ref>''Watch Tower'', November 1928</ref><ref>''Great Pyramid Passages'', by John and [[Morton Edgar]], Forward, 1928 edition</ref>

Those remaining supportive of Rutherford adopted the new name "[[Jehovah's witnesses]]" in 1931. They renamed their magazine as ''The Watchtower''. Many of the most prominent Bible Students who had left the society held their own meeting in October 1929 to gather other dissenters; the First Annual Bible Students Reunion Convention was held in the old Pittsburgh "Bible House" long used by Russell.<ref>''Bible Student's Radio Echo'', February 1929 p. 8</ref> These conventions were held yearly, but the process of 'regathering' took nearly twenty years.<ref>''When Pastor Russell Died'', pp. 26–30</ref>

==Controversies==
[[File:Russell Laodicean Messenger.JPG|thumb|Russell's tombstone in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania]]

===Leadership style===
As early as 1892, Russell's views and management style were strongly criticized by certain individuals associated with his ministry. In 1893, a paper was written and circulated to [[Bible Student movement|Bible Students]] in Pittsburgh by associates Otto van Zech, Elmer Bryan, J. B. Adamson, S. G. Rogers, Paul Koetitz, and others. It accused Russell of being a dictatorial leader, a shrewd businessman who appeared eager to collect funds from the selling of the ''[[Millennial Dawn]]'' books, of cheating one of them financially, and of issuing thousands of ''Millennial Dawn'' books under a female pseudonym.<ref>''A Conspiracy Exposed and Harvest Siftings'', April 25, 1894</ref><ref>''The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell'', 1975, pp P–1 to P–4</ref>

Russell wrote a booklet ''A Conspiracy Exposed and Harvest Siftings'' in response, issuing it as an extra to the April 1894 ''Zion's Watch Tower'' magazine. He intended to pre-empt efforts by his critics to circulate their views to a wider audience of Bible Students. Russell printed copies of letters he had received from these former associates to show that their claims were false, and that those involved 'were guided by Satan in an attempt to subvert his work' as a "minister of the gospel".<ref>''A Conspiracy Exposed and Harvest Siftings'', April 25, 1894</ref><ref>''The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell'', 1975, pp P–1 to P–4</ref>

===Allegation of immoral conduct===
In 1897, Russell's wife, Maria, left him after a disagreement over the management of ''Zion's Watch Tower'' magazine. According to Russell's successor [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]], she believed that, as his wife, she should have equal control over its administration and equal privilege in writing articles, preaching, and traveling abroad as his representative.<ref>J.F. Rutherford, ''A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens'', 1915, pg 17</ref> In 1903, she filed for legal separation on the grounds of mental cruelty, referring to forced celibacy and frequent cold, indifferent treatment by him. The separation was granted in 1906, with Russell charged to pay alimony.

During the trial Mrs. Russell's attorney alleged that in 1894 Mr. Russell had engaged in "improper intimacy" with Rose Ball, by then a 25-year-old woman. The Russells had cared for her as a foster daughter said to be an orphan. Mrs. Russell alleged that Ball had told her Mr. Russell claimed to be an amorous "jellyfish floating around" to different women until someone responded to his advances. Mr. Russell denied the accusations and said he had never used such language to describe himself.<ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'' July 15, 1906 pg 221: "The next day the husband [Mr. Russell] took the witness stand and swore that he had never used the language (and never had heard of it before) ... and that only an idiotic person would make such an uncomplimentary remark about himself."</ref> When the judge asked Mrs. Russell if she was accusing her husband of adultery, she replied, "No".<ref>J.F. Rutherford, ''A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens'', 1915, pp 18–20</ref>

''The Washington Post''<ref>''The Washington Post'' May 4, 1906 pg 6, "The Rev. Jellyfish Russell"</ref> and the ''Mission Friend'' of Chicago reprinted the "jellyfish" story while also accusing Russell of immoral conduct. Russell sued the papers for libel; the jury decided in his favor, awarding him one dollar. Following an appeal, Russell received a cash settlement of $15,000 (current value ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|15000|1906|r=-3}}}}) plus court costs, and an agreement that the two papers publish his weekly syndicated sermons as well as a retraction defending his character.<ref>J. Parkinson ''The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell'', 1975, pg 45</ref><ref>J.F. Rutherford, ''A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens'', 1915, pg 20</ref><ref>''Russell v Washington Post Company'' Opinion of the Court, May 5, 1908: "We think the defense of privilege is not applicable to the article published by the defendant. The article is unquestionably libelous ... It is not confined to comment and criticism on his acts as a public man or his public life, but, so far as this record discloses, falsely asserts that he has committed certain acts of an immoral nature in his private life."</ref>

Rose Ball later married and lived in Australia. As Rose Ball Henninges, she died November 22, 1950, at the age of 81 in [[Melbourne]]. For several years she had written articles for ''The People's Paper'' and was associated with the Bible Students in Australia until her death.<ref>''Deaths in the District of Melbourne, in Victoria.'' Registered by Arthur Fegan. Certificate #13463</ref><ref>''The Bible Student Movement in the Days of C.T. Russell'', 3rd edition, Notes</ref>

==='Miracle Wheat'===
[[Image:Blemiracle.jpg|thumbnail|right|Miracle wheat (''Triticum turgidum'' var. ''mirabile'')]]
On March 22, 1911, ''The Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' reported that Russell was accused of gaining profit from a strain of wheat named "Miracle Wheat" by K.B. Stoner of [[Fincastle, Virginia]], who claimed to have discovered this strain. Russell sold the wheat for $60 per bushel, far above the average cost of wheat at the time. Throughout 1912 and 1913, the ''Eagle'' continued to report on Russell's alleged fraud. Russell sued the ''Eagle'' for libel, but lost. A government expert investigated the "Miracle Wheat" and said it "was low in the Government tests". Prior to entering the court, the ''Eagle'' declared that "at the trial it will show that "Pastor" Russell's religious cult is nothing more than a money-making scheme."<ref>''The Brooklyn Daily Eagle'', "Miracle Wheat Scandal", January 22, 1913, 2; "Testimony on Wheat", January 23, 1913, 3; "Financial Statements Proving Russell's Absolute Control", by Secretary-Treasurer Van Amberg, January 25, 1913, 16; "Government Experts Testify on 'Miracle Wheat' and Ascertain Its Ordinariness", January 27, 1913, 3; "Prosecution and Defense Closing Arguments", January 28, 1913, 2; "Russell Loses Libel Suit", January 29, 1913, 16 (available on microfilm)</ref>

Russell defended himself publicly, and in writing, claiming that the wheat was donated to the Watch Tower Society. He said that although sold for $1 per pound, Mr. Stoner allegedly routinely sold it for a $1.25 per pound. Russell claimed to have no financial connection to the wheat, and said that no one claimed a refund although he had offered one for up to a year later for any who were dissatisfied with their purchase.<ref>''A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens'', 1915, pp. 29–30</ref> In 1975, the Watch Tower Society stated that gross receipts from the "Miracle Wheat" fundraiser totaled "about $1800" (current value ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1800|1911|r=-3}}}}), of which "Russell himself did not get a penny". It also said that "the Society itself made no claim for the wheat on its own knowledge and the money received went as a donation into Christian missionary work."<ref>"United States of America", ''1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', page 71</ref>

===Qualifications===
In June 1912, Rev. J. J. Ross (1871–1935), Pastor of the James Street Baptist Church in [[Hamilton, Ontario]], published and widely distributed a four-page leaflet titled, ''Some Facts about the Self-Styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell (of Millennial Dawn Fame).'' He alleged that Russell was involved in questionable business practices, had defrauded his estranged wife, and denounced his qualifications, legitimacy and moral example as a Pastor.<ref>''Some Facts about the Self-Styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell (of Millennial Dawn Fame)'', 1912, pp. 1–3: "By thousands he is believed to be a religious fakir of the worst type  ... Years ago he gave himself the title of "Pastor"  ... By "The Brooklyn Daily Eagle" he stands charged with  ... having his name sensationally connected with those of numerous other women   ... with publishing himself as giving addresses to great crowds in important places where he has not spoken at all  ... with being illegally connected with lead, asphalt and turpentine companies, with selling or causing to be sold "Miracle Wheat" at $60 a bushel, with influencing the sick and dying to make their wills in his favor  ... He is an eccentric individual and judging from his advertisements of himself, many do not think him normal, and some are persuaded that he is self-deceived."</ref> Russell sued Ross for defamatory libel on December 2, 1912.<ref>RG 22-329-0-6742 Record of Indictment: The King v. John Jacob Ross – Defamatory Libel, In the Supreme Court of Ontario, High Court Division and in the Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery in and for the County of Wentworth, pp. 1,5</ref>

After several delays the case came before Police Court Magistrate George H. Jelfs on March 17, 1913. During cross-examination Russell said that he had attended public school for seven years, having left when he was about fourteen years of age, after which he received instruction through private tutors.<ref>''The King v. John Jacob Ross'', cross-examination by King's Counselor George Lynch-Staunton, March 17, 1913, section II, p. 6</ref> He said that he was versed in Latin terms "to an extent" but did not know Hebrew or Greek, that he had never been ordained by any bishop or minister, and had never attended a theological seminary or any schools of higher learning.<ref>''The King v. John Jacob Ross'', cross-examination by King's Counselor George Lynch-Staunton, March 17, 1913, section II, p. 4</ref><ref>http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/apl/jw/jehwit34.txt {{Bare URL plain text|date=March 2022}}</ref>

The Hamilton and Toronto Ontario newspapers reported the claims made by Ross and provided a brief outline of the court proceedings. They did not refer to any alleged misconduct on the part of Russell. They criticized Ross for having fled Ontario when summoned and not being present during any of the court proceedings.<ref>''The Hamilton Spectator'', December 9, 1912; also Feb 7, and March 17,18,22 1913</ref><ref>''The Toronto Globe'', March 18, 1913</ref>

On April 1, 1913, the High Court of Ontario returned a verdict of "No Bill" ruling that Russell was not entitled to damages because, the libel was not likely to result in any violence within Canada.<ref>''The Watch Tower'', October 15, 1914, p. 286: "The lower Court found him [Ross] guilty of libel. But when the case went to the second Judge he called up an English precedent, in which it was held that criminal libel would only operate in a case where the jury felt sure that there was danger of rioting or violence. As there was no danger that myself or friends would resort to rioting, the case was thrown out."</ref><ref>A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, p. 31</ref> Following the libel case, Ross published an expanded edition of 48-pages titled, ''Some Facts and More Facts about the Self-Styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell (of Millennial Dawn Fame)''. In this work, Ross claimed that during the proceedings on March 17, 1913, Russell had repeatedly lied under oath by affirming that he was ordained, but denying the same when cross-examined, by affirming that he knew the Greek language, but when shown by Counselor Staunton an extract from the New Testament in Greek by [[Brooke Foss Westcott|Westcott]] & [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]], he was unable to recognize it, and that he had not been divorced from his wife, but retracted the statement under cross-examination.<ref>Some Facts and More Facts about the Self-Styled 'Pastor' Charles T. Russell, pp. 18–23</ref>

In response, Russell stated through various printed and public sources that he had never claimed knowledge of the Greek language, merely the alphabet<ref>The Watch Tower, October 15, 1914, p. 286: "As respects my education in Greek and Hebrew: Not only do I not claim very special knowledge of either language, but I claim that not one minister in a thousand is either a Hebrew or a Greek scholar."</ref> and that early Christians were also criticized by the religious authorities for being unlearned and ignorant.<ref>The Watch Tower, October 15, 1914, p. 287</ref> He believed that his ordination was "of God" according to the biblical pattern, not requiring any denominational approval or theological training. He suggested that his annual election as "Pastor" by over 500 congregations worldwide constituted him as properly ordained.<ref>''The Watch Tower'', December 1, 1915 p. 358–360</ref><ref>"Preaching Publicly and From House to House", ''Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom'', 1993, WTB&TS, page 560</ref> Russell contended that Ross and others were attacking him because they were unable to answer his theological arguments, preferring instead to resort to slander and character assassination.<ref>The Watch Tower, October 15, 1914, p. 287: "What is the secret of the opposition and slander that is being raised up against me and against all who, like me, are Bible students? It is malice, hatred, envy, strife, on the part of those who are still hugging the nonsense of the Dark Ages and neglecting true Bible study. They see that their influence is waning. But they have not yet awakened to the true situation. They think that I am responsible for their smaller congregations and small collections. But not so. The real difficulty for them is that the people are becoming more intelligent and can no longer be driven with the crack of a merely man-made whip of fear."</ref>

===Use of Masonic symbolism===
Some have claimed that various symbols Russell employed in his published literature are Masonic in nature, and that such associations implied he engaged in occult activity. In later editions of the ''[[Studies in the Scriptures]]'' series a winged solar disk was stamped on the front cover, a symbol that is also associated with Freemasonry.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} However, Russell's use of the [[Winged sun|winged solar-disk]] originated from his understanding of Malachi 4:2, which denotes a sun with wings, as a symbol that Christ's millennial Kingdom had begun to emerge.<ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'', December 1, 1911 pp. 443–444</ref>

Some critics also claim that the pyramid that stood near Russell's gravesite was Masonic<ref name=pyramid/><ref name=masonic>[http://www.quotes-watchtower.co.uk/masonic.html ''Masonic'']. Retrieved May 4, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.neirr.org/pyramidscheme.htm ''Russell and The Great Pyramid''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618061402/http://www.neirr.org/pyramidscheme.htm |date=June 18, 2009 }}. Retrieved May 6, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.sixscreensofthewatchtower.com/3pyramidology.html ''3pyramidology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421120254/http://www.sixscreensofthewatchtower.com/3pyramidology.html |date=April 21, 2009 }}. Retrieved May 4, 2009.</ref> because of its shape and its use of the [[Cross and Crown]] symbol, although this remains disputed.<ref>[http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/anti-masonry03.html ''Sec. 3, Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions'']. The cross and crown symbol does not appear on his gravestone in the Rosemont United Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania — it appears on a memorial erected some years later." Retrieved 29 May 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.kingsolomonslodge.org/freemasonry/masonic-logo.php ''Masonic Emblem and Logo Collection'']. Retrieved 29 May 2009.</ref> The Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon has said that Russell was not a Freemason,<ref>[http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/anti-masonry03.html Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon "Was Charles Taze Russell a freemason?"]. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/russell_c/russell_c.html 'Charles Taze Russell' Biography published by Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon.]. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</ref> and notes that the symbols pre-date the fraternity.<ref>[http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/anti-masonry03.html "Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions"], web-site of the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved January 21, 2008.</ref>

In June 1913, during a transcontinental speaking tour, Russell lectured in a Masonic hall in San Francisco, saying:
<blockquote>Although I have never been a Mason ... Something I do seems to be the same as Masons do, I don't know what it is; but they often give me all kinds of [[Secret handshake|grips]] and I give them back, then I tell them I don't know anything about it except just a few grips that have come to me naturally.<ref>Sermon title: "The Temple of God", ''Convention Report Sermons'' pages 359–365, "But now I am talking about this great order of masonry of which Jesus is the Grand Master. This Order is to be entered in a peculiar way. There are certain conditions, the low gate, the narrow way, the difficult path. Although I have never been a Mason, I have heard that in Masonry they have something which very closely illustrates all of this." [http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/russell/crs.pdf 6MB download] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218000124/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/russell/crs.pdf |date=December 18, 2008 }}</ref></blockquote>

Throughout his ministry he said that he believed Christian identity is incompatible with Freemasonry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pastor-russell.com/life/mason1.html |title=Was Pastor Russell a Freemason? |publisher=Pastor-russell.com |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> He described Freemasonry, [[Knights of Pythias]], [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]], and other such groups as "grievous evils" and "unclean".<ref>''Zion's Watch Tower'', June 1895, p. 143</ref><ref>''The New Creation'', pages 580–581</ref>

==See also==
*[[Back to the Bible Way]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Author:Charles Taze Russell}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Charles Taze Russell}}
* [http://www.jw.org JW.org] Official website of Jehovah's Witnesses
* [http://www.pastor-russell.com Pastor-Russell.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122215719/http://www.pastor-russell.com/ |date=January 22, 2021 }} Pastor Russell website
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050909044853/http://www.e-cepher.com/books/fotm/1faith.html Faith on the March]'', A. H. Macmillan, (1957)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051121234710/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/bio%20ctr.htm Biography of Charles Taze Russell from ''Zion's Watch Tower'' obituary issue], December 1, 1916
* [http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/crs1916.pdf International Bible Students Souvenir Convention Report for 1916, "Pastor Russell Passes Through the Gates of Glory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920032811/http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/crs1916.pdf |date=September 20, 2020 }}, Chicago, 1917
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051121234805/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/laodicean%20messenger.htm Laodicean Messenger (1923) Chicago: The Bible Students Book Store; Memoirs of the Life of Charles Taze Russell].
* [http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/hotm_zwt_supplement.pdf Message to ''Herald of the Morning'' subscribers 1879 Pittsburgh, Pa; ''Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231112338/http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/hotm_zwt_supplement.pdf |date=December 31, 2019 }}, July 1, 1879, Supplement
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051121234538/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/THE%20MESSENGER%20OF%20LAODICEA.htm ''The Messenger of Laodicea'', Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society], 1919
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071221062657/http://www.freeminds.org/history/cemetary.htm Pyramid at Russell's Grave]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050714083950/http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/northside/nor_n107.html North Side: People: Charles Taze Russell] – information page at the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh's website.
* [http://www.ctrussell.us/ CT Russell Database] – Database of Russell's writings
* [http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/will_doc.html Russell's Last Will & Testament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619184320/http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/will_doc.html |date=June 19, 2020 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302092918/http://www.bible411.com/sits/sitsindex.htm ''Studies in the Scriptures'' Online]
* [http://www.biblestudents.com/HTDB.cfm ''Studies in the Scriptures''] from Biblestudents.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051121234830/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/st%20paul%20memorials.htm St. Paul Enterprise] November 7, 14, 21 and 28, 1916 articles "Regarding the Death and Burial of, and Memorial Services for, Pastor Russell"
* [http://www.exjws.net/vg2.htm Chapter II. Organizational Beginnings: (1873–1912) Charles Taze Russell] from Barbara G. Harrison's ''Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses'', New York, Simon & Schuster, 1978. See also chapters [http://www.exjws.net/vg4.htm IV] and [http://www.exjws.net/vg6.htm VI].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051122115736/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/THE%20WORKS%20OF%20CHARLES%20TAZE%20RUSSELL%20and%20their%20effect.htm Works of Charles Taze Russell and their effect upon Religion in America] 1974 Bob Chastain, Master's Thesis
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Henry Conley]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= President of [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society]]|President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|years=December 15, 1884 – October 31, 1916}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|Joseph F. Rutherford]]}}
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[[Category:Religious leaders from Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Watch Tower Society presidents]]

Ballia

2023-10-28T11:32:28Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1166721434 by Fylindfotberserk (Restorer)

{{Short description|City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{For|the genus of algae|Ballia (alga)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ballia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Ballia in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.760392|N|84.147055|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Purvanchal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title = [[Villages]]
|| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 104,424
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_blank2_title =
| population_blank2 =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=21 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 277001
| area_code = 05498
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-60
| website = {{URL|ballia.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ballia''' is a city with a [[municipal board]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The eastern boundary of the city lies at the junction of two major rivers, the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] and the [[Ghaghara River|Ghaghara]].The city is situated {{convert|140|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Varanasi]] and about 380 km from the state capital [[Lucknow]]. It has a protected area, the [[Jai Prakash Narayan]] bird sanctuary. Ballia is also around {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Bihar]].

==Etymology==
The name ''Ballia'' is an ancligised spelling of Hindi ''Baliyā'' ([[Devanagari]]: बलिया). According to Paul Whalley, the name is derived from the personal name ''[[Bali (name)|Bali]]'' along with the suffix ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-आ -ā]''. The "y" in the name is a [[glide (linguistics)|glide]] inserted between the vowels to make it easier to pronounce; the resulting similarity to the diminutive suffix ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-इया -iyā]'' is only coincidental.<ref name="Whalley 1927">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Section 2: Suffixes |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1927 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=52–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|56}}

According to locals, the name Ballia was derived from the name of the sage [[Valmiki]], the author of [[Ramayana]]. Valmiki resided here at one point, and the place was commemorated by a shrine (although it has long since been washed away). Another belief about the origin of the name is that it refers to the [[sand]]y quality of the soil, locally known as "Ballua" (''balu'' meaning sand).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ballia.nic.in/|title=District Profile|access-date=26 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721080242/http://ballia.nic.in/profile.htm|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ballia district is the easternmost part of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state and borders on [[Bihar]] State. It comprises an irregularly shaped tract extending westward from the confluence of the [[Ganga]] and the [[Ghaghra]], the former separating it from Bihar in the south and the latter from [[Deoria district|Deoria]] and Bihar in the north and east respectively. The boundary between Ballia and Bihar is determined by the deep streams of these two rivers. It is bounded on the west by [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], on the north by Deoria, on the north-east and south-east by Bihar and on the south-west by [[Ghazipur]]. The district lies between the parallels of 25º33' and 26º11' North latitudes and 83º38' and 84º39' East longitudes. Ballia is among the least forest covered districts in [[India]]

== Climate ==
{{Weather box
| location = Ballia (1981–2010, extremes 1956–2012)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 29.0
| Feb record high C = 35.9
| Mar record high C = 42.1
| Apr record high C = 46.5
| May record high C = 48.0
| Jun record high C = 47.5
| Jul record high C = 43.0
| Aug record high C = 39.4
| Sep record high C = 37.9
| Oct record high C = 38.1
| Nov record high C = 36.4
| Dec record high C = 34.0
|year record high C = 48.0
| Jan high C = 20.5
| Feb high C = 25.3
| Mar high C = 31.5
| Apr high C = 37.0
| May high C = 38.5
| Jun high C = 36.6
| Jul high C = 33.3
| Aug high C = 33.0
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 31.6
| Nov high C = 28.6
| Dec high C = 23.5
|year high C = 31.0
| Jan low C = 7.1
| Feb low C = 10.3
| Mar low C = 15.2
| Apr low C = 20.8
| May low C = 24.6
| Jun low C = 26.0
| Jul low C = 25.6
| Aug low C = 25.6
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 21.2
| Nov low C = 14.9
| Dec low C = 9.1
|year low C = 18.8
| Jan record low C = 1.0
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 5.0
| Apr record low C = 10.8
| May record low C = 15.7
| Jun record low C = 16.3
| Jul record low C = 16.4
| Aug record low C = 17.6
| Sep record low C = 17.0
| Oct record low C = 10.4
| Nov record low C = 5.8
| Dec record low C = 1.4
|year record low C = 0.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 4.8
| Feb rain mm = 7.3
| Mar rain mm = 1.0
| Apr rain mm = 6.8
| May rain mm = 18.1
| Jun rain mm = 93.8
| Jul rain mm = 184.2
| Aug rain mm = 178.9
| Sep rain mm = 149.8
| Oct rain mm = 31.8
| Nov rain mm = 6.2
| Dec rain mm = 1.7
|year rain mm = 684.3
| Jan rain days = 0.6
| Feb rain days = 0.6
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 0.6
| May rain days = 1.3
| Jun rain days = 3.9
| Jul rain days = 8.4
| Aug rain days = 7.7
| Sep rain days = 5.8
| Oct rain days = 1.0
| Nov rain days = 0.5
| Dec rain days = 0.2
|year rain days = 30.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 71
| Feb humidity = 64
| Mar humidity = 54
| Apr humidity = 42
| May humidity = 48
| Jun humidity = 61
| Jul humidity = 77
| Aug humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 80
| Oct humidity = 74
| Nov humidity = 68
| Dec humidity = 73
|year humidity = 66
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Ballia Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 73–74
| access-date = 6 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M212
| access-date = 6 May 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{see also|List of cities in Uttar Pradesh}}

In 1901, Ballia had a population of 15,278.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ballia|volume=3|page=270}}</ref> According to the 2001 Indian census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Ballia had a population of 102,226. Males constituted 54% of the population and females 46%. Ballia had an average literacy rate of 65%, which was higher than the national average of 59.5%, with 58% of the males and 42% of females being literate. 11% of the population was under six years of age.

As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Ballia had a total population of 104,424, of which 55,459 were males and 48,965 were females with a sex ratio of 883 females per 1000 males. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 11,623. The total number of literates in Ballia was 77,331, which constituted 74.1% of the population with male literacy of 78.0% and female literacy of 69.5%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Ballia was 83.3%, of which male literacy rate was 88.0% and female literacy rate was 78.0%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 8,703 and 3,942 respectively. Ballia had 15772 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Ballia |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=226029 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Ballia city (2011)<ref name="Census_religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|88.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|10.39}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|1.22}}}}
Hinduism is major religion in Ballia city, with 92,299 [[Hindus]] (88.39%), followed by 10,851 [[Muslims]] (10.39%) and 1.22% following other religions, includes [[Sikhs]] (0.23%), [[Christians]] (0.13%), Buddhists (0.04%), Jains (0.01%) and not stated (0.81%).<ref name="Census_religion">{{cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community - Ballia, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

==Culture/Cityscape==
=== Dadri Mela (fair) ===
Dadri Mela is the second largest cattle fair of India, which is held {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} from Ballia , near [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]] and {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} from the [[bus station]] of Ballia city.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} The fair starts with people taking a holy dip in the river [[Ganges]] on the full moon of [[Kartik Poornima]] (October–November). This fair is held annually in the honour of [[Dardar Muni]], the disciple of Maharishi [[Bhrigu]].<ref name=dadri1>{{cite web|url=http://www.aryabhatt.com/fast_fair_festival/fairs/dadri_mela_uttarpradesh.htm|title=Dadri Mela, Uttar Pradesh}}</ref><ref name=dadri2>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/uttar-pradesh/ballia-attractions/dadri-fair-or-dadri-mela.aspx|title=Dadri Mela, Ballia}}</ref>

This one-month-long fair is organised in two phases. The first phase starts ten days before the onset of Kartik Poornima, during which traders bring some excellent breeds of cattle from across India for sale/purchase. On or after Kartik Poornima, various cultural programs are organised and one can find here a large number of makeshift shops of various items during the next [[fortnight]].<ref name=dadri1/><ref name=dadri2/>

== Transportation ==
[[Ballia railway station]] caters to many trains daily including 2 [[Rajdhani Express]]es. Train connectivity to major cities of India like [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] as well as to [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]], [[Aligarh]], [[Agra]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Allahabad]] via many trains is available.

Ballia is well connected to the state capital [[Lucknow]] and the cities of [[Varanasi]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Kanpur]], [[Agra]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Allahabad]] by road. The state bus corporation [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] is the primary road transport media.

==Education==
===Universities and colleges===
The [[Jananayak Chandrashekhar University, Ballia]] is a [[State university (India)|state university]] established in 2016 by [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in Ballia, [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://upgovernor.nic.in/upgovernor.gov.in/listvniv_E.html |title=Raj Bhavan Uttar Pradesh- List of State Universities |work=upgovernor.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407113245/http://upgovernor.nic.in/upgovernor.gov.in/listvniv_E.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=Raj Bhavan Uttar Pradesh |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="inextlive.jagran.com">{{cite news |title=विद्यापीठ से अलग होंगे बलिया के 122 कॉलेज |url=https://www.inextlive.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/balia-colleges-affiliation-disconnct-kvp-146253 |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=inextlive |date=24 December 2016 |language=hi}}</ref>

It is an affiliating University and university began its first season in 2016–17 with 122 colleges of [[Ballia district|Ballia]]. These 122 colleges of [[Ballia district|Ballia]] were formerly affiliated to [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith|Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=बलिया के 122 कालेज अलग होने से विद्यापीठ को करोड़ों का घाटा |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-15703026.html |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=19 March 2017 |language=hi}}</ref> For the academic year 2016–17 exams were conducted by [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith|Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi]] but students were awarded a degree of [[Jananayak Chandrashekhar University|Jananayak Chandrashekhar University, Ballia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=काशी विद्यापीठ कराएगा परीक्षा लेकिन डिग्री देगा बलिया विवि,क्यों? |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/kashi-vidyapith-will-conduct-exam-but-degree-given-by-ballia-university |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=Amar Ujala |date=7 March 2017 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=विद्यापीठ ही कराएगा बलिया के 122 कालेजों की परीक्षा |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-15546237.html |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=18 February 2017 |language=hi}}</ref>

===Schools===
*[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ballia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ballia, Ballia: Admission, Fee, Facilities, Affiliation |url=https://school.careers360.com/schools/jawahar-navodaya-vidyalaya-sinhachaur-ballia |website=school.careers360.com |access-date=21 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ballia]]

==Notable people==
{{further|List of people from Ballia}}


==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Ballia}}
{{EB1911 poster|Ballia}}
* [http://ballia.nic.in/ Official Website of the Ballia district]

{{Ballia district}}
{{Azamgarh division topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ballia| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ballia district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Benigna Cardoso da Silva

2023-09-16T11:50:45Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1175108749 by JJMC89 bot III (Restorer)

{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Beatification|Blessed]]
|name = Benigna Cardoso da Silva
|image = Benigna Cardoso da Silva.jpg
|imagesize =
|alt =
|caption = Painting of Benigna Cardoso de Silva (c. 2013).
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|10|15}}
|birth_place = Oiti, [[Santana do Cariri]], [[Ceará]], [[Brazil]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1941|10|24|1928|10|15}}
|death_place = Oiti, Santana do Cariri, Ceará, Brazil
|titles = [[Virgin (title)|Virgin]] and [[Christian martyr|martyr]]
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|feast_day = [[24 October]]
|attributes =
|patronage = 
|beatified_date = 24 October 2022
|beatified_place = [[Crato, Ceará|Crato]], Ceará, Brazil
|beatified_by = Cardinal [[Leonardo Ulrich Steiner]] }}

'''Benigna Cardoso da Silva''' (15 October 1928 – 24 October 1941) was a [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[child]].<ref name=JB>{{cite web|url=http://jovembenigna.blogspot.com/p/biografia-da-jovem-benigna.html|title=BIOGRAFIA|publisher=Jovem Benigna|date=|accessdate=16 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=SM>{{cite web|url=http://www.miseria.com.br/index.php?page=noticia&cod_not=230076|title=A próxima "Santa": vida e morte de Benigna Cardoso da Silva|publisher=Site Miséria|date=23 October 2018|accessdate=16 January 2019}}</ref> In her childhood she was [[Adoption|adopted]] following the deaths of her parents, and was noted for aiding in household chores and attending [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] on a regular basis. But she was better known for having been murdered after rejecting the sexual advances of Raimundo Alves Riberio, who was around her age, in order to protect herself as being [[Chastity|chaste]] as she desired. She defended herself even to the point of Riberio killing her, using a [[machete]] that he carried on his person.<ref name=JB/><ref name=SM/><ref name=LB>{{cite web|url=https://www.20.opovo.com.br/app/revistas/cultura/2017/05/31/notrcultura,3680649/icone-de-fe-conheca-a-historia-da-menina-benigna.shtml|title=Ícone de fé: conheça a história da menina benigna|publisher=LAB282|date=31 May 2017|accessdate=16 January 2019}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Her beatification cause launched in 2013 and she was beatified on 24 October 2022.

==Life==
Benigna Cardoso da Silva was born in Oiti on 15 October 1928 as the last of four children to José Cardoso da Silva and Teresa Maria da Silva.<ref name=JB/> Her father died sometime before her birth and her mother died around the time she turned one. It was following this that the sisters Rosa and Honorina Sisnando adopted Benigna and her siblings.<ref name=SM/> In her childhood she liked to take walks with her siblings or have [[picnics]] whenever she could, in between her taking care of the household chores; she was likewise a regular attendee at [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] and was known for her great devotion to her faith.<ref name=JB/> There are no [[photographs]] of her, but contemporaries have said that Benigna was of medium height and was slender in addition to having a rounded face and a thin chin. It is also described that she had brown eyes and brown hair, and a slight [[strabismus]] in one eye.<ref name=SM/><ref name=LB/>

In 1941 when she was twelve Raimundo Alves Riberio – known as Raul, who was around her age – approached her sexually, though she rejected each of his advances. In concern she sought the guidance of her parish [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]], Cristiano Coelho Rodrigues, on the matter, to which her priest advised her to resist Riberio.<ref name=JB/> Riberio insisted on his advances following this; but Benigna continued to reject him, causing Riberio to grow frustrated with her repeated refusals. Just one week after she turned thirteen she went to go and get water in an isolated area which Riberio knew. That afternoon, on 24 October 1941, he hid in the bushes waiting for her to arrive and then jumped out and attempted to grab her. Benigna continued resisting him, which further infuriated Riberio to the point that he took out his [[machete]] to attack her in a rage.<ref name=JB/><ref name=LB/>

He struck her four times using the machete. The first blow removed three fingers from her right hand and the second struck her in the forehead. The third strike was in the stomach and the fourth was the fatal strike to her neck that killed her at once; Benigna died there at 4:00pm. Riberio fled after realizing what he had just done, and moments later her brother Cirineu – who had gone out looking for her – discovered her bloodied remains.<ref name=JB/><ref name=SM/> Her [[funeral]] and burial took place on 25 October concurrent to the authorities investigating the murder. The police apprehended those considered to be suspects, including Cirineu; these individuals were released after Riberio was arrested. Riberio served his sentence in prison and then in 1991 returned to the scene of the crime, where he expressed his regret at having murdered Benigna. Her remains were later relocated on 26 May 2012 to the Santana do Cariri parish church.

==Beatification==
In 2011 initial steps were started in order to launch a possible beatification process in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Crato|Crato diocese]]. The formal introduction to the cause came on 31 January 2013 after the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] issued the "[[nihil obstat]]" (no objections) decree, titling Benigna as a [[Servant of God]].<ref name=JB/> This news was received in Crato just a couple of weeks later, therefore allowing the diocese to initiate a diocesan process to investigate her life, in addition to the circumstances surrounding her death, in order to ascertain if she died "in defensum castitatis" (if she died to protect herself as a chaste virgin during the attack). The diocesan process was opened on 16 March 2013 and concluded just a few months later on 21 September; the evidence was sent to the C.C.S. in Rome, leading to them validating the process as having complied with their guidelines for conducting causes.

The official [[Positio]] dossier was presented to the C.C.S. in June 2018 for assessment. Theologians issued their approval to the cause on 24 October 2018. [[Pope Francis]] approved her beatification in a decree issued on 2 October 2019; her beatification took place in Ceará on 24 October 2022. The [[postulator]] for this cause is Dr. Vittorio Capuzza.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1941.htm Hagiography Circle]

{{In defensum castitatis|state=collapsed}}
{{Canonization}}
{{Portal bar|Saints|Biography|Catholicism|Brazil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardoso da Silva, Benigna}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Brazilian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:Brazilian beatified people]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Brazil]]
[[Category:Child murder in Brazil]]
[[Category:People from Ceará]]
[[Category:People murdered in Brazil]]
[[Category:Rape in Brazil]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:Virgin martyrs]]

Vulcan nerve pinch

2023-09-16T11:49:23Z

P. ĐĂNG: Restored revision 1171677537 by StarHOG (Restorer)

{{Short description|Martial art move in Star Trek}}
[[Image:Vulcannervepinch.jpg|thumb|right|[[Spock]] using the Vulcan nerve pinch, from the third-season episode "[[And the Children Shall Lead]]" (1968)]]

In the fictional ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Vulcan nerve pinch''' is a fictional technique used mainly by [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]]s to render unconsciousness by pinching a [[pressure point]] at the base of the victim's [[neck]].

==Origin==
[[File:Leonard Nimoy by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|right|thumb|Nimoy 'demonstrating' the Vulcan nerve pinch.]]
The script for "[[The Enemy Within (Star Trek: The Original Series)|The Enemy Within]]" stated that [[Spock]] "[[knockout|kayoes]]" (Knocks Out) [[James T. Kirk|Captain Kirk]] ([[William Shatner]])'s duplicate,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orionpressfanzines.com/articles/enemywithin.htm|title=The Enemy Within|publisher=Orion Press|access-date=2013-09-13}}</ref> but [[Leonard Nimoy]], who opposed the [[Vietnam War]] and supported [[Eugene McCarthy]],<ref name="diehl19680825">{{cite news | url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/08/25/91290697.html?pageNumber=173 | title=Girls All Want To Touch The Ears | work=The New York Times | date=1968-08-25 | access-date=27 February 2015 | author=Diehl, Digby | pages=173}}</ref> felt that such a brutal action would be unnecessarily violent for a Vulcan. He therefore invented an alternative by suggesting that Vulcans may know enough about human anatomy, or they may have the ability to project telepathic energy from their fingertips, that they could render a human unconscious.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/television/posts/leonard-nimoy-explains-the-vulcan-neck-pinch-in-1969| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150303153547/http://www.cbc.ca/television/posts/leonard-nimoy-explains-the-vulcan-neck-pinch-in-1969| archive-date = 2015-03-03| title = Leonard Nimoy explains the Vulcan neck pinch in 1969 - CBC Television}} </ref> Allegedly, the director of the episode did not understand the idea when Nimoy explained it to him, but [[William Shatner]] understood immediately and reacted in exactly the way Nimoy had hoped when they executed the move during filming, explaining that it would be similar to "feeling an electrical charge."{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} From then on, the pinch was referred to as the "FSNP", for "Famous Spock Nerve Pinch", in ''Star Trek''{{'}}s scripts.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Physiology==
Although entirely fictional, fans and critics of the show have tried to explain how the pinch may work. It has been compared to the "[[Knifehand strike#Fictional depictions|karate chop]]", which was used implausibly in other 1960s television series to render opponents unconscious.<ref>John Walsh, [http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/film-cinema/star-trek-prick-up-your-ears-1717142.html ''Star Trek'': Prick up your ears], ''Irish Independent'', April 23, 2009</ref>

Nimoy's theory that the pinch may be linked to telepathy is in contrast to when two non-telepathic entities, the [[android (robot)|android]] [[Data (Star Trek)|Data]]<ref name = "Data">{{cite episode|title=Unification, Part II|episode-link=Unification (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|series=[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]}}</ref> and [[USS Voyager (NCC-74656)|''Voyager'']]'s [[hologram|holographic]] [[The Doctor (Star Trek)|Doctor]]<ref name = "Doctor">{{cite episode|title=Tinker, Tenor, Doctor, Spy|episode-link=Tinker, Tenor, Doctor, Spy|series=[[Star Trek: Voyager]]}}</ref> use the pinch in later ''Star Trek'' television shows.

The book ''The Making of Star Trek'' by Stephen E. Whitfield and [[Gene Roddenberry]] offers a simple explanation: the pinch blocks [[blood]] and [[nerve]] responses from reaching the [[brain]], leading to unconsciousness. How this might lead to instantaneous unconsciousness is not explained. In this earliest of ''Star Trek'' reference books, the pinch is referred to as the "Spock Pinch."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Whitfield|first1=Steven E.|first2=Gene|last2=Roddenberry |title=The Making of Star Trek|publisher=Ballantine Books|orig-year=1968|year=1970|isbn=0-345-21621-0}}</ref>

At least one being, [[Gary Seven]], resists the Vulcan neck pinch during a fight in the episode "[[Assignment: Earth]]". Dr. McCoy describes the alien-raised Seven as human, albeit with a perfect body.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In the ''Star Trek: Voyager'' episode "[[Cathexis (Star Trek: Voyager)|Cathexis]]", the Doctor inspects a crewmember who was found unconscious and observes an extreme trauma to the [[trapezius]] neck bundle, "as though her nerve fibers have been ruptured"; and it is later revealed that the person was the victim of a nerve pinch.

==Use within the franchise==
Along with Spock, various other characters in the ''Star Trek'' franchise have used the technique. Notably, the above-mentioned instances with Data and the holographic Doctor, "[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine|''DS9'']]"{{'}}s [[Changeling (Star Trek)|Changeling]], [[Odo (Star Trek)|Odo]],<ref>{{cite episode|title=Paradise Lost|episode-link=Paradise Lost (DS9 episode)|series=[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]}}</ref> "[[Star Trek: The Next Generation|''TNG'']]"{{'}}s [[Jean-Luc Picard]],<ref>{{cite episode|title=Starship Mine|episode-link=Starship Mine|series=[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]}}</ref> "[[Star Trek: Voyager|''VOY'']]"{{'}}s [[Seven of Nine]].<ref name = "The Raven">{{cite episode|title=The Raven|episode-link=The Raven (Voyager episode)|series=[[Star Trek: Voyager]]}}</ref> "[[Star Trek: Enterprise|''ENT'']]"{{'}}s [[T'Pol]].<ref>in the 4th episode of the first season ("[[Strange New World (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Strange New World]]") on [[Travis Mayweather]], to calm him down. Other examples of its use in that series include incapacitating Dr. [[Phlox (Star Trek)|Phlox]] before he can lobotomize [[Travis Mayweather]] in the 2nd season episode "[[Singularity (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Singularity]]", and again in the 3rd season episode "[[Carpenter Street (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Carpenter Street]]", on the kidnapper Loomis to stop him escaping from his apartment.</ref>

However, it is not an easy technique to master. After Spock uses the pinch in the episode "[[The Omega Glory]]", Kirk says to Spock, "Pity you can't teach me that", and Spock replies, "I have tried, Captain." In the film ''[[Star Trek III: The Search for Spock]]'' (1984), [[Leonard McCoy|Dr. McCoy]] was unable to use the nerve pinch despite being in possession of Spock's [[Katra (Star Trek)|''katra'']] (his "spirit" or "[[soul]]").

The nerve pinch has been shown being used on animals. In the [[Star Trek: The Animated Series|''Animated Series'']] episode "[[Yesteryear (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|Yesteryear]]", Spock uses the nerve pinch on a ''Le-matya'' (a [[Cougar|mountain lion]]-like creature) to save the life of his younger self. In the 1989 film ''[[Star Trek V: The Final Frontier]]'', Spock uses the pinch to subdue a horse during a battle.

==In popular culture==
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
The Vulcan nerve pinch has been referred to, and parodied, in a wide variety of television, film, and other media.

===In television===
* In the [[Stephen King]] mini-series ''[[The Langoliers (miniseries)|The Langoliers]]'' (1995), a character says, "You ever watch Mr. Spock on ''Star Trek''?", "'Cause if you don't shut your cakehole, you bloody idiot, I'll be happy to demonstrate his Vulcan sleeper-hold for you."
* On the [[Netflix]] series [[Carmen Sandiego (TV series)|''Carmen Sandiego'']] Season One, Episode Nine "The French Connection Caper", Shadow-San uses the Vulcan nerve pinch on Coach Brunt to render her unconscious and help Carmen escape before the police arrive.
* In the episode of ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]'', "[[Raging Bully]]", [[Ferb Fletcher|Ferb]] uses the Vulcan nerve pinch on Buford for getting offended. [[Phineas Flynn|Phineas]] is surprised but he replies, "Well, he was all up in my face."
* In the episode of ''[[The O.C.]]'', "[[The O.C. (season 1)#ep19|The Heartbreak]]" (1x19), [[Summer Roberts]] makes a reference to this when [[Seth Cohen]] tries to massage her before sex, which she finds uncomfortable and asks, "What's up with the Vulcan nerve pinch?"
* In the episode of ''[[iCarly]]'', Season Two, Episode Thirty-Five "iPsycho", Sam Puckett uses the Vulcan nerve pinch to render Nora, their kidnapper, unconscious in order to finally escape. When asked by Spencer Shay why she is sleeping on the floor in a digital photo, Carly replies that she is unconscious. Spencer replies "You did the Vulcan squeezer thing?" which received affirmation from Sam.
* In the [[Audi]] commercial "[[Leonard Nimoy]] vs. [[Zachary Quinto]] - The Challenge", Nimoy uses an apparent real-life version on Quinto to win a bet. (Both actors played Spock in the ''Star Trek'' franchise, Nimoy on television and early movies, and Quinto in the 2010s films.)

===In film===
* In [[Mel Brooks]]' film ''[[Spaceballs]]'', Lone Starr tries to use it on a henchman, initially unsuccessfully, but the henchman points out Lone Starr's mistakes—he gripped where the head meets the neck, when he should have gripped where the neck meets the shoulders—and is used again, successfully this time.<ref>This is used as the example in ''The Action Hero's Handbook'' section on how to perform the nerve pinch, which relates two methods—one using a combination of the radial nerve and the brachial plexus tie in, and one using the jugular notch.{{cite book|last1=Borgenicht|first1=David |first2=Joe|last2=Borgenicht|title=The Action Hero's Handbook|publisher=Michael Jones (Part of Penguin)|year=2002|isbn=0-7181-4550-X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Memory Alpha|Vulcan nerve pinch}}

{{Star Trek}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vulcan Nerve Pinch}}
[[Category:Vulcans|Nerve pinch]]
[[Category:Fictional superhuman features or abilities]]
[[Category:Star Trek terminology]]

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