Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

User:Paleocolour

2019-04-22T12:41:57Z

Paleocolour: /* Paleontology image gallery */

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I am a hobbyist paleoartist with a goal to provide accurate and decent life restorations for paleofauna with a reasonable amount of fossilized remains. I also aim to expand [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dinosaur_stubs dinosaur-related stubs] given that there are so many of them. I believe Wikipedia is the first and most important step to educating the public about these awesome creatures.

Visit my '''[http://paleocolour.deviantart.com/ Deviant Art]''' for more of my paleoart. See all my uploaded files on my '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles/Paleocolour Wikipedia Commons list]'''. See all my contributions on my '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Paleocolour contributions list]'''.

<div style="background-color:#f7ece6;">
'''Note:''' Some art here is uploaded on behalf of other artists. Typically, I discover artists on Deviant Art and ask for permission to colour their line art or upload their works here on their behalf. Please read individual file descriptions for credits towards these artists.

If you have lineart you have drawn and would like me to colour, shade, and create various diagrams with please leave me a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Paleocolour message on my talk page]'''.</div>
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==Article contributions==
'''Plan to expand:''' [[Lessemsaurus]] | [[Morelladon]] | [[Attenborosaurus]] | [[Limnoscelis]] | [[Probainognathidae]] | [[Bonacynodon]] | [[Probainognathus]] | [[Rajasaurus]] | [[Anglaspis]] | [[Kelenken]] | [[Eocarcharia]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="white-space:nowrap;"
! Article
! Contribution
! Date
! Status
|-
|'''[[Wiehenvenator]]'''
| Added to discovery and naming, description, classification, and paleobiology sections. Added images.
| 25 Dec 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Rahiolisaurus]]'''
| Expanded entire article and added subsections. Added images.
| 23 Nov 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Pannoniasaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming, description, classification, and paleobiology section. Discovered images.
| 1 May 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Loricatosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming and description section. Updated infobox.
| 15 April 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Subcyclotosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming and description section. Discovered images. Updated infobox.
| 30 March 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Paracyclotosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming, description, and paleobiology section. Discovered images. Updated infobox.
| 30 March 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Hosselkus Limestone]]'''
| Added Geology and Paleofauna section, transcribed all discovered invertebrates and flora into chart, discovered images, updated rockunit infobox.
| 14 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Thalattosaurus]]'''
| Reorganized article, expanded discovery and naming, and expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to down-turned snout.
| 14 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]'''
| Expanded discovery and naming, expanded paleoecology, and expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to the skull.
| 7 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'''
| Added paleobiology section, expanded description, added pronunciation.
| 5 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Gasosaurus]]'''
| Fixed citation style, added paleoecology section, added classification section, expanded discovery and history, expanded description, added pronunciation.
| 4 November 2017‎
|
|-
|'''[[Skorpiovenator]]'''
| Expanded description, added sub-section dedicated to the skull.
| 16 October 2017‎
|
|-
|'''[[Piatnitzkysaurus]]'''
| Expanded classification, expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to the braincase study by Rauhut.
| 15 October 2017
|
|-
|}

==Created articles==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="white-space:nowrap;"
! Article
! Contribution
! Date
! Status
|-
|'''[[Ignacius]]'''
| Added images. Added taxobox.
| 27 October 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Orthogonikleithrus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming subsection. Added images. Added taxobox.
| 15 April 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Merriamoceros]]'''
| Created discovery and naming, description, and added taxobox.
| 7 November 2017
|
|-
|}

==Paleontology image gallery==
===Life reconstructions===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Gasosaurus constructus.png|
|File:Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis.png|
|File:Rauisuchus tiradentes.jpg|
|File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg|
|File:Aucasaurus garridoi by Paleocolour.jpg|
|File:Rajasaurus restoration.jpg|
|File:Gualicho shinyae restoration.jpg|
|File:Turanoceratops_tardabilis_life_restoration.jpg|
|File:Baryonyx walkeri restoration.jpg|
|File:Agujaceratops life restoration.jpg|
|File:Soriatitan golmayensis.jpg|
|File:Titanoceratops ouranos life restoration.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus milneri life restoration.jpg|
|File:Tuojiangosaurus multispinus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Kryptops life restoration.jpg|
|File:Viavenator.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus barbaricus.jpg|
|File:Eoabelisaurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Chuandongocoelurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus shoreline.jpg|
|File:Poekilopleuron life restoration.png|
|File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|
|File:Genyodectes restoration.png|
}}

===Edits of others works===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Poekilopleuron reconstruction.png|
|File:Shunosaurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Bellusaurus-v1.jpg|
|File:Crittendenceratops shaded.jpg|
|File:Hesperosaurus & Othnielia no background.jpg|
|File:Australovenator reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Afrovenator reconstruction.png|
|File:Decuriasuchus.jpg|
|File:Klamelisaurus-v1.jpg|
|File:Sketch suchomimus.jpg|
}}

===Scale diagrams===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Gasosaurus constructus scale diagram.png|
|File:Raiusuchus scale diagram.png|
|File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Aucasaurus garridoi Scale Diagram.jpg|
|File:Ekrixinatosaurus novasi scale diagram.png|
|File:Rajasaurus scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Gualicho shinyae scale.jpg|
|File:Rugops primus scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Turanoceratops_tardabilis_scale_diagram.jpg|
|File:Soriatitan golmayensis size.png|
|File:Agujaceratops mariscalensis size chart.jpg|
|File:Noasaurus size chart.png|
|File:Bagaraatan size diagram.png|
|File:Titanoceratops ouranos size chart.jpg|
|File:Siats size chart.jpg|
|File:Mauriciosaurus size.jpg|
|File:Leshansaurus size.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus Size Diagram.jpg|
|File:Centrosaurus size chart.jpg|
|File:Yurgovuchia doellingi size diagram.jpg|
|File:Pannoniasaurus size diagram.jpg|
|File:Bellusaurus sui size.jpg|
|File:Ingentia_size_diagram.jpg|
|File:Kryptops size chart.jpg|
|File:Lingwulong size diagram.jpg|
|File:Viavenator size.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus size.jpg|
|File:Quilmesaurus size.jpg|
|File:Chuandongocoelurus size.jpg|
|File:Poekilopleuron size.png|
|File:Antetonitrus size.jpg|
|File:Rahiolisaurus size.jpg|
|File:Crittendenceratops size.jpg|
|File:Riojasuchus Size.png|
|File:Nundasuchus Size.png|
|File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|
|File:Carnotaurinae sizes.png|
|File:Saltriovenator size.png|
|File:Polonosuchus size.png|
|File:Wiehenvenator size.png|
|File:Jianianhualong Size.png|
}}

===Skeletal reconstructions===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Eoabelisaurus mefi Skeletal Reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Eoabelisaurus Arm Comparison.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi skeletal reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Noasaurus leali skeletal diagram.png|
|File:Siats meekerorum skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus Skeletal Diagram.png|
|File:Yurgovuchia doellingi skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Pannoniasaurus skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Kryptops skeletal diagram.jpg |
|File:Chuandongocoelurus Skeletal.jpg|
|File:Riojasuchus Skeletal.png|
}}

===Photography===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Kambara skull.jpg|
|File:Zygomaturus trilobus.jpg|
|File:Simosthenurus gilli skull.jpg|
|File:Protemnodon anak skull.jpg|
|File:Neohelos skull.jpg|
|File:Janjucetus hunderi skull.jpg|
|File:Atlascopcosaurus dentary.jpg|
|File:Qantassaurus model.jpg|
|File:Herrerasaurus skull cast.jpg|
|File:Eotitanosuchus skull.jpg|
|File:Pederpes restoration.jpg|
|File:Inostrancevia skeletal mount.jpg|
|File:Qantassaurus_intrepidus_jaw.jpg|
}}

{{User unified login}}
{{Userpage}}

Qantassaurus

2019-04-22T12:41:40Z

Paleocolour: added image

{{speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|115}}
| image = Quantassaurus skel aus.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = Skeletal reconstruction of ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' at the Australian Museum, Sydney
| parent_authority = [[Tom Rich|Rich]] & [[Patricia Vickers-Rich|Vickers-Rich]], [[1999 in paleontology|1999]]
| genus = Qantassaurus
| authority = [[Tom Rich|Rich]] & [[Patricia Vickers-Rich|Vickers-Rich]], [[1999 in paleontology|1999]]
| species = intrepidus
}}

'''''Qantassaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|w|ɑː|n|t|ə|ˈ|s|ɔː|r|ə|s}} {{respell|KWAHN|tə|SOR|əs}}) is a [[genus]] of two-legged, plant-eating [[ornithischian]] dinosaur that lived in [[Australia]] about 115 million years ago, when the continent was still partly south of the [[Antarctic Circle]]. It was described by [[Patricia Vickers-Rich]] and her husband [[Tom Rich]] in 1999 after a find near [[Inverloch, Victoria|Inverloch]], and named after [[Qantas]], the Australian airline.

==Description==
<blockquote style="text-align:center">
:"The [[jaw]] is unique because it is short and stocky, whereas other jaws ... are long and slender"</blockquote>
::— Patricia Vickers-Rich

''Qantassaurus'' was probably about 1.8 meters (6 feet) long, and about one meter (3 feet) high. If it resembled its relatives, it had short thighs and long shins, and probably was a fast runner. Its feet had claws for traction, and a long tail probably helped with turning, stiffened by ossified tendons. One characteristic of the "Polar Victorian" [[Euornithopoda|euornithopods]] are distinctive spurs, or [[trochanter]]s, on the upper surface of the thigh bone (or [[femur]]), where muscle was attached.

[[File:Qantassaurus intrepidus jaw.jpg|thumb|left|Jaw of ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' at the [[Melbourne Museum]]]]
''Qantassaurus'' is only known from jaw fragments. These are foreshortened compared to related species so its face was probably short and stubby. It had ten teeth in each [[mandible|lower jaw]]. It probably had a [[beak]], and possessed leaf-shaped teeth back in its cheek, which were shed as they wore down, and replaced by new teeth growing up from the jaw. The teeth had eight distinctive vertical ridges on the outer side with a single larger primary ridge in the centre.

''Qantassaurus'' lived 115 [[million years ago]] in [[Australia]], during the late Aptian/early Albian [[faunal stage|age]] of the early [[Cretaceous]] [[geologic period|period]]. At the time, Australia was part of the [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]], and partly within the [[Antarctic Circle]], although the significance of polar conditions during the warm Cretaceous were greatly different from conditions in this region today. The average temperature of the region is contentious, with estimates ranging from -6 to well over 5 °C (21 to 37 °F). Conditions were likely to be at their coldest during the polar nights, which lasted up to three months.

One interpretation of the fossil material is that small ornithopods had adaptations to survive cooler conditions. [[Bone]] growth of presumed related taxa shows they were active all year round, so they did not hibernate through the winter. The structure of these bones also suggests warm-bloodedness, which would help maintain its [[thermoregulation|body heat]].

''Qantassaurus'' was probably a [[Herbivory|browser]], who grabbed [[fern]]s and other vegetation with its hands, and ran away from [[predator]]s like a modern [[gazelle]].

==Classification==
[[File:Australian Hypsilophodont Sizes Slate.svg|thumb|Size of ''Qantassaurus'' (in green) compared to other Australian Hypsilophodonts]]
''Qantassaurus'' is a basal iguanodont [[ornithopod]] that was originally assigned to the [[Hypsilophodontidae]]. Today, this is understood to be an unnatural ([[paraphyletic]]) group, and ''Qantassaurus'' was recently recovered as a basal iguanodont by Boyd (2015), and more specifically as a member of the iguanodontian clade [[Elasmaria]] by Rozadilla ''et al.'' (2016) and Madzia et al. (2017).<ref>Boyd C. A. (2015). The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ, 3, 1–62.</ref><ref>Sebastián Rozadilla, Federico L. Agnolin, Fernando E. Novas, Alexis M. Aranciaga Rolando, Matías J. Motta, Juan M. Lirio & Marcelo P. Isasi, 2016. A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications. ''Cretaceous Research'' 57: 311–324.</ref><ref>Madzia, Daniel; Boyd, Clint A.; Mazuch, Martin (2017). "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: 1–13. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258.
</ref>

In this regard, it is one of four species once considered hypsilophodontids from southeast Australia, along with ''[[Leaellynasaura]] amicagraphica'', ''[[Atlascopcosaurus]] loadsi'', and ''[[Fulgurotherium]] australe''. The four taxa are mostly known from isolated bones and teeth; however the thigh bones of ''F. australe'' are very diverse and may belong to three genera.

==History==
[[File:Qantassaurus model.jpg|thumb|left|Model of ''Qantassaurus'' at the [[Melbourne Museum]]]]
''Qantassaurus'' was discovered on 27 February 1996, during the third annual field season of the Dinosaur Dreaming project, a dig jointly run by [[Monash University]] and the [[National Museum of Victoria]]. The dig occurs on the beach of the [[Bunurong Marine Park]] at the intertidal site known as [[Flat Rocks]], near Inverloch, in southeastern [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia. The rock outcrops at this site are part of the [[Wonthaggi Formation]] of the Strzelecki Group, which during the [[Aptian]] stage were deposited in floodplains with braided river channels.<ref>Bryan, S.E. , Constantine, A.E. & Stephens, C.J. 1997 "Early Cretaceous volcano - sedimentary successions along the eastern Australian continental margin: Implications for the break-up of eastern Gondwana" Earth and Planetary Science Letters 153 p.85-102</ref> The [[holotype]] specimen, '''NMV P199075''', a fifty-six millimetres long single left dentary of the lower jaw, containing ten teeth (three unerupted), was found by Mrs Nicole Evered, a long time participant of the dig. Two other jaws, specimens NMV P198962, a left dentary, and NMV P199087, a right dentary, found at the same site the same year have also been tentatively associated with, or referred to, the species.

It was named ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' by Patricia Vickers-Rich and Tom Rich, in honor of the Queensland and Northern Territory Air Service, which shipped fossils around the country as part of the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibit between 1993 and 1996, and sponsored expeditions to [[South America]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. ''QANTAS'' is an [[acronym]], which is why a ''u'' does not follow the ''q'' in ''Qantassaurus''. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "intrepid" in Latin, referring to the climatic challenges the small dinosaur had to face.

==References==
* "The Hypsilophodontidae from southeastern Australia", by Tom H. Rich, and Patricia Vickers-Rich. October, 1999. In ''Proceedings of the Second Gondwana Dinosaur Symposium'', edited by Y. Tomada, Tom H. Rich. and Patricia Vickers-Rich. National Science Museum Monographs, number 15, pages 167 to 180. (the technical paper naming the species)

==External links==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* ''[http://www.alphalink.com.au/~dannj/qantas.htm Qantassaurus intrepidus]'', from Dann's Dinosaurs.
* {{cite web |url=http://www-pso.adm.monash.edu.au/news/Story.asp?ID%3D60&SortType%3D7 |title= The dinosaur hunters |work=Monash University, Monash Newsline: Science & Tech |author= Corey Nassau|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616062851/http://www-pso.adm.monash.edu.au/news/Story.asp?ID=60&SortType=7 |archivedate=2005-06-16}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ornithopoda|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q664272}}

[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia]]
[[Category:Ornithopods]]
[[Category:Qantas]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1999]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Patricia Vickers-Rich]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Victoria]]

Kambara

2019-04-22T12:30:35Z

Paleocolour: added images

{{for|an Indian poet in Kannada language by same name|Chandrashekhar Kambara}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image= Kambara skull.jpg
| image_caption = Skull of ''Kambara'' sp. at the [[Melbourne Museum]]
| taxon = Kambara
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]] - [[Oligocene]] {{fossilrange|48.6|33.9}}
| authority = Willis ''et al.'', 1993
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
* {{extinct}}''K. murgonensis'' Willis ''et al.'', 1993 ([[type species|type]])
* {{extinct}}''K. implexidens'' Salisbury & Willis, 1996
* {{extinct}}''K. molnari'' Holt ''et al.'', 2005
* {{extinct}}''K. taraina'' Buchanan, 2009
}}

'''''Kambara''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[mekosuchine]] [[crocodylian]] that lived during the [[Eocene]] and [[Oligocene]] epochs in [[Australia]].

==Description==
At around 55 million years old, remains of ''Kambara'' are among the oldest [[Tertiary]] fossils found in Australia (although there are some recent [[Cretaceous]] fossils that are twice that age). ''Kambara'' is the oldest known mekosuchine. The genus name comes from an Aboriginal term meaning "crocodile".

There are currently four species of ''Kambara'' described: the [[type species]] ''K. murgonensis'' (Willis & Molnar, 1993), ''K. implexidens'' (Salisbury & Willis, 1996), ''K. molnari'' (Holt et al., 2005), and ''K. taraina'' (Buchanan, 2009). All four species have a generalised crocodylian body plan, growing to sizes similar to the modern [[Saltwater Crocodile]], ''Crocodylus porosus''. ''Kambara'' shows an interesting characteristic of having multiple bite patterns within the same genus. ''Kambara murgonensis'' has a near complete [[Malocclusion|overbite]], ''K. implexidens'' a more interlocking dentition and ''K. molnarai'' an intermediate condition. While initially thought to be the most primitive member of an [[Australasia]]n radiation of mekosuchine crocodylians, recent studies (Holt, et al., 2007) have suggested that this may not be the case, and that there are at least two separate lineages in Australia.

''Kambara'' and other mekosuchines are often thought to have been better adapted to movement on land than are living crocodilians. The degree of twisting or torsion in the [[humerus]] of ''Kambara'' is less than that of living crocodilians, and the shoulder joint of ''Kambara'' is stronger and allows for greater motion than those of modern species. However, ''Kambara'' is still thought to have been at least partially aquatic because its head is flattened like that of typical aquatic crocodilians.<ref name=SSHAG12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Stein | first1 = M. | last2 = Salisbury | first2 = S. W. | last3 = Hand | first3 = S. J. | last4 = Archer | first4 = M. | last5 = Godthelp | first5 = H. | title = Humeral morphology of the early Eocene mekosuchine crocodylianKambarafrom the Tingamarra Local Fauna southeastern Queensland, Australia | doi = 10.1080/03115518.2012.671697 | journal = Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology | pages = 1 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>

Fossils have been found at the [[Murgon fossil site]] in south-eastern [[Queensland]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Buchanan, L.A. 2009. "''Kambara taraina'' sp. nov. (Crocodylia, Crocodyloidea), a new Eocene mekosuchine from Queensland, Australia, and a revision of the genus". ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 29 (2): 473–486.
* Holt, T. R., S. W. Salisbury, and P. M. A. Willis. 2005. A new species of mekosuchine crocodilian from the middle Palaeogene Rundle Formation, central Queensland. ''Memoirs of the Queensland Museum'' '''50''': 207-218.
* Holt, T. R., S. W. Salisbury, T. H. Worthy, C. Sand and A. Anderson. 2007. New material of ''Mekosuchus inexpectatus'' (Crocodylia: Mekosuchinae) from the Quaternary of New Caledonia. CAVEPS 2007, Melbourne Australia.
* Salisbury, S. W., and P. M. A. Willis. 1996. A new crocodylian from the early Eocene of south-eastern Queensland and a preliminary investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of crocodyloids. ''Alcheringa'' '''20''': 179-226.
* Willis, P. M. A., R. E. Molnar, and J. D. Scanlon. 1993. An early Eocene crocodilian from Murgon, southeastern Queensland. ''Kaupia'' '''3''': 27-33.

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Kambara-implexidens |deadurl=yes |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20111128040528/http://australianmuseum.net.au/Kambara-implexidens |title=ANIMAL SPECIES: Kambara implexidens |archive-date=2011-11-28 |access-date=2019-01-29 |language=en }}

{{Extinct Crocodilia|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5230226}}

[[Category:Mekosuchinae]]
[[Category:Oligocene crocodylomorphs]]
[[Category:Eocene crocodylomorphs]]

{{paleo-archosaur-stub}}

Zygomaturus

2019-04-22T12:18:42Z

Paleocolour: added image

{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]]
| image = Zygomaturus trilobus.jpg
| image_caption = Skeletal mount of ''Zygomaturus trilobus'' at the [[Melbourne Museum]]
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Marsupial]]ia
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| subordo = [[Vombatiformes]]
| familia = †[[Diprotodontidae]]
| subfamilia=†[[Zygomaturinae]]
| genus = †'''''Zygomaturus'''''
| genus_authority = [[George Macleay|Macleay]], 1857
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
†''Zygomaturus diahotensis'' 
†''Zygomaturus gilli'' 
†''Zygomaturus keanei'' 
†''Zygomaturus keani'' 
†''Zygomaturus tasmanicus'' 
†''Zygomaturus trilobus''
}}

'''''Zygomaturus'''''<ref>Literal translation "Big [[Zygomatic bone#In other animals|cheekbones]]"</ref> is an [[extinct]] genus of giant [[marsupial]] from Australia during the [[Pleistocene]].

==Description==
[[Image:Zygomaturus_BW.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''Z. trilobus'']]
[[File:Zygomaturus trilobus jaw.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Z. trilobus'' jaw]]
It was a large animal, weighing 500 kg (1100 lbs) or more and standing about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall and 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long.<ref>http://www.megafauna.com.au/view/megafauna/zygomaturus-trilobus/</ref> Much like a [[hippopotamus]], the animal had raised nostrils. Like the [[wombat]], it also had a backwards-facing [[pouch (marsupial)|pouch]], which protected its infants (referred to as "joeys") from drowning while the animal was foraging in swamps.

==Palaeobiology==
It had a heavy body and thick legs and is believed to be similar to the modern [[pygmy hippopotamus]] in both size and build.<ref name="EllisNTB">{{cite book| last = Ellis| first = Richard| authorlink = Richard Ellis (biologist) | title = No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species| publisher = Harper Perennial | year = 2004| location = New York| pages = 101| isbn =0-06-055804-0 }}</ref> The genus moved on all fours.<ref name="EllisNTB"/> It lived in the wet [[coastal]] [[Continental margin|margins]] of Australia and became extinct about 45,000 years ago.<ref name="EllisNTB"/> ''Zygomaturus'' also is believed to have expanded its range toward the interior of the [[continent]] along the [[waterways]].<ref name="EllisNTB"/> It is believed to have lived solitarily or possibly in small [[herds]]. ''Zygomaturus'' probably ate [[Reed (plant)|reeds]] and [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s by shovelling them up in clumps with its lower [[incisor teeth]].<ref name="EllisNTB"/>

==Related genera==
{|
|valign="top"|
*''[[Hulitherium]]''
*''[[Maokopia]]''
*''[[Silvabestius]]''
|width="30"| 
|valign="top"|
*''[[Neohelos]]''
*''[[Kolopsis]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''Wildlife of Gondwana: Dinosaurs and Other Vertebrates from the Ancient Supercontinent (Life of the Past)'' by Pat Vickers Rich, Thomas Hewitt Rich, Francesco Coffa, and Steven Morton
*''Marsupial Nutrition'' by Ian D. Hume
*{{cite book|author=Long, J.|author2=Archer, M.|author3=Flannery, T.|author3-link=Tim Flannery|author4=Hand, S.|title=Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92yhnRHdxSoC&pg=PA98|year=2002|publisher= [[University of New South Wales Press]]| isbn=978-0-8018-7223-5| pages = 98–99 | oclc = 49860159}}
*''Life of Marsupials'' by Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe
*''Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime (Life of the Past)'' by Peter F. Murray, Patricia Vickers-Rich, and Pat Vickers Rich
*''Classification of Mammals'' by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell
*''Australia's Lost World: Prehistoric Animals of Riversleigh'' by Michael Archer, Suzanne J. Hand, and Henk Godthelp
* ''World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures: The Ultimate Visual Reference To 1000 Dinosaurs And Prehistoric Creatures Of Land, Air And Sea ... And Cretaceous Eras (World Encyclopedia)'' by Dougal Dixon
* ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Prehistoric Life'' by Dougal Dixon

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100104112402/http://museumvictoria.com.au/prehistoric/mammals/diprotodontids.html The Diprotodontids]

{{Portal|Paleontology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134365}}

[[Category:Prehistoric vombatiforms]]
[[Category:Pleistocene marsupials]]
[[Category:Pleistocene genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of Australia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1857]]
[[Category:Prehistoric marsupial genera]]

Simosthenurus

2019-04-22T12:15:13Z

Paleocolour: added image

{{Taxobox
| image = Simosthenurus occidentalis.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''S. occidentalis'' skeleton
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Marsupial]]ia
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| familia = [[Macropodidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Sthenurinae]]
| genus = '''''Simosthenurus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Tedford]], 1966
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
''S. maddocki'' 
''S. occidentalis'' 
''S. antiquus'' 
''S. baileyi'' 
''S. brachyselenis'' 
''S. eurykaphus'' 
''S. pales'' 
''S. tirarensis'' 
''S. orientalis''
}}

'''''Simosthenurus,''''' also referred to as the short-faced kangaroo, is an extinct genus of megafaunal [[Macropodidae|macropods]] that existed in [[Australia]], specifically [[Tasmania]], during the [[Pleistocene]]. Analysis of ''Simosthenurus'' fossils has contributed to the finding that there are three lineages of macropods: [[Sthenurinae]], [[Macropodinae]], and [[Lagostrophinae]].<ref name=":0" /> The genus ''Simosthenurus'' was among the sthenurines.

The two most documented members of the genus are ''S. maddocki'' and ''S. occidentalis'', though other species have also been discovered.

== Palaeobiology ==
[[File:Simosthenurus BW.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''S. occidentalis'']]
[[Osteology|Osteological]] information (predominantly cave floor surface finds<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Late Pleistocene Australian Marsupial DNA Clarifies the Affinities of Extinct Megafaunal Kangaroos and Wallabies|last = Llamas|year= 2014|journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=32|issue=3|pages=574–584|doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu338|pmid = 25526902|display-authors=etal}}</ref>) has yielded that ''Simosthenurus'' is part of the same family as that of modern [[kangaroo]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = An osteology-based appraisal of the phylogeny and evolution of kangaroos and wallabies (Macropodidae: Marsupialia)|last = Prideaux|first = Gavin J.|year= 2010|journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=159|issue=4|pages=954–987|doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00607.x|pmid = |last2 = Warburton|first2 = Natalie M.}}</ref> However, modern kangaroos are plantigrade hoppers, using jumping as their means of locomotion, while ''Simosthenurus'' was a bipedal [[Ungulate|unguligrade]], walking in a manner similar to that of [[Hominidae|hominids]].<ref name="Janis2014">{{cite journal| last = Janis| first = CM | last2 = Buttrill| first2 = K| last3 = Figueirido| first3 = B| date = 2014| title = Locomotion in Extinct Giant Kangaroos: Were Sthenurines Hop-Less Monsters?| journal = PLoS ONE |volume = 9| issue = 10| pages = e109888| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0109888| pmid=25333823| pmc=4198187}}</ref> Although members of ''Simosthenurus'' were no taller than most modern species of kangaroo, their robust bones, broad pelvis, long arms and short necks were unique adaptations to their browsing mode of feeding. They had single-toed hind feet had small hoof-like nails more typical of animals adapted to moving over relatively flat terrain.<ref name=":2" /> ''Simosthenurus'' is a highly distinct lineage of macropods, with no living descendants. However, it is possible that their closest living cousin is the [[banded hare-wallaby]], which is now restricted to small isolated islands off the coast of Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|title = DNA Sheds Light on Mysterious Giant Kangaroo|url = http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/12040/20150119/dna-sheds-light-on-mysterious-giant-kangaroo.htm|accessdate = 2015-10-29}}</ref>

=== ''S. occidentalis'' ===
''S. occidentalis'' [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] sequences were obtained from fossils in Tasmanian caves; the fossils yielded [[radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dates]] between 46,000 and 50,000 years ago. The sequences obtained in this study were from fossils much older than any Australian fossils that previously yielded sequences.<ref name=":0" />

''S. occidentalis'' was a leaf-eating marsupial, about the size of a modern grey kangaroo, with adults estimated to be about 118 kg, but also being more robust than the grey kangaroo, which shows in its weight and bipedalism, which is in direct contrast to modern kangaroos, who are plantigrade hoppers.<ref name=":0" /> By rearing up on their hind limbs and using their strong, long arms and fingers, they could reach overhead to grasp high leaves and branches and pull them down to their mouth. They then would use their powerful jaws and striated teeth to grind tough leaves.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Extinct Animals- Simosthenurus occidentalis |url=http://www.parks.sa.gov.au/naracoorte/wonambi/animals/extinct/005803 |website=www.parks.sa.gov.au|accessdate=2015-10-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905221732/http://www.parks.sa.gov.au/naracoorte/wonambi/animals/extinct/005803 |archivedate=September 5, 2007 }}</ref>

=== ''S. maddocki'' ===
An adult ''S. maddocki'' was smaller than ''S. occidentalis'', weighing only 78 kg.<ref name=":0" /> Like some other species from the same time period, they were apparently highly selective feeders. Local records indicate that the species was mainly located in southeastern Australia. It is uncommon to find fossils of this rare species, especially when compared to other Sthenurines.

== Extinction ==
{{See also|Quaternary extinction event}}
[[File:Simosthenurus gilli skull.jpg|thumb|Skull of ''Simosthenurus gilli'' at the [[Melbourne Museum]]|left]]
[[File:Naracoorte Caves- Victoria Fossil Cave Simosthenurus occidentalis.jpg|thumb|''S. occidentalis'' skeleton, [[Victoria Fossil Cave]]]]
There are several proposed causes of the extinction of ''Simosthenurus.'' The two most popular hypotheses include human involvement and climate change.

=== Human impact ===
One theory postulates that human impact caused it. There are fewer extinct megafaunal Tasmanian species compared to those of continental Australia. This is most likely due to humans arriving in mainland Australia first. The extinction of ''Simosthenurus'' may be attributable to human over-hunting or habitat alteration.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Man and megafauna in Tasmania: closing the gap|journal = Quaternary Science Reviews|date = 2012-03-22|pages = 38–47|volume = 37|doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.013|first = Richard|last = Gillespie|first2 = Aaron B.|last2 = Camens|first3 = Trevor H.|last3 = Worthy|first4 = Nicolas J.|last4 = Rawlence|first5 = Craig|last5 = Reid|first6 = Fiona|last6 = Bertuch|first7 = Vladimir|last7 = Levchenko|first8 = Alan|last8 = Cooper}}</ref> However, there is no archaeological evidence for interactions with humans, and the overlap of habitation in Australia and Tasmania of both humans and ''Simothenurus'' species, if there was one, would have been relatively short.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Overdone overkill – the archaeological perspective on Tasmanian megafaunal extinctions|journal = Journal of Archaeological Science|date = 2010-10-01|pages = 2486–2503|volume = 37|issue = 10|doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2010.05.009|first = Richard|last = Cosgrove|first2 = Judith|last2 = Field|first3 = Jillian|last3 = Garvey|first4 = Joan|last4 = Brenner-Coltrain|first5 = Albert|last5 = Goede|first6 = Bethan|last6 = Charles|first7 = Steve|last7 = Wroe|first8 = Anne|last8 = Pike-Tay|first9 = Rainer|last9 = Grün}}</ref>

=== Climate change ===
Another theory is that climate change caused the extinction of this genus. The [[last glacial period]], popularly known as the Ice Age, has been linked with a severe reduction in several megafaunal populations, including ''Simosthenurus''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Webb|first1=Steve|title=Megafauna demography and late Quaternary climatic change in Australia: A predisposition to extinction|journal=Boreas|date=2008|volume=37|issue=3|pages=329–345|doi=10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00026.x}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Paleontology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q144220}}

[[Category:Prehistoric macropods]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammals of Australia]]
[[Category:Pleistocene marsupials]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammal genera]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1966]]

Protemnodon

2019-04-22T12:10:20Z

Paleocolour: added images

{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Protemnodon''<ref name=Mikko>{{cite web | author = Haaramo, M. | date = 20 December 2004 | accessdate = 15 March 2007 | title = Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Macropodidae - kenguroos | url = http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Metatheria/Notometatheria/Diprotodontia/Macropodidae.htm | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070331021022/http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/metazoa/Deuterostoma/chordata/Synapsida/Metatheria/Notometatheria/Diprotodontia/Macropodidae.htm | archivedate = 31 March 2007 | df = }}</ref>
| fossil_range = Pliocene-Pleistocene
| image = Protemnodon_anak_skull.jpg
| image_caption = Skull of ''Protemnodon anak'' at the [[Melbourne Museum]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Marsupial]]ia
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| familia = [[Macropodidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Macropodinae]]
| genus = '''''†Protemnodon'''''
| genus_authority = Owen, 1873
| subdivision_ranks = [[Paleospecies]]
| subdivision =
†''P. otibandus'' 
†''P. buloloensis'' 
†''P. hopei'' 
†''P. tumbuna'' 
†''P. nombe'' 
†''P. bandharr'' 
†''P. snewini'' 
†''P. anak'' 
†''P. chinchillaensis'' 
†''P. brehus'' 
†''P. roechus''
}}
'''''Protemnodon''''' (also called the '''giant [[kangaroo]]''') is a genus of megafaunal [[Macropodidae|macropods]] that existed in [[Australia]], [[Tasmania]], and [[Papua New Guinea]] in the Pliocene and [[Pleistocene]].

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Protemnodon anak.jpg|thumb|Restoration of ''Protemnodon anak''|left]]
Based on fossil evidence, ''Protemnodon'' is thought to have been physically similar to [[wallaby|wallabies]], but far larger. ''Protemnodon hopei'' was the smallest in the genus, weighing about 45 kg; the largest species, ''Protemnodon roechus'', weighing around 170 kg.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Helgen, K.M., Wells, R.T., Kear, B.P., Gerdtz, W.R., and Flannery, T.F. | year = 2006 | title = Ecological and evolutionary significance of sizes of giant extinct kangaroos | journal = Australian Journal of Zoology | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 293–303 | doi = 10.1071/ZO05077}}</ref>

Recent analysis of [[mtDNA]] extracted from fossils indicates that ''Protemnodon'' was closely related to ''[[Macropus]]''.<ref name = "Llamas2015">{{Cite journal | last1 = Llamas | first1 = B. | last2 = Brotherton | first2 = P. | last3 = Mitchell | first3 = K. J. | last4 = Templeton | first4 = J. E. L. | last5 = Thomson | first5 = V. A. | last6 = Metcalf | first6 = J. L. | last7 = Armstrong | first7 = K. N. | last8 = Kasper | first8 = M. | last9 = Richards | first9 = S. M. | last10 = Camens | first10 = A. B. | last11 = Lee | first11 = M. S. Y. | last12 = Cooper | first12 = A. | date = 2014-12-18 | title = Late Pleistocene Australian marsupial DNA clarifies the affinities of extinct megafaunal kangaroos and wallabies | journal = [[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] | volume = 32| issue = | pages = 574–584| publisher = | jstor = | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu338 | format = | ref = harv | pmid=25526902}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category|Protemnodon}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q136448}}

[[Category:Prehistoric macropods]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammals of Australia]]
[[Category:Pliocene marsupials]]
[[Category:Pleistocene marsupials]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammal genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Owen]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1873]]

{{paleo-marsupial-stub}}
{{Diprotodont-stub}}

Neohelos

2019-04-22T12:00:59Z

Paleocolour: added images

{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]], {{fossil range|23|12}}
| image = Neohelos_skull.jpg
| image_caption = Skull of ''Neohelos stirtoni'' at the [[Melbourne Museum]]
| taxon = Neohelos
| authority = Stirton, [[1967 in paleontology|1967]]
| type_species = '''''Neohelos tirarensis'''''
| type_species_authority = Stirton, 1967
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
''N. tirarensis'' Stirton, 1967 
''N. stirtoni'' Murray ''et al.'', [[2000 in paleontology|2000]] 
''N. solus'' [[Karen H. Black|Black]] ''et al.'', [[2013 in paleontology|2013]] 
''N. davidridei'' Black ''et al.'', 2013
}}

'''''Neohelos''''' is an [[extinct]] [[diprotodontidae|diprotodontid]] [[marsupial]], that lived from the early to middle-[[Miocene]]. There are four species assigned to this genus, '''''N. tirarensis''''', the [[type species]], '''''N. stirtoni''''', '''''N. solus''''' and '''''N. davidridei'''''. ''N. davidridei'' is the most [[Synapomorphy|derived]] species of the genus, and its [[premolar]] morphology shows that it is structurally and ancestor of the genus ''[[Kolopsis]]''. All four species are from the [[Bullock Creek (Northern Territory)|Bullock Creek]] in the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)|Riversleigh]] of [[Australia]].

==Description==
[[File:Neohelos solus holotype.jpeg|thumb|left|''N. solus'' [[holotype]]]]
''Neohelos'' is known from many specimens, assigned to all the species. ''N. tirarensis'' includes a partial [[skull]], [[premaxilla]]s, [[maxilla]]s, [[teeth]], and [[dentary]]s; ''N. solus'' is known from a maxilla and dentary; ''N. davidridei'' includes [[teeth]] and a maxilla fragment; and ''N. stirtoni'' is known from a mostly complete skull, a maxilla and a dentary.<ref name="black2013"/>

===Distinguishing characteristics===
A revision of ''Neohelos'' found a set of features in all the species that are absent in all other [[diprotodontoidea|diprotodontoids]]. They are listed below:<ref name="black2013"/>

* four−cusped P3 with a tall, subcentral parametacone, a distinct anterior parastyle, a moderately developed protocone and a small to moderate (sometimes absent) hypocone;
* tendency to develop a mesostyle on P3;
* M1 with well−developed stylar cusp A, stylar cusp E and postmetacrista;
* M1 with a square occlusal outline (except ''N. solus'');
* large interproximal contact between P3 and M1;
* broad, lanceolate i1 with a ventrobuccal groove and longitudinal lingual crest;
* and moderate epitympanic fenestra in the postglenoid cavity.

==Classification==
''Neohelos'' includes many species. Among them, ''N. davidridei'' is the most [[Synapomorphy|derived]]. ''N. davidridei'' shows many features that are also found in ''[[Kolopsis]]'', and is thought to be the ancestor of it and its species. Together, ''Neohelos'' and ''Kolopsis'' make up [[Zygomaturinae]] along with ''[[Zygomaturus]]'' and other genera.<ref name="black2013"/>

==Paleoecology==
''Neohelos'' lived in the [[Early Miocene|early]] to [[Middle Miocene]] of [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. It is one of few diprotodont genera that existed in [[Bullock Creek (Northern Territory)|Bullock Creek]] in both [[Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)|Riversleigh]] and [[Northern Territory]], in the [[Wipajiri Formation]].<ref name="black2013"/>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="black2013">{{cite journal|last1=Black|first1=K.H.|last2=Archer|first2=M.|last3=Hand|first3=S.J.|last4=Godthelp|first4=H.|year=2013|title=Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus ''Neohelos'': Systematics and biostratigraphy|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=58|issue=4|pages=679–706|url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app58/app20120001.pdf|doi=10.4202/app.2012.0001}}</ref>
</references>
{{Portal|Paleontology|Mammals}}
* ''The Book of Life: An Illustrated History of the Evolution of Life on Earth'' by Jean-Paul Tibbles, Peter Andrews, John Barber, and Michael Benton
* ''Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution'' by John A. Long, Michael Archer, Timothy Flannery, and Suzanne Hand
*[http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/publications/museums/reports.html Number 6 Murray P et al., 2000 Morphology, systematics and evolution of the marsupial genus Neohelos Stirton (Diprotdontidae, Zygomaturinae)]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3338183}}

[[Category:Pleistocene marsupials]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammals of Australia]]
[[Category:Prehistoric vombatiforms]]
[[Category:Riversleigh fauna]]
[[Category:Prehistoric marsupial genera]]

Janjucetus

2019-04-22T11:57:39Z

Paleocolour: added images, cleaned up article.

{{good article}}
{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Janjucetus hunderi skull.jpg
| image_caption = Skull of ''Janjucetus hunderi'' at the Melbourne Museum
| name = ''Janjucetus''
| fossil_range = {{Temporal range|Late Oligocene}}
| genus = Janjucetus
| species = hunderi
| authority = {{Harvnb|Fitzgerald|2006}}
| extinct = yes
}}

'''''Janjucetus''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[cetacean]], and a [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[baleen whale]] (Mysticeti), from the [[Late Oligocene]] around 25 [[Mya (unit)|million years ago]] (mya) off southeast Australia, containing one species '''''J. hunderi'''''. Unlike modern mysticetes, it possessed large teeth for gripping and shredding prey, and lacked [[baleen]], and so was likely to have been a predator that captured large single prey animals rather than [[filter feeding]]. However, its teeth may have interlocked, much like those of the modern-day filter feeding [[crabeater seal]] (''Lobodon carcinophaga''), which would have allowed some filter feeding behavior. Its hunting behaviour was probably similar to the modern day [[leopard seal]] (''Hydrurga leptonyx''), probably eating large fish. Like baleen whales, ''Janjucetus'' could not [[biosonar|echolocate]]; however, it did have unusually large eyes, and so probably had an acute sense of vision. The only specimen was found on the Jan Juc beach, where the remains of the extinct whales ''[[Mammalodon]]'', ''[[Prosqualodon]]'', and ''[[Waipatia]]'' have also been discovered.

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Janjucetus_NT_small.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''Janjucetus'']]
The only known fossil of ''Janjucetus'' was found in the late 1990s by a teenaged surfer named Staumn Hunder, near the [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] township of [[Jan Juc]], in marine sediment that was deposited 27–23.9 [[mya (unit)|million years ago]] (mya) in the [[Late Oligocene]]. The name ''Janjucetus hunderi'' honours both the township and the discoverer. Hunder is said to have seen the brown fossils on a boulder while he surfed. Soon after discovering the site, Hunder and his father removed the boulder and transported it to [[Monash University]] for further research. The well-preserved fossil remains, specimen NMV P216929, include a nearly complete skull, mandibles, vertebrae, ribs, scapulae, and a radius, and are held in the [[Museum Victoria]] Palaeontology Collection in [[Melbourne|Melbourne, Australia]]. It was [[species description|formally described]] by Erich Fitzgerald in 2006, and it represents the most complete [[Paleogene]] [[cetacean]] fossil from Australia.<ref name="Fitzgerald2006">{{Cite journal| last = Fitzgerald | first = Erich M. G.| title = A bizarre new toothed mysticete (Cetacea) from Australia and the early evolution of baleen whales| year = 2006 | journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society|Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] | volume = 273 | pages = 2955–2963| doi = 10.1098/rspb.2006.3664 | ref = harv | pmid=17015308 | pmc=1639514}}</ref><ref name=noorden/>

==Description==
[[File:Janjucetus BW (mirrored).jpg|thumb|Restoration of ''Janjucetus'']]
''Janjucetus'' is estimated to have been about {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length, about the size of the modern [[bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops'' spp.) and much smaller than any living baleen whale. The snout was broad and triangular, and was not flattened or elongated like those of modern baleen whales. The upper jaw ([[maxilla]]) made up around 79% of the snout. The two halves of the lower jaw were fused ([[mandibular symphysis]]), as opposed to the flexible mandibular symphysis of modern baleen whales which allows them to significantly increase the size of their mouth. Compared to [[Archaeoceti|archaeocetes]], primitive whales, the snout is wider, which may have been a precursor to the large mouths of modern baleen whales. Like other baleen whales, ''Janjucetus'' did not possess the ability to [[biosonar|echolocate]], however it may have had a large line of fat along its lower jaw, similar to modern [[toothed whale]]s (Odontoceti), which would mean it could detect [[ultrasound|ultrasonic]] signals. It had unusually large eyes for baleen whales compared to its body size, which were positioned high up on the skull; likewise, it probably relied on good eyesight instead of echolocation to navigate.<ref name="Fitzgerald2006"/><ref>{{cite journal |first=E. M. G. |last=Fitzgerald |year=2011 |title=Archaeocete-like jaws in a baleen whale |journal=Biology Letters |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.0690|pmid=21849306 |pmc=3259978}}</ref><ref name=Berta>{{cite journal |first=A. |last=Berta |first2=A. |last2=Lanzetti |first3=E. G. |last3=Ekdale|first4=T. A.|last4=Deméré|year=2016 |title=From teeth to baleen and raptorial to bulk filter feeding in mysticete cetaceans: the role of paleontological, genetic, and geochemical data in feeding evolution and ecology |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=56|issue=6 |pages=1271–1284 |doi=10.1093/icb/icw128 |pmid=27940618 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw128}}</ref>

''Janjucetus'' did not have baleen, and instead had large teeth. The incisors and canines formed a row of conical stabbing teeth, while the premolars and molars were shaped like serrated blades. The teeth were deeply rooted, and the cheek teeth had two roots, perhaps adaptations for handling large prey. The teeth decreased in size towards the back of the mouth. It had sizable [[temporalis]] muscles, indicated by the their location on the top of the head, meaning it had a strong bite. It had four or six incisor teeth, two canine teeth, eight premolars, and four or six molars in the upper jaw. The teeth had heavily-ridged enamel, and upper teeth were more widely spaced apart than the lower teeth.<ref name="Fitzgerald2006"/> These teeth perhaps showcase how highly [[generalist and specialist species|specialised]] ''Janjucetus'' was to its [[niche (ecology)|niche]], or indicate that it was an [[evolutionary dead-end]] given the later proliferation of baleen-bearing baleen whales.<ref name=hampe>{{cite journal|last=Hampe |first=O. |last2=Baszio |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Relative warps meet cladistics: a contribution to the phylogenetic relationships of baleen whales based on landmarks analyses of mysticete crania|journal=Bulletin of Geosciences |volume=85 |issue=2 |page=212 |doi=10.3140/bull.geosci.1166 |url=http://www.geology.cz/app/bulletin/fulltext/1166_hampe.pdf}}</ref>

==Classification==
{{cladogram|align=right|title=''Janjucetus'' within Mysticeti|caption=[[Phylogenetic tree]] showing ''Janjucetus'' at the [[basal (phylogenetics)|base]] of [[Mysticeti]]<ref name=Berta/>
|clade=
{{clade
|style=font-size:81%;line-height:90%;width:90%;
|label1='''Cetacea'''
|1={{clade
|label2=[[Mysticeti]] (baleen whales)
|1=[[Odontoceti]] (toothed whales)
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Mammalodontidae]]
|1={{clade
|1='''''Janjucetus'''''
|2=''[[Mammalodon]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Aetiocetidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Eomysticetidae]]
|2=Modern baleen whales
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
''Janjucetus'' is considered to be a [[baleen whale]] (Mysticeti), despite not having [[baleen]], due to key [[synapomorphies]] of the skull anatomy, for example in the way the nasal bones meet the bones of the braincase. ''Janjucetus'' is one of two genera, along with the extinct ''[[Mammalodon]]'' which is also from southeastern Australia, in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Mammalodontidae]]. ''Janjucetus'' was initially assigned to its own [[monotypic]] family, Janjucetidae, but a subsequent [[cladistic analysis]] by Fitzgerald in 2010 reassigned it to the Mammalodontidae, making Janjucetidae a [[junior synonym]]. ''Janjucetus'' is one of the six toothed baleen whales of the Oligocene, the other being ''M. colliveri'', ''M. hakataramea'', ''[[Chonecetus]]'', ''[[Aetiocetus]]'', and ''[[Llanocetus]]''.<ref name="Fitzgerald2010">{{Cite journal| last = Fitzgerald | first= Erich M. G.| title = The morphology and systematics of ''Mammalodon colliveri'' (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia| year = 2010 | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | pages = 367–476| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00572.x}}</ref>

==Palaeoecology==
[[File:Janjucetus Lobodon Canis teeth.jpg|thumb|left|Comparison of teeth of the [[dingo]] (''Canis lupus dingo''), the [[crabeater seal]] (''Lobodon carcinophaga''), and ''Janjucetus'' using three-dimensional surface models]]
Unlike other baleen whales, ''Janjucetus'' did not use baleen to filter feed, and instead used teeth to catch large prey such as fish and sharks.<ref name=noorden>{{cite journal|first=R. V.|last=Noorden|date=16 August 2006|title=Ancient Whale ‘Truly Weird’|journal=Nature News|doi=10.1038/news060814-6}}</ref> Its skull morphology seems to be [[convergent evolution|convergent]] with the modern day [[leopard seal]] (''Hydrurga leptonyx''), and so it may have used a similar grip-and-tear feeding method.<ref name="Fitzgerald2006"/><ref name=hocking/>

However, it is possible that the front teeth interlocked, and the cheek teethed sheared against each other when the mouth was closed, which perhaps allowed the whale to filter feed similar to the modern day [[crabeater seal]] (''Lobodon carcinophaga''). This may have been a precursor to the evolution of baleen and associated feeding habits. The head of ''Janjucetus'' is similar to the wide and blunt heads of modern-day, suction-feeding toothed whales, indicating it could suction-feed.<ref name="Fitzgerald2006"/><ref name=hocking>{{cite journal|first=D. P.|last=Hocking|first2=F. G.|last2=Marx|first3=E. M. G.|last3=Fitzgerald|first4=A. R.|last4=Evans|year=2017|title=Ancient whales did not filter feed with their teeth|journal=Biology Letters|volume=13|issue=8|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2017.0348|pmid=28855416|pmc=5582114}}</ref>

==Palaeobiology==
Jan Juc Beach, where ''Janjucetus'' was discovered, also has yielded some fragmentary vertebrate species, such as sharks, rays, and [[teleost]] fish. A couple unidentified bird fossils have been found. Other than ''Mammalodon'', the other cetacean remains found there were those of ''[[Prosqualodon]]'' and ''[[Waipatia]]''.<ref name="Fitzgerald2006"/>

{{clearboth}}
==References==
{{Portal|Paleontology|Cetaceans}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category|Janjucetus}}
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/08/060816-whale-fossil.html National Geographic News]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q135674}}

[[Category:Baleen whales]]
[[Category:Oligocene cetaceans]]
[[Category:Prehistoric cetacean genera]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2006]]
[[Category:Oligocene mammals of Australia]]

Atlascopcosaurus

2019-04-22T11:41:31Z

Paleocolour: added images

{{speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]] ~{{fossilrange|114|earliest=118|latest=110}}
| image = Atlascopcosaurus loadsi.JPG
| image_caption = ''Atlascopcosaurus loadsi'' model
| genus = Atlascopcosaurus
| parent_authority = Rich & Vickers-Rich 1989
| species = loadsi
| authority = Rich & Vickers-Rich 1989
}}

'''''Atlascopcosaurus''''' (meaning "Atlas Copco lizard") is a [[genus]] of herbivorous basal [[iguanodont]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Early Cretaceous]] of the present [[Australia]].

== Classification ==
[[File:Atlascopcosaurus dentary.jpg|thumb|left|Dentary of ''Atlascopcosaurus'' at the Melbourne Museum]]
The [[type specimen]], '''NMV P166409''', was found in 1984 at the [[Dinosaur Cove|Dinosaur Cove East]] site at the coast of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], in layers of the [[Eumeralla Formation]] dating from the early [[Cretaceous]], [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]]. The [[holotype]] consists of a piece of the upper jaw, a partial [[maxilla]] with teeth, and referred specimens include teeth, another maxilla, and dentaries.<ref name=Rich1989/> Although the rest of the skeleton is unknown it can be inferred from closely related species that the genus represents a small bipedal [[herbivore]]. By extrapolation it has been estimated that it was about two to three metres (6.5–10 ft) long and weighed approximately 125 kg.

[[File:Australian Hypsilophodont Sizes Slate.svg|thumb|Size of ''Atlascopcosaurus'' (in orange) compared to other Australian Hypsilophodonts]]
The [[type species]], ''Atlascopcosaurus loadsi'', was named and described by [[Tom Rich]] and [[Patricia Vickers-Rich]] in 1988/1989. The generic name refers to the [[Atlas Copco]] Company who had provided equipment for the dig that discovered this dinosaur in 1984. The project revealed 85 fossil bone fragments of various species. This opened the door for more excavation and, along with other companies, Atlas Copco helped over ten years excavate about sixty metres of tunnel in a cliff wall at the sea shore. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''loadsi'', honours William Loads, the state manager for Atlas Copco at the time, who assisted during the dig.<ref name=Rich1989>Rich, T. and Rich, P., 1989, "Polar dinosaurs and biotas of the Early Cretaceous of southeastern Australia", ''National Geographic Research'' '''5'''(1): 15-53</ref> Despite being assigned to Hypsilophodontidae by its describers, the original classification of ''Atlascoposaurus'' was considered untenable given that Hypsilophodontidae has been recovered as [[paraphyletic]] in subsequent cladistic studies and ''Atlascopcosaurus'' was tabulated as a basal member of [[Ornithopoda]] in the second edition of the ''Dinosauria''.<ref>Norman DB, Sues H-D, Witmer LM, Coria RA (2004). Basal Ornithopoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. Second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2004. pp. 393–412.</ref> Because the teeth are not species-specific and the maxilla fragment is little informative, Agnolin ''et al.'' (2010) treated it as a ''[[nomen dubium]]'', even though they noted similarities with the [[elasmaria]]ns ''[[Anabisetia]]'' and ''[[Gasparinisaura]]'' from Patagonia.<ref>F.L. Agnolin, M.D. Ezcurra, D.F. Pais and S.W. Salisbury, 2010, "A reappraisal of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaur faunas from Australia and New Zealand: evidence for their Gondwanan affinities", ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology'' '''8'''(2): 257-300</ref> However, Boyd (2015) considered the genus valid and recovered it at the base of [[Iguanodontia]] in a clade with ''Anabisetia'', ''Gasparinisaura'', and ''[[Qantassaurus]]''.<ref>Boyd CA. (2015) The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ 3:e1523 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1523</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portalbar|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous|Prehistory of Australia}}
{{Ornithopoda|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131399}}

[[Category:Ornithopods]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Victoria]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1989]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Patricia Vickers-Rich]]

Qantassaurus

2019-04-22T11:35:30Z

Paleocolour: added images.

{{speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|115}}
| image = Quantassaurus skel aus.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = Skeletal reconstruction of ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' at the Australian Museum, Sydney
| parent_authority = [[Tom Rich|Rich]] & [[Patricia Vickers-Rich|Vickers-Rich]], [[1999 in paleontology|1999]]
| genus = Qantassaurus
| authority = [[Tom Rich|Rich]] & [[Patricia Vickers-Rich|Vickers-Rich]], [[1999 in paleontology|1999]]
| species = intrepidus
}}

'''''Qantassaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|w|ɑː|n|t|ə|ˈ|s|ɔː|r|ə|s}} {{respell|KWAHN|tə|SOR|əs}}) is a [[genus]] of two-legged, plant-eating [[ornithischian]] dinosaur that lived in [[Australia]] about 115 million years ago, when the continent was still partly south of the [[Antarctic Circle]]. It was described by [[Patricia Vickers-Rich]] and her husband [[Tom Rich]] in 1999 after a find near [[Inverloch, Victoria|Inverloch]], and named after [[Qantas]], the Australian airline.

==Description==
<blockquote style="text-align:center">
:"The [[jaw]] is unique because it is short and stocky, whereas other jaws ... are long and slender"</blockquote>
::— Patricia Vickers-Rich

''Qantassaurus'' was probably about 1.8 meters (6 feet) long, and about one meter (3 feet) high. If it resembled its relatives, it had short thighs and long shins, and probably was a fast runner. Its feet had claws for traction, and a long tail probably helped with turning, stiffened by ossified tendons. One characteristic of the "Polar Victorian" [[Euornithopoda|euornithopods]] are distinctive spurs, or [[trochanter]]s, on the upper surface of the thigh bone (or [[femur]]), where muscle was attached.

[[File:Qantassaurus model.jpg|thumb|left|Model of ''Qantassaurus'' at the Melbourne Museum]]
''Qantassaurus'' is only known from jaw fragments. These are foreshortened compared to related species so its face was probably short and stubby. It had ten teeth in each [[mandible|lower jaw]]. It probably had a [[beak]], and possessed leaf-shaped teeth back in its cheek, which were shed as they wore down, and replaced by new teeth growing up from the jaw. The teeth had eight distinctive vertical ridges on the outer side with a single larger primary ridge in the centre.

''Qantassaurus'' lived 115 [[million years ago]] in [[Australia]], during the late Aptian/early Albian [[faunal stage|age]] of the early [[Cretaceous]] [[geologic period|period]]. At the time, Australia was part of the [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]], and partly within the [[Antarctic Circle]], although the significance of polar conditions during the warm Cretaceous were greatly different from conditions in this region today. The average temperature of the region is contentious, with estimates ranging from -6 to well over 5 °C (21 to 37 °F). Conditions were likely to be at their coldest during the polar nights, which lasted up to three months.

One interpretation of the fossil material is that small ornithopods had adaptations to survive cooler conditions. [[Bone]] growth of presumed related taxa shows they were active all year round, so they did not hibernate through the winter. The structure of these bones also suggests warm-bloodedness, which would help maintain its [[thermoregulation|body heat]].

''Qantassaurus'' was probably a [[Herbivory|browser]], who grabbed [[fern]]s and other vegetation with its hands, and ran away from [[predator]]s like a modern [[gazelle]].

==Classification==
[[File:Australian Hypsilophodont Sizes Slate.svg|thumb|Size of ''Qantassaurus'' (in green) compared to other Australian Hypsilophodonts]]
''Qantassaurus'' is a basal iguanodont [[ornithopod]] that was originally assigned to the [[Hypsilophodontidae]]. Today, this is understood to be an unnatural ([[paraphyletic]]) group, and ''Qantassaurus'' was recently recovered as a basal iguanodont by Boyd (2015), and more specifically as a member of the iguanodontian clade [[Elasmaria]] by Rozadilla ''et al.'' (2016) and Madzia et al. (2017).<ref>Boyd C. A. (2015). The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ, 3, 1–62.</ref><ref>Sebastián Rozadilla, Federico L. Agnolin, Fernando E. Novas, Alexis M. Aranciaga Rolando, Matías J. Motta, Juan M. Lirio & Marcelo P. Isasi, 2016. A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications. ''Cretaceous Research'' 57: 311–324.</ref><ref>Madzia, Daniel; Boyd, Clint A.; Mazuch, Martin (2017). "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: 1–13. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258.
</ref>

In this regard, it is one of four species once considered hypsilophodontids from southeast Australia, along with ''[[Leaellynasaura]] amicagraphica'', ''[[Atlascopcosaurus]] loadsi'', and ''[[Fulgurotherium]] australe''. The four taxa are mostly known from isolated bones and teeth; however the thigh bones of ''F. australe'' are very diverse and may belong to three genera.

==History==
''Qantassaurus'' was discovered on 27 February 1996, during the third annual field season of the Dinosaur Dreaming project, a dig jointly run by [[Monash University]] and the [[National Museum of Victoria]]. The dig occurs on the beach of the [[Bunurong Marine Park]] at the intertidal site known as [[Flat Rocks]], near Inverloch, in southeastern [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia. The rock outcrops at this site are part of the [[Wonthaggi Formation]] of the Strzelecki Group, which during the [[Aptian]] stage were deposited in floodplains with braided river channels.<ref>Bryan, S.E. , Constantine, A.E. & Stephens, C.J. 1997 "Early Cretaceous volcano - sedimentary successions along the eastern Australian continental margin: Implications for the break-up of eastern Gondwana" Earth and Planetary Science Letters 153 p.85-102</ref> The [[holotype]] specimen, '''NMV P199075''', a fifty-six millimetres long single left dentary of the lower jaw, containing ten teeth (three unerupted), was found by Mrs Nicole Evered, a long time participant of the dig. Two other jaws, specimens NMV P198962, a left dentary, and NMV P199087, a right dentary, found at the same site the same year have also been tentatively associated with, or referred to, the species.

It was named ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' by Patricia Vickers-Rich and Tom Rich, in honor of the Queensland and Northern Territory Air Service, which shipped fossils around the country as part of the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibit between 1993 and 1996, and sponsored expeditions to [[South America]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. ''QANTAS'' is an [[acronym]], which is why a ''u'' does not follow the ''q'' in ''Qantassaurus''. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "intrepid" in Latin, referring to the climatic challenges the small dinosaur had to face.

==References==
* "The Hypsilophodontidae from southeastern Australia", by Tom H. Rich, and Patricia Vickers-Rich. October, 1999. In ''Proceedings of the Second Gondwana Dinosaur Symposium'', edited by Y. Tomada, Tom H. Rich. and Patricia Vickers-Rich. National Science Museum Monographs, number 15, pages 167 to 180. (the technical paper naming the species)

==External links==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* ''[http://www.alphalink.com.au/~dannj/qantas.htm Qantassaurus intrepidus]'', from Dann's Dinosaurs.
* {{cite web |url=http://www-pso.adm.monash.edu.au/news/Story.asp?ID%3D60&SortType%3D7 |title= The dinosaur hunters |work=Monash University, Monash Newsline: Science & Tech |author= Corey Nassau|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616062851/http://www-pso.adm.monash.edu.au/news/Story.asp?ID=60&SortType=7 |archivedate=2005-06-16}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ornithopoda|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q664272}}

[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia]]
[[Category:Ornithopods]]
[[Category:Qantas]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1999]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Patricia Vickers-Rich]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Victoria]]

Eotitanosuchus

2019-04-22T11:22:47Z

Paleocolour: added image

{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Wordian]], {{Fossil range|267}}
| image = Eotitanosuchus head.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = Life restoration of ''Eotitanosuchus olsoni''
| genus = Eotitanosuchus
| parent_authority = [[Petr Konstantinovich Tchudinov|Tchudinov]], 1960
| species = olsoni
| authority = Tchudinov, 1960
| synonyms =
* ''Ivantosaurus'' Tchudinov, [[1983 in paleontology|1983]]
}}

'''''Eotitanosuchus''''' ("dawn giant crocodile") is an extinct [[genus]] of [[biarmosuchia]]n [[therapsid]]s whose [[fossil]]s were found in the town of [[Ochyor]] in [[Perm Krai]], [[Russia]]. It lived about 267 million [[year]]s ago. The only species is '''''Eotitanosuchus olsoni'''''.

==Description==
[[File:Eotitanosuchus skull.jpg|thumb|left|Skull cast of ''Eotitanosuchus'']]
''Eotitanosuchus'' known from a single large skull without a lower jaw. The [[skull]] was 35 cm, but the overall length may have been over 2.5 m. Like ''[[Biarmosuchus]] tener'', it was primitive in that, though it was a predator, the temple opening behind the eye was small, giving it a weak [[Biting|bite]]. The temple was, however, larger at the top than in other [[biarmosuchia]]ns.

==Paleoecology==
''Eotitanosuchus'' fossils were found in the [[Perm]] (or Cis-Urals) region of Russia. ''Eotitanosuchus'' was without doubt a dominant animal of its environment. Found preserved in flood deposits (once coastal bogs) containing many skeletons of [[Estemmenosuchidae|estemmenosuchids]], it has been suggested that this large predator was an excellent swimmer, possibly semi-aquatic or frequenting marshy ground. This, however, is just speculation.

==Classification==
''Eotitanosuchus'' is often grouped with the [[Phthinosuchus|Phthinosuchidae]] and the [[Biarmosuchus|Biarmosuchidae]]. In fact, Ivakhnenko (1999) argues that ''[[Biarmosuchus]] tener'' and ''Eotitanosuchus olsoni'' are the same organism, which would eliminate the [[Eotitanosuchidae|Eotitanosuchia]] as a separate taxon, this conclusion does not seem to have been widely accepted. Regardless of the eventual outcome of this debate, Ivakhnenko's paper does seem to show that ''Eotitanosuchus'' is very similar to ''Biarmosuchus''. Further, given the rather close similarity between ''Eotitanosuchus'' and later therapsids, this observation supports the view that Biarmosuchia is [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]]. Others view ''Eotitanosuchus'' as quite distinct from other basal therapsids and perhaps closer to the [[Gorgonopsia]] but gorgonopsian specializations are either not present in ''Eotitanosuchus'' or, as is more often the case, the state of the characters is unknown. This genus is characterized by many primitive features of the septomaxilla, the postorbital, the parietal, the interparietal, the basioccipital, the quadrate rami of the pterygoid and the [[vomer]]s of the skull. The length of the dorsal process of the [[premaxilla]] (front jawbone) and the postorbital twisting (rear side of the skull) constitute specializations that indicate it is not a direct gorgonopsian ancestor. These features, however, are shared by the [[anteosaur]] and [[Biarmosuchus|biarmosuchid]] lineages.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
*[[Lists of synapsids]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Petr Konstantinovich Tchudinov|Chudinov, P. K.]] 1965, "New Facts about the Fauna of the Upper Permian of the USSR", ''[[The Journal of Geology]]'', 73:117-30
* [[Everett C. Olson|Olsen, E. C.]], 1962, Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, USA and USSR ''Transactions of the [[American Philosophical Society]]'', new series, 52: 1–224.
* [[Patricia Vickers-Rich]] and [[Thomas H. Rich]], ''[[The Great Russian Dinosaurs]]'', [[Gunter Graphics]], 1993, pg. 28.

== External links ==
* [http://www.kheper.net/evolution/therapsida/Eotitanosuchidae.html Eotitanosuchidae] at Kheper
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051210174209/http://leute.server.de/frankmuster/E/Eotitanosuchus.htm Eotitanosuchidae]
* [http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/biarmosuchidae.html#Biarmosuchia Therapsida: Biarmosuchia: Biarmosuchidae / Eotitanosuchidae] at Palaeos
*[http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/biarmosuchia.html#Biarmosuchia Therapsida: Biarmosuchia] at Palaeos

{{Biarmosuchia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q956600}}

[[Category:Biarmosuchian genera]]
[[Category:Permian synapsids of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1960]]

{{paleo-therapsid-stub}}

User:Paleocolour

2019-02-24T16:21:45Z

Paleocolour:

Jianianhualong

2019-02-24T16:19:20Z

Paleocolour: typo

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Aptian]], {{Fossil range|124.4}}
| image = Jianianhualong tengi holotype fossil.jpg
| image_caption = Type specimen of ''J. tengi''
| taxon = Jianianhualong
| authority = Xu ''et al.'', 2017
| type_species = '''''Jianianhualong tengi'''''
| type_species_authority = Xu ''et al.'', 2017
}}

'''''Jianianhualong''''' (meaning "Jianianhua dragon") is a [[genus]] of [[troodontidae|troodontid]] [[theropoda|theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Early Cretaceous]] of [[China]]. It contains a single species, '''''Jianianhualong tengi''''', named in 2017 by [[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu Xing]] and colleagues based on an articulated skeleton preserving feathers. The feathers at the middle of the tail of ''Jianianhualong'' are asymmetric, being the first record of asymmetrical feathers among the troodontids. Despite [[aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] differences from the flight feathers of modern birds, the feathers in the tail vane of ''Jianianhualong'' could have functioned in [[aerodynamic drag|drag]] reduction whilst the animal was moving. The discovery of ''Jianianhualong'' supports the notion that asymmetrical feathers appeared early in the evolutionary history of the [[Paraves]].

''Jianianhualong'' possesses a combination of traits seen in [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] as well as traits seen in derived troodontids. This is consistent with its [[phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] intermediate position among the troodontids. This mixture of traits shows a distinct spatial organization, with basal traits being present in the forelimbs and pelvis, and derived traits being present in the skull and hindlimbs. This may represent a case of [[mosaic evolution]], where [[natural selection]] acts upon the form of the body in a modular way. Similar transitional patterns of traits are seen in the troodontid ''[[Sinusonasus]]'', a close relative of ''Jianianhualong''. Ecologically speaking, ''Jianianhualong'' and ''Sinusonasus'' are part of the considerable diversity of troodontids that is present within the [[Yixian Formation]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Jianianhualong tengi holotype line drawing.jpg|thumb|Line drawing of the type specimen]]
''Jianianhualong'' is known from the [[type (biology)|type]] and only specimen, a nearly complete skeleton preserving feathers that is missing only the end of the tail. It is articulated and compressed on a stone plate. This [[holotype]] specimen is stored under the collection number DLXH 1218 in the Dalian Xinghai Museum, [[Liaoning|Liaoning Province]], [[China]]. It was excavated using mechanical tools ([[geologist's hammer]]s and [[chisel]]s) from [[Early Cretaceous]]<ref name="swisher2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Swisher | first1 = C.C. | last2 = Wang | first2 = X. | last3 = Zhou | first3 = Z. | last4 = Wang | first4 = Y. | last5 = Jin | first5 = F. | last6 = Zhang | first6 = J. | last7 = Xu | first7 = X. | last8 = Zhang | first8 = J. | last9 = Wang | first9 = Y. | title = Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning, China: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | date = 2002 | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 136–139 | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1360/02tb9031| doi = 10.1360/02tb9031 | doi-broken-date = 2019-02-13 }}</ref> rocks of the [[Yixian Formation]] in the locality of Baicai Gou ({{zh-tsp|c=白菜溝}}), located in the [[Yi County, Liaoning|Yixian County]] of Liaoning.<ref name="desc"/> The Dakangpu Bed (equivalent to the Dawangzhangzi, Daxinfangzi, Hejiaxin, Sichakou, and Senjiru Beds),<ref name="jeholfossils">{{cite book | last1 = Wang | first1 = X.-L. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = Z.-H. | chapter = Mesozoic Pompeii | pages = 19–38 | editor-last1 = Chang | editor-first1 = M.-M. | editor-last2 = Chen | editor-first2 = P.-J. | editor-last3 = Wang | editor-first3 = Y.-Q. | editor-last4 = Wang | editor-first4 = Y. | editor-last5 = Miao | editor-first5 = D.-S. | title = The Jehol Fossils: The Emergence of Feathered Dinosaurs, Beaked Birds and Flowering Plants | edition = 2nd | date = 2008 | publisher = Academic Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=527XmvXemk0C&pg=PA49#v=onepage&f=false | url = https://books.google.com/?id=527XmvXemk0C | location = Amsterdam | isbn = 9780123741738}}</ref> which Baicai Gou is a part of,<ref name="jinzhousaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = X.-L. | last2 = Xu | first2 = X. | date = 2001 | title = A new iguanodontid (''Jinzhousaurus yangi'' gen. et sp. nov.) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | volume = 46 | pages = 1669–1672 | issue = 19 | doi = 10.1007/BF02900633 }}</ref> is situated in the middle of the formation. The specific portion of the Beds from which ''Jianianhualong'' originates was dated in 2006 and 2008 to approximately 124.4 million years ago, which corresponds to the early [[Aptian]].<ref name="leefructus">{{cite journal | first1 = G. | last1 = Sun | first2 = D.L. | last2 = Dilcher | first3 = H. | last3 = Wang | first4 = Z. | last4 = Chen |year=2011 |title=A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Nature |volume=471 |issue= 7340|pages=625–628 |doi=10.1038/nature09811 |pmid=21455178| bibcode = 2011Natur.471..625S }}</ref><ref name="liu2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = Y. | last2 = Liu | first2 = Y. | last3 = Ji | first3 = S. | last4 = Yang | first4 = Z. | title = U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues | date = 2006 | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | volume = 51 | issue = 21 | pages = 2634–2644 | doi = 10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2 }}</ref><ref name="meng2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Meng | first1 = F.X. | last2 = Gao | first2 = S. | last3 = Liu | first3 = X.M. | title = U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks of the Yixian Formation in the Lingyuan area, western Liaoning, China | journal = Geological Bulletin of China | volume = 27 | pages = 364–373 | date = 2008}}</ref>

In 2017, ''Jianianhualong'' was named and described by a team of researchers including [[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu Xing]], [[Philip J. Currie]], Michael Pittman, Xing Lida, Meng Qingjin, [[Lü Junchang]], Hu Dongyu, and Yu Congyu, in a research paper published in ''[[Nature Communications]]''. In order to investigate the preserved plumage of the specimen, Xu and colleagues made use of [[laser-induced fluorescence|laser-stimulated fluorescence]] using a 405 nm laser.<ref name="lsf">{{cite journal|last1 = Kaye | first1 = T.G. | last2 = Falk | first2 = A.R. | last3 = Pittman | first3 = M. | last4 = Sereno | first4 = P.C. | last5 = Martin | first5 = L.D. | last6 = Burnham | first6 = D.A. | first7 = E. | last7 = Gong | first8 = X. | last8 = Xu | first9 = Y. | last9 = Wang | date = 2015 | title = Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence in Paleontology | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | page = e0125923 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0125923 | pmid = 26016843 | pmc = 4446324 }}</ref> The [[genus]] name combines the name of a company that sponsored the research of this taxon, ''Jianianhua'' ({{zh-tsp|c=嘉年華}}), and the suffix ''long'' ({{zh-tsp|c=龍}}), meaning "dragon". The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''tengi'', honours Ms. Teng Fangfang who acquired the specimen and made it available for study.<ref name="desc"/>

==Description==
The type specimen of ''Jianianhualong'' measures approximately {{convert|1|m}} as preserved; since the back of the tail is missing, the animal would probably have been around {{convert|1.12|m}} long in life. Scaling from a thighbone length of {{convert|11.7|cm|abbr=on}}, Xu ''et al.'' found that it weighed {{convert|2.4|kg}}.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="campioneweight">{{cite journal | last1 = Campione | first1 = N.E. | last2 = Evans | first2 = D.C. | last3 = Brown | first3 = C.M. | last4 = Carrano | first4 = M.T. | journal = Methods in Ecology and Evolution | title = Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | date = 2014 | pages = 913–923 | doi = 10.1111/2041-210X.12226 }}</ref> Despite its small size, the specimen was fully-grown, as indicated by the fusion of the [[suture (anatomy)|sutures]] in the vertebrae.<ref name="desc">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Currie | first2 = P. | last3 = Pittman | first3 = M. | last4 = Xing | first4 = L. | last5 = Meng | first5 = Q. | last6 = Lü | first6 = J. | last7 = Hu | first7 = D. | last8 = Yu | first8 = C. | title = Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features | journal = Nature Communications | date = 2017 | volume = 8 | page = 14972 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14972 | pmid = 28463233 | pmc = 5418581 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814972X }}</ref><ref name="brochuonto">{{cite journal | last1 = Brochu | first1 = C.A. | title = Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs | date = 1996 | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283 | pages = 49–62 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology }}</ref><ref name="irmisonto">{{cite journal | last1 = Irmis | first1 = R.B. | title = Axial skeleton ontogeny in the Parasuchia (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) and its implications for ontogenetic determination in archosaurs | date = 2007 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 350–361 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[350:ASOITP]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>

===Skull===
[[File:Jianianhualong2.jpg|thumb|left|Skull of ''J. tengi'' as preserved]]
The skull of ''Jianianhualong'' is small. The jaw has about 75% of the length of the [[femur|thighbone]]. It is roughly triangular when seen from the side, with a short snout and a wide skull roof like its relative ''[[Mei (dinosaur)|Mei]]''.<ref name="meilong">{{cite journal |first1=X.|last1= Xu |first2=M.A.|last2= Norell | title =A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture | journal =Nature | volume =431 | issue =7010 | pages =838–841 | year =2004 | doi =10.1038/nature02898 | pmid=15483610|bibcode= 2004Natur.431..838X }}</ref> The short appearance of the snout is exaggerated somewhat by the fact that the front bones of the snout, the [[premaxilla]]e, are lacking. The frontmost preserved bone in the fossil is the [[maxilla]], the main body of which is taller than it is long. This distinguishes ''Jianianhualong'' from all other members of the [[Troodontidae]],<ref name="norellmakovicky2004">{{cite book | last1 = Makovicky | first1 = P.J. | last2 = Norell | first2 = M.A. | date = 2004 | chapter = Troodontidae | editor-last1 = Weishampel | editor-first1 = D.B. | editor-last2 = Dodson | editor-first2 = P. | editor-last3 = Osmólska | editor-first3 = H. | title = The Dinosauria | edition = 2nd | location = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | pages = 184–195 | chapter-url = https://www.ucpress.edu/ebook.php?isbn=9780520941434}}</ref><ref name="xuthesis2002">{{cite thesis | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | title = Deinonychosaurian Fossils From the Jehol Group of Western Liaoning and the Coelurosaurian Evolution | degree = Ph.D. | publisher = Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | location = Beijing | date = 2002 | pages = 1–322}}</ref> along with the top margin of the bone forming a large angle of 45° with the bottom margin (its relative ''[[Saurornithoides]]'' has an angle of 6°,<ref name="zanabazar">{{cite journal |first1=M.A. |last1=Norell |last2=Makovicky | first2 = P.J. |last3=Bever | first3 = G.S. |last4=Balanoff | first4 = A.M. |last5=Clark | first5 = J.M. |last6= Barsbold | first6 = R. | last7 = Rowe | first7 = Timothy |title=A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur ''Saurornithoides'' (Troodontidae: Theropoda) |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3654 |pages=1–63 |year=2009 |doi=10.1206/648.1 |hdl=2246/5973 }}</ref> and ''[[Sinovenator]]'' 36°<ref name="sinovenator">{{cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=X.|last2=Norell|first2=M.A.|last3=W.|first3=X.-L.|last4=Makovicky|first4=P.J.|last5=Wu|first5 = X.-C.|year=2002|title=A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China|journal=Nature|volume=415|issue=6873|pages=780–784|doi=10.1038/415780a|pmid=11845206|bibcode=2002Natur.415..780X}}</ref>). There is a ridge on the backwards-extending [[jugal bone|jugal]] branch of the bone, unlike ''[[Byronosaurus]]'',<ref name="byronosaurus1">{{cite journal | last1 = Bever | first1 = G.S. | last2 = Norell | first2 = M.A. | date = 2009 | title = The perinate skull of ''Byronosaurus'' (Troodontidae) with observations on the cranial ontogeny of paravian theropods | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3657 | pages = 1–51 | doi = 10.1206/650.1 | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5980| hdl = 2246/5980 }}</ref> ''Sinovenator'',<ref name="sinovenator"/> ''[[Sinusonasus]]'',<ref name="sinusonasus">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Wang | first2 = X.-L. | date = 2004 | title = A New Troodontid (Theropoda: Troodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China | journal = Acta Geologica Sinica | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–26 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00671.x }}</ref> ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'',<ref name="xixiasaurus">{{cite journal|first1=J. | last1 = Lü |first2=L. | last2 = Xu |first3=Y. | last3 = Liu |first4=X. | last4 = Zhang |first5=S. | last5 = Jia |first6=Q. | last6 = Ji |year= 2010 |title= A new troodontid (Theropoda: Troodontidae) from the Late Cretaceous of central China, and the radiation of Asian troodontids |journal= Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=381–388 |doi= 10.4202/app.2009.0047 |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app55/app20090047.pdf}}</ref> and ''[[Zanabazar]]'',<ref name="zanabazar"/> but it is also accompanied by a groove (which is seen in ''Byronosaurus'').<ref name="byronosaurus2">{{cite journal | last1 = Makovicky | first1 = P.J. | last2 = Norell | first2 = M.A. | last3 = Clark | first3 = J.M. | last4 = Rowe | first4 = T.E. | year = 2003 | title = Osteology and relationships of ''Byronosaurus jaffei'' (Theropoda: Troodontidae) | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2828 | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3402 | issue = | pages = 1–32 | doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2003)402<0001:oarobj>2.0.co;2| hdl = 2246/2828 }}</ref> The relatively deep jugal branch unites ''Jianianhualong'' with derived (specialized) troodontids but not ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/><ref name="xuthesis2002"/>

Behind the maxilla, the depression in the skull wall known as the antorbital fossa is large and roughly triangular,<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> and bears two large openings (the [[antorbital fenestra]] and the elongated, enlarged maxillary fenestra) that stretch from the top margin to the bottom margin of the depression. This condition overall resembles that of derived troodontids<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/><ref name="zanabazar"/><ref name="geminiraptor">{{cite journal|first1=P. | last1 = Senter |first2=J.I. | last2 = Kirkland |first3=J. | last3 = Bird |first4=J.A. | last4 = Bartlett |year=2010 |title= A New Troodontid Theropod Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=e14329 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014329 |pmid=21179513 |pmc=3002269| bibcode = 2010PLoSO...514329S }}</ref> (''[[Sinornithoides]]'', ''Sinovenator'', and ''Sinosunasus'' have one additional opening known as the promaxillary opening).<ref name="sinovenator"/><ref name="sinusonasus"/><ref name="sinornithoides">{{cite journal | last1 = Russell | first1 = D. | last2 = Dong | first2 = Z. | date = 1993 | title = A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 30 | pages = 2163–2173 | issue = 10 | doi = 10.1139/e93-187 | bibcode = 1993CaJES..30.2163R }}</ref> However, the rim of the fossa is sharp like that of ''Byronosaurus'',<ref name="byronosaurus2"/><ref name="byronosaurus3">{{cite journal | last1 = Norell | first1 = M.A. | last2 = Makovicky | first2 = P.J. | last3 = Clark | first3 = J.M. | date = 2000 | title = A new troodontid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–11 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0007:ANTTFU]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> and the bar of bone separating the fenestrae is narrow as in ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> Bordering the top and back of the depression is the T-shaped [[lacrimal bone|lacrimal]], which has a long forward-projecting branch and a flange at the junction between the backwards-projecting and descending branches, much like with other troodontids.<ref name="linheraptor">{{cite journal |last1=Xu | first1 = X. |first2=M. | last2 = Pittman |first3=C. | last3 = Sullivan |first4=J.N. |last4 =Choiniere |first5=Q.W. | last5 =Tan |first6=J.M. | last6 = Clark |first7=M.A. | last7 = Norell |first8=W. | last8 = Shuo | year = 2015 | title = The taxonomic status of the Late Cretaceous dromaeosaurid ''Linheraptor exquisitus'' and its implications for dromaeosaurid systematics | journal = Vertebrata PalAsiatica | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–62 | url =http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201501/t20150112_4297277.html}}</ref> The descending branch is nearly equal to the forward-projecting branch in length, longer than in other troodontids,<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> and the descending branch also bears a unique ridge on its front portion.<ref name="desc"/>

The [[nasal bone]] is short and broad like with ''Mei'',<ref name="meilong"/> and bears a row of [[foramen|foramina]], small openings for arteries and nerves, like in other troodontids. Also like other troodontids, the [[frontal bone]] curves backwards smoothly on the outer margin which borders the eye socket.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> On the bottom of the bone, there is a prominent ridge known as the ''crista cranii'', which diverges gradually from the rim of the eye socket towards the midline of the back of the bone. The front tip of the ridge contacts the lacrimal, with a relatively simple joint unlike that of ''[[Stenonychosaurus]]'' ("''[[Troodon]]''").<ref name ="stenonychosaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Currie | first1 = P. J. | year = 1985 | title = Cranial anatomy of ''Stenonychosaurus inequalis'' (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 22 | issue = 11 | pages = 1643–1658 | doi=10.1139/e85-173| bibcode = 1985CaJES..22.1643C }}</ref> The inner surface of the frontal suggests details about the [[neurocranium|braincase]], including the widened [[olfactory tract]] and back of the [[cerebrum]]. Like other troodontids, there is a ridge on the forward-projecting branch of the jugal.<ref name = "linhevenator">{{cite journal |first1=X. | last1 = Xu | first2 = Q. | last2 = Tan | first3 = C. | last3 = Sullivan | first4 = F. | last4 = Han | first5 = D. | last5 = Xiao |year=2011 |title=A Short-Armed Troodontid Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia and Its Implications for Troodontid Evolution |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e22916 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022916 |pmid=21915256 |pmc=3168428| bibcode = 2011PLoSO...622916X }}</ref> Also like other troodontids, there is a depression on the short and deep backward-projecting process, where it is overlapped by the [[quadratojugal bone]].<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> The subtriangular and curved backward branch of the [[quadrate bone]], which articulates with the [[pterygoid bone]], is closer to the bottom of the bone than in most other non-bird theropods. Compared to ''Sinovenator'', the long jugal branch of the [[postorbital bone]] is not as long.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="xuthesis2002"/>

====Lower jaws====
Overall, the lower jaw is roughly triangular when viewed from the side, with a straight top margin and a curved bottom margin, and is not downturned unlike in ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> The [[mandible#other vertebrates|dentary]], the tooth-bearing front lower jaw bone, is long (occupying half of the jaw's length), shallow, and triangular, and it bears a groove that widens towards the back of the bone, like in other troodontids.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> Also typically troodontid are the many foramina towards the front of the dentary, which are particularly concentrated within the groove.<ref name="byronosaurus2"/> Further behind, there is a trough located near the back of the top surface of the [[suprangular|surangular]] bone, which is not seen in other troodontids. The surangular borders the mandibular fenestra, the opening in the rear outer wall of the jaw, from above and behind. Below the fenestra, the [[angular bone]] divides the dentary and the mandibular fenestra by a robust forward-projecting branch that curves strongly upwards. This is seen in ''Sinovenator'', other troodontids, and also some [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurids]];<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> it may be a defining characteristic of troodontids or [[deinonychosauria]]ns. On the inside of the jaw, the sub-triangular [[splenial]] bone does not have a V-shaped notch at the back, unlike that of ''[[Deinonychus]]'' and other theropods.<ref name="deinonychus">{{cite journal|last=Ostrom|first=J.H.|year=1969|title=Osteology of ''Deinonychus antirrhopus'', an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana |journal=Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin |volume=30 |pages=1–165 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10658785}}</ref> Behind the splenial, the [[mandible|prearticular]] bone curves towards the bottom of the jaw, with a thin blade at the front and a rounded shaft at the back. This is similar to other [[maniraptora]]ns, the larger group to which troodontids belong.<ref name="desc"/>
[[File:Mei Long.jpg|thumb|Fossilized skeleton of ''Mei long'', showing the subtriangular skull]]

====Teeth====
The maxillae of ''Jianianhualong'', its main upper jaw bones, bear 21 teeth on each side, while the dentaries bear 25 on each side. The number in the premaxillae is unknown, though likely to have been four per side. Like those of other troodontids, the teeth are strongly recurved and unevenly distributed.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> The teeth at the front of the jaws are closely packed, while they are smaller and more spaced out at the back of the jaws. Characteristic of troodontids, the teeth are short-crowned, with height-to-width ratios decreasing from 1.5 (first tooth) to 1.2 (sixth tooth) along the jaw. The teeth near the front of the jaws lack serrations, while teeth further back have serrations on their back edges. These serrations are fine, as in ''Sinovenator'',<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> instead of robust as in derived troodontids.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> Similar to contemporary troodontids, the last maxillary tooth is located near the back end of the jugal branch of the maxilla, which is much further back than most [[coelurosauria|coelurosaurs]]. Unusually, unlike the maxillary teeth, several frontmost teeth in the dentary appear to be angled forwards: they are "procumbent". This condition is present in several dromaeosaurids contemporary to ''Jianianhualong'', even though they are not close relatives.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="xuthesis2002"/>

===Axial skeleton===
The vertebral column of the fossil of ''Jianianhualong'' is nearly complete. However, individual vertebrae are not always easily discerned. The neck (i.e. the [[cervical vertebrae]]) is {{convert|16|cm|abbr=on}} long, the torso (i.e. the [[thoracic vertebrae|dorsal vertebrae]]) is {{convert|17|cm|abbr=on}} long, and the tail (i.e. the caudal vertebrae) is {{convert|54|cm|abbr=on}} long. Overall, the tail would have been 3.9 times the length of the thighbone; there may have been 31 caudal vertebrae in total.<ref name="desc"/>

====Neck====
Uniquely among troodontids, the upwards pointing [[vertebra#structure|neural spine]] of the [[axis (anatomy)|axis]], the second neck vertebra, has a convex top margin, and the back portion is strongly expanded. The third neck vertebra has a moderate [[vertebra#structure|centrum]] (vertebral body) length of {{convert|12|mm|abbr=on}}, and has a short neural spine. Associated but detached from this cervical is the third neck rib, which is long and slender, and overlaps both the third and fourth neck vertebrae. The fourth neck vertebra is slightly longer with a more robust rib, and has a rectangular neural spine 1.5 times as long as it is tall. The fifth to seventh vertebrae have the greatest length, with the sixth and seventh bearing complex [[skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatic]] (invaded by [[air sacs]]) systems of foramina (openings), fossae (depressions), and laminae (ridges) on their sides. Their corresponding ribs are slightly longer than their vertebral bodies. Further back, the remaining neck vertebrae are significantly shorter, and bear ribs with expanded heads of equal length to their vertebral bodies.<ref name="desc"/>

[[File:Jianianhualong3.jpg|thumb|left|Neck, torso (a), and tail (b) of ''J. tengi'']]

====Trunk, ribs, and gastralia====
The front vertebrae of the torso are relatively short, with the middle and back vertebrae being relatively longer. No pneumatic openings or depressions (pleurocoels) are present on the sides of the front vertebrae; the middle and back vertebrae were likely similar in this respect. The bodies of the middle and back vertebrae are low, with a length-height ratio of 2.0, like other small deinonychosaurs.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> Like other [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] (less specialized) members of the [[Paraves]], the neural spines of the back are fan-shaped, with the neural spines belonging to the rear vertebrae attaching to the rear halves of the corresponding vertebral bodies.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> None of the torso ribs has a bird-like [[uncinate processes of ribs|uncinate process]] (a hook for the attachment of muscles assisting breathing) and the [[sternum]] or breastbone is also not ossified. This is similar to other troodontids.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> Like ''[[Velociraptor]]'' and other theropods, the first pair of the [[gastralium|gastralia]] (belly ribs) near the front of the torso is noticeably more robust, particularly in the central portion segments.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="velociraptor">{{cite journal |last1=Norell |first1=M.A. |last2=Makovicky |first2=P.J. |year=1997 |title=Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3215 |pages=1–28 |hdl=2246/3557 | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3557}}</ref>

====Tail====
Similar to other paravians, the vertebrae of ''Jianianhualong'' increase over the length of the tail; e.g., the ninth tail vertebra is 1.7 times the length of the eighth, while the fifteenth vertebra - among the longest, with a length of {{convert|23.3|mm|abbr=on}} - is about twice as long as the sixth. From the twenty-third vertebra backwards, the sides become compressed such that they become sub-triangular instead of rectangular in cross-section; this transition occurs at two-thirds the length of the tail, as in ''Sinovenator''. From the twenty-fourth vertebra backwards, the front articular surface of the vertebral bodies become deeper than the rear articular surface. There is no evidence of a groove on the bottom of the front tail bodies, though most coelurosaurs possess one. Like with other troodontids, the [[articular processes]] or zygapophyses of the tail vertebrae are small and nearly horizontal, instead of being long as in other [[tetanurae|tetanurans]].<ref name="desc"/><ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/>

There are neural spines on only the first eight tail vertebrae; it is unknown whether the neural spines are replaced by a groove further backwards in the series, as does happen in other troodontids.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> On the underside of the tail, the [[chevron (anatomy)|chevrons]], separate bones sticking out to below, are plate-like. The chevrons articulating with the first to fifth vertebrae are much taller than they are long; those articulating with the sixth to ninth vertebrae are longer than they are tall, although they are still relatively tall; and those articulating with the ninth, tenth, and further vertebrae are very shallow, and are somewhat flattened. On the vertebrae towards the back of the tail, the forward and backward projections of the chevrons are roughly equal in length. In these chevrons, the forward projection is blunt, while the backward projection is somewhat bifurcated or forked. Unlike in ''Sinusonasus'', where all of the chevrons come into contact with each other,<ref name="sinusonasus"/> there are some gaps between the chevrons of ''Jianianhualong''.<ref name="desc"/>

===Limbs===
====Shoulder girdle and arm====
[[File:Jianianhualong4a.png|thumb|Shoulder (a) and hand (b) of ''J. tengi'']]
The [[scapula]], the upper part of the [[shoulder girdle]], which bears a strap-like blade and is roughly equal in length to the [[humerus]] (upper arm bone), is preserved at an angle of 40° relative to the long axis of the trunk vertebrae. This is more similar to articulated specimens of more basal theropods, as opposed to paravians, in which the scapula is nearly parallel to the vertebrae.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> Like other members of the [[Pennaraptora]], the large, four-sided [[coracoid]],<ref name="gauthier1989">{{Cite book | first = J.A. | last = Gauthier | title = Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds | journal = Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences | year = 1986 | volume = 8 | pages = 1–55 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/74988#/summary | isbn = 978-0-940228-14-6}}</ref> the lower part of the girdle, is about 1.3 times as long as it is wide.<ref name="yixianosaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | first2 = C. | last2 = Sullivan | last3 = Wang | first3 = S. | date = 2013 | title = The systematic position of the enigmatic theropod dinosaur ''Yixianosaurus longimanus'' | journal = Vertebrata PalAsiatica | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 169–183 | url = http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314392038143833.pdf}}</ref> The bottom of the coracoid extends backwards with a hook-like projection, the postglenoid process, which is similar in length to that of ''Sinornithoides'' but longer than that of ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> Unlike ''Sinornithoides'',<ref name="furcula">{{cite journal | last1 = Nesbitt | first1 = S.J. | last2 = Turner | first2 = A.H. | last3 = Spaulding | first3 = M. | last4 = Conrad | first4 = J.L. | last5 = Norell | first5 = M.A. | date = 2009 | title = The theropod furcula | journal = Journal of Morphology |doi = 10.1002/jmor.10724 | pmid = 19206153 | volume = 270 | issue = 7 | pages = 856–879}}</ref> the [[furcula]] is robust, flattened, and U-shaped like that of ''Mei''.<ref name="desc"/>

Like derived troodontids, the slender upper arm bone is about 70% of the length of the thighbone. On the upper arm bone, however, the deltopectoral crest, the bone plate serving for muscle attachment, is short compared to ''[[Linhevenator]]'' and other derived troodontids,<ref name="linhevenator"/> occupying only 20% of the shaft length. The [[ulna]], the main lower arm bone, which is 88% of the length of the upper arm, exhibits a slight backward bow. ''Mei'' shows a much stronger bow,<ref name="meilong"/> whereas it is absent in most other troodontids altogether.<ref name="gauthier1989"/> The [[olecranon]] of the ulna, the process for the attachment of muscles that stretch the arm, is mildly developed, and appears to be accompanied by a prominent flange further down on the bone. Compared to the ulna, the [[radius (anatomy)|radius]], the parallel lower arm bone, is slightly thinner, having a shaft diameter that is 76% of that of the ulna. Contrary to most other theropods, the top portion of the radius bears a backwards bow similar to that of the ulna.<ref name="desc"/>

The hand bears three digits, typical of the Maniraptora, which respectively bear two, three, and four [[phalanges]]. The authors take the view that the three digits represent the second, third and fourth, whereas most other researchers see them as the first, second and third.<ref name="limusaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Clark | first2 = J.M. | last3 = Mo | first3 = J. | last4 = Choiniere | first4 = J. | last5 = Forster | first5 = C.A. | last6 = Erickson | first6 = G.M. | last7 = Hone | first7 = D.W.E. | last8 = Sullivan | first8 = C. | last9 = Eberth | first9 = D.A. | last10 = Nesbitt | first10 = S. | last11 = Zhao | first11 = Q. | last12 = Hernandez | first12 = R. | last13 = Jia | first13 = C.-K. | last14 = Han | first14 = F.-L. | last15 = Guo | first15 = Y. | date = 2009 | title = A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies | journal = Nature | volume = 459 | issue = 18 | pages = 940–944 | doi = 10.1038/nature08124 | pmid = 19536256 | bibcode = 2009Natur.459..940X }}</ref> The overall length of the hand is {{convert|112|mm|abbr=on}}, 140% of the upper arm and 95% of the thighbone. In the wrist, the semilunate carpal, a flat curved bone, is relatively small; the top surface is strongly convex and bears a unique transverse groove. Among the three [[metacarpal bones]] of the middle hand, the end of metacarpal "IV" (corresponding to the third digit present) extends slightly beyond the end of metacarpal "III" (corresponding to the second digit present), which is otherwise not seen outside of the [[Avialae]]. However, [[enantiornithes|enantiornithean]] birds such as ''[[Patagopteryx]]'' also possess this trait.<ref name="patagopteryx">{{cite book | last1 = Chiappe | first1 = L. | date = 1996 | chapter = Late Cretaceous birds of southern South America: anatomy and systematics of Enantiornithes and ''Patagopteryx deferrariisi'' | pages = 203–244 | chapter-url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270582261 | editor-first1 = G. | editor-last1 = Arratia | title = Contributions of Southern South America to Vertebrate Paleontology | series = Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, Geologie und Palaontologie | volume = 30 | publisher = Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil | location = Munich | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259190916}}</ref> The top end of metacarpal "IV" is also situated further downward than that of metacarpal "III", which is the case for many paravians.<ref name="desc"/>

Several distinguishing characteristics of ''Jianianhualong'' are found further down among the phalanges. Phalanx "II"-1 (the first phalanx of the first digit or finger) is unusually long, being just shorter than metacarpal "III"; it bears a "heel" at its top end, as well as a large groove on the interior surface that extends from the top of the bone for more than half its length. Additionally, phalanx "III"-2 is also very long, being longer than metacarpal "III", a trait that is only seen in basal [[ornithomimosauria|ornithomimosaurs]] as well as the paravians ''[[Xiaotingia]]'' and ''[[Yixianosaurus]]''.<ref name="yixianosaurus"/> The claws, or [[ungual]] phalanges, are highly robust, with their basal width being at least 50% of their overall length; the claw of the first finger is the largest. Like with dromaeosaurids, the small claw of the third finger has a slight upwards arch, but all of the claws on the hands of dromaeosaurids are arched.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="senteretal2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Senter | first1 = P. | last2 = Barsbold | first2 = R. | last3 = Britt | first3 = B.B. | last4 = Burnham | first4 = D.B. | year = 2004 | title = Systematics and evolution of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) | url = | journal = Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 1–20 }}</ref>

====Pelvic girdle and hindlimb====
[[File:Jianianhualong4b.jpg|thumb|left|Pelvis (c) and foot (d) of ''J. tengi'']]
The pelvis of ''Jianianhualong'' is overall similar to that of ''Sinovenator''. Like in ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' and basal dromaeosaurids, the [[ilium (bone)|ilium]], the top pelvis bone, is small, being 60% of the length of the thighbone.<ref name="microraptor">{{cite journal |pages=705–708 |issue=6813 |last1=Xu |year=2000 |volume=408 |pmid=11130069 |doi=10.1038/35047056 |first1=X. |journal=Nature |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |title=The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur |bibcode=2000Natur.408..705X }}</ref> Most other theropods have an ilium that is at least 70% of the length of the thighbone. Also unusually among theropods, the top margin of the ilium is concave. The forward-projecting "leg" of the ilium, the pubic peduncle, bears a large and forward-facing depression on its side, which serves as an attachment for the femoral [[anatomical terms of motion|protractor]] (moving the thighbone forwards) muscle known as ''musculus cuppedicus''.<ref name="rowe1986">{{cite journal | last1 = Rowe | first1 = T. | title = Homology and evolution of the deep dorsal thigh musculature in birds and other Reptilia | journal = Journal of Morphology | volume = 189 | issue = 3 | date = 1986 | pages = 327–346 | doi = 10.1002/jmor.1051890310 | pmid = 29940710 }}</ref> Below the ilium, the left and right [[pubis (bone)|pubic bones]] are conjoined into the unusually broad "pubic apron", a connecting bone sheet, that is characteristic of troodontids,<ref name="alxasaurus">{{cite journal|last1=Russell| first1 = D.A. |last2=Dong | first2 = Z. | title =The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China| journal =Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences| volume =30| issue =10| pages =2107–2127| year =1993| doi =10.1139/e93-183| bibcode = 1993CaJES..30.2107R }}</ref> with a ridge on the back surface as in ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="desc"/>

Behind the pubic bone, the [[ischium]] is a short bony plate that has 48% of the length of the pubic bone. Like in basal dromaeosaurids and basal birds, there is an upwards-directed projection near the top of the rear edge of the ischium, where it articulates with the ilium.<ref name="microraptor"/><ref name="rahonavis">{{cite journal|last=Forster|first=C.A.|last2= Sampson|first2=S.D. |last3=Chiappe|first3=L.M. |last4=Krause|first4=D.W.|year=1998|title=The Theropod Ancestry of Birds: New Evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar|journal=Science|issue=5358|pages=1915–1919|doi=10.1126/science.279.5358.1915|volume=279|pmid=9506938|bibcode = 1998Sci...279.1915F }}</ref><ref name="sinornithosaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Wang | first2 = X.-L. | last3 = Wu | first3 = X.-C. | year = 1999 | title = A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China | journal = Nature | volume = 401 | issue = 6750| pages = 262–266 | doi = 10.1038/45769| bibcode = 1999Natur.401..262X }}</ref> Further down, the edge of the bone curves inwards, creating a hollow profile, followed by a second upwards projection (a combination also seen in ''Archaeopteryx''). The forward-projecting [[obturator process]] on the front edge of the ischium is located near the bottom of the bone as in basal dromaeosaurids and basal birds, but it is small like that of ''Archaeopteryx''. There is a small recess on the margin of the process; ''[[Buitreraptor]]'' and ''[[Sinornithosaurus]]'' have a similar but comparatively larger recess.<ref name="desc"/>

Like with most theropods, the thighbone is curved forwards.<ref name=norellmakovicky1999>{{cite journal|last=Norell |first=M.A. |last2=Makovicky |first2=P.J. |year=1999 |title=Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of ''Velociraptor mongoliensis'' |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3282 |pages=1–45 |hdl=2246/3025 | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3025}}</ref> The bottom end of the thighbone is more robust than the top end, a trait shared with ''[[Anchiornis]]''.<ref name="anchiornis">{{Cite journal|last1=Xu |first1=X. |last2=Zhao |first2=Q. |last3=Norell |first3=M. |last4=Sullivan |first4=C. |last5=Hone |first5=D. |last6=Erickson |first6=G. |last7=Wang |first7=X. |last8=Han |first8=F. |last9=Guo |first9=Y. |year=2009 |title=A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=430–435 |doi=10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6 }}</ref> Among the four [[metatarsal bones]] of the middle foot, metatarsal II is the shortest and most slender, being 88% of the length of metatarsal III, asides from metatarsal I (corresponding to the [[toe#hallux|hallux]], or digit I). Metatarsal III has 72% of the length of the thighbone, which is shorter than the third metatarsal of ''Sinovenator'' which has 90% of the length of the thighbone. Unlike in other troodontids,<ref name=norellmakovicky1999/> the bottom end of metatarsal II does not bear a [[hinge joint]] but is rounded, and a flange on the bottom of metatarsal IV is also missing; its being absent is a distinguishing characteristic of ''Jianianhualong''. However, metatarsal IV is overall robust as in other troodontids.<ref name=norellmakovicky1999/> Overall, the phalanges of the hallux are long, having together 31% of the length of metatarsal III; almost exactly the same ratio is present in ''[[Stenonychosaurus]]''.<ref name="desc"/>

[[File:Jianianhualong5.jpg|thumb|Feathers of ''J. tengi'' as preserved on the back (a) and base of the tail (b); photograph (c) and diagram (d) of an asymmetrical feather; photographs (e,f) of the tail frond]]
On the second toe of the foot (digit II), phalanx II-1, the first of the toe, has a tall top end, and is about 1.5 times the length of phalanx II-2, the second. Like in other derived deinonychosaurians, phalanx II-2 has a prominent "heel" at its top end, which is significantly extended.<ref name="velociraptor"/><ref name="deinonychus"/><ref name="curriepeng1994">{{cite journal | last1 = Currie | first1 = P.J. | last2 = Peng | first2 = J. | date = 1994 | title = A juvenile specimen of ''Saurornithoides mongoliensis'' from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 30 | issue = 10 | pages = 2224–2230 | doi = 10.1139/e93-193 | bibcode = 1993CaJES..30.2224C }}</ref><ref name="philovenator">{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1 = X. |last2=Zhao |first2 = Ji |first3=C. | last3 = Sullivan |last4 =Tan |first4 = Q.-W.|first5=M. | last5 = Sander |last6 =Ma |first6 = Q.-Y. |year=2012 |title=The taxonomy of the troodontid IVPP V 10597 reconsidered |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=140–150 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201204/P020120423369968204026.pdf}}</ref> The bottom end of phalanx II-2 bears extensions below and above the diameter of the shaft, a trait also seen in other troodontids and basal dromaeosaurids that would have enhanced the rotational arc of the joint.<ref name="xuwang2000">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Wang | first2 = X.-L. | title = Troodontid-like pes in the dromaeosaurid ''Sinornithosaurus'' | journal = Paleontological Society of Korea, Special Publication | volume = 4 | date = 2000 | pages = 179–188 | url = http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314312558767472.pdf}}</ref> Like derived troodontids and dromaeosaurids, the "sickle claw", the ungual of digit II, is strongly curved and bears a prominent flexor tubercle (an elevation serving as attachment for the tendon flexing the claw);<ref name="linhevenator"/><ref name="curriepeng1994"/> it is also much larger than the other phalanges in the second toe, being 1.4 times the length of phalanx II-1 whereas they have equal lengths in the foot of ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="desc"/>

===Preserved feathering===
Feathers are preserved alongside the entire vertebral column of ''Jianianhualong''. However, only those along the tail show much detail. On the bottom of the neck, feathers are preserved with a length of at least {{convert|30|mm|abbr=on}}. Those along the back and over the hip are longer, with a length of about {{convert|75|mm|abbr=on}}. Behind the tibia or shinbone, there are also some feathers measuring {{convert|70|mm|abbr=on}} in length. Additionally, some poorly preserved feathers are associated with the arm, both the humerus and ulna, having an unknown length.<ref name="desc"/>

Like that of ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]'', ''Anchornis'', and ''Archaeopteryx'', the tail of ''Jianianhualong'' supports a frond-like fan of [[pennaceous feather]]s along its entire length. Unlike ''Archaeopteryx'' and potentially ''Jinfengopteryx'',<ref name="archaeopteryx">{{cite journal |title= New specimen of ''Archaeopteryx'' provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers |journal=Nature |date=2014 |volume=511 |issue=7507 | doi = 10.1038/nature13467|bibcode = 2014Natur.511...79F |pmid=24990749 |pages=79–82|last1=Foth |first1=C. |last2=Tischlinger |first2=H. |last3=Rauhut |first3 = O.W.M.}}</ref><ref name="jinfengopteryx">{{cite journal | last1 = Ji | first1 = S. | last2 = Ji | first2 = Q. | date = 2007 | title = ''Jinfengopteryx'' compared to ''Archaeopteryx'', with comments on the mosaic evolution of long-tailed avialan birds | journal = Acta Geologica Sinica | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 337–343 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00957.x }}</ref> the feathers are curved, with at the end of the tail a convex front edge and a concave back edge; at the base of the tail it is the other way around. Feathers from the middle of the tail are {{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}} long and at least {{convert|10|mm|abbr=on}} wide. Like in ''Archaeopteryx'', at least some of the long pennaceous feathers lining the tail are asymmetric; one feather at the middle of the tail has a trailing (hind) [[feather#classification|vane]] that is about twice as wide as the leading (front) vane, with the [[feather#classification|barbs]] being respectively at angles of 10° and 15° for the two vanes. In ''Archaeopteryx'', the feathers at the end of the tail, which is not preserved in ''Jianianhualong'', are symmetrical and have rounded tips.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="jinfengopteryx" />

==Classification==
A number of characteristics allow ''Jianianhualong'' to be identified as a member of the Troodontidae. These include the long forward-projecting branch and flange of the lacrimal bonw; the foramina on the nasal bone; the smooth transition between the eye socket and the backward-projecting branch of the frontal bone; the ridge on the forward-projecting branch of the jugal bone; the triangular dentary bearing a widening groove; the robust forward-projecting branch of the surangular bone; the relatively large number of unevenly-distributed teeth; the flattened chevrons with blunt forward projections and bifurcated backward projections; and the broad and flat "pubic apron" formed by the pubic bones.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/>

Within the troodontids, ''Jianianhualong'' displays a unique combination of characteristics from both basal and derived troodontids, organized in distinct regions of its body. The forelimbs and pelvis largely resemble basal troodontids such as ''Sinovenator'': the short deltopectoral crest on the humerus; the long hand, metacarpal II, and phalanx III-2 on the hand; the small ilium; the ridge on the pubic apron; and the short ischium with two projections and an obturator process near the bottom of the bone.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/><ref name="xuthesis2002"/> At the same time, the skull and hindlimbs resemble derived troodontids: the deep jugal branch of the maxilla bearing a prominent groove, the sub-triangular antorbital fossa; the relatively long maxillary fenestra; the short jugal branch of the postorbital bone; the long hallux; the slender and short metatarsal II; the "heel" on phalanx II-2; and the large, curved sickle claw.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> ''Sinosonasus'' exhibits a similar condition: the skull is like those of basal troodontids, and the pelvis and hindlimb are like those of derived troodontids. [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetically]], Xu and colleagues found ''Jianianhualong'' in a [[polytomy]] with ''Sinusonasus'' and several other intermediate troodontids. The strict consensus [[phylogenetic tree|tree]] recovered is reproduced below.<ref name="desc"/>
[[File:Jianianhualong Size.png|thumb|right|Size of ''Jianianhualong'' compared to human hand]]
{{Barlabel|size=14|at=2.5|label=|colour=red|style=font-size:85%
|cladogram=
{{cladex
|label1=[[Paraves]]
|1={{cladex
|1=[[Scansoriopterygidae]] {{font color|green|Symmetrical tail}}, wing unknown
|2=[[Avialae]] {{font color|red|Asymmetrical wing & tail}} |barbegin2=red
|3={{cladex
|1=''[[Wellnhoferia grandis]]'' |bar1=red
|2=''[[Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' {{font color|red|Asymmetrical wing & tail}} |barend2=red
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Xiaotingia zhengi]]''
|2=''[[Anchiornis huxleyi]]'' {{font color|green|Symmetrical wing}}, tail unknown}}
|4=[[Dromaeosauridae]] {{font color|red|Asymmetrical wing & tail}} |barbegin4=red
|label5=[[Troodontidae]]
|5={{cladex
|1=''[[Mei long]]'' |bar1=red
|2={{cladex
|1=''[[Sinovenator changii]]'' |bar1=red
|2={{cladex
|1=''[[Sinusonasus magnodens]]'' |bar1=red
|2='''''Jianianhualong tengi''''' {{font color|red|Asymmetrical tail}}, wing unknown |bar2=red
|3=[[SPS 100/44]] ("EK troodontid") |bar3=red
|4=''[[Sinornithoides youngi]]'' |bar4=red
|5=''[[Byronosaurus jaffei]]'' |bar5=red
|6={{cladex
|1=''[[Zanabazar junior]]'' |bar1=red
|2=''[[Saurornithoides mongoliensis]]'' |bar2=red
|3=''[[Troodon formosus]]'' |barend3=red }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

The conjunction of basal and derived features as distinct regions of the body in ''Jianianhualong'' and ''Sinosonasus'' represent a possible case of [[mosaic evolution]], in which evolutionary [[natural selection|selection]] acts upon distinct "modules" of the body.<ref name="brandon1999">{{cite journal | last1 = Brandon | first1 = R.N. | title = The Units of Selection Revisited: The Modules of Selection | journal = Biology and Philosophy | date = 1999 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–180 | doi = 10.1023/A:1006682200831 }}</ref> Indeed, the pattern in which basal and derived features are present seems to follow the domains of the body that are regulated by [[Hox gene]]s, which have previously been discussed in the context of [[pterosaur]]s such as ''[[Darwinopterus]]''.<ref name="darwinopterus">{{cite journal |last1=Lü |first1=J. |last2=Unwin |first2=D.M. |last3=Jin |first3=X. |last4=Liu |first4=Y. |last5=Ji |first5=Q. | year = 2010 | title = Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull | url = http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/10/12/rspb.2009.1603 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 277 | issue = 1680| pages = 383–389 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2009.1603 | pmid = 19828548 | pmc=2842655}}</ref> However, this hypothesis is weakened by the presence of characteristics in both troodontids that do not follow the pattern. In ''Jianianhualong'', for instance, the large antorbital fenestra, long tooth row of the maxilla, and finely-serrated teeth represent basal characteristics in an otherwise derived skull. Similarly, digit II of the foot in ''Sinusonasus'' is not as specialized as those of derived troodontids, despite the hindlimb being overall derived. Conversely, the forelimb of ''Jianianhualong'' is short overall as in derived troodontids, despite the presence of basal traits.<ref name="desc"/>

An [[ancestral reconstruction|ancestral state reconstruction]] conducted along with the phylogenetic analysis (results labelled in the above phylogenetic tree) suggests that wing feather asymmetry evolved only once, at the [[last common ancestor]] of the Paraves. Asymmetrical tail feathers would then also have evolved once, at the common ancestor of all paravians excluding [[scansoriopterygidae|scansoriopterygids]] and avialans. However, given the uncertainty of whether dromaeosaurids possessed asymmetrical wing feathers, the support for a single emergence of asymmetrical wing feathers in the common ancestor of the Paraves is equivocal, the alternative scenario that it evolved twice being plausible. The distinct possibility thus remains that troodontids had asymmetrical tail feathers but symmetrical arm feathers, suggesting that asymmetry in the tail appeared first, but this is not supported by the ancestral state reconstruction.<ref name="desc"/>

==Paleobiology==
[[File:Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features-f7.jpg|thumb|Restoration]]

===Feathering and aerodynamic implications===
''Jianianhualong'' preserves the first evidence of feathers in an unquestionable troodontid, with the troodontid affinities of taxa such as ''Anchiornis'', ''[[Eosinopteryx]]'', ''Jinfengopteryx'', and ''Xiaotingia'' having been questioned by various studies.<ref name="archaeopteryx"/><ref name="aurornis">{{Cite journal | last1 = Godefroit | first1 = P. | last2 = Cau| first2 = A. | last3 = Hu | first3 = D.-Y.| last4 = Escuillié | first4 = F. | last5 = Wu | first5 = W. | last6 = Dyke | first6 = G. | doi = 10.1038/nature12168 | title = A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds | journal = Nature | volume = 498| issue = 7454| pages =359–362| year = 2013 | pmid = 23719374| pmc = | bibcode = 2013Natur.498..359G }}</ref><ref name="xiaotingia">{{cite journal |title=An ''Archaeopteryx''-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae |url=http://www.ivpp.ac.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314389417822583.pdf |date=2011 |journal=Nature |volume=475 |pages=465–470 |doi=10.1038/nature10288 |issue=7357 |pmid=21796204|author1=Xu |first1=X. |last2=You |first2=H. |last3=Du |first3=K. |last4=Han |first4=F.}}</ref><ref name="agnolinnovas2013">{{cite book|first1=F.L. |last1=Agnolín |first2=F.E. |last2=Novas |year=2013 |title=Avian Ancestors: A Review of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Theropods Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria, ''Anchiornis'' and Scansoriopterygidae |publisher = Springer Netherlands |pages=1–96 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3 |series=SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences |isbn=978-94-007-5636-6}}</ref> Additionally, ''Jianianhualong'' represents the first record of asymmetrical feathers among troodontids, thus making troodontids the second group among non-avialan theropods to possess asymmetrical feathers; asymmetrical arm feathers are found in the [[microraptoria]]ns ''Microraptor'', ''[[Changyuraptor]]'', and possibly ''[[Zhenyuanlong]]''.<ref name="microraptor2">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = Z. | last3 = Wang | first3 = X. | last4 = Kuang | first4 = X. | last5 = Zhang | first5 = F. | last6 = Du | first6 = X. | date = 2003 | title = Four-winged dinosaurs from China | journal = Nature | volume = 421 | issue = 6921 | pages = 335–340 | doi = 10.1038/nature01342 | pmid = 12540892 | bibcode = 2003Natur.421..335X }}</ref><ref name="zhenyuanlong">{{cite journal|last1=Lü |first1= J.|last2=Brusatte| first2=S.L.|year=2015 |title=A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |page=11775 |doi=10.1038/srep11775 |pmid=26181289 |pmc=4504142 |bibcode= 2015NatSR...511775L}}</ref> Asymmetrical feathers are correlated with flight capabilities among paravians,<ref name="fedducchhia">{{cite journal | last1 = Feduccia | first1 = A. | last2 = Tordoff | first2 = H.B. | title = Feathers of ''Archaeopteryx'': Asymmetric Vanes Indicate Aerodynamic Function | journal = Science | volume = 203 | issue = 4384 | date = 1979 | pages = 1021–1022 | doi = 10.1126/science.203.4384.1021 | pmid = 17811125 | bibcode = 1979Sci...203.1021F }}</ref> and their emergence marked a major step in the evolution of modern avian feathers.<ref name="xu2014">{{cite journal|journal=Science|date=2014|volume=346|number=6215|doi=10.1126/science.1253293|title=An integrative approach to understanding bird origins|first1=X. | last1 = Xu |first2=Z. | last2 = Zhou |first3=R. | last3 = Dudley |first4=S. | last4 = Mackem |first5=C.-M. | last5 = Chuong |first6=G.M. | last6 = Erickson |first7=D.J. | last7 = Varricchio |pages=1253293 |pmid=25504729 }}</ref><ref name="xuguo2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Guo | first2 = Y. | year = 2009 | title = The origin and early evolution of feathers: insights from recent paleontological and neontological data |journal = Vertebrata PalAsiatica | volume = 47 | issue = 4| pages = 311–329 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272171464}}</ref><ref name="prum1999">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<291::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-9 |year=1999 |last1=Prum |first1=R.O |title=Development and Evolutionary Origin of Feathers |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution |volume=285 |issue=4 |pages=291–306 |pmid=10578107 |url = http://prumlab.yale.edu/publications/development-and-evolutionary-origin-feathers}}</ref> This trait may have been selected for due to its augmentation of locomotion on the ground or in the air.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="dececchi2016">{{cite journal |first1=T.A. | last1 = Dececchi |first2=H.C.E. | last2 = Larsson |first3=M.B. | last3 = Habib |year=2016 |title=The wings before the bird: an evaluation of flapping-based locomotory hypotheses in bird antecedents |journal=PeerJ |volume=4 |pages=e2159 |doi=10.7717/peerj.2159 |pmid=27441115 |pmc=4941780 }}</ref>

However, the presence of asymmetrical feathers in ''Jianianhualong'' does not guarantee that it was capable of either gliding or powered flight.<ref name="feo2015">{{cite journal|title = Barb geometry of asymmetrical feathers reveals a transitional morphology in the evolution of avian flight|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|date = 22 March 2015|issn = 0962-8452|pmc = 4345455|pmid = 25673687|page = 20142864|volume = 282|issue = 1803|doi = 10.1098/rspb.2014.2864|first = T.J.|last = Feo|first2 = D.J.|last2 = Field|first3 = R.O.|last3 = Prum }}</ref> The feathers in the tail of ''Jianianhualong'' could certainly have functioned in either maintaining feather stability (the barbs of the leading edge, having a low angle of 10°, augmented the vane's rigidity<ref name="ennos1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Ennos | first1 = A. | last2 = Hickson | first2 = J. | last3 = Roberts | first3 = A. | title = Functional morphology of the vanes of the flight feathers of the pigeon ''Columba livia'' | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 198 | date = 1995 | pages = 1219–1228 | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/5/1219.long}}</ref>) or controlling airflow (through the variation of the feathers' [[blade pitch]]).<ref name="norberg1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Norberg | first1 = U.M. | title = How a Long Tail and Changes in Mass and Wing Shape Affect the Cost for Flight in Animals | journal = Functional Ecology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | date = 1995 | pages = 48–54 | doi = 10.2307/2390089 | jstor = 2390089 }}</ref><ref name="theothernorberg1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Norberg | first1 = R.A. | year = 1995 | title = Feather asymmetry in ''Archaeopteryx'' | journal = Nature | volume = 374 | issue = 6519| page = 211 |bibcode = 1995Natur.374..211M |doi = 10.1038/374211a0 | url = https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v374/n6519/abs/374221a0.html}}</ref> However, these feathers differ from those of modern birds in that the barbs of the trailing edge also have a relatively low angle of approximately 15°. Thus, aerodynamically speaking, the feathers in the tail of ''Jianianhualong'' likely did not have the same function as those of modern birds.<ref name="feo2015"/> Regardless, the subtriangular outline of the tail frond, as well as the slots separating the tips of individual feathers, would have provided [[aerodynamic drag|drag]] reduction when the tail was in use.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="thomas1997">{{cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = A.L.R. | title = On the Tails of Birds | date = 1997 | journal = BioScience | volume = 47 | pages = 215–225 | doi = 10.2307/1313075 | issue = 4| jstor = 1313075 }}</ref><ref name="tucker1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Tucker | first1 = V.A. | title = Drag reduction by wing tip slots in a gliding Harris' hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus | journal = Journal of Experimental Zoology | volume = 198 | pages = 775–781 | date = 1995 | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/3/775.long}}</ref>

==Paleoecology==
[[File:Jinzhousaurus yangi.JPG|thumb|The hadrosauroid ''Jinzhousaurus'' was a contemporary of ''Jianianhualong'']]
After ''Mei'', ''Sinovenator'', ''Sinusonasus'', and ''Jinfengopteryx'', ''Jianianhualong'' is the fifth named troodontid that has been discovered in the [[Jehol Biota]] as a whole, with the first three other troodontids also originating from the Yixian Formation. With ''Jianianhualong'' and ''Sinusonasus'' representing "transitional" and more derived forms of troodontids compared to ''Mei'' and ''Sinovenator'', the diversity of troodontids within the Jehol was appreciable.<ref name="desc"/> Asides from troodontids, the Yixian Formation also preserves a diverse assemblage of other animals, both dinosaurian and non-dinosaurian. The [[hadrosauroidea|hadrosauroid]] ''[[Jinzhousaurus]]'' is known from Baicai Gou, the same locality as that of ''Jianianhualong'', as is the maniraptoran ''Yixianosaurus'' as well as hundreds of specimens from the [[choristodera|choristodere]] ''[[Hyphalosaurus]]''.

From elsewhere in the Dakangpu/Dawangzhangzi Beds, specimens have been discovered belonging to the birds ''[[Confuciusornis]]'', ''[[Hongshanornis]]'', ''[[Grabauornis]]'', ''[[Liaoxiornis]]'', ''[[Longicrusavis]]'', ''[[Shanweiniao]]'', ''[[Shenqiornis]]'', and ''[[Zhongornis]]''; the non-avialan theropod ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]''; the [[ceratopsia]]n ''[[Psittacosaurus]]''; the pterosaur ''[[Cathayopterus]]''; the lizards ''[[Dalinghosaurus]]'' and ''[[Yabeinosaurus]]''; the [[choristodera|choristodere]]s ''Hyphalosaurus'' and ''[[Monjurosuchus]]'', of which the former is highly abundant; the turtle ''[[Manchurochelys]]''; the mammals ''[[Acristatherium]]'', ''[[Akidolestes]]'', ''[[Chaoyangodens]]'', ''[[Eomaia]]'', ''[[Sinobaatar]]'', and ''[[Sinodelphys]]''; the frog ''[[Liaobatrachus]]''; and fish, including ''[[Lycoptera]]'' (of which ''L. davidi'' is numerous), ''[[Peipiaosteus]]'', and ''[[Protopsephurus]]''.

Environmentally, ''Jianianhualong'' lived in a [[lake|lacustrine]] area, as evinced by the [[tuff]]aceous [[sandstone]] present throughout the Dawangzhangzi Beds. Like the rest of the Yixian Formation, the environment represented by these assemblages was seasonally semi-arid, with a low mean air temperature of {{convert|10|±|4|C}}. The local [[flora]] consists of a mixed assemblage of [[gymnosperm]]s, such as ''[[Czekanowskia]]'', ''[[Schizolepis]]'', and the [[ephedra (plant)|ephedroids]] ''[[Amphiephedra]]'', ''[[Chengia]]'', ''[[Ephedrites]]'', and ''[[Liaoxia]]''; and also early [[flowering plant|angiosperms]], including ''[[Archaefructus]]'', ''[[Hyrcantha]]'' (formerly ''[[Sinocarpus]]''), ''[[Leefructus]]'', and ''[[Potamogeton]]''. ''Leefructus'' in particular is a [[eudicots|eudicot]], being among the earliest records of the group.

==See also==
* [[Timeline of troodontid research]]
*[[2017 in archosaur paleontology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Troodontidae}}

[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Feathered dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Troodontids]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2017]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Xu Xing]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip J. Currie]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lü Junchang]]

Jianianhualong

2019-02-24T16:18:44Z

Paleocolour: Added size diagram.

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Aptian]], {{Fossil range|124.4}}
| image = Jianianhualong tengi holotype fossil.jpg
| image_caption = Type specimen of ''J. tengi''
| taxon = Jianianhualong
| authority = Xu ''et al.'', 2017
| type_species = '''''Jianianhualong tengi'''''
| type_species_authority = Xu ''et al.'', 2017
}}

'''''Jianianhualong''''' (meaning "Jianianhua dragon") is a [[genus]] of [[troodontidae|troodontid]] [[theropoda|theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Early Cretaceous]] of [[China]]. It contains a single species, '''''Jianianhualong tengi''''', named in 2017 by [[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu Xing]] and colleagues based on an articulated skeleton preserving feathers. The feathers at the middle of the tail of ''Jianianhualong'' are asymmetric, being the first record of asymmetrical feathers among the troodontids. Despite [[aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] differences from the flight feathers of modern birds, the feathers in the tail vane of ''Jianianhualong'' could have functioned in [[aerodynamic drag|drag]] reduction whilst the animal was moving. The discovery of ''Jianianhualong'' supports the notion that asymmetrical feathers appeared early in the evolutionary history of the [[Paraves]].

''Jianianhualong'' possesses a combination of traits seen in [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] as well as traits seen in derived troodontids. This is consistent with its [[phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] intermediate position among the troodontids. This mixture of traits shows a distinct spatial organization, with basal traits being present in the forelimbs and pelvis, and derived traits being present in the skull and hindlimbs. This may represent a case of [[mosaic evolution]], where [[natural selection]] acts upon the form of the body in a modular way. Similar transitional patterns of traits are seen in the troodontid ''[[Sinusonasus]]'', a close relative of ''Jianianhualong''. Ecologically speaking, ''Jianianhualong'' and ''Sinusonasus'' are part of the considerable diversity of troodontids that is present within the [[Yixian Formation]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Jianianhualong tengi holotype line drawing.jpg|thumb|Line drawing of the type specimen]]
''Jianianhualong'' is known from the [[type (biology)|type]] and only specimen, a nearly complete skeleton preserving feathers that is missing only the end of the tail. It is articulated and compressed on a stone plate. This [[holotype]] specimen is stored under the collection number DLXH 1218 in the Dalian Xinghai Museum, [[Liaoning|Liaoning Province]], [[China]]. It was excavated using mechanical tools ([[geologist's hammer]]s and [[chisel]]s) from [[Early Cretaceous]]<ref name="swisher2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Swisher | first1 = C.C. | last2 = Wang | first2 = X. | last3 = Zhou | first3 = Z. | last4 = Wang | first4 = Y. | last5 = Jin | first5 = F. | last6 = Zhang | first6 = J. | last7 = Xu | first7 = X. | last8 = Zhang | first8 = J. | last9 = Wang | first9 = Y. | title = Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning, China: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | date = 2002 | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 136–139 | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1360/02tb9031| doi = 10.1360/02tb9031 | doi-broken-date = 2019-02-13 }}</ref> rocks of the [[Yixian Formation]] in the locality of Baicai Gou ({{zh-tsp|c=白菜溝}}), located in the [[Yi County, Liaoning|Yixian County]] of Liaoning.<ref name="desc"/> The Dakangpu Bed (equivalent to the Dawangzhangzi, Daxinfangzi, Hejiaxin, Sichakou, and Senjiru Beds),<ref name="jeholfossils">{{cite book | last1 = Wang | first1 = X.-L. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = Z.-H. | chapter = Mesozoic Pompeii | pages = 19–38 | editor-last1 = Chang | editor-first1 = M.-M. | editor-last2 = Chen | editor-first2 = P.-J. | editor-last3 = Wang | editor-first3 = Y.-Q. | editor-last4 = Wang | editor-first4 = Y. | editor-last5 = Miao | editor-first5 = D.-S. | title = The Jehol Fossils: The Emergence of Feathered Dinosaurs, Beaked Birds and Flowering Plants | edition = 2nd | date = 2008 | publisher = Academic Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=527XmvXemk0C&pg=PA49#v=onepage&f=false | url = https://books.google.com/?id=527XmvXemk0C | location = Amsterdam | isbn = 9780123741738}}</ref> which Baicai Gou is a part of,<ref name="jinzhousaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = X.-L. | last2 = Xu | first2 = X. | date = 2001 | title = A new iguanodontid (''Jinzhousaurus yangi'' gen. et sp. nov.) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | volume = 46 | pages = 1669–1672 | issue = 19 | doi = 10.1007/BF02900633 }}</ref> is situated in the middle of the formation. The specific portion of the Beds from which ''Jianianhualong'' originates was dated in 2006 and 2008 to approximately 124.4 million years ago, which corresponds to the early [[Aptian]].<ref name="leefructus">{{cite journal | first1 = G. | last1 = Sun | first2 = D.L. | last2 = Dilcher | first3 = H. | last3 = Wang | first4 = Z. | last4 = Chen |year=2011 |title=A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Nature |volume=471 |issue= 7340|pages=625–628 |doi=10.1038/nature09811 |pmid=21455178| bibcode = 2011Natur.471..625S }}</ref><ref name="liu2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = Y. | last2 = Liu | first2 = Y. | last3 = Ji | first3 = S. | last4 = Yang | first4 = Z. | title = U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues | date = 2006 | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | volume = 51 | issue = 21 | pages = 2634–2644 | doi = 10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2 }}</ref><ref name="meng2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Meng | first1 = F.X. | last2 = Gao | first2 = S. | last3 = Liu | first3 = X.M. | title = U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks of the Yixian Formation in the Lingyuan area, western Liaoning, China | journal = Geological Bulletin of China | volume = 27 | pages = 364–373 | date = 2008}}</ref>

In 2017, ''Jianianhualong'' was named and described by a team of researchers including [[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu Xing]], [[Philip J. Currie]], Michael Pittman, Xing Lida, Meng Qingjin, [[Lü Junchang]], Hu Dongyu, and Yu Congyu, in a research paper published in ''[[Nature Communications]]''. In order to investigate the preserved plumage of the specimen, Xu and colleagues made use of [[laser-induced fluorescence|laser-stimulated fluorescence]] using a 405 nm laser.<ref name="lsf">{{cite journal|last1 = Kaye | first1 = T.G. | last2 = Falk | first2 = A.R. | last3 = Pittman | first3 = M. | last4 = Sereno | first4 = P.C. | last5 = Martin | first5 = L.D. | last6 = Burnham | first6 = D.A. | first7 = E. | last7 = Gong | first8 = X. | last8 = Xu | first9 = Y. | last9 = Wang | date = 2015 | title = Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence in Paleontology | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | page = e0125923 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0125923 | pmid = 26016843 | pmc = 4446324 }}</ref> The [[genus]] name combines the name of a company that sponsored the research of this taxon, ''Jianianhua'' ({{zh-tsp|c=嘉年華}}), and the suffix ''long'' ({{zh-tsp|c=龍}}), meaning "dragon". The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''tengi'', honours Ms. Teng Fangfang who acquired the specimen and made it available for study.<ref name="desc"/>

==Description==
The type specimen of ''Jianianhualong'' measures approximately {{convert|1|m}} as preserved; since the back of the tail is missing, the animal would probably have been around {{convert|1.12|m}} long in life. Scaling from a thighbone length of {{convert|11.7|cm|abbr=on}}, Xu ''et al.'' found that it weighed {{convert|2.4|kg}}.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="campioneweight">{{cite journal | last1 = Campione | first1 = N.E. | last2 = Evans | first2 = D.C. | last3 = Brown | first3 = C.M. | last4 = Carrano | first4 = M.T. | journal = Methods in Ecology and Evolution | title = Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | date = 2014 | pages = 913–923 | doi = 10.1111/2041-210X.12226 }}</ref> Despite its small size, the specimen was fully-grown, as indicated by the fusion of the [[suture (anatomy)|sutures]] in the vertebrae.<ref name="desc">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Currie | first2 = P. | last3 = Pittman | first3 = M. | last4 = Xing | first4 = L. | last5 = Meng | first5 = Q. | last6 = Lü | first6 = J. | last7 = Hu | first7 = D. | last8 = Yu | first8 = C. | title = Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features | journal = Nature Communications | date = 2017 | volume = 8 | page = 14972 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14972 | pmid = 28463233 | pmc = 5418581 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814972X }}</ref><ref name="brochuonto">{{cite journal | last1 = Brochu | first1 = C.A. | title = Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs | date = 1996 | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283 | pages = 49–62 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology }}</ref><ref name="irmisonto">{{cite journal | last1 = Irmis | first1 = R.B. | title = Axial skeleton ontogeny in the Parasuchia (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) and its implications for ontogenetic determination in archosaurs | date = 2007 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 350–361 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[350:ASOITP]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>

===Skull===
[[File:Jianianhualong2.jpg|thumb|left|Skull of ''J. tengi'' as preserved]]
The skull of ''Jianianhualong'' is small. The jaw has about 75% of the length of the [[femur|thighbone]]. It is roughly triangular when seen from the side, with a short snout and a wide skull roof like its relative ''[[Mei (dinosaur)|Mei]]''.<ref name="meilong">{{cite journal |first1=X.|last1= Xu |first2=M.A.|last2= Norell | title =A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture | journal =Nature | volume =431 | issue =7010 | pages =838–841 | year =2004 | doi =10.1038/nature02898 | pmid=15483610|bibcode= 2004Natur.431..838X }}</ref> The short appearance of the snout is exaggerated somewhat by the fact that the front bones of the snout, the [[premaxilla]]e, are lacking. The frontmost preserved bone in the fossil is the [[maxilla]], the main body of which is taller than it is long. This distinguishes ''Jianianhualong'' from all other members of the [[Troodontidae]],<ref name="norellmakovicky2004">{{cite book | last1 = Makovicky | first1 = P.J. | last2 = Norell | first2 = M.A. | date = 2004 | chapter = Troodontidae | editor-last1 = Weishampel | editor-first1 = D.B. | editor-last2 = Dodson | editor-first2 = P. | editor-last3 = Osmólska | editor-first3 = H. | title = The Dinosauria | edition = 2nd | location = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | pages = 184–195 | chapter-url = https://www.ucpress.edu/ebook.php?isbn=9780520941434}}</ref><ref name="xuthesis2002">{{cite thesis | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | title = Deinonychosaurian Fossils From the Jehol Group of Western Liaoning and the Coelurosaurian Evolution | degree = Ph.D. | publisher = Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | location = Beijing | date = 2002 | pages = 1–322}}</ref> along with the top margin of the bone forming a large angle of 45° with the bottom margin (its relative ''[[Saurornithoides]]'' has an angle of 6°,<ref name="zanabazar">{{cite journal |first1=M.A. |last1=Norell |last2=Makovicky | first2 = P.J. |last3=Bever | first3 = G.S. |last4=Balanoff | first4 = A.M. |last5=Clark | first5 = J.M. |last6= Barsbold | first6 = R. | last7 = Rowe | first7 = Timothy |title=A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur ''Saurornithoides'' (Troodontidae: Theropoda) |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3654 |pages=1–63 |year=2009 |doi=10.1206/648.1 |hdl=2246/5973 }}</ref> and ''[[Sinovenator]]'' 36°<ref name="sinovenator">{{cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=X.|last2=Norell|first2=M.A.|last3=W.|first3=X.-L.|last4=Makovicky|first4=P.J.|last5=Wu|first5 = X.-C.|year=2002|title=A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China|journal=Nature|volume=415|issue=6873|pages=780–784|doi=10.1038/415780a|pmid=11845206|bibcode=2002Natur.415..780X}}</ref>). There is a ridge on the backwards-extending [[jugal bone|jugal]] branch of the bone, unlike ''[[Byronosaurus]]'',<ref name="byronosaurus1">{{cite journal | last1 = Bever | first1 = G.S. | last2 = Norell | first2 = M.A. | date = 2009 | title = The perinate skull of ''Byronosaurus'' (Troodontidae) with observations on the cranial ontogeny of paravian theropods | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3657 | pages = 1–51 | doi = 10.1206/650.1 | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5980| hdl = 2246/5980 }}</ref> ''Sinovenator'',<ref name="sinovenator"/> ''[[Sinusonasus]]'',<ref name="sinusonasus">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Wang | first2 = X.-L. | date = 2004 | title = A New Troodontid (Theropoda: Troodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China | journal = Acta Geologica Sinica | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–26 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00671.x }}</ref> ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'',<ref name="xixiasaurus">{{cite journal|first1=J. | last1 = Lü |first2=L. | last2 = Xu |first3=Y. | last3 = Liu |first4=X. | last4 = Zhang |first5=S. | last5 = Jia |first6=Q. | last6 = Ji |year= 2010 |title= A new troodontid (Theropoda: Troodontidae) from the Late Cretaceous of central China, and the radiation of Asian troodontids |journal= Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=381–388 |doi= 10.4202/app.2009.0047 |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app55/app20090047.pdf}}</ref> and ''[[Zanabazar]]'',<ref name="zanabazar"/> but it is also accompanied by a groove (which is seen in ''Byronosaurus'').<ref name="byronosaurus2">{{cite journal | last1 = Makovicky | first1 = P.J. | last2 = Norell | first2 = M.A. | last3 = Clark | first3 = J.M. | last4 = Rowe | first4 = T.E. | year = 2003 | title = Osteology and relationships of ''Byronosaurus jaffei'' (Theropoda: Troodontidae) | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2828 | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3402 | issue = | pages = 1–32 | doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2003)402<0001:oarobj>2.0.co;2| hdl = 2246/2828 }}</ref> The relatively deep jugal branch unites ''Jianianhualong'' with derived (specialized) troodontids but not ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/><ref name="xuthesis2002"/>

Behind the maxilla, the depression in the skull wall known as the antorbital fossa is large and roughly triangular,<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> and bears two large openings (the [[antorbital fenestra]] and the elongated, enlarged maxillary fenestra) that stretch from the top margin to the bottom margin of the depression. This condition overall resembles that of derived troodontids<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/><ref name="zanabazar"/><ref name="geminiraptor">{{cite journal|first1=P. | last1 = Senter |first2=J.I. | last2 = Kirkland |first3=J. | last3 = Bird |first4=J.A. | last4 = Bartlett |year=2010 |title= A New Troodontid Theropod Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=e14329 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014329 |pmid=21179513 |pmc=3002269| bibcode = 2010PLoSO...514329S }}</ref> (''[[Sinornithoides]]'', ''Sinovenator'', and ''Sinosunasus'' have one additional opening known as the promaxillary opening).<ref name="sinovenator"/><ref name="sinusonasus"/><ref name="sinornithoides">{{cite journal | last1 = Russell | first1 = D. | last2 = Dong | first2 = Z. | date = 1993 | title = A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 30 | pages = 2163–2173 | issue = 10 | doi = 10.1139/e93-187 | bibcode = 1993CaJES..30.2163R }}</ref> However, the rim of the fossa is sharp like that of ''Byronosaurus'',<ref name="byronosaurus2"/><ref name="byronosaurus3">{{cite journal | last1 = Norell | first1 = M.A. | last2 = Makovicky | first2 = P.J. | last3 = Clark | first3 = J.M. | date = 2000 | title = A new troodontid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–11 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0007:ANTTFU]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> and the bar of bone separating the fenestrae is narrow as in ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> Bordering the top and back of the depression is the T-shaped [[lacrimal bone|lacrimal]], which has a long forward-projecting branch and a flange at the junction between the backwards-projecting and descending branches, much like with other troodontids.<ref name="linheraptor">{{cite journal |last1=Xu | first1 = X. |first2=M. | last2 = Pittman |first3=C. | last3 = Sullivan |first4=J.N. |last4 =Choiniere |first5=Q.W. | last5 =Tan |first6=J.M. | last6 = Clark |first7=M.A. | last7 = Norell |first8=W. | last8 = Shuo | year = 2015 | title = The taxonomic status of the Late Cretaceous dromaeosaurid ''Linheraptor exquisitus'' and its implications for dromaeosaurid systematics | journal = Vertebrata PalAsiatica | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–62 | url =http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201501/t20150112_4297277.html}}</ref> The descending branch is nearly equal to the forward-projecting branch in length, longer than in other troodontids,<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> and the descending branch also bears a unique ridge on its front portion.<ref name="desc"/>

The [[nasal bone]] is short and broad like with ''Mei'',<ref name="meilong"/> and bears a row of [[foramen|foramina]], small openings for arteries and nerves, like in other troodontids. Also like other troodontids, the [[frontal bone]] curves backwards smoothly on the outer margin which borders the eye socket.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> On the bottom of the bone, there is a prominent ridge known as the ''crista cranii'', which diverges gradually from the rim of the eye socket towards the midline of the back of the bone. The front tip of the ridge contacts the lacrimal, with a relatively simple joint unlike that of ''[[Stenonychosaurus]]'' ("''[[Troodon]]''").<ref name ="stenonychosaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Currie | first1 = P. J. | year = 1985 | title = Cranial anatomy of ''Stenonychosaurus inequalis'' (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 22 | issue = 11 | pages = 1643–1658 | doi=10.1139/e85-173| bibcode = 1985CaJES..22.1643C }}</ref> The inner surface of the frontal suggests details about the [[neurocranium|braincase]], including the widened [[olfactory tract]] and back of the [[cerebrum]]. Like other troodontids, there is a ridge on the forward-projecting branch of the jugal.<ref name = "linhevenator">{{cite journal |first1=X. | last1 = Xu | first2 = Q. | last2 = Tan | first3 = C. | last3 = Sullivan | first4 = F. | last4 = Han | first5 = D. | last5 = Xiao |year=2011 |title=A Short-Armed Troodontid Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia and Its Implications for Troodontid Evolution |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e22916 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022916 |pmid=21915256 |pmc=3168428| bibcode = 2011PLoSO...622916X }}</ref> Also like other troodontids, there is a depression on the short and deep backward-projecting process, where it is overlapped by the [[quadratojugal bone]].<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> The subtriangular and curved backward branch of the [[quadrate bone]], which articulates with the [[pterygoid bone]], is closer to the bottom of the bone than in most other non-bird theropods. Compared to ''Sinovenator'', the long jugal branch of the [[postorbital bone]] is not as long.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="xuthesis2002"/>

====Lower jaws====
Overall, the lower jaw is roughly triangular when viewed from the side, with a straight top margin and a curved bottom margin, and is not downturned unlike in ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> The [[mandible#other vertebrates|dentary]], the tooth-bearing front lower jaw bone, is long (occupying half of the jaw's length), shallow, and triangular, and it bears a groove that widens towards the back of the bone, like in other troodontids.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> Also typically troodontid are the many foramina towards the front of the dentary, which are particularly concentrated within the groove.<ref name="byronosaurus2"/> Further behind, there is a trough located near the back of the top surface of the [[suprangular|surangular]] bone, which is not seen in other troodontids. The surangular borders the mandibular fenestra, the opening in the rear outer wall of the jaw, from above and behind. Below the fenestra, the [[angular bone]] divides the dentary and the mandibular fenestra by a robust forward-projecting branch that curves strongly upwards. This is seen in ''Sinovenator'', other troodontids, and also some [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurids]];<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> it may be a defining characteristic of troodontids or [[deinonychosauria]]ns. On the inside of the jaw, the sub-triangular [[splenial]] bone does not have a V-shaped notch at the back, unlike that of ''[[Deinonychus]]'' and other theropods.<ref name="deinonychus">{{cite journal|last=Ostrom|first=J.H.|year=1969|title=Osteology of ''Deinonychus antirrhopus'', an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana |journal=Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin |volume=30 |pages=1–165 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10658785}}</ref> Behind the splenial, the [[mandible|prearticular]] bone curves towards the bottom of the jaw, with a thin blade at the front and a rounded shaft at the back. This is similar to other [[maniraptora]]ns, the larger group to which troodontids belong.<ref name="desc"/>
[[File:Mei Long.jpg|thumb|Fossilized skeleton of ''Mei long'', showing the subtriangular skull]]

====Teeth====
The maxillae of ''Jianianhualong'', its main upper jaw bones, bear 21 teeth on each side, while the dentaries bear 25 on each side. The number in the premaxillae is unknown, though likely to have been four per side. Like those of other troodontids, the teeth are strongly recurved and unevenly distributed.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> The teeth at the front of the jaws are closely packed, while they are smaller and more spaced out at the back of the jaws. Characteristic of troodontids, the teeth are short-crowned, with height-to-width ratios decreasing from 1.5 (first tooth) to 1.2 (sixth tooth) along the jaw. The teeth near the front of the jaws lack serrations, while teeth further back have serrations on their back edges. These serrations are fine, as in ''Sinovenator'',<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> instead of robust as in derived troodontids.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> Similar to contemporary troodontids, the last maxillary tooth is located near the back end of the jugal branch of the maxilla, which is much further back than most [[coelurosauria|coelurosaurs]]. Unusually, unlike the maxillary teeth, several frontmost teeth in the dentary appear to be angled forwards: they are "procumbent". This condition is present in several dromaeosaurids contemporary to ''Jianianhualong'', even though they are not close relatives.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="xuthesis2002"/>

===Axial skeleton===
The vertebral column of the fossil of ''Jianianhualong'' is nearly complete. However, individual vertebrae are not always easily discerned. The neck (i.e. the [[cervical vertebrae]]) is {{convert|16|cm|abbr=on}} long, the torso (i.e. the [[thoracic vertebrae|dorsal vertebrae]]) is {{convert|17|cm|abbr=on}} long, and the tail (i.e. the caudal vertebrae) is {{convert|54|cm|abbr=on}} long. Overall, the tail would have been 3.9 times the length of the thighbone; there may have been 31 caudal vertebrae in total.<ref name="desc"/>

====Neck====
Uniquely among troodontids, the upwards pointing [[vertebra#structure|neural spine]] of the [[axis (anatomy)|axis]], the second neck vertebra, has a convex top margin, and the back portion is strongly expanded. The third neck vertebra has a moderate [[vertebra#structure|centrum]] (vertebral body) length of {{convert|12|mm|abbr=on}}, and has a short neural spine. Associated but detached from this cervical is the third neck rib, which is long and slender, and overlaps both the third and fourth neck vertebrae. The fourth neck vertebra is slightly longer with a more robust rib, and has a rectangular neural spine 1.5 times as long as it is tall. The fifth to seventh vertebrae have the greatest length, with the sixth and seventh bearing complex [[skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatic]] (invaded by [[air sacs]]) systems of foramina (openings), fossae (depressions), and laminae (ridges) on their sides. Their corresponding ribs are slightly longer than their vertebral bodies. Further back, the remaining neck vertebrae are significantly shorter, and bear ribs with expanded heads of equal length to their vertebral bodies.<ref name="desc"/>

[[File:Jianianhualong3.jpg|thumb|left|Neck, torso (a), and tail (b) of ''J. tengi'']]

====Trunk, ribs, and gastralia====
The front vertebrae of the torso are relatively short, with the middle and back vertebrae being relatively longer. No pneumatic openings or depressions (pleurocoels) are present on the sides of the front vertebrae; the middle and back vertebrae were likely similar in this respect. The bodies of the middle and back vertebrae are low, with a length-height ratio of 2.0, like other small deinonychosaurs.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> Like other [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] (less specialized) members of the [[Paraves]], the neural spines of the back are fan-shaped, with the neural spines belonging to the rear vertebrae attaching to the rear halves of the corresponding vertebral bodies.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> None of the torso ribs has a bird-like [[uncinate processes of ribs|uncinate process]] (a hook for the attachment of muscles assisting breathing) and the [[sternum]] or breastbone is also not ossified. This is similar to other troodontids.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> Like ''[[Velociraptor]]'' and other theropods, the first pair of the [[gastralium|gastralia]] (belly ribs) near the front of the torso is noticeably more robust, particularly in the central portion segments.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="velociraptor">{{cite journal |last1=Norell |first1=M.A. |last2=Makovicky |first2=P.J. |year=1997 |title=Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3215 |pages=1–28 |hdl=2246/3557 | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3557}}</ref>

====Tail====
Similar to other paravians, the vertebrae of ''Jianianhualong'' increase over the length of the tail; e.g., the ninth tail vertebra is 1.7 times the length of the eighth, while the fifteenth vertebra - among the longest, with a length of {{convert|23.3|mm|abbr=on}} - is about twice as long as the sixth. From the twenty-third vertebra backwards, the sides become compressed such that they become sub-triangular instead of rectangular in cross-section; this transition occurs at two-thirds the length of the tail, as in ''Sinovenator''. From the twenty-fourth vertebra backwards, the front articular surface of the vertebral bodies become deeper than the rear articular surface. There is no evidence of a groove on the bottom of the front tail bodies, though most coelurosaurs possess one. Like with other troodontids, the [[articular processes]] or zygapophyses of the tail vertebrae are small and nearly horizontal, instead of being long as in other [[tetanurae|tetanurans]].<ref name="desc"/><ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/>

There are neural spines on only the first eight tail vertebrae; it is unknown whether the neural spines are replaced by a groove further backwards in the series, as does happen in other troodontids.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> On the underside of the tail, the [[chevron (anatomy)|chevrons]], separate bones sticking out to below, are plate-like. The chevrons articulating with the first to fifth vertebrae are much taller than they are long; those articulating with the sixth to ninth vertebrae are longer than they are tall, although they are still relatively tall; and those articulating with the ninth, tenth, and further vertebrae are very shallow, and are somewhat flattened. On the vertebrae towards the back of the tail, the forward and backward projections of the chevrons are roughly equal in length. In these chevrons, the forward projection is blunt, while the backward projection is somewhat bifurcated or forked. Unlike in ''Sinusonasus'', where all of the chevrons come into contact with each other,<ref name="sinusonasus"/> there are some gaps between the chevrons of ''Jianianhualong''.<ref name="desc"/>

===Limbs===
====Shoulder girdle and arm====
[[File:Jianianhualong4a.png|thumb|Shoulder (a) and hand (b) of ''J. tengi'']]
The [[scapula]], the upper part of the [[shoulder girdle]], which bears a strap-like blade and is roughly equal in length to the [[humerus]] (upper arm bone), is preserved at an angle of 40° relative to the long axis of the trunk vertebrae. This is more similar to articulated specimens of more basal theropods, as opposed to paravians, in which the scapula is nearly parallel to the vertebrae.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> Like other members of the [[Pennaraptora]], the large, four-sided [[coracoid]],<ref name="gauthier1989">{{Cite book | first = J.A. | last = Gauthier | title = Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds | journal = Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences | year = 1986 | volume = 8 | pages = 1–55 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/74988#/summary | isbn = 978-0-940228-14-6}}</ref> the lower part of the girdle, is about 1.3 times as long as it is wide.<ref name="yixianosaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | first2 = C. | last2 = Sullivan | last3 = Wang | first3 = S. | date = 2013 | title = The systematic position of the enigmatic theropod dinosaur ''Yixianosaurus longimanus'' | journal = Vertebrata PalAsiatica | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 169–183 | url = http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314392038143833.pdf}}</ref> The bottom of the coracoid extends backwards with a hook-like projection, the postglenoid process, which is similar in length to that of ''Sinornithoides'' but longer than that of ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="xuthesis2002"/> Unlike ''Sinornithoides'',<ref name="furcula">{{cite journal | last1 = Nesbitt | first1 = S.J. | last2 = Turner | first2 = A.H. | last3 = Spaulding | first3 = M. | last4 = Conrad | first4 = J.L. | last5 = Norell | first5 = M.A. | date = 2009 | title = The theropod furcula | journal = Journal of Morphology |doi = 10.1002/jmor.10724 | pmid = 19206153 | volume = 270 | issue = 7 | pages = 856–879}}</ref> the [[furcula]] is robust, flattened, and U-shaped like that of ''Mei''.<ref name="desc"/>

Like derived troodontids, the slender upper arm bone is about 70% of the length of the thighbone. On the upper arm bone, however, the deltopectoral crest, the bone plate serving for muscle attachment, is short compared to ''[[Linhevenator]]'' and other derived troodontids,<ref name="linhevenator"/> occupying only 20% of the shaft length. The [[ulna]], the main lower arm bone, which is 88% of the length of the upper arm, exhibits a slight backward bow. ''Mei'' shows a much stronger bow,<ref name="meilong"/> whereas it is absent in most other troodontids altogether.<ref name="gauthier1989"/> The [[olecranon]] of the ulna, the process for the attachment of muscles that stretch the arm, is mildly developed, and appears to be accompanied by a prominent flange further down on the bone. Compared to the ulna, the [[radius (anatomy)|radius]], the parallel lower arm bone, is slightly thinner, having a shaft diameter that is 76% of that of the ulna. Contrary to most other theropods, the top portion of the radius bears a backwards bow similar to that of the ulna.<ref name="desc"/>

The hand bears three digits, typical of the Maniraptora, which respectively bear two, three, and four [[phalanges]]. The authors take the view that the three digits represent the second, third and fourth, whereas most other researchers see them as the first, second and third.<ref name="limusaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Clark | first2 = J.M. | last3 = Mo | first3 = J. | last4 = Choiniere | first4 = J. | last5 = Forster | first5 = C.A. | last6 = Erickson | first6 = G.M. | last7 = Hone | first7 = D.W.E. | last8 = Sullivan | first8 = C. | last9 = Eberth | first9 = D.A. | last10 = Nesbitt | first10 = S. | last11 = Zhao | first11 = Q. | last12 = Hernandez | first12 = R. | last13 = Jia | first13 = C.-K. | last14 = Han | first14 = F.-L. | last15 = Guo | first15 = Y. | date = 2009 | title = A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies | journal = Nature | volume = 459 | issue = 18 | pages = 940–944 | doi = 10.1038/nature08124 | pmid = 19536256 | bibcode = 2009Natur.459..940X }}</ref> The overall length of the hand is {{convert|112|mm|abbr=on}}, 140% of the upper arm and 95% of the thighbone. In the wrist, the semilunate carpal, a flat curved bone, is relatively small; the top surface is strongly convex and bears a unique transverse groove. Among the three [[metacarpal bones]] of the middle hand, the end of metacarpal "IV" (corresponding to the third digit present) extends slightly beyond the end of metacarpal "III" (corresponding to the second digit present), which is otherwise not seen outside of the [[Avialae]]. However, [[enantiornithes|enantiornithean]] birds such as ''[[Patagopteryx]]'' also possess this trait.<ref name="patagopteryx">{{cite book | last1 = Chiappe | first1 = L. | date = 1996 | chapter = Late Cretaceous birds of southern South America: anatomy and systematics of Enantiornithes and ''Patagopteryx deferrariisi'' | pages = 203–244 | chapter-url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270582261 | editor-first1 = G. | editor-last1 = Arratia | title = Contributions of Southern South America to Vertebrate Paleontology | series = Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, Geologie und Palaontologie | volume = 30 | publisher = Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil | location = Munich | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259190916}}</ref> The top end of metacarpal "IV" is also situated further downward than that of metacarpal "III", which is the case for many paravians.<ref name="desc"/>

Several distinguishing characteristics of ''Jianianhualong'' are found further down among the phalanges. Phalanx "II"-1 (the first phalanx of the first digit or finger) is unusually long, being just shorter than metacarpal "III"; it bears a "heel" at its top end, as well as a large groove on the interior surface that extends from the top of the bone for more than half its length. Additionally, phalanx "III"-2 is also very long, being longer than metacarpal "III", a trait that is only seen in basal [[ornithomimosauria|ornithomimosaurs]] as well as the paravians ''[[Xiaotingia]]'' and ''[[Yixianosaurus]]''.<ref name="yixianosaurus"/> The claws, or [[ungual]] phalanges, are highly robust, with their basal width being at least 50% of their overall length; the claw of the first finger is the largest. Like with dromaeosaurids, the small claw of the third finger has a slight upwards arch, but all of the claws on the hands of dromaeosaurids are arched.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="senteretal2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Senter | first1 = P. | last2 = Barsbold | first2 = R. | last3 = Britt | first3 = B.B. | last4 = Burnham | first4 = D.B. | year = 2004 | title = Systematics and evolution of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) | url = | journal = Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 1–20 }}</ref>

====Pelvic girdle and hindlimb====
[[File:Jianianhualong4b.jpg|thumb|left|Pelvis (c) and foot (d) of ''J. tengi'']]
The pelvis of ''Jianianhualong'' is overall similar to that of ''Sinovenator''. Like in ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' and basal dromaeosaurids, the [[ilium (bone)|ilium]], the top pelvis bone, is small, being 60% of the length of the thighbone.<ref name="microraptor">{{cite journal |pages=705–708 |issue=6813 |last1=Xu |year=2000 |volume=408 |pmid=11130069 |doi=10.1038/35047056 |first1=X. |journal=Nature |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |title=The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur |bibcode=2000Natur.408..705X }}</ref> Most other theropods have an ilium that is at least 70% of the length of the thighbone. Also unusually among theropods, the top margin of the ilium is concave. The forward-projecting "leg" of the ilium, the pubic peduncle, bears a large and forward-facing depression on its side, which serves as an attachment for the femoral [[anatomical terms of motion|protractor]] (moving the thighbone forwards) muscle known as ''musculus cuppedicus''.<ref name="rowe1986">{{cite journal | last1 = Rowe | first1 = T. | title = Homology and evolution of the deep dorsal thigh musculature in birds and other Reptilia | journal = Journal of Morphology | volume = 189 | issue = 3 | date = 1986 | pages = 327–346 | doi = 10.1002/jmor.1051890310 | pmid = 29940710 }}</ref> Below the ilium, the left and right [[pubis (bone)|pubic bones]] are conjoined into the unusually broad "pubic apron", a connecting bone sheet, that is characteristic of troodontids,<ref name="alxasaurus">{{cite journal|last1=Russell| first1 = D.A. |last2=Dong | first2 = Z. | title =The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China| journal =Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences| volume =30| issue =10| pages =2107–2127| year =1993| doi =10.1139/e93-183| bibcode = 1993CaJES..30.2107R }}</ref> with a ridge on the back surface as in ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="desc"/>

Behind the pubic bone, the [[ischium]] is a short bony plate that has 48% of the length of the pubic bone. Like in basal dromaeosaurids and basal birds, there is an upwards-directed projection near the top of the rear edge of the ischium, where it articulates with the ilium.<ref name="microraptor"/><ref name="rahonavis">{{cite journal|last=Forster|first=C.A.|last2= Sampson|first2=S.D. |last3=Chiappe|first3=L.M. |last4=Krause|first4=D.W.|year=1998|title=The Theropod Ancestry of Birds: New Evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar|journal=Science|issue=5358|pages=1915–1919|doi=10.1126/science.279.5358.1915|volume=279|pmid=9506938|bibcode = 1998Sci...279.1915F }}</ref><ref name="sinornithosaurus">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Wang | first2 = X.-L. | last3 = Wu | first3 = X.-C. | year = 1999 | title = A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China | journal = Nature | volume = 401 | issue = 6750| pages = 262–266 | doi = 10.1038/45769| bibcode = 1999Natur.401..262X }}</ref> Further down, the edge of the bone curves inwards, creating a hollow profile, followed by a second upwards projection (a combination also seen in ''Archaeopteryx''). The forward-projecting [[obturator process]] on the front edge of the ischium is located near the bottom of the bone as in basal dromaeosaurids and basal birds, but it is small like that of ''Archaeopteryx''. There is a small recess on the margin of the process; ''[[Buitreraptor]]'' and ''[[Sinornithosaurus]]'' have a similar but comparatively larger recess.<ref name="desc"/>

Like with most theropods, the thighbone is curved forwards.<ref name=norellmakovicky1999>{{cite journal|last=Norell |first=M.A. |last2=Makovicky |first2=P.J. |year=1999 |title=Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of ''Velociraptor mongoliensis'' |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3282 |pages=1–45 |hdl=2246/3025 | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3025}}</ref> The bottom end of the thighbone is more robust than the top end, a trait shared with ''[[Anchiornis]]''.<ref name="anchiornis">{{Cite journal|last1=Xu |first1=X. |last2=Zhao |first2=Q. |last3=Norell |first3=M. |last4=Sullivan |first4=C. |last5=Hone |first5=D. |last6=Erickson |first6=G. |last7=Wang |first7=X. |last8=Han |first8=F. |last9=Guo |first9=Y. |year=2009 |title=A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=430–435 |doi=10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6 }}</ref> Among the four [[metatarsal bones]] of the middle foot, metatarsal II is the shortest and most slender, being 88% of the length of metatarsal III, asides from metatarsal I (corresponding to the [[toe#hallux|hallux]], or digit I). Metatarsal III has 72% of the length of the thighbone, which is shorter than the third metatarsal of ''Sinovenator'' which has 90% of the length of the thighbone. Unlike in other troodontids,<ref name=norellmakovicky1999/> the bottom end of metatarsal II does not bear a [[hinge joint]] but is rounded, and a flange on the bottom of metatarsal IV is also missing; its being absent is a distinguishing characteristic of ''Jianianhualong''. However, metatarsal IV is overall robust as in other troodontids.<ref name=norellmakovicky1999/> Overall, the phalanges of the hallux are long, having together 31% of the length of metatarsal III; almost exactly the same ratio is present in ''[[Stenonychosaurus]]''.<ref name="desc"/>

[[File:Jianianhualong5.jpg|thumb|Feathers of ''J. tengi'' as preserved on the back (a) and base of the tail (b); photograph (c) and diagram (d) of an asymmetrical feather; photographs (e,f) of the tail frond]]
On the second toe of the foot (digit II), phalanx II-1, the first of the toe, has a tall top end, and is about 1.5 times the length of phalanx II-2, the second. Like in other derived deinonychosaurians, phalanx II-2 has a prominent "heel" at its top end, which is significantly extended.<ref name="velociraptor"/><ref name="deinonychus"/><ref name="curriepeng1994">{{cite journal | last1 = Currie | first1 = P.J. | last2 = Peng | first2 = J. | date = 1994 | title = A juvenile specimen of ''Saurornithoides mongoliensis'' from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 30 | issue = 10 | pages = 2224–2230 | doi = 10.1139/e93-193 | bibcode = 1993CaJES..30.2224C }}</ref><ref name="philovenator">{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1 = X. |last2=Zhao |first2 = Ji |first3=C. | last3 = Sullivan |last4 =Tan |first4 = Q.-W.|first5=M. | last5 = Sander |last6 =Ma |first6 = Q.-Y. |year=2012 |title=The taxonomy of the troodontid IVPP V 10597 reconsidered |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=140–150 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201204/P020120423369968204026.pdf}}</ref> The bottom end of phalanx II-2 bears extensions below and above the diameter of the shaft, a trait also seen in other troodontids and basal dromaeosaurids that would have enhanced the rotational arc of the joint.<ref name="xuwang2000">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Wang | first2 = X.-L. | title = Troodontid-like pes in the dromaeosaurid ''Sinornithosaurus'' | journal = Paleontological Society of Korea, Special Publication | volume = 4 | date = 2000 | pages = 179–188 | url = http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314312558767472.pdf}}</ref> Like derived troodontids and dromaeosaurids, the "sickle claw", the ungual of digit II, is strongly curved and bears a prominent flexor tubercle (an elevation serving as attachment for the tendon flexing the claw);<ref name="linhevenator"/><ref name="curriepeng1994"/> it is also much larger than the other phalanges in the second toe, being 1.4 times the length of phalanx II-1 whereas they have equal lengths in the foot of ''Sinovenator''.<ref name="desc"/>

===Preserved feathering===
Feathers are preserved alongside the entire vertebral column of ''Jianianhualong''. However, only those along the tail show much detail. On the bottom of the neck, feathers are preserved with a length of at least {{convert|30|mm|abbr=on}}. Those along the back and over the hip are longer, with a length of about {{convert|75|mm|abbr=on}}. Behind the tibia or shinbone, there are also some feathers measuring {{convert|70|mm|abbr=on}} in length. Additionally, some poorly preserved feathers are associated with the arm, both the humerus and ulna, having an unknown length.<ref name="desc"/>

Like that of ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]'', ''Anchornis'', and ''Archaeopteryx'', the tail of ''Jianianhualong'' supports a frond-like fan of [[pennaceous feather]]s along its entire length. Unlike ''Archaeopteryx'' and potentially ''Jinfengopteryx'',<ref name="archaeopteryx">{{cite journal |title= New specimen of ''Archaeopteryx'' provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers |journal=Nature |date=2014 |volume=511 |issue=7507 | doi = 10.1038/nature13467|bibcode = 2014Natur.511...79F |pmid=24990749 |pages=79–82|last1=Foth |first1=C. |last2=Tischlinger |first2=H. |last3=Rauhut |first3 = O.W.M.}}</ref><ref name="jinfengopteryx">{{cite journal | last1 = Ji | first1 = S. | last2 = Ji | first2 = Q. | date = 2007 | title = ''Jinfengopteryx'' compared to ''Archaeopteryx'', with comments on the mosaic evolution of long-tailed avialan birds | journal = Acta Geologica Sinica | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 337–343 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00957.x }}</ref> the feathers are curved, with at the end of the tail a convex front edge and a concave back edge; at the base of the tail it is the other way around. Feathers from the middle of the tail are {{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}} long and at least {{convert|10|mm|abbr=on}} wide. Like in ''Archaeopteryx'', at least some of the long pennaceous feathers lining the tail are asymmetric; one feather at the middle of the tail has a trailing (hind) [[feather#classification|vane]] that is about twice as wide as the leading (front) vane, with the [[feather#classification|barbs]] being respectively at angles of 10° and 15° for the two vanes. In ''Archaeopteryx'', the feathers at the end of the tail, which is not preserved in ''Jianianhualong'', are symmetrical and have rounded tips.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="jinfengopteryx" />

==Classification==
A number of characteristics allow ''Jianianhualong'' to be identified as a member of the Troodontidae. These include the long forward-projecting branch and flange of the lacrimal bonw; the foramina on the nasal bone; the smooth transition between the eye socket and the backward-projecting branch of the frontal bone; the ridge on the forward-projecting branch of the jugal bone; the triangular dentary bearing a widening groove; the robust forward-projecting branch of the surangular bone; the relatively large number of unevenly-distributed teeth; the flattened chevrons with blunt forward projections and bifurcated backward projections; and the broad and flat "pubic apron" formed by the pubic bones.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/>

Within the troodontids, ''Jianianhualong'' displays a unique combination of characteristics from both basal and derived troodontids, organized in distinct regions of its body. The forelimbs and pelvis largely resemble basal troodontids such as ''Sinovenator'': the short deltopectoral crest on the humerus; the long hand, metacarpal II, and phalanx III-2 on the hand; the small ilium; the ridge on the pubic apron; and the short ischium with two projections and an obturator process near the bottom of the bone.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/><ref name="xuthesis2002"/> At the same time, the skull and hindlimbs resemble derived troodontids: the deep jugal branch of the maxilla bearing a prominent groove, the sub-triangular antorbital fossa; the relatively long maxillary fenestra; the short jugal branch of the postorbital bone; the long hallux; the slender and short metatarsal II; the "heel" on phalanx II-2; and the large, curved sickle claw.<ref name="norellmakovicky2004"/> ''Sinosonasus'' exhibits a similar condition: the skull is like those of basal troodontids, and the pelvis and hindlimb are like those of derived troodontids. [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetically]], Xu and colleagues found ''Jianianhualong'' in a [[polytomy]] with ''Sinusonasus'' and several other intermediate troodontids. The strict consensus [[phylogenetic tree|tree]] recovered is reproduced below.<ref name="desc"/>
[[File:Jianianhualong Size.png|thumb|right|Size of ''Jianianhualon'' compared to human hand]]
{{Barlabel|size=14|at=2.5|label=|colour=red|style=font-size:85%
|cladogram=
{{cladex
|label1=[[Paraves]]
|1={{cladex
|1=[[Scansoriopterygidae]] {{font color|green|Symmetrical tail}}, wing unknown
|2=[[Avialae]] {{font color|red|Asymmetrical wing & tail}} |barbegin2=red
|3={{cladex
|1=''[[Wellnhoferia grandis]]'' |bar1=red
|2=''[[Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' {{font color|red|Asymmetrical wing & tail}} |barend2=red
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Xiaotingia zhengi]]''
|2=''[[Anchiornis huxleyi]]'' {{font color|green|Symmetrical wing}}, tail unknown}}
|4=[[Dromaeosauridae]] {{font color|red|Asymmetrical wing & tail}} |barbegin4=red
|label5=[[Troodontidae]]
|5={{cladex
|1=''[[Mei long]]'' |bar1=red
|2={{cladex
|1=''[[Sinovenator changii]]'' |bar1=red
|2={{cladex
|1=''[[Sinusonasus magnodens]]'' |bar1=red
|2='''''Jianianhualong tengi''''' {{font color|red|Asymmetrical tail}}, wing unknown |bar2=red
|3=[[SPS 100/44]] ("EK troodontid") |bar3=red
|4=''[[Sinornithoides youngi]]'' |bar4=red
|5=''[[Byronosaurus jaffei]]'' |bar5=red
|6={{cladex
|1=''[[Zanabazar junior]]'' |bar1=red
|2=''[[Saurornithoides mongoliensis]]'' |bar2=red
|3=''[[Troodon formosus]]'' |barend3=red }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

The conjunction of basal and derived features as distinct regions of the body in ''Jianianhualong'' and ''Sinosonasus'' represent a possible case of [[mosaic evolution]], in which evolutionary [[natural selection|selection]] acts upon distinct "modules" of the body.<ref name="brandon1999">{{cite journal | last1 = Brandon | first1 = R.N. | title = The Units of Selection Revisited: The Modules of Selection | journal = Biology and Philosophy | date = 1999 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–180 | doi = 10.1023/A:1006682200831 }}</ref> Indeed, the pattern in which basal and derived features are present seems to follow the domains of the body that are regulated by [[Hox gene]]s, which have previously been discussed in the context of [[pterosaur]]s such as ''[[Darwinopterus]]''.<ref name="darwinopterus">{{cite journal |last1=Lü |first1=J. |last2=Unwin |first2=D.M. |last3=Jin |first3=X. |last4=Liu |first4=Y. |last5=Ji |first5=Q. | year = 2010 | title = Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull | url = http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/10/12/rspb.2009.1603 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 277 | issue = 1680| pages = 383–389 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2009.1603 | pmid = 19828548 | pmc=2842655}}</ref> However, this hypothesis is weakened by the presence of characteristics in both troodontids that do not follow the pattern. In ''Jianianhualong'', for instance, the large antorbital fenestra, long tooth row of the maxilla, and finely-serrated teeth represent basal characteristics in an otherwise derived skull. Similarly, digit II of the foot in ''Sinusonasus'' is not as specialized as those of derived troodontids, despite the hindlimb being overall derived. Conversely, the forelimb of ''Jianianhualong'' is short overall as in derived troodontids, despite the presence of basal traits.<ref name="desc"/>

An [[ancestral reconstruction|ancestral state reconstruction]] conducted along with the phylogenetic analysis (results labelled in the above phylogenetic tree) suggests that wing feather asymmetry evolved only once, at the [[last common ancestor]] of the Paraves. Asymmetrical tail feathers would then also have evolved once, at the common ancestor of all paravians excluding [[scansoriopterygidae|scansoriopterygids]] and avialans. However, given the uncertainty of whether dromaeosaurids possessed asymmetrical wing feathers, the support for a single emergence of asymmetrical wing feathers in the common ancestor of the Paraves is equivocal, the alternative scenario that it evolved twice being plausible. The distinct possibility thus remains that troodontids had asymmetrical tail feathers but symmetrical arm feathers, suggesting that asymmetry in the tail appeared first, but this is not supported by the ancestral state reconstruction.<ref name="desc"/>

==Paleobiology==
[[File:Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features-f7.jpg|thumb|Restoration]]

===Feathering and aerodynamic implications===
''Jianianhualong'' preserves the first evidence of feathers in an unquestionable troodontid, with the troodontid affinities of taxa such as ''Anchiornis'', ''[[Eosinopteryx]]'', ''Jinfengopteryx'', and ''Xiaotingia'' having been questioned by various studies.<ref name="archaeopteryx"/><ref name="aurornis">{{Cite journal | last1 = Godefroit | first1 = P. | last2 = Cau| first2 = A. | last3 = Hu | first3 = D.-Y.| last4 = Escuillié | first4 = F. | last5 = Wu | first5 = W. | last6 = Dyke | first6 = G. | doi = 10.1038/nature12168 | title = A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds | journal = Nature | volume = 498| issue = 7454| pages =359–362| year = 2013 | pmid = 23719374| pmc = | bibcode = 2013Natur.498..359G }}</ref><ref name="xiaotingia">{{cite journal |title=An ''Archaeopteryx''-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae |url=http://www.ivpp.ac.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314389417822583.pdf |date=2011 |journal=Nature |volume=475 |pages=465–470 |doi=10.1038/nature10288 |issue=7357 |pmid=21796204|author1=Xu |first1=X. |last2=You |first2=H. |last3=Du |first3=K. |last4=Han |first4=F.}}</ref><ref name="agnolinnovas2013">{{cite book|first1=F.L. |last1=Agnolín |first2=F.E. |last2=Novas |year=2013 |title=Avian Ancestors: A Review of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Theropods Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria, ''Anchiornis'' and Scansoriopterygidae |publisher = Springer Netherlands |pages=1–96 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3 |series=SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences |isbn=978-94-007-5636-6}}</ref> Additionally, ''Jianianhualong'' represents the first record of asymmetrical feathers among troodontids, thus making troodontids the second group among non-avialan theropods to possess asymmetrical feathers; asymmetrical arm feathers are found in the [[microraptoria]]ns ''Microraptor'', ''[[Changyuraptor]]'', and possibly ''[[Zhenyuanlong]]''.<ref name="microraptor2">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = Z. | last3 = Wang | first3 = X. | last4 = Kuang | first4 = X. | last5 = Zhang | first5 = F. | last6 = Du | first6 = X. | date = 2003 | title = Four-winged dinosaurs from China | journal = Nature | volume = 421 | issue = 6921 | pages = 335–340 | doi = 10.1038/nature01342 | pmid = 12540892 | bibcode = 2003Natur.421..335X }}</ref><ref name="zhenyuanlong">{{cite journal|last1=Lü |first1= J.|last2=Brusatte| first2=S.L.|year=2015 |title=A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |page=11775 |doi=10.1038/srep11775 |pmid=26181289 |pmc=4504142 |bibcode= 2015NatSR...511775L}}</ref> Asymmetrical feathers are correlated with flight capabilities among paravians,<ref name="fedducchhia">{{cite journal | last1 = Feduccia | first1 = A. | last2 = Tordoff | first2 = H.B. | title = Feathers of ''Archaeopteryx'': Asymmetric Vanes Indicate Aerodynamic Function | journal = Science | volume = 203 | issue = 4384 | date = 1979 | pages = 1021–1022 | doi = 10.1126/science.203.4384.1021 | pmid = 17811125 | bibcode = 1979Sci...203.1021F }}</ref> and their emergence marked a major step in the evolution of modern avian feathers.<ref name="xu2014">{{cite journal|journal=Science|date=2014|volume=346|number=6215|doi=10.1126/science.1253293|title=An integrative approach to understanding bird origins|first1=X. | last1 = Xu |first2=Z. | last2 = Zhou |first3=R. | last3 = Dudley |first4=S. | last4 = Mackem |first5=C.-M. | last5 = Chuong |first6=G.M. | last6 = Erickson |first7=D.J. | last7 = Varricchio |pages=1253293 |pmid=25504729 }}</ref><ref name="xuguo2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = X. | last2 = Guo | first2 = Y. | year = 2009 | title = The origin and early evolution of feathers: insights from recent paleontological and neontological data |journal = Vertebrata PalAsiatica | volume = 47 | issue = 4| pages = 311–329 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272171464}}</ref><ref name="prum1999">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<291::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-9 |year=1999 |last1=Prum |first1=R.O |title=Development and Evolutionary Origin of Feathers |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution |volume=285 |issue=4 |pages=291–306 |pmid=10578107 |url = http://prumlab.yale.edu/publications/development-and-evolutionary-origin-feathers}}</ref> This trait may have been selected for due to its augmentation of locomotion on the ground or in the air.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="dececchi2016">{{cite journal |first1=T.A. | last1 = Dececchi |first2=H.C.E. | last2 = Larsson |first3=M.B. | last3 = Habib |year=2016 |title=The wings before the bird: an evaluation of flapping-based locomotory hypotheses in bird antecedents |journal=PeerJ |volume=4 |pages=e2159 |doi=10.7717/peerj.2159 |pmid=27441115 |pmc=4941780 }}</ref>

However, the presence of asymmetrical feathers in ''Jianianhualong'' does not guarantee that it was capable of either gliding or powered flight.<ref name="feo2015">{{cite journal|title = Barb geometry of asymmetrical feathers reveals a transitional morphology in the evolution of avian flight|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|date = 22 March 2015|issn = 0962-8452|pmc = 4345455|pmid = 25673687|page = 20142864|volume = 282|issue = 1803|doi = 10.1098/rspb.2014.2864|first = T.J.|last = Feo|first2 = D.J.|last2 = Field|first3 = R.O.|last3 = Prum }}</ref> The feathers in the tail of ''Jianianhualong'' could certainly have functioned in either maintaining feather stability (the barbs of the leading edge, having a low angle of 10°, augmented the vane's rigidity<ref name="ennos1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Ennos | first1 = A. | last2 = Hickson | first2 = J. | last3 = Roberts | first3 = A. | title = Functional morphology of the vanes of the flight feathers of the pigeon ''Columba livia'' | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 198 | date = 1995 | pages = 1219–1228 | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/5/1219.long}}</ref>) or controlling airflow (through the variation of the feathers' [[blade pitch]]).<ref name="norberg1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Norberg | first1 = U.M. | title = How a Long Tail and Changes in Mass and Wing Shape Affect the Cost for Flight in Animals | journal = Functional Ecology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | date = 1995 | pages = 48–54 | doi = 10.2307/2390089 | jstor = 2390089 }}</ref><ref name="theothernorberg1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Norberg | first1 = R.A. | year = 1995 | title = Feather asymmetry in ''Archaeopteryx'' | journal = Nature | volume = 374 | issue = 6519| page = 211 |bibcode = 1995Natur.374..211M |doi = 10.1038/374211a0 | url = https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v374/n6519/abs/374221a0.html}}</ref> However, these feathers differ from those of modern birds in that the barbs of the trailing edge also have a relatively low angle of approximately 15°. Thus, aerodynamically speaking, the feathers in the tail of ''Jianianhualong'' likely did not have the same function as those of modern birds.<ref name="feo2015"/> Regardless, the subtriangular outline of the tail frond, as well as the slots separating the tips of individual feathers, would have provided [[aerodynamic drag|drag]] reduction when the tail was in use.<ref name="desc"/><ref name="thomas1997">{{cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = A.L.R. | title = On the Tails of Birds | date = 1997 | journal = BioScience | volume = 47 | pages = 215–225 | doi = 10.2307/1313075 | issue = 4| jstor = 1313075 }}</ref><ref name="tucker1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Tucker | first1 = V.A. | title = Drag reduction by wing tip slots in a gliding Harris' hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus | journal = Journal of Experimental Zoology | volume = 198 | pages = 775–781 | date = 1995 | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/3/775.long}}</ref>

==Paleoecology==
[[File:Jinzhousaurus yangi.JPG|thumb|The hadrosauroid ''Jinzhousaurus'' was a contemporary of ''Jianianhualong'']]
After ''Mei'', ''Sinovenator'', ''Sinusonasus'', and ''Jinfengopteryx'', ''Jianianhualong'' is the fifth named troodontid that has been discovered in the [[Jehol Biota]] as a whole, with the first three other troodontids also originating from the Yixian Formation. With ''Jianianhualong'' and ''Sinusonasus'' representing "transitional" and more derived forms of troodontids compared to ''Mei'' and ''Sinovenator'', the diversity of troodontids within the Jehol was appreciable.<ref name="desc"/> Asides from troodontids, the Yixian Formation also preserves a diverse assemblage of other animals, both dinosaurian and non-dinosaurian. The [[hadrosauroidea|hadrosauroid]] ''[[Jinzhousaurus]]'' is known from Baicai Gou, the same locality as that of ''Jianianhualong'', as is the maniraptoran ''Yixianosaurus'' as well as hundreds of specimens from the [[choristodera|choristodere]] ''[[Hyphalosaurus]]''.

From elsewhere in the Dakangpu/Dawangzhangzi Beds, specimens have been discovered belonging to the birds ''[[Confuciusornis]]'', ''[[Hongshanornis]]'', ''[[Grabauornis]]'', ''[[Liaoxiornis]]'', ''[[Longicrusavis]]'', ''[[Shanweiniao]]'', ''[[Shenqiornis]]'', and ''[[Zhongornis]]''; the non-avialan theropod ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]''; the [[ceratopsia]]n ''[[Psittacosaurus]]''; the pterosaur ''[[Cathayopterus]]''; the lizards ''[[Dalinghosaurus]]'' and ''[[Yabeinosaurus]]''; the [[choristodera|choristodere]]s ''Hyphalosaurus'' and ''[[Monjurosuchus]]'', of which the former is highly abundant; the turtle ''[[Manchurochelys]]''; the mammals ''[[Acristatherium]]'', ''[[Akidolestes]]'', ''[[Chaoyangodens]]'', ''[[Eomaia]]'', ''[[Sinobaatar]]'', and ''[[Sinodelphys]]''; the frog ''[[Liaobatrachus]]''; and fish, including ''[[Lycoptera]]'' (of which ''L. davidi'' is numerous), ''[[Peipiaosteus]]'', and ''[[Protopsephurus]]''.

Environmentally, ''Jianianhualong'' lived in a [[lake|lacustrine]] area, as evinced by the [[tuff]]aceous [[sandstone]] present throughout the Dawangzhangzi Beds. Like the rest of the Yixian Formation, the environment represented by these assemblages was seasonally semi-arid, with a low mean air temperature of {{convert|10|±|4|C}}. The local [[flora]] consists of a mixed assemblage of [[gymnosperm]]s, such as ''[[Czekanowskia]]'', ''[[Schizolepis]]'', and the [[ephedra (plant)|ephedroids]] ''[[Amphiephedra]]'', ''[[Chengia]]'', ''[[Ephedrites]]'', and ''[[Liaoxia]]''; and also early [[flowering plant|angiosperms]], including ''[[Archaefructus]]'', ''[[Hyrcantha]]'' (formerly ''[[Sinocarpus]]''), ''[[Leefructus]]'', and ''[[Potamogeton]]''. ''Leefructus'' in particular is a [[eudicots|eudicot]], being among the earliest records of the group.

==See also==
* [[Timeline of troodontid research]]
*[[2017 in archosaur paleontology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Troodontidae}}

[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Feathered dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Troodontids]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2017]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Xu Xing]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip J. Currie]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lü Junchang]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2019-01-03T07:06:01Z

Paleocolour: /* Paleoart Fixes */

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review/Header}}

= Images in review =
== ''[[Juratyrant]]'' Size chart and known material ==
[[File:Juratyrant known elements skeletal.png|thumb|right]]
[[File:Juratyrant size chart.png|thumb|right]]
A diagram representing the known material of the holotypic specimen of ''Juratyrant''. Missing elements restored with ''Stokesosaurus'' skeleton by Scott Hartman, Skull restored after ''Sinotyrannus'', ''Proceratosaurus'' and ''Guanlong'' (after Loewen et al 2013, which places the genus under Proceratosauridae). The current diagram on the Wikipedia page doesn't seem to stick close to the material presented in the paper (specifically the hip) and the skull doesn't show many of the features diagnostic to the family. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 14:06, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
:It's a good start, although there is some room for improvement. For example, the placement of ''Juratyrant'' and ''Stokesosaurus'' within Proceratosauridae is not definite, with Brusatte & Carr (2016) being a good example of a study which places them outside of the group. Even if they were proceratosaurids, they may not necessarily have had crests, because ''Yutyrannus'' may have been part of the group yet it lacked the large, plate-like ''Guanlong''-style crest. I would recommend removing the crest from your silhouette. In addition, the preserved and missing portions of the illium visible in your skeletal more closely resemble those of the right illium rather than the left illium. Either you could change the shape of the grey areas, or flip the image to transform the left side into a right side. In addition, the skeleton also preserves bones of the left leg, albeit less complete than those of the right. The left leg in your skeletal seems to include the practically complete right leg, with the actual (incomplete) remains of the left leg being completely omitted. I would recommend flipping the image so that the right hip and leg bones are actually placed on the right side. After that you can add in the bones of the left leg in the other leg of the silhouette. You also seem to have omitted a partial anterior dorsal vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-30) from the base of the neck. You did seem to include the other four preserved dorsal vertebrae (OUMNH J.3311-2 through 5), but Benson (2008) doubted that they were continuous, so there were probably at least a few gaps between them. The sacral and tail vertebrae have few issues, although there was a thin partial vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) just behind OUMNH J.3311-10 (which you placed directly above the tip of the ischium). You will need to add this vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) as well as a couple of chevrons described by Benson (2008). If you didn't know, the right pubis is nearly complete, so you can show more material for that bone. You seemingly only included the incomplete left pubis. The ischium is the opposite case, with the left part of the bone being more complete than the right. If the skeletal is flipped so that we see it from the right (as I recommend), you'd also have to add in an incomplete right ischium overlapping the left bone which you already included.
:TL;DR- You put right side bones on the left side, so flip the image so that they are actually on the right side. Put in a few more vertebrae and the nearly complete right pubis. Fill the other leg with bones, since leg bones are known for both legs (although the left leg is less complete). Get rid of the crest since it may not be a Proceratosaurid. If you can access jstor, see Benson (2008) here for pictures and info: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20490999?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:33, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
::I've edited most of your suggestions: I don't agree with not including a crest however. True, Yutyrannus lacked a crest. However, all Proceratosaurids from the Jurassic which have well preserved skulls preserve a crest: Yutyannus is more derived. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 17:45, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
:::Thanks. Btw, the note on ''Yutyrannus'' was an afterthought to my main point, which is that ''Juratyrant'' was not a proceratosaurid according to the study of Brusatte & Carr (2016), which imho takes precedence over Loewen ''et al'' (2013). A few more notes: You put the partial vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) in front of the more complete one (OUMNH J.3311-10) when in reality OUMNH J.3311-11 was behind it. You also seem to have forgotten the left tibia and perhaps included a bit too much white area on the left femur. You may also want to include a partial right ischium overlaying the left ischium. Other than that it looks great. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 01:35, 30 May 2018 (UTC)
::::You're really close to perfection (I see you already added it to the article), but there are still a few little things to change. I honestly think that the crest should be omitted due to reasons I've outlined previously. The sliver of OUMNH J.3311-11 is from the front part of the vertebra, not the rear part (the little upper triangular extensions are prezygapophyses). You still need to include a few chevrons. Apart from those little fixes it's complete. Thanks for all the patience. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 03:26, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
:::::Pinging [[User:Eotyrannu5]] because it would be nice to have this one done and dusted ^-^--[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 21:15, 5 November 2018 (UTC)
:::::: Woops: apologies, been busy with work lately. Will try and finish this one ASAP [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 18:11, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::: [[User:Eotyrannu5]] ... --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 16:37, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::::::: Image has already been updated accordingly [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 11:08, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::: Great, I also like how you darkened the shading in the grey areas. I'm still not sure why the crest hasn't been removed, Loewen ''et al.'' (2013) seems to be an outlier among tyrannosauroid analyses, so I don't think that ''Juratyrant'' was a proceratosaurid. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 15:37, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::: Pinging [[User:Eotyrannu5]] again because c'mon dude, let's get shot of the crest and we can call it a day. Newest studies place it as a sister taxon to Eotyrannus, more derived than any proceratosaurid, so if any anatomical features in the silhouette need tweaking to reflect that relationship, that'd also be nice if necessary. --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 16:37, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Magnosaurus]]'' restoration from 2007 ==

[[File:Magnosaurus.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:HADROSAURUS.jpg|thumb]]

I don't think this restoration has been reviewed, but it probably should. The dinosaur seems too skinny, has visible fenestrae, and the limbs look quite strange.[[User:Kiwi Rex|Kiwi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kiwi Rex|talk]]) 16:06, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
:I recently removed a rather unsalvageable ''Hadrosaurus'' restoration from the same guy from its page. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 16:22, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
::Yea, it's just better to upload entirely new images instead of trying to fix these. There is a ''Magnosaurus'' reconstruction in Nobu Tamura's blog [http://spinops.blogspot.com/2013/08/magnosaurus-nethercombensis.html?q=magnosaurus] - what's necessary to upload it to Wikimedia Commons? And are there any problems with it? [[User:Kiwi Rex|Kiwi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kiwi Rex|talk]]) 19:05, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Noncommercial license. Can't be used. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA|2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA|talk]]) 21:06, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
*I've updated the ''Magnosaurus'' restoration. Let me know if changes are needed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 18:31, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
::It looks a lot better, but still quite skinny by megalosauroid standards. What's with the scutes on the hands? [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 01:20, 4 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Wow, that's a dramatic change! I wonder if the "drumstick could be made more pronounced. The fingers on the right hand also look slightly longer? As for the scutes, I guess they just reflect the scutes on bird feet (and crocodile limbs), don't think there is any evidence for or against. At least this [[Australovenator]] image[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australovenator_with_prey.PNG] has them too... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 01:27, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

== Request: ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'' scale diagram ==
[[File:Xixiasaurus.jpg|thumb|2013 restoration]]
[[File:Xixiasaurus Size Comparison by PaleoGeek.svg|thumb|2018 size chart]]

I will be expanding the ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'' for possible nomination as the first troodont GA/FA, and it currently needs a size diagram. The estimated size is given in the article, and though the estimated length of the skull isn't given in the description, it can perhaps be extrapolated from the scale bar (see image here:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_henanensis.jpg]). Not sure what the body should be based on, as it seems to jump the cladogram around from study to study, so as close to a "generic" troodont as possible. While we're at it, I thought it would be good to post my old, 2013 restoration of it for re-review (it was basically a modified version of my older [[Zanabazar junior]]). The feathers were largely based on ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]'', which perhaps wasn't a trodoont after all, and now the only definitely known feathered troodont is ''[[Jianianhualong]]''. I will definitely shorten the neck and change the tip of the mandible a bit (it seems to have been a bit downturned[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_jaws.jpg][http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Xixaosaurus%20s.JPG], which should also be shown in the diagram), but are there other suggestions? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 02:07, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:I love this illustration; the only suggestion I have right now is to make the neck feathers more extensive, giving the neck more volume as feathers do in modern birds. I think the feathers should also make the silhouette have a more gentle curve on the back of the neck. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 03:42, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::Thanks, I'll fix that; though there are of course many long necked birds where the feathers don't change the contour of the neck much, such as [[flamingoes]], [[storks]], and [[swans]], it seems to have been the case in [[deinonychosaurs]]. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:10, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I think I'll take this one, especially since I don't do size charts too often now! [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:01, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Cool, your [[Thalassodromeus]] diagram also got a compliment from a reviewer! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:28, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Along with the poofy neck feather thing, I think that the nostril might be a little too high up. As far as I know, the current thinking for theropod nostrils is that they wet moreso at the bottom of the nares <ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5531/850]</ref> [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 17:08, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::The front of the bony nares, yeah, as far as I can see it is? I think maybe that black splotch behind what I meant to be the nostril is what threw you off, I'll paint it out... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 17:20, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I have now made a bunch of anatomical fixes~to the restoration. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:22, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Great! Should help figure things out with the size chart. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:30, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Sorry for the long wait! Personal affairs and all. I'll get started on this soon. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:27, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::That's fine (I'm still writing anyway), I've made some space ready for it at the upper left of the description section... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:41, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::By the way, the body of this [[Byronosaurus]][http://images.dinosaurpictures.org/byronosaurus2_3c85.jpg] coupled with the head here[http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Xixaosaurus%20s.JPG] could maybe guide the proportions. The first skeletal looks like it was done by Jaime Headden, but I can't really find it on any proper website. Do you think we can upload it to Commons, {{u|IJReid}}? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:43, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Ah yes I think we can, i know it is made by Headden we just don't really have a "source". But they are his and that means we can upload them. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 23:56, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::I wonder how many images of his scattered on the web we still need to upload? I recall there was a lot on the now defunct Dinosauricon, maybe they can be found through the [[Wayback Machine]]... And {{u|PaleoGeekSquared}}, if you choose to include feathers in the size diagram, remember to not make the tail feathers part of the length! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:16, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
*Finally I finished this! Sorry for the long wait. I took your advice on Headden's skeletal, and matched the silhouette up to the restoration's proportions as well. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:17, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
::Worth the wait! There is something about the frontmost leg, I think the fact that the two legs have the exact same pose. This would make it seem like the front leg is attached further forwards on the body, and doesn't attach to the body at the same level as the hindmost leg... They could be more offset, like here:[http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2012/12/field-guide-rejects-arctic-troodont.html] The hand claws also seem to have been more strongly curved:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_hand_bones.jpg] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:48, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Saw my comment here, {{u|PaleoGeekSquared}}? I'll send the article to FAC soon (Irritator is just about promoted, and it seems good to maybe only have one dinosaur at FAC at a time with so few reviewers around). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 08:09, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
::::Sorry, I seem to have been stalling with a lot of these fixes (including your comments on the ''Alectrosaurus'' head and ''Suchomimus'' paleoecology image down below) since I've been so busy this past month. I practically just make an image and leave it now, hehe. I'll open up inkscape and correct this one right now. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 02:49, 3 January 2019 (UTC)
:::::Fixed both issues, hopefully. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:06, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

== [[Psittacosaurus]] ==
[[File:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis reconstruction.jpg|thumb]]
Hello, I’ve spent some time making this reconstruction of a father Psittacosaurus mongoliensis sitting down, and I was wondering if it could be used in the article. Any critique? I can also bring in a version with a neat and background, if that would be more suitable. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 04:27, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
:It appears you have drawn a claw on the fourth finger; there should only ever be claws on the first three. An issue which is perhaps too late to fix, but which you should consider in the future, is perspective in the scales; if a round scale is seen foreshortened, it should be oval. In this restoration, all the scales at the margins of the animals silhouette should become gradually more oval, and almost flat at the contours. Now they are all round, which wouldn't make sense. You can see what I mean in for example these lizard photos[https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/B-sAAOSwW0Vb1Apn/s-l1600.jpg][http://www.asergeev.com/pictures/archives/2013/1244/jpeg/27.jpg] (also check the front view[https://fsmedia.imgix.net/1a/be/30/ce/0a05/4d35/98eb/6bc468231e0e/meetpsittacosaurus-lead-contender-for-the-most-adorable-thing-to-ever-walk-the-earth.jpeg?dpr=2&auto=format%2Ccompress&w=441] of the Bob Nicholls Psittacosaurus mdel), note how the scales appear flattened as the topography of the head curves. It might not seem like a big deal, but I think it is important to be accurate if individual scales absolutely have to be shown. Another thing, it looks a bit jarring that the quills stop short of connecting with the body. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:39, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm a bit confused where the quills on the left side of the image are coming from? From what I can tell they're limited to the tail like is preserved on the specimen, but if they are they shouldn't be sprouting over there. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 05:18, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The midline of the back in that specimen is obscured, though, so in theory there could be quills... But yeah, here they seem to be coming from the level of the legs, though. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:37, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
::::What is the evidence for the little postorbital horns on the upper side of the skull? And shouldn't the skull table (behind those horns, where the upper temporal fenestrae would have been) be flat instead of strongly rounded? Looks like the neck starts right after the eye openings. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 08:06, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

== Further edits to [[spinosaur]] images ==
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Baryonyx_life_restoration.jpg|Corrected skull shape
|File:Four spinosaurids by Abelov2014.jpg|Corrected skull shape
|File:Suchomimus_BW.jpg|Added background, hid wonky hind limbs underwater, fixed skull proportions, smoother sail
|File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_2.jpg|Less exaggerated projection on the rear of nasal crest
|File:Erlhaz_Formation.jpg|Fixed skull proportions on left ''[[Suchomimus]]'', obscured right individual behind additional ferns
|File:Spinosaurus_life_restoration_with_Onchopristis.jpg|Did some minor edits, such as removing the signature and adding an ear hole
|File:Mother_Suchomimus_with_juveniles.png|Adjustments to skull and sail shape of the animals
}}

I fixed up the ''[[Baryonyx]]''{{'}}s skull in these two images according to this[/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG/1280px-Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG] skull reconstruction, they should now be in tip-top shape for article use. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:24, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:Good warping! I'll send the Baryonyx off to the WikiJournal soon then... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:36, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::Here's three more images I tried to salvage, let me know if the changes are acceptable. I was thinking that the new Nobu Tamura Sucho could go in ''[[Cristatusaurus]]'' under the Paleoecology section, since we already have a large amount of good ''[[Suchomimus]]'' restorations. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 13:58, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The NT image still has a pretty weirdly rotated hand... Maybe it could just be rotated down? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:25, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Rotated it somewhat, does this fix the issue? [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:57, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::I'd say so (the snout seems to dip deeper than the legs, but maybe not so obviously). Id advise against changing the name of the file though, the image is used on many other Wikipedia pages where it is identified as Suchomimus. You should rather state in an image caption that it was similar/possibly identical to that animal or something. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:58, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Ah, I forgot it was used on other wiki pages. I took your suggestion. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 15:05, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::One issue that makes the image look a bit weird is that you have scaled up the restoration, which makes it very blurry, contrasting wit the background. Maybe the whole image should be scaled back down so the dinosaur is of its original size. Looking again, I also wonder if you could make the legs less deep in the water, because it does seem like the snout should be submerged as well from this perspective. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:34, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I lifted up the neck and reduced the resolution of the image so it is much closer to the original. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 18:03, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::I can't see the source to the background photo? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:39, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Here's a ''Spinosaurus'' by Nobu Tamura that I uploaded, the only one of his restorations of it based on the new reconstruction. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:56, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Aaaand the final spinosaurid image for the day: a ''Suchomimus'' and four of her juveniles traversing a floodplain, put together using some lower quality spinosaurid restorations by Nobu and Abelov. And now we officially have more than enough ''Suchomimus'' restorations (7 exactly). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:09, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::More than we'll ever need, probably! The perspective is a bit off in the newest image; you have a horizon line through the largest animal, but the animals below it are shown directly from the side, whereas the viewer would have to look slightly down upon following in that perspective. It is most obvious in the frontmost animal, though. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:14, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Carnotaurinae]] size diagrams ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Carnotaurini sizes.png|Old Carnotaurini size diagram
|File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|New Carnotaurini size diagram
|File:Carnotaurinae sizes.png|Carnotaurinae size diagram
}}

I've created some size comparison diagrams. One is to replace the difficult to read old Carnotaurini size diagram, and one is a size diagram of all of Carnotaurinae. Let me know if any changes are needed. I attempted to make it so the entire silhouette of each dinosaur was visible and readable, let me know if that worked as well as I hoped. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 14:37, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
:The new Carnotaurini diagram isn't displaying right for me. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 15:25, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
::Fixed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 15:31, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I like it, but the only issue is it will be hard to simply distinguish them by colour, since multiple taxa are similar colours than could all be considered "green" or "blue" or "orange". '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:58, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Another issue is how unstable abelisaur taxonomy is, "Carnotaurini" and "Carnotaurinae" have few consistent members. I would recommend focusing on Abelisauridae in general. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 02:46, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Regarding the "Carnotaurini" size diagram, even if it was unstable it would at least be a good replacement for the greyscale, unlabeled version that is used in nearly a dozen articles. I think for both size charts, even if classifications change in the future, it would be easy enough to relabel it as "Size comparisons of selected abelisaurs". A more useful size diagram might be comparisons of species that lived in the same environment during the same time, but there is still usefulness in visualizing the sizes of species within Abelisauridae as a whole. I think the colours of the Carnotaurini size diagram are visually different enough, however I can see the larger Carnotaurinae diagram being problematic. I tried to layer it light on dark but most dark colours have ended up looking the same, so I'll fix that. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 12:16, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::I've updated the colours on the Carnotaurinae digram. When referring to them, it should be clear enough to use (from left to right): Orange, Purple, Blue, Yellow, Grey, Green, Dark Green, Red, Cyan, Brown. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 10:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Anurognathid]] ==
[[File:Jeholopterus reconstruction.png|thumb]]
I’ve made a reconstruction of Jeholopterus according to the Yang et al 2018 study on Anurognathid “pycnofeathers”. The study showed that the unidentified Anurognathid (judging by Locality and physical appearance, likely Jeholopterus or a related animal) had red “pycnofeathers”. As of now, both the Anurognathus restoration and Jeholopterus restoration are extremely outdated. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 16:10, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Seems a shame not to show more of the body, since the distribution of integument types is what's interesting about the specimens. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:25, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::It’s too late for that; plus, I wouldn’t be able to show the filament variation. Drawing the individual strands on each individual pycnofeather would be a Herculean and pointless task. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 16:45, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
It is not definitely ''Jeholopterus'' and could very well be ''Dendrorhynchoides''. If this is meant to be a reconstruction of the (immature) specimen and not an actual ''Jeholopterus'' then it probably should not be associated with the ''Jeholopterus'' page. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:08, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Phylogenetic bracketing allows the integument to be put on both taxa either way. Alternatively, we could write a section about the specimens on the anurognathid page and merely use this there. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 18:39, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
Where does the red color come from? [[User:Jonathunder|Jonathunder]] ([[User talk:Jonathunder|talk]]) 20:23, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:This study<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0728-7</ref>.

:Also, I’ve changed it to an unnamed Anurognathid. The skull most closely matches [[Anurognathus]], which also needs a new illustration. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 20:28, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm sure {{u|Paleocolour}} could fix the old DBogdanov illustration[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AnurognathusDB.jpg] according to the new study (isn't too far off to begin with, incredibly, similar thing happened when I drew [[Sinornithosaurus]]). What a time to be alive, that it is now a recurring thing to go back and add the actual colouration to old restorations of extinct animals... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 20:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Frankly I don’t think it’s worth trying to fix. The study showed that the feathers densely covered the entire body, ans the arms and feet, and tiny bit of the mouth, as seen in my reconstruction. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 20:43, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I think even I would be able to do the fixes, so I'm sure she can do it even better (with newer version of Photoshop and all). Adding fur takes time, but it's easy to do. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:22, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

== Lucas Attwell ''Emausaurus'' ==

[[File:Emausaurus Hagen Theropod.jpg|thumb]]
A very nice illustration but I don't think it was ever reviewed. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:15, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Definitely needs clearer proof of permission. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:49, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::It looks like it now has a CC BY-SA 3.0 License on its DA page: [https://www.deviantart.com/lucas-attwell/art/Emausaurus-and-ceratosaur-777406728]. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 19:19, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Yeah, seems like the uploader finally got it sorted out. So now I guess we can evaluate this and the other of his images. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:38, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

== Revised ''[[Alectrosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Alectrosaurus Profile by PaleoGeek.png|thumb|January 2018]]
[[File:Alectrosaurus portrait by PaleoGeek.jpg|thumb|December 2018]]

Since I recently started digital art[https://www.instagram.com/p/BrgibDzFimF/] I thought it'd be a good idea to explore and try out this new art medium with some Wikipedia restorations, seeing as I have a while without making any. So which better one to remake than my old ''[[Alectrosaurus]]''? The previous one was admittedly an ugly, unrealistic mess, so hopefully you'll find this one more acceptable. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:21, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:The nostril should be placed nearer the bottom of the nares, rather than the top. This is based on a study which showed Tyrannosaurus likely had a fleshier nostril, pushing it down towards the jaw and the tip of the snout.<ref>http://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5531/850</ref> I’d asssume it would be roughly the same in Alectrosaurus. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 19:47, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm aware of the nostril placement paper, and did put it at the bottom of the external nares (see this skull diagram[http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Alectrosaurusskullnew.jpg]). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:51, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
*Looks like a good new direction! The curcular patches look a bit too neat (compared to living animals), though, could their outlines maybe be a bit more irregular? As for nostril placement, the take home message of the Witmer paper was they were placed at the front of the bony naris (as seems to be shown here), not necessarily at the bottom (though the front of the naris is often lower than the rest, and therefore often "the bottom"). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:24, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I gave the face patches a more textured outline, similar to that which can be seen on the dark to light colour transition on the side of the neck. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 21:38, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Cool, exactly what I had in mind! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Great! Added to the article. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:22, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::At a closer look, the eye is completely circular, but most bird eyes (or their visible outlines) are at least a bit oval and have little indentations at the front and the back, showing where the eyelids meet. Not sure what it's called, but should probably be added. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

== Megalosaurid skulls ==

<gallery>
File:Dubreuillosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]''
File:Magnosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Magnosaurus]]''
File:Afrovenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Afrovenator]]''
File:Leshansaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Leshansaurus]]''
File:Eustreptospondylus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Eustreptospondylus]]''
File:Torvosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Torvosaurus]]''
File:Megalosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Megalosaurus]]''
File:Wiehenvenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Wiehenvenator]]''
File:Duriavenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Duriavenator]]''
File:Megalosaur skulls.png|Composite to replace Conty's
</gallery>
A long-awaited project I'm finally beginning now, the skulls of all megalosaurids. Starting with the most complete, Dubreuillosaurus. All megalosaurids with cranial (non-braincase) material will get a skull reconstruction, all to the same scale of 10px/cm and all following the same colour palette, hoping to replace Conty's old collage. Comments? Unknown bones are based on other megalosaurids that have them, quadrate from Eustreptospondylus and posterior mandible from Megalosaurus (all other bones are known in Dubreuillosaurus). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 02:23, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:Oddly enough Dubreuillosaurus' closest relative, Magnosaurus, has a dentary of the same size, and thus the only difference here is the dentary known. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 03:00, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
::Can't say much for accuracy, but it would probably be good to track down what the diagram you based it on was published in. It seems Torvosaurus is known from as much material, just not form a single specimen... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I currently have all the descriptive papers of the cranial material open as separate tabs right now. Torvosaurus preserves essentially the same material, but in several specimens, and lacking the skull roof, squamosal, and almost the entire dentary. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 15:37, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:Afrovenator is now finished, onto the next taxon. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 17:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::Why does the Headden skeletal show what looks like part of the mandible? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:11, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It's not just the Headden skeletal. The bone was also in Sereno's original skeletal diagram. The theropod database lists it as a prearticular. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:47, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::It's a prearticular which means its on the internal side of the mandible, and thus not visible in lateral view if the angular and surrangular are shown. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:58, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:Another megalosaurid added, Leshansaurus. The white bones are figured, light grey bones are described (very poorly) so as much as I can tell to be preserved is shown. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 01:11, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:Now 100% more ''Eustreptospondylus''. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:45, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:And now ''Torvosaurus'' is done. I plan to make ''Megalosaurus'' next to so I can finally replicate Conty's diagram and replace it, it's not very representative of the megalosaur cranial anatomy and diversity. I'm probably going to make all the skulls to the same length, instead of all to scale, since Torvosaurus absolutely dwarfs the others so far. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:36, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::''Torvosaurus'' apparently has a fourth premaxillary tooth according to Hendrickx, Mateus, & Araujo (2015)[http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.4202/app.00056.2013], ''contra'' earlier studies but more in line with the cranial anatomy of other megalosaurids. Other than that everything looks good. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 00:06, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::An additional premaxillar tooth has been added, along with ''Megalosaurus'', now finished (and with 4 premax teeth). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 05:50, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:Well another is done, and the composite image as well. Only Duriavenator left unless I decide to do T. gurneyi in addition to T. tanneri. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 23:09, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::Have you considered labeling the composite within the image itself? Or at least putting in a key (like A), B), etc.) [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 20:28, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Good point, done. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 04:53, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:Duriavenator is finished, and I think this project is along with it. Unless there are concerns, I will archive this section at the end of the month and add images to articles if there is room. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 18:14, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
::What about ''[[Piveteausaurus]]'', or is it too fragmentary? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:05, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It's only a braincase, no external skull bones, so I didn't include it. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 07:33, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Saltriovenator]]'' ==
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Saltriovenator restoration.png|Saltriovenator restoration
|File:Saltriovenator Skeletal Diagram.png|Skeletal diagram
|File:Saltriovenator size.png|Size diagram
}}

Made this one using the official skeletal in the paper. I think it is okay, don't mislead the boot with the perineal muscolar area
:The legs feel very lacking in muscles. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 23:47, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
::The frontmost leg seems very straight. It would never reach that position during a walk. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:13, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I've rearranged and lengthened the legs as according to the skeletal diagram. I've also added a size diagram based on the estimated length from the paper. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:11, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

::::You mean the ischiadic boot? What reasons are there to assume that the cloaca was located so far to behind?--[[User:MWAK|MWAK]] ([[User talk:MWAK|talk]]) 09:46, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

:::::Oh my bad yes of course I mean the ischiadic boot... anyway, the drawing was made using the skeletal as a reference but with a different leg position so that the more cranially placed leg gives the optical illusion of a more caudally placed booty. If you still have doubts try measuring the drawing proportions and comparing them with the skeletal. Thank you Lusotitan for the new leg arrangement! Sorry I'm not that practical with wikipedia still I forgot to sign [[User:Dennonychus|Dennonychus]]

::::::What's the ruling on modifications to images from the paper? 'Cause I'm thinking it wouldn't hurt to try and beef up that skeletal a little more... --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 18:46, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Disagree. It's no lankier than many Scott Hartman skeletals. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 22:09, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::It is inherent in the license "to remix – to adapt the work", but I don't see why it is necessary to modify it either. Some animals are fat, some are skinny, but there is a current trend in palaeoart to add maximum bulk, which is just that, a trend. If we want to draw an image like that, fine, but no need to add something speculative to someone else's art. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:37, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::: I'd say the calves and back need a tad more beef, and I'm using Hartman's skeletals as a standard. --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 23:30, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Why the back? Hartman's skeletals, and those of most others, don't show much space between the neural spines and the margin of the silhouette. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:53, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::Should ''Saltriovenator'' have osteoderms? It is outside of the ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''+''[[Carnotaurus]]'' group, but it is still a ceratosaur. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:59, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::The nasal horn is probably even less likely then, both Ceratosaurus and abelisaurs had osteoderms. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:18, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::"A single median crest on the nasals and a distinct lacrimal crest are variably developed in basalmost averostrans known from cranial elements and belonging to both Ceratosauria and Tetanurae. These features are optimized as averostran and ceratosaurian symplesiomorphies in our phylogenetic analysis. Accordingly, these ornamentations are depicted in our reconstruction of the Italian ceratosaurian, pending more complete material." [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:45, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::I agree that the crest is accurate, due to its presence in coelophysoids, dilophosaurids, ''Ceratosaurus'', and ''Monolophosaurus''. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 19:26, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::I wouldn't say "accurate", as we have no way of knowing, but it is a speculative possibility, just like the osteoderms. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:22, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::The crest is more than just speculation, in a sense. It's no less accurate than the other traits constrained by phylogenetic bracketing, as is the case here. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 04:35, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Well, only one other theropod has a single nasal horn, and that is Ceratosaurus. The others have longitudinal crests, running the length of the nasals, and coelophysoids did not have crests at all, if those of [[Syntarsus kayentakatae]] are just displaced nasals, as has been suspected for some time (same goes for [[Zupaysaurus]]). But in any case, I'm not arguing for removing the horn or anything, just saying osteoderms could be inferred through bracketing just as well (both abelisaurs and Ceratosaurus had them, so it could be primitive to the group). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 07:52, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::''Saltriovenator'' does not fall under any bracket for osteoderms - the ''Ceratosaurus'' + Abelisauridae node is further up the tree and so it falls out of the bracket. Now, this bracket is still pretty close, so it can be inferred it may have had them, but it's just as reasonable not to have them. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 22:04, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::''Ceratosaurus'' is the only ceratosaur with osteoderms. Abelisaurs didn't have them. ''Saltriovenator'' shouldn't be depicted with them. Agree ''Saltriovenator'' probably had a crest, but I recommend not giving it the exact same crest shape as the skeletal (because it's speculative and I don't want the skeletal to become a meme).[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 03:58, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::Perhaps, but that still isn't grounds for rejecting the image. So this isn't the place for the discussion. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 04:13, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::::[[Carnotaurus]] had "keeled protuberances"[https://nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS416.pdf] on its skin, whatever that means, and it has certainly been depicted as something akin to osteoderms (so whatever we call it, it isn't far form what is shown in the restoration here). But then again, it might just be spot, isn't clearly rendered here. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:21, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::::Large scales aren't osteoderms, and the arrangement of the large scales of ''Carnotaurus'' (spread over much of the body) aren't anything like the arrangement of the osteoderms in ''Ceratosaurus'' (single row along midline of back). We can't rule out large scales like ''Carnotaurus'', but a row of osteoderms like ''Ceratosaurus'' seems unlikely. So I don't think osteoderms should be added.[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 23:02, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::::::It was a moot point to begin with, because I thought this image showed osteoderms (which is why I argued for them being kept), but it didn't when I looked closer. Then of course, you could argue whether feathers are more or less likely than osteoderms, as are shown both here and in some of the press release artwork... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:43, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::::::OK, I see now. I had initially misinterpreted this as a suggestion to add osteoderms, which I disagreed with. My mistake. FWIW, I think feathers are much more likely than osteoderms (as osteoderms seem to be an autapomorphy of ''Ceratosaurus'' within theropods, whereas feathers are now known from all over Ornithodira despite their low preservation potential).[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 13:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

==''[[Fosterovenator]]''==
[[File:Fosterovenator.png|thumb|''Fosterovenator'' skeletal restoration]]

The outline of this restoration ought to be revised to make it more like ''Elaphrosaurus'' and ''Limusaurus'' because Dalman (2014) considers ''Fosterovenator'' closer to ''Elaphrosaurus'' than to ''Ceratosaurus'', which means he erred in assigning ''Fosterovenator'' to Ceratosauridae and Carnosauria more broadly, and should have clarified that he was assigning it to Ceratosauria given that ''Fosterovenator'' is a small-bodied theropod.[[User:Extrapolaris|Extrapolaris]] ([[User talk:Extrapolaris|talk]]) 20:06, 22 December 2018 (UTC)Vahe Demirjian
:I would say that either one is too speculative to be of much use. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 23:48, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Rahiolisaurus]]'' ==
[[File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|thumb|Life restoration of ''Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis'']]
I ended up scrapping that lineart I sketched earlier and did a painting of ''Rahiolisaurus'' instead. Let me know if any changes are needed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 13:53, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:It looks very accurate and aesthetically glaring. I appreciate the fact that the mouth is closed and has "lips". The only thing I'm not totally sure is the maybe excessively squinted eye, it looks like the animal is using some sort of mammalian, complexity-wise, palpebral muscles. [[User:Dennonychus|Dennonychus]]
::It seems the ankle of the back leg is a bit too flexed for the position the lower leg is placed in; it should probably be tilted a bit back, like the similar pose in Hartman's skeletals, the weight seems a bit unsupported now. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Regarding the eye, I was inspired by bird eyes and the tissue found around their eyes. The rest was meant to represent wrinkles on the face over the fenestra. I think it's relatively minor, so I'm going to leave it as-is but take it into account for my next restoration. The leg was positioned to make it look as though it's leaning forward, and I made sure to keep the thigh and ankle parallel to each other, but I think my shading obscured the shapes a little. I do think this is also very minor, and doesn't put the leg in an especially unnatural pose. Again, I will keep that in mind in the future. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:48, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''Nemegtomaia'' eggs ==

[[File:Nesting Nemegtomaia.jpg|thumb|Nesting ''[[Nemegtomaia]]'']]
{{u|Jens Lallensack}} recently notified me of this dissertation[http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2018/5246/5246.pdf], which seems to state the egg arrangement in my ''[[Nemegtomaia]]'' restoration (shown on page 148) is wrong: "'''Note that the arrangement of clutch is upsidedown, with the eggs inclined outwards and the pointed end directed upward. This is also the first reconstruction that shows integumentary appendages (filamentous feathers and planar feathers) in the adult .Note that the eggs are pigmented based on the evidence for biliverdin preservationin the Macroolithus yaotunensis eggs (Wiemann et al., 2017)'''". I followed this figure[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nemegtomaia_nest.png] in the Fanti paper, though, but the arrangement could of course have been disturbed. What do people think, should I change the position of the eggs, or am I reading something wrong? Pinging {{u|Ashorocetus}}, our only egg-expert... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:27, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:Well that's kinda cool. It seems that the proper nest orientation is with eggs close to vertical, and leaning slightly inwards, with multiple rings. Not sure what change you'd make to display that but from the text and critiques to other images that seems to be whats correct. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 17:05, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

:Well my expertise has been challenged since I should have known this beforehand, but yes you did read that correctly and the eggs should be inclined outward. I am sorry I didn't catch this when you were first making the reconstruction. [[Ashorocetus]] ([[User talk:Ashorocetus|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ashorocetus|contribs]]) 17:12, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::I must admit I have a bit of a hard time envisioning this. Perhaps the eggs wouldn't even be visible from this angle? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 09:49, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Sarcosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Sarcosaurus known material.png|thumb|Sarcosaurus known material]]
''Sarcosaurus'' diagram of known material: reconstruction based on basal Ceratosaurs (such as ''Berberosaurus'' and particularly ''Saltriovenator''). The Skull was made to look more generic and less like more derived Ceratosaurs such as ''Ceratosaurus''. "Liassaurus", referred to "cf. Sarcosaurus woodi" is smaller than the holotype: material in light grey is preserved, but to what extent is uncertain as it is not figured. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:I think there could be a bigger difference between the greys used. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 12:05, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::For the silhouette? [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 13:28, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It says "material in light grey is preserved", but it is very hard to distinguish between the greys used, they all look light (including the grey that denotes missing parts). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:49, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I personally would recommend the use ~20% gray for unfigured and ~50% gray for unknown (that's what I've done for ''Puertasaurus'', ''Argentinosaurus'', and ''Volgatitan''). --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:34, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Personally I use hex 808080 for a darker grey and hex a6a6a6 for a lighter grey (see Leshansaurus skull above). I think the light grey here is fine maybe the darker could be darker though. I see no anatomical issues with the skeletals anyhow. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:28, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Updated. Hopefully it is darker now. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 16:42, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Looks good to me. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:49, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::Yep. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:48, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Since ''Sarcosaurus'' appears to be a dilophosaurid, or at least in that general part of the phylogenetic tree, shouldn't its head look more dilophosaur-like and be crested?[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 04:06, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::''Sarcosaurus'' is in a similar boat to ''Saltriovenator'' (I even found the former to be basalmost ceratosaur in an extension of the Carrano matrix) so any cranial decoration is hit or miss. A lack of any is the most objective route to take. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 05:33, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::I still disagree with that philosophy. In the absence of hard data, soft data gleaned from phylogenetic bracketing is much more preferable than defaulting to nothing. And phylogenetic bracketing would support at least some kind of crest in this area.[[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:00, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::Lacrimal crests at least, they are very widespread. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:22, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::The main problem is with the phylogeny I got, crestless Limusaurus was between Sarcosaurus and Ceratosaurus. I don't remember if Masiakasaurus was also basal or not, but from that result it appeared more likely that crests evolved multiple times. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:24, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::There is some debate over ''Limusaurus'''s phylogenetic placement; it may be a noasaurid, in which case a loss of cranial ornamentation is a derived feature of Noasauridae, which are (generally) considered to be deeper within Ceratosauria than ''Ceratosaurus''. Cranial ornamentation (in a general sense) is common to abelisaurids, basal tetanurans (''Monolophosaurus''), dilophosaurids, and plenty of incertae sedis early Jurassic theropods like ''Cryolophosaurus'' and ''Sinosaurus''. Even ''Masiakasaurus'' has some strange texturing on its facial bones which imply that its ancestors had ornamentation. Even if ''Limusaurus'' did have a basal position within Ceratosauria, the evidence is still strongly in support of cranial ornamentation being the default for early Jurassic theropods.[[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 21:28, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Like with Saltriovenator above, our best bet it to accept what the artist has done, because anything goes. Depending on the phylogeny, ceratosaurs could be closer to tetanurans than crested theropods (= no crest), Sinosaurus could be basalmost ceratosaur (= large crest), crested theropods could lie on either side of Ceratosauria but not within in (= small crest) or even something more radical. I know all of these results have been found using various phylogenies, and the state of uncertainty around everything at this point in the tree cannot be understated. Megalosaurs (all lacking any crests save Afrovenator and spinosaurs) might be their own clade, or they could be carnosaurs. "Dilophosaurs" (all having prominent crests) could be a clade and therefore not provide support for basal crests; or a continuous grade and therefor support large crests as basal to Averostra; or could be a clade broken up by ceratosaurs and therefore support crests as basal to ceratosaurs, megalosaurs and carnosaurs. We just don't know, so deeming one thing inaccurate wouldn't make sense (I think Saltriovenator should be crestless as well, but as an unknown I think anything goes). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 21:51, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::Generally I agree that paleoart for Wikipedia should be as conservative as possible, but I would like to point out that in the Saltriovenator paper’s phylogeny, Sarcosaurus is a dilophosaurid. As far as I know it is also found close to Dilophosaurus in most other phylogenies. Under such circumstances, I think depicting it without crests becomes a situation where it’s probably violating the phylogenetic bracket. [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 16:15, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Sarcosaurus is basal to dilophosaurs in the Wang Limusaurus phylogeny [https://www.cell.com/cms/10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043/attachment/a87a9a2e-d5af-4f45-aadb-ce313e567a95/mmc1.pdf] which I didn't even consider, but makes it too basal for crests. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:28, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::In that case, shouldn’t Sarcosaurus be reconstructed as much more coelophysoid-like? I can see it being reconstructed like Coelophysis or Dilophosaurus, but I don’t see why it would look like it does in this image.[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 01:23, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::It has been recovered as a basal ceratosaur before so that is one valid approach to take. I see no issue with the silhouette, it'd be accurate as a dilophosaur-like animal but it's also fine like this. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 01:38, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::In what recent published study has it been found to be a ceratosaur? [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 13:18, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Dicraeosauridae]] Size Comparison ==

[[File:Dicraeosauridae Scale.svg|thumb|right|AT LAST!!!]]
Remember how long, long ago I said that I would make a dicraeosaurid size comparison? Well, since no one else has made it for me, I decided to upload it for the winter holidays. (Oh yeah - [https://svpow.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/2009-12-19-zoo-and-museums-201.jpg "Santaposeidon" came to town].) Anyways, the image description's quite long, due to the number of taxa included. Hopefully I didn't make any major mistakes. I used this image as a test for translucent silhouettes, but I'm not sure that I like the effect too much. Also, expect more ''Brachiosaurus'' stuff and family-grade sauropod size comparisons! --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:32, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:I can't comment on the accuracy of the sizes, but I think the transparency has cluttered the image too much in that I find it difficult to read the silhouettes- most notably on all the overlapping legs. My suggestion would be to increase the opacity of the transparency and move the dinosaurs apart enough so you can see the majority of the volume of each. Maybe look to my [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurinae_sizes.png diagram here for inspiration.] Great work so far, though! '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:40, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::Does this look better? I split them with the more basal ones on the left and the more derived ones on the right, following the ''[[Lingwulong]]'' phylogeny. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:26, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I think it looks much better. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:37, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::That's great, it's easier to see the size of each animal now. This might just be my browser reading the .svg, but the text for ''Amargasaurus cazaui'' overlaps onto the red square of ''Dicraeosaurus sattleri''. Would it be possible to move those apart slightly? I'm using Google Chrome, a pretty common internet browser, so this will probably happen to a lot of people. Thanks! '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:42, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Yeah, that's the problem with SVG text, you never quite know how it's going to render as a thumbnail. Anyways, it should be working now. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:23, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Yep, it's working for me too. Great work. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:11, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Genyodectes]]'' ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Genyodectes restoration.png|Genyodectes restoration
|File:Genyodectes size.png|Size diagram
|File:Genyodectes known material.png|Known remains diagram
}}

I have created a restoration, size chart, and known material diagram of ''[[Genyodectes]]''. Let me know if any changes are needed.
*'''The restoration''' includes a row of osteoderms along the back, a la ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''. They are considered to be closely related, so I thought this was reasonable but I can remove them if needed. The head crests are also based on ''Ceratosaurus''.
*'''The size chart''' was scaled to the known jaw material and fitted to a Ceratosaur silhouette. There was no size estimate listed anywhere I could find, so I'm not sure if this could be considered Original Research.
*'''The known remains diagram''' was scaled from the jaw material and filled with the silhouette. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 07:13, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::It seems the ear is drawn behind the head (effectively in the neck), rather than within the back margin? It should instead be somewhere within the gap between the back of the skull and the mandible depressor muscle.[https://i.stack.imgur.com/pqEas.jpg] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:02, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Fixed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 01:56, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Much better. This, and taking sclerotic ring size into account when drawing eyes, are some of the most overlooked issues in dinosaur palaeoart for some reason... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 02:11, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[La Huérguina Formation]] ==

[[File:Europejara and Pelecanimimus.jpg|thumb|300px|''Europejara'' and ''Pelecanimimus'' restored in a speculative scenario of ecological competition]]

Made this to illustrate the Paleoenvironment section of La Huerguina Formation page. Is it accurate enough? [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]]
:I don't know anything about these particular creatures, but the contrast between the blurry environment and sharper-looking animals seems very jarring to me, and makes the image a little unpleasant to look at. Is there any way that you could clear up the background? Or perhaps just the water in the foreground? [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:57, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::Thank you I didn't notice that. It's been fixed :) [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]] 16:44, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
*Is the Europejara perhaps too big? It supposedly had a wing span of 2 metres, while Pelecanimimus was up to 2.5 metres long. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:07, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:I may fix that but I used skull dimensions as for relative proportions between the two animals. Also a big part of ''Pelecanimimus'' tail is not seen here. [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]] 18:39, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Megaraptor]]'' mount ==

[[File:Megaraptor.jpg|thumb]]
This photo of a mount was added by an IP several days ago. It seems suspect. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD|2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD|talk]]) 03:41, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:It is outdated (based on [[carcharodontosaurs]]), but it could used in the history or classification sections one day when those are expanded, to illustrate earlier interpretations. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:52, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Oxalaia]]'' (coloured) ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Oxalaia_quilombensis_by_PaleoGeek_coloured.png|Digital restoration
|File:Oxie_Colormap_by_PaleoGeek.png|Colour map
|File:Oxalaia_quilombensis_by_PaleoGeek_Plain.jpg|Lineart sketch
}}

Now that I have the proper tools, I got around to colouring the ''Oxalaia'' lineart that I made a while back (pinging {{u|Paleocolour}} to notify her that she doesn't need to do it). It should be alright to use in the article in place of the swimming one, since the [[WP:OR]] issue of bipedalism that raised {{u|Jens Lallensack}}'s concern before is no longer a problem, due to the Henderson (2018) paper.[https://peerj.com/articles/5409/] Aside from the colourisation and more detailed lineart, I also made these changes:
*Flatter, more sausage-like torso as suggested for ''[[Spinosaurus]]''.
*Moved eye closer to the top of the head and shifted ear hole to proper position.
*Pedal unguals are now flat-bottomed and the hallux now touches the ground.
*Reduced apparent constriction at the base of the neck, which was due to improper shading.
*Fixed overly long dentary (in ''Spinosaurus'' the jaws likely had a bit of an overbite, with the frontmost premaxillary teeth going over and in front of the mandible tip.)
I also took {{u|FunkMonk}}'s tip on more oval, bird-like eyes (using falcon eyes as a reference), I'll be fixing that in my ''[[Alectrosaurus]]'' soon. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:10, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::Anatomy looks good in general, thoguh something weird is happening with the backgroudn arm, as if it becomes a lot thicker upwards than the front one. I would also expect the arms to be thinner around the wrist, instead of just continuing in a straight line to the hand. I wonder f the scalation of the face is too large, but we of course don't know. Lastly, I think the pattern on the crest and sail look a bit too designed, compared to most patterns found in modern tetrapods. Looks like symbols. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 08:31, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Agree with FunkMonk on the scale pattern. Furthermore, the foot looks a bit human-like due to the extensive heel, especially in the left one. Note that theropods were digitigrade. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:14, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::These should be relatively quick and easy fixes, I'll do them all soon. Digital art certainly makes things a lot easier! The head scalation you are referring to, btw, was inspired by the large scales often present on the jaws of lizards like iguanas, as well as the texture on the mandibles of crocodiles, so it seemed plausible to me that this might have been true for some dinosaurs as well. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 13:10, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Ledumahadi]]'' size chart ==

[[File:Ledumahadi scale chart WIP 2.png|thumb|Ledumahadi size chart WIP]]

[[File:Ledumahadi size chart with human.png|thumb|Ledumahadi size chart with human]]

I know this taxon already has a size comparison up on the page, but I guess I'll give this one a shot. I'm not sure what human silhouette I should be using (having always used Andrew Farke's myself), so any suggestions?

Proportions were reconstructed using other lessemsaurids, with several areas modified to match the known bones (which made for a surprising appearance, especially if you were to compare it with ''Antetonitrus''). [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 06:39, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:Andrew Farke's silhouette is available under a CC BY license over at Phylopic: [http://phylopic.org/image/4dd48260-40d1-4302-95af-92cd445203b0/]. He's been used before in size comparisons (see ''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]'', ''[[Aquilops]]'', and ''[[Protoceratops]]''), so using him here should be fine. Even with a restoration with a human in it, it's still preferred to have one with gridlines and a scale bar (see ''[[Giganotosaurus]]''), so I see no problem with also including this image. I'll let someone else who has access to the paper comment on accuracy. Also, you may want to try out [[SVG]] format for size comparisons, using a program such as [[Inkscape]] (Commons generally favors SVG format over PNG format for these kinds of things, however, we do frequently use several PNG size comparisons, too, so it is entirely optional). --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:13, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::Gotcha about the human silhouette. Not sure if I want to download a separate program just to export it in a different file format, although it is something I could try in the future. Think I'll stick to PNG for now. [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:01, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Now with human. Still a little unsure about its positioning, but I think it works? [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 20:04, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Looks good. Maybe flipping the human so that it walks in the same direction as the dinosaur would look better? The forward facing arm has its elbow joint too low. You have the manus reconstructed to face outwards, not forwards, contrary to the official paleoart. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:24, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::::Will change the human silhouette. Since the humerus was cross-scaled from ''Antetonitrus'' (which is massive compared to the ulna), that probably makes the elbow low. The manus orientation is based off Hartman's ''Melanorosaurus''. [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
* On a more technical note, instead of uploading each version as a new file, it is preferred to upload the newer version over the original. To do this, scroll down to the bottom of the Commons page, where you will see a table. Underneath that table is a link that says "Upload a new version of this file". Using the link prevents categories overflowing with versions of the same artwork, in addition to inaccurate versions piling up. Also, remember to add categories to your uplaods. I added the categories of Ledumahadi and Sauropoda size comparisons to your latest version. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:35, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::Ah, didn't know about this. Thank you! [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' Skeletal ==

I have finally finished drawing and scaling all the material I could find of this guy and have compiled it all here: [https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q3HlhcgMDsA/XCozYw-U9kI/AAAAAAAAAf0/UGZN4dVe1Ao9Fb1Y-uUjE0lDs1Gy7haLgCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus-Stuff.png].
* White=Holotype
* Red="Ultrasauros"
* Orange=BYU cervicals
* Yellow=Potter Creek
* Lime=Felch Quarry skull
* Green=Holotype material collected from SV-POW
* Cyan=OK Metacarpal
* Blue=Holtype material gathered from Taylor's skeletal
* Navy=Jensen/Jensen Quarry
* Violet=Bigfoot
* Gray=Unknown
I plan to follow Taylor's cross-scaling for the holotype specimen and cross-scale the silhouette size for the Potter Creek Specimens, "Ultrasauros", Jensen/Jensen rib, and OK metacarpal. I'm at a loss as to how to scale the Felch Quarry skull, BYU cervicals, and Bigfoot. Any comments or suggestions as to scaling the material or on general accuracy? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 15:27, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:Here is the holotype on its silhouette: [https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x1FKX7J9vMc/XCpgNj77MmI/AAAAAAAAAgA/E-kRKVrmSJg0dOUjnzLEZnupoImCaottQCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus%2BSkeletal%2BV1-0.png] Comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 18:31, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::Here is the penultimate version: [https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8f3a1xlMeJM/XCqbjNTsmlI/AAAAAAAAAgM/nlNK8ACKdLUjuJiuy_thliIaQtB7R5E_wCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus%2BSkeletal%2BV1-1.png], with all material that can be confidently or semi-confidently scaled. Any comments before I upload it? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 22:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Looks good. Would it, for the ''Brachiosaurus'' article, be more practical to combine them all in one diagram (including the three specimen not included yet), only making a distinction by color between the holotype and associated material? Your skull diagram looks good; would it be possible to have that as a separate file, with individual bones labeled? --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 23:14, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I think that I'll upload the image above, a composite diagram, and the skull diagram. Since the skull material was crushed, I used Carpenter's skull restoration for creating the diagram. It's ironic how "Ultrasauros," the "biggest dino ever" is actually ''smaller'' than the holotype... --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:25, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::I would keep the two Potter Creek specimens separate though, as there is no evidence that the two are from the same individual. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 23:44, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Brachiosaurus Skeletals.svg|thumb|left]]
[[File:Brachiosaurus Composite Skeletal.svg|thumb|right|Composite skeletal diagram]]
[[File:Brachiosaurus Skull Diagram.svg|thumb|right|Skull diagram]]
:HAPPY NEW YEAR!!! --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::On a more paleontology-related note, I have uploaded the two of the diagrams, one of which can be seen above at large magnification. I will upload the skull diagram momentarily. I will update the above diagram to show six skeletals instead of five, also. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Here's the skull diagram. Comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]])00:21, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::Things look good but there are few points that need correcting. The neck posture is unlikely seems that the neck actually is bending down at the base whereas the habitual pose would be upright. The humeri are articulated incorrectly, they fit into the area of the scapula-coracoid joint, you have them articulating below that at the sternum articulation. Ribs should be underneath the scapula, not above.
:::::I would reduce complexity and not mark "inadequately figured specimens" in light grey. It seems to be a bit too much, and for example, all the dorsal vertebrae of the holotype are actually figured (Riggs, 1904). What do you mean with "Some elements are reversed", did you not always show a right or left element at the correct side of the body? I wouldn't do that as it is misleading; always place the elements at the correct side, or have a more schematic diagram not distinguishing between left and right. Could you maybe make an annotated version of the skull, labeling bones and openings? That would be very handy to have for the ''B.'' article. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::::I have implemented some of the changes on the composite:
* No elements are mirrored anymore.
* Humerus should articulate correctly now.
* Neck posture should (hopefully) be better
* Uniform colors implemented
* Ribs under scapula (however, that is a right scapula, so from the former left lateral view the ribs would have appeared to be above it)
::::::I couldn't find the figures for D11 and D9, they're not in our linked version of 1904, and 1903's behind a paywall (what the heck?). Could you send them to me (via link or email)? I will annotate the skull as soon as I figure out which bone is which. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 13:17, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== Paleoart Fixes ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Sketch suchomimus.jpg|Fixed
|File:Cerato2.JPG|
|File:Jianianhualong life restoration.jpg|Fixed
|File:Jianianhualong Size.png|Size chart for ''[[Jianianhualong]]''
|File:Hongshanornis.jpg|Fixed
|File:Garudimimus-sketch2.jpg|
|File:Skorpiovenator.JPG|
|File:Enantiornis.jpg|
|File:Sinornis.jpg|Fixed
}}

I've noticed there's a great deal of decent paleoart that is considered inaccurate and therefore unusable in articles, and I'd like to go ahead and update these. The gallery above has a few candidates I've found that are of high enough quality and would be great to be accurate. I've already fixed the first image, and I think it'd go well in the ''[[Cristatusaurus]]'' article as a representation of that genus. What do you think? Are there any other images that should be considered? '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 20:01, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:The Dinosauria-Freak images are extremely wonky, with the proportions all over the place, and the pencil style used doesn't exactly make them easier to fix. But Pavel Riha's and Debivort's images generally only have minor issues. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:10, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::Speaking of this, don't know if you got my ping here[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review#Thoughts_on_Biarmosuchian_and_Raranimus_restorations]? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Nonsense! I can fix even the most wonky pictures. I've done a few small fixes for ''[[Jianianhualong]]'' and ''[[Hongshanornis]]''. Let me know if any changes are needed. I also made a size chart for the former. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
::::I do think we should focus on images of animals that have few or no images over Ceratosaurus and Skorpiovenator, which are over-illustrated already (and it would probably take as long to list their inaccuracies as it would take for you to fix them!). For example the [[Anurognathus]] image that should reflect the new colouration paper, and the [[Hipposaurus]] which shouldn't show huge scales (if at all). These bird images[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sinornis.jpg][https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enantiornis.jpg] are also much needed. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 06:18, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::::Is it me or does the ''Hongshanornis'' image look no different than it did before? Regardless, it should be clear that the beak is only on the tip of the snout, the rest should be skin. As for Pavel-Riha's other bird images, they are basically wrong everywhere. His ''Sinornis'' has a freaky toothed beak and his ''Enantiornis'' looks more like ''Avimimus'' than any known enantiornithean. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 22:41, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
::::::Fixed ''Sinornis''. The ''Hongshanornis'' image has only changed around the face. Try doing a Ctrl + F5 on the page to clear your browser's image cache for it.'''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 07:05, 3 January 2019 (UTC)
*I don't think ''Cristatusaurus'' can handle any more images, haha. Plus, it already has a life restoration. But now we have another useable ''Suchomimus'' image at least! It's nice to see that even some of the most hopeless looking images can be rescued. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 21:01, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::I would disagree somewhat, as the life restoration at the bottom of the article is somewhat lacking in details and this new image would be a good replacement. However, I admit it should at least have a background if it were to replace the ''Suchomimus'' image. I can get that done at some point. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Isn't it missing its crest? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 06:09, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::You make a fair point then, I almost forgot how blurry the NT one was. Looking closer at this one, however, the tip of the lower jaw should be upturned (as seen here [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimus_skull_Museum_of_Anchient_Life.jpg]), whereas currently it is a straight line. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 02:42, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

== Lucas Attwell ''Saltriovenator'' ==

[[File:SaltriovantorRes 01.jpg|right|thumb]]
{{u|Yewtharaptor}} has been repeatedly adding this image (along with garbled text) onto the page ''[[Saltriovenator]]'', which again looks artistically competent but has not undergone accuracy review yet (and it does not seem to reflect the ceratosaurian interpretation). The license on Commons is also wrong: PD instead of CC. {{u|LuigiPortaro29}} has recently added the image back in apparent ignorance of project policy. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|talk]]) 00:33, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:If I recall correctly, this same image was made before the current classification? I have seen it uploaded to Commons long before, deleted for the usual copyright vagueness. It could have been modified since, and as mentioned earlier, I don't think a nasal horn is necessary, since it is only found in a single genus of ceratosaur. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:44, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Lohuecotitan]]'' sculpture ==

[[File:Lohuecotitan model - Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum 03.jpg|thumb]]
Another image added without review. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|talk]]) 02:43, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:Doesn't look too bad. If we follow one interpretation, the nostrils should be placed even further forwards on the snout, but I don't think that very speculative idea would be enough to remove the image. The nostrils aren't shown on top of the head after all. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:47, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== Cool CC dinosaur vids ==

I've found a guy with some cool self made CC videos on YouTube.

[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SkyXIskcwZU& Here's] one of his vid (likely a preproduction of a Discovery Channel documentary) {{nbsp}}'''[[User:Khủng Long|Dinosaur]]{{nbsp}}[[User talk:Khủng Long|(talk)]]'''{{nbsp}}🌴🦕🦖{{nbsp}}-- 15:40, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:Very interesting. I suppose some of these might be useful as still images for articles. Perhaps we could trim out parts of the video that correspond to each animal? '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 19:06, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
::The animals aren't very accurate, and the models are not his own (from what I can tell they are from Planet Dinosaur). Best to be cautious and perhaps not even use them, since they aren't accurate and could very well be copyrighted. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 20:45, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Some of his stuff has been uploaded already (at least I think it's his), but yeah, there are usually inaccuracies. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 20:55, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Sinornis

2019-01-03T07:00:34Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| name = ''Sinornis''
|taxon=| authority = Sereno & Rao, 1992
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|120}}
| image = sinornis2.jpg
| image_caption = Reconstruction of ''Sinornis''
| parent_authority = [[Paul Sereno|Sereno]] & Rao, 1992
| genus = Sinornis
| species = santensis
}}

'''''Sinornis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[enantiornithean]] birds from the [[Lower Cretaceous]] [[Jiufotang Formation]] of the [[People's Republic of China]].

When it was described in 1992, this 120 million-year-old sparrow-sized skeleton represented a new avian sharing "primitive" features with ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' as well as showing traits of modern birds. Its basal features include, but are not limited to, a flexible manus with unguals, a footed pubis, and stomach ribs. ''Sinornis'' is known only from the [[type species]], ''Sinornis santensis''. The generic name comes from the [[Latin]] ''Sino~'', 'China' and the Greek ''ornis'', 'bird'. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''santensis'' refers to the provenance from [[Chaoyang County|Chaoyang]] county in Liaoning Province as ''Santa'', meaning "Three Temples", is a traditional name of the county.<ref name=barinaga/>

==Description==

The holotype skeleton of ''Sinornis'', '''BPV 538a-b''', consists of a plate and counterplate of fine-grained freshwater lake sediment as proven by numerous fish, insect, and plant remains.<ref name=sereno>Sereno, P. C., & Rao, C. (1992). "Early evolution of avian flight and perching: New evidence from the lower Cretaceous of China". ''Science'', 255(5046), 845.</ref> The skeleton was found in the Jiufotang Formation at Liaoning, People's Republic of China. The skeleton exhibits remarkable basal features shared with ''Archaeopteryx'', a genus of early bird that is transitional between older feathered dinosaurs and [[modern birds]]. Until the discovery of ''Sinornis'' scientists did not know much about the evolution of flight that lead to modern birds because ''Archaeopteryx'', which lived in the Late Jurassic period around 150 million years ago, lacks many of the modern flight and perching of modern birds.<ref name=sereno/> Some of the primitive features found in ''Sinornis'' include moderately recurved manual unguals, as opposed to the high-recurved one in ''Archaeopteryx''. ''Sinornis'' shares a similar pelvis with the latter genus, but its pelvic girdle has free elements unlike the fused ones found in modern birds. The iliac blades are erect and the ischium is blade-shaped rather than strap-shaped.<ref>Dyke, G.J. & Nudds, R.L. 2009: "The fossil record and limb disparity of enantiornithines, the dominant flying birds of the Cretaceous". ''Lethaia'', Vol. 42, pp. 248–254.</ref> Analogous to ''Archaeopteryx'' and older theropod dinosaurs, its pubis appears to be directed more ventrally and terminates distally in a hook-shaped "boot".<ref name=sereno/>

=== Skeleton ===
As in ''Archaeopteryx'', the skull of ''Sinornis'' has a proportionately short, toothed snout. There are broad [[nasal bone]]s that expands caudally to the external nares, with a triangular caudal margin. The dorsal and central margins of the caudal half of the maxilla run parallel while its jugal ramus does not taper caudally.<ref name=connor/>

The postcranial skeleton features a separate carpus and manus in the forelimb. The manus, hand, is composed of freely articulating metacarpals, with well-formed phalanges and unguals on the first and second digits. The [[thorax]] is closed at the underside, by [[gastralia]]. The pelvis has a footed pubis.<ref name=connor>O'Connor, J. and Dyke, G. (2010). "A reassessment of Sinornis santensis and Cathayornis yandica (Aves: Enantiornithes)." Records of the Australian Museum, 62: 7–20. doi:10.3853/J.0067-1975.62.2010.1540</ref>

=== Flight and perching ===
[[File:Sinornis.jpg|thumb|right|Restoration of ''Sinornis'' perching]]
Derived bird traits in the skeleton of ''Sinornis'' are typically flight or perching adaptations. At a time when very few intermediary forms were known, the fossil seemed to provide an early glimpse of flight evolution, showing the intermediate evolutionary step between the "primitive" wings of ''Archaeopteryx'' to specialized wings of modern birds.<ref name=barinaga/> As in modern birds, ''Sinornis'' had a modified wrist bone, with a groove that lets the wrist bend sharply back, tightly tucking the wings during flight or rest. ''Sinornis'' was capable of flight similar to modern birds based on breastbone and shoulder structures that provided both room and support for bulky aerobic flight muscles.<ref name=chiappe>Chiappe, L., & Witmer, L. (2002). "The Mesozoic Aviary: Anatomy and Systematics". In ''Mesozoic birds above the heads of dinosaurs'' (pp. 184–206). Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref> It also had reduced claws and small hands with a stable second finger that anchored important flight feathers. Unlike the fused finger bones of modern birds, ''Sinornis'' had separate finger bones that were well adapted for flight, while the reduction of the tail moved the centre of gravity forwards.<ref name=barinaga/> ''Sinornis'' was also capable of perching and climbing.<ref name=barinaga/>

==Discovery==
Discovered by a Chinese farmer prior to 1992, the fossil of ''Sinornis'' sheds light on the evolutionary steps that transitioned birds into strong, specialized flyers. Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago and his colleague Rao Chenggang of the Beijing Natural History Museum were the first to name and describe the skeleton of ''Sinornis''.<ref name=barinaga/>
[[File:Archaeopteryx lithographica (Berlin specimen).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Fossil of ''Archaeopteryx'', whose traits are found in a more basal form within ''Sinornis'']]
Before this find much of what scientists knew about the [[origin of birds]] came from ''Archaeopteryx'', a Jurassic species with a confusing mix of reptilian and bird-like traits. ''Sinornis'' shared many traits with modern birds while retaining certain basal characteristics of ''Archaeopteryx'', so that in 1992 it could be presented as the [[Transitional fossil|missing link]] in avian evolution.<ref name=barinaga>Barinaga, M. (1992). Evolutionists wing it with a new fossil bird. ''Science'', 255(5046), 796.</ref><ref name=sereno/> There were other fossils discovered before ''Sinornis'' that were younger than ''Archaeopteryx'', but ''Sinornis'' skeleton was the most complete. The fossil of ''Sinornis'' was originally dated to about 135 million years, which seemed to show that about 15 million years after ''Archaeopteryx'' the transition to the modern wing was well underway. However, later research showed that the layers in which the fossil was found were in fact about 120 to 110 million years old, reducing the importance of ''Sinornis''. After the discovery of ''Sinornis'', older fossils were discovered that shared even more basal features with ''Archaeopteryx''.

==Classification==
[[Paul Sereno]] ''et al.'' (2001) considered a similar prehistoric bird species from the same formation, ''[[Cathayornis]]'', to be a [[junior synonym]] of ''Sinornis''. They interpreted the anatomies of the two as very similar and sharing key [[autapomorphies]] of the pygostyle.

However, also in 2001, Zhou and Hou continued to distinguish ''Cathayornis'' from ''Sinornis'' by the former's larger size, a shorter, straighter, finger number I, with a slightly longer claw ([[ungual]]), the absence of an atitrochanter, and other features.<ref>"The Discovery and Study of Mesozoic Birds in China" in ''Mesozoic Birds: above the heads of dinosaurs''. Chiappe and Witmer, ed. 2001, University of California Press</ref> A paper describing a second species of ''Cathayornis'' in 2008 by Li ''et al.'' also considered the genera to be distinct.<ref name=connor /><ref name=zhou />

The first thorough review of ''Sinornis'' and ''Cathayornis'' was published by Jingmai O'Connor and Gareth Dyke in 2010. O'Connor and Dyke concluded that despite the 2001 paper by Sereno and colleagues, the two birds were not synonyms and in fact differ in several clear ways, including different proportions in the wing claws and digits, differences in the pelvis, and size of the pygostyle.<ref name=connor />

The holotype skeleton of both ''Cathayornis y.'' and ''Sinornis'' was discovered in China, but in different regions. Their skeletons are small, so they were preserved similarly using molds and casts to facilitate the study the specimens.<ref name=connor />

==Paleobiology==
''Sinornis'', the most complete known enantiornithean at the time, provides a detailed view of basal avian characteristics.<ref name=chiappe/> Based on features present on the preserved skeleton of ''Sinornis'', it shared similarity in flight performance and perching capabilities to sparrow-sized birds living today in arboreal habitats. Its thorax is strengthened to resist forces generated by an increase in pectoral muscle mass. Its coracoid expands distally to form broad, lengthened struts attached to the sternum. It also had a robust cranial rib and ossified sternal ribs. It has a V-shaped ulnare in the wrist for articulation with the metacarpus which allowed greater flexion during upstroke, important in small-bodied fliers for decreasing drag.<ref name=zhou>Zhou, Zhonghe, Hou, Lianhai (2001) "The Discovery and Study of Mesozoic Birds in China" in ''Mesozoic Birds: above the heads of dinosaurs''. University of California Press.</ref> The presence of a fully opposable hallux with a particularly large ungual and the pedal claws being strongly recurved are indicators of an advanced perching function and shows that the bird lived primarily in an arboreal habitat.<ref>Chiappe, L. M., & Dyke, G. J. (2002). "The Mesozoic Radiation of Birds". ''Annual Review Of Ecology & Systematics'', 3391.</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2029779_2029777_2029760,00.html Sinornis (''Time'' magazine)]

{{Enantiornithes|state=expanded}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q141496}}

[[Category:Euenantiornithes]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous birds of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1992]]
[[Category:Fossils of China]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Paul Sereno]]

Lohuecotitan

2019-01-02T19:24:00Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| name = ''Lohuecotitan''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|72}} Upper [[Campanian]]- Lower [[Maastrichtian]] ([[Late Cretaceous]])
| image =
| image_width = 250px
| genus = Lohuecotitan
| parent_authority= Díaz ''et al''., 2016
| species = pandafilandi
| authority = Díaz ''et al''., 2016
}}

'''''Lohuecotitan''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[titanosaur]]ian [[sauropod]] [[dinosaur]] which lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] in [[Spain]]. The only species known in the genus is '''''Lohuecotitan pandafilandi''''', described and named in 2016.<ref name=Diaz2016>{{cite journal | language = en | first1 = V. | last1 = Díez Díaz | first2 = P. | last2 = Mocho | first3 = A. | last3 = Páramo | first4 = F. | last4 = Escaso | first5 = F. | last5 = Marcos-Fernández | first6 = J.L. | last6 = Sanz | first7 = F. | last7 = Ortega | year = 2016 | title = A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain) | journal = Cretaceous Research | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.08.001 | volume = 68 | pages = 49–60}}.</ref>

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:ES4230014-Serrania de Cuenca-Ventano del Diablo AGA5956.jpg|upright|thumb|left|The geography of [[Villalba de la Sierra]], where remains of ''Lohuecotitan'' have been found]]
The fossil remains of ''Lohuecotitan'' were discovered in the site of [[Lo Hueco]], [[Fuentes (Cuenca)|Fuentes]], [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]], which is part of the [[Villalba de la Sierra Formation]].<ref name=Diaz2016/> The formation dates from the Upper [[Campanian]] to the Lower [[Maastrichtian]], and would have represented a muddy coastal floodplain.<ref name="Ortegaetal2015">{{cite journal | first1 = F. | last1 = Ortega | first2 = N. | last2 = Bardet | first3 = F. | last3 = Barroso-Barcenilla | first4= P.M. | last4 = Callapez | first5 = O. | last5= Cambra-Moo | first6 = V. | last6 = Daviero- Gómez | first7 = V. | last7 = Díez Díaz | first8 = L. | last8 = Domingo | first9 = A. | last9 = Elvira | first10 = F. | last10 = Escaso | first11 = M. | last11 = García-Oliva | first12 = B. | last12 = Gómez | first13 = A. | last13 = Houssaye | first14 = F. | last14 = Knoll | first15 = F. | last15 = Marcos-Fernández | first16 = M. | last16 = Martín | first17 = P. | last17 = Mocho | first18 = I. | last18 = Narváez | first19 = A. | last19 = Pérez- García | first20 = D. | last20 = Peyrot | first21 = M. | last21 = Segura | first22 = H. | last22 = Serrano | first23 = A. | last23 = Torices | first24 = D. | last24 = Vidal | first25 = J.L. | last25 = Sanz | title = The biota of the Upper Cretaceous site of "Lo Hueco" (Cuenca, Spain) | journal = Iberian Journal of Geology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | date = 2015 | url = http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/JIGE/article/view/48657 | doi = 10.5209/rev_JIGE.2015.v41.n1.48657}}</ref> Multiple partial sauropod skeletons have been discovered at this site, with the teeth and braincases recovered representing at least two distinct types of titanosaur.<ref name="Knoll2015">{{cite journal | title = A New Titanosaurian Braincase from the Cretaceous "Lo Hueco" Locality in Spain Sheds Light on Neuroanatomical Evolution within Titanosauria | date = 2015 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = e0138233 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0138233 | last1 = Knoll | first1 = F. | last2 = Witmer | first2 = L.M. | last3 = Ridgely | first3 = R.C. | last4 = Ortega | first4 = F. | last5 = Sanz | first5 = J.L. | pmid=26444700 | pmc=4596832}}</ref> The holotype specimen of ''Lohuecotitan'', '''HUE-EC-01''', is a disarticulated partial skeleton consisting of cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, ribs, an ulna, both ischia, a pubis, a femur, a fibula, and a tibia, along with some indeterminate remains.<ref name=Diaz2016/>

The name of ''Lohuecotitan'' combines a reference to the type locality with ''titan'' (which refers to the Greek [[titan (mythology)|titans]]). The specific name, ''pandafilandi'', is derived from the name of a giant, ''Pandafilando de la fosca vista'', in the novel ''[[Don Quixote]]''.<ref name=Diaz2016/>

==Description==
[[File:Lohuecotitan model - Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum 03.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of adult ''Lohuecotitan'' and juvenile outside the Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum]]
''Lohuecotitan'' was recognized by its describers as having a number of unique characteristics ([[autapomorphy|autapomorphies]]) not seen in other titanosaurs. In the dorsal vertebrae, the edges of the postspinal [[Vertebra#Structure|laminae]] extend outwards. In the first several caudal vertebrae, the medial spinoprezygapophyseal and spinopostzygapophyseal laminae respectively connect to the prespinal and postspinal laminae on the bottom surface. In addition, due to the way that the prespinal and postspinal laminae project upwards, the neural spine of the vertebra appears to be V-shaped from the side, and resemble a [[Christian cross variants|Greek cross]] in cross-section. Each middle caudal vertebra has two roughened structures that extend from the top of the back face onto the top surface of the vertebra. Finally, the bottom portion of each half of the [[haemal arch]]es in the posterior caudal vertebrae is split fully into two [[articular processes|articular facets]]. These traits form a unique combination not seen in other titanosaurs, along with the centrodiapophyseal laminae being widened on the top and bottom edges in the front and middle dorsal vertebrae (as also seen in ''[[Saltasaurus]]''), and a rounded protrusion being present between the front and side trochanters of the fibula (also seen in ''[[Jainosaurus]]'').<ref name=Diaz2016/>

A number of the bones of ''Lohuecotitan'' were internally [[skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]], including the cervical vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and ilium. As is common in [[somphospondyli|somphospondylans]], the pneumatic fossae on the cervical vertebrae are shallow; this was also the case in the dorsal vertebrae. The cervical and dorsal vertebrae are [[Vertebral column#Variations in vertebrae|opisthocoelous]]; the caudal vertebrae were [[Vertebral column#Variations in vertebrae|procoelous]] (a characteristic common in [[Lithostrotia]]). The seventh and eighth tail vertebrae are fused together; this probably represents a [[pathology]]. As in other [[titanosauriformes|titanosauriforms]], the dorsal ribs are compressed and blade-like. The ulna was robust, and the bottom surface of the tibia was oval-shaped, as is common in titanosaurs.<ref name=Diaz2016/>

==Classification==
''Lohuecotitan'' was in 2016 recovered as a [[lithostrotia]]n [[titanosaur]], more derived than ''[[Malawisaurus]]''. Its position among the lithostrotians is supported by the sharp angle of its [[facet joint|zygapophyseal articulations]]. The consensus of the 20 most parsimonious phylogenetic trees recovered is shown below.<ref name=Diaz2016/>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1= [[Lithostrotia]] 
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Malawisaurus | Malawisaurus dixleyi]]''
|2={{clade
|label6= [[Saltasaurinae]] 
|1=''[[Trigonosaurus | Trigonosaurus pricei]]''
|2='''''Lohuecotitan pandafilandi'''''
|3=''[[Alamosaurus | Alamosaurus sanjuanensis]]''
|4=''[[Opisthocoelicaudia | Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii]]''
|5=''[[Nemegtosaurus | Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis]]''
|6={{clade
|1=''[[Neuquensaurus | Neuquensaurus australis]]''
|2=''[[Saltasaurus | Saltasaurus loricatus]]''}}
|7={{clade
|1=''[[Rapetosaurus | Rapetosaurus krausei]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Isisaurus | Isisaurus colberti]]''
|2=''[[Tapuiasaurus | Tapuiasaurus macedoi]]''}}}}}}}}}}

==See also==
*[[2016 in paleontology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Sauropoda|T.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q26261015}}

[[Category:Titanosaurs]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2016]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Spain]]

Lohuecotitan

2019-01-02T19:12:28Z

Paleocolour: added Sauropoda template.

{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| name = ''Lohuecotitan''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|72}} Upper [[Campanian]]- Lower [[Maastrichtian]] ([[Late Cretaceous]])
| image =
| image_width = 250px
| genus = Lohuecotitan
| parent_authority= Díaz ''et al''., 2016
| species = pandafilandi
| authority = Díaz ''et al''., 2016
}}

'''''Lohuecotitan''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[titanosaur]]ian [[sauropod]] [[dinosaur]] which lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] in [[Spain]]. The only species known in the genus is '''''Lohuecotitan pandafilandi''''', described and named in 2016.<ref name=Diaz2016>{{cite journal | language = en | first1 = V. | last1 = Díez Díaz | first2 = P. | last2 = Mocho | first3 = A. | last3 = Páramo | first4 = F. | last4 = Escaso | first5 = F. | last5 = Marcos-Fernández | first6 = J.L. | last6 = Sanz | first7 = F. | last7 = Ortega | year = 2016 | title = A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain) | journal = Cretaceous Research | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.08.001 | volume = 68 | pages = 49–60}}.</ref>

==Description==
''Lohuecotitan'' was recognized by its describers as having a number of unique characteristics ([[autapomorphy|autapomorphies]]) not seen in other titanosaurs. In the dorsal vertebrae, the edges of the postspinal [[Vertebra#Structure|laminae]] extend outwards. In the first several caudal vertebrae, the medial spinoprezygapophyseal and spinopostzygapophyseal laminae respectively connect to the prespinal and postspinal laminae on the bottom surface. In addition, due to the way that the prespinal and postspinal laminae project upwards, the neural spine of the vertebra appears to be V-shaped from the side, and resemble a [[Christian cross variants|Greek cross]] in cross-section. Each middle caudal vertebra has two roughened structures that extend from the top of the back face onto the top surface of the vertebra. Finally, the bottom portion of each half of the [[haemal arch]]es in the posterior caudal vertebrae is split fully into two [[articular processes|articular facets]]. These traits form a unique combination not seen in other titanosaurs, along with the centrodiapophyseal laminae being widened on the top and bottom edges in the front and middle dorsal vertebrae (as also seen in ''[[Saltasaurus]]''), and a rounded protrusion being present between the front and side trochanters of the fibula (also seen in ''[[Jainosaurus]]'').<ref name=Diaz2016/>

A number of the bones of ''Lohuecotitan'' were internally [[skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]], including the cervical vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and ilium. As is common in [[somphospondyli|somphospondylans]], the pneumatic fossae on the cervical vertebrae are shallow; this was also the case in the dorsal vertebrae. The cervical and dorsal vertebrae are [[Vertebral column#Variations in vertebrae|opisthocoelous]]; the caudal vertebrae were [[Vertebral column#Variations in vertebrae|procoelous]] (a characteristic common in [[Lithostrotia]]). The seventh and eighth tail vertebrae are fused together; this probably represents a [[pathology]]. As in other [[titanosauriformes|titanosauriforms]], the dorsal ribs are compressed and blade-like. The ulna was robust, and the bottom surface of the tibia was oval-shaped, as is common in titanosaurs.<ref name=Diaz2016/>

==Discovery and naming==
The fossil remains of ''Lohuecotitan'' were discovered in the site of [[Lo Hueco]], [[Fuentes (Cuenca)|Fuentes]], [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]], which is part of the [[Villalba de la Sierra Formation]].<ref name=Diaz2016/> The formation dates from the Upper [[Campanian]] to the Lower [[Maastrichtian]], and would have represented a muddy coastal floodplain.<ref name="Ortegaetal2015">{{cite journal | first1 = F. | last1 = Ortega | first2 = N. | last2 = Bardet | first3 = F. | last3 = Barroso-Barcenilla | first4= P.M. | last4 = Callapez | first5 = O. | last5= Cambra-Moo | first6 = V. | last6 = Daviero- Gómez | first7 = V. | last7 = Díez Díaz | first8 = L. | last8 = Domingo | first9 = A. | last9 = Elvira | first10 = F. | last10 = Escaso | first11 = M. | last11 = García-Oliva | first12 = B. | last12 = Gómez | first13 = A. | last13 = Houssaye | first14 = F. | last14 = Knoll | first15 = F. | last15 = Marcos-Fernández | first16 = M. | last16 = Martín | first17 = P. | last17 = Mocho | first18 = I. | last18 = Narváez | first19 = A. | last19 = Pérez- García | first20 = D. | last20 = Peyrot | first21 = M. | last21 = Segura | first22 = H. | last22 = Serrano | first23 = A. | last23 = Torices | first24 = D. | last24 = Vidal | first25 = J.L. | last25 = Sanz | title = The biota of the Upper Cretaceous site of "Lo Hueco" (Cuenca, Spain) | journal = Iberian Journal of Geology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | date = 2015 | url = http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/JIGE/article/view/48657 | doi = 10.5209/rev_JIGE.2015.v41.n1.48657}}</ref> Multiple partial sauropod skeletons have been discovered at this site, with the teeth and braincases recovered representing at least two distinct types of titanosaur.<ref name="Knoll2015">{{cite journal | title = A New Titanosaurian Braincase from the Cretaceous "Lo Hueco" Locality in Spain Sheds Light on Neuroanatomical Evolution within Titanosauria | date = 2015 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = e0138233 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0138233 | last1 = Knoll | first1 = F. | last2 = Witmer | first2 = L.M. | last3 = Ridgely | first3 = R.C. | last4 = Ortega | first4 = F. | last5 = Sanz | first5 = J.L. | pmid=26444700 | pmc=4596832}}</ref> The holotype specimen of ''Lohuecotitan'', '''HUE-EC-01''', is a disarticulated partial skeleton consisting of cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, ribs, an ulna, both ischia, a pubis, a femur, a fibula, and a tibia, along with some indeterminate remains.<ref name=Diaz2016/>

The name of ''Lohuecotitan'' combines a reference to the type locality with ''titan'' (which refers to the Greek [[titan (mythology)|titans]]). The specific name, ''pandafilandi'', is derived from the name of a giant, ''Pandafilando de la fosca vista'', in the novel ''[[Don Quixote]]''.<ref name=Diaz2016/>

==Classification==
''Lohuecotitan'' was in 2016 recovered as a [[lithostrotia]]n [[titanosaur]], more derived than ''[[Malawisaurus]]''. Its position among the lithostrotians is supported by the sharp angle of its [[facet joint|zygapophyseal articulations]]. The consensus of the 20 most parsimonious phylogenetic trees recovered is shown below.<ref name=Diaz2016/>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1= [[Lithostrotia]] 
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Malawisaurus | Malawisaurus dixleyi]]''
|2={{clade
|label6= [[Saltasaurinae]] 
|1=''[[Trigonosaurus | Trigonosaurus pricei]]''
|2='''''Lohuecotitan pandafilandi'''''
|3=''[[Alamosaurus | Alamosaurus sanjuanensis]]''
|4=''[[Opisthocoelicaudia | Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii]]''
|5=''[[Nemegtosaurus | Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis]]''
|6={{clade
|1=''[[Neuquensaurus | Neuquensaurus australis]]''
|2=''[[Saltasaurus | Saltasaurus loricatus]]''}}
|7={{clade
|1=''[[Rapetosaurus | Rapetosaurus krausei]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Isisaurus | Isisaurus colberti]]''
|2=''[[Tapuiasaurus | Tapuiasaurus macedoi]]''}}}}}}}}}}

==See also==
*[[2016 in paleontology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Sauropoda|T.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q26261015}}

[[Category:Titanosaurs]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2016]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Spain]]

Puertasaurus

2019-01-02T19:11:59Z

Paleocolour: added fossilrange

{{good article}}
{{use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]]{{fossilrange|70.6|66.043}}
| image = File:Puertasaurus Skeletal V2.svg
| image_caption = Skeletal diagram with known material in white and unknown material restored in gray
| taxon = Puertasaurus
| authority = [[Fernando Novas|Novas]] ''et al.'', [[2005 in paleontology|2005]]
| type_species = '''''Puertasaurus reuili'''''
| type_species_authority = Novas ''et al.'', 2005
}}

'''''Puertasaurus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[sauropod]] [[dinosaur]] that lived in South America during the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[Geological period|Period]]. It is known from a single specimen recovered from [[sedimentary rock]]s of the [[Cerro Fortaleza Formation]] in southwestern [[Patagonia]], [[Argentina]], which probably is [[Campanian]] or [[Maastrichtian]] in [[Age (geology)|age]]. The only species is '''''Puertasaurus reuili'''''. Described by the [[paleontologist]] [[Fernando Novas]] and colleagues in [[2005 in paleontology|2005]], it was named in honor of Pablo Puerta and Santiago Reuil, who discovered and prepared the specimen. It consists of four well-preserved [[vertebrae]], including one [[cervical vertebra|cervical]], one [[dorsal vertebra|dorsal]], and two [[caudal vertebra]]e. ''Puertasaurus'' is a member of [[Titanosauria]], the dominant group of sauropods during the Cretaceous.

''Puertasaurus'' was a very large animal. Its [[Dinosaur size|size]] is difficult to estimate due of the scarcity of its remains, but modern estimates place it around {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long and {{convert|50|MT|ST|abbr=off|sp=us}} in mass. The largest of the four preserved bones is the dorsal vertebra, which at {{convert|1.68|m|sp=us}} wide is the broadest known vertebra of any sauropod. The Cerro Fortaleza Formation is of uncertain age, due to the inconsistency of [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] nomenclature in Patagonia. When ''Puertasaurus'' was alive, the Cerro Fortaleza Formation would have been a humid, forested landscape. ''Puertasaurus'' would have shared its habitat with other dinosaurs, including another large sauropod, ''[[Dreadnoughtus]]'', in addition to other [[reptile]]s and [[fish]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Saurischia - Puertasaurus reuili.JPG|thumb|left|[[Dorsal vertebra]]]]

The [[holotype]] and only known specimen of ''Puertasaurus reuili'' was discovered in the [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province]] of southern [[Patagonia]], Argentina. The remains were recovered in [[Los Hornos|Cerro Los Hornos]], near the [[La Leona River]], and were reported from the [[Cerro Fortaleza Formation]] (which, at the time, was referred to as the [[Pari Aike Formation]]).<ref name="Schroeter2014" /> The holotype was discovered in a grey sandstone [[Lens (geology)|lens]] that also preserved the carbonized remains of [[cycads]] and [[conifers]]. It was given the specimen number of [[Museo Padre Molina|MPM]] 10002, and consists of four {{dinogloss|disarticulated}} vertebrae, specifically one [[cervical vertebra|cervical]], one [[dorsal vertebra|dorsal]], and two {{dinogloss|caudal vertebrae}} (about 3% of the skeleton).<ref name="Calvo2007" /> Of this material, only the dorsal vertebra was complete. Most of the cervical vertebra was preserved, but only the centra of the caudal vertebrae are known. ''Puertasaurus reuilli'' was described by the [[paleontologist]]s [[Fernando Novas]], Leonardo Salgado, Jorge Calvo, and Federico Agnolin in 2005, and was named after the fossil hunters Pablo Puerta and Santiago Reuil, who discovered the holotype in 2001 and prepared it afterwards. Its discovery was announced in July 2006, at the [[Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences]] in [[Buenos Aires]].<ref name="natgeonews2006" /> ''Puertasaurus'' was the first discovered giant [[titanosaur]] that preserved cervical vertebrae.<ref name="NSCA05" />

==Description==
[[File:Puertasaurus_Size_Chart.svg|thumb|right|Size compared to a human]]

Due to a lack of better material, the size of ''Puertasaurus'' is difficult to estimate.<ref name="Problem">{{cite web|url=http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/2013/6/20/the-problem-with-puertasaurus?rq=Puertasaurus|title=The Problem With ''Puertasaurus''|last=Hartman|first=Scott|date=June 20, 2013|website=Skeletal Drawing|access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> Novas estimated the new species was approximately {{convert|35|to|40|m|sp=us}} long and weighing between {{convert|80|and|100|MT|ST|sp=us}}.<ref name="natgeonews2006">{{cite news|last=Roach|first=J.|date=2006|title=Giant Dinosaur Discovered in Argentina|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060728-giant-dinosaur.html|work=[[National Geographic News]]|location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811172844/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060728-giant-dinosaur.html|archive-date=August 11, 2006|access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> This would place it as one of the largest dinosaurs, only rivaled in size by its relative ''[[Argentinosaurus]]'', which has been estimated at up to {{convert|39.7|m|ft|sp=us}} in length and {{convert|90|MT|ST|sp=us}} in mass.<ref name="Seller2013">{{cite journal |last1=Sellers |first1=W. I. |last2=Margetts |first2=L. |last3=Coria |first3=R. A. B. |last4=Manning |first4=P. L. |editor1-last=Carrier |editor1-first=David |title=March of the Titans: The Locomotor Capabilities of Sauropod Dinosaurs |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078733 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e78733 |year=2013 |pmid=24348896 |pmc=3864407|bibcode=2013PLoSO...878733S }}</ref><ref name="Benson2014">{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1= Roger B. J.|last2=Campione|first2=Nicolás E.|last3=Carrano|first3=Matthew T.|last4=Mannion|first4=Phillip D. |last5=Sullivan |first5=Corwin|last6=Upchurch|first6=Paul|last7=Evans|first7=David C.|title=Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage|journal=PLOS Biology|date=May 6, 2014 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853 |volume=12 |issue= 5|pages=e1001853 |pmid=24802911 |pmc=4011683}}</ref> The discovery of the more complete ''[[Futalognkosaurus]]'' revealed these previous estimates were likely too high.<ref name="Calvo2008">{{cite journal |last1=Calvo|first1=Jorge O.|last2=Juárez Valieri|first2=Rubén D.|last3=Porfiri|first3=Juan D.|date=2008|title=Re-sizing giants: estimation of body lenght [sic] of Futalognkosaurus dukei and implications for giant titanosaurian sauropods|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275889369|journal=Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados|access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> In 2012, [[Thomas Holtz]] estimated ''Puertasaurus'' to have been potentially {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long.<ref name="Holtz2012">Holtz, Tom (2012) [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Genus List for Holtz (2007) ''Dinosaurs'']</ref> In 2013, the entire neck was estimated to have been approximately {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long by [[Mike P. Taylor|Mike Taylor]] and [[Matt Wedel]].<ref name="TaylorWedel2013">{{cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=M.P.|last2=Wedel|first2=M.J.|year=2013|title=Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks|url=https://peerj.com/articles/36/|journal=PeerJ|volume=1|page=e36|doi=10.7717/peerj.36|pmid=23638372|pmc=3628838|access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> Later the same year, Scott Hartman made a reconstruction that suggests a total length of {{convert|27|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}, slightly shorter than other estimates.<ref name="Hartman 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/2013/06/the-biggest-of-big.html | title=The biggest of the big|last=Hartman|first=Scott|date=2013|website=Skeletal Drawing|access-date=November 4, 2018}}</ref> In 2016, [[Gregory S. Paul]] estimated a length of {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} and a weight of at least {{convert|50|MT|ST|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name=G.S.Paul2010>Paul, G.S. (2016) ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs''. 2nd ed. [[Princeton University Press]] p. 206</ref> A 2017 by the paleontologist José Carballido and colleagues study estimated its mass at roughly {{convert|60|MT|ST|abbr=off|sp=us}}, which was lighter than ''[[Patagotitan]]'', a more complete giant sauropod.<ref name="Carballido-2017" />

===Vertebrae===
[[File:Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus vertebrae.jpg|thumb|left|Dorsal vertebra (right) compared with a vertebra of ''[[Argentinosaurus]]'', temporarily exhibited at the [[Museum Koenig]]]]

Of the four vertebrae preserved in the holotype, the largest is the dorsal vertebra (thought to be a second dorsal vertebra), measuring {{convert|1.06|m|sp=us}} tall and {{convert|1.68|m|sp=us}} wide. This is the broadest sauropod vertebra known, and two-thirds of its width is made up of the huge {{dinogloss|transverse processes}} (structures projecting from the side of the vertebra), which are heavily expanded and have very deep bases, forming wing-like structures when viewed from the front. In other titanosaurs, such as ''[[Dreadnoughtus]]'', they are far less wide and deep.<ref name="Lacovara14" /> In ''Puertasaurus'', these processes are perpendicular to the [[axial plane]]. Craniocaudally (front to back), however, the vertebra is rather short, shorter than average among titanosaurs. The [[vertebral centrum|centrum]] is especially {{dinogloss|opisthocoelous}} (having a convex front and a concave rear). The {{dinogloss|laminae}} in the [[neural arch]] are robust, although reduced. [[Hyposphene-hypantrum articulation]] (two structures on two vertebrae that fit into each other and form an extra joint) is not present, like other titanosaurs. The pre- and postspinal [[Fossa (anatomy)|fossae]] are especially deep and broad. The pre- and postspinal laminae (structures on the upper half of the vertebra) are robust. The {{dinogloss|neural spine}} is oriented vertically (perpendicular to the centrum) but dorsoventrally (top to bottom) low, although it is extremely transversely (side to side) expanded. This orientation is unlike that of more [[Derived (phylogenetics)|derived]] titanosaurs, instead it is similar to [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] ones (such as ''Argentinosaurus'') and other sauropods, such as ''[[Euhelopus]]''.<ref name="NSCA05" />
[[File:Puertasaurus_reuili.png|thumb|right|Life [[Paleoart|restoration]] based on related [[taxa]]]]
The cervical vertebra was also notably large, with a transverse width of {{convert|140|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} (including the [[cervical ribs]]). It is thought to be the ninth vertebra in the neck. The cervical ribs are fused to the centrum. The centrum is especially dorsoventrally compressed. The pre- and postspinal fossae on the neural spine are wide and deep. This, along with the expanded distal (front) end of the vertebra, provide evidence of powerful neck ligaments and muscles. These features are also known in other titanosaurs but are extremely prominent in ''Puertasaurus''. The neural spine was especially tall and laterally (sideways) expanded, to the point where it would exceed the length of the centrum. This would make it have one of the proportionately largest neural spines of any titanosaur. The apex of the neural spine was positioned on the posterior side of the vertebral midline.<ref name="Lacovara14" /> The {{dinogloss|zygapophyseal laminae|spinoprezygapophyseal laminae}} (the spike-like projection in front of the neural spine) are separated from each other and only touch the middle of the neural spine.<ref name="Riga2014">{{cite journal|last1=González Riga|first1=Bernardo J.|first2=Leonardo Ortiz|last2=David|year=2014|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260793332|title=A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cerro Lisandro Formation) of Mendoza Province, Argentina|journal=Ameghiniana|volume=51|issue=1|pages=3–25}}</ref> The zygapophyseal articulations, which connect two adjacent vertebrae, are located on the lower part the neural arch. The {{dinogloss|diapophyses}} and {{dinogloss|parapophyses}} (processes on the side of the vertebra) are strongly laterally projected. The cervical vertebra lacks {{dinogloss|pleurocoels}} (large cavities) and was not very [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatic]]. The length of the restored centrum is estimated to be {{convert|105|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} long based on other titanosaurs.<ref name="NSCA05" />

Two caudal vertebrae from the middle of the tail were also preserved. They are standard in shape for titanosaurs and are {{dinogloss|procoelous}} (having a concave front and a convex rear).<ref name="NSCA05" /> Little else is known about them since they were never described in detail.<ref name="Fowler2011">{{cite journal|last1=Fowler|first1=Denver W.|first2=Robert M.|last2=Sullivan|year=2011|url=http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app56/app20100105.pdf|title=The first giant titanosaurian sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of North America|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=56|issue=4|pages=685–690}}</ref>

==Classification==

''Puertasaurus'' is differentiated from other sauropods based on a unique combination of features. These features consist of the heavily expanded neural spines on the cervical vertebrae, which result in the neural spines being longer than the vertebral body. The neural spines possess strong dorsolateral (high on the side) ridges, robust spinoprezygapophyseal laminae (projections in front of the neural spine) of the posterior cervicals, anterior dorsals that are very short from front to back, and the animal's giant size.<ref name="NSCA05" />

[[File:Sauropod neck reconstructions.png|thumb|right|Neck reconstructions of ''Puertasaurus'' and other sauropods]]
''Puertasaurus'' belonged to the [[clade]] [[Titanosauria]], one of the most diverse groups of sauropods. It is a member of the group [[Lognkosauria]], which includes several other large titanosaurs, including ''Futalognkosaurus'', ''Patagotitan'', ''Argentinosaurus'', ''[[Notocolossus]]'', ''[[Mendozasaurus]]'', and ''[[Quetecsaurus]]''. Many of these animals, such as ''Argentinosaurus'' and ''Patagotitan'', were especially massive. ''Puertasaurus'' is generally recovered as a stable (a firm member of the group) lognkosaur, although in 2017, Carballido found it (along with ''Quetecsaurus'') to be the least stable members of the group.<ref name="Calvo2007" /><ref name="Gonzalez" /><ref name="Carballido-2017">{{cite journal|last=Carballido|first=José L., et al|year=2017|url= http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1860/20171219.abstract|title=A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society|Proc. R. Soc. B]]|volume=284|issue=1860|pages=20171219}}</ref>

The following [[cladogram]] shows the position of ''Puertasaurus'' in [[Lognkosauria]] according to Gonzalez Riga and colleagues, 2018.<ref name="Gonzalez">{{cite journal|last1=Gonzalez Riga|first1=B.J.|last2=Mannion|first2=P.D.|last3=Poropat|first3=S.F.|last4=Ortiz David|first4=L.|last5=Coria|first5=J.P.|year=2018|title=Osteology of the Late Cretaceous Argentinean sauropod dinosaur Mendozasaurus neguyelap: implications for basal titanosaur relationships|journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=184|issue=1|pages=136–181|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx103}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|label1=[[Lognkosauria]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Mendozasaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Futalognkosaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Argentinosaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Notocolossus]]''
|2=''[[Patagotitan]]''
|3='''''Puertasaurus'''''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

==Paleoecology==
[[File:Talenkauen.jpg|thumb|right|Skeleton of ''[[Talenkauen]]'', a dinosaur from the same formation as ''Puertasaurus'']]

''Puertasaurus'' is from the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]] of southern Patagonia. However, which formation it was derived from and its [[geological age]] have been disputed, because of the inconsistent [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] nomenclature of southern Patagonia. It was originally reported as being from the [[Pari Aike Formation]], and [[Maastrichtian]] in age. The Pari Aike Formation was subsequently reassigned to the [[Mata Amarilla Formation]] and reinterpreted as being from the [[Cenomanian]] to [[Santonian]].<ref name=Varela12/> More recent studies have stated that these deposits pertain to the [[Cerro Fortaleza Formation]], which was dated to the [[Campanian]] or [[Maastrichtian]].<ref name=Lacovara14/> The rocks of the formation mostly consist of [[sandstone]] beds, along with layers of [[mudstone]] and [[lignite|lignitic]] [[Horizon (geology)|horizons]].<ref name="Schroeter2014">{{cite journal|last1=Schroeter|first1=E.R.|last2=Egerton|first2=V.M.|last3=Ibiricu|first3=L.M.|last4=Lacovara|first4=K.J.|year=2014|title=Lamniform Shark Teeth from the Late Cretaceous of Southernmost South America (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)|journal=[[PLOS One]]|volume=9|issue=8|pages=e104800|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0104800|pmid=25141301|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j4800S}}</ref>

The Cerro Fortaleza Formation represents a terrestrial ecosystem. The presence of [[paleosol]]s and lignite suggests a humid environment with high amounts of rainfall and a high [[water table]]. [[Avulsion (river)|Avulsion surfaces]], [[histosol]]s, carbonaceous fossil roots, and [[Petrified wood|silicified wood]] all provide evidence of a low-lying forested landscape with poor drainage.<ref name="NSCA05" /> Other dinosaurs from the same locality include the [[ornithopod]] ''[[Talenkauen]]'', the [[theropod]]s ''[[Orkoraptor]]'' and ''[[Austrocheirus]]'', and the sauropod ''Dreadnoughtus''.<ref name="Novas2008">{{cite journal |last=Novas |first=Fernando E. |authorlink=Fernando Novas |author2= Martín D. Ezcurra |author3=Agustina Lecuona|year=2008 |title=Orkoraptor burkei nov. gen. et sp., a large theropod from the Maastrichtian Pari Aike Formation, Southern Patagonia, Argentina |url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229135689 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=468–480 }}</ref><ref name="Ezcurraetal">{{Cite journal | author = Ezcurra, M.D. | author2 = Agnolin, F.L. | author3 = Novas, F.E. | last-author-amp = yes | year = 2010 | title = An abelisauroid dinosaur with a non-atrophied manus from the Late Cretaceous Pari Aike Formation of southern Patagonia | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02450p025f.pdf | journal = [[Zootaxa]] | volume = 2450 | issue = | pages = 1–25 }}</ref><ref name=Lacovara14/> Non-dinosaurian fauna known from the formation include [[crocodilians]], [[turtles]], [[bony fish]], and [[lamniform]] [[sharks]].<ref name="Novas2004">{{cite journal |last=Novas |first=Fernando E. |authorlink=Fernando Novas |author2=Cambiaso, Andrea V |author3= Ambrioso, Alfredo |year=2004 |title=A new basal iguanodontian (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia |url =http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/viewFile/804/1546 |journal=[[Ameghiniana]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=75–82 }}</ref><ref name="Goin2002">{{cite journal |last=Goin |first=Francisco J., et. al. |year=2002 |title=Paleontología y Geología de los sedimentos del Cretácico Superior aflorantes al sur del río Shehuen (Mata Amarilla, Provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina) |url =https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/35719994/C07-_PALEONTOLOGIA_Y_GEOLOGIA_DE_MATA_AMARILLA.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1541121759&Signature=etdXoEUMs5ZXQblkLPbzAj4NJvU%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DGoin_FJ_et_al._2002_Paleontologia_y_Geol.pdf |journal=Actas del XV Congreso Geológico Argentino |volume=1 }}</ref><ref name="Schroeter2014" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=Lacovara14>{{cite journal|last1=Lacovara|first1=Kenneth J. |last2=Ibiricu |first2=L.M. |last3=Lamanna |first3=M.C.|last4=Poole |first4=J.C. |last5=Schroeter |first5=E.R. |last6=Ullmann |first6=P.V.|last7=Voegele |first7=K.K. |last8=Boles|first8=Z.M. |last9=Egerton |first9=V.M. |last10=Harris|first10=J.D.|last11=Martínez|first11=R.D.|last12=Novas|first12=F.E.|title=A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina|journal=Scientific Reports|date=September 4, 2014|doi=10.1038/srep06196|pmid=25186586 |volume=4 |pages=6196 |pmc=5385829|bibcode=2014NatSR...4E6196L }}</ref>
<ref name=NSCA05>{{cite journal|last=Novas |first=Fernando E. |authorlink=Fernando Novas |author2=Salgado, Leonardo |author3=Calvo, Jorge |author4=Agnolin, Federico |year=2005 |title=Giant titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia |journal=Revisto del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, N.s. |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=37–41 |url=http://www.macn.secyt.gov.ar/cont_Publicaciones/Rns-Vol07-1_37-41.pdf |accessdate=2007-03-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822233602/http://www.macn.secyt.gov.ar/cont_Publicaciones/Rns-Vol07-1_37-41.pdf |archivedate=August 22, 2006 }}</ref>
<ref name=Calvo2007>{{cite journal |last=Calvo |first=J. O. |author2=Porfiri, J. D. |author3=González Riga, B. J. |author4=Kellner, A. W. A. |title=Anatomy of ''Futalognkosaurus dukei'' Calvo, Porfiri, González Riga, & Kellner, 2007 (Dinosauria, Titanosauridae) from the Neuquen Group, Late Cretaceous, Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Arquivos do Museu Nacional |year=2007 |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=511–526 |url=http://www.proyectodino.com.ar/pdfs/140-0020.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713212850/http://www.proyectodino.com.ar/pdfs/140-0020.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-13 |df= }}</ref>
<ref name=Varela12>{{cite journal | first1= Augusto N. | last1 = Varela | first2 = Daniel G. | last2 = Poiré | first3 = Thomas | last3 = Martin | first4 = Axel | last4 = Gerdes | first5 = Francisco J. | last5 = Goin | first6 = Javier N. | last6 = Gelfo | first7 = Simone | last7 = Hoffmann | title = U-Pb zircon constraints on the age of the Cretaceous Mata Amarilla Formation, Southern Patagonia, Argentina: its relationship with the evolution of the Austral Basin | journal = Andean Geology | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 359–379 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.5027/andgeoV39n3-a01 }}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Portal bar|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous|Argentina|Prehistory of South America}}
{{Sauropoda|T.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133158}}
[[Category:Lithostrotians]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Fernando Novas]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2019-01-02T19:06:55Z

Paleocolour: /* Cool CC dinosaur vids */

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review/Header}}

= Images in review =
== ''[[Juratyrant]]'' Size chart and known material ==
[[File:Juratyrant known elements skeletal.png|thumb|right]]
[[File:Juratyrant size chart.png|thumb|right]]
A diagram representing the known material of the holotypic specimen of ''Juratyrant''. Missing elements restored with ''Stokesosaurus'' skeleton by Scott Hartman, Skull restored after ''Sinotyrannus'', ''Proceratosaurus'' and ''Guanlong'' (after Loewen et al 2013, which places the genus under Proceratosauridae). The current diagram on the Wikipedia page doesn't seem to stick close to the material presented in the paper (specifically the hip) and the skull doesn't show many of the features diagnostic to the family. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 14:06, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
:It's a good start, although there is some room for improvement. For example, the placement of ''Juratyrant'' and ''Stokesosaurus'' within Proceratosauridae is not definite, with Brusatte & Carr (2016) being a good example of a study which places them outside of the group. Even if they were proceratosaurids, they may not necessarily have had crests, because ''Yutyrannus'' may have been part of the group yet it lacked the large, plate-like ''Guanlong''-style crest. I would recommend removing the crest from your silhouette. In addition, the preserved and missing portions of the illium visible in your skeletal more closely resemble those of the right illium rather than the left illium. Either you could change the shape of the grey areas, or flip the image to transform the left side into a right side. In addition, the skeleton also preserves bones of the left leg, albeit less complete than those of the right. The left leg in your skeletal seems to include the practically complete right leg, with the actual (incomplete) remains of the left leg being completely omitted. I would recommend flipping the image so that the right hip and leg bones are actually placed on the right side. After that you can add in the bones of the left leg in the other leg of the silhouette. You also seem to have omitted a partial anterior dorsal vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-30) from the base of the neck. You did seem to include the other four preserved dorsal vertebrae (OUMNH J.3311-2 through 5), but Benson (2008) doubted that they were continuous, so there were probably at least a few gaps between them. The sacral and tail vertebrae have few issues, although there was a thin partial vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) just behind OUMNH J.3311-10 (which you placed directly above the tip of the ischium). You will need to add this vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) as well as a couple of chevrons described by Benson (2008). If you didn't know, the right pubis is nearly complete, so you can show more material for that bone. You seemingly only included the incomplete left pubis. The ischium is the opposite case, with the left part of the bone being more complete than the right. If the skeletal is flipped so that we see it from the right (as I recommend), you'd also have to add in an incomplete right ischium overlapping the left bone which you already included.
:TL;DR- You put right side bones on the left side, so flip the image so that they are actually on the right side. Put in a few more vertebrae and the nearly complete right pubis. Fill the other leg with bones, since leg bones are known for both legs (although the left leg is less complete). Get rid of the crest since it may not be a Proceratosaurid. If you can access jstor, see Benson (2008) here for pictures and info: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20490999?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:33, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
::I've edited most of your suggestions: I don't agree with not including a crest however. True, Yutyrannus lacked a crest. However, all Proceratosaurids from the Jurassic which have well preserved skulls preserve a crest: Yutyannus is more derived. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 17:45, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
:::Thanks. Btw, the note on ''Yutyrannus'' was an afterthought to my main point, which is that ''Juratyrant'' was not a proceratosaurid according to the study of Brusatte & Carr (2016), which imho takes precedence over Loewen ''et al'' (2013). A few more notes: You put the partial vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) in front of the more complete one (OUMNH J.3311-10) when in reality OUMNH J.3311-11 was behind it. You also seem to have forgotten the left tibia and perhaps included a bit too much white area on the left femur. You may also want to include a partial right ischium overlaying the left ischium. Other than that it looks great. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 01:35, 30 May 2018 (UTC)
::::You're really close to perfection (I see you already added it to the article), but there are still a few little things to change. I honestly think that the crest should be omitted due to reasons I've outlined previously. The sliver of OUMNH J.3311-11 is from the front part of the vertebra, not the rear part (the little upper triangular extensions are prezygapophyses). You still need to include a few chevrons. Apart from those little fixes it's complete. Thanks for all the patience. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 03:26, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
:::::Pinging [[User:Eotyrannu5]] because it would be nice to have this one done and dusted ^-^--[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 21:15, 5 November 2018 (UTC)
:::::: Woops: apologies, been busy with work lately. Will try and finish this one ASAP [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 18:11, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::: [[User:Eotyrannu5]] ... --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 16:37, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::::::: Image has already been updated accordingly [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 11:08, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::: Great, I also like how you darkened the shading in the grey areas. I'm still not sure why the crest hasn't been removed, Loewen ''et al.'' (2013) seems to be an outlier among tyrannosauroid analyses, so I don't think that ''Juratyrant'' was a proceratosaurid. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 15:37, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::: Pinging [[User:Eotyrannu5]] again because c'mon dude, let's get shot of the crest and we can call it a day. Newest studies place it as a sister taxon to Eotyrannus, more derived than any proceratosaurid, so if any anatomical features in the silhouette need tweaking to reflect that relationship, that'd also be nice if necessary. --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 16:37, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Magnosaurus]]'' restoration from 2007 ==

[[File:Magnosaurus.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:HADROSAURUS.jpg|thumb]]

I don't think this restoration has been reviewed, but it probably should. The dinosaur seems too skinny, has visible fenestrae, and the limbs look quite strange.[[User:Kiwi Rex|Kiwi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kiwi Rex|talk]]) 16:06, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
:I recently removed a rather unsalvageable ''Hadrosaurus'' restoration from the same guy from its page. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 16:22, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
::Yea, it's just better to upload entirely new images instead of trying to fix these. There is a ''Magnosaurus'' reconstruction in Nobu Tamura's blog [http://spinops.blogspot.com/2013/08/magnosaurus-nethercombensis.html?q=magnosaurus] - what's necessary to upload it to Wikimedia Commons? And are there any problems with it? [[User:Kiwi Rex|Kiwi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kiwi Rex|talk]]) 19:05, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Noncommercial license. Can't be used. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA|2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA|talk]]) 21:06, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
*I've updated the ''Magnosaurus'' restoration. Let me know if changes are needed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 18:31, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
::It looks a lot better, but still quite skinny by megalosauroid standards. What's with the scutes on the hands? [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 01:20, 4 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Wow, that's a dramatic change! I wonder if the "drumstick could be made more pronounced. The fingers on the right hand also look slightly longer? As for the scutes, I guess they just reflect the scutes on bird feet (and crocodile limbs), don't think there is any evidence for or against. At least this [[Australovenator]] image[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australovenator_with_prey.PNG] has them too... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 01:27, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

== Request: ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'' scale diagram ==
[[File:Xixiasaurus.jpg|thumb|2013 restoration]]
[[File:Xixiasaurus Size Comparison by PaleoGeek.svg|thumb|2018 size chart]]

I will be expanding the ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'' for possible nomination as the first troodont GA/FA, and it currently needs a size diagram. The estimated size is given in the article, and though the estimated length of the skull isn't given in the description, it can perhaps be extrapolated from the scale bar (see image here:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_henanensis.jpg]). Not sure what the body should be based on, as it seems to jump the cladogram around from study to study, so as close to a "generic" troodont as possible. While we're at it, I thought it would be good to post my old, 2013 restoration of it for re-review (it was basically a modified version of my older [[Zanabazar junior]]). The feathers were largely based on ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]'', which perhaps wasn't a trodoont after all, and now the only definitely known feathered troodont is ''[[Jianianhualong]]''. I will definitely shorten the neck and change the tip of the mandible a bit (it seems to have been a bit downturned[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_jaws.jpg][http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Xixaosaurus%20s.JPG], which should also be shown in the diagram), but are there other suggestions? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 02:07, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:I love this illustration; the only suggestion I have right now is to make the neck feathers more extensive, giving the neck more volume as feathers do in modern birds. I think the feathers should also make the silhouette have a more gentle curve on the back of the neck. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 03:42, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::Thanks, I'll fix that; though there are of course many long necked birds where the feathers don't change the contour of the neck much, such as [[flamingoes]], [[storks]], and [[swans]], it seems to have been the case in [[deinonychosaurs]]. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:10, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I think I'll take this one, especially since I don't do size charts too often now! [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:01, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Cool, your [[Thalassodromeus]] diagram also got a compliment from a reviewer! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:28, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Along with the poofy neck feather thing, I think that the nostril might be a little too high up. As far as I know, the current thinking for theropod nostrils is that they wet moreso at the bottom of the nares <ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5531/850]</ref> [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 17:08, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::The front of the bony nares, yeah, as far as I can see it is? I think maybe that black splotch behind what I meant to be the nostril is what threw you off, I'll paint it out... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 17:20, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I have now made a bunch of anatomical fixes~to the restoration. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:22, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Great! Should help figure things out with the size chart. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:30, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Sorry for the long wait! Personal affairs and all. I'll get started on this soon. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:27, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::That's fine (I'm still writing anyway), I've made some space ready for it at the upper left of the description section... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:41, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::By the way, the body of this [[Byronosaurus]][http://images.dinosaurpictures.org/byronosaurus2_3c85.jpg] coupled with the head here[http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Xixaosaurus%20s.JPG] could maybe guide the proportions. The first skeletal looks like it was done by Jaime Headden, but I can't really find it on any proper website. Do you think we can upload it to Commons, {{u|IJReid}}? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:43, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Ah yes I think we can, i know it is made by Headden we just don't really have a "source". But they are his and that means we can upload them. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 23:56, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::I wonder how many images of his scattered on the web we still need to upload? I recall there was a lot on the now defunct Dinosauricon, maybe they can be found through the [[Wayback Machine]]... And {{u|PaleoGeekSquared}}, if you choose to include feathers in the size diagram, remember to not make the tail feathers part of the length! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:16, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
*Finally I finished this! Sorry for the long wait. I took your advice on Headden's skeletal, and matched the silhouette up to the restoration's proportions as well. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:17, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
::Worth the wait! There is something about the frontmost leg, I think the fact that the two legs have the exact same pose. This would make it seem like the front leg is attached further forwards on the body, and doesn't attach to the body at the same level as the hindmost leg... They could be more offset, like here:[http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2012/12/field-guide-rejects-arctic-troodont.html] The hand claws also seem to have been more strongly curved:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_hand_bones.jpg] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:48, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Saw my comment here, {{u|PaleoGeekSquared}}? I'll send the article to FAC soon (Irritator is just about promoted, and it seems good to maybe only have one dinosaur at FAC at a time with so few reviewers around). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 08:09, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== [[Psittacosaurus]] ==
[[File:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis reconstruction.jpg|thumb]]
Hello, I’ve spent some time making this reconstruction of a father Psittacosaurus mongoliensis sitting down, and I was wondering if it could be used in the article. Any critique? I can also bring in a version with a neat and background, if that would be more suitable. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 04:27, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
:It appears you have drawn a claw on the fourth finger; there should only ever be claws on the first three. An issue which is perhaps too late to fix, but which you should consider in the future, is perspective in the scales; if a round scale is seen foreshortened, it should be oval. In this restoration, all the scales at the margins of the animals silhouette should become gradually more oval, and almost flat at the contours. Now they are all round, which wouldn't make sense. You can see what I mean in for example these lizard photos[https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/B-sAAOSwW0Vb1Apn/s-l1600.jpg][http://www.asergeev.com/pictures/archives/2013/1244/jpeg/27.jpg] (also check the front view[https://fsmedia.imgix.net/1a/be/30/ce/0a05/4d35/98eb/6bc468231e0e/meetpsittacosaurus-lead-contender-for-the-most-adorable-thing-to-ever-walk-the-earth.jpeg?dpr=2&auto=format%2Ccompress&w=441] of the Bob Nicholls Psittacosaurus mdel), note how the scales appear flattened as the topography of the head curves. It might not seem like a big deal, but I think it is important to be accurate if individual scales absolutely have to be shown. Another thing, it looks a bit jarring that the quills stop short of connecting with the body. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:39, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm a bit confused where the quills on the left side of the image are coming from? From what I can tell they're limited to the tail like is preserved on the specimen, but if they are they shouldn't be sprouting over there. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 05:18, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The midline of the back in that specimen is obscured, though, so in theory there could be quills... But yeah, here they seem to be coming from the level of the legs, though. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:37, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
::::What is the evidence for the little postorbital horns on the upper side of the skull? And shouldn't the skull table (behind those horns, where the upper temporal fenestrae would have been) be flat instead of strongly rounded? Looks like the neck starts right after the eye openings. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 08:06, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

== Further edits to [[spinosaur]] images ==
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Baryonyx_life_restoration.jpg|Corrected skull shape
|File:Four spinosaurids by Abelov2014.jpg|Corrected skull shape
|File:Suchomimus_BW.jpg|Added background, hid wonky hind limbs underwater, fixed skull proportions, smoother sail
|File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_2.jpg|Less exaggerated projection on the rear of nasal crest
|File:Erlhaz_Formation.jpg|Fixed skull proportions on left ''[[Suchomimus]]'', obscured right individual behind additional ferns
|File:Spinosaurus_life_restoration_with_Onchopristis.jpg|Did some minor edits, such as removing the signature and adding an ear hole
|File:Mother_Suchomimus_with_juveniles.png|Adjustments to skull and sail shape of the animals
}}

I fixed up the ''[[Baryonyx]]''{{'}}s skull in these two images according to this[/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG/1280px-Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG] skull reconstruction, they should now be in tip-top shape for article use. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:24, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:Good warping! I'll send the Baryonyx off to the WikiJournal soon then... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:36, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::Here's three more images I tried to salvage, let me know if the changes are acceptable. I was thinking that the new Nobu Tamura Sucho could go in ''[[Cristatusaurus]]'' under the Paleoecology section, since we already have a large amount of good ''[[Suchomimus]]'' restorations. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 13:58, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The NT image still has a pretty weirdly rotated hand... Maybe it could just be rotated down? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:25, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Rotated it somewhat, does this fix the issue? [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:57, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::I'd say so (the snout seems to dip deeper than the legs, but maybe not so obviously). Id advise against changing the name of the file though, the image is used on many other Wikipedia pages where it is identified as Suchomimus. You should rather state in an image caption that it was similar/possibly identical to that animal or something. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:58, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Ah, I forgot it was used on other wiki pages. I took your suggestion. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 15:05, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::One issue that makes the image look a bit weird is that you have scaled up the restoration, which makes it very blurry, contrasting wit the background. Maybe the whole image should be scaled back down so the dinosaur is of its original size. Looking again, I also wonder if you could make the legs less deep in the water, because it does seem like the snout should be submerged as well from this perspective. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:34, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I lifted up the neck and reduced the resolution of the image so it is much closer to the original. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 18:03, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::I can't see the source to the background photo? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:39, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Here's a ''Spinosaurus'' by Nobu Tamura that I uploaded, the only one of his restorations of it based on the new reconstruction. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:56, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Aaaand the final spinosaurid image for the day: a ''Suchomimus'' and four of her juveniles traversing a floodplain, put together using some lower quality spinosaurid restorations by Nobu and Abelov. And now we officially have more than enough ''Suchomimus'' restorations (7 exactly). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:09, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::More than we'll ever need, probably! The perspective is a bit off in the newest image; you have a horizon line through the largest animal, but the animals below it are shown directly from the side, whereas the viewer would have to look slightly down upon following in that perspective. It is most obvious in the frontmost animal, though. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:14, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Carnotaurinae]] size diagrams ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Carnotaurini sizes.png|Old Carnotaurini size diagram
|File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|New Carnotaurini size diagram
|File:Carnotaurinae sizes.png|Carnotaurinae size diagram
}}

I've created some size comparison diagrams. One is to replace the difficult to read old Carnotaurini size diagram, and one is a size diagram of all of Carnotaurinae. Let me know if any changes are needed. I attempted to make it so the entire silhouette of each dinosaur was visible and readable, let me know if that worked as well as I hoped. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 14:37, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
:The new Carnotaurini diagram isn't displaying right for me. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 15:25, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
::Fixed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 15:31, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I like it, but the only issue is it will be hard to simply distinguish them by colour, since multiple taxa are similar colours than could all be considered "green" or "blue" or "orange". '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:58, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Another issue is how unstable abelisaur taxonomy is, "Carnotaurini" and "Carnotaurinae" have few consistent members. I would recommend focusing on Abelisauridae in general. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 02:46, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Regarding the "Carnotaurini" size diagram, even if it was unstable it would at least be a good replacement for the greyscale, unlabeled version that is used in nearly a dozen articles. I think for both size charts, even if classifications change in the future, it would be easy enough to relabel it as "Size comparisons of selected abelisaurs". A more useful size diagram might be comparisons of species that lived in the same environment during the same time, but there is still usefulness in visualizing the sizes of species within Abelisauridae as a whole. I think the colours of the Carnotaurini size diagram are visually different enough, however I can see the larger Carnotaurinae diagram being problematic. I tried to layer it light on dark but most dark colours have ended up looking the same, so I'll fix that. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 12:16, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::I've updated the colours on the Carnotaurinae digram. When referring to them, it should be clear enough to use (from left to right): Orange, Purple, Blue, Yellow, Grey, Green, Dark Green, Red, Cyan, Brown. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 10:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Anurognathid]] ==
[[File:Jeholopterus reconstruction.png|thumb]]
I’ve made a reconstruction of Jeholopterus according to the Yang et al 2018 study on Anurognathid “pycnofeathers”. The study showed that the unidentified Anurognathid (judging by Locality and physical appearance, likely Jeholopterus or a related animal) had red “pycnofeathers”. As of now, both the Anurognathus restoration and Jeholopterus restoration are extremely outdated. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 16:10, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Seems a shame not to show more of the body, since the distribution of integument types is what's interesting about the specimens. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:25, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::It’s too late for that; plus, I wouldn’t be able to show the filament variation. Drawing the individual strands on each individual pycnofeather would be a Herculean and pointless task. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 16:45, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
It is not definitely ''Jeholopterus'' and could very well be ''Dendrorhynchoides''. If this is meant to be a reconstruction of the (immature) specimen and not an actual ''Jeholopterus'' then it probably should not be associated with the ''Jeholopterus'' page. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:08, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Phylogenetic bracketing allows the integument to be put on both taxa either way. Alternatively, we could write a section about the specimens on the anurognathid page and merely use this there. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 18:39, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
Where does the red color come from? [[User:Jonathunder|Jonathunder]] ([[User talk:Jonathunder|talk]]) 20:23, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:This study<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0728-7</ref>.

:Also, I’ve changed it to an unnamed Anurognathid. The skull most closely matches [[Anurognathus]], which also needs a new illustration. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 20:28, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm sure {{u|Paleocolour}} could fix the old DBogdanov illustration[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AnurognathusDB.jpg] according to the new study (isn't too far off to begin with, incredibly, similar thing happened when I drew [[Sinornithosaurus]]). What a time to be alive, that it is now a recurring thing to go back and add the actual colouration to old restorations of extinct animals... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 20:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Frankly I don’t think it’s worth trying to fix. The study showed that the feathers densely covered the entire body, ans the arms and feet, and tiny bit of the mouth, as seen in my reconstruction. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 20:43, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I think even I would be able to do the fixes, so I'm sure she can do it even better (with newer version of Photoshop and all). Adding fur takes time, but it's easy to do. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:22, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

== Lucas Attwell ''Emausaurus'' ==

[[File:Emausaurus Hagen Theropod.jpg|thumb]]
A very nice illustration but I don't think it was ever reviewed. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:15, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Definitely needs clearer proof of permission. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:49, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::It looks like it now has a CC BY-SA 3.0 License on its DA page: [https://www.deviantart.com/lucas-attwell/art/Emausaurus-and-ceratosaur-777406728]. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 19:19, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Yeah, seems like the uploader finally got it sorted out. So now I guess we can evaluate this and the other of his images. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:38, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

== Revised ''[[Alectrosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Alectrosaurus Profile by PaleoGeek.png|thumb|January 2018]]
[[File:Alectrosaurus portrait by PaleoGeek.jpg|thumb|December 2018]]

Since I recently started digital art[https://www.instagram.com/p/BrgibDzFimF/] I thought it'd be a good idea to explore and try out this new art medium with some Wikipedia restorations, seeing as I have a while without making any. So which better one to remake than my old ''[[Alectrosaurus]]''? The previous one was admittedly an ugly, unrealistic mess, so hopefully you'll find this one more acceptable. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:21, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:The nostril should be placed nearer the bottom of the nares, rather than the top. This is based on a study which showed Tyrannosaurus likely had a fleshier nostril, pushing it down towards the jaw and the tip of the snout.<ref>http://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5531/850</ref> I’d asssume it would be roughly the same in Alectrosaurus. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 19:47, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm aware of the nostril placement paper, and did put it at the bottom of the external nares (see this skull diagram[http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Alectrosaurusskullnew.jpg]). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:51, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
*Looks like a good new direction! The curcular patches look a bit too neat (compared to living animals), though, could their outlines maybe be a bit more irregular? As for nostril placement, the take home message of the Witmer paper was they were placed at the front of the bony naris (as seems to be shown here), not necessarily at the bottom (though the front of the naris is often lower than the rest, and therefore often "the bottom"). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:24, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I gave the face patches a more textured outline, similar to that which can be seen on the dark to light colour transition on the side of the neck. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 21:38, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Cool, exactly what I had in mind! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Great! Added to the article. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:22, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::At a closer look, the eye is completely circular, but most bird eyes (or their visible outlines) are at least a bit oval and have little indentations at the front and the back, showing where the eyelids meet. Not sure what it's called, but should probably be added. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

== Megalosaurid skulls ==

<gallery>
File:Dubreuillosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]''
File:Magnosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Magnosaurus]]''
File:Afrovenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Afrovenator]]''
File:Leshansaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Leshansaurus]]''
File:Eustreptospondylus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Eustreptospondylus]]''
File:Torvosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Torvosaurus]]''
File:Megalosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Megalosaurus]]''
File:Wiehenvenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Wiehenvenator]]''
File:Duriavenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Duriavenator]]''
File:Megalosaur skulls.png|Composite to replace Conty's
</gallery>
A long-awaited project I'm finally beginning now, the skulls of all megalosaurids. Starting with the most complete, Dubreuillosaurus. All megalosaurids with cranial (non-braincase) material will get a skull reconstruction, all to the same scale of 10px/cm and all following the same colour palette, hoping to replace Conty's old collage. Comments? Unknown bones are based on other megalosaurids that have them, quadrate from Eustreptospondylus and posterior mandible from Megalosaurus (all other bones are known in Dubreuillosaurus). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 02:23, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:Oddly enough Dubreuillosaurus' closest relative, Magnosaurus, has a dentary of the same size, and thus the only difference here is the dentary known. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 03:00, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
::Can't say much for accuracy, but it would probably be good to track down what the diagram you based it on was published in. It seems Torvosaurus is known from as much material, just not form a single specimen... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I currently have all the descriptive papers of the cranial material open as separate tabs right now. Torvosaurus preserves essentially the same material, but in several specimens, and lacking the skull roof, squamosal, and almost the entire dentary. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 15:37, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:Afrovenator is now finished, onto the next taxon. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 17:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::Why does the Headden skeletal show what looks like part of the mandible? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:11, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It's not just the Headden skeletal. The bone was also in Sereno's original skeletal diagram. The theropod database lists it as a prearticular. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:47, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::It's a prearticular which means its on the internal side of the mandible, and thus not visible in lateral view if the angular and surrangular are shown. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:58, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:Another megalosaurid added, Leshansaurus. The white bones are figured, light grey bones are described (very poorly) so as much as I can tell to be preserved is shown. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 01:11, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:Now 100% more ''Eustreptospondylus''. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:45, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:And now ''Torvosaurus'' is done. I plan to make ''Megalosaurus'' next to so I can finally replicate Conty's diagram and replace it, it's not very representative of the megalosaur cranial anatomy and diversity. I'm probably going to make all the skulls to the same length, instead of all to scale, since Torvosaurus absolutely dwarfs the others so far. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:36, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::''Torvosaurus'' apparently has a fourth premaxillary tooth according to Hendrickx, Mateus, & Araujo (2015)[http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.4202/app.00056.2013], ''contra'' earlier studies but more in line with the cranial anatomy of other megalosaurids. Other than that everything looks good. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 00:06, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::An additional premaxillar tooth has been added, along with ''Megalosaurus'', now finished (and with 4 premax teeth). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 05:50, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:Well another is done, and the composite image as well. Only Duriavenator left unless I decide to do T. gurneyi in addition to T. tanneri. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 23:09, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::Have you considered labeling the composite within the image itself? Or at least putting in a key (like A), B), etc.) [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 20:28, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Good point, done. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 04:53, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:Duriavenator is finished, and I think this project is along with it. Unless there are concerns, I will archive this section at the end of the month and add images to articles if there is room. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 18:14, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
::What about ''[[Piveteausaurus]]'', or is it too fragmentary? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:05, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It's only a braincase, no external skull bones, so I didn't include it. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 07:33, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Saltriovenator]]'' ==
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Saltriovenator restoration.png|Saltriovenator restoration
|File:Saltriovenator Skeletal Diagram.png|Skeletal diagram
|File:Saltriovenator size.png|Size diagram
}}

Made this one using the official skeletal in the paper. I think it is okay, don't mislead the boot with the perineal muscolar area
:The legs feel very lacking in muscles. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 23:47, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
::The frontmost leg seems very straight. It would never reach that position during a walk. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:13, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I've rearranged and lengthened the legs as according to the skeletal diagram. I've also added a size diagram based on the estimated length from the paper. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:11, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

::::You mean the ischiadic boot? What reasons are there to assume that the cloaca was located so far to behind?--[[User:MWAK|MWAK]] ([[User talk:MWAK|talk]]) 09:46, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

:::::Oh my bad yes of course I mean the ischiadic boot... anyway, the drawing was made using the skeletal as a reference but with a different leg position so that the more cranially placed leg gives the optical illusion of a more caudally placed booty. If you still have doubts try measuring the drawing proportions and comparing them with the skeletal. Thank you Lusotitan for the new leg arrangement! Sorry I'm not that practical with wikipedia still I forgot to sign [[User:Dennonychus|Dennonychus]]

::::::What's the ruling on modifications to images from the paper? 'Cause I'm thinking it wouldn't hurt to try and beef up that skeletal a little more... --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 18:46, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Disagree. It's no lankier than many Scott Hartman skeletals. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 22:09, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::It is inherent in the license "to remix – to adapt the work", but I don't see why it is necessary to modify it either. Some animals are fat, some are skinny, but there is a current trend in palaeoart to add maximum bulk, which is just that, a trend. If we want to draw an image like that, fine, but no need to add something speculative to someone else's art. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:37, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::: I'd say the calves and back need a tad more beef, and I'm using Hartman's skeletals as a standard. --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 23:30, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Why the back? Hartman's skeletals, and those of most others, don't show much space between the neural spines and the margin of the silhouette. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:53, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::Should ''Saltriovenator'' have osteoderms? It is outside of the ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''+''[[Carnotaurus]]'' group, but it is still a ceratosaur. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:59, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::The nasal horn is probably even less likely then, both Ceratosaurus and abelisaurs had osteoderms. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:18, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::"A single median crest on the nasals and a distinct lacrimal crest are variably developed in basalmost averostrans known from cranial elements and belonging to both Ceratosauria and Tetanurae. These features are optimized as averostran and ceratosaurian symplesiomorphies in our phylogenetic analysis. Accordingly, these ornamentations are depicted in our reconstruction of the Italian ceratosaurian, pending more complete material." [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:45, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::I agree that the crest is accurate, due to its presence in coelophysoids, dilophosaurids, ''Ceratosaurus'', and ''Monolophosaurus''. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 19:26, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::I wouldn't say "accurate", as we have no way of knowing, but it is a speculative possibility, just like the osteoderms. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:22, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::The crest is more than just speculation, in a sense. It's no less accurate than the other traits constrained by phylogenetic bracketing, as is the case here. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 04:35, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Well, only one other theropod has a single nasal horn, and that is Ceratosaurus. The others have longitudinal crests, running the length of the nasals, and coelophysoids did not have crests at all, if those of [[Syntarsus kayentakatae]] are just displaced nasals, as has been suspected for some time (same goes for [[Zupaysaurus]]). But in any case, I'm not arguing for removing the horn or anything, just saying osteoderms could be inferred through bracketing just as well (both abelisaurs and Ceratosaurus had them, so it could be primitive to the group). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 07:52, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::''Saltriovenator'' does not fall under any bracket for osteoderms - the ''Ceratosaurus'' + Abelisauridae node is further up the tree and so it falls out of the bracket. Now, this bracket is still pretty close, so it can be inferred it may have had them, but it's just as reasonable not to have them. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 22:04, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::''Ceratosaurus'' is the only ceratosaur with osteoderms. Abelisaurs didn't have them. ''Saltriovenator'' shouldn't be depicted with them. Agree ''Saltriovenator'' probably had a crest, but I recommend not giving it the exact same crest shape as the skeletal (because it's speculative and I don't want the skeletal to become a meme).[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 03:58, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::Perhaps, but that still isn't grounds for rejecting the image. So this isn't the place for the discussion. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 04:13, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::::[[Carnotaurus]] had "keeled protuberances"[https://nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS416.pdf] on its skin, whatever that means, and it has certainly been depicted as something akin to osteoderms (so whatever we call it, it isn't far form what is shown in the restoration here). But then again, it might just be spot, isn't clearly rendered here. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:21, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::::Large scales aren't osteoderms, and the arrangement of the large scales of ''Carnotaurus'' (spread over much of the body) aren't anything like the arrangement of the osteoderms in ''Ceratosaurus'' (single row along midline of back). We can't rule out large scales like ''Carnotaurus'', but a row of osteoderms like ''Ceratosaurus'' seems unlikely. So I don't think osteoderms should be added.[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 23:02, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::::::It was a moot point to begin with, because I thought this image showed osteoderms (which is why I argued for them being kept), but it didn't when I looked closer. Then of course, you could argue whether feathers are more or less likely than osteoderms, as are shown both here and in some of the press release artwork... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:43, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::::::OK, I see now. I had initially misinterpreted this as a suggestion to add osteoderms, which I disagreed with. My mistake. FWIW, I think feathers are much more likely than osteoderms (as osteoderms seem to be an autapomorphy of ''Ceratosaurus'' within theropods, whereas feathers are now known from all over Ornithodira despite their low preservation potential).[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 13:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

==''[[Fosterovenator]]''==
[[File:Fosterovenator.png|thumb|''Fosterovenator'' skeletal restoration]]

The outline of this restoration ought to be revised to make it more like ''Elaphrosaurus'' and ''Limusaurus'' because Dalman (2014) considers ''Fosterovenator'' closer to ''Elaphrosaurus'' than to ''Ceratosaurus'', which means he erred in assigning ''Fosterovenator'' to Ceratosauridae and Carnosauria more broadly, and should have clarified that he was assigning it to Ceratosauria given that ''Fosterovenator'' is a small-bodied theropod.[[User:Extrapolaris|Extrapolaris]] ([[User talk:Extrapolaris|talk]]) 20:06, 22 December 2018 (UTC)Vahe Demirjian
:I would say that either one is too speculative to be of much use. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 23:48, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Rahiolisaurus]]'' ==
[[File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|thumb|Life restoration of ''Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis'']]
I ended up scrapping that lineart I sketched earlier and did a painting of ''Rahiolisaurus'' instead. Let me know if any changes are needed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 13:53, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:It looks very accurate and aesthetically glaring. I appreciate the fact that the mouth is closed and has "lips". The only thing I'm not totally sure is the maybe excessively squinted eye, it looks like the animal is using some sort of mammalian, complexity-wise, palpebral muscles. [[User:Dennonychus|Dennonychus]]
::It seems the ankle of the back leg is a bit too flexed for the position the lower leg is placed in; it should probably be tilted a bit back, like the similar pose in Hartman's skeletals, the weight seems a bit unsupported now. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Regarding the eye, I was inspired by bird eyes and the tissue found around their eyes. The rest was meant to represent wrinkles on the face over the fenestra. I think it's relatively minor, so I'm going to leave it as-is but take it into account for my next restoration. The leg was positioned to make it look as though it's leaning forward, and I made sure to keep the thigh and ankle parallel to each other, but I think my shading obscured the shapes a little. I do think this is also very minor, and doesn't put the leg in an especially unnatural pose. Again, I will keep that in mind in the future. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:48, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''Nemegtomaia'' eggs ==

[[File:Nesting Nemegtomaia.jpg|thumb|Nesting ''[[Nemegtomaia]]'']]
{{u|Jens Lallensack}} recently notified me of this dissertation[http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2018/5246/5246.pdf], which seems to state the egg arrangement in my ''[[Nemegtomaia]]'' restoration (shown on page 148) is wrong: "'''Note that the arrangement of clutch is upsidedown, with the eggs inclined outwards and the pointed end directed upward. This is also the first reconstruction that shows integumentary appendages (filamentous feathers and planar feathers) in the adult .Note that the eggs are pigmented based on the evidence for biliverdin preservationin the Macroolithus yaotunensis eggs (Wiemann et al., 2017)'''". I followed this figure[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nemegtomaia_nest.png] in the Fanti paper, though, but the arrangement could of course have been disturbed. What do people think, should I change the position of the eggs, or am I reading something wrong? Pinging {{u|Ashorocetus}}, our only egg-expert... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:27, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:Well that's kinda cool. It seems that the proper nest orientation is with eggs close to vertical, and leaning slightly inwards, with multiple rings. Not sure what change you'd make to display that but from the text and critiques to other images that seems to be whats correct. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 17:05, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

:Well my expertise has been challenged since I should have known this beforehand, but yes you did read that correctly and the eggs should be inclined outward. I am sorry I didn't catch this when you were first making the reconstruction. [[Ashorocetus]] ([[User talk:Ashorocetus|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ashorocetus|contribs]]) 17:12, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::I must admit I have a bit of a hard time envisioning this. Perhaps the eggs wouldn't even be visible from this angle? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 09:49, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Sarcosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Sarcosaurus known material.png|thumb|Sarcosaurus known material]]
''Sarcosaurus'' diagram of known material: reconstruction based on basal Ceratosaurs (such as ''Berberosaurus'' and particularly ''Saltriovenator''). The Skull was made to look more generic and less like more derived Ceratosaurs such as ''Ceratosaurus''. "Liassaurus", referred to "cf. Sarcosaurus woodi" is smaller than the holotype: material in light grey is preserved, but to what extent is uncertain as it is not figured. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:I think there could be a bigger difference between the greys used. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 12:05, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::For the silhouette? [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 13:28, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It says "material in light grey is preserved", but it is very hard to distinguish between the greys used, they all look light (including the grey that denotes missing parts). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:49, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I personally would recommend the use ~20% gray for unfigured and ~50% gray for unknown (that's what I've done for ''Puertasaurus'', ''Argentinosaurus'', and ''Volgatitan''). --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:34, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Personally I use hex 808080 for a darker grey and hex a6a6a6 for a lighter grey (see Leshansaurus skull above). I think the light grey here is fine maybe the darker could be darker though. I see no anatomical issues with the skeletals anyhow. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:28, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Updated. Hopefully it is darker now. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 16:42, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Looks good to me. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:49, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::Yep. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:48, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Since ''Sarcosaurus'' appears to be a dilophosaurid, or at least in that general part of the phylogenetic tree, shouldn't its head look more dilophosaur-like and be crested?[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 04:06, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::''Sarcosaurus'' is in a similar boat to ''Saltriovenator'' (I even found the former to be basalmost ceratosaur in an extension of the Carrano matrix) so any cranial decoration is hit or miss. A lack of any is the most objective route to take. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 05:33, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::I still disagree with that philosophy. In the absence of hard data, soft data gleaned from phylogenetic bracketing is much more preferable than defaulting to nothing. And phylogenetic bracketing would support at least some kind of crest in this area.[[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:00, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::Lacrimal crests at least, they are very widespread. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:22, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::The main problem is with the phylogeny I got, crestless Limusaurus was between Sarcosaurus and Ceratosaurus. I don't remember if Masiakasaurus was also basal or not, but from that result it appeared more likely that crests evolved multiple times. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:24, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::There is some debate over ''Limusaurus'''s phylogenetic placement; it may be a noasaurid, in which case a loss of cranial ornamentation is a derived feature of Noasauridae, which are (generally) considered to be deeper within Ceratosauria than ''Ceratosaurus''. Cranial ornamentation (in a general sense) is common to abelisaurids, basal tetanurans (''Monolophosaurus''), dilophosaurids, and plenty of incertae sedis early Jurassic theropods like ''Cryolophosaurus'' and ''Sinosaurus''. Even ''Masiakasaurus'' has some strange texturing on its facial bones which imply that its ancestors had ornamentation. Even if ''Limusaurus'' did have a basal position within Ceratosauria, the evidence is still strongly in support of cranial ornamentation being the default for early Jurassic theropods.[[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 21:28, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Like with Saltriovenator above, our best bet it to accept what the artist has done, because anything goes. Depending on the phylogeny, ceratosaurs could be closer to tetanurans than crested theropods (= no crest), Sinosaurus could be basalmost ceratosaur (= large crest), crested theropods could lie on either side of Ceratosauria but not within in (= small crest) or even something more radical. I know all of these results have been found using various phylogenies, and the state of uncertainty around everything at this point in the tree cannot be understated. Megalosaurs (all lacking any crests save Afrovenator and spinosaurs) might be their own clade, or they could be carnosaurs. "Dilophosaurs" (all having prominent crests) could be a clade and therefore not provide support for basal crests; or a continuous grade and therefor support large crests as basal to Averostra; or could be a clade broken up by ceratosaurs and therefore support crests as basal to ceratosaurs, megalosaurs and carnosaurs. We just don't know, so deeming one thing inaccurate wouldn't make sense (I think Saltriovenator should be crestless as well, but as an unknown I think anything goes). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 21:51, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::Generally I agree that paleoart for Wikipedia should be as conservative as possible, but I would like to point out that in the Saltriovenator paper’s phylogeny, Sarcosaurus is a dilophosaurid. As far as I know it is also found close to Dilophosaurus in most other phylogenies. Under such circumstances, I think depicting it without crests becomes a situation where it’s probably violating the phylogenetic bracket. [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 16:15, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Sarcosaurus is basal to dilophosaurs in the Wang Limusaurus phylogeny [https://www.cell.com/cms/10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043/attachment/a87a9a2e-d5af-4f45-aadb-ce313e567a95/mmc1.pdf] which I didn't even consider, but makes it too basal for crests. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:28, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::In that case, shouldn’t Sarcosaurus be reconstructed as much more coelophysoid-like? I can see it being reconstructed like Coelophysis or Dilophosaurus, but I don’t see why it would look like it does in this image.[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 01:23, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::It has been recovered as a basal ceratosaur before so that is one valid approach to take. I see no issue with the silhouette, it'd be accurate as a dilophosaur-like animal but it's also fine like this. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 01:38, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::In what recent published study has it been found to be a ceratosaur? [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 13:18, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Dicraeosauridae]] Size Comparison ==

[[File:Dicraeosauridae Scale.svg|thumb|right|AT LAST!!!]]
Remember how long, long ago I said that I would make a dicraeosaurid size comparison? Well, since no one else has made it for me, I decided to upload it for the winter holidays. (Oh yeah - [https://svpow.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/2009-12-19-zoo-and-museums-201.jpg "Santaposeidon" came to town].) Anyways, the image description's quite long, due to the number of taxa included. Hopefully I didn't make any major mistakes. I used this image as a test for translucent silhouettes, but I'm not sure that I like the effect too much. Also, expect more ''Brachiosaurus'' stuff and family-grade sauropod size comparisons! --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:32, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:I can't comment on the accuracy of the sizes, but I think the transparency has cluttered the image too much in that I find it difficult to read the silhouettes- most notably on all the overlapping legs. My suggestion would be to increase the opacity of the transparency and move the dinosaurs apart enough so you can see the majority of the volume of each. Maybe look to my [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurinae_sizes.png diagram here for inspiration.] Great work so far, though! '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:40, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::Does this look better? I split them with the more basal ones on the left and the more derived ones on the right, following the ''[[Lingwulong]]'' phylogeny. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:26, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I think it looks much better. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:37, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::That's great, it's easier to see the size of each animal now. This might just be my browser reading the .svg, but the text for ''Amargasaurus cazaui'' overlaps onto the red square of ''Dicraeosaurus sattleri''. Would it be possible to move those apart slightly? I'm using Google Chrome, a pretty common internet browser, so this will probably happen to a lot of people. Thanks! '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:42, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Yeah, that's the problem with SVG text, you never quite know how it's going to render as a thumbnail. Anyways, it should be working now. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:23, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Yep, it's working for me too. Great work. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:11, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Genyodectes]]'' ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Genyodectes restoration.png|Genyodectes restoration
|File:Genyodectes size.png|Size diagram
|File:Genyodectes known material.png|Known remains diagram
}}

I have created a restoration, size chart, and known material diagram of ''[[Genyodectes]]''. Let me know if any changes are needed.
*'''The restoration''' includes a row of osteoderms along the back, a la ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''. They are considered to be closely related, so I thought this was reasonable but I can remove them if needed. The head crests are also based on ''Ceratosaurus''.
*'''The size chart''' was scaled to the known jaw material and fitted to a Ceratosaur silhouette. There was no size estimate listed anywhere I could find, so I'm not sure if this could be considered Original Research.
*'''The known remains diagram''' was scaled from the jaw material and filled with the silhouette. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 07:13, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::It seems the ear is drawn behind the head (effectively in the neck), rather than within the back margin? It should instead be somewhere within the gap between the back of the skull and the mandible depressor muscle.[https://i.stack.imgur.com/pqEas.jpg] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:02, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Fixed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 01:56, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Much better. This, and taking sclerotic ring size into account when drawing eyes, are some of the most overlooked issues in dinosaur palaeoart for some reason... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 02:11, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[La Huérguina Formation]] ==

[[File:Europejara and Pelecanimimus.jpg|thumb|300px|''Europejara'' and ''Pelecanimimus'' restored in a speculative scenario of ecological competition]]

Made this to illustrate the Paleoenvironment section of La Huerguina Formation page. Is it accurate enough? [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]]
:I don't know anything about these particular creatures, but the contrast between the blurry environment and sharper-looking animals seems very jarring to me, and makes the image a little unpleasant to look at. Is there any way that you could clear up the background? Or perhaps just the water in the foreground? [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:57, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::Thank you I didn't notice that. It's been fixed :) [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]] 16:44, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
*Is the Europejara perhaps too big? It supposedly had a wing span of 2 metres, while Pelecanimimus was up to 2.5 metres long. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:07, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:I may fix that but I used skull dimensions as for relative proportions between the two animals. Also a big part of ''Pelecanimimus'' tail is not seen here. [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]] 18:39, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Megaraptor]]'' mount ==

[[File:Megaraptor.jpg|thumb]]
This photo of a mount was added by an IP several days ago. It seems suspect. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD|2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD|talk]]) 03:41, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:It is outdated (based on [[carcharodontosaurs]]), but it could used in the history or classification sections one day when those are expanded, to illustrate earlier interpretations. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:52, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Oxalaia]]'' (coloured) ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Oxalaia_quilombensis_by_PaleoGeek_coloured.png|Digital restoration
|File:Oxie_Colormap_by_PaleoGeek.png|Colour map
|File:Oxalaia_quilombensis_by_PaleoGeek_Plain.jpg|Lineart sketch
}}

Now that I have the proper tools, I got around to colouring the ''Oxalaia'' lineart that I made a while back (pinging {{u|Paleocolour}} to notify her that she doesn't need to do it). It should be alright to use in the article in place of the swimming one, since the [[WP:OR]] issue of bipedalism that raised {{u|Jens Lallensack}}'s concern before is no longer a problem, due to the Henderson (2018) paper.[https://peerj.com/articles/5409/] Aside from the colourisation and more detailed lineart, I also made these changes:
*Flatter, more sausage-like torso as suggested for ''[[Spinosaurus]]''.
*Moved eye closer to the top of the head and shifted ear hole to proper position.
*Pedal unguals are now flat-bottomed and the hallux now touches the ground.
*Reduced apparent constriction at the base of the neck, which was due to improper shading.
*Fixed overly long dentary (in ''Spinosaurus'' the jaws likely had a bit of an overbite, with the frontmost premaxillary teeth going over and in front of the mandible tip.)
I also took {{u|FunkMonk}}'s tip on more oval, bird-like eyes (using falcon eyes as a reference), I'll be fixing that in my ''[[Alectrosaurus]]'' soon. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:10, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::Anatomy looks good in general, thoguh something weird is happening with the backgroudn arm, as if it becomes a lot thicker upwards than the front one. I would also expect the arms to be thinner around the wrist, instead of just continuing in a straight line to the hand. I wonder f the scalation of the face is too large, but we of course don't know. Lastly, I think the pattern on the crest and sail look a bit too designed, compared to most patterns found in modern tetrapods. Looks like symbols. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 08:31, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Agree with FunkMonk on the scale pattern. Furthermore, the foot looks a bit human-like due to the extensive heel, especially in the left one. Note that theropods were digitigrade. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:14, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::These should be relatively quick and easy fixes, I'll do them all soon. Digital art certainly makes things a lot easier! The head scalation you are referring to, btw, was inspired by the large scales often present on the jaws of lizards like iguanas, as well as the texture on the mandibles of crocodiles, so it seemed plausible to me that this might have been true for some dinosaurs as well. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 13:10, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Ledumahadi]]'' size chart ==

[[File:Ledumahadi scale chart WIP 2.png|thumb|Ledumahadi size chart WIP]]

[[File:Ledumahadi size chart with human.png|thumb|Ledumahadi size chart with human]]

I know this taxon already has a size comparison up on the page, but I guess I'll give this one a shot. I'm not sure what human silhouette I should be using (having always used Andrew Farke's myself), so any suggestions?

Proportions were reconstructed using other lessemsaurids, with several areas modified to match the known bones (which made for a surprising appearance, especially if you were to compare it with ''Antetonitrus''). [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 06:39, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:Andrew Farke's silhouette is available under a CC BY license over at Phylopic: [http://phylopic.org/image/4dd48260-40d1-4302-95af-92cd445203b0/]. He's been used before in size comparisons (see ''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]'', ''[[Aquilops]]'', and ''[[Protoceratops]]''), so using him here should be fine. Even with a restoration with a human in it, it's still preferred to have one with gridlines and a scale bar (see ''[[Giganotosaurus]]''), so I see no problem with also including this image. I'll let someone else who has access to the paper comment on accuracy. Also, you may want to try out [[SVG]] format for size comparisons, using a program such as [[Inkscape]] (Commons generally favors SVG format over PNG format for these kinds of things, however, we do frequently use several PNG size comparisons, too, so it is entirely optional). --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:13, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::Gotcha about the human silhouette. Not sure if I want to download a separate program just to export it in a different file format, although it is something I could try in the future. Think I'll stick to PNG for now. [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:01, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Now with human. Still a little unsure about its positioning, but I think it works? [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 20:04, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Looks good. Maybe flipping the human so that it walks in the same direction as the dinosaur would look better? The forward facing arm has its elbow joint too low. You have the manus reconstructed to face outwards, not forwards, contrary to the official paleoart. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:24, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::::Will change the human silhouette. Since the humerus was cross-scaled from ''Antetonitrus'' (which is massive compared to the ulna), that probably makes the elbow low. The manus orientation is based off Hartman's ''Melanorosaurus''. [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
* On a more technical note, instead of uploading each version as a new file, it is preferred to upload the newer version over the original. To do this, scroll down to the bottom of the Commons page, where you will see a table. Underneath that table is a link that says "Upload a new version of this file". Using the link prevents categories overflowing with versions of the same artwork, in addition to inaccurate versions piling up. Also, remember to add categories to your uplaods. I added the categories of Ledumahadi and Sauropoda size comparisons to your latest version. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:35, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::Ah, didn't know about this. Thank you! [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' Skeletal ==

I have finally finished drawing and scaling all the material I could find of this guy and have compiled it all here: [https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q3HlhcgMDsA/XCozYw-U9kI/AAAAAAAAAf0/UGZN4dVe1Ao9Fb1Y-uUjE0lDs1Gy7haLgCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus-Stuff.png].
* White=Holotype
* Red="Ultrasauros"
* Orange=BYU cervicals
* Yellow=Potter Creek
* Lime=Felch Quarry skull
* Green=Holotype material collected from SV-POW
* Cyan=OK Metacarpal
* Blue=Holtype material gathered from Taylor's skeletal
* Navy=Jensen/Jensen Quarry
* Violet=Bigfoot
* Gray=Unknown
I plan to follow Taylor's cross-scaling for the holotype specimen and cross-scale the silhouette size for the Potter Creek Specimens, "Ultrasauros", Jensen/Jensen rib, and OK metacarpal. I'm at a loss as to how to scale the Felch Quarry skull, BYU cervicals, and Bigfoot. Any comments or suggestions as to scaling the material or on general accuracy? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 15:27, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:Here is the holotype on its silhouette: [https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x1FKX7J9vMc/XCpgNj77MmI/AAAAAAAAAgA/E-kRKVrmSJg0dOUjnzLEZnupoImCaottQCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus%2BSkeletal%2BV1-0.png] Comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 18:31, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::Here is the penultimate version: [https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8f3a1xlMeJM/XCqbjNTsmlI/AAAAAAAAAgM/nlNK8ACKdLUjuJiuy_thliIaQtB7R5E_wCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus%2BSkeletal%2BV1-1.png], with all material that can be confidently or semi-confidently scaled. Any comments before I upload it? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 22:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Looks good. Would it, for the ''Brachiosaurus'' article, be more practical to combine them all in one diagram (including the three specimen not included yet), only making a distinction by color between the holotype and associated material? Your skull diagram looks good; would it be possible to have that as a separate file, with individual bones labeled? --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 23:14, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I think that I'll upload the image above, a composite diagram, and the skull diagram. Since the skull material was crushed, I used Carpenter's skull restoration for creating the diagram. It's ironic how "Ultrasauros," the "biggest dino ever" is actually ''smaller'' than the holotype... --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:25, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::I would keep the two Potter Creek specimens separate though, as there is no evidence that the two are from the same individual. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 23:44, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Brachiosaurus Skeletals.svg|thumb|left]]
[[File:Brachiosaurus Composite Skeletal.svg|thumb|right|Composite skeletal diagram]]
[[File:Brachiosaurus Skull Diagram.svg|thumb|right|Skull diagram]]
:HAPPY NEW YEAR!!! --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::On a more paleontology-related note, I have uploaded the two of the diagrams, one of which can be seen above at large magnification. I will upload the skull diagram momentarily. I will update the above diagram to show six skeletals instead of five, also. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Here's the skull diagram. Comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]])00:21, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::Things look good but there are few points that need correcting. The neck posture is unlikely seems that the neck actually is bending down at the base whereas the habitual pose would be upright. The humeri are articulated incorrectly, they fit into the area of the scapula-coracoid joint, you have them articulating below that at the sternum articulation. Ribs should be underneath the scapula, not above.
:::::I would reduce complexity and not mark "inadequately figured specimens" in light grey. It seems to be a bit too much, and for example, all the dorsal vertebrae of the holotype are actually figured (Riggs, 1904). What do you mean with "Some elements are reversed", did you not always show a right or left element at the correct side of the body? I wouldn't do that as it is misleading; always place the elements at the correct side, or have a more schematic diagram not distinguishing between left and right. Could you maybe make an annotated version of the skull, labeling bones and openings? That would be very handy to have for the ''B.'' article. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::::I have implemented some of the changes on the composite:
* No elements are mirrored anymore.
* Humerus should articulate correctly now.
* Neck posture should (hopefully) be better
* Uniform colors implemented
* Ribs under scapula (however, that is a right scapula, so from the former left lateral view the ribs would have appeared to be above it)
::::::I couldn't find the figures for D11 and D9, they're not in our linked version of 1904, and 1903's behind a paywall (what the heck?). Could you send them to me (via link or email)? I will annotate the skull as soon as I figure out which bone is which. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 13:17, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== Paleoart Fixes ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Sketch suchomimus.jpg|Fixed
|File:Cerato2.JPG|
|File:Jianianhualong life restoration.jpg|Fixed
|File:Jianianhualong Size.png|Size chart for ''[[Jianianhualong]]''
|File:Hongshanornis.jpg|Fixed
|File:Garudimimus-sketch2.jpg|
|File:Skorpiovenator.JPG|
}}

I've noticed there's a great deal of decent paleoart that is considered inaccurate and therefore unusable in articles, and I'd like to go ahead and update these. The gallery above has a few candidates I've found that are of high enough quality and would be great to be accurate. I've already fixed the first image, and I think it'd go well in the ''[[Cristatusaurus]]'' article as a representation of that genus. What do you think? Are there any other images that should be considered? '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 20:01, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:The Dinosauria-Freak images are extremely wonky, with the proportions all over the place, and the pencil style used doesn't exactly make them easier to fix. But Pavel Riha's and Debivort's images generally only have minor issues. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:10, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::Speaking of this, don't know if you got my ping here[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review#Thoughts_on_Biarmosuchian_and_Raranimus_restorations]? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Nonsense! I can fix even the most wonky pictures. I've done a few small fixes for ''[[Jianianhualong]]'' and ''[[Hongshanornis]]''. Let me know if any changes are needed. I also made a size chart for the former. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
::::I do think we should focus on images of animals that have few or no images over Ceratosaurus and Skorpiovenator, which are over-illustrated already (and it would probably take as long to list their inaccuracies as it would take for you to fix them!). For example the [[Anurognathus]] image that should reflect the new colouration paper, and the [[Hipposaurus]] which shouldn't show huge scales (if at all). These bird images[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sinornis.jpg][https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enantiornis.jpg] are also much needed. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 06:18, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
*I don't think ''Cristatusaurus'' can handle any more images, haha. Plus, it already has a life restoration. But now we have another useable ''Suchomimus'' image at least! It's nice to see that even some of the most hopeless looking images can be rescued. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 21:01, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::I would disagree somewhat, as the life restoration at the bottom of the article is somewhat lacking in details and this new image would be a good replacement. However, I admit it should at least have a background if it were to replace the ''Suchomimus'' image. I can get that done at some point. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Isn't it missing its crest? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 06:09, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== Lucas Attwell ''Saltriovenator'' ==

[[File:SaltriovantorRes 01.jpg|right|thumb]]
{{u|Yewtharaptor}} has been repeatedly adding this image (along with garbled text) onto the page ''[[Saltriovenator]]'', which again looks artistically competent but has not undergone accuracy review yet (and it does not seem to reflect the ceratosaurian interpretation). The license on Commons is also wrong: PD instead of CC. {{u|LuigiPortaro29}} has recently added the image back in apparent ignorance of project policy. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|talk]]) 00:33, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:If I recall correctly, this same image was made before the current classification? I have seen it uploaded to Commons long before, deleted for the usual copyright vagueness. It could have been modified since, and as mentioned earlier, I don't think a nasal horn is necessary, since it is only found in a single genus of ceratosaur. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:44, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Lohuecotitan]]'' sculpture ==

[[File:Lohuecotitan model - Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum 03.jpg|thumb]]
Another image added without review. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|talk]]) 02:43, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:Doesn't look too bad. If we follow one interpretation, the nostrils should be placed even further forwards on the snout, but I don't think that very speculative idea would be enough to remove the image. The nostrils aren't shown on top of the head after all. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:47, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== Cool CC dinosaur vids ==

I've found a guy with some cool self made CC videos on YouTube.

[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SkyXIskcwZU& Here's] one of his vid (likely a preproduction of a Discovery Channel documentary) {{nbsp}}'''[[User:Khủng Long|Dinosaur]]{{nbsp}}[[User talk:Khủng Long|(talk)]]'''{{nbsp}}🌴🦕🦖{{nbsp}}-- 15:40, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:Very interesting. I suppose some of these might be useful as still images for articles. Perhaps we could trim out parts of the video that correspond to each animal? '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 19:06, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Abelisaurus

2019-01-02T16:57:03Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Abelisaurus''
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|80}}
| image = Abelisaurus_skull.jpg
| image_caption = Reconstruction of the ''Abelisaurus'' skull with original bones of the holotype. Scale = 10 cm
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Abelisaurus
| authority = Bonaparte & Novas, 1985
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Abelisaurus comahuensis'''
| type_species_authority = [[Jose Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] & [[Fernando Novas|Novas]], 1985
| synonyms = ?''[[Aucasaurus]]'' Coria, Chippe and Dingus, 2002
}}

'''''Abelisaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˌ|b|ɛ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|s|ɔː|r|ə|s}}; "Abel's lizard") is a [[genus]] of predatory [[abelisaurid]] [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] during the Late [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]] ([[Campanian]]) of what is now [[South America]]. It was a [[biped]]al [[carnivore]] that probably reached about {{convert|7.4|m|ftin}} in length, although this is uncertain as it is known from only one partial [[skull]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Fm Anacleto Auca Mahuida 2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Anacleto Formation]] where ''Abelisaurus'' remains have been found]]
Coining the [[type species]] ''Abelisaurus comahuensis'', both genus and species were named and described by [[List of Argentines|Argentine]] [[paleontologists]] [[José Bonaparte]] and [[Fernando Emilio Novas]] in 1985. The generic name recognizes Roberto Abel as the discoverer of the [[type specimen]], and also as the former director of the provincial Museum of [[Cipolletti]] in [[Argentina]], where the specimen is housed. It also incorporates the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] σαυρος/''sauros'', meaning 'lizard'. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''comahuensis'' honors the [[Comahue]] region of Argentina, where the fossil was found.<ref name="bonapartenovas1985">Bonaparte, J.F. & Novas, F.E. (1985). "''Abelisaurus comahuensis'', n.g., n.sp., Carnosauria del Crétacico Tardio de Patagonia". ''[[Ameghiniana]]''. '''21''': 259-265. [In Spanish]</ref>

The [[holotype]], '''MC 11078''', was in 1983 uncovered at the "Cantera de la Pala Mécanica"-site in the Lago Pellegrini quarries exploited by Abel since 1975. This single known [[fossil]] of ''Abelisaurus'' consists of a skull, lacking the lower jaws, that is incomplete, especially on the right side. Most of the connections between the snout and the back of the skull are absent. It is also missing most of the [[palate]] (roof of the mouth). Despite the missing pieces, it could be estimated at over {{convert|85|cm|in|0}} long.<ref name="bonapartenovas1985"/>

''Abelisaurus'' is one of the many dinosaurs that have been discovered in [[Patagonia]]. It was originally described as coming from the [[Allen Formation]] but subsequent research proved the remains were actually found in the older [[Anacleto Formation]] (part of the [[Neuquen group|Neuquén Group]]) of [[Rio Negro Province]], Argentina. The Anacleto is a [[geologic formation]] in South America, dating from the early [[Campanian]] stage of the [[Late Cretaceous]] Period, between 83 and 80 [[million years ago]].<ref name="leanzaetal2004">Leanza, H.A., Apesteguia, S., Novas, F.E., & de la Fuente, M.S. 2004. Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquén Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages. ''Cretaceous Research'' 25(1): 61-87.</ref>

In 2009, Novas suggested that ''[[Aucasaurus]] garridoi'' might be a [[junior synonym]] of ''Abelisaurus''.<ref name="Novas2009">Fernando E. Novas, 2009, ''The Age of Dinosaurs in South America'', Life of the Past, Indiana University Press, 480 pp</ref> In 2010, [[Gregory S. Paul]] renamed ''Aucasaurus'' into a ''Abelisaurus garridoi''.<ref name="Paul2010">Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 79</ref> This has found no acceptance.

==Description==
[[File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|thumb|left|Size comparison of ''Abelisaurus'' (red) with other carnotaurins]]
[[File:Abelisaurus comahuensis jmallon.jpg|thumb|right|Artist's restoration]]
As only the skull is known, it has proven difficult to provide a reliable size estimate of ''Abelisaurus''. It has transpired that abelisaurids have relatively short heads. In 2010, [[Gregory S. Paul]] estimated its body length at {{convert|10|m|ftin|spell=in}}, its weight at {{convert|3|t|0}}.<ref name="Paul2010"/> In 2016, its length was estimated to be {{convert|7.4|m|ftin}} in a comprehensive analysis of abelisaur size.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Grillo | first1 = O. N. | last2 = Delcourt | first2 = R. |date = 2016 | title = Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods: ''Pycnonemosaurus nevesi'' is the new king | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301902 | journal = Cretaceous Research | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.001}}</ref>

Skull length was estimated at {{convert|859|mm|in|frac=4}} in 1985. The skull is relatively deep. Although there are no bony crests or horns, like those found in some other abelisaurids, such as ''[[Carnotaurus]]'', rough ridges on the snout and above the eyes might have supported some kind of crest made out of [[keratin]], which would not have become fossilized. The skull roof is thickened. There are also very large ''fenestrae'' (window-like openings) in the skull, which are found in many dinosaurs and reduce skull weight. One of these is a large triangular [[antorbital fenestra]] in the side of the snout. The eye socket behind it is rather high. It is constricted in the middle by bony projections of the [[lacrimal bone]] in the front and the [[postorbital bone]] at the rear. The eye was located above the constriction. Behind the eye socket a large triangular [[infratemporal fenestra]] is present. Its form reflects a strong forward inclination of the back of the skull.<ref name="bonapartenovas1985"/>

The front snout bone, the [[praemaxilla]], bore four relatively small teeth. The [[maxilla]] behind it had at least seven, but perhaps as many as thirteen, larger teeth.<ref name="bonapartenovas1985"/>

==Classification==
[[File:Abelisaurus model - Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum (Cuenca, Spain) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Model of ''Abelisaurus'' outside the [[Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum]]]]
Bonaparte and Novas placed ''Abelisaurus'' in the newly created [[family (biology)|family]] [[Abelisauridae]] in 1985. They thought it was a member of the [[Carnosauria]].<ref name="bonapartenovas1985"/> ''Abelisaurus'' was the first abelisaurid named.<ref name="Novas2009"/>

Many other abelisaurids have since been discovered, including much more complete specimens of ''[[Aucasaurus]]'', ''Carnotaurus'' and ''[[Majungasaurus]]''. They showed that abelisaurids were not carnosaurs in the modern sense, but belonged to the [[Neoceratosauria]] instead. Some scientists place ''Abelisaurus'' as a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] abelisaurid, outside the subfamily [[Abelisauridae|Carnotaurinae]].<ref name="tykoskirowe2004">Tykoski, R.S. & Rowe, T. 2004. Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmolska, H. (Eds.) ''The Dinosauria'' (2nd edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 47-70.</ref><ref name="serenoetal2004">Sereno, P.C., Wilson, J.A., & Conrad, J.L. 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences'' 271: 1325-1330.</ref> Others are less certain of its position.<ref name="sampsonetal1998">Sampson, S.D., Witmer, L.M., Forster, C.A., Krause, D.A., O'Connor, P.M., Dodson, P., Ravoavy, F. 1998. Predatory dinosaur remains from Madagascar: implications for the Cretaceous biogeography of Gondwana. ''Science'' 280: 1048-1051.</ref><ref name="lammanaetal2002">Lamanna, M.C., Martinez, R.D., & Smith, J.B. 2002. A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology''. 22(1): 58-69.</ref> ''Abelisaurus'' shares some skull features, such as a relative elongation, with the [[carcharodontosauridae|carcharodontosaurids]], a group unrelated to other species assigned to the Abelisauridae, and, since it is known only from a skull, it has been suggested that future discoveries may show that ''Abelisaurus'' was in fact a carcharodontosaurid.<ref name="novas1997">Novas, F.E. 1997. Abelisauridae. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K.P. ''Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs''. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 1-2.</ref> However, this is thought unlikely.<ref name="lammanaetal2002"/>

==Paleobiology==

As the skull of ''Abelisaurus'' was relatively broad at the back, Bonaparte and Novas drew a comparison between the newly described species and the also wide-skulled [[Tyrannosauridae]]. They assumed that, just as tyrannosaurids, ''Abelisaurus'' were the [[apex predator]]s of their [[ecosystem]].<ref name="bonapartenovas1985"/>

In 2010, Paul proposed that ''Abelisaurus'' hunted [[titanosauria]]n [[sauropods]].<ref name="Paul2010"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of ceratosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Abelisaurus}}

{{Ceratosauria}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209234858/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/dino-directory/detail.dsml?Genus=Abelisaurus ''Abelisaurus'' in the Dino Directory]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q130921}}

[[Category:Brachyrostrans]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Anacleto Formation]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1985]]
[[Category:Taxa named by José Bonaparte]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Fernando Novas]]

Goniopholis

2019-01-02T16:55:37Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Jurassic]] - [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|155|139.8}}
| image = Swanage Crocodile Goniopholis kiplingi.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Skull of the "[[Swanage]] Crocodile", ''G. kiplingi''. [[Berriasian]] age (earliest [[Cretaceous]])
| authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], [[1841 in paleontology|1841]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Goniopholis crassidens'''''
| type_species_authority = Owen, 1841
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
*{{extinct}}'''''G. baryglyphaeus''''' Schwarz, [[2002 in paleontology|2002]]
*{{extinct}}'''''G. crassidens''''' Owen, 1841
*{{extinct}}'''''G. kiplingi''''' Andrade ''et al.'', [[2011 in paleontology|2011]]
*{{extinct}}'''''G. simus''''' Owen, [[1878 in paleontology|1878]]
}}

'''''Goniopholis''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[goniopholidid]] [[crocodyliform]] that lived in [[Europe]] and [[Africa]] during the [[Late Jurassic]] and [[Early Cretaceous]].<ref name=AEBS11>{{Cite journal | last1 = De Andrade | first1 = M. B. | last2 = Edmonds | first2 = R. | last3 = Benton | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Schouten | first4 = R. | title = A new Berriasian species of ''Goniopholis'' (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00709.x | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 163 | pages = S66 | year = 2011 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref name=Escuchacrocs>{{cite journal |author1=Buscalioni, A.D. |author2=Alcalá, L. |author3=Espílez, E. |author4=Mampel, L. |year=2013 |title=European Goniopholididae from the Early Albian Escucha Formation in Ariño (Teruel, Aragón, España) |journal=Spanish Journal of Palaeontology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=103–122 }}</ref> Being semi-aquatic it is very similar to modern crocodiles. It ranged from 2–4 metres in length, and would have had a very similar lifestyle to the [[American alligator]] or [[Nile crocodile]].

==Discovery and species==
[[File:Goniopholis crassidens.jpg|upright|thumb|left|''G. crassidens'' holotype BMNH 3798]]
[[File:Goniopholis BW.jpg|thumb|left|''G. simus'' restoration]]
The [[type species]] of the genus is ''G. crassidens'' which is known from the Berriasian of England, and the referable species ''G simus'' from the Berriasian of NW Germany, might be [[Conspecificity|conspecific]]. Other species that are referable to ''Goniopholis'' include ''G. kiplingi'' from the Berriasian of England, and ''G. baryglyphaeus'' from the Late Jurassic ([[Kimmeridgian]]) of Portugal making it the oldest known ''Goniopholis'' species.<ref name=AEBS11/><ref name=Escuchacrocs/> The species ''G. kiplingi'' honors the author [[Rudyard Kipling]], "in recognition for his enthusiasm for natural sciences".<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-17446330|title=BBC News - Rudyard Kipling inspires naming of prehistoric crocodile|date=2011-03-20|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=20 March 2012}}</ref>

Eggs attributed to ''Goniopholis'' were found in the Late Jurassic of Portugal.<ref>Russo, J., Mateus O., Marzola M., & Balbino A. (2017). Two new ootaxa from the late Jurassic: The oldest record of crocodylomorph eggs, from the Lourinhã Formation, Portugal. PLOS ONE. 12, 1-23.</ref>

===Formerly assigned species===
Two species were referred to ''Goniopholis'' from [[Brazil]]. ''[[Goniopholis hartti]]'' from the [[Lower Cretaceous]] of Brazil is in fact a member of the genus ''[[Sarcosuchus]]''.<ref name=AEBS11/> ''G. paulistanus'', based on two tooth crowns and a disassociated fragment of the right tibia from the Upper Cretaceous [[Bauru Group]], has been reassigned to [[Itasuchidae]] and given its own genus ''[[Roxochampsa]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=A.E. |last=Piacentini Pinheiro |first2=P.V.L.G. |last2=da Costa Pereira |first3=R.G. |last3=de Souza |first4=A.S. |last4=Brum |first5=R.T. |last5=Lopes |first6=A.S. |last6=Machado |first7=L.P. |last7=Bergqvist |first8=F.M. |last8=Simbras |year=2018 |title=Reassessment of the enigmatic crocodyliform ''"Goniopholis" paulistanus'' Roxo, 1936: Historical approach, systematic, and description by new materials |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=13 |issue=8 |page=e0199984 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0199984}}</ref>

From [[North America]], ''G. lucasii'' and ''G. kirtlandicus'' are currently placed in their own genera ''[[Amphicotylus]]'' and ''[[Denazinosuchus]]'', respectively,<ref name=AEBS11/> while ''G. felix'', ''G. gilmorei'', and ''G. stovalli'', all from the [[Morrison Formation]], are referable to ''Amphicotylus'' and closely related to ''[[Eutretauranosuchus]]'' which are known from the same formation.<ref name=MorrisonGonio>{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=E.|year=2010 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of goniopholidid crocodyliforms of the Morrison Formation |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=Supp. 1 |pages=52A | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2010.10411819}}</ref><ref name=Poletal12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pol | first1 = D. | last2 = Leardi | first2 = J.M. | last3 = Lecuona | first3 = A. | last4 = Krause | first4 = M. | title = Postcranial anatomy of ''Sebecus icaeorhinus'' (Crocodyliformes, Sebecidae) from the Eocene of Patagonia | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.646833 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 328 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref name=Pritchardetal12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pritchard | first1 = A.C. | last2 = Turner | first2 = A.H. | last3 = Allen | first3 = E.R. | last4 = Norell | first4 = M.A. | title = Osteology of a North American Goniopholidid (''Eutretauranosuchus delfsi'') and Palate Evolution in Neosuchia | doi = 10.1206/3783.2 | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3783 | issue = 3783 | pages = 1 | year = 2013 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>

''G. phuwiangensis'' is known from NE [[Thailand]], but this species is fragmentary and was recently reassigned to ''[[Sunosuchus]]''. ''[[Nannosuchus]]'' from the Early Cretaceous ([[Berriasian]] stage) of England and [[Spain]] currently considered to be valid, was referred to as ''G. gracilidens'' by some authors.<ref name=AEBS11/>

Willett’s / Hulke’s, Hooley’s and Dollo’s goniopholidids represent several complete specimens previously classified as either ''G. simus'' or ''G. crassidens'',<ref name=AEBS11/> and one of them was recently re-described as the new species, ''G. willetti''. More recently these specimens were removed from ''Goniopholis'', and two of them, Hooley’s and Hulke’s goniopholidids, have been already reassigned to their own genera ''[[Anteophthalmosuchus]]'' and ''[[Hulkepholis]]'', respectively.<ref name=Escuchacrocs/><ref name=Wealdencrocs>{{cite book |author1=Steven W. Salisbury |author2=Darren Naish |year=2011 |chapter=Crocodilians |editor=Batten, D. J. |title=English Wealden Fossils |publisher=The Palaeontological Association (London) |pages=305–369}}</ref> Dollo's goniopholidid has also been assigned to ''Anteophthalmosuchus''.<ref name="2016dollo">{{cite journal | title = Osteology and affinities of Dollo's goniopholidid (Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | first1 = J.E. | last1 = Martin | first2 = M. | last2 = Delfino | first3 = T. | last3 = Smith | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2016.1222534 | url = http://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2016.1222534}}</ref>

==Classification==
[[File:Goniopholis simus skull.jpg|upright|thumb|''G. simus'' skull from Middle [[Purbeck Group]]]]
[[File:Goniopholis - Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum (Cuenca, Spain).jpg|thumb|right|Model of ''Goniopholis'' at the [[Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum]]]]
Below is a [[cladogram]] including several ''Goniopholis'' species:<ref name="AEBS11"/>

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Neosuchia]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Atoposauridae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Theriosuchus | Theriosuchus pusillus]]''
|2=''[[Theriosuchus | Theriosuchus guimarotae]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Rugosuchus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bernissartia]]''
|2=[[Eusuchia]] }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Stolokrosuchus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Tethysuchia]]
|2=[[Thalattosuchia]] }}
|label2=[[Goniopholididae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Calsoyasuchus | Calsoyasuchus valliceps]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''"Goniopholis" phuwiangensis''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eutretauranosuchus | Eutretauranosuchus delfi]]''
|2=''[[Sunosuchus junggarensis|"Sunosuchus" junggarensis]]'' }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Sunosuchus | Sunosuchus miaoi]]''
|2=''[[Sunosuchus | Sunosuchus thailandicus]]'' }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Siamosuchus | Siamosuchus phuphokensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Amphicotylus | Amphicotylus lucasii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Denazinosuchus | Denazinosuchus kirtlandicus]]''
|2=''[[Nannosuchus | Nannosuchus gracilidens]]''
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Hulkepholis]]'' (Hulke's goniopholidid)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anteophthalmosuchus]]'' (Hooley’s goniopholidid)
|2=''[[Anteophthalmosuchus]]'' (Dollo’s goniopholidid)}} }}
|label2='''''Goniopholis'''''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Goniopholis baryglyphaeus'''''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Goniopholis kiplingi'''''
|2='''''Goniopholis simus''''' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
{{clearboth}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal | last1=Buffetaut | first1=E | last2=Ingavat | first2=R | title=''Goniopholis phuwiangensis'' nov. sp., a new mesosuchian crocodile from the Mesozoic of North-eastern Thailand | journal=Geobios | volume=16 | issue = 1 |pages=79–91 | year=1983 | doi = 10.1016/S0016-6995(83)80048-5 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Holland |first1= W. J. |year=1905 |title= A new crocodile from the Jurassic of Wyoming |journal=Annals of the Carnegie Museum | volume=3| issue=3 |pages=431–434 | issn=0097-4463 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mook |first1= C. C. |year=1964 |title= New species of ''Goniopholis'' from the Morrison of Oklahoma |journal=Oklahoma Geology Notes |volume=24 | pages= 283–287 | issn=0030-1736}}
* Owen, R. 1878. Monograph on The Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations, Supplement no. VII. Crocodilia (''Goniopholis'', ''Pterosuchus'', and ''Suchosaurus''). ''Palaeontological Society Monograph'', p. 1-15.
* {{cite journal | last1=Owen | first1=R. | title=On the Association of dwarf crocodiles (''Nanosuchus'' and ''Theriosuchus pusilus'', e. g.) with the diminutive mammals of the Purbeck Shales | journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London | volume=35 | pages=148–155 | year=1879 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1879.035.01-04.02 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Salisbury, S. W. |author2=Willis, P. M. A. |author3=Peitz, S. |author4=Sander, P. M. |last-author-amp=yes |date=December 1999 |title= The crocodilian ''Goniopholis simus'' from the Lower Cretaceous of north-western Germany | journal=Special Papers in Palaeontology |volume=60 | pages= 121–148 | isbn = 978-0-901702-67-8 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Schwarz | first1=Daniela | title=A new species of ''Goniopholis'' from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal | journal=Palaeontology | volume=45 |issue=1 |pages= 185–208 | year=2002 | doi = 10.1111/1475-4983.00233 }}

{{Portal|Paleontology}}

{{Neosuchia|N.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1011864}}

[[Category:Early Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of Europe]]
[[Category:Prehistoric reptiles of Asia]]
[[Category:Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs of Europe]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous reptiles of Europe]]
[[Category:Adamantina Formation]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Owen]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1841]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Palaeontology/Paleoart review

2019-01-02T06:27:34Z

Paleocolour: /* Thoughts on Biarmosuchian and Raranimus restorations */

{| style="clear:both; background:none;"
{|
|style="padding:1em; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#e0e0b0; vertical-align: top;"|
[[image:WPPALEO-LOGO.png|thumb|300px|'''Archives:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive 1|2009]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive 2|2010]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive ~3‎|2011]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive ~4‎|2012]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive 2013|2013]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive 2014|2014]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive 2015|2015]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive 2016|2016]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive 2017|2017]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive 2018|2018]]]]

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'' Guidelines for use of [[paleoart]], adapted from [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs|WikiProject Dinosaurs']] [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image_review|image review page]]:''
<hr>
'''Criterion sufficient for using an image:'''
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'''Criteria sufficient to remove an image:'''
* Image differs appreciably from ''known'' skeletal elements.
** Example: If ''[[Lystrosaurus]]'' is reconstructed with four fingers.
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** Example: [[Plesiosaurs]] reconstructed with overly flexible necks.
** Exception: If the range of motion is debated in the scientific literature, as is the case with sauropod neck position.
*Image depicts a scene which is anachronistic or contradicts known geographic range.
** Example: ''[[Brontoscorpio]]'' chasing a ''[[Cephalaspis]]'', two animals which did not live together.
** Example: [[Dinosaurs]] from the Triassic or Jurassic depicted walking on grass, which did not exist at that time.
** Exception: Photographs of life-sized models taken in parks. It should be made clear in the caption that these are models.
{| class="messagebox standard plainlinks" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; margin-bottom: 5px; background-color: #e7ebf5"
| '''[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} Click here to submit a new image for review]'''
|}
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{{notelist}}

= Images in review =

== ''[[Watongia]]'', ''[[Apsisaurus]]'' and ''[[Heleosaurus]]'' reconstructions from 2014 (Possible Plaragism) ==
<gallery>
File:Watongia.jpg|Obviously based on [https://www.deviantart.com/dibgd/art/Watongia-meieri-299101777 Dmitry Bogdanov's Watongia from 2012.]
File:Apsisaurus.jpg|Possibly based on [https://www.deviantart.com/theropsida/art/Mycterosaurus-longiceps-149010502 Theropsida's Mycterosaurus from 2009]
File:Heleosaurus.jpg|Seems to be a [https://www.deviantart.com/theropsida/art/Heleosaurus-scholtzi-148738757 composite of Theropsida's] and [https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/870136/view/heleosaurus-illustration John Sibbick's reconstruction]
File:Bothriolepis.jpg|Copied from the [https://www.google.com/search?q=the+macmillan+illustrated+encyclopedia+of+dinosaurs+and+prehistoric+animals&client=ubuntu&hs=Hb5&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKyJai1ovdAhVKyYMKHXAxDgwQ_AUICSgA&biw=1366&bih=643&dpr=1 ''Macmillan Illustrated Encylclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals'']
File:Drepanaspis.jpg|Copied from [https://www.google.com/search?client=ubuntu&hs=MEQ&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=oxyDW6v4DsvejwS_0qaIDg&q=the+macmillan+illustrated+encyclopedia+of+dinosaurs+and+prehistoric+animals+jawless+fish&oq=the+macmillan+illustrated+encyclopedia+of+dinosaurs+and+prehistoric+animals+jawless+fish&gs_l=img.3...22001.25601.0.25919.14.14.0.0.0.0.94.1052.14.14.0....0...1c.1.64.img..0.0.0....0.7_iORewDgm4#imgrc=K7jwCMiFG4gJvM: ''Macmillan Illustrated Encylclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals'']
File:Hemicyclaspis.jpg|Copied from [https://www.google.com/search?client=ubuntu&hs=MEQ&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=oxyDW6v4DsvejwS_0qaIDg&q=the+macmillan+illustrated+encyclopedia+of+dinosaurs+and+prehistoric+animals+jawless+fish&oq=the+macmillan+illustrated+encyclopedia+of+dinosaurs+and+prehistoric+animals+jawless+fish&gs_l=img.3...22001.25601.0.25919.14.14.0.0.0.0.94.1052.14.14.0....0...1c.1.64.img..0.0.0....0.7_iORewDgm4#imgrc=K7jwCMiFG4gJvM: ''Macmillan Illustrated Encylclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals'']
</gallery>
These reconstructions by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ghedoghedo Ghedoghedo] seem to be based on other people's reconstructions, I've put links to the originals in the infoboxes. The most damning is the Watongia reconstruction, which is strange as Dmitry's work is used on Wikipedia. [[User:Monsieur X|Monsieur X]] ([[User talk:Monsieur X|talk]]) 12:28, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
:Maybe they are just based on the same skeletals? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 12:38, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
::Perhaps, but these reconstructions also show up as the first results on google images and are much older than Ghedoghedo reconstructions. It also seem oddly coincidental that Ghedoghedo's ''Apsisaurus'' head looks quite similar to Theropsida's ''Mycterosaurus'' , when Ghedoghedo could of easily used a ''[[Archaeovenator]]'' skeletal, [https://www.google.com/search?q=Archaeovenator&safe=active&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiuqb2E1OfcAhXBS7wKHWMWBS0Q_AUICygC&biw=1920&bih=943#imgrc=_ which there are many of just on google images] (not counting David Peters' horrid work) and none look like Theropsida's ''Mycterosaurus''. The hind foot that's off the ground on Ghedoghedo's Heleosaurus just looks like it was poorly traced from Theropsida's reconstruction. [[User:Monsieur X|Monsieur X]] ([[User talk:Monsieur X|talk]]) 14:16, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
:::Perhaps {{u|Ghedo~enwiki}} will react to a ping so we can hear what's gong on. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 17:41, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
::::Not sure about those other two, but that first one is very blatant; and if one was plagiarized, that's a big red mark against the other ones. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 22:05, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
:::::If a clear case can be built for them, and if the images they are based on aren't already free, they should be nominated for deletion. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 12:34, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
::::::I hope he's just using the same skeletals as you suggested earlier, his [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lupeosaurus.jpg Lupeosaurus] actually uses [http://www.paleofile.com/Pelycosaur/Lupeosaurus.asp this skeletal]. [[User:Monsieur X|Monsieur X]] ([[User talk:Monsieur X|talk]]) 12:23, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
* I have found three images that seem to be plagiarized from ''The Macmillan Illustrated Encylopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life'', even retaining the same perspectives. We've gotta do a thorough examination of Ghedoghedo's life restorations. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 21:38, 26 August 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Nothosaurus]]'' Size Comparison ==

[[File:Nothosaurus Size 2.svg|thumb|right]]
I also made this. Does it look okay? I restored it with a caudal fin, although that might not have been a good choice... --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:05, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
:I removed the caudal fin. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:19, 18 August 2018 (UTC)
* For added visibility, it is now blue. Does this look better than white? Also, should I add in ''N. giganteus''? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 13:35, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

== Thoughts on [[Biarmosuchia|''Biarmosuchian'']] and ''[[Raranimus]]'' restorations ==

<gallery>
File:Raranimus dashankouensis (2).jpg|Done
File:Biarmosuchus BW.jpg|Done
File:Biarmosuchus tagax.jpg|Done
File:Biarmosuchus tener.jpg|Done
File:Biarmosuchus.jpg|Done
File:Hipposaurus boonstrai copia.jpg|Wasn't able to fix this one.
File:Herpetoskylax.jpg|Done
File:Ictidorhinus.jpg|Done
File:Lemurosaurus.jpg|Done
File:Burnetiamorpha.jpg|Done and added Lende
File:Lobalopex.jpg|Done
File:Lophorhinus willodenensis.jpg|I don't think this needs any changes
File:Burnetia mirabilisDB.jpg|Done
File:Paraburnetia DB.jpg|Done
File:Proburnetia BW.jpg|Done
File:Proburnetia viatkensis.JPG|Done
File:Eotitanosuchus head.jpg|Done
File:Lende chiveta head reconstruction.jpg|Slighty edited
</gallery>
Are these restorations accurate, inaccurate or in need of adjustments? I've also edit and cleaned the first five restorations and wanted to know your thoughts [[User:Monsieur X|Monsieur X]] ([[User talk:Monsieur X|talk]]) 10:41, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
:Seems a bunch of them are missing ear openings? And yeah, maybe the skin on that Hipposaurus could be smoothed out with something like Photoshops's blur tool. As for the teeth, that's of course uncertain, but I do agree that incisors and molars (if that term applies here) would most likely be covered by the lips when mouths were closed. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:31, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
:: I wouldn't give them visible ear openings. The mammalian tympanum is probably not homologous to the saurian tympanum, so a tympanum might not have been present in biarmosuchians (the earliest good evidence for a tympanum is in dicynodonts).<ref>Allin, E.F. 1975. Evolution of the mammalian middle ear. Journal of Morphology 147: 403–438</ref><ref>Laass, M. (2016). The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids. Acta Palaeontologca Polonica 61 (2): 267-280</ref> Even if it was present, it was probably located on the lower jaw and not behind the skull, so that ''Herpetoskylax'' is wrong.<ref>Gaetano LC, Abdala F (2015) The Stapes of Gomphodont Cynodonts: Insights into the Middle Ear Structure of Non-Mammaliaform Cynodonts. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131174. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131174</ref> I also see no reason to place the tympanum deep within an ear opening (honestly, with it located on the side of the lower jaw I'm not even sure if that would be possible). This hasn't been discussed in the literature to my knowledge, but I don't see why it couldn't have looked like a frog or turtle ear in which the membrane is flush with the surface of the head and potentially difficult to recognize as a tympanum. Agreed that the incisors and postcanines should be hidden by lips—and I don't see why the canines wouldn't be either, at least in this group. [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 19:49, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
:::They are both amniotes after all, and even some amphibians have externally visible tympani, so why wouldn't synapsids? Even if the tympani evolved independently somehow, why does this rule out openings in synapsids? We know all their descendants have them. In any case, like with the lips, if the issue hasn't been covered by peer reviewed literature, we should follow how the animals have usually been reconstructed in reliable sources. Making our own novel interpretations is close to original research. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 20:04, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
:::: The tympana of mammals, frogs, and saurians are probably not homologous structures. I meant to say that it is possible that the tympanum was flush with the surface of the head, like in turtles and frogs, rather than set in a canal like in mammals, lizards, and archosaurs. Additionally, it is uncertain whether biarmosuchians would have had a tympanum at all, as its presence is not confirmed in synapsids more basal than dicynodonts. Therefore, the lack of an obvious ear opening is not necessarily wrong, but an ear opening behind the skull (as in the ''Herpetoskylax'') probably is wrong. Can you show me a reliable source that depicts biarmosuchians with a visible ear opening? I've shown reliable sources that show that the one illustration here ''with'' a visible ear opening is probably wrong (at least, in the placement of the opening). My point is not that I think they should be drawn without an ear opening, but that I don't think they need to be edited to have one. [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 20:28, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
:::::That is similar to the issue of completely covering oversized canines, though. We just don't know, so why bother making such edits? We have living examples of animals with and without, so imposing one is personal bias. In the case of early synapsids, we know even less. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 20:36, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
:::::: That's exactly my point. I don't think they need to be edited to be given external ear openings, because the jury is out on that one. [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 20:40, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
:::::::In that case, it is up to personal whims with these images. There is nothing unquestionably wrong with them, except for maybe the ear placement you mentioned, and the scaly one. ''Personally'', I'd add indications of ears, and cover all teeth but the canines. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:02, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
*I'm back from my "holiday" and have cleaned and fixed most of the Biarmosuchian related images on the site. However, outside of a few changes here and there, I wasn't able to fix the Hipposaurus reconstruction, so if anyone wants to finish it, be my guest. Also, any critiques on the more recently updated images? (I need a good chart so I can properly add missing ear holes) [[User:Monsieur X|Monsieur X]] ([[User talk:Monsieur X|talk]]) 11:16, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
::Perhaps {{u|Paleocolour}} knows an easy way to smooth out the scales of that [[Hipposaurus]]? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 12:29, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
:::I can look into this, might be difficult as the scales cover all colour and shading detail unfortunately. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:27, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Cretoxyrhina]]'' reconstruction ==

[[File:Cretoxyrhina Ginsu Shark.jpg|thumb|Cretoxyrhina Ginsu Shark]]
Hi! I would like to post my lateral reconstruction of ''Cretoxyrhina'' at its article and potentially replace the prior one featured there. Any critiques and advice are welcome. --[[User:Damouraptor|Damouraptor]] ([[User talk:Damouraptor|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Damouraptor|contribs]]) 18:00, 28 September 2018 (UTC)
:Nice to see you contributing art! It looks pretty good, not too different anatomically from the current version. I'm not particularly knowledgable on sharks though, so any of the other reviewers who are should probably take it from here. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:23, 28 September 2018 (UTC)
::The eye does seem to be pretty huge, and the scarring may be a little over the top. But it is stylistically a nice image. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:08, 28 September 2018 (UTC)
:::Yeah, not sure whats up with that eye, looks like the size in much smaller sharks. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:46, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Cretoxyrhina mantelli 21DB.jpg|thumb|Current restoration]]
::::Might be based on the current restoration’s eye   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  01:12, 31 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::The eye is not based on the current restoration's one, it is based on the size of the eye sockets. They are much larger in comparison to sharks of similar dimensions, but I do understand shrinking it might be a plausible choice to make. As for the scarring, I felt it may serve as a way to display a narrative of sorts, to deviate from basic shark profiles, such as the one currently present on the ginsu shark wiki page. Of course I am not above removing them if it may be derogatory towards an accurate and plausible reconstruction by the standards here. --[[User:Damouraptor|Damouraptor]] ([[User talk:Damouraptor|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Damouraptor|contribs]]) 19:23, 9 November 2018 (UTC) [[File:Cretoxyrhina skeletal reconstruction.png|thumb|A skeletal reconstruction of Cretoxyrhina mantellii from Shimada et al. (2006).]]
:::::::It appears sharks also have structures akin to the sclerotic rings of reptiles, and likewise, the visible eye shouldn't fill up the entire socket, only the inner ring of the structure. So if the eye is drawn the same diameter as the socket, it is too large. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 01:41, 10 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::::The eye in my reconstruction does not fill up the eye socket, the eye is barely half the diameter of the socket, if not less. It is not incredibly implausible for these dimensions. --[[User:Damouraptor|Damouraptor]] ([[User talk:Damouraptor|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Damouraptor|contribs]]) 16:40, 10 November 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::The picture look accurate to me, it's been discussed for over a month, and the only critique that's been brought up seems to check out, I'd say go on ahead and add it and good work. It looks really realistic   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  22:34, 10 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Not sure if two almost identical restorations are warranted in an article, though. But it has just been GA nominated, let the writer decide. As for that skeletal drawing, it is definitely not CC licensed[www.jstor.org/stable/4095809], so it should be nominated for deletion on Commons. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:00, 10 November 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::If it comes to choosing only one I'd say use Damuoraptor's over the current restoration, since it is of higher artistic quality anyways. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 23:39, 10 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::I'll ping {{u|Macrophyseter}} for comments on these images. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 01:23, 11 November 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::The paleoart shown here is exceptional in its artistic qualities. However, if I had to choose between the two as they are right now for an artwork solely meant as a profile restoration, I'd still prefer the current one on the article. Still, if you can tweak the body, snout, and pectoral fin to match Shimada (1997)'s design and make the background either a more natural scene or plain white, it could become a better replacement for the current restoration. I also do not believe that the scars are appropriate for a profile restoration, although it would be perfect for a scenic restoration. And although it does not really matter, a slightly or somewhat lighter coloring of the currently blackish countershading (similar colors to that of lamnids and alopiids) could be another suggestion. [[User:Macrophyseter|Macrophyseter]] ([[User talk:Macrophyseter|talk]]) 02:59, 12 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::I would also agree that restorations used to show the features of an animal here should be idealised, showing "healthy" individuals. Though yes, scarring adds realism, we wouldn't use a photo of a mangled lion to display its features in the [[lion]] article either. It distracts from the purpose. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:52, 12 November 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Ginsu shark (Cretoxyrhina mantellii).jpg|thumb|Ginsu shark (Cretoxyrhina mantellii)]]
:::::::::::::::Here is a revised reconstruction made of the criticism and new research made upon ''Cretoxyrhina'', courtesy of Shimada himself in the 2018 SVP meeting, here https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328494323_SVP_Poster-2018, among others. The background is now white, colors have been tweaked to depict a lighter midsection, spots are present but dimmed out, the injuries/scarring is completely gone (though tapering cuts are present on the pectoral and dorsal fins), and it overall a more sleeker aesthetic compared with the previous recon. Coloration overall is based upon large extant predatory sharks, white shark, tiger shark, and shortfin mako among them, and the eye is 1/3 the size of the eye socket, which it itself constitutes over a 1/3 of the total skull length. Overall, I hope this does justice to my prior recon and better represents ''Cretoxyrhina'' as a whole. --[[User:Damouraptor|Damouraptor]] ([[User talk:Damouraptor|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Damouraptor|contribs]]) 20:46, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::Pinging {{u|Macrophyseter}} so he can take a look, just in time for ''[[Cretoxyrhina]]''{{'}}s [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Cretoxyrhina/archive1|Featured article candidacy]] as well! [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 02:10, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::: {{u|Damouraptor}}, when you are giving courtesy to "Shimada himself", are you implying you personally meet/contacted Shimada, or citing credit for that poster? Nevertheless, this new one is the stuff of legend. I absolutely love the coloring, the body design is perfect, overall it looks a lot more powerful, realistic, and appealing than the current one. This is defiantly going to be replacing the current one for sure, expect your work to be on the article later tonight as I finish my modifications accordingly to the first barrage of FAC reviews. Phenomenal work! [[User:Macrophyseter|Macrophyseter]] | [[User talk:Macrophyseter|talk]] 03:08, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::I referred to Shimada as in citing his work from poster itself. Hopefully no confusion was made. However, I do have contact with someone who attended the talk with Shimada during SVP. Otherwise, I haven't made communication. I am excited and happy this will get featured in the ''Cretoxyrhina'' article! --[[User:Damouraptor|Damouraptor]] ([[User talk:Damouraptor|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Damouraptor|contribs]]) 22:55, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

== Request: ''[[Thalassocnus‎]]'' size diagram and life restoration ==

I noticed that {{u|Dunkleosteus77}} aims to take ''[[Thalassocnus‎]]'' to FA, and for that it would probably be best to have a size comparison and life restoration ready (as is customary). I was thinking of doing the life restoration (I did the ground sloth ''[[Nothrotheriops]]'' once), but someone else could probably do a better diagram. Any ideas on how the restoration should look? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:33, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
:The one [https://books.google.com/books?id=zcycBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 here] seems most accurate to me. I don’t get why the other restorations have hair if it’s aquatic, that would produce a lot of drag. Thanks for doing this   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  01:42, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
::Oh, I see there's precedence for a hairless restoration then, though seals and sea otters of course have fur. Any request for skin colour? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 09:32, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
:::I always imagined it was either a gray, maybe a gray-blue, and kinda pinky in places; or a [[sand (color)|sand]] color with darker coloration on the extremities and face. Other restorations I’m seeing have really long, flowing sloth hair which, for something that was 9 to 11 feet long and dog paddled, does not seem very plausible considering it spent a lot of time underwater. However, before you start, I should tell you the study describing it used a depiction that gave it a lot of hair   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  13:48, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
::::I’ll see if I can carve out time for a size diagram. I was planning on doing a reconstruction last month but I’ve been so busy   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  00:20, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::I'm doing it in paint, and, after resizing, everything's going all pixelly. Are there any good blurring tools?   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  23:03, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::Hmm... I'd definitely try to do it in [[SVG]], using a program like [[Inkscape]] (that's how I made my entire gallery of size comparisons here). Not sure what you mean by "paint." MS Paint? Physical paint? If you want a good non-SVG program, then [[GIMP]] would be a good choice. But in SVG, there are no pixels, so everything retains its former quality, so that's why it's the desired file type for size comparisons. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:15, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::I couldn't figure out how to use either of those applications. All I have right now still are three pixally sloths in MS paint   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  00:22, 7 October 2018 (UTC)
::::Maybe a couple of days late to join this conversation, but I just wanted to point out that the majority of semiaquatic mammals (polar bears, pinnipeds, otters, assorted small mammals such as beavers and platypus) are furry, and ''Thalassocnus'' does not look like an animal which evolved under strong selective pressure to minimise drag. I don't see any compelling argument against fur, myself, though I wouldn't call a hairless reconstruction incorrect either. [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 14:31, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::Those animals are largely terrestrial, and fur seals and platypuses don’t really have long silky hair   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  16:13, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
*Here is a work in progress sketch.[https://imgur.com/Kc7Xsyc] The pose is based on that skeleton in Paris, but do we have any idea which species that is supposed to be? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 17:46, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
::concept sketch looks good. As for the skeleton, when you took the picture, did you see [https://www.flickr.com/photos/hagasure/2998470475 this] next to it?   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  18:44, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
:::Ah, nice, could be added to the image caption in the article, I'll add it to the Commons file description. I don't remember that model being there when I took the photo, but it was 10 years ago, so... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 18:52, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
::::Started to colour in the front of the animal[https://imgur.com/a/prAa6i9], is this something like what you had in mind? It is surprising how extremely different all restorations of this animal seem to be from each other. This one will be one of the more outlandish ones, hehe... But the Carl Buell illustration at least gives a published precedent for such an interpretation. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 20:50, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::Yeah it’s looking really good so far. Appearance in this case is really just anyone’s game   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  21:13, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Thalassocnus natans.jpg|thumb|]]
::::::Here's the coloured version, any thoughts? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:35, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::It looks really good, but looking at sloth pictures, do you think it would have had jet black eyes?   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  16:13, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::The eye colour was based on the [[two toed sloth]], which has reddish brown eyes. Even [[three toed sloths]] appear to have dark brown, rather than black, eyes. The two toed sloth is also closer related to some ground sloths than it is to the three toed sloth, so perhaps gives a better idea of how they would look. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:50, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::That’s fair. Ground sloths are not really a taxon so I’m not sure if ''Thalassocnus'' is more closely related to either or. Anyways, it looks really good, kind of a cartoony flair to it; if you’re done, go ahead and put it up. You can move around or delete any images you want if you need to   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  18:38, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::Yeah, the "cartooniness" would be due to the retained contours, I can probably get rid of them if we want that. As for where to place the image, I'm wondering if the seal head is really needed? After all, just because the nostrils are placed a certain place on the skull doesn't indicate where they were in life, so it is a bit misleading to show a living seal. Likewise, the Megalonyx image is probably redundant now that we have a restoration showing the same limb posture (the limb bone cross sections could be placed there instead). Removing those could make room for the restoration and a size diagram. Perhaps {{u|Slate Weasel}} would be interested in doing the diagram? [[User:FunkMonk|Fun×kMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 18:51, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::I’ve already made the diagram in MS Paint, silhouettes are all ready and scaled up, but I’m still in the process of figuring out Inkscape’s depixel feature. Worst case scenario, I’ll upload the pixels and then maybe {{u|Slate Weasel}} could sic Inkscape on it   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  21:18, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::If worst comes to worst, then yes, I can vectorize it. I've done it a few other times, like [[:File:Brachiosaurus scale 1.svg|here]]. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 21:22, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Thalassocnus size.jpg|thumb]]
:::::::::::::::Okay so the GIMP thing wasn't working out so here it is in its enpixellated glory. Do you think I got the proportions right? The ''T. littoralis'' holotype is supposed to be a female so it should be thinner and have a blunter snout if I'm reading this right because it seems to suggest only males had a proboscis-oid snout. The colors got washed out a little for some reason too   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  03:24, 12 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::Looks cool! I had expected them in side view, not that it makes much of a difference, though it would probably be easier to find reference images. The claws look very long and slender compared to the skeletons, though. And even without the long snouts, the skulls would be a lot more narrow and elongated than what's shown here. See the dorsal view of the skull here:[https://pandasthumb.org/archives/2004/06/thalassocnus-on.html] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:44, 12 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::How's it now?   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  03:19, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::Looks better, seems the heads would also be narrower, not only longer. Also, remember to see if the had length matches measurements given in papers. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:44, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::Okay, version 3: snout's thinner and legs are longer   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  18:38, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Don't know much more to have anything clever to add. What were the images based on? Any figures? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:25, 14 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::The ref in the description, there’s a skeletal reconstruction of ''T. natans'' near the beginning and an illustration of ''T. yuacensis'' near the end, and some other proportions given in between   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  02:55, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Thalassocnus size.svg|thumb|right]]
:::Okay {{u|Slate Weasel}}, I think you’re good to go to vectorize it   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  18:01, 18 October 2018 (UTC)
::::Here it is. Any comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 20:46, 18 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::Hmmm, I think the ears are maybe placed too far forwards (compared to for example here[https://www.deviantart.com/romanyevseyev/art/Thalassocnus-yaucensis-head-restoration-485098657]). But hell, I don't really know much about these guys... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:00, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::I was using [https://www.google.com/search?q=thalassocnus&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo8a2A9qzeAhWmFzQIHd3cDoIQ_AUIDigB&biw=1920&bih=938#imgrc=KeRQQSjR52S3EM: this one] drawn by the author of one of the studies, did I get the perspective wrong?   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  00:37, 30 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Seems the head is proportionally longer there (almost as long as the lower arm)? That also seems to be more in line with the mounted skeletons I used for reference. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:28, 30 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I thought that was perspective, the forearm should be longer than the head because it reaches beyond to the plant and the elbow looks a little in front of the ear. But either way, yeah, the forearm is too long, it should be more like ''T. littoralis''. How do we fix this?   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  00:58, 31 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Should be fairly easy by cutting and pasting. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:40, 12 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Sorry I forgot about this. I made the forearms shorter. Now, if that's everything, {{u|Slate Weasel}} I need you to smooth out the edges again. I assume you'll upload the new version onto the SVG file?   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  23:16, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::No problem, it's updated now. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:53, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

== Diictodon, new version ==

[[File:Diictodon EF.jpg|thumb]]
Hi everyone. I decided to update my Diictodon restoration, as I noted there were some inaccuracies in my previous restoration. The restoration is based on the skeleton showed in [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-4983.00292 this paper] (if you cannot see it there is also [https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1871174X0800036X-gr1.gif this skeletal] from another paper, Diictodon is on the top right). I hope the new version of the restoration is more accurate than the previous one. Thoughts? --[[User:El fosilmaníaco|El fosilmaníaco]] ([[User talk:El fosilmaníaco|talk]]) 11:50, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
:You've restored it with pretty sharp claws, but the skeletals don't seem to indicate this. It might be better to blunt them. However, this may be a burrower, so I'll let someone with more synapsid knowledge decide what to do. Definitely an improvement. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:51, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Squalicorax]]'' restoration ==
[[File:Squalicorax falcatus.jpg|thumb|my ''Squalicorax'' ]]
[[File:Squalicorax falcatusDB.jpg|thumb|current ''Squalicorax'']]
Made another prehistoric shark, this time ''Squalicorax falcatus''. It is based on the skeletal reconstruction in Shimada and Cicimurri (2005), with features like the fins' shapes being derived from modern [[Lamnidae|lamnids]] (due to their comparatively close affiliations compared to other extant sharks with [[Anacoracidae|anacoracids]]) and [[Requiem_shark|requiem sharks]] (as many species likely filled ecological niches and behaviors akin to ''S. falcatus''). And yes, the upper caudal fin is suppose to curve in the angle it is shown in. The coloration also echoes the latter group, with species like the [[silvertip shark]] and [[oceanic whitetip shark]] serving as prime inspirations. As with my ginsu shark reconstruction, I aim at replacing the older ''Squalicorax'' art currently present on the wiki page, as it is rather inaccurate and aesthetically unpleasing, at least in my opinion. I hope this shark will get get better representation in paleoart than it has in the past, so I appreciate the potential for this to make it into the article. --[[User:Damouraptor|Damouraptor]] ([[User talk:Damouraptor|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Damouraptor|contribs]]) 21:01, 18 November 2018 (UTC)
:I guess {{u|Macrophyseter}} should have a look. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:23, 22 November 2018 (UTC)
::{{u|Damouraptor}} First I would like to ask if you actually have access to Shimada and Circumurri (2005), as last time I checked I think it was paywalled and in order to get that skeletal reconstruction someone ought to have posted it elsewhere. (If you don't have access to the paper, just let me know and I'll see what I can do (I'm not a scientist, I'm simply an ordinary person who managed to get access to a lot of papers)) But you are certainly correct on the assumption that ''Squalicorax'' is essentially a lamnoid that was carcharhinoid-like, and I really like how you tried to reflect this. However, I would like to note that ''Squalicorax'' is still a pelagic shark and that it must have features that any pelagic shark has including fins and bodies designed for long distance and at times fast swimming.

::So one major thing that could use some tweaking is the angle of the caudal fin; it's too bent down and designed for shallow life. If you can raise the angle of the upper lobe of the caudal fin (keep the lower lobe as it is), it'll make the art a lot more pelagic-like. I recommend taking inspiration of this change from lamnids and confirmed pelagic requiem sharks like the [[blue shark]]. Another thing is that appears that the head kind of deviates from the original Shimada and Circimurri (2005) reconstruction (such as a less flat dorsal). I would caution this as the head reconstruction is the most accurate based on actual well-preserved head fossils and recommend something like vertically shrinking the head region a bit. Here's an image with some of the possible tweaks in place: https://i.imgur.com/UQ27fEx.png

::Still, don't let this artwork down! It's so much better than that unpleasantly creepy current one and just simply needs a few easy tweaks that can be done without going back to the drawing board. I absolutely love the texture inspired from whitetip sharks and your willingness to make art to represent extinct sharks. With some easy changes, this one probably could make it into the article. [[User:Macrophyseter|Macrophyseter]] | [[User talk:Macrophyseter|talk]] 20:02, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

== [[Shonisaurus]], [[Shastasaurus]], [[Archelon]] ==
{{Gallery
| File:Shonisaurus popularis.png
| Shonisaurus
| File:Shastasaurus sikanniensis.png
| Shastasaurus
| File:Archelon ischyros.png
| Archelon
}}
Here are some life reconstructions. This new study showed that [[Ichthyosaur|Ichthyosaurs]] had blubber. I also gave the Archelon an appearance similar to a [[Leatherback_sea_turtle|Leatherback sea turtle]]. In case you are wondering, the birds depicted in the Archelon picture are only generic [[Enantiornithes]] slightly smaller than a modern Seagull. Opinions? [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 18:07, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:I wonder if the Archelon is too leatherback-like, down to the exact number and shape of the longitudinal ridges. I think you would have to keep the distinguishing features of that species a bit less obvious. As is, it just looks like a drawing of a leatherback turtle, what makes it distinctly Archelon? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 18:19, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::About the ichthyosaurs, that blubber specimen was also shown to be [[counter shaded]], which could be taken into account here (it is common across many marine groups). And oh, this should be at [[WP:Paleoart]]. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:22, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The colouring is slightly counter-shaded, with some whale influence due to their size. The counter-shading however would be significantly less noticeable underwater, if it is working as intended. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 19:50, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
::::<s>Reading the Ichthyosaur blubber study [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0775-x.epdf here], it says the skin was dark topside and light underside like in modern dolphins, and it compares skin texture to whales and the leatherback sea turtle. The former isn't seen here (though that might just be perspective for ''Shonisaurus'') and I feel ''Shonisaurus'' is lacking the latter</s>   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  19:03, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::The more I look at it, it's just perspective   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  00:41, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::''Archelon'' is supposed to have had an overbite   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  18:50, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::I've expanded ''Archelon'' a lot now, you can check the article for anatomical details. The big ones I see right now are the beak needs to be more hooked (think of an eagle beak), the head should maybe be flatter and longer, and there's only 1 ridge along the carapace and it runs across the midline   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  00:41, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Riojasuchus]]'' ==

[[File:Riojasuchus Skeletal.png|thumb|Skeletal diagram of ''Riojasuchus '']]
[[File:Riojasuchus Size.png|thumb|Size of ''Riojasuchus '']]
I have created a skeletal diagram and size diagram of ''Riojasuchus'' for the Wiki article I plan on expanding. Let me know if any changes are needed. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 11:45, 15 December 2018 (UTC)
:What was your source in these reconstructions? I wasn't aware of good pictures or descriptions of this taxon's postcranial remains. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 02:24, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
::Yeah, on the Commons where it says “Source,” it’s asking what you based your drawings on (like what’s your ref). When it asks “Author,” that’s when you credit yourself   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  18:38, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Source is also for specifying if it is self made. I would usually keep citations in the description field. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 18:42, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Yeah, putting your references and citations in "source" is a great way to get your stuff nominated for deletion for copyvio by overly suspicious users. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 22:29, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

== Canid size chart request ==

Hi, I was told by FunkMonk that requests regarding extant fauna are also accepted here.

Would it be possible to make a size chart (with human silhouette) of the grey wolf, golden jackal and red fox using these three images as templates? [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_(white_background).jpg Wolf], [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_(white_background).jpg Jackal] and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_(white_background).jpg Fox].

Obviously, the image will be very eurocentric, but I may get around to projecting one for North America and Africa.

Anyway, the shoulder heights are: '''Grey wolf''' = 80 cm '''Golden jackal''' = 45 cm '''Red fox''' = 35 cm.

Thank you in advance! [[User:Mariomassone|Mariomassone]] ([[User talk:Mariomassone|talk]]) 19:18, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:Yeah, since it is unlikely there will ever be a similar request page for extant animals, and since we have already had size comparisons that incorporated extant animals here before[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review/Archive_2017#Patagotitan_compared_to_Giant_Mammals_Scale_Charts], I thought it would be fine. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:22, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Vancleavea]]'' Size Comparison ==

[[File:Vancleavea Scale.svg|thumb|right|AT LAST!!!]]
Here is the ''Vancleavea'' size comparison that I promised to make long, long ago. I do already have ''[[Volgatitan]]'' for V, but I'm not gonna let that stop me from submitting this here! Pinging our ''Vancleavea'' expert {{u|Fanboyphilosopher}}. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:47, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:Perhaps there could be more of a difference between the green used for the animal and the blue used for the water background? Right now they're too similar and it makes the outline of the ''Vancleavea'' harder to see (for me anyways). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 16:35, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::"Vancleavea expert". Oh, you flatter me. I agree with PaleoGeekSquared on the topic of the coloration, I think that the blue does more harm than good. A normal white background is better in my opinion. The proportions generally look quite solid; I was a bit unsure about the leg but now I see that it was just extended in a different way than the 2009 paper's skeletal. The arms are more iffy, they just look like little vestigial flaps in your diagram. They shouldn't be significantly smaller than the legs, and maybe you could differentiate the fingers a bit to make it clear that they aren't just like little tentacles. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 18:41, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Does this look better (I used the life restoration as a rough guide)? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:50, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Yes, well done. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 03:03, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Orcinus citoniensis]]'' ==

{{Gallery
| File:Orcinus citonensis paleoart.jpg
|
| File:Orcinus citoniensis size.png
|
| File:Orcinus size chart.png
}}

So {{u|Bubblesorg}}'s been pretty busy making/finding art for ''O. citoniensis''. He asked someone from DeviantArt to make him a quick reconstruction, so if there's anything anatomically unsound (which I'm not seeing) I'm not sure there'd be much Bubblesorg can do, although Bubblesorg, you might wanna ask the guy to retake the picture so nothing gets cut off. As for the size charts, I'm not sure if they have the right dimensions, ''O. citoniensis'' should be {{cvt|4|m}} and the orca {{cvt|7|or|10|m}}, and they don't seem to conform with any of the other size charts on Wikipedia so I don't know if I should use them or not. I don't think the ''O. citoniensis'' in the size diagrams should have so high a dorsal fin or broad flippers (which the DeviantArt reconstruction captures perfectly). Anybody willing to help out?   [[User:Dunkleosteus77]] |[[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|push to talk]]  00:53, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
its more 10 ft but ok let me see what i can do--[[User:Bubblesorg|Bubblesorg]] ([[User talk:Bubblesorg|talk]]) 05:44, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:I don't know enough about cetaceans, but I can comment on the size comparisons. For the second one, ''O. citonensis'' comes out at ~3 meters and ''O. orca'' comes out at ~6 meters using a height of ~1.8 meters for the human, both short by one meter. The ''O. citonensis'' should be proportionally altered like Dunkleosteus said above instead of being an mini ''O. orca'' clone. Also, take out that gray background (replace it either with white, light blue, or transparency), move the human down so their between the two cetaceans, crop out a lot of space, capitalized ''Orcinus'' for ''O. citonensis'', remove the title of ''Orcinus'', and perhaps use a Sans font like other size comparison diagrams (although the last one's probably debatable). For the first size comparison, the background also shouldn't be gray, ''O. citonensis'' is still only ~3 meters, and it still looks like a tiny ''O. orcinus'' clone instead of reflecting the proportions mentioned above. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:43, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Anteosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Anteosaurus magnificus BW lateral.png|thumb]]
The reconstructions of ''Anteosaurus'' currently in use give it strange proportions that don't match the one anteosaur known from a substantial portion of the postcranial skeleton, ''[[Titanophoneus]]''. I did a reconstruction which does match those proportions. Is this any good for use? [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 18:11, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:Maybe an issue with the shading, but the skeletal[http://www.kheper.net/evolution/therapsida/Titanophoneus.gif] would imply a deeper hip region behind the leg? Thinner thighs as well, I guess, since the ilium is so short. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:56, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Probainognathus

2019-01-02T06:25:25Z

Paleocolour: formatting

{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Triassic]], {{Fossil range|235|221.5}}
| image = Probainognathus jenseni life restoration.jpg
| image_caption = Restoration of ''Probainognathus jenseni''
| taxon = Probainognathus
| authority = [[Alfred Romer|Romer]], 1970
| type_species = ''Probainognathus jenseni''
| type_species_authority = [[Alfred Romer|Romer]], 1970
}}

'''''Probainognathus''''' meaning “progressive jaw” is an extinct [[genus]] of [[cynodont]]s that lived around 235 to 221.5 million years ago, during the Late [[Triassic]] in what is now [[South America]]. ''Probainognathus'' is a member of the family [[Probainognathidae]], and is a close relative of the family [[Chiniquodontidae]].<ref name="Romer1970">{{cite journal | first1 = Alfred | last1 = Romer | title = The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic Reptile Fauna VI. A Chiniquodontid Cynodont with an Incipient Squamosal-Dentary Jaw Articulation | journal = Breviora | number = 344 | pages = 1–18 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4293905 | year = 1970}}</ref><ref name="Fossilworks">Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Probainognathus Romer 1970 (therapsid). PaleoDB taxon number: 39225 | http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=80895</ref> The various similarities to Chiniquodontidae led [[Alfred Romer]] to initially suggest ''Probainognathus'' be placed within that family, but it was subsequently decided that the differences were enough to warrant its placement within Probainognathidae.<ref name=Romer1973>Romer, A.S. 1973. The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVIII. Probelesodon minor, a new species of carnivorous cynodont; family Probainognathidae nov. Breviora, 401:1-4</ref>
''Probainognathus jenseni'' was a species of small, [[carnivorous]] cynodonts which possessed features that provide a connection between cynodonts and [[mammals]]. The major feature being jaw joint articulation that not only included the [[quadrate bone|quadrate]] and [[articular]] bones, but also the [[squamosal]] and [[dentary]] bones.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Berkeley">"Jaws to Ears in the Ancestors of Mammals." Jaws to Ears in the Ancestors of Mammals. University of California, Berkeley, n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. | http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05</ref> This development in the jaw joint is an important step in the evolution of mammals as this squamosal-dentary articulation is the joint all extant mammals possess. These findings provide evidence that ''Probainognathus'' should be placed on the line ascending towards Mammalia.<ref name="Romer1970"/>

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:El Chiflón 3.jpg|thumb|left|The landscape of [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|La Rioja Province]], in which remains of ''Probainognathus'' have been found]]
''Probainognathus'' was discovered in the [[Chañares Formation]] in [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|La Rioja Province]], [[Argentina]]. Harvard collector James A. Jensen, headed the group that discovered ''Probainognathus'' jenseni that was described in 1970, and Jensen is also the specific namesake for ''Probainognathus jenseni''. These specimens were collected 3 km north of the terminus of the Rio Chañares at the Campo de [[Talampaya]], and were described by Alfred Sherwood Romer in 1970.<ref name="Romer1970"/>
''Probainognathus'' has also been collected from the [[Ischigualasto Formation]] in northwestern Argentina.<ref name="Digimorph">"Digimorph - Probainognathus Sp. (fossil Eucynodont)." Digimorph - Probainognathus Sp. (fossil Eucynodont). University of Texas, Austin, n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <https://web.archive.org/web/20030803174412/http://digimorph.org/specimens/Probainognathus_sp/>.</ref> A juvenile skull unearthed from this formation was sent through a [[CT scan]] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], and was, ultimately, made available to the public. This allows for current three-dimensional analysis of this specimen in a digital medium, and provides morphological context beyond the limits of two-dimensional pictures.<ref name="Digimorph"/>
In addition to this, in 1994, the [[holotype]] of ''Probainognathus jenseni'', along with several other specimens, were stolen from the [[National University of La Rioja]] in Argentina.<ref name="Sciencepress"/><ref name="dml">Hultz, Thomas R. "Missing La Rioja Specimens." Missing La Rioja Specimens. N.p., 1994. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <http://dml.cmnh.org/1994May/msg00010.html>.</ref>

''Probainognathus'' was first described and named by [[Harvard]] paleontologist, [[Alfred Sherwood Romer]] in 1970.<ref name="Romer1970"/> ''Probainognathus jenseni'' is the focus of this description, and was named generically for its advanced jaw articulation, literally meaning “progressive jaw” in [[Greek language|Greek]], and specifically for James A. Jensen, a Harvard collector on the trips to recover the specimen.<ref name="Romer1970"/>

== Description==
''Probainognathus'' was a small cynodont, the apparent body size of which is inconsistent across sources, ranging from being about the size of a rat, to the size of a small dog.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Bone clones">"Cynodont - Probainognathus Jenseni Skull - Bone Clones, Inc. - Osteological Reproductions." Bone Clones, Inc. - Osteological Reproductions. Bone Clones, Inc., n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <https://boneclones.com/product/cynodont-probainognathus-jenseni-skull-CD-01>.</ref><ref name="Wayback">"Triassic Cynodonts; Cynognathidae, Probainognathidae and 'Allies', an Internet Directory."Triassic Cynodonts; Cynognathidae, Probainognathidae and 'Allies', an Internet Directory. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <https://web.archive.org/web/20030827003455/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cynoga.htm>.</ref>

===Teeth and diet===
[[File:Probainognathus jenseni teeth.jpg|thumb|right|Dentition of ''Probainognathus jenseni'']]
The diet of ''Probainognathus'' is thought to have been carnivorous, which can be extrapolated by its teeth.<ref name="Romer1970"/> The teeth include dully-tipped, partially developed canines, postcanines, four upper incisors that are positioned vertically, and three lower [[incisors]] that lean slightly forward.<ref name="Sciencepress">Soares, Marina Bento, Fernando Abdala, and Cristina Bertoni-Machado. "A Sectorial Toothed Cynodont (Therapsida) from the Triassic Santa Cruz Do Sul Fauna, Santa Maria Formation, Southern Brazil." Geodiversitas 33.2 (2011): 265-78. Science Press. Web. 5 Mar. 2017. <http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2011n2a4.pdf>.</ref> The [[cheek teeth]] are slender from the sides, but are lengthened anteroposteriorly, with several cusps along the row.<ref name="Romer1970"/> This pattern is consistent with that exhibited by other meat-eating cynodonts, which indicates ''Probainognathus'' was a carnivore, as well. This tooth pattern is similar to that of chiniquodontids, and is part of the proposed connection between them and ''Probainognathus''.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Colbert1991">Colbert, E., & Morales, Michael. (1991). Evolution of the vertebrates : A history of the backboned animals through time (4th ed.). New York: Wiley-Liss.</ref>

===Brain===
Based on an endocranial cast of ''Probainognathus'', several details have been extrapolated about its brain. ''Probainognathus''’ cerebral hemispheres were elongated, it had established olfactory bulbs, and a significant cerebellum and flooculi.<ref name="Quiroga">JC, Quiroga. "The Brain of the Mammal-like Reptile Probainognathus Jenseni (Therapsida, Cynodontia). A Correlative Paleo-neoneurological Approach to the Neocortex at the Reptile-mammal Transition." Journal Fur Hirnforschung. N.p., 01 Jan. 1980. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7419907></ref> These were among other, less pronounced, structures such as anterior colliculi.<ref name="Quiroga"/> Because of these features, it has been suggested that ''Probainognathus''’ brain had visual, auditory, motor, and body sensory systems all present. And, as a whole, the brain of ''Probainognathus'' indicates that it was in the process of developing endothermy.<ref name="Quiroga"/>

===Skull===
[[File:Probainognathus Skull in Palatal View.jpg|thumb|''Probainognathus'' skull in palatal view.]]
The snout of ''Probainognathus'' extends beyond the [[premaxillary]] processes, and is very thin. The apparent fragility of this structure has led to it being broken off several specimens, and has led to an increased difficulty in studying it.<ref name="Romer1970"/> There are several features that have been identified, however. The suborbital arch and the [[zygomatic arch]] are both shaped relatively sharply, and there is an extension of the squamosal posteriorly on the zygomatic arch. ''Probainognathus'' has a long [[secondary palate]] as it stretches all the way to the posterior end of the tooth row.<ref name="Romer1970"/> In addition, the secondary palate is also formed largely by the palatine, and it is somewhat narrow. This narrowing of the [[palate]] allows for the conservation of space to be able to fit the back, lower [[molars]]. Moreover, the [[vomer]] is posterior to the secondary palate, and significant [[pterygoid bone|pterygoid]] flanges are present, as well.<ref name="Romer1970"/>

The skull of ''Probainognathus'' is, on average, around 7 cm in length, and is missing the [[parietal foramen]].<ref name="Romer1970"/> The skull is broad in proportion to its length, the face is short and narrow, but its zygomatic region is relatively large, seemingly for jaw muscle attachment.<ref name="Romer1970"/> The skull also possesses a double occipital condyle, which is a typical mammalian feature.<ref name="Colbert1991"/> In comparison to close relatives, such as ''[[Probelesodon]]'', the [[braincase]] of ''Probainognathus'' is more broad in the [[Parietal bone|parietal]] region, and the oticoccipital region of the skull is deeper. Likewise, the parietals have more depth, the [[occipital]] crest is higher, and the orbits are proportionately larger relative to the rest of its head. The [[sagittal crest]] is also lengthened posteriorly, and splits into the occipital crests. This leads to a straighter posterior margin, and a more concave occiput in ''Probainognathus''.<ref name="Romer1970"/>

===Jaw===
[[File:Probainognathus.jpeg|thumb|''Probainognathus'' skull]]
The jaw of ''Probainognathus'' is of particular [[phylogenetic]] importance. Morphologically, the dentary makes up most the lower jaw, and it curves and extends down posteriorly to the area of the articular and jaw articulation.<ref name="Romer1970"/> Correspondingly, in the upper jaw, the squamosal bone becomes situated next to the quadrate.<ref name="Berkeley"/> The posterior end of this enlarged dentary fits into a small nook in the squamosal of the upper jaw, and displays the beginning of the evolution of the squamosal-dentary jaw joint.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Berkeley"/> This squamosal-dentary jaw articulation is the same joint exhibited by mammals, and the inclusion of this joint in ''Probainognathus'' indicates that it is a precursor to mammals.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Berkeley"/>

Along with this osteological feature, the jaw of ''Probainognathus'' is suggested to have had mammal-like [[soft tissue]] advancements, as well. The jaw muscles in ''Probainognathus'' were thought to have been positioned farther forward, with the [[masseter]] splitting into two separate muscles: the superficial masseter and the deep masseter.<ref name="Ridley">Ridley, Mark. "Evolution - Fossils and the History of Life." Evolution - Fossils and the History of Life. Blackwell Publishing, n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/tutorials/Fossils_and_the_history_of_life25.asp>.</ref><ref name="Bard">Bard, J. (2017). Principles of evolution : System, species, and the history of life. London ; New York: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group.</ref> Despite this new development, the reptilian quadrate-articular jaw joint persists in ''Probainognathus'', and a paired jaw joint is the result. Because of this, the jaw of ''Probainognathus'' remains distinct from that of mammals due mostly to the presence of the articular and the quadrate.<ref name="Berkeley"/>
Once the dentary-squamosal articulation becomes more established, the former bones involved in jaw articulation, the articular and quadrate, can become integrated into the [[inner ear]] as the [[malleus]] and [[incus]], respectively.<ref name="Romer1970"/> This has not yet happened in the case of ''Probainognathus'', but the reduced size of the quadrate, as well as its loose association with the squamosal and proximity to the stapes indicates the quadrate to incus process is underway.<ref name="Colbert1991"/> This combination of evidence further solidifies ''Probainognathus''’ phylogenetic placement on the line to Mammalia, and provides a sound evolutionary connection between [[reptiles]] and mammals.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Berkeley"/><ref name="Ridley"/><ref name="Bard"/>

==Paleoecology==
[[File:Chanares Formation with masseto.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of the Chañares Formation with masseto]]
''Probainognathus'' was collected from the [[Chañares Formation]] in [[La Rioja Province, Argentina]].<ref name="Romer1970"/> This locale is known for its preservation of Middle Triassic [[tetrapods]], which are largely [[fossilized]] in volcanic [[concretions]].<ref name="Rogers">Rogers, R., A. B. Arucci, F. Abdala, P. C. Sereno, C. A. Foster, and C. L. May. "Paleoenvironment and Taphonomy of the Chañares Formation Tetrapod Assemblage (Middle Triassic), Northwestern Argentina: Spectacular Preservation in Volcanogenic Concretions." Palaios 16 (2001): 461-81.Fernando Abdala (PhD). Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <http://www.losabdala.com/fernando/curriculum-vitae/publications/47-paleoenvironment-and-taphonomy-of-the-chanares-formation-tetrapod-assemblage-middle-triassic-northwestern-argentina-spectacular-preservation-in-volcanogenic-concretions>.</ref>
When ''Probainognathus'' inhabited this area during the Middle Triassic, it is thought to have been a [[lacustrine]] region within a [[rift basin]] that got a large influx of sedimentary debris and [[volcanic ash]].<ref name="Rogers"/>

Various pieces of evidence suggest tetrapod mass mortality was the cause of death in the Chañares Formation.<ref name="Rogers"/> Fossils of both young and adult specimens were found at this locale, and these are not limited to ''Probainognathus'', but rather represent many [[taxa]] that fell victim to the event. There is also an unusual concentration of [[herbivores]], [[carnivores]], and [[omnivores]] in this formation. Numerous fossils of each type were found in close proximity to one another, despite the fact that this intermingling would normally be uncommon. It has, subsequently, been suggested that this unusual distribution of specimens could be due to the death event leaving these animals stranded with no other place to go, perhaps along a waterfront of some kind.<ref name="Rogers"/> The evidence at hand, especially the nature of volcanic preservation, has led to the postulation that [[volcanism]] played a role in the death event in some capacity. Suggested events include a large outpouring of ash, lethal gas surges, or, more likely, volcanism-induced flooding. Volcanic activity may have caused [[damming]] or other water diversion, which led to major widespread flooding in the area, and the death of ''Probainognathus'' and other tetrapods.<ref name="Rogers"/> Unfortunately, however, it remains uncertain whether volcanism was the direct cause of this major death event, or if it just aided in preservation after the fact.<ref name="Rogers"/>
{{clearboth}}
==References==
{{portal|Paleontology|Triassic|Argentina}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Cynodontia|P.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3406217}}

[[Category:Probainognathian genera]]
[[Category:Late Triassic synapsids of South America]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Triassic Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1970]]

Hongshanornis

2019-01-02T06:23:50Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{italic title}}{{speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|124.6|122}}
| image = Fossil specimen (DNHM D2945 6) of Hongshanornis longicresta.jpg
| image_caption = Fossil specimen
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Hongshanornis
| species = longicresta
| parent_authority = Zhou & Zhang, 2005
| authority = Zhou & Zhang, 2005
}}

'''''Hongshanornis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Ornithuromorpha|ornithuromorph]] birds known from early [[Cretaceous]] lake deposits of the [[Yixian Formation]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[China]]. The holotype specimen, recovered in 2005, is currently held by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing. It was found in the Jianshangou fossil beds, dated to 124.6 million years ago.<ref name="zhou2006">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/gj.1045 | last1 = Zhou | first1 = Z. | year = 2006 | title = Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives | url = | journal = Geological Journal | volume = 41 | issue = 3–4| pages = 377–393 }}</ref> Three additional specimens have been reported, though only one of those has been definitively identified as belonging to ''Hongshanornis''.<ref name=hongshan2014>{{Cite journal | last1 = Chiappe | first1 = L. M. | last2 = Zhao | first2 = B. | last3 = o’Connor | first3 = J. K. | last4 = Chunling | first4 = G. | last5 = Wang | first5 = X. | last6 = Habib | first6 = M. | last7 = Marugan-Lobon | first7 = J. | last8 = Meng | first8 = Q. | last9 = Cheng | first9 = X. | title = A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird ''Hongshanornis longicresta'': Insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph | doi = 10.7717/peerj.234 | journal = PeerJ | volume = 2 | page = e234 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24482756| pmc = 3898307}}</ref> This latter specimen was found in the Dawangzhangzi fossil beds, which are about 122 million years old.<ref name="zhou2006"/>

''Hongshanornis'' is a member of the group [[Hongshanornithidae]], to which it lent its name. It is closely related to ''[[Longicrusavis]]'', which existed alongside ''Hongshanornis'' in the Dawangzhangzi ecosystem, and is very similar to the later ''[[Parahongshanornis]]'' from the [[Jiufotang Formation]].<ref name=hongshan2014/>

==Description==
''Hongshanornis longicresta'' was a small species, especially compared to other early ornithuromorphs (birds with a modern tail anatomy), about the size of a [[Turdus|thrush]], and adult specimens are estimated to have weighed about {{convert|50|g|oz}} in life, with a wingspan of about {{convert|320|mm|ft}}.<ref name=hongshan2014/>

[[File:DNHM D2945 6 interpretive.png|thumb|left|upright||Interpretive drawing of specimen DNHM D2946, showing location of gizzard stones]]
The skull in all known specimens is poorly preserved, but in general appears to have had a narrow snout compared to the closely related ''[[Longicrusavis]]''.<ref name=hongshan2014/> The teeth were very small and are poorly preserved in all known specimens. At first, this led scientists to conclude that the teeth were absent in both the upper and lower jaws, probably replaced with a beak. However, later study of the type specimen showed that tooth sockets were present in the preserved parts of the jaw, and comparison with related forms showed that it did have teeth.<ref name=OGC10>{{cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |author2=Gao, K.-Q. |author3= Chiappe, L.M. |year=2010 |title=A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=311–321 |doi=10.1080/02724631003617498 |url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/462280__920289337.pdf}}</ref> The discovery of a more well preserved specimen confirmed the presence of teeth in at least the [[maxilla]] (middle of the upper jaw) and [[dentary]] (lower jaw). The snout appears to have lacked feathers, though whether it was only covered in skin or some parts bore a [[beak]] is currently unknown. The describers of ''Hongshanornis'' noted a unique bone in the end of the lower jaw which they equated with the beak-bearing "[[predentary]] bone" similar to the one found in [[ornithischia]]n dinosaurs. Such bones have also been found in more advanced birds like ''[[Hesperornis]]''.<ref name="Zhou & Zhang 2005">{{aut|Zhou, Z. & Zhang, F.}} (2005): Discovery of an ornithurine bird and its implication for Early Cretaceous avian radiation. ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]]'' '''102'''(52): 18998-19002. {{DOI|10.1073/pnas.0507106102}} {{PMID|16344487}} - Fulltext: [http://www.pnas.org/content/102/52/18998.full HTML], [http://www.pnas.org/content/102/52/18998.full.pdf PDF], [http://www.pnas.org/content/102/52/18998/suppl/DC1 Supporting Information]</ref> However, other scientists have pointed out that the "predentary" (or, technically, ''mandibular symphysial ossification'') of ''Hongshanornis'' lacks the characteristic pits and grooves associated with the beak in early beaked birds like ''[[Archaeorhynchus]]'', and that the presence or absence of any beak is unclear.<ref name=OGC10/><ref name=hongshan2014/>

The original describers of ''Hongshanornis'' noted the apparent presence of a large feathered crest on the head,<ref name="Zhou & Zhang 2005"/> though the feather traces are extremely poor quality and it may be an artifact of preservation.<ref name=OGC10/> A second specimen from different fossil beds did not have long feathers on the head, but rather showed feathers which became shorter closer to the snout.<ref name=hongshan2014/>

The wings were long and broad, but tapered and pointed at the tips. The first few primary flight feathers were much shorter than the rest. The total wing area was 0.016 square meters. The wing digits bore small claws, with the claw on the first finger (the alular digit) much larger than that of the second finger (major digit).<ref name=hongshan2014/> ''Hongshanornis'' is characterized by very long legs, with the lower leg (''tibiotarsus'') more than one and a half times longer than the upper leg (''femur''). The toes were long and thin, with small claws. The first toe (''hallux'') was very small, and the second toe was much shorter than the fourth. The third toe was longest.<ref name=hongshan2014/>
[[File:Hongshanornis.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Restoration]]
The bones of the tail have not been preserved in any known specimen, but comparison with related species suggest it was short with a small, [[plowshare]]-shaped [[pygostyle]] bone, to which the tail feathers anchored. A mass of muscles, called the rectorial bulb, probably was present to control the fanning of the trail feathers. The tail feathers were long, with symmetrical vanes. There were at least 10 tail feathers (''rectrices''), more than in other primitive fan-tailed birds. The overall shape of the tail was rounded and wedge-shaped when viewed from above; due to the symmetrical feathers, the sides of the tail were probably not held fully fanned into the wind but swept back, forming a partially fanned wedge, as in some modern birds like [[accipiter]]s, [[tyrant flycatcher]]s and [[sunbittern]]s.<ref name=hongshan2014/>

==Biology==
===Diet and ecology===
[[File:DNHM D2945 6 skull.png|thumb|right|Skull of specimen DNHM D2945, highlighting teeth]]
Due to the assumption of toothlessness, hongshanornithids were originally interpreted as having a very specialized diet and ecology, perhaps as waders or shorebirds due to their slim snouts and long legs. However, the confirmation that they did in fact have teeth in both jaws has led to a re-interpretation of their ecological niche. Though still considered probably wading birds, they probably had a more generalized diet than previously assumed, with the different snout shapes present in different members of the group indicating niche portioning within a general wading ecology (''Hongshanornis'' lived alongside the closely related ''Longicrusavis'', and both were very similar to each other except for the shape of the snout).<ref name=hongshan2014/> One specimen of ''Hongshanornis'' preserved several gizzard stones ([[gastrolith]]s) of various sizes, which is usually an indication of an herbivorous diet.<ref name=hongshan2014/> Another specimen originally assigned to the genus ''Hongshanornis'' preserved fossilized seeds in the [[Crop (anatomy)|crop]];<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Xiaoting Zheng |author2=Larry D. Martin |author3=Zhonghe Zhou |author4=David A. Burnham |author5=Fucheng Zhang |author6=Desui Miao |year=2011 |title=Fossil evidence of avian crops from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=38 |pages=15904–15907 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1112694108 |pmc=3179114 }}</ref><ref name=hongshan2014/> however, this specimen was subsequently transferred to a distinct taxon ''[[Eogranivora]] edentulata''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Xiaoting Zheng |author2=Jingmai K. O'Connor |author3=Xiaoli Wang |author4=Yan Wang |author5=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2018 |title=Reinterpretation of a previously described Jehol bird clarifies early trophic evolution in the Ornithuromorpha |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1871 |pages=20172494 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2494 }}</ref>

===Flight===
[[File:Hongshanornis wingspan.png|thumb|left|Diagram of the wing and tail profile]]
The wings of ''H. longicresta'' were broad and tapered, with an average wing area and wing loading compared to modern birds in the same size range.<ref name=hongshan2014/> The presence or absence of slotting at the wing tips cannot be determined with known specimens, but modern birds with similar size and wing shape tend to lack wing slotting. The absence of wing slotting would suggest that ''Hongshanornis'' tended to fly mainly at relatively high speeds. Given the overall wing shape and comparison to modern birds, ''Hongshanornis'' probably flapped continuously when flying at lower speeds, and switched to bounding flight (rapid flapping alternating with periods of ballistic forward motion with the wings partly folded) at higher speeds. Overall, the wing and tail anatomy, and therefore probably flight style, of ''Hongshanornis'' was similar to many medium-sized [[passerine]] birds.<ref name=hongshan2014/>

{{clearboth}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.palaeocritti.com/by-group/aves/ornithuromorpha/hongshanornis Information and photograph of the type specimen, Palaeocritti]

{{portal|Paleontology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3029892}}

[[Category:Early Cretaceous birds of Asia]]
[[Category:Yixian fauna]]
[[Category:Basal Ornithurae]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]

Rapetosaurus

2019-01-02T06:20:59Z

Paleocolour: formatting

{{speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{Geological range|70|66}}
|image = Rapetosaurus at FMNH.jpg
| image_caption = Juvenile skeleton, [[Field Museum of Natural History]]
| genus = Rapetosaurus
| parent_authority = [[Kristina Curry Rogers|Curry Rogers]] & [[Catherine Forster|Forster]], 2001
| species = krausei
| authority = Curry Rogers & Forster, 2001
}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}

'''''Rapetosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˌ|p|eɪ|t|uː|ˈ|s|ɔːr|ə|s}} {{respell|rə|PAY|too|SOR|əs}}<ref name=CurryRogers2001/>) is a [[genus]] of [[sauropod]] [[dinosaur]] that lived in [[Madagascar]] from 70 to 66 [[million years ago]], at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]]. Only one [[species]], '''''Rapetosaurus krausei''''', has been identified.

Like other sauropods, ''Rapetosaurus'' was a quadrupedal [[herbivore]]; it is calculated to have reached lengths of 15 metres (49 ft).

==Description==
[[File:Rapetosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|left|''Rapetosaurus'' restoration]]
''Rapetosaurus'' was a fairly typical sauropod, with a short and slender [[tail]], a very long [[neck]] and a huge, [[elephant]]-like body. Its head resembles the head of a [[diplodocid]], with a long, narrow snout and nostrils on the top of its [[skull]]. It was a herbivore and its small, pencil-like teeth were good for ripping the leaves off trees but not for chewing.

It was fairly modest in size, for a [[titanosaur]]. The juvenile specimen measured {{convert|8|m}} from head to tail, and "probably weighed about as much as an elephant". An adult would have been about twice as long ({{convert|15|m}} in length)<ref name=Montague2006/> which is still less than half the length of its gigantic kin, like ''[[Argentinosaurus]]'' and ''[[Paralititan]]''.

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Rapetosaurus krausei, cast skull, ROM.jpg|thumb|Skull cast, [[Royal Ontario Museum]], Canada.]]
The discovery of ''Rapetosaurus'', known by the single species '' Rapetosaurus krausei'' marked the first time a [[titanosaur]] had been recovered with an almost perfectly intact [[skeleton]], complete with [[skull]]. It has helped to clarify some difficult, century-old [[scientific classification|classification]] issues, among this large group of [[sauropod]] [[dinosaur]]s and provides a good baseline for the reconstruction of other [[titanosaur]]s that are known only from partial [[fossil]]ized remains.

The discovery was published in 2001 by [[Kristina Curry Rogers]] and [[Catherine Forster|Catherine A. Forster]] in the scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''. The nearly-complete skeleton is that of a juvenile and partial remains from three other individuals were also recovered.
[[File:Rapetosaurus_Scale.svg|thumb|left|Size comparison of a juvenile specimen]]
The dig uncovered a partial skull (UA 8698, the [[holotype]] specimen), another partial skull, a juvenile skeleton missing only a few tail [[vertebra]]e, and an unrelated vertebra. The juvenile skeleton, in particular, is the most complete titanosaur skeleton ever recovered and the only one with a head still attached to the body.

The fossilized remains were found in the Mahajanga basin in northwest [[Madagascar]], not far from the port city of [[Mahajanga]]. They were recovered from a layer of sandstone known as the Anembalemba Member, which is part of the [[Maevarano Formation]]. The rock formation has been dated to the [[Maastrichtian]] [[faunal stage|stage]] of the late Cretaceous, which means the fossilized bones are about 70 million years old. They were found by a field team from the [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] with the assistance of the local [[Universite d'Antananarivo]]. The team leader, David Krause, had been excavating fossils from the site since 1993.

The generic name ''Rapetosaurus'' is derived from [[Rapeto]] (a [[giant (mythology)|giant]] [[deity]] in [[Malagasy culture|Malagasy]] [[folklore]] credited for the geographical features of the land<ref>Zoë Crossland, Ancestral Encounters in Highland Madagascar: Material Signs and Traces of the Dead, Cambridge University Press, 17/02/2014</ref>) and ''sauros'', which is [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] for [[lizard]]. The species epithet, ''krausei'', is named after the team leader of the expedition, [[David W. Krause]].

==Paleobiology==
===Growth===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Rapetosaurus-mount-at-field-museum.jpg|thumb|left|Field Museum mount in side view]]
A rare specimen of a juvenile ''Rapetosaurus'' was uncovered in a museum collection by Kristina Curry Rogers and colleagues. The specimen was estimated to weigh about 40 kilograms (88 pounds) and was likely between 39–77 days old by the time of its death. At the time of its hatching, the juvenile ''Rapetosaurus'' was estimated to be 3.4 kilograms (7.8 pounds) in weight. Based on bone remodeling, the juvenile sauropod was also believed to have been capable of surviving with little to no parental care. Analysis of the bones further revealed the young ''Rapetosaurus'' likely starved to death due to Cretaceous Madagascar's harsh droughts.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

==Paleoecology==
[[File:MajungasaurusROM.JPG|thumb|Mounted ''[[Majungasaurus]]'' and ''Rapetosaurus'' ]]
During the Maastrichtian, like it is now, Madagascar was an island, having [[plate tectonics|separated]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]] less than 20 million years earlier. It was drifting northwards but still 10–15[[Degree (angle)|°]] more southerly in [[latitude]] than it is today. The prevailing [[climate]] of the time was semi-arid, with pronounced [[season]]ality in temperature and rainfall. Many prehistoric animals inhabited a coastal [[flood plain]] cut by many sandy [[river]] [[Channel (geography)|channels]].<ref name=rogersetal2007>{{cite book |last=Rogers |first=Raymond R. |author2=Krause, David W.|author3=[[Kristina Curry Rogers|Curry Rogers, Kristina]]|author4=Rasoamiaramanana, Armand H.|author5=Rahantarisoa, Lydia |year=2007 |chapter=Paleoenvironment and Paleoecology of ''Majungasaurus crenatissimus'' (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar |editor=Sampson, Scott D. |editor2=Krause, David W. |title=''Majungasaurus crenatissimus'' (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |series=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir '''8''' |pages=21–31 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[21:PAPOMC]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Strong geological evidence suggests the occurrence of periodic [[debris flow]]s through these channels at the beginning of the wet season, burying the carcasses of organisms killed during the preceding dry season and providing for their exceptional preservation as fossils.<ref name=rogers2005>{{cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Raymond R. |year=2005 |title=Fine-grained debris flows and extraordinary vertebrate burials in the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar |journal=Geology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=297–300 |doi=10.1130/G21036.1|bibcode=2005Geo....33..297R }}</ref> Sea levels in the area were rising throughout the Maastrichtian, and would continue to do so into the [[Paleocene Epoch]], so ''Rapetosaurus'' may have roamed coastal environments like [[tidal flats]] as well. The neighboring [[Berivotra Formation]] represents the contemporaneous [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] environment.<ref name=rogersetal2007 />

Besides ''Rapetosaurus'', fossil taxa recovered from the Maevarano include [[fish]], [[frog]]s, lizards, snakes,<ref name=rogersetal2007 /> seven distinct species of [[crocodylomorph]]s,<ref name=krauseetal2006>{{cite journal |last=Krause |first=David W. |author2=O'Connor, Patrick M.|author3=[[Kristina Curry Rogers|Curry Rogers, Kristina]]|author4=Sampson, Scott D.|author5=Buckley, Gregory A.|author6=Rogers, Raymond R. |year=2006 |title=Late Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from Madagascar: implications for Latin American biogeography |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=178–208 |url=http://www.mbgpress.info/index.php?task=id&id=11002 |doi=10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[178:LCTVFM]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> [[Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar#Cretaceous|five or six species of mammals]],<ref name=krauseetal2006 /> ''[[Vorona]]''<ref name=forsteretal1996>{{cite journal |last=Forster |first=Catherine A. |author2=Chiappe, Luis M. |author3=Krause, David W. |author4= Sampson, Scott D. |title=The first Cretaceous bird from Madagascar |journal=Nature |volume=382 |issue=6591 |pages=532–534 |doi=10.1038/382532a0 |year=1996|bibcode=1996Natur.382..532F }}</ref> and several other birds,<ref name=rogersetal2007 /> the possibly flighted [[dromaeosaurid]] ''[[Rahonavis]]'',<ref name=forsteretal1998>{{cite journal |last=Forster |first=Catherine |author2=Sampson, Scott D. |author3=Chiappe, Luis M. |author4= Krause, David W. |year=1998 |title=The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar |journal=Science |volume=279 |issue=5358 |pages=1915–1919 |doi=10.1126/science.279.5358.1915 |pmid=9506938|bibcode=1998Sci...279.1915F }}</ref><ref name=makovickyetal2005>{{cite journal |last=Makovicky |first=Peter J. |author2=Apesteguía, Sebastian |author3= Agnolín, Federico L. |year=2005 |title=The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7061 |pages=1007–1011 |doi=10.1038/nature03996 |pmid=16222297 |bibcode=2005Natur.437.1007M}}</ref> the [[Noasauridae|noasaurid]] ''[[Masiakasaurus]]'',<ref name=sampsonetal2001>{{cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Scott D. |author2=Carrano, Matthew T. |author3= Forster, Catherine A. |year=2001 |title=A bizarre predatory dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6819 |pages=504–506 |doi=10.1038/35054046 |pmid=11206544|bibcode=2001Natur.409..504S }}</ref> and the [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] ''[[Majungasaurus]]''.<ref name=krauseetal2007>{{cite book |last=Krause |first=David W. |author2=Sampson, Scott D. |author3=Carrano, Matthew T. |author4= O'Connor, Patrick M. |year=2007 |chapter=Overview of the history of discovery, taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of ''Majungasaurus crenatissimus'' (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar |editor=Sampson, Scott D. |editor2=Krause, David W. |title=''Majungasaurus crenatissimus'' (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |series=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir '''8''' |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1:OOTHOD]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> A variety of extinct mammals have also been discovered, such as [[gondwanatheres]] and non-[[placental]] [[eutherians]], the former reaching large sizes such as ''[[Vintana]]''.

[[File:Majungasaurus, Masiakasaurus, Rapetosaurus.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of two ''[[Majungasaurus]]'' chasing ''Rapetosaurus'']]
The skull of ''[[Majungasaurus]]'', a large [[abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] [[theropod]], was discovered in 1996. It is similar to species found in [[India]] and [[Argentina]], indicating that land bridges between the fragments of the former supercontinent of Gondwana still existed in the late Cretaceous, far later than was previously believed. The most likely occurrence was a land bridge allowing animals to cross from [[South America]] to [[Antarctica]], and then up to India and Madagascar. ''Majungasaurus'' was the largest predator in its environment, while the only known contemporaneous large herbivores were sauropods like ''Rapetosaurus''. Scientists have suggested that ''Majungasaurus'' specialized in hunting sauropods. ''Majungasaurus'' tooth marks on ''Rapetosaurus'' bones indicate that it at least fed on these sauropods, whether or not it actually killed them.<ref name=rogersetal2003>{{cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Raymond R. |author2=Krause, David W.|author3=[[Kristina Curry Rogers|Curry Rogers, Kristina]] |year=2007 |title=Cannibalism in the Madagascan dinosaur ''Majungatholus atopus'' |journal=Nature |volume=422 |issue=6931 |pages=515–518 |doi=10.1038/nature01532 |pmid=12673249|bibcode=2003Natur.422..515R }}</ref>

Typically, titanosaurs were unusual among sauropods in that they coexisted with large [[ornithischia]]n dinosaurs such as [[ceratopsid]]s, [[hadrosaur]]s, and [[ankylosaur]]s. However, ''Rapetosaurus'' was atypical among titanosaurs in that it shared the Mahajanga basin with only one other large herbivore, another titanosaur. Smaller herbivores were rare, with only one, ''[[Simosuchus]]'', being discovered during over 100 years of collection in that area. Due to the absence of ornithischian dinosaurs, it is suggested that prehistoric Madagascar saw a different herbivore community dynamic than was seen elsewhere in the Cretaceous.<ref name=CurryRogers2001/>
{{clearboth}}
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=CurryRogers2001>{{cite journal | first1 = K. | last1 = Curry Rogers | first2 = C.A. | last2 = Forster | title = The last of the dinosaur titans: a new sauropod from Madagascar | journal = Nature | volume = 412 | pages = 530–534 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1038/35087566 | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6846/full/412530a0.html }}</ref>
<ref name=Montague2006>{{cite journal| last = Montague | first= J.R. | title = Estimates of body size and geological time of origin for 612 dinosaur genera (Saurischia, Ornithischia) | journal = Florida Scientist | volume = 69 | issue = 4| pages = 243–257| year = 2006 | jstor = 24321451 }}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
*Kristina Curry Rogers, and Catherine A. Forster. 2004. "The skull of ''Rapetosaurus krausei'' (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". ''[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]]'', 24(1), pages 121–144. ''Abstract at [http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-abstract&issn=0272-4634&volume=024&issue=01&page=0121 BioOne]

==External links==
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20041212044018/http://www.smm.org/research/Paleontology/Rapeto.php Paleontology News — Rapetosaurus]'' from the Science Museum of Minnesota.
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20051109121531/http://naples.cc.sunysb.edu/UAff/press.nsf/0/27c07f8d01443df985256a9b00651b11?OpenDocument Stony Brook Paleontologists Discover New Dinosaur and Name It in Honor of One of Their Own]'' from SUNY-Stony Brook.
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212709/http://www.timeforkids.com/TFK/news/story/0,6260,169874,00.html New Dinosaur Species Found]'' from Time for Kids Online.
*''[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0801_madagascardino.html Skeleton of New Dinosaur "Titan" Found in Madagascar]'' from National Geographic.
*''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1469000/1469608.stm Dino skull fills knowledge gap]'' from the BBC.
*''[http://www.trexmuseum.org/newsalert.html New Madagascar Dinosaur Discoveries]'' from the ''T. Rex'' Museum.
*A [https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/press/01/pr0161.htm press release], from the National Science Foundation, including a reconstruction (illustration).

{{Portalbar|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous|Madagascar|Prehistory of Africa}}
{{Titanosauria}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q135300}}

[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of India and Madagascar]]
[[Category:Titanosaurs]]
[[Category:Maevarano fauna]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian life]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2001]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Kristina Curry Rogers]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Catherine Forster]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian genus extinctions]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2019-01-02T06:01:17Z

Paleocolour: /* Paleoart Fixes */

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review/Header}}

= Images in review =
== ''[[Juratyrant]]'' Size chart and known material ==
[[File:Juratyrant known elements skeletal.png|thumb|right]]
[[File:Juratyrant size chart.png|thumb|right]]
A diagram representing the known material of the holotypic specimen of ''Juratyrant''. Missing elements restored with ''Stokesosaurus'' skeleton by Scott Hartman, Skull restored after ''Sinotyrannus'', ''Proceratosaurus'' and ''Guanlong'' (after Loewen et al 2013, which places the genus under Proceratosauridae). The current diagram on the Wikipedia page doesn't seem to stick close to the material presented in the paper (specifically the hip) and the skull doesn't show many of the features diagnostic to the family. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 14:06, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
:It's a good start, although there is some room for improvement. For example, the placement of ''Juratyrant'' and ''Stokesosaurus'' within Proceratosauridae is not definite, with Brusatte & Carr (2016) being a good example of a study which places them outside of the group. Even if they were proceratosaurids, they may not necessarily have had crests, because ''Yutyrannus'' may have been part of the group yet it lacked the large, plate-like ''Guanlong''-style crest. I would recommend removing the crest from your silhouette. In addition, the preserved and missing portions of the illium visible in your skeletal more closely resemble those of the right illium rather than the left illium. Either you could change the shape of the grey areas, or flip the image to transform the left side into a right side. In addition, the skeleton also preserves bones of the left leg, albeit less complete than those of the right. The left leg in your skeletal seems to include the practically complete right leg, with the actual (incomplete) remains of the left leg being completely omitted. I would recommend flipping the image so that the right hip and leg bones are actually placed on the right side. After that you can add in the bones of the left leg in the other leg of the silhouette. You also seem to have omitted a partial anterior dorsal vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-30) from the base of the neck. You did seem to include the other four preserved dorsal vertebrae (OUMNH J.3311-2 through 5), but Benson (2008) doubted that they were continuous, so there were probably at least a few gaps between them. The sacral and tail vertebrae have few issues, although there was a thin partial vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) just behind OUMNH J.3311-10 (which you placed directly above the tip of the ischium). You will need to add this vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) as well as a couple of chevrons described by Benson (2008). If you didn't know, the right pubis is nearly complete, so you can show more material for that bone. You seemingly only included the incomplete left pubis. The ischium is the opposite case, with the left part of the bone being more complete than the right. If the skeletal is flipped so that we see it from the right (as I recommend), you'd also have to add in an incomplete right ischium overlapping the left bone which you already included.
:TL;DR- You put right side bones on the left side, so flip the image so that they are actually on the right side. Put in a few more vertebrae and the nearly complete right pubis. Fill the other leg with bones, since leg bones are known for both legs (although the left leg is less complete). Get rid of the crest since it may not be a Proceratosaurid. If you can access jstor, see Benson (2008) here for pictures and info: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20490999?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:33, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
::I've edited most of your suggestions: I don't agree with not including a crest however. True, Yutyrannus lacked a crest. However, all Proceratosaurids from the Jurassic which have well preserved skulls preserve a crest: Yutyannus is more derived. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 17:45, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
:::Thanks. Btw, the note on ''Yutyrannus'' was an afterthought to my main point, which is that ''Juratyrant'' was not a proceratosaurid according to the study of Brusatte & Carr (2016), which imho takes precedence over Loewen ''et al'' (2013). A few more notes: You put the partial vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) in front of the more complete one (OUMNH J.3311-10) when in reality OUMNH J.3311-11 was behind it. You also seem to have forgotten the left tibia and perhaps included a bit too much white area on the left femur. You may also want to include a partial right ischium overlaying the left ischium. Other than that it looks great. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 01:35, 30 May 2018 (UTC)
::::You're really close to perfection (I see you already added it to the article), but there are still a few little things to change. I honestly think that the crest should be omitted due to reasons I've outlined previously. The sliver of OUMNH J.3311-11 is from the front part of the vertebra, not the rear part (the little upper triangular extensions are prezygapophyses). You still need to include a few chevrons. Apart from those little fixes it's complete. Thanks for all the patience. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 03:26, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
:::::Pinging [[User:Eotyrannu5]] because it would be nice to have this one done and dusted ^-^--[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 21:15, 5 November 2018 (UTC)
:::::: Woops: apologies, been busy with work lately. Will try and finish this one ASAP [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 18:11, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::: [[User:Eotyrannu5]] ... --[[Special:Contributions/94.1.237.134|94.1.237.134]] ([[User talk:94.1.237.134|talk]]) 23:32, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::: Image has already been updated accordingly [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 11:08, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::: Great, I also like how you darkened the shading in the grey areas. I'm still not sure why the crest hasn't been removed, Loewen ''et al.'' (2013) seems to be an outlier among tyrannosauroid analyses, so I don't think that ''Juratyrant'' was a proceratosaurid. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 15:37, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Magnosaurus]]'' restoration from 2007 ==

[[File:Magnosaurus.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:HADROSAURUS.jpg|thumb]]

I don't think this restoration has been reviewed, but it probably should. The dinosaur seems too skinny, has visible fenestrae, and the limbs look quite strange.[[User:Kiwi Rex|Kiwi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kiwi Rex|talk]]) 16:06, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
:I recently removed a rather unsalvageable ''Hadrosaurus'' restoration from the same guy from its page. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 16:22, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
::Yea, it's just better to upload entirely new images instead of trying to fix these. There is a ''Magnosaurus'' reconstruction in Nobu Tamura's blog [http://spinops.blogspot.com/2013/08/magnosaurus-nethercombensis.html?q=magnosaurus] - what's necessary to upload it to Wikimedia Commons? And are there any problems with it? [[User:Kiwi Rex|Kiwi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kiwi Rex|talk]]) 19:05, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Noncommercial license. Can't be used. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA|2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA|talk]]) 21:06, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
*I've updated the ''Magnosaurus'' restoration. Let me know if changes are needed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 18:31, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
::It looks a lot better, but still quite skinny by megalosauroid standards. What's with the scutes on the hands? [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 01:20, 4 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Wow, that's a dramatic change! I wonder if the "drumstick could be made more pronounced. The fingers on the right hand also look slightly longer? As for the scutes, I guess they just reflect the scutes on bird feet (and crocodile limbs), don't think there is any evidence for or against. At least this [[Australovenator]] image[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australovenator_with_prey.PNG] has them too... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 01:27, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

== Request: ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'' scale diagram ==
[[File:Xixiasaurus.jpg|thumb|2013 restoration]]
[[File:Xixiasaurus Size Comparison by PaleoGeek.svg|thumb|2018 size chart]]

I will be expanding the ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'' for possible nomination as the first troodont GA/FA, and it currently needs a size diagram. The estimated size is given in the article, and though the estimated length of the skull isn't given in the description, it can perhaps be extrapolated from the scale bar (see image here:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_henanensis.jpg]). Not sure what the body should be based on, as it seems to jump the cladogram around from study to study, so as close to a "generic" troodont as possible. While we're at it, I thought it would be good to post my old, 2013 restoration of it for re-review (it was basically a modified version of my older [[Zanabazar junior]]). The feathers were largely based on ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]'', which perhaps wasn't a trodoont after all, and now the only definitely known feathered troodont is ''[[Jianianhualong]]''. I will definitely shorten the neck and change the tip of the mandible a bit (it seems to have been a bit downturned[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_jaws.jpg][http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Xixaosaurus%20s.JPG], which should also be shown in the diagram), but are there other suggestions? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 02:07, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:I love this illustration; the only suggestion I have right now is to make the neck feathers more extensive, giving the neck more volume as feathers do in modern birds. I think the feathers should also make the silhouette have a more gentle curve on the back of the neck. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 03:42, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::Thanks, I'll fix that; though there are of course many long necked birds where the feathers don't change the contour of the neck much, such as [[flamingoes]], [[storks]], and [[swans]], it seems to have been the case in [[deinonychosaurs]]. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:10, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I think I'll take this one, especially since I don't do size charts too often now! [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:01, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Cool, your [[Thalassodromeus]] diagram also got a compliment from a reviewer! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:28, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Along with the poofy neck feather thing, I think that the nostril might be a little too high up. As far as I know, the current thinking for theropod nostrils is that they wet moreso at the bottom of the nares <ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5531/850]</ref> [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 17:08, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::The front of the bony nares, yeah, as far as I can see it is? I think maybe that black splotch behind what I meant to be the nostril is what threw you off, I'll paint it out... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 17:20, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I have now made a bunch of anatomical fixes~to the restoration. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:22, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Great! Should help figure things out with the size chart. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:30, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Sorry for the long wait! Personal affairs and all. I'll get started on this soon. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:27, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::That's fine (I'm still writing anyway), I've made some space ready for it at the upper left of the description section... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:41, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::By the way, the body of this [[Byronosaurus]][http://images.dinosaurpictures.org/byronosaurus2_3c85.jpg] coupled with the head here[http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Xixaosaurus%20s.JPG] could maybe guide the proportions. The first skeletal looks like it was done by Jaime Headden, but I can't really find it on any proper website. Do you think we can upload it to Commons, {{u|IJReid}}? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:43, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Ah yes I think we can, i know it is made by Headden we just don't really have a "source". But they are his and that means we can upload them. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 23:56, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::I wonder how many images of his scattered on the web we still need to upload? I recall there was a lot on the now defunct Dinosauricon, maybe they can be found through the [[Wayback Machine]]... And {{u|PaleoGeekSquared}}, if you choose to include feathers in the size diagram, remember to not make the tail feathers part of the length! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:16, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
*Finally I finished this! Sorry for the long wait. I took your advice on Headden's skeletal, and matched the silhouette up to the restoration's proportions as well. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:17, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
::Worth the wait! There is something about the frontmost leg, I think the fact that the two legs have the exact same pose. This would make it seem like the front leg is attached further forwards on the body, and doesn't attach to the body at the same level as the hindmost leg... They could be more offset, like here:[http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2012/12/field-guide-rejects-arctic-troodont.html] The hand claws also seem to have been more strongly curved:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_hand_bones.jpg] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:48, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Psittacosaurus]] ==
[[File:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis reconstruction.jpg|thumb]]
Hello, I’ve spent some time making this reconstruction of a father Psittacosaurus mongoliensis sitting down, and I was wondering if it could be used in the article. Any critique? I can also bring in a version with a neat and background, if that would be more suitable. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 04:27, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
:It appears you have drawn a claw on the fourth finger; there should only ever be claws on the first three. An issue which is perhaps too late to fix, but which you should consider in the future, is perspective in the scales; if a round scale is seen foreshortened, it should be oval. In this restoration, all the scales at the margins of the animals silhouette should become gradually more oval, and almost flat at the contours. Now they are all round, which wouldn't make sense. You can see what I mean in for example these lizard photos[https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/B-sAAOSwW0Vb1Apn/s-l1600.jpg][http://www.asergeev.com/pictures/archives/2013/1244/jpeg/27.jpg] (also check the front view[https://fsmedia.imgix.net/1a/be/30/ce/0a05/4d35/98eb/6bc468231e0e/meetpsittacosaurus-lead-contender-for-the-most-adorable-thing-to-ever-walk-the-earth.jpeg?dpr=2&auto=format%2Ccompress&w=441] of the Bob Nicholls Psittacosaurus mdel), note how the scales appear flattened as the topography of the head curves. It might not seem like a big deal, but I think it is important to be accurate if individual scales absolutely have to be shown. Another thing, it looks a bit jarring that the quills stop short of connecting with the body. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:39, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm a bit confused where the quills on the left side of the image are coming from? From what I can tell they're limited to the tail like is preserved on the specimen, but if they are they shouldn't be sprouting over there. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 05:18, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The midline of the back in that specimen is obscured, though, so in theory there could be quills... But yeah, here they seem to be coming from the level of the legs, though. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:37, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
::::What is the evidence for the little postorbital horns on the upper side of the skull? And shouldn't the skull table (behind those horns, where the upper temporal fenestrae would have been) be flat instead of strongly rounded? Looks like the neck starts right after the eye openings. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 08:06, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

== Further edits to [[spinosaur]] images ==
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Baryonyx_life_restoration.jpg|Corrected skull shape
|File:Four spinosaurids by Abelov2014.jpg|Corrected skull shape
|File:Suchomimus_BW.jpg|Added background, hid wonky hind limbs underwater, fixed skull proportions, smoother sail
|File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_2.jpg|Less exaggerated projection on the rear of nasal crest
|File:Erlhaz_Formation.jpg|Fixed skull proportions on left ''[[Suchomimus]]'', obscured right individual behind additional ferns
|File:Spinosaurus_life_restoration_with_Onchopristis.jpg|Did some minor edits, such as removing the signature and adding an ear hole
|File:Mother_Suchomimus_with_juveniles.png|Adjustments to skull and sail shape of the animals
}}

I fixed up the ''[[Baryonyx]]''{{'}}s skull in these two images according to this[/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG/1280px-Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG] skull reconstruction, they should now be in tip-top shape for article use. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:24, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:Good warping! I'll send the Baryonyx off to the WikiJournal soon then... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:36, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::Here's three more images I tried to salvage, let me know if the changes are acceptable. I was thinking that the new Nobu Tamura Sucho could go in ''[[Cristatusaurus]]'' under the Paleoecology section, since we already have a large amount of good ''[[Suchomimus]]'' restorations. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 13:58, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The NT image still has a pretty weirdly rotated hand... Maybe it could just be rotated down? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:25, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Rotated it somewhat, does this fix the issue? [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:57, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::I'd say so (the snout seems to dip deeper than the legs, but maybe not so obviously). Id advise against changing the name of the file though, the image is used on many other Wikipedia pages where it is identified as Suchomimus. You should rather state in an image caption that it was similar/possibly identical to that animal or something. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:58, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Ah, I forgot it was used on other wiki pages. I took your suggestion. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 15:05, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::One issue that makes the image look a bit weird is that you have scaled up the restoration, which makes it very blurry, contrasting wit the background. Maybe the whole image should be scaled back down so the dinosaur is of its original size. Looking again, I also wonder if you could make the legs less deep in the water, because it does seem like the snout should be submerged as well from this perspective. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:34, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I lifted up the neck and reduced the resolution of the image so it is much closer to the original. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 18:03, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::I can't see the source to the background photo? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:39, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Here's a ''Spinosaurus'' by Nobu Tamura that I uploaded, the only one of his restorations of it based on the new reconstruction. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:56, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Aaaand the final spinosaurid image for the day: a ''Suchomimus'' and four of her juveniles traversing a floodplain, put together using some lower quality spinosaurid restorations by Nobu and Abelov. And now we officially have more than enough ''Suchomimus'' restorations (7 exactly). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:09, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::More than we'll ever need, probably! The perspective is a bit off in the newest image; you have a horizon line through the largest animal, but the animals below it are shown directly from the side, whereas the viewer would have to look slightly down upon following in that perspective. It is most obvious in the frontmost animal, though. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:14, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Carnotaurinae]] size diagrams ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Carnotaurini sizes.png|Old Carnotaurini size diagram
|File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|New Carnotaurini size diagram
|File:Carnotaurinae sizes.png|Carnotaurinae size diagram
}}

I've created some size comparison diagrams. One is to replace the difficult to read old Carnotaurini size diagram, and one is a size diagram of all of Carnotaurinae. Let me know if any changes are needed. I attempted to make it so the entire silhouette of each dinosaur was visible and readable, let me know if that worked as well as I hoped. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 14:37, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
:The new Carnotaurini diagram isn't displaying right for me. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 15:25, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
::Fixed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 15:31, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I like it, but the only issue is it will be hard to simply distinguish them by colour, since multiple taxa are similar colours than could all be considered "green" or "blue" or "orange". '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:58, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Another issue is how unstable abelisaur taxonomy is, "Carnotaurini" and "Carnotaurinae" have few consistent members. I would recommend focusing on Abelisauridae in general. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 02:46, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Regarding the "Carnotaurini" size diagram, even if it was unstable it would at least be a good replacement for the greyscale, unlabeled version that is used in nearly a dozen articles. I think for both size charts, even if classifications change in the future, it would be easy enough to relabel it as "Size comparisons of selected abelisaurs". A more useful size diagram might be comparisons of species that lived in the same environment during the same time, but there is still usefulness in visualizing the sizes of species within Abelisauridae as a whole. I think the colours of the Carnotaurini size diagram are visually different enough, however I can see the larger Carnotaurinae diagram being problematic. I tried to layer it light on dark but most dark colours have ended up looking the same, so I'll fix that. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 12:16, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::I've updated the colours on the Carnotaurinae digram. When referring to them, it should be clear enough to use (from left to right): Orange, Purple, Blue, Yellow, Grey, Green, Dark Green, Red, Cyan, Brown. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 10:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Anurognathid]] ==
[[File:Jeholopterus reconstruction.png|thumb]]
I’ve made a reconstruction of Jeholopterus according to the Yang et al 2018 study on Anurognathid “pycnofeathers”. The study showed that the unidentified Anurognathid (judging by Locality and physical appearance, likely Jeholopterus or a related animal) had red “pycnofeathers”. As of now, both the Anurognathus restoration and Jeholopterus restoration are extremely outdated. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 16:10, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Seems a shame not to show more of the body, since the distribution of integument types is what's interesting about the specimens. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:25, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::It’s too late for that; plus, I wouldn’t be able to show the filament variation. Drawing the individual strands on each individual pycnofeather would be a Herculean and pointless task. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 16:45, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
It is not definitely ''Jeholopterus'' and could very well be ''Dendrorhynchoides''. If this is meant to be a reconstruction of the (immature) specimen and not an actual ''Jeholopterus'' then it probably should not be associated with the ''Jeholopterus'' page. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:08, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Phylogenetic bracketing allows the integument to be put on both taxa either way. Alternatively, we could write a section about the specimens on the anurognathid page and merely use this there. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 18:39, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
Where does the red color come from? [[User:Jonathunder|Jonathunder]] ([[User talk:Jonathunder|talk]]) 20:23, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:This study<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0728-7</ref>.

:Also, I’ve changed it to an unnamed Anurognathid. The skull most closely matches [[Anurognathus]], which also needs a new illustration. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 20:28, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm sure {{u|Paleocolour}} could fix the old DBogdanov illustration[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AnurognathusDB.jpg] according to the new study (isn't too far off to begin with, incredibly, similar thing happened when I drew [[Sinornithosaurus]]). What a time to be alive, that it is now a recurring thing to go back and add the actual colouration to old restorations of extinct animals... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 20:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Frankly I don’t think it’s worth trying to fix. The study showed that the feathers densely covered the entire body, ans the arms and feet, and tiny bit of the mouth, as seen in my reconstruction. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 20:43, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I think even I would be able to do the fixes, so I'm sure she can do it even better (with newer version of Photoshop and all). Adding fur takes time, but it's easy to do. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:22, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

== Lucas Attwell ''Emausaurus'' ==

[[File:Emausaurus Hagen Theropod.jpg|thumb]]
A very nice illustration but I don't think it was ever reviewed. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:15, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Definitely needs clearer proof of permission. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:49, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::It looks like it now has a CC BY-SA 3.0 License on its DA page: [https://www.deviantart.com/lucas-attwell/art/Emausaurus-and-ceratosaur-777406728]. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 19:19, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Yeah, seems like the uploader finally got it sorted out. So now I guess we can evaluate this and the other of his images. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:38, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

== Revised ''[[Alectrosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Alectrosaurus Profile by PaleoGeek.png|thumb|January 2018]]
[[File:Alectrosaurus portrait by PaleoGeek.jpg|thumb|December 2018]]

Since I recently started digital art[https://www.instagram.com/p/BrgibDzFimF/] I thought it'd be a good idea to explore and try out this new art medium with some Wikipedia restorations, seeing as I have a while without making any. So which better one to remake than my old ''[[Alectrosaurus]]''? The previous one was admittedly an ugly, unrealistic mess, so hopefully you'll find this one more acceptable. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:21, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:The nostril should be placed nearer the bottom of the nares, rather than the top. This is based on a study which showed Tyrannosaurus likely had a fleshier nostril, pushing it down towards the jaw and the tip of the snout.<ref>http://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5531/850</ref> I’d asssume it would be roughly the same in Alectrosaurus. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 19:47, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm aware of the nostril placement paper, and did put it at the bottom of the external nares (see this skull diagram[http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Alectrosaurusskullnew.jpg]). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:51, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
*Looks like a good new direction! The curcular patches look a bit too neat (compared to living animals), though, could their outlines maybe be a bit more irregular? As for nostril placement, the take home message of the Witmer paper was they were placed at the front of the bony naris (as seems to be shown here), not necessarily at the bottom (though the front of the naris is often lower than the rest, and therefore often "the bottom"). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:24, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I gave the face patches a more textured outline, similar to that which can be seen on the dark to light colour transition on the side of the neck. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 21:38, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Cool, exactly what I had in mind! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Great! Added to the article. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:22, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::At a closer look, the eye is completely circular, but most bird eyes (or their visible outlines) are at least a bit oval and have little indentations at the front and the back, showing where the eyelids meet. Not sure what it's called, but should probably be added. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

== Megalosaurid skulls ==

<gallery>
File:Dubreuillosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]''
File:Magnosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Magnosaurus]]''
File:Afrovenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Afrovenator]]''
File:Leshansaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Leshansaurus]]''
File:Eustreptospondylus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Eustreptospondylus]]''
File:Torvosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Torvosaurus]]''
File:Megalosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Megalosaurus]]''
File:Wiehenvenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Wiehenvenator]]''
File:Duriavenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Duriavenator]]''
File:Megalosaur skulls.png|Composite to replace Conty's
</gallery>
A long-awaited project I'm finally beginning now, the skulls of all megalosaurids. Starting with the most complete, Dubreuillosaurus. All megalosaurids with cranial (non-braincase) material will get a skull reconstruction, all to the same scale of 10px/cm and all following the same colour palette, hoping to replace Conty's old collage. Comments? Unknown bones are based on other megalosaurids that have them, quadrate from Eustreptospondylus and posterior mandible from Megalosaurus (all other bones are known in Dubreuillosaurus). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 02:23, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:Oddly enough Dubreuillosaurus' closest relative, Magnosaurus, has a dentary of the same size, and thus the only difference here is the dentary known. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 03:00, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
::Can't say much for accuracy, but it would probably be good to track down what the diagram you based it on was published in. It seems Torvosaurus is known from as much material, just not form a single specimen... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I currently have all the descriptive papers of the cranial material open as separate tabs right now. Torvosaurus preserves essentially the same material, but in several specimens, and lacking the skull roof, squamosal, and almost the entire dentary. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 15:37, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:Afrovenator is now finished, onto the next taxon. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 17:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::Why does the Headden skeletal show what looks like part of the mandible? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:11, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It's not just the Headden skeletal. The bone was also in Sereno's original skeletal diagram. The theropod database lists it as a prearticular. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:47, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::It's a prearticular which means its on the internal side of the mandible, and thus not visible in lateral view if the angular and surrangular are shown. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:58, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:Another megalosaurid added, Leshansaurus. The white bones are figured, light grey bones are described (very poorly) so as much as I can tell to be preserved is shown. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 01:11, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:Now 100% more ''Eustreptospondylus''. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:45, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:And now ''Torvosaurus'' is done. I plan to make ''Megalosaurus'' next to so I can finally replicate Conty's diagram and replace it, it's not very representative of the megalosaur cranial anatomy and diversity. I'm probably going to make all the skulls to the same length, instead of all to scale, since Torvosaurus absolutely dwarfs the others so far. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:36, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::''Torvosaurus'' apparently has a fourth premaxillary tooth according to Hendrickx, Mateus, & Araujo (2015)[http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.4202/app.00056.2013], ''contra'' earlier studies but more in line with the cranial anatomy of other megalosaurids. Other than that everything looks good. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 00:06, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::An additional premaxillar tooth has been added, along with ''Megalosaurus'', now finished (and with 4 premax teeth). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 05:50, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:Well another is done, and the composite image as well. Only Duriavenator left unless I decide to do T. gurneyi in addition to T. tanneri. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 23:09, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::Have you considered labeling the composite within the image itself? Or at least putting in a key (like A), B), etc.) [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 20:28, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Good point, done. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 04:53, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:Duriavenator is finished, and I think this project is along with it. Unless there are concerns, I will archive this section at the end of the month and add images to articles if there is room. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 18:14, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
::What about ''[[Piveteausaurus]]'', or is it too fragmentary? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:05, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It's only a braincase, no external skull bones, so I didn't include it. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 07:33, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Saltriovenator]]'' ==
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Saltriovenator restoration.png|Saltriovenator restoration
|File:Saltriovenator Skeletal Diagram.png|Skeletal diagram
|File:Saltriovenator size.png|Size diagram
}}

Made this one using the official skeletal in the paper. I think it is okay, don't mislead the boot with the perineal muscolar area
:The legs feel very lacking in muscles. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 23:47, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
::The frontmost leg seems very straight. It would never reach that position during a walk. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:13, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I've rearranged and lengthened the legs as according to the skeletal diagram. I've also added a size diagram based on the estimated length from the paper. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:11, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

::::You mean the ischiadic boot? What reasons are there to assume that the cloaca was located so far to behind?--[[User:MWAK|MWAK]] ([[User talk:MWAK|talk]]) 09:46, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

:::::Oh my bad yes of course I mean the ischiadic boot... anyway, the drawing was made using the skeletal as a reference but with a different leg position so that the more cranially placed leg gives the optical illusion of a more caudally placed booty. If you still have doubts try measuring the drawing proportions and comparing them with the skeletal. Thank you Lusotitan for the new leg arrangement! Sorry I'm not that practical with wikipedia still I forgot to sign [[User:Dennonychus|Dennonychus]]

::::::What's the ruling on modifications to images from the paper? 'Cause I'm thinking it wouldn't hurt to try and beef up that skeletal a little more... --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 18:46, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Disagree. It's no lankier than many Scott Hartman skeletals. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 22:09, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::It is inherent in the license "to remix – to adapt the work", but I don't see why it is necessary to modify it either. Some animals are fat, some are skinny, but there is a current trend in palaeoart to add maximum bulk, which is just that, a trend. If we want to draw an image like that, fine, but no need to add something speculative to someone else's art. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:37, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::: I'd say the calves and back need a tad more beef, and I'm using Hartman's skeletals as a standard. --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 23:30, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Why the back? Hartman's skeletals, and those of most others, don't show much space between the neural spines and the margin of the silhouette. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:53, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::Should ''Saltriovenator'' have osteoderms? It is outside of the ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''+''[[Carnotaurus]]'' group, but it is still a ceratosaur. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:59, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::The nasal horn is probably even less likely then, both Ceratosaurus and abelisaurs had osteoderms. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:18, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::"A single median crest on the nasals and a distinct lacrimal crest are variably developed in basalmost averostrans known from cranial elements and belonging to both Ceratosauria and Tetanurae. These features are optimized as averostran and ceratosaurian symplesiomorphies in our phylogenetic analysis. Accordingly, these ornamentations are depicted in our reconstruction of the Italian ceratosaurian, pending more complete material." [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:45, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::I agree that the crest is accurate, due to its presence in coelophysoids, dilophosaurids, ''Ceratosaurus'', and ''Monolophosaurus''. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 19:26, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::I wouldn't say "accurate", as we have no way of knowing, but it is a speculative possibility, just like the osteoderms. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:22, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::The crest is more than just speculation, in a sense. It's no less accurate than the other traits constrained by phylogenetic bracketing, as is the case here. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 04:35, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Well, only one other theropod has a single nasal horn, and that is Ceratosaurus. The others have longitudinal crests, running the length of the nasals, and coelophysoids did not have crests at all, if those of [[Syntarsus kayentakatae]] are just displaced nasals, as has been suspected for some time (same goes for [[Zupaysaurus]]). But in any case, I'm not arguing for removing the horn or anything, just saying osteoderms could be inferred through bracketing just as well (both abelisaurs and Ceratosaurus had them, so it could be primitive to the group). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 07:52, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::''Saltriovenator'' does not fall under any bracket for osteoderms - the ''Ceratosaurus'' + Abelisauridae node is further up the tree and so it falls out of the bracket. Now, this bracket is still pretty close, so it can be inferred it may have had them, but it's just as reasonable not to have them. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 22:04, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::''Ceratosaurus'' is the only ceratosaur with osteoderms. Abelisaurs didn't have them. ''Saltriovenator'' shouldn't be depicted with them. Agree ''Saltriovenator'' probably had a crest, but I recommend not giving it the exact same crest shape as the skeletal (because it's speculative and I don't want the skeletal to become a meme).[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 03:58, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::Perhaps, but that still isn't grounds for rejecting the image. So this isn't the place for the discussion. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 04:13, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::::[[Carnotaurus]] had "keeled protuberances"[https://nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS416.pdf] on its skin, whatever that means, and it has certainly been depicted as something akin to osteoderms (so whatever we call it, it isn't far form what is shown in the restoration here). But then again, it might just be spot, isn't clearly rendered here. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:21, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::::Large scales aren't osteoderms, and the arrangement of the large scales of ''Carnotaurus'' (spread over much of the body) aren't anything like the arrangement of the osteoderms in ''Ceratosaurus'' (single row along midline of back). We can't rule out large scales like ''Carnotaurus'', but a row of osteoderms like ''Ceratosaurus'' seems unlikely. So I don't think osteoderms should be added.[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 23:02, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::::::It was a moot point to begin with, because I thought this image showed osteoderms (which is why I argued for them being kept), but it didn't when I looked closer. Then of course, you could argue whether feathers are more or less likely than osteoderms, as are shown both here and in some of the press release artwork... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:43, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::::::OK, I see now. I had initially misinterpreted this as a suggestion to add osteoderms, which I disagreed with. My mistake. FWIW, I think feathers are much more likely than osteoderms (as osteoderms seem to be an autapomorphy of ''Ceratosaurus'' within theropods, whereas feathers are now known from all over Ornithodira despite their low preservation potential).[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 13:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

==''[[Fosterovenator]]''==
[[File:Fosterovenator.png|thumb|''Fosterovenator'' skeletal restoration]]

The outline of this restoration ought to be revised to make it more like ''Elaphrosaurus'' and ''Limusaurus'' because Dalman (2014) considers ''Fosterovenator'' closer to ''Elaphrosaurus'' than to ''Ceratosaurus'', which means he erred in assigning ''Fosterovenator'' to Ceratosauridae and Carnosauria more broadly, and should have clarified that he was assigning it to Ceratosauria given that ''Fosterovenator'' is a small-bodied theropod.[[User:Extrapolaris|Extrapolaris]] ([[User talk:Extrapolaris|talk]]) 20:06, 22 December 2018 (UTC)Vahe Demirjian
:I would say that either one is too speculative to be of much use. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 23:48, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Rahiolisaurus]]'' ==
[[File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|thumb|Life restoration of ''Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis'']]
I ended up scrapping that lineart I sketched earlier and did a painting of ''Rahiolisaurus'' instead. Let me know if any changes are needed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 13:53, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:It looks very accurate and aesthetically glaring. I appreciate the fact that the mouth is closed and has "lips". The only thing I'm not totally sure is the maybe excessively squinted eye, it looks like the animal is using some sort of mammalian, complexity-wise, palpebral muscles. [[User:Dennonychus|Dennonychus]]
::It seems the ankle of the back leg is a bit too flexed for the position the lower leg is placed in; it should probably be tilted a bit back, like the similar pose in Hartman's skeletals, the weight seems a bit unsupported now. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Regarding the eye, I was inspired by bird eyes and the tissue found around their eyes. The rest was meant to represent wrinkles on the face over the fenestra. I think it's relatively minor, so I'm going to leave it as-is but take it into account for my next restoration. The leg was positioned to make it look as though it's leaning forward, and I made sure to keep the thigh and ankle parallel to each other, but I think my shading obscured the shapes a little. I do think this is also very minor, and doesn't put the leg in an especially unnatural pose. Again, I will keep that in mind in the future. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:48, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''Nemegtomaia'' eggs ==

[[File:Nesting Nemegtomaia.jpg|thumb|Nesting ''[[Nemegtomaia]]'']]
{{u|Jens Lallensack}} recently notified me of this dissertation[http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2018/5246/5246.pdf], which seems to state the egg arrangement in my ''[[Nemegtomaia]]'' restoration (shown on page 148) is wrong: "'''Note that the arrangement of clutch is upsidedown, with the eggs inclined outwards and the pointed end directed upward. This is also the first reconstruction that shows integumentary appendages (filamentous feathers and planar feathers) in the adult .Note that the eggs are pigmented based on the evidence for biliverdin preservationin the Macroolithus yaotunensis eggs (Wiemann et al., 2017)'''". I followed this figure[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nemegtomaia_nest.png] in the Fanti paper, though, but the arrangement could of course have been disturbed. What do people think, should I change the position of the eggs, or am I reading something wrong? Pinging {{u|Ashorocetus}}, our only egg-expert... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:27, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:Well that's kinda cool. It seems that the proper nest orientation is with eggs close to vertical, and leaning slightly inwards, with multiple rings. Not sure what change you'd make to display that but from the text and critiques to other images that seems to be whats correct. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 17:05, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

:Well my expertise has been challenged since I should have known this beforehand, but yes you did read that correctly and the eggs should be inclined outward. I am sorry I didn't catch this when you were first making the reconstruction. [[Ashorocetus]] ([[User talk:Ashorocetus|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ashorocetus|contribs]]) 17:12, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::I must admit I have a bit of a hard time envisioning this. Perhaps the eggs wouldn't even be visible from this angle? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 09:49, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Sarcosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Sarcosaurus known material.png|thumb|Sarcosaurus known material]]
''Sarcosaurus'' diagram of known material: reconstruction based on basal Ceratosaurs (such as ''Berberosaurus'' and particularly ''Saltriovenator''). The Skull was made to look more generic and less like more derived Ceratosaurs such as ''Ceratosaurus''. "Liassaurus", referred to "cf. Sarcosaurus woodi" is smaller than the holotype: material in light grey is preserved, but to what extent is uncertain as it is not figured. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:I think there could be a bigger difference between the greys used. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 12:05, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::For the silhouette? [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 13:28, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It says "material in light grey is preserved", but it is very hard to distinguish between the greys used, they all look light (including the grey that denotes missing parts). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:49, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I personally would recommend the use ~20% gray for unfigured and ~50% gray for unknown (that's what I've done for ''Puertasaurus'', ''Argentinosaurus'', and ''Volgatitan''). --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:34, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Personally I use hex 808080 for a darker grey and hex a6a6a6 for a lighter grey (see Leshansaurus skull above). I think the light grey here is fine maybe the darker could be darker though. I see no anatomical issues with the skeletals anyhow. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:28, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Updated. Hopefully it is darker now. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 16:42, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Looks good to me. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:49, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::Yep. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:48, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Since ''Sarcosaurus'' appears to be a dilophosaurid, or at least in that general part of the phylogenetic tree, shouldn't its head look more dilophosaur-like and be crested?[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 04:06, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::''Sarcosaurus'' is in a similar boat to ''Saltriovenator'' (I even found the former to be basalmost ceratosaur in an extension of the Carrano matrix) so any cranial decoration is hit or miss. A lack of any is the most objective route to take. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 05:33, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::I still disagree with that philosophy. In the absence of hard data, soft data gleaned from phylogenetic bracketing is much more preferable than defaulting to nothing. And phylogenetic bracketing would support at least some kind of crest in this area.[[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:00, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::Lacrimal crests at least, they are very widespread. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:22, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::The main problem is with the phylogeny I got, crestless Limusaurus was between Sarcosaurus and Ceratosaurus. I don't remember if Masiakasaurus was also basal or not, but from that result it appeared more likely that crests evolved multiple times. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:24, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::There is some debate over ''Limusaurus'''s phylogenetic placement; it may be a noasaurid, in which case a loss of cranial ornamentation is a derived feature of Noasauridae, which are (generally) considered to be deeper within Ceratosauria than ''Ceratosaurus''. Cranial ornamentation (in a general sense) is common to abelisaurids, basal tetanurans (''Monolophosaurus''), dilophosaurids, and plenty of incertae sedis early Jurassic theropods like ''Cryolophosaurus'' and ''Sinosaurus''. Even ''Masiakasaurus'' has some strange texturing on its facial bones which imply that its ancestors had ornamentation. Even if ''Limusaurus'' did have a basal position within Ceratosauria, the evidence is still strongly in support of cranial ornamentation being the default for early Jurassic theropods.[[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 21:28, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Like with Saltriovenator above, our best bet it to accept what the artist has done, because anything goes. Depending on the phylogeny, ceratosaurs could be closer to tetanurans than crested theropods (= no crest), Sinosaurus could be basalmost ceratosaur (= large crest), crested theropods could lie on either side of Ceratosauria but not within in (= small crest) or even something more radical. I know all of these results have been found using various phylogenies, and the state of uncertainty around everything at this point in the tree cannot be understated. Megalosaurs (all lacking any crests save Afrovenator and spinosaurs) might be their own clade, or they could be carnosaurs. "Dilophosaurs" (all having prominent crests) could be a clade and therefore not provide support for basal crests; or a continuous grade and therefor support large crests as basal to Averostra; or could be a clade broken up by ceratosaurs and therefore support crests as basal to ceratosaurs, megalosaurs and carnosaurs. We just don't know, so deeming one thing inaccurate wouldn't make sense (I think Saltriovenator should be crestless as well, but as an unknown I think anything goes). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 21:51, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::Generally I agree that paleoart for Wikipedia should be as conservative as possible, but I would like to point out that in the Saltriovenator paper’s phylogeny, Sarcosaurus is a dilophosaurid. As far as I know it is also found close to Dilophosaurus in most other phylogenies. Under such circumstances, I think depicting it without crests becomes a situation where it’s probably violating the phylogenetic bracket. [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 16:15, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Sarcosaurus is basal to dilophosaurs in the Wang Limusaurus phylogeny [https://www.cell.com/cms/10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043/attachment/a87a9a2e-d5af-4f45-aadb-ce313e567a95/mmc1.pdf] which I didn't even consider, but makes it too basal for crests. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:28, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::In that case, shouldn’t Sarcosaurus be reconstructed as much more coelophysoid-like? I can see it being reconstructed like Coelophysis or Dilophosaurus, but I don’t see why it would look like it does in this image.[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 01:23, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::It has been recovered as a basal ceratosaur before so that is one valid approach to take. I see no issue with the silhouette, it'd be accurate as a dilophosaur-like animal but it's also fine like this. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 01:38, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::In what recent published study has it been found to be a ceratosaur? [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 13:18, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Dicraeosauridae]] Size Comparison ==

[[File:Dicraeosauridae Scale.svg|thumb|right|AT LAST!!!]]
Remember how long, long ago I said that I would make a dicraeosaurid size comparison? Well, since no one else has made it for me, I decided to upload it for the winter holidays. (Oh yeah - [https://svpow.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/2009-12-19-zoo-and-museums-201.jpg "Santaposeidon" came to town].) Anyways, the image description's quite long, due to the number of taxa included. Hopefully I didn't make any major mistakes. I used this image as a test for translucent silhouettes, but I'm not sure that I like the effect too much. Also, expect more ''Brachiosaurus'' stuff and family-grade sauropod size comparisons! --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:32, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:I can't comment on the accuracy of the sizes, but I think the transparency has cluttered the image too much in that I find it difficult to read the silhouettes- most notably on all the overlapping legs. My suggestion would be to increase the opacity of the transparency and move the dinosaurs apart enough so you can see the majority of the volume of each. Maybe look to my [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurinae_sizes.png diagram here for inspiration.] Great work so far, though! '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:40, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::Does this look better? I split them with the more basal ones on the left and the more derived ones on the right, following the ''[[Lingwulong]]'' phylogeny. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:26, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I think it looks much better. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:37, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::That's great, it's easier to see the size of each animal now. This might just be my browser reading the .svg, but the text for ''Amargasaurus cazaui'' overlaps onto the red square of ''Dicraeosaurus sattleri''. Would it be possible to move those apart slightly? I'm using Google Chrome, a pretty common internet browser, so this will probably happen to a lot of people. Thanks! '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:42, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Yeah, that's the problem with SVG text, you never quite know how it's going to render as a thumbnail. Anyways, it should be working now. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:23, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Yep, it's working for me too. Great work. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:11, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Genyodectes]]'' ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Genyodectes restoration.png|Genyodectes restoration
|File:Genyodectes size.png|Size diagram
|File:Genyodectes known material.png|Known remains diagram
}}

I have created a restoration, size chart, and known material diagram of ''[[Genyodectes]]''. Let me know if any changes are needed.
*'''The restoration''' includes a row of osteoderms along the back, a la ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''. They are considered to be closely related, so I thought this was reasonable but I can remove them if needed. The head crests are also based on ''Ceratosaurus''.
*'''The size chart''' was scaled to the known jaw material and fitted to a Ceratosaur silhouette. There was no size estimate listed anywhere I could find, so I'm not sure if this could be considered Original Research.
*'''The known remains diagram''' was scaled from the jaw material and filled with the silhouette. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 07:13, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::It seems the ear is drawn behind the head (effectively in the neck), rather than within the back margin? It should instead be somewhere within the gap between the back of the skull and the mandible depressor muscle.[https://i.stack.imgur.com/pqEas.jpg] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:02, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Fixed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 01:56, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Much better. This, and taking sclerotic ring size into account when drawing eyes, are some of the most overlooked issues in dinosaur palaeoart for some reason... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 02:11, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[La Huérguina Formation]] ==

[[File:Europejara and Pelecanimimus.jpg|thumb|300px|''Europejara'' and ''Pelecanimimus'' restored in a speculative scenario of ecological competition]]

Made this to illustrate the Paleoenvironment section of La Huerguina Formation page. Is it accurate enough? [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]]
:I don't know anything about these particular creatures, but the contrast between the blurry environment and sharper-looking animals seems very jarring to me, and makes the image a little unpleasant to look at. Is there any way that you could clear up the background? Or perhaps just the water in the foreground? [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:57, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::Thank you I didn't notice that. It's been fixed :) [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]] 16:44, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
*Is the Europejara perhaps too big? It supposedly had a wing span of 2 metres, while Pelecanimimus was up to 2.5 metres long. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:07, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:I may fix that but I used skull dimensions as for relative proportions between the two animals. Also a big part of ''Pelecanimimus'' tail is not seen here. [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]] 18:39, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Megaraptor]]'' mount ==

[[File:Megaraptor.jpg|thumb]]
This photo of a mount was added by an IP several days ago. It seems suspect. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD|2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD|talk]]) 03:41, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:It is outdated (based on [[carcharodontosaurs]]), but it could used in the history or classification sections one day when those are expanded, to illustrate earlier interpretations. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:52, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Oxalaia]]'' (coloured) ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Oxalaia_quilombensis_by_PaleoGeek_coloured.png|Digital restoration
|File:Oxie_Colormap_by_PaleoGeek.png|Colour map
|File:Oxalaia_quilombensis_by_PaleoGeek_Plain.jpg|Lineart sketch
}}

Now that I have the proper tools, I got around to colouring the ''Oxalaia'' lineart that I made a while back (pinging {{u|Paleocolour}} to notify her that she doesn't need to do it). It should be alright to use in the article in place of the swimming one, since the [[WP:OR]] issue of bipedalism that raised {{u|Jens Lallensack}}'s concern before is no longer a problem, due to the Henderson (2018) paper.[https://peerj.com/articles/5409/] Aside from the colourisation and more detailed lineart, I also made these changes:
*Flatter, more sausage-like torso as suggested for ''[[Spinosaurus]]''.
*Moved eye closer to the top of the head and shifted ear hole to proper position.
*Pedal unguals are now flat-bottomed and the hallux now touches the ground.
*Reduced apparent constriction at the base of the neck, which was due to improper shading.
*Fixed overly long dentary (in ''Spinosaurus'' the jaws likely had a bit of an overbite, with the frontmost premaxillary teeth going over and in front of the mandible tip.)
I also took {{u|FunkMonk}}'s tip on more oval, bird-like eyes (using falcon eyes as a reference), I'll be fixing that in my ''[[Alectrosaurus]]'' soon. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:10, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::Anatomy looks good in general, thoguh something weird is happening with the backgroudn arm, as if it becomes a lot thicker upwards than the front one. I would also expect the arms to be thinner around the wrist, instead of just continuing in a straight line to the hand. I wonder f the scalation of the face is too large, but we of course don't know. Lastly, I think the pattern on the crest and sail look a bit too designed, compared to most patterns found in modern tetrapods. Looks like symbols. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 08:31, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Agree with FunkMonk on the scale pattern. Furthermore, the foot looks a bit human-like due to the extensive heel, especially in the left one. Note that theropods were digitigrade. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:14, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::These should be relatively quick and easy fixes, I'll do them all soon. Digital art certainly makes things a lot easier! The head scalation you are referring to, btw, was inspired by the large scales often present on the jaws of lizards like iguanas, as well as the texture on the mandibles of crocodiles, so it seemed plausible to me that this might have been true for some dinosaurs as well. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 13:10, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Ledumahadi]]'' size chart ==

[[File:Ledumahadi scale chart WIP 2.png|thumb|Ledumahadi size chart WIP]]

[[File:Ledumahadi size chart with human.png|thumb|Ledumahadi size chart with human]]

I know this taxon already has a size comparison up on the page, but I guess I'll give this one a shot. I'm not sure what human silhouette I should be using (having always used Andrew Farke's myself), so any suggestions?

Proportions were reconstructed using other lessemsaurids, with several areas modified to match the known bones (which made for a surprising appearance, especially if you were to compare it with ''Antetonitrus''). [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 06:39, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:Andrew Farke's silhouette is available under a CC BY license over at Phylopic: [http://phylopic.org/image/4dd48260-40d1-4302-95af-92cd445203b0/]. He's been used before in size comparisons (see ''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]'', ''[[Aquilops]]'', and ''[[Protoceratops]]''), so using him here should be fine. Even with a restoration with a human in it, it's still preferred to have one with gridlines and a scale bar (see ''[[Giganotosaurus]]''), so I see no problem with also including this image. I'll let someone else who has access to the paper comment on accuracy. Also, you may want to try out [[SVG]] format for size comparisons, using a program such as [[Inkscape]] (Commons generally favors SVG format over PNG format for these kinds of things, however, we do frequently use several PNG size comparisons, too, so it is entirely optional). --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:13, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::Gotcha about the human silhouette. Not sure if I want to download a separate program just to export it in a different file format, although it is something I could try in the future. Think I'll stick to PNG for now. [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:01, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Now with human. Still a little unsure about its positioning, but I think it works? [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 20:04, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Looks good. Maybe flipping the human so that it walks in the same direction as the dinosaur would look better? The forward facing arm has its elbow joint too low. You have the manus reconstructed to face outwards, not forwards, contrary to the official paleoart. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:24, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::::Will change the human silhouette. Since the humerus was cross-scaled from ''Antetonitrus'' (which is massive compared to the ulna), that probably makes the elbow low. The manus orientation is based off Hartman's ''Melanorosaurus''. [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
* On a more technical note, instead of uploading each version as a new file, it is preferred to upload the newer version over the original. To do this, scroll down to the bottom of the Commons page, where you will see a table. Underneath that table is a link that says "Upload a new version of this file". Using the link prevents categories overflowing with versions of the same artwork, in addition to inaccurate versions piling up. Also, remember to add categories to your uplaods. I added the categories of Ledumahadi and Sauropoda size comparisons to your latest version. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:35, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::Ah, didn't know about this. Thank you! [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' Skeletal ==

I have finally finished drawing and scaling all the material I could find of this guy and have compiled it all here: [https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q3HlhcgMDsA/XCozYw-U9kI/AAAAAAAAAf0/UGZN4dVe1Ao9Fb1Y-uUjE0lDs1Gy7haLgCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus-Stuff.png].
* White=Holotype
* Red="Ultrasauros"
* Orange=BYU cervicals
* Yellow=Potter Creek
* Lime=Felch Quarry skull
* Green=Holotype material collected from SV-POW
* Cyan=OK Metacarpal
* Blue=Holtype material gathered from Taylor's skeletal
* Navy=Jensen/Jensen Quarry
* Violet=Bigfoot
* Gray=Unknown
I plan to follow Taylor's cross-scaling for the holotype specimen and cross-scale the silhouette size for the Potter Creek Specimens, "Ultrasauros", Jensen/Jensen rib, and OK metacarpal. I'm at a loss as to how to scale the Felch Quarry skull, BYU cervicals, and Bigfoot. Any comments or suggestions as to scaling the material or on general accuracy? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 15:27, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:Here is the holotype on its silhouette: [https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x1FKX7J9vMc/XCpgNj77MmI/AAAAAAAAAgA/E-kRKVrmSJg0dOUjnzLEZnupoImCaottQCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus%2BSkeletal%2BV1-0.png] Comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 18:31, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::Here is the penultimate version: [https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8f3a1xlMeJM/XCqbjNTsmlI/AAAAAAAAAgM/nlNK8ACKdLUjuJiuy_thliIaQtB7R5E_wCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus%2BSkeletal%2BV1-1.png], with all material that can be confidently or semi-confidently scaled. Any comments before I upload it? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 22:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Looks good. Would it, for the ''Brachiosaurus'' article, be more practical to combine them all in one diagram (including the three specimen not included yet), only making a distinction by color between the holotype and associated material? Your skull diagram looks good; would it be possible to have that as a separate file, with individual bones labeled? --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 23:14, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I think that I'll upload the image above, a composite diagram, and the skull diagram. Since the skull material was crushed, I used Carpenter's skull restoration for creating the diagram. It's ironic how "Ultrasauros," the "biggest dino ever" is actually ''smaller'' than the holotype... --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:25, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::I would keep the two Potter Creek specimens separate though, as there is no evidence that the two are from the same individual. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 23:44, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Brachiosaurus Skeletals.svg|thumb|left]]
[[File:Brachiosaurus Composite Skeletal.svg|thumb|right|Composite skeletal diagram]]
[[File:Brachiosaurus Skull Diagram.svg|thumb|right|Skull diagram]]
:HAPPY NEW YEAR!!! --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::On a more paleontology-related note, I have uploaded the two of the diagrams, one of which can be seen above at large magnification. I will upload the skull diagram momentarily. I will update the above diagram to show six skeletals instead of five, also. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Here's the skull diagram. Comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]])00:21, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::Things look good but there are few points that need correcting. The neck posture is unlikely seems that the neck actually is bending down at the base whereas the habitual pose would be upright. The humeri are articulated incorrectly, they fit into the area of the scapula-coracoid joint, you have them articulating below that at the sternum articulation. Ribs should be underneath the scapula, not above.
:::::I would reduce complexity and not mark "inadequately figured specimens" in light grey. It seems to be a bit too much, and for example, all the dorsal vertebrae of the holotype are actually figured (Riggs, 1904). What do you mean with "Some elements are reversed", did you not always show a right or left element at the correct side of the body? I wouldn't do that as it is misleading; always place the elements at the correct side, or have a more schematic diagram not distinguishing between left and right. Could you maybe make an annotated version of the skull, labeling bones and openings? That would be very handy to have for the ''B.'' article. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::::I have implemented some of the changes on the composite:
* No elements are mirrored anymore.
* Humerus should articulate correctly now.
* Neck posture should (hopefully) be better
* Uniform colors implemented
* Ribs under scapula (however, that is a right scapula, so from the former left lateral view the ribs would have appeared to be above it)
::::::I couldn't find the figures for D11 and D9, they're not in our linked version of 1904, and 1903's behind a paywall (what the heck?). Could you send them to me (via link or email)? I will annotate the skull as soon as I figure out which bone is which. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 13:17, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== Paleoart Fixes ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Sketch suchomimus.jpg|Fixed
|File:Cerato2.JPG|
|File:Jianianhualong life restoration.jpg|Fixed
|File:Jianianhualong Size.png|Size chart for ''[[Jianianhualong]]''
|File:Hongshanornis.jpg|Fixed
|File:Garudimimus-sketch2.jpg|
|File:Skorpiovenator.JPG|
}}

I've noticed there's a great deal of decent paleoart that is considered inaccurate and therefore unusable in articles, and I'd like to go ahead and update these. The gallery above has a few candidates I've found that are of high enough quality and would be great to be accurate. I've already fixed the first image, and I think it'd go well in the ''[[Cristatusaurus]]'' article as a representation of that genus. What do you think? Are there any other images that should be considered? '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 20:01, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:The Dinosauria-Freak images are extremely wonky, with the proportions all over the place, and the pencil style used doesn't exactly make them easier to fix. But Pavel Riha's and Debivort's images generally only have minor issues. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:10, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::Speaking of this, don't know if you got my ping here[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Palaeontology/Paleoart_review#Thoughts_on_Biarmosuchian_and_Raranimus_restorations]? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Nonsense! I can fix even the most wonky pictures. I've done a few small fixes for ''[[Jianianhualong]]'' and ''[[Hongshanornis]]''. Let me know if any changes are needed. I also made a size chart for the former. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
*I don't think ''Cristatusaurus'' can handle any more images, haha. Plus, it already has a life restoration. But now we have another useable ''Suchomimus'' image at least! It's nice to see that even some of the most hopeless looking images can be rescued. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 21:01, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::I would disagree somewhat, as the life restoration at the bottom of the article is somewhat lacking in details and this new image would be a good replacement. However, I admit it should at least have a background if it were to replace the ''Suchomimus'' image. I can get that done at some point. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:01, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== Lucas Attwell ''Saltriovenator'' ==

[[File:SaltriovantorRes 01.jpg|right|thumb]]
{{u|Yewtharaptor}} has been repeatedly adding this image (along with garbled text) onto the page ''[[Saltriovenator]]'', which again looks artistically competent but has not undergone accuracy review yet (and it does not seem to reflect the ceratosaurian interpretation). The license on Commons is also wrong: PD instead of CC. {{u|LuigiPortaro29}} has recently added the image back in apparent ignorance of project policy. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|talk]]) 00:33, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:If I recall correctly, this same image was made before the current classification? I have seen it uploaded to Commons long before, deleted for the usual copyright vagueness. It could have been modified since, and as mentioned earlier, I don't think a nasal horn is necessary, since it is only found in a single genus of ceratosaur. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:44, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Lohuecotitan]]'' sculpture ==

[[File:Lohuecotitan model - Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum 03.jpg|thumb]]
Another image added without review. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:E188:927F:E03B:21A4|talk]]) 02:43, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
:Doesn't look too bad. If we follow one interpretation, the nostrils should be placed even further forwards on the snout, but I don't think that very speculative idea would be enough to remove the image. The nostrils aren't shown on top of the head after all. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:47, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2019-01-01T20:01:36Z

Paleocolour: /* Paleoart Fixes */ new section

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review/Header}}

= Images in review =
== ''[[Juratyrant]]'' Size chart and known material ==
[[File:Juratyrant known elements skeletal.png|thumb|right]]
[[File:Juratyrant size chart.png|thumb|right]]
A diagram representing the known material of the holotypic specimen of ''Juratyrant''. Missing elements restored with ''Stokesosaurus'' skeleton by Scott Hartman, Skull restored after ''Sinotyrannus'', ''Proceratosaurus'' and ''Guanlong'' (after Loewen et al 2013, which places the genus under Proceratosauridae). The current diagram on the Wikipedia page doesn't seem to stick close to the material presented in the paper (specifically the hip) and the skull doesn't show many of the features diagnostic to the family. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 14:06, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
:It's a good start, although there is some room for improvement. For example, the placement of ''Juratyrant'' and ''Stokesosaurus'' within Proceratosauridae is not definite, with Brusatte & Carr (2016) being a good example of a study which places them outside of the group. Even if they were proceratosaurids, they may not necessarily have had crests, because ''Yutyrannus'' may have been part of the group yet it lacked the large, plate-like ''Guanlong''-style crest. I would recommend removing the crest from your silhouette. In addition, the preserved and missing portions of the illium visible in your skeletal more closely resemble those of the right illium rather than the left illium. Either you could change the shape of the grey areas, or flip the image to transform the left side into a right side. In addition, the skeleton also preserves bones of the left leg, albeit less complete than those of the right. The left leg in your skeletal seems to include the practically complete right leg, with the actual (incomplete) remains of the left leg being completely omitted. I would recommend flipping the image so that the right hip and leg bones are actually placed on the right side. After that you can add in the bones of the left leg in the other leg of the silhouette. You also seem to have omitted a partial anterior dorsal vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-30) from the base of the neck. You did seem to include the other four preserved dorsal vertebrae (OUMNH J.3311-2 through 5), but Benson (2008) doubted that they were continuous, so there were probably at least a few gaps between them. The sacral and tail vertebrae have few issues, although there was a thin partial vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) just behind OUMNH J.3311-10 (which you placed directly above the tip of the ischium). You will need to add this vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) as well as a couple of chevrons described by Benson (2008). If you didn't know, the right pubis is nearly complete, so you can show more material for that bone. You seemingly only included the incomplete left pubis. The ischium is the opposite case, with the left part of the bone being more complete than the right. If the skeletal is flipped so that we see it from the right (as I recommend), you'd also have to add in an incomplete right ischium overlapping the left bone which you already included.
:TL;DR- You put right side bones on the left side, so flip the image so that they are actually on the right side. Put in a few more vertebrae and the nearly complete right pubis. Fill the other leg with bones, since leg bones are known for both legs (although the left leg is less complete). Get rid of the crest since it may not be a Proceratosaurid. If you can access jstor, see Benson (2008) here for pictures and info: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20490999?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:33, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
::I've edited most of your suggestions: I don't agree with not including a crest however. True, Yutyrannus lacked a crest. However, all Proceratosaurids from the Jurassic which have well preserved skulls preserve a crest: Yutyannus is more derived. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 17:45, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
:::Thanks. Btw, the note on ''Yutyrannus'' was an afterthought to my main point, which is that ''Juratyrant'' was not a proceratosaurid according to the study of Brusatte & Carr (2016), which imho takes precedence over Loewen ''et al'' (2013). A few more notes: You put the partial vertebra (OUMNH J.3311-11) in front of the more complete one (OUMNH J.3311-10) when in reality OUMNH J.3311-11 was behind it. You also seem to have forgotten the left tibia and perhaps included a bit too much white area on the left femur. You may also want to include a partial right ischium overlaying the left ischium. Other than that it looks great. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 01:35, 30 May 2018 (UTC)
::::You're really close to perfection (I see you already added it to the article), but there are still a few little things to change. I honestly think that the crest should be omitted due to reasons I've outlined previously. The sliver of OUMNH J.3311-11 is from the front part of the vertebra, not the rear part (the little upper triangular extensions are prezygapophyses). You still need to include a few chevrons. Apart from those little fixes it's complete. Thanks for all the patience. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 03:26, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
:::::Pinging [[User:Eotyrannu5]] because it would be nice to have this one done and dusted ^-^--[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 21:15, 5 November 2018 (UTC)
:::::: Woops: apologies, been busy with work lately. Will try and finish this one ASAP [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 18:11, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
::::::: [[User:Eotyrannu5]] ... --[[Special:Contributions/94.1.237.134|94.1.237.134]] ([[User talk:94.1.237.134|talk]]) 23:32, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::: Image has already been updated accordingly [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 11:08, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::: Great, I also like how you darkened the shading in the grey areas. I'm still not sure why the crest hasn't been removed, Loewen ''et al.'' (2013) seems to be an outlier among tyrannosauroid analyses, so I don't think that ''Juratyrant'' was a proceratosaurid. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 15:37, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Magnosaurus]]'' restoration from 2007 ==

[[File:Magnosaurus.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:HADROSAURUS.jpg|thumb]]

I don't think this restoration has been reviewed, but it probably should. The dinosaur seems too skinny, has visible fenestrae, and the limbs look quite strange.[[User:Kiwi Rex|Kiwi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kiwi Rex|talk]]) 16:06, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
:I recently removed a rather unsalvageable ''Hadrosaurus'' restoration from the same guy from its page. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 16:22, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
::Yea, it's just better to upload entirely new images instead of trying to fix these. There is a ''Magnosaurus'' reconstruction in Nobu Tamura's blog [http://spinops.blogspot.com/2013/08/magnosaurus-nethercombensis.html?q=magnosaurus] - what's necessary to upload it to Wikimedia Commons? And are there any problems with it? [[User:Kiwi Rex|Kiwi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kiwi Rex|talk]]) 19:05, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Noncommercial license. Can't be used. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA|2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:80FC:3832:3545:5CDA|talk]]) 21:06, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
*I've updated the ''Magnosaurus'' restoration. Let me know if changes are needed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 18:31, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
::It looks a lot better, but still quite skinny by megalosauroid standards. What's with the scutes on the hands? [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 01:20, 4 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Wow, that's a dramatic change! I wonder if the "drumstick could be made more pronounced. The fingers on the right hand also look slightly longer? As for the scutes, I guess they just reflect the scutes on bird feet (and crocodile limbs), don't think there is any evidence for or against. At least this [[Australovenator]] image[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australovenator_with_prey.PNG] has them too... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 01:27, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

== Request: ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'' scale diagram ==
[[File:Xixiasaurus.jpg|thumb|2013 restoration]]
[[File:Xixiasaurus Size Comparison by PaleoGeek.svg|thumb|2018 size chart]]

I will be expanding the ''[[Xixiasaurus]]'' for possible nomination as the first troodont GA/FA, and it currently needs a size diagram. The estimated size is given in the article, and though the estimated length of the skull isn't given in the description, it can perhaps be extrapolated from the scale bar (see image here:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_henanensis.jpg]). Not sure what the body should be based on, as it seems to jump the cladogram around from study to study, so as close to a "generic" troodont as possible. While we're at it, I thought it would be good to post my old, 2013 restoration of it for re-review (it was basically a modified version of my older [[Zanabazar junior]]). The feathers were largely based on ''[[Jinfengopteryx]]'', which perhaps wasn't a trodoont after all, and now the only definitely known feathered troodont is ''[[Jianianhualong]]''. I will definitely shorten the neck and change the tip of the mandible a bit (it seems to have been a bit downturned[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_jaws.jpg][http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Xixaosaurus%20s.JPG], which should also be shown in the diagram), but are there other suggestions? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 02:07, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:I love this illustration; the only suggestion I have right now is to make the neck feathers more extensive, giving the neck more volume as feathers do in modern birds. I think the feathers should also make the silhouette have a more gentle curve on the back of the neck. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 03:42, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::Thanks, I'll fix that; though there are of course many long necked birds where the feathers don't change the contour of the neck much, such as [[flamingoes]], [[storks]], and [[swans]], it seems to have been the case in [[deinonychosaurs]]. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:10, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I think I'll take this one, especially since I don't do size charts too often now! [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:01, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Cool, your [[Thalassodromeus]] diagram also got a compliment from a reviewer! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:28, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Along with the poofy neck feather thing, I think that the nostril might be a little too high up. As far as I know, the current thinking for theropod nostrils is that they wet moreso at the bottom of the nares <ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5531/850]</ref> [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 17:08, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::The front of the bony nares, yeah, as far as I can see it is? I think maybe that black splotch behind what I meant to be the nostril is what threw you off, I'll paint it out... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 17:20, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I have now made a bunch of anatomical fixes~to the restoration. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:22, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Great! Should help figure things out with the size chart. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:30, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Sorry for the long wait! Personal affairs and all. I'll get started on this soon. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:27, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::That's fine (I'm still writing anyway), I've made some space ready for it at the upper left of the description section... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:41, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::By the way, the body of this [[Byronosaurus]][http://images.dinosaurpictures.org/byronosaurus2_3c85.jpg] coupled with the head here[http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Xixaosaurus%20s.JPG] could maybe guide the proportions. The first skeletal looks like it was done by Jaime Headden, but I can't really find it on any proper website. Do you think we can upload it to Commons, {{u|IJReid}}? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:43, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Ah yes I think we can, i know it is made by Headden we just don't really have a "source". But they are his and that means we can upload them. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 23:56, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::I wonder how many images of his scattered on the web we still need to upload? I recall there was a lot on the now defunct Dinosauricon, maybe they can be found through the [[Wayback Machine]]... And {{u|PaleoGeekSquared}}, if you choose to include feathers in the size diagram, remember to not make the tail feathers part of the length! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:16, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
*Finally I finished this! Sorry for the long wait. I took your advice on Headden's skeletal, and matched the silhouette up to the restoration's proportions as well. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:17, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
::Worth the wait! There is something about the frontmost leg, I think the fact that the two legs have the exact same pose. This would make it seem like the front leg is attached further forwards on the body, and doesn't attach to the body at the same level as the hindmost leg... They could be more offset, like here:[http://dinogoss.blogspot.com/2012/12/field-guide-rejects-arctic-troodont.html] The hand claws also seem to have been more strongly curved:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xixiasaurus_hand_bones.jpg] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:48, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Psittacosaurus]] ==
[[File:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis reconstruction.jpg|thumb]]
Hello, I’ve spent some time making this reconstruction of a father Psittacosaurus mongoliensis sitting down, and I was wondering if it could be used in the article. Any critique? I can also bring in a version with a neat and background, if that would be more suitable. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 04:27, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
:It appears you have drawn a claw on the fourth finger; there should only ever be claws on the first three. An issue which is perhaps too late to fix, but which you should consider in the future, is perspective in the scales; if a round scale is seen foreshortened, it should be oval. In this restoration, all the scales at the margins of the animals silhouette should become gradually more oval, and almost flat at the contours. Now they are all round, which wouldn't make sense. You can see what I mean in for example these lizard photos[https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/B-sAAOSwW0Vb1Apn/s-l1600.jpg][http://www.asergeev.com/pictures/archives/2013/1244/jpeg/27.jpg] (also check the front view[https://fsmedia.imgix.net/1a/be/30/ce/0a05/4d35/98eb/6bc468231e0e/meetpsittacosaurus-lead-contender-for-the-most-adorable-thing-to-ever-walk-the-earth.jpeg?dpr=2&auto=format%2Ccompress&w=441] of the Bob Nicholls Psittacosaurus mdel), note how the scales appear flattened as the topography of the head curves. It might not seem like a big deal, but I think it is important to be accurate if individual scales absolutely have to be shown. Another thing, it looks a bit jarring that the quills stop short of connecting with the body. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:39, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm a bit confused where the quills on the left side of the image are coming from? From what I can tell they're limited to the tail like is preserved on the specimen, but if they are they shouldn't be sprouting over there. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 05:18, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The midline of the back in that specimen is obscured, though, so in theory there could be quills... But yeah, here they seem to be coming from the level of the legs, though. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:37, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
::::What is the evidence for the little postorbital horns on the upper side of the skull? And shouldn't the skull table (behind those horns, where the upper temporal fenestrae would have been) be flat instead of strongly rounded? Looks like the neck starts right after the eye openings. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 08:06, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

== Further edits to [[spinosaur]] images ==
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Baryonyx_life_restoration.jpg|Corrected skull shape
|File:Four spinosaurids by Abelov2014.jpg|Corrected skull shape
|File:Suchomimus_BW.jpg|Added background, hid wonky hind limbs underwater, fixed skull proportions, smoother sail
|File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_2.jpg|Less exaggerated projection on the rear of nasal crest
|File:Erlhaz_Formation.jpg|Fixed skull proportions on left ''[[Suchomimus]]'', obscured right individual behind additional ferns
|File:Spinosaurus_life_restoration_with_Onchopristis.jpg|Did some minor edits, such as removing the signature and adding an ear hole
|File:Mother_Suchomimus_with_juveniles.png|Adjustments to skull and sail shape of the animals
}}

I fixed up the ''[[Baryonyx]]''{{'}}s skull in these two images according to this[/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG/1280px-Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG] skull reconstruction, they should now be in tip-top shape for article use. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 03:24, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:Good warping! I'll send the Baryonyx off to the WikiJournal soon then... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:36, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::Here's three more images I tried to salvage, let me know if the changes are acceptable. I was thinking that the new Nobu Tamura Sucho could go in ''[[Cristatusaurus]]'' under the Paleoecology section, since we already have a large amount of good ''[[Suchomimus]]'' restorations. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 13:58, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::The NT image still has a pretty weirdly rotated hand... Maybe it could just be rotated down? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:25, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Rotated it somewhat, does this fix the issue? [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:57, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::I'd say so (the snout seems to dip deeper than the legs, but maybe not so obviously). Id advise against changing the name of the file though, the image is used on many other Wikipedia pages where it is identified as Suchomimus. You should rather state in an image caption that it was similar/possibly identical to that animal or something. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 14:58, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Ah, I forgot it was used on other wiki pages. I took your suggestion. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 15:05, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::One issue that makes the image look a bit weird is that you have scaled up the restoration, which makes it very blurry, contrasting wit the background. Maybe the whole image should be scaled back down so the dinosaur is of its original size. Looking again, I also wonder if you could make the legs less deep in the water, because it does seem like the snout should be submerged as well from this perspective. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 15:34, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::I lifted up the neck and reduced the resolution of the image so it is much closer to the original. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 18:03, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::I can't see the source to the background photo? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:39, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Here's a ''Spinosaurus'' by Nobu Tamura that I uploaded, the only one of his restorations of it based on the new reconstruction. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:56, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Aaaand the final spinosaurid image for the day: a ''Suchomimus'' and four of her juveniles traversing a floodplain, put together using some lower quality spinosaurid restorations by Nobu and Abelov. And now we officially have more than enough ''Suchomimus'' restorations (7 exactly). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:09, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::More than we'll ever need, probably! The perspective is a bit off in the newest image; you have a horizon line through the largest animal, but the animals below it are shown directly from the side, whereas the viewer would have to look slightly down upon following in that perspective. It is most obvious in the frontmost animal, though. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:14, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Carnotaurinae]] size diagrams ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Carnotaurini sizes.png|Old Carnotaurini size diagram
|File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|New Carnotaurini size diagram
|File:Carnotaurinae sizes.png|Carnotaurinae size diagram
}}

I've created some size comparison diagrams. One is to replace the difficult to read old Carnotaurini size diagram, and one is a size diagram of all of Carnotaurinae. Let me know if any changes are needed. I attempted to make it so the entire silhouette of each dinosaur was visible and readable, let me know if that worked as well as I hoped. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 14:37, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
:The new Carnotaurini diagram isn't displaying right for me. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 15:25, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
::Fixed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 15:31, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I like it, but the only issue is it will be hard to simply distinguish them by colour, since multiple taxa are similar colours than could all be considered "green" or "blue" or "orange". '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:58, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Another issue is how unstable abelisaur taxonomy is, "Carnotaurini" and "Carnotaurinae" have few consistent members. I would recommend focusing on Abelisauridae in general. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 02:46, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Regarding the "Carnotaurini" size diagram, even if it was unstable it would at least be a good replacement for the greyscale, unlabeled version that is used in nearly a dozen articles. I think for both size charts, even if classifications change in the future, it would be easy enough to relabel it as "Size comparisons of selected abelisaurs". A more useful size diagram might be comparisons of species that lived in the same environment during the same time, but there is still usefulness in visualizing the sizes of species within Abelisauridae as a whole. I think the colours of the Carnotaurini size diagram are visually different enough, however I can see the larger Carnotaurinae diagram being problematic. I tried to layer it light on dark but most dark colours have ended up looking the same, so I'll fix that. Thanks. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 12:16, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::I've updated the colours on the Carnotaurinae digram. When referring to them, it should be clear enough to use (from left to right): Orange, Purple, Blue, Yellow, Grey, Green, Dark Green, Red, Cyan, Brown. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 10:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Anurognathid]] ==
[[File:Jeholopterus reconstruction.png|thumb]]
I’ve made a reconstruction of Jeholopterus according to the Yang et al 2018 study on Anurognathid “pycnofeathers”. The study showed that the unidentified Anurognathid (judging by Locality and physical appearance, likely Jeholopterus or a related animal) had red “pycnofeathers”. As of now, both the Anurognathus restoration and Jeholopterus restoration are extremely outdated. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 16:10, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Seems a shame not to show more of the body, since the distribution of integument types is what's interesting about the specimens. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:25, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::It’s too late for that; plus, I wouldn’t be able to show the filament variation. Drawing the individual strands on each individual pycnofeather would be a Herculean and pointless task. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 16:45, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
It is not definitely ''Jeholopterus'' and could very well be ''Dendrorhynchoides''. If this is meant to be a reconstruction of the (immature) specimen and not an actual ''Jeholopterus'' then it probably should not be associated with the ''Jeholopterus'' page. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:08, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Phylogenetic bracketing allows the integument to be put on both taxa either way. Alternatively, we could write a section about the specimens on the anurognathid page and merely use this there. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 18:39, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
Where does the red color come from? [[User:Jonathunder|Jonathunder]] ([[User talk:Jonathunder|talk]]) 20:23, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:This study<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0728-7</ref>.

:Also, I’ve changed it to an unnamed Anurognathid. The skull most closely matches [[Anurognathus]], which also needs a new illustration. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 20:28, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm sure {{u|Paleocolour}} could fix the old DBogdanov illustration[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AnurognathusDB.jpg] according to the new study (isn't too far off to begin with, incredibly, similar thing happened when I drew [[Sinornithosaurus]]). What a time to be alive, that it is now a recurring thing to go back and add the actual colouration to old restorations of extinct animals... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 20:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Frankly I don’t think it’s worth trying to fix. The study showed that the feathers densely covered the entire body, ans the arms and feet, and tiny bit of the mouth, as seen in my reconstruction. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 20:43, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I think even I would be able to do the fixes, so I'm sure she can do it even better (with newer version of Photoshop and all). Adding fur takes time, but it's easy to do. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:22, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

== Lucas Attwell ''Emausaurus'' ==

[[File:Emausaurus Hagen Theropod.jpg|thumb]]
A very nice illustration but I don't think it was ever reviewed. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:15, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:Definitely needs clearer proof of permission. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 19:49, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::It looks like it now has a CC BY-SA 3.0 License on its DA page: [https://www.deviantart.com/lucas-attwell/art/Emausaurus-and-ceratosaur-777406728]. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 19:19, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Yeah, seems like the uploader finally got it sorted out. So now I guess we can evaluate this and the other of his images. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:38, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

== Revised ''[[Alectrosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Alectrosaurus Profile by PaleoGeek.png|thumb|January 2018]]
[[File:Alectrosaurus portrait by PaleoGeek.jpg|thumb|December 2018]]

Since I recently started digital art[https://www.instagram.com/p/BrgibDzFimF/] I thought it'd be a good idea to explore and try out this new art medium with some Wikipedia restorations, seeing as I have a while without making any. So which better one to remake than my old ''[[Alectrosaurus]]''? The previous one was admittedly an ugly, unrealistic mess, so hopefully you'll find this one more acceptable. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:21, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:The nostril should be placed nearer the bottom of the nares, rather than the top. This is based on a study which showed Tyrannosaurus likely had a fleshier nostril, pushing it down towards the jaw and the tip of the snout.<ref>http://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5531/850</ref> I’d asssume it would be roughly the same in Alectrosaurus. [[User:PaleoEquii|PaleoEquii]] ([[User talk:PaleoEquii|talk]]) 19:47, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I'm aware of the nostril placement paper, and did put it at the bottom of the external nares (see this skull diagram[http://www.paleofile.com/imges/Dinosaurs/Theropoda/Alectrosaurusskullnew.jpg]). [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 19:51, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
*Looks like a good new direction! The curcular patches look a bit too neat (compared to living animals), though, could their outlines maybe be a bit more irregular? As for nostril placement, the take home message of the Witmer paper was they were placed at the front of the bony naris (as seems to be shown here), not necessarily at the bottom (though the front of the naris is often lower than the rest, and therefore often "the bottom"). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:24, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::I gave the face patches a more textured outline, similar to that which can be seen on the dark to light colour transition on the side of the neck. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 21:38, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Cool, exactly what I had in mind! [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Great! Added to the article. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:22, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::At a closer look, the eye is completely circular, but most bird eyes (or their visible outlines) are at least a bit oval and have little indentations at the front and the back, showing where the eyelids meet. Not sure what it's called, but should probably be added. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

== Megalosaurid skulls ==

<gallery>
File:Dubreuillosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]''
File:Magnosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Magnosaurus]]''
File:Afrovenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Afrovenator]]''
File:Leshansaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Leshansaurus]]''
File:Eustreptospondylus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Eustreptospondylus]]''
File:Torvosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Torvosaurus]]''
File:Megalosaurus reconstructed skull.png|''[[Megalosaurus]]''
File:Wiehenvenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Wiehenvenator]]''
File:Duriavenator reconstructed skull.png|''[[Duriavenator]]''
File:Megalosaur skulls.png|Composite to replace Conty's
</gallery>
A long-awaited project I'm finally beginning now, the skulls of all megalosaurids. Starting with the most complete, Dubreuillosaurus. All megalosaurids with cranial (non-braincase) material will get a skull reconstruction, all to the same scale of 10px/cm and all following the same colour palette, hoping to replace Conty's old collage. Comments? Unknown bones are based on other megalosaurids that have them, quadrate from Eustreptospondylus and posterior mandible from Megalosaurus (all other bones are known in Dubreuillosaurus). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 02:23, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:Oddly enough Dubreuillosaurus' closest relative, Magnosaurus, has a dentary of the same size, and thus the only difference here is the dentary known. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 03:00, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
::Can't say much for accuracy, but it would probably be good to track down what the diagram you based it on was published in. It seems Torvosaurus is known from as much material, just not form a single specimen... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 05:03, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I currently have all the descriptive papers of the cranial material open as separate tabs right now. Torvosaurus preserves essentially the same material, but in several specimens, and lacking the skull roof, squamosal, and almost the entire dentary. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 15:37, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
:Afrovenator is now finished, onto the next taxon. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 17:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::Why does the Headden skeletal show what looks like part of the mandible? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:11, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It's not just the Headden skeletal. The bone was also in Sereno's original skeletal diagram. The theropod database lists it as a prearticular. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:47, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::It's a prearticular which means its on the internal side of the mandible, and thus not visible in lateral view if the angular and surrangular are shown. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:58, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:Another megalosaurid added, Leshansaurus. The white bones are figured, light grey bones are described (very poorly) so as much as I can tell to be preserved is shown. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 01:11, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:Now 100% more ''Eustreptospondylus''. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:45, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:And now ''Torvosaurus'' is done. I plan to make ''Megalosaurus'' next to so I can finally replicate Conty's diagram and replace it, it's not very representative of the megalosaur cranial anatomy and diversity. I'm probably going to make all the skulls to the same length, instead of all to scale, since Torvosaurus absolutely dwarfs the others so far. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:36, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::''Torvosaurus'' apparently has a fourth premaxillary tooth according to Hendrickx, Mateus, & Araujo (2015)[http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.4202/app.00056.2013], ''contra'' earlier studies but more in line with the cranial anatomy of other megalosaurids. Other than that everything looks good. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 00:06, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::An additional premaxillar tooth has been added, along with ''Megalosaurus'', now finished (and with 4 premax teeth). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 05:50, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:Well another is done, and the composite image as well. Only Duriavenator left unless I decide to do T. gurneyi in addition to T. tanneri. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 23:09, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::Have you considered labeling the composite within the image itself? Or at least putting in a key (like A), B), etc.) [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 20:28, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Good point, done. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 04:53, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:Duriavenator is finished, and I think this project is along with it. Unless there are concerns, I will archive this section at the end of the month and add images to articles if there is room. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 18:14, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
::What about ''[[Piveteausaurus]]'', or is it too fragmentary? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:05, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It's only a braincase, no external skull bones, so I didn't include it. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 07:33, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Saltriovenator]]'' ==
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Saltriovenator restoration.png|Saltriovenator restoration
|File:Saltriovenator Skeletal Diagram.png|Skeletal diagram
|File:Saltriovenator size.png|Size diagram
}}

Made this one using the official skeletal in the paper. I think it is okay, don't mislead the boot with the perineal muscolar area
:The legs feel very lacking in muscles. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 23:47, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
::The frontmost leg seems very straight. It would never reach that position during a walk. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:13, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I've rearranged and lengthened the legs as according to the skeletal diagram. I've also added a size diagram based on the estimated length from the paper. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:11, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

::::You mean the ischiadic boot? What reasons are there to assume that the cloaca was located so far to behind?--[[User:MWAK|MWAK]] ([[User talk:MWAK|talk]]) 09:46, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

:::::Oh my bad yes of course I mean the ischiadic boot... anyway, the drawing was made using the skeletal as a reference but with a different leg position so that the more cranially placed leg gives the optical illusion of a more caudally placed booty. If you still have doubts try measuring the drawing proportions and comparing them with the skeletal. Thank you Lusotitan for the new leg arrangement! Sorry I'm not that practical with wikipedia still I forgot to sign [[User:Dennonychus|Dennonychus]]

::::::What's the ruling on modifications to images from the paper? 'Cause I'm thinking it wouldn't hurt to try and beef up that skeletal a little more... --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 18:46, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Disagree. It's no lankier than many Scott Hartman skeletals. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 22:09, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::It is inherent in the license "to remix – to adapt the work", but I don't see why it is necessary to modify it either. Some animals are fat, some are skinny, but there is a current trend in palaeoart to add maximum bulk, which is just that, a trend. If we want to draw an image like that, fine, but no need to add something speculative to someone else's art. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 22:37, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::: I'd say the calves and back need a tad more beef, and I'm using Hartman's skeletals as a standard. --[[User:TKWTH|TKWTH]] ([[User talk:TKWTH|talk]]) 23:30, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::Why the back? Hartman's skeletals, and those of most others, don't show much space between the neural spines and the margin of the silhouette. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:53, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::Should ''Saltriovenator'' have osteoderms? It is outside of the ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''+''[[Carnotaurus]]'' group, but it is still a ceratosaur. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:59, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::The nasal horn is probably even less likely then, both Ceratosaurus and abelisaurs had osteoderms. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:18, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::"A single median crest on the nasals and a distinct lacrimal crest are variably developed in basalmost averostrans known from cranial elements and belonging to both Ceratosauria and Tetanurae. These features are optimized as averostran and ceratosaurian symplesiomorphies in our phylogenetic analysis. Accordingly, these ornamentations are depicted in our reconstruction of the Italian ceratosaurian, pending more complete material." [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:A47E:5CD:254B:F95|talk]]) 18:45, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::I agree that the crest is accurate, due to its presence in coelophysoids, dilophosaurids, ''Ceratosaurus'', and ''Monolophosaurus''. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 19:26, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::I wouldn't say "accurate", as we have no way of knowing, but it is a speculative possibility, just like the osteoderms. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:22, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::The crest is more than just speculation, in a sense. It's no less accurate than the other traits constrained by phylogenetic bracketing, as is the case here. [[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 04:35, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Well, only one other theropod has a single nasal horn, and that is Ceratosaurus. The others have longitudinal crests, running the length of the nasals, and coelophysoids did not have crests at all, if those of [[Syntarsus kayentakatae]] are just displaced nasals, as has been suspected for some time (same goes for [[Zupaysaurus]]). But in any case, I'm not arguing for removing the horn or anything, just saying osteoderms could be inferred through bracketing just as well (both abelisaurs and Ceratosaurus had them, so it could be primitive to the group). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 07:52, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::''Saltriovenator'' does not fall under any bracket for osteoderms - the ''Ceratosaurus'' + Abelisauridae node is further up the tree and so it falls out of the bracket. Now, this bracket is still pretty close, so it can be inferred it may have had them, but it's just as reasonable not to have them. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 22:04, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::''Ceratosaurus'' is the only ceratosaur with osteoderms. Abelisaurs didn't have them. ''Saltriovenator'' shouldn't be depicted with them. Agree ''Saltriovenator'' probably had a crest, but I recommend not giving it the exact same crest shape as the skeletal (because it's speculative and I don't want the skeletal to become a meme).[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 03:58, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::Perhaps, but that still isn't grounds for rejecting the image. So this isn't the place for the discussion. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 04:13, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::::[[Carnotaurus]] had "keeled protuberances"[https://nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS416.pdf] on its skin, whatever that means, and it has certainly been depicted as something akin to osteoderms (so whatever we call it, it isn't far form what is shown in the restoration here). But then again, it might just be spot, isn't clearly rendered here. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 04:21, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::::Large scales aren't osteoderms, and the arrangement of the large scales of ''Carnotaurus'' (spread over much of the body) aren't anything like the arrangement of the osteoderms in ''Ceratosaurus'' (single row along midline of back). We can't rule out large scales like ''Carnotaurus'', but a row of osteoderms like ''Ceratosaurus'' seems unlikely. So I don't think osteoderms should be added.[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 23:02, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::::::It was a moot point to begin with, because I thought this image showed osteoderms (which is why I argued for them being kept), but it didn't when I looked closer. Then of course, you could argue whether feathers are more or less likely than osteoderms, as are shown both here and in some of the press release artwork... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:43, 30 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::::::OK, I see now. I had initially misinterpreted this as a suggestion to add osteoderms, which I disagreed with. My mistake. FWIW, I think feathers are much more likely than osteoderms (as osteoderms seem to be an autapomorphy of ''Ceratosaurus'' within theropods, whereas feathers are now known from all over Ornithodira despite their low preservation potential).[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 13:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

==''[[Fosterovenator]]''==
[[File:Fosterovenator.png|thumb|''Fosterovenator'' skeletal restoration]]

The outline of this restoration ought to be revised to make it more like ''Elaphrosaurus'' and ''Limusaurus'' because Dalman (2014) considers ''Fosterovenator'' closer to ''Elaphrosaurus'' than to ''Ceratosaurus'', which means he erred in assigning ''Fosterovenator'' to Ceratosauridae and Carnosauria more broadly, and should have clarified that he was assigning it to Ceratosauria given that ''Fosterovenator'' is a small-bodied theropod.[[User:Extrapolaris|Extrapolaris]] ([[User talk:Extrapolaris|talk]]) 20:06, 22 December 2018 (UTC)Vahe Demirjian
:I would say that either one is too speculative to be of much use. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 23:48, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Rahiolisaurus]]'' ==
[[File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|thumb|Life restoration of ''Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis'']]
I ended up scrapping that lineart I sketched earlier and did a painting of ''Rahiolisaurus'' instead. Let me know if any changes are needed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 13:53, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:It looks very accurate and aesthetically glaring. I appreciate the fact that the mouth is closed and has "lips". The only thing I'm not totally sure is the maybe excessively squinted eye, it looks like the animal is using some sort of mammalian, complexity-wise, palpebral muscles. [[User:Dennonychus|Dennonychus]]
::It seems the ankle of the back leg is a bit too flexed for the position the lower leg is placed in; it should probably be tilted a bit back, like the similar pose in Hartman's skeletals, the weight seems a bit unsupported now. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 23:51, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Regarding the eye, I was inspired by bird eyes and the tissue found around their eyes. The rest was meant to represent wrinkles on the face over the fenestra. I think it's relatively minor, so I'm going to leave it as-is but take it into account for my next restoration. The leg was positioned to make it look as though it's leaning forward, and I made sure to keep the thigh and ankle parallel to each other, but I think my shading obscured the shapes a little. I do think this is also very minor, and doesn't put the leg in an especially unnatural pose. Again, I will keep that in mind in the future. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:48, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''Nemegtomaia'' eggs ==

[[File:Nesting Nemegtomaia.jpg|thumb|Nesting ''[[Nemegtomaia]]'']]
{{u|Jens Lallensack}} recently notified me of this dissertation[http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2018/5246/5246.pdf], which seems to state the egg arrangement in my ''[[Nemegtomaia]]'' restoration (shown on page 148) is wrong: "'''Note that the arrangement of clutch is upsidedown, with the eggs inclined outwards and the pointed end directed upward. This is also the first reconstruction that shows integumentary appendages (filamentous feathers and planar feathers) in the adult .Note that the eggs are pigmented based on the evidence for biliverdin preservationin the Macroolithus yaotunensis eggs (Wiemann et al., 2017)'''". I followed this figure[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nemegtomaia_nest.png] in the Fanti paper, though, but the arrangement could of course have been disturbed. What do people think, should I change the position of the eggs, or am I reading something wrong? Pinging {{u|Ashorocetus}}, our only egg-expert... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 00:27, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
:Well that's kinda cool. It seems that the proper nest orientation is with eggs close to vertical, and leaning slightly inwards, with multiple rings. Not sure what change you'd make to display that but from the text and critiques to other images that seems to be whats correct. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 17:05, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

:Well my expertise has been challenged since I should have known this beforehand, but yes you did read that correctly and the eggs should be inclined outward. I am sorry I didn't catch this when you were first making the reconstruction. [[Ashorocetus]] ([[User talk:Ashorocetus|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ashorocetus|contribs]]) 17:12, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
::I must admit I have a bit of a hard time envisioning this. Perhaps the eggs wouldn't even be visible from this angle? [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 09:49, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Sarcosaurus]]'' ==

[[File:Sarcosaurus known material.png|thumb|Sarcosaurus known material]]
''Sarcosaurus'' diagram of known material: reconstruction based on basal Ceratosaurs (such as ''Berberosaurus'' and particularly ''Saltriovenator''). The Skull was made to look more generic and less like more derived Ceratosaurs such as ''Ceratosaurus''. "Liassaurus", referred to "cf. Sarcosaurus woodi" is smaller than the holotype: material in light grey is preserved, but to what extent is uncertain as it is not figured. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:I think there could be a bigger difference between the greys used. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 12:05, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::For the silhouette? [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 13:28, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::It says "material in light grey is preserved", but it is very hard to distinguish between the greys used, they all look light (including the grey that denotes missing parts). [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:49, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I personally would recommend the use ~20% gray for unfigured and ~50% gray for unknown (that's what I've done for ''Puertasaurus'', ''Argentinosaurus'', and ''Volgatitan''). --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:34, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Personally I use hex 808080 for a darker grey and hex a6a6a6 for a lighter grey (see Leshansaurus skull above). I think the light grey here is fine maybe the darker could be darker though. I see no anatomical issues with the skeletals anyhow. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:28, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Updated. Hopefully it is darker now. [[User:Eotyrannu5|Eotyrannu5]] ([[User talk:Eotyrannu5|talk]]) 16:42, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::Looks good to me. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:49, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::Yep. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 21:48, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Since ''Sarcosaurus'' appears to be a dilophosaurid, or at least in that general part of the phylogenetic tree, shouldn't its head look more dilophosaur-like and be crested?[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 04:06, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::''Sarcosaurus'' is in a similar boat to ''Saltriovenator'' (I even found the former to be basalmost ceratosaur in an extension of the Carrano matrix) so any cranial decoration is hit or miss. A lack of any is the most objective route to take. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 05:33, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::I still disagree with that philosophy. In the absence of hard data, soft data gleaned from phylogenetic bracketing is much more preferable than defaulting to nothing. And phylogenetic bracketing would support at least some kind of crest in this area.[[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 16:00, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::Lacrimal crests at least, they are very widespread. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:22, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::The main problem is with the phylogeny I got, crestless Limusaurus was between Sarcosaurus and Ceratosaurus. I don't remember if Masiakasaurus was also basal or not, but from that result it appeared more likely that crests evolved multiple times. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:24, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::There is some debate over ''Limusaurus'''s phylogenetic placement; it may be a noasaurid, in which case a loss of cranial ornamentation is a derived feature of Noasauridae, which are (generally) considered to be deeper within Ceratosauria than ''Ceratosaurus''. Cranial ornamentation (in a general sense) is common to abelisaurids, basal tetanurans (''Monolophosaurus''), dilophosaurids, and plenty of incertae sedis early Jurassic theropods like ''Cryolophosaurus'' and ''Sinosaurus''. Even ''Masiakasaurus'' has some strange texturing on its facial bones which imply that its ancestors had ornamentation. Even if ''Limusaurus'' did have a basal position within Ceratosauria, the evidence is still strongly in support of cranial ornamentation being the default for early Jurassic theropods.[[User:Fanboyphilosopher|Fanboyphilosopher]] ([[User talk:Fanboyphilosopher|talk]]) 21:28, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Like with Saltriovenator above, our best bet it to accept what the artist has done, because anything goes. Depending on the phylogeny, ceratosaurs could be closer to tetanurans than crested theropods (= no crest), Sinosaurus could be basalmost ceratosaur (= large crest), crested theropods could lie on either side of Ceratosauria but not within in (= small crest) or even something more radical. I know all of these results have been found using various phylogenies, and the state of uncertainty around everything at this point in the tree cannot be understated. Megalosaurs (all lacking any crests save Afrovenator and spinosaurs) might be their own clade, or they could be carnosaurs. "Dilophosaurs" (all having prominent crests) could be a clade and therefore not provide support for basal crests; or a continuous grade and therefor support large crests as basal to Averostra; or could be a clade broken up by ceratosaurs and therefore support crests as basal to ceratosaurs, megalosaurs and carnosaurs. We just don't know, so deeming one thing inaccurate wouldn't make sense (I think Saltriovenator should be crestless as well, but as an unknown I think anything goes). '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 21:51, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::Generally I agree that paleoart for Wikipedia should be as conservative as possible, but I would like to point out that in the Saltriovenator paper’s phylogeny, Sarcosaurus is a dilophosaurid. As far as I know it is also found close to Dilophosaurus in most other phylogenies. Under such circumstances, I think depicting it without crests becomes a situation where it’s probably violating the phylogenetic bracket. [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 16:15, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Sarcosaurus is basal to dilophosaurs in the Wang Limusaurus phylogeny [https://www.cell.com/cms/10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043/attachment/a87a9a2e-d5af-4f45-aadb-ce313e567a95/mmc1.pdf] which I didn't even consider, but makes it too basal for crests. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 16:28, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::In that case, shouldn’t Sarcosaurus be reconstructed as much more coelophysoid-like? I can see it being reconstructed like Coelophysis or Dilophosaurus, but I don’t see why it would look like it does in this image.[[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 01:23, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::It has been recovered as a basal ceratosaur before so that is one valid approach to take. I see no issue with the silhouette, it'd be accurate as a dilophosaur-like animal but it's also fine like this. [[User:Lusotitan|'''''Lusotitan''''']] ([[User_talk:Lusotitan|Talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Lusotitan|Contributions]]) 01:38, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::In what recent published study has it been found to be a ceratosaur? [[User:Ornithopsis|Ornithopsis]] ([[User talk:Ornithopsis|talk]]) 13:18, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[Dicraeosauridae]] Size Comparison ==

[[File:Dicraeosauridae Scale.svg|thumb|right|AT LAST!!!]]
Remember how long, long ago I said that I would make a dicraeosaurid size comparison? Well, since no one else has made it for me, I decided to upload it for the winter holidays. (Oh yeah - [https://svpow.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/2009-12-19-zoo-and-museums-201.jpg "Santaposeidon" came to town].) Anyways, the image description's quite long, due to the number of taxa included. Hopefully I didn't make any major mistakes. I used this image as a test for translucent silhouettes, but I'm not sure that I like the effect too much. Also, expect more ''Brachiosaurus'' stuff and family-grade sauropod size comparisons! --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 14:32, 25 December 2018 (UTC)
:I can't comment on the accuracy of the sizes, but I think the transparency has cluttered the image too much in that I find it difficult to read the silhouettes- most notably on all the overlapping legs. My suggestion would be to increase the opacity of the transparency and move the dinosaurs apart enough so you can see the majority of the volume of each. Maybe look to my [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurinae_sizes.png diagram here for inspiration.] Great work so far, though! '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 06:40, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::Does this look better? I split them with the more basal ones on the left and the more derived ones on the right, following the ''[[Lingwulong]]'' phylogeny. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:26, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::I think it looks much better. '''[[User:IJReid|IJReid]]''' {<nowiki />{[[User talk:IJReid#top|T]] - [[Special:Contributions/IJReid|C]] - [[WP:DINO|D]] - [[WP:TREEREQ|R]]}<nowiki />} 19:37, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::::That's great, it's easier to see the size of each animal now. This might just be my browser reading the .svg, but the text for ''Amargasaurus cazaui'' overlaps onto the red square of ''Dicraeosaurus sattleri''. Would it be possible to move those apart slightly? I'm using Google Chrome, a pretty common internet browser, so this will probably happen to a lot of people. Thanks! '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:42, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::Yeah, that's the problem with SVG text, you never quite know how it's going to render as a thumbnail. Anyways, it should be working now. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:23, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::::::Yep, it's working for me too. Great work. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 03:11, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Genyodectes]]'' ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Genyodectes restoration.png|Genyodectes restoration
|File:Genyodectes size.png|Size diagram
|File:Genyodectes known material.png|Known remains diagram
}}

I have created a restoration, size chart, and known material diagram of ''[[Genyodectes]]''. Let me know if any changes are needed.
*'''The restoration''' includes a row of osteoderms along the back, a la ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''. They are considered to be closely related, so I thought this was reasonable but I can remove them if needed. The head crests are also based on ''Ceratosaurus''.
*'''The size chart''' was scaled to the known jaw material and fitted to a Ceratosaur silhouette. There was no size estimate listed anywhere I could find, so I'm not sure if this could be considered Original Research.
*'''The known remains diagram''' was scaled from the jaw material and filled with the silhouette. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 07:13, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
::It seems the ear is drawn behind the head (effectively in the neck), rather than within the back margin? It should instead be somewhere within the gap between the back of the skull and the mandible depressor muscle.[https://i.stack.imgur.com/pqEas.jpg] [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 13:02, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Fixed. '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 01:56, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Much better. This, and taking sclerotic ring size into account when drawing eyes, are some of the most overlooked issues in dinosaur palaeoart for some reason... [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 02:11, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== [[La Huérguina Formation]] ==

[[File:Europejara and Pelecanimimus.jpg|thumb|300px|''Europejara'' and ''Pelecanimimus'' restored in a speculative scenario of ecological competition]]

Made this to illustrate the Paleoenvironment section of La Huerguina Formation page. Is it accurate enough? [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]]
:I don't know anything about these particular creatures, but the contrast between the blurry environment and sharper-looking animals seems very jarring to me, and makes the image a little unpleasant to look at. Is there any way that you could clear up the background? Or perhaps just the water in the foreground? [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 14:57, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
::Thank you I didn't notice that. It's been fixed :) [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]] 16:44, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
*Is the Europejara perhaps too big? It supposedly had a wing span of 2 metres, while Pelecanimimus was up to 2.5 metres long. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 16:07, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
:I may fix that but I used skull dimensions as for relative proportions between the two animals. Also a big part of ''Pelecanimimus'' tail is not seen here. [[User:Dennonychus|Danny Cicchetti]] 18:39, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Megaraptor]]'' mount ==

[[File:Megaraptor.jpg|thumb]]
This photo of a mount was added by an IP several days ago. It seems suspect. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD|2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD]] ([[User talk:2001:569:782B:7A00:D3:A8CA:4C6E:41DD|talk]]) 03:41, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
:It is outdated (based on [[carcharodontosaurs]]), but it could used in the history or classification sections one day when those are expanded, to illustrate earlier interpretations. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 03:52, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

== ''[[Oxalaia]]'' (coloured) ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Oxalaia_quilombensis_by_PaleoGeek_coloured.png|Digital restoration
|File:Oxie_Colormap_by_PaleoGeek.png|Colour map
|File:Oxalaia_quilombensis_by_PaleoGeek_Plain.jpg|Lineart sketch
}}

Now that I have the proper tools, I got around to colouring the ''Oxalaia'' lineart that I made a while back (pinging {{u|Paleocolour}} to notify her that she doesn't need to do it). It should be alright to use in the article in place of the swimming one, since the [[WP:OR]] issue of bipedalism that raised {{u|Jens Lallensack}}'s concern before is no longer a problem, due to the Henderson (2018) paper.[https://peerj.com/articles/5409/] Aside from the colourisation and more detailed lineart, I also made these changes:
*Flatter, more sausage-like torso as suggested for ''[[Spinosaurus]]''.
*Moved eye closer to the top of the head and shifted ear hole to proper position.
*Pedal unguals are now flat-bottomed and the hallux now touches the ground.
*Reduced apparent constriction at the base of the neck, which was due to improper shading.
*Fixed overly long dentary (in ''Spinosaurus'' the jaws likely had a bit of an overbite, with the frontmost premaxillary teeth going over and in front of the mandible tip.)
I also took {{u|FunkMonk}}'s tip on more oval, bird-like eyes (using falcon eyes as a reference), I'll be fixing that in my ''[[Alectrosaurus]]'' soon. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 22:10, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
::Anatomy looks good in general, thoguh something weird is happening with the backgroudn arm, as if it becomes a lot thicker upwards than the front one. I would also expect the arms to be thinner around the wrist, instead of just continuing in a straight line to the hand. I wonder f the scalation of the face is too large, but we of course don't know. Lastly, I think the pattern on the crest and sail look a bit too designed, compared to most patterns found in modern tetrapods. Looks like symbols. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 08:31, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Agree with FunkMonk on the scale pattern. Furthermore, the foot looks a bit human-like due to the extensive heel, especially in the left one. Note that theropods were digitigrade. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:14, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::These should be relatively quick and easy fixes, I'll do them all soon. Digital art certainly makes things a lot easier! The head scalation you are referring to, btw, was inspired by the large scales often present on the jaws of lizards like iguanas, as well as the texture on the mandibles of crocodiles, so it seemed plausible to me that this might have been true for some dinosaurs as well. [[User:PaleoGeekSquared|▼PσlєοGєєк]][[User talk:PaleoGeekSquared|ƧɊƲΔƦΣƉ▼]] 13:10, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Ledumahadi]]'' size chart ==

[[File:Ledumahadi scale chart WIP 2.png|thumb|Ledumahadi size chart WIP]]

[[File:Ledumahadi size chart with human.png|thumb|Ledumahadi size chart with human]]

I know this taxon already has a size comparison up on the page, but I guess I'll give this one a shot. I'm not sure what human silhouette I should be using (having always used Andrew Farke's myself), so any suggestions?

Proportions were reconstructed using other lessemsaurids, with several areas modified to match the known bones (which made for a surprising appearance, especially if you were to compare it with ''Antetonitrus''). [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 06:39, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:Andrew Farke's silhouette is available under a CC BY license over at Phylopic: [http://phylopic.org/image/4dd48260-40d1-4302-95af-92cd445203b0/]. He's been used before in size comparisons (see ''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]'', ''[[Aquilops]]'', and ''[[Protoceratops]]''), so using him here should be fine. Even with a restoration with a human in it, it's still preferred to have one with gridlines and a scale bar (see ''[[Giganotosaurus]]''), so I see no problem with also including this image. I'll let someone else who has access to the paper comment on accuracy. Also, you may want to try out [[SVG]] format for size comparisons, using a program such as [[Inkscape]] (Commons generally favors SVG format over PNG format for these kinds of things, however, we do frequently use several PNG size comparisons, too, so it is entirely optional). --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 12:13, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::Gotcha about the human silhouette. Not sure if I want to download a separate program just to export it in a different file format, although it is something I could try in the future. Think I'll stick to PNG for now. [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:01, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Now with human. Still a little unsure about its positioning, but I think it works? [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 20:04, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::Looks good. Maybe flipping the human so that it walks in the same direction as the dinosaur would look better? The forward facing arm has its elbow joint too low. You have the manus reconstructed to face outwards, not forwards, contrary to the official paleoart. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:24, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::::Will change the human silhouette. Since the humerus was cross-scaled from ''Antetonitrus'' (which is massive compared to the ulna), that probably makes the elbow low. The manus orientation is based off Hartman's ''Melanorosaurus''. [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
* On a more technical note, instead of uploading each version as a new file, it is preferred to upload the newer version over the original. To do this, scroll down to the bottom of the Commons page, where you will see a table. Underneath that table is a link that says "Upload a new version of this file". Using the link prevents categories overflowing with versions of the same artwork, in addition to inaccurate versions piling up. Also, remember to add categories to your uplaods. I added the categories of Ledumahadi and Sauropoda size comparisons to your latest version. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 16:35, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::Ah, didn't know about this. Thank you! [[User:Megalotitan|Megalotitan]] ([[User talk:Megalotitan|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' Skeletal ==

I have finally finished drawing and scaling all the material I could find of this guy and have compiled it all here: [https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q3HlhcgMDsA/XCozYw-U9kI/AAAAAAAAAf0/UGZN4dVe1Ao9Fb1Y-uUjE0lDs1Gy7haLgCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus-Stuff.png].
* White=Holotype
* Red="Ultrasauros"
* Orange=BYU cervicals
* Yellow=Potter Creek
* Lime=Felch Quarry skull
* Green=Holotype material collected from SV-POW
* Cyan=OK Metacarpal
* Blue=Holtype material gathered from Taylor's skeletal
* Navy=Jensen/Jensen Quarry
* Violet=Bigfoot
* Gray=Unknown
I plan to follow Taylor's cross-scaling for the holotype specimen and cross-scale the silhouette size for the Potter Creek Specimens, "Ultrasauros", Jensen/Jensen rib, and OK metacarpal. I'm at a loss as to how to scale the Felch Quarry skull, BYU cervicals, and Bigfoot. Any comments or suggestions as to scaling the material or on general accuracy? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 15:27, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:Here is the holotype on its silhouette: [https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x1FKX7J9vMc/XCpgNj77MmI/AAAAAAAAAgA/E-kRKVrmSJg0dOUjnzLEZnupoImCaottQCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus%2BSkeletal%2BV1-0.png] Comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 18:31, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::Here is the penultimate version: [https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8f3a1xlMeJM/XCqbjNTsmlI/AAAAAAAAAgM/nlNK8ACKdLUjuJiuy_thliIaQtB7R5E_wCLcBGAs/s1600/Brachiosaurus%2BSkeletal%2BV1-1.png], with all material that can be confidently or semi-confidently scaled. Any comments before I upload it? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 22:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::Looks good. Would it, for the ''Brachiosaurus'' article, be more practical to combine them all in one diagram (including the three specimen not included yet), only making a distinction by color between the holotype and associated material? Your skull diagram looks good; would it be possible to have that as a separate file, with individual bones labeled? --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 23:14, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
::::I think that I'll upload the image above, a composite diagram, and the skull diagram. Since the skull material was crushed, I used Carpenter's skull restoration for creating the diagram. It's ironic how "Ultrasauros," the "biggest dino ever" is actually ''smaller'' than the holotype... --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 23:25, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
:::::I would keep the two Potter Creek specimens separate though, as there is no evidence that the two are from the same individual. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 23:44, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
[[File:Brachiosaurus Skeletals.svg|thumb|left]]
[[File:Brachiosaurus Composite Skeletal.svg|thumb|right|Composite skeletal diagram]]
[[File:Brachiosaurus Skull Diagram.svg|thumb|right|Skull diagram]]
:HAPPY NEW YEAR!!! --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::On a more paleontology-related note, I have uploaded the two of the diagrams, one of which can be seen above at large magnification. I will upload the skull diagram momentarily. I will update the above diagram to show six skeletals instead of five, also. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 00:02, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
:::Here's the skull diagram. Comments? --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]])00:21, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::Things look good but there are few points that need correcting. The neck posture is unlikely seems that the neck actually is bending down at the base whereas the habitual pose would be upright. The humeri are articulated incorrectly, they fit into the area of the scapula-coracoid joint, you have them articulating below that at the sternum articulation. Ribs should be underneath the scapula, not above.
:::::I would reduce complexity and not mark "inadequately figured specimens" in light grey. It seems to be a bit too much, and for example, all the dorsal vertebrae of the holotype are actually figured (Riggs, 1904). What do you mean with "Some elements are reversed", did you not always show a right or left element at the correct side of the body? I wouldn't do that as it is misleading; always place the elements at the correct side, or have a more schematic diagram not distinguishing between left and right. Could you maybe make an annotated version of the skull, labeling bones and openings? That would be very handy to have for the ''B.'' article. --[[User:Jens Lallensack|Jens Lallensack]] ([[User talk:Jens Lallensack|talk]]) 09:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
::::::I have implemented some of the changes on the composite:
* No elements are mirrored anymore.
* Humerus should articulate correctly now.
* Neck posture should (hopefully) be better
* Uniform colors implemented
* Ribs under scapula (however, that is a right scapula, so from the former left lateral view the ribs would have appeared to be above it)
::::::I couldn't find the figures for D11 and D9, they're not in our linked version of 1904, and 1903's behind a paywall (what the heck?). Could you send them to me (via link or email)? I will annotate the skull as soon as I figure out which bone is which. --[[User:Slate Weasel|Slate Weasel]] ([[User talk:Slate Weasel|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Slate Weasel|contribs]]) 13:17, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

== Paleoart Fixes ==

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Sketch suchomimus.jpg|Fixed
|File:Cerato2.JPG|
|File:Jianianhualong life restoration.jpg|
|File:Hongshanornis.jpg|
|File:Garudimimus-sketch2.jpg|
|File:Skorpiovenator.JPG|
}}

I've noticed there's a great deal of decent paleoart that is considered inaccurate and therefore unusable in articles, and I'd like to go ahead and update these. The gallery above has a few candidates I've found that are of high enough quality and would be great to be accurate. I've already fixed the first image, and I think it'd go well in the ''[[Cristatusaurus]]'' article as a representation of that genus. What do you think? Are there any other images that should be considered? '''[[User:Paleocolour|Paleocolour]]''' ❯❯❯''' [[User talk:Paleocolour|Talk]]''' 20:01, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

Dicraeosauridae

2018-12-28T14:12:54Z

Paleocolour: Added images. Added fossil range to taxobox.

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Dicraeosauridae
| fossil_range = [[Early Jurassic]]/[[Middle Jurassic]] - [[Early Cretaceous]]{{Fossilrange|155.7|122.46}}
| image = Dino amargasaurus.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Amargasaurus]]''
| taxon = Dicraeosauridae
| authority = [[Werner Janensch|Janensch]], 1929
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
*†''[[Dyslocosaurus]]''
*†''[[Suuwassea]]''
*†''[[Lingwulong]]''
*†''[[Amargasaurus]]''
*†''[[Brachytrachelopan]]''
*†''[[Dicraeosaurus]]''
*†''[[Amargatitanis]]''
*†''[[Pilmatueia]]''
}}

'''Dicraeosauridae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Diplodocoidea|diplodocoid]] sauropods who are the sister group to [[Diplodocid]]ae. Dicraesaurids are a part of the [[Flagellicaudata]], along with Diplodocidae. Dicraeosauridae includes genera such as ''[[Amargasaurus]]'', ''[[Suuwassea]]'', ''[[Dicraeosaurus]]'', and ''[[Brachytrachelopan]]''. Specimens of this family have been found in North America, Africa, and South America.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gallina|first=Pablo A.|last2=Apesteguía|first2=Sebastián|last3=Haluza|first3=Alejandro|last4=Canale|first4=Juan I.|date=2014-05-14|title=A Diplodocid Sauropod Survivor from the Early Cretaceous of South America|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=5|pages=e97128|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0097128|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4020797|pmid=24828328}}</ref> Their temporal range is from the [[Late Jurassic]] to the [[Middle Cretaceous]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Rauhut|first=Oliver W. M.|last2=Remes|first2=Kristian|last3=Fechner|first3=Regina|last4=Cladera|first4=Gerardo|last5=Puerta|first5=Pablo|date=2005-06-02|title=Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia|journal=Nature|volume=435|issue=7042|pages=670–672|doi=10.1038/nature03623|issn=1476-4687|pmid=15931221}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carabajal|first=Ariana Paulina|last2=Carballido|first2=José L.|last3=Currie|first3=Philip J.|date=2014-06-07|title=Braincase, neuroanatomy, and neck posture of Amargasaurus cazaui (Sauropoda, Dicraeosauridae) and its implications for understanding head posture in sauropods|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=34|issue=4|pages=870–882|doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.838174|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> The only known Cretaceous survivor of the dicraeosaurids is ''[[Amargasaurus]]''.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Whitlock|first=John A.|date=2011-04-01|title=A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=161|issue=4|pages=872–915|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00665.x|issn=1096-3642}}</ref>

The group was first described by German paleontologist [[Werner Janensch]] in 1914 with the discovery of ''[[Dicraeosaurus]]'' in Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Dinosauria|author1=Weishampel, DB |author2=Dodson, P |author3=Osmolska, H |publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0520254084|location=|pages=}}</ref> Dicraeosauridae are distinct from other sauropods because of their relatively short neck size and small body size.<ref name=":02"/>

The clade is [[monophyletic]] and well-supported phylogenetically with thirteen unambiguous [[synapomorphies]] uniting it.<ref name=":16"/> They diverged from Diplodocidae in the Mid-Jurassic, as evidenced by the diversity of dicraeosaurids in both South America and East Africa when [[Gondwana]] was still united by land.<ref name=":16"/> However, there is some disagreement among paleontologists on the phylogenetic placement of ''[[Suuwassea]]'' the only genera of the Dicraeosauridae to be found in North America. It has been characterized as a basal dicraeosaurid by some and a member of the [[Diplodocid]]ae by others.<ref name=":16"/><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Woodruff|first=D. Cary|last2=Fowler|first2=Denver W.|date=2012-07-01|title=Ontogenetic influence on neural spine bifurcation in Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda): a critical phylogenetic character|journal=Journal of Morphology|volume=273|issue=7|pages=754–764|doi=10.1002/jmor.20021|issn=1097-4687|pmid=22460982}}</ref> The placement of ''Suuwassea'' within Dicraeosauridae or Diplodocidae has substantial biogeographic implications for the evolution of Dicraeosauridae.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Jerald D.|date=2006-01-01|title=The significance of Suuwassea emilieae (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) for flagellicaudatan intrarelationships and evolution|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=185–198|doi=10.1017/S1477201906001805|issn=1477-2019}}</ref>

== Classification ==
[[File:Dicraeosaurids BW.png|thumb|275px|left|Dicraeosaurids, drawn to scale.]]
Dicraeosaurids are a part of Diplodocoidea and are the sister group to Diploidocidae. In the past two decades, the known diversity of the group has doubled.<ref name=":16"/> However, the classification of ''Suuwassea'' as a dicraeosaurid is not universally agreed upon.<ref name=":16"/><ref name=":22"/> Some phylogenetic analyses have found ''Suuwassea'' to be a basal diplodocoid instead of a dicraeosaurid.<ref name=":22" /> One 2015 analysis has even found ''[[Dyslocosaurus]]'' as a member of Dicraeosauridae.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|last=Tschopp|first=Emanuel|last2=Mateus|first2=Octávio|last3=Benson|first3=Roger B.J.|date=2015-04-07|title=A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)|url=https://peerj.com/articles/857|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=3|pages=e857|doi=10.7717/peerj.857|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4393826|pmid=25870766}}</ref> A 2016 reappraisal of ''[[Amargatitanis]]'' has placed it into the Dicraeosauridae, as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gallina|first=Pablo Ariel|date=2016-09-01|title=Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguía, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116300507|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=64|pages=79–87|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.002}}</ref> In 2018 a new genus, ''[[Pilmatueia]]'', was described.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coria |first1=Rodolfo A |last2=Windholtz |first2=Guillermo J |last3=Ortega |first3=Francisco |last4=Currie |first4=Philip J |title=A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the Lower Cretaceous (Mulichinco Formation, Valanginian, Neuquén Basin) of Argentina |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=2018 |volume = in press |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667118300405}}</ref>

[[File:Dicraeosauridae Scale.svg|thumb|right|Size comparison of the most complete members of the sauropod family Dicraeosauridae]]
Dicraeosaurids are differentiated from their sister group, diplodocids, and from most sauropods by their relatively small body size and short necks.<ref name=":43">{{Cite journal|last=Sereno|first=Paul C.|last2=Wilson|first2=Jeffrey A.|last3=Witmer|first3=Lawrence M.|last4=Whitlock|first4=John A.|last5=Maga|first5=Abdoulaye|last6=Ide|first6=Oumarou|last7=Rowe|first7=Timothy A.|date=2007-11-21|title=Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=2|issue=11|pages=e1230|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001230|issn=1932-6203|pmc=2077925|pmid=18030355}}</ref> Dicraeosaurids are advanced sauropods within the monophyletic clade [[Neosauropoda]], which is generally characterized by gigantism. The relatively small body size of dicraeosaurids make them an important outlier relative to other taxa in Neosauropoda.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sander|first=P. Martin|last2=Christian|first2=Andreas|last3=Clauss|first3=Marcus|last4=Fechner|first4=Regina|last5=Gee|first5=Carole T.|last6=Griebeler|first6=Eva-Maria|last7=Gunga|first7=Hanns-Christian|last8=Hummel|first8=Jürgen|last9=Mallison|first9=Heinrich|date=2011-02-01|title=Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism|journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|volume=86|issue=1|pages=117–155|doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x|issn=1469-185X|pmc=3045712|pmid=21251189}}</ref>

== Phylogeny ==
There are several different available phylogenies of Dicraeosauridae and the intra-group cladistics is not resolved. ''Suuwassea'' is variably positioned as either a basal dicraeosaurid or a basal diplodocoid. The most recent published phylogeny by Tschopp et al. is as follows. According to Tschopp et al., 2015:<ref name=":72"/>

{{clade|{{clade
|label1=Dicraeosauridae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dyslocosaurus polyonychius]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Suuwassea emilieae]]''
|2=''[[Dystrophaeus viaemalae]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brachytrachelopan mesai]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Amargasaurus cazaui]]''
|2=''[[Dicraeosaurus hansemanni]]'' }}}}}}}}}}
||label2=}}

Tschopp includes ''[[Dyslocosaurus]]'' and ''[[Dystrophaeus]]'' as dicraeosaurids, two groups traditionally not considered to be part of Dicaraeosauridae. The specimens of ''Dystrophaeus viamelae'' are highly fragmentary, with only a few bones available for study including an ulna, partial scapula, partial dorsal vertebrae, a distal radius, and some metacarpals. ''Dyslocosaurus polyonychius'' also has extremely limited fossil evidence that only includes appendicular elements, and the position of it in Tschopp's phylogeny is therefore considered "prelimintary."<ref name=":72" />

Several paleontologists, however, do not include even ''Suuwassea'' in Dicraeosauridae, like Sereno et al. (2007);<ref name=":43"/> and JD Harris (2006).<ref name=":32"/> Other paleontologists, however, do include ''Suuwassea'' as a basal dicraeosaurid, including Whitlock (2010);<ref name=":16"/> and Salgado et al. (2006).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salgado|first=Leonardo|last2=Carvalho|first2=Ismar de Souza|last3=Garrido|first3=Alberto C.|title=Zapalasaurus bonapartei, un nuevo dinosaurio saurópodo de La Formación La Amarga (Cretácico Inferior), noroeste de Patagonia, Provincia de Neuquén, Argentina|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016699506000453|journal=Geobios|volume=39|issue=5|pages=695–707|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2005.06.001|year=2006}}</ref>

== Paleobiology ==

=== Feeding behavior ===
As sauropods, dicraeosaurids are obligate herbivores. Due to their relatively small necks and skull shape, it has been deduced that dicraeosaurids and diplodocids primarily browsed close to the ground or at mid height.<ref name=":16"/><ref name=":43"/> Among the dicraeosurids, only ''[[Dicraeosaurus]]'' has well-preserved dentition. This makes it difficult for paleontologists to make definitive statements about Dicraeosauridae feeding behavior compared to diplodocid feeding behavior.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Schwarz|first=Daniela|last2=Kosch|first2=Jens C. D.|last3=Fritsch|first3=Guido|last4=Hildebrandt|first4=Thomas|date=2015-11-02|title=Dentition and tooth replacement of Dicraeosaurus hansemanni (Dinosauria, Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=35|issue=6|pages=e1008134|doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1008134|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> However, compared to its known relatives, ''Dicraeosaurus'' is unique in that it has an equal number of teeth in the upper and lower jaw, though teeth in the lower jaw are replaced more slowly.<ref name=":5" />

=== Anatomy ===
Dicraeosaurids are characterized by their relatively small body size, short necks, and long neural spines.<ref name=":6">Daniela Schwarz-Wings, 10th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Paleontologists. Royo-Torres, R, Gascó, F, and Alcalá, L., ''coord.'' ¡''Fundamental!'' 20: 1-290. 2012.</ref> They are 10–13 meters in body length.<ref name=":6" /> They share thirteen unambiguous [[Synapomorphy|synapomorphies]] including dorsal vertebrae without pleurocoels, the presence of a ventrally directed prong on the squamosal, and a subtriangular-shaped dentary symphysis.<ref name=":16"/>

== Distribution and evolution ==
Dicraeosaurid specimens have been found in three continents - Africa, South America, and North America. The distribution of species is primarily Gondwonan, with the exception of the North American ''Suuwassea''. The presence of ''Suuwassea'' in North America is unique among dicraeosaurids, therefore making the proper taxonomic classification of ''Suuwassea'' essential. The group likely first diverged from the diplodocids in the middle Jurassic in North America and subsequently dispersed into Gondwana, with the most diversity in East Africa and South America.<ref name=":16"/> ''Amargasaurus'' was the latest surviving dicraeosaurid genus, living into the Early Cretaceous period.<ref name=":16" />

== Timeline of genera descriptions ==
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bar:periodtop
from: 1875 till: 1880 color:1800syears text:[[1870s in paleontology|70s]]
from: 1880 till: 1890 color:1800syears text:[[1880s in paleontology|80s]]
from: 1890 till: 1900 color:1800syears text:[[1890s in paleontology|90s]]
from: 1900 till: 1910 color:1900syears text:[[1900s in paleontology|00s]]
from: 1910 till: 1920 color:1900syears text:[[1910s in paleontology|10s]]
from: 1920 till: 1930 color:1900syears text:[[1920s in paleontology|20s]]
from: 1930 till: 1940 color:1900syears text:[[1930s in paleontology|30s]]
from: 1940 till: 1950 color:1900syears text:[[1940s in paleontology|40s]]
from: 1950 till: 1960 color:1900syears text:[[1950s in paleontology|50s]]
from: 1960 till: 1970 color:1900syears text:[[1960s in paleontology|60s]]
from: 1970 till: 1980 color:1900syears text:[[1970s in paleontology|70s]]
from: 1980 till: 1990 color:1900syears text:[[1980s in paleontology|80s]]
from: 1990 till: 2000 color:1900syears text:[[1990s in paleontology|90s]]
from: 2000 till: 2010 color:2000syears text:[[2000s in paleontology|00s]]
from: 2010 till: 2020 color:2000syears text:[[2010s in paleontology|10s]]
from: 2020 till: 2030 color:2000syears text:[[2020s in paleontology|20s]]
from: 2030 till: 2035 color:2000syears text:[[2030s in paleontology|30s]]

bar:eratop
from: 1875 till: 1900 color:1800s text:[[19th century in paleontology|19th]]
from: 1900 till: 2000 color:1900s text:[[20th century in paleontology|20th]]
from: 2000 till: 2035 color:2000s text:[[21st century in paleontology|21st]]

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align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:6 anchor:till align:left

color:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1914 mark:(line,black) text:[[Dicraeosaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1991 mark:(line,black) text:[[Amargasaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM2 at:1992 mark:(line,black) text:[[Dyslocosaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM2 at:2018 mark:(line,black) text:[[Pilmatueia]]
color:2000s bar:NAM3 at:2004 mark:(line,black) text:[[Suuwassea]]
color:2000s bar:NAM4 at:2005 mark:(line,black) text:[[Brachytrachelopan]]
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from: 1890 till: 1900 color:1800syears text:[[1890s in paleontology|90s]]
from: 1900 till: 1910 color:1900syears text:[[1900s in paleontology|00s]]
from: 1910 till: 1920 color:1900syears text:[[1910s in paleontology|10s]]
from: 1920 till: 1930 color:1900syears text:[[1920s in paleontology|20s]]
from: 1930 till: 1940 color:1900syears text:[[1930s in paleontology|30s]]
from: 1940 till: 1950 color:1900syears text:[[1940s in paleontology|40s]]
from: 1950 till: 1960 color:1900syears text:[[1950s in paleontology|50s]]
from: 1960 till: 1970 color:1900syears text:[[1960s in paleontology|60s]]
from: 1970 till: 1980 color:1900syears text:[[1970s in paleontology|70s]]
from: 1980 till: 1990 color:1900syears text:[[1980s in paleontology|80s]]
from: 1990 till: 2000 color:1900syears text:[[1990s in paleontology|90s]]
from: 2000 till: 2010 color:2000syears text:[[2000s in paleontology|00s]]
from: 2010 till: 2020 color:2000syears text:[[2010s in paleontology|10s]]
from: 2020 till: 2030 color:2000syears text:[[2020s in paleontology|20s]]
from: 2030 till: 2035 color:2000syears text:[[2030s in paleontology|30s]]

bar:era
from: 1875 till: 1900 color:1800s text:[[19th century in paleontology|19th]]
from: 1900 till: 2000 color:1900s text:[[20th century in paleontology|20th]]
from: 2000 till: 2035 color:2000s text:[[21st century in paleontology|21st]]
</timeline>

==Sources==
{{Reflist}}

{{Diplodocoidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133812}}

[[Category:Diplodocoids| ]]
[[Category:Dicraeosaurids]]
[[Category:Early Jurassic first appearances]]
[[Category:Early Jurassic taxonomic families]]
[[Category:Late Jurassic taxonomic families]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous taxonomic families]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous extinctions]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2018-12-28T03:11:39Z

Paleocolour: /* Dicraeosauridae Size Comparison */

Genyodectes

2018-12-28T02:02:22Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|112|earliest= 125}}
| image = Genyodectes_saurus_jaws.jpg
| image_caption = ''Genyodectes'' holotype
| taxon = Genyodectes
| authority = Woodward, 1901
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
* '''''G. serus''''' Woodward, 1901 ([[Type species|type]])
}}

'''''Genyodectes''''' ("jaw bite", from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words ''genys'' ("jaw") and ''dektes'' ("bite")) is a [[genus]] of [[ceratosaur]]ian [[theropod]] dinosaur from the Lower [[Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]]) of [[South America]]. The [[holotype]] material (MLP 26-39, Museo de La Plata, [[La Plata]], Argentina) was collected from the [[Cerro Barcino Formation]], Cañadón Grande, Departamento Paso de Indios in the [[Chubut Province]] of [[Argentina]] and consists of an incomplete snout, including the [[premaxilla]]e, portions of both [[maxilla]]s, the right and left [[dentary]], many [[teeth]], a fragment of the left [[splenial]], and parts of the supradentaries. These elements are generally poorly preserved and some are in articulation. The premaxilla of ''Genyodectes'' possesses relatively large and protruding teeth, similar to those of ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''. The specific name, ''serus'', means "late".

== Taxonomy and phylogeny ==
[[File:Genyodectes.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of the type specimen from the original description]]
[[File:Genyodectes restoration.png|thumb|left|Restoration of ''Genyodectes'' hunting an early mammal]]
[[File:Genyodectes known material.png|thumb|right|Known material of ''Genyodectes'']]
[[File:Genyodectes size.png|left|thumb|Size of ''Genyodectes'' compared to a human]]
The [[taxon]] has long been considered a [[nomen dubium]], owing to its fragmentary nature and some doubt as to its precise geographic and [[stratigraphic]] origins (see Tykoski et Rowe, 2004, p. 50).<ref name=TR04>Tykoski, R.S., and Rowe, T. (2004). Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (Eds.). ''The Dinosauria'' (2nd edition). University of California Press:Berkeley. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref> However, a recent redescription of the type material by Rauhut (2004) has shed some light on these questions and seems to establish the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] validity of ''Genyodectes serus'', the only species referred to the genus.<ref name=OR04>Rauhut, O.W.M. (2004). Provenance and anatomy of ''Genyodectes serus'', a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonia. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' '''24'''(4):894-902.</ref> English [[paleontologist]] Sir Arthur S. Woodward described ''Genyodectes'' in 1901,<ref name=ASW01>Woodward A. S. 1901. On some extinct reptiles from Patagonia, of the genera ''[[Meiolania]]'', ''[[Dinilysia]]'', and ''Genyodectes''. ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' 1901:169-184.</ref> and, after ''[[Loncosaurus]]'' ([[Florentino Ameghino|Ameghino]], 1899; ''nomen dubium''),<ref name=FA99>[[Ameghino, F.]] (1899). Nota preliminar sobre el ''[[Loncosaurus argentinus]]'', un representante de la familia de los Megalosauridae en la Republica Argentina. ''Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina'' '''47''':61-62.</ref> it is the second non-[[bird|avian]] dinosaur described from the South American [[continent]], and it remained the most completely known South American theropod until the 1970s. Over the last decade, the holotype has been variously referred to as a [[megalosaurid]], a [[tyrannosaurid]], Theropoda ''[[incertae sedis]]'', and a possible [[abelisaurid]] (perhaps even a [[senior synonym]] of ''[[Abelisaurus]]''). However, the recent removal of the holotype from the "artificial matrix" in which it had long been displayed has permitted a reevaluation of the specimen. Rauhut (2004, p. 900) concluded that the specimen lacks important abelisaurid and tyrannosaurid [[synapomorphies]], but found many neoceratosaurian traits.<ref name=OR04/> This would seem to imply ''Genyodectes'' was closer to ''Ceratosaurus'' than the more derived abelisaurs (that also descended from animals like ''Ceratosaurus''). Also, by studying historical records and preservation of the bones, Rauhut (2004, p. 894) concluded that the specimen was likely collected from the Cerro Castaño Member of the [[Cerro Barcino Formation]] ([[Aptian]]-[[Albian]]).<ref name=OR04/>

== Diagnosis ==
Rauhut (2004, p. 895-896) diagnoses ''Genyodectes serus'' as follows: "Differs from all theropods with the possible exception of ''[[Ceratosaurus]]'' in that the premaxillary teeth are arranged in an overlapping ''en-echelon'' pattern and the longest maxillary tooth crowns are longer apicobasally than the minimal dorsoventral depth of the mandible. Differs from ''Ceratosaurus'' in the presence of four, as opposed to three, premaxillary teeth."<ref name=OR04/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Argentina|Cretaceous|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of ceratosaur research]]

{{clearboth}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Ceratosauria}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134643}}

[[Category:Ceratosaurs]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1901]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Arthur Smith Woodward]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2018-12-28T01:56:25Z

Paleocolour: /* Genyodectes */

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2018-12-27T03:42:59Z

Paleocolour: /* Dicraeosauridae Size Comparison */

Wiehenvenator

2018-12-26T07:28:33Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{italic title}}{{automatic taxobox
| name = ''Wiehenvenator''
| fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic]], {{fossil range|166|164}}
| image = Wiehenvenator albati by Midiaou.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Restoration of the head
| authority = Rauhut ''et al'', [[2016 in paleontology|2016]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Wiehenvenator albati'''''
| type_species_authority = Rauhut ''et al'', 2016
}}
'''''Wiehenvenator''''' is a [[genus]] of predatory [[Megalosauridae|megalosaurid]] [[Theropoda|theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Middle Jurassic]] ([[Callovian]]) of [[Germany]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Wiehengebirge mit Nebel.JPG|thumb|left|The landscape of [[Wiehen Hills]], in which the remains of Wiehenvenator have been found]]
In 1998, geologist Friedrich Albat, prospecting for the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe Museum of Natural History, discovered the remains of a large theropod at the abandoned Pott quarry in the [[Wiehen Hills]] near [[Minden]], [[Westphalia, Germany|Westphalia]]. The remains were discovered within the [[Ornatenton Formation]], a geological formation composed mainly of [[mudstone]], [[sandstones]], and a horizon of carbonate [[concretions]].<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> The fragmentary theropod skeleton was excavated between October 1998 and October 2001, and was found alongside abundant marine invertebrates and fossil wood.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>. At the time of their discovery, the bones were heavily weathered out of the surrounding sediments and are somewhat poorly preserved. The numerous breaks and cracks found in the material risked being destroyed upon removal from the matrix, and so led the excavation team to instead extract them into jackets that were then later prepared in the laboratories of the LWL Museum für Naturkunde.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

The find received extensive press attention and was informally known as '''''Das Monster von Minden''''' (the Minden Monster). Reports in the German edition of the [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] of a rib 50% larger than that of ''[[Allosaurus]]'' stirred speculations that it reached {{convert|15|m|ft}} in length.<ref name=dinoFAQ>{{cite web|url=http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-size/predator/index.html|title=What were the longest/heaviest Predatory Dinosaurs?|last=Taylor|first=Mike|date=15 December 2003|work=The Dinosaur FAQ|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref> [[Thomas Holtz]] estimated it at {{convert|12|m|ft}} in 2012.<ref>Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix.]</ref> Other researchers concluded to smaller dimensions: Mickey Mortimer in 2003 estimated the animal to be {{convert|7|to|8|m|ft}} in length and {{convert|0.75|to|1.2|MT|ST}} in weight.<ref name=dml>{{cite web|url=http://dml.cmnh.org/2003Jul/msg00355.html|title=And the Largest Theropod is...|last=Mortimer|first=Mickey|date=21 July 2003|work=The Dinosaur Mailing List Archives|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref>

In 2015, it was announced that the find had been identified as a new species of megalosaurid.<ref>Rauhut, O.W.M., Hübner T.R., and Lanser, K., 2015, "A new theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic of Germany and theropod faunal turnover during the Jurassic", ''Libro de resúmenes del V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados''. 62</ref> In 2016, the fossils were named and described as the [[type species]] '''''Wiehenvenator albati''''' by Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Tom R. Hübner and Klaus-Peter Lanser. The generic name combines a reference to the ''Wiehengebirge'', the German name of the Wiehen Hills, with a [[Latin]] ''venator'' ("hunter"). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours Friedrich Albat as the discoverer. As the name was published in an [[electronic publication]], ''[[Life Science Identifiers]]'' were needed for its validity. These were 95638CFF-5618-4D31-9086-D821F6EE6B39 for the genus and 262FA776-9ABC-4565-9A17-931CB4BEFBFC for the species.<ref name="Rauhut2016">Rauhut, Oliver W.M., Hübner, Tom R., and Lanser, Klaus-Peter, 2016, "A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic", ''Palaeontologia Electronica'' 19.2.26A: 1-65</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Новая реконструкция Монстра из Миндена.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration]]
The [[type specimen]] of ''Wiehenvenator'' consists of an assortment of bones found in the [[Ornatenton Formation]] dating from the middle [[Callovian]]. They include parts of the skull (right [[premaxilla]], right [[maxilla]], right [[lacrimal bone]], right [[postorbital]] and possible front branch of the right quadratojugal), the [[anatomical terms of location|anterior]] parts of a right lower jaw ([[dentary]]), six teeth, three tail vertebrae, a pair of fused median segments of rear [[gastralium|gastralia]], one complete rib and four rib fragments, a finger phalanx, both [[fibula]]e, a right astragalus and a right calcaneum. All these bones were seen as belonging to a single individual. Two additional tail [[vertebra]]e may also belong to it. Histological analysis of its fibulae suggests that the holotype of ''Wiehenvenator albati'' was at least in its ninth year of life, however, the age at death might have been well over 10 years. The remains indicated that the animal was actively growing, but narrow growth zones indicated that the skeletal growth rate was slowing down. From this it can be determined that the growth state of ''Wiehenvenator'' was that of a large [[subadult]] individual.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

[[File:Wiehenvenator size.png|thumb|right|Size of ''Wiehenvenator'' compared to a human]]
The length of ''Wiehenvenator'' can be estimated by extrapolating from its maxilla, which has 82 percent of the length of the maxilla of ''[[Torvosaurus gurneyi]]'', itself estimated at {{convert|10|m}}. Another estimate can be gleaned from the fact that its tail vertebrae and fibulae are roughly equal in length to those of ''Torvosaurus tanneri'', which had been estimated at {{convert|9|m}}, thus making ''Wiehenvenator'' one of the largest known European theropods.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

==Classification==
In 2016, ''Wiehenvenator'' was placed in the [[Megalosauridae]] as a [[sister group|sister taxon]] to ''[[Torvosaurus]]''. The following is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Rauhut et. al., showing the relationships of ''Wiehenvenator''.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>
<center>{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Megalosauridae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eustreptospondylus]]'' [[File:Eustrept1DB1 (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]'' [[File:Dubreuillosaurus NT Flipped.png|80px]]
|2=''[[Magnosaurus]]'' [[File:Magnosaurus (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|3=''[[Afrovenator]]'' [[File:Afrovenator_Abakensis_by_PaleoGeek.jpg|80px]]
|4=''[[Piveteausaurus]]''}} }}

|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Duriavenator]]'' [[File:Duriavenator NT (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Megalosaurus]]'' [[File:Megalosaurus silhouette by Paleogeek.svg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Wiehenvenator]]'' [[File:Новая реконструкция Монстра из Миндена.jpg|80px]]
|2=''[[Torvosaurus]]'' [[File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction (Flipped).png|80px]] }} }} }} }} }} </center>

==Paleoecology==
[[File:Metriorhynchus superciliosum.jpg|thumb|right|Restoration of ''[[Metriorhynchus]]'', of which remains have been found alongside ''Wiehenvenator'']]
After discovering the initial remains of ''Wiehenvenator'', members of the excavation team returned to the site and continued to search the surroundings for further material. After searching 35m both east and west of the [[Ornatenton Formation]], some weathered vertebral centra and teeth of ''[[Liopleurodon]]'' were found.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> One year later, in mid-October 1999, the remains consisting of a maxillary fragment, bone fragments, and a tooth, of a second theropod were found 28.5 m north-west of the first locality.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> On October 3, 2014, in an overgrown quarry to the west, the skull and lower jaws of the crocodylomorph ''[[Metriorhynchus]]'' were discovered by an honorary member of the LWL Museum für Naturkunde. These multiple discoveries imply a potential for more material to be found in the future.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

==See also==
*[[2016 in paleontology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.eartharchives.org/articles/wiehenvenator-albati-das-monster-von-minden/ "Wiehenvenator albati, Das Monster von Minden" on Earth Archives Website]
*[https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/paleo-profile-the-monster-of-minden/ "Paleo Profile: The Monster of Minden" at Scientific American Website]
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
{{Megalosauroidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5226428}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wiehenvenator}}
[[Category:Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2016]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Germany]]
[[Category:Megalosaurs]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2018-12-26T07:13:57Z

Paleocolour: /* Genyodectes */ new section

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2018-12-26T06:48:47Z

Paleocolour: /* Rahiolisaurus */

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2018-12-26T06:40:16Z

Paleocolour: /* Dicraeosauridae Size Comparison */

User:Paleocolour

2018-12-25T10:24:17Z

Paleocolour:

{{WikiOgre}}
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{{User Wikipedian For|year=2017|month=2|day=10}}
{{User Canada}}
{{user en}}
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{{User:The Raven's Apprentice/Userboxes/User Paleontology}}
{{User Paleontology}}
{{User:Lighthead/Art}}
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I am a hobbyist paleoartist with a goal to provide accurate and decent life restorations for paleofauna with a reasonable amount of fossilized remains. I also aim to expand [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dinosaur_stubs dinosaur-related stubs] given that there are so many of them. I believe Wikipedia is the first and most important step to educating the public about these awesome creatures.

Visit my '''[http://paleocolour.deviantart.com/ Deviant Art]''' for more of my paleoart. See all my uploaded files on my '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles/Paleocolour Wikipedia Commons list]'''. See all my contributions on my '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Paleocolour contributions list]'''.

<div style="background-color:#f7ece6;">
'''Note:''' Some art here is uploaded on behalf of other artists. Typically, I discover artists on Deviant Art and ask for permission to colour their line art or upload their works here on their behalf. Please read individual file descriptions for credits towards these artists.

If you have lineart you have drawn and would like me to colour, shade, and create various diagrams with please leave me a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Paleocolour message on my talk page]'''.</div>
{{Template:WikiProject Dinosaurs user}}

==Article contributions==
'''Plan to expand:''' [[Lessemsaurus]] | [[Morelladon]] | [[Attenborosaurus]] | [[Limnoscelis]] | [[Probainognathidae]] | [[Bonacynodon]] | [[Probainognathus]] | [[Rajasaurus]] | [[Anglaspis]] | [[Kelenken]] | [[Eocarcharia]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="white-space:nowrap;"
! Article
! Contribution
! Date
! Status
|-
|'''[[Wiehenvenator]]'''
| Added to discovery and naming, description, classification, and paleobiology sections. Added images.
| 25 Dec 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Rahiolisaurus]]'''
| Expanded entire article and added subsections. Added images.
| 23 Nov 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Pannoniasaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming, description, classification, and paleobiology section. Discovered images.
| 1 May 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Loricatosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming and description section. Updated infobox.
| 15 April 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Subcyclotosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming and description section. Discovered images. Updated infobox.
| 30 March 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Paracyclotosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming, description, and paleobiology section. Discovered images. Updated infobox.
| 30 March 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Hosselkus Limestone]]'''
| Added Geology and Paleofauna section, transcribed all discovered invertebrates and flora into chart, discovered images, updated rockunit infobox.
| 14 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Thalattosaurus]]'''
| Reorganized article, expanded discovery and naming, and expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to down-turned snout.
| 14 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]'''
| Expanded discovery and naming, expanded paleoecology, and expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to the skull.
| 7 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'''
| Added paleobiology section, expanded description, added pronunciation.
| 5 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Gasosaurus]]'''
| Fixed citation style, added paleoecology section, added classification section, expanded discovery and history, expanded description, added pronunciation.
| 4 November 2017‎
|
|-
|'''[[Skorpiovenator]]'''
| Expanded description, added sub-section dedicated to the skull.
| 16 October 2017‎
|
|-
|'''[[Piatnitzkysaurus]]'''
| Expanded classification, expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to the braincase study by Rauhut.
| 15 October 2017
|
|-
|}

==Created articles==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="white-space:nowrap;"
! Article
! Contribution
! Date
! Status
|-
|'''[[Ignacius]]'''
| Added images. Added taxobox.
| 27 October 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Orthogonikleithrus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming subsection. Added images. Added taxobox.
| 15 April 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Merriamoceros]]'''
| Created discovery and naming, description, and added taxobox.
| 7 November 2017
|
|-
|}

==Paleontology image gallery==
===Life reconstructions===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Gasosaurus constructus.png|
|File:Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis.png|
|File:Rauisuchus tiradentes.jpg|
|File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg|
|File:Aucasaurus garridoi by Paleocolour.jpg|
|File:Rajasaurus restoration.jpg|
|File:Gualicho shinyae restoration.jpg|
|File:Turanoceratops_tardabilis_life_restoration.jpg|
|File:Baryonyx walkeri restoration.jpg|
|File:Agujaceratops life restoration.jpg|
|File:Soriatitan golmayensis.jpg|
|File:Titanoceratops ouranos life restoration.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus milneri life restoration.jpg|
|File:Tuojiangosaurus multispinus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Kryptops life restoration.jpg|
|File:Viavenator.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus barbaricus.jpg|
|File:Eoabelisaurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Chuandongocoelurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus shoreline.jpg|
|File:Poekilopleuron life restoration.png|
|File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|
}}

===Edits of others works===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Poekilopleuron reconstruction.png|
|File:Shunosaurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Bellusaurus-v1.jpg|
|File:Crittendenceratops shaded.jpg|
|File:Hesperosaurus & Othnielia no background.jpg|
|File:Australovenator reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Afrovenator reconstruction.png|
|File:Decuriasuchus.jpg|
|File:Klamelisaurus-v1.jpg|
}}

===Scale diagrams===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Gasosaurus constructus scale diagram.png|
|File:Raiusuchus scale diagram.png|
|File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Aucasaurus garridoi Scale Diagram.jpg|
|File:Ekrixinatosaurus novasi scale diagram.png|
|File:Rajasaurus scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Gualicho shinyae scale.jpg|
|File:Rugops primus scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Turanoceratops_tardabilis_scale_diagram.jpg|
|File:Soriatitan golmayensis size.png|
|File:Agujaceratops mariscalensis size chart.jpg|
|File:Noasaurus size chart.png|
|File:Bagaraatan size diagram.png|
|File:Titanoceratops ouranos size chart.jpg|
|File:Siats size chart.jpg|
|File:Mauriciosaurus size.jpg|
|File:Leshansaurus size.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus Size Diagram.jpg|
|File:Centrosaurus size chart.jpg|
|File:Yurgovuchia doellingi size diagram.jpg|
|File:Pannoniasaurus size diagram.jpg|
|File:Bellusaurus sui size.jpg|
|File:Ingentia_size_diagram.jpg|
|File:Kryptops size chart.jpg|
|File:Lingwulong size diagram.jpg|
|File:Viavenator size.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus size.jpg|
|File:Quilmesaurus size.jpg|
|File:Chuandongocoelurus size.jpg|
|File:Poekilopleuron size.png|
|File:Antetonitrus size.jpg|
|File:Rahiolisaurus size.jpg|
|File:Crittendenceratops size.jpg|
|File:Riojasuchus Size.png|
|File:Nundasuchus Size.png|
|File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|
|File:Carnotaurinae sizes.png|
|File:Saltriovenator size.png|
|File:Polonosuchus size.png|
|File:Wiehenvenator size.png|
}}

===Skeletal reconstructions===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Eoabelisaurus mefi Skeletal Reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Eoabelisaurus Arm Comparison.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi skeletal reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Noasaurus leali skeletal diagram.png|
|File:Siats meekerorum skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus Skeletal Diagram.png|
|File:Yurgovuchia doellingi skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Pannoniasaurus skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Kryptops skeletal diagram.jpg |
|File:Chuandongocoelurus Skeletal.jpg|
|File:Riojasuchus Skeletal.png|
}}
{{User unified login}}
{{Userpage}}

Quilmesaurus

2018-12-25T10:21:46Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|Campanian|Maastrichtian}}
| image = Quilmesaurus and Abelisauridae tibiae.png
| image_caption = The tibia of ''Quilmesaurus'' (A-B) compared to that of other abelisaurids
| taxon = Quilmesaurus
| authority = [[Rodolfo Coria|Coria]], [[2001 in paleontology|2001]]
| type_species = ''Quilmesaurus curriei''
| type_species_authority = Coria, 2001
| display_parents = 2
}}

'''''Quilmesaurus''''' is a [[genus]] of carnivorous [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Patagonia]]n Upper [[Cretaceous]] ([[Campanian]] [[faunal stage|stage]]) of [[Argentina]]. It was a member of Abelisauridae, closely related to genera such as ''Carnotaurus''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Filippi|first=Leonardo S.|last2=Méndez|first2=Ariel H.|last3=Juárez Valieri|first3=Rubén D|last4=C.Garrido|first4=Alberto|date=2016-06-01|title=A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667115301439|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=61|pages=209–219|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.018|issn=0195-6671|via=}}</ref> The only known remains of this genus are leg bones which share certain similarities to a variety of abelisaurids. However, these bones lack unique features, which may render ''Quilmesaurus'' a ''nomen vanum'' (more commonly known as a ''[[nomen dubium]]'', or "dubious name").<ref name=":1" />

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Quilmesaurus_Skeletal.svg|thumb|left|Skeletal diagram]]
During the late 1980s, a field crew from the [[Universidad Nacional Tucumán]], led by [[Jaime Powell]], uncovered forty kilometres south of [[General Roca, Río Negro|Roca]] City, in [[Río Negro province]], northern Argentina, the remains of a theropod near the Salitral Ojo de Agua. In 2001, [[Rodolfo Aníbal Coria]] named and described the [[type species]] ''Quilmesaurus curriei''. The genus name is derived from the [[Quilmes (tribe)|Quilme]], a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American people]], and the [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours Dr. [[Philip John Currie]], a [[Canada|Canadian]] theropod specialist.<ref name="coria2001">{{cite book|last=Coria|first=R.A.|year=2001|chapter=A new theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia|editor-last=Tanke|editor-first=Darren H.|editor2-last=Carpenter|editor2-first=Kenneth|title=Mesozoic Vertebrate Life|series=Life of the Past|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=3–9|isbn=978-0-253-33907-2}}</ref>

The [[holotype]] and currently only specimen was designated the collection number MPCA-PV-100, in the [[Museo Provincial "Carlos Ameghino"]]. It consists of the [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] (lower or outermost) half of the right [[femur]] (thighbone), and a complete right [[tibia]] (inner shinbone), collected from the [[Allen Formation]] of the [[Malarge Group]] in the [[Neuquén Basin]]. These deposits date from the [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]]. The specimen came from the [[fluvial]] [[sandstone]]s at the bottom of the Allen Formation. The [[taxon]] is notable as it represents one of the youngest records of a non-[[Bird|avian]] theropod from Patagonia.<ref name="coria2001" />

==Description==
[[File:Quilmesaurus and Carnotaurus distal femora.png|thumb|left|The partial femur of ''Quilmesaurus'' (A-D) compared to that of ''Carnotaurus'' (E-G)]]
The preserved portion of femur is robust and boxy in shape. The rear face of the tip of the bone possessed prominent [[Condyle (anatomy)|condyles]] (joint bumps) for connecting to the tibia (on the inner face of the leg) and fibula (on the outer face of the leg). The [[Lateral condyle of femur|lateral condyle]] (which connected to the fibula) is slightly lower from front-to-back compared to the [[Medial condyle of femur|medial condyle]] (which connected to the tibia), but it is also wider from side-to-side. An additional finger-like bone spur (an [[epicondyle]]) would have also been present on the lateral condyle, although this spur is broken off in the only known ''Quilmesaurus'' femur. Just above the medial condyle is a low yet noticeable ridge which juts away from the rest of the bone, towards the midline of the animal's body. This ridge is known as a mesiodistal crest. The area immediately above the condyles possesses a shallow yet wide lowered area known as an extensor groove. Overall the femur is almost identical to that of other abelisaurids.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Quilmesaurus_SW.png|thumb|right|Life restoration of ''Quilmesaurus'']]
The [[Anatomical terms of location|proximal]] (upper or innermost) part of the tibia possesses a myriad of complex features. A large and hatchet-shaped structure known as a [[cnemial crest]] points forwards at the proximal portion of the tibia. The tip of the cnemial crest is hooked due to the presence of a downward pointing spur, known as a ventral process. Although Coria (2001) considered a hooked cnemial crest to be unique to ''Quilmesaurus'',<ref name="coria2001" /> Valieri ''et al.'' (2007) noted that this structure was also possessed by ''[[Aucasaurus]]'' and ''[[Majungasaurus]]'', as well as the ambiguous abelisaurid ''[[Genusaurus]]''. The distal part of the tibia possesses its own projections for connecting to ankle bones, known as [[Malleolus|malleoli]]. This part has the form of an asymmetrical triangle when seen from the front, with the massive lateral malleolus projecting further distally than the smaller medial malleolus. This combination of distal tibia features was also once presumed to have been unique to ''Quilmesaurus''. However, Valieri ''et al.'' (2007) note that the distal tibia of ''[[Rajasaurus]]'' was very similar to that of ''Quilmesaurus''.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|thumb|Size comparison of ''Quilmesaurus'' (green) with other carnotaurins]]
In 2016, ''Quilmesaurus'' was estimated to have measured {{convert|5.3|m}} in length. This would have made it among the smallest derived abelisaurids, although its legs were proportionally robust like those of ''[[Pycnonemosaurus]]'', one of the largest members of the family.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Grillo | first1 = O. N. | last2 = Delcourt | first2 = R. |date = 2016 | title = Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods: ''Pycnonemosaurus nevesi'' is the new king | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301902 | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 69 | pages = 71–89 | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.001}}</ref>

==Classification==
When originally described, Coria could not find a more precise placement for ''Quilmesaurus'' than Theropoda.<ref name="coria2001" /> The presence of a notch in the distal articular surface of the tibia was cited by him as evidence of a possible relationship with basal [[Tetanurae]], which would be surprising as ''Quilmesaurus'' lived during a time when South American theropod assemblages were dominated by [[abelisaurid]]s and [[carcharodontosaur]]s. Other theropod material has been recovered from within these same [[stratum|strata]] and has in 2005 also provisionally been referred to the [[Tetanurae]].<ref>Coria, R.A. & Salgado, L. 2005. "Last Patagonian theropods". In: Carpenter, K. 2005. ''The Carnivorous Dinosaurs'', Indiana University Press, pp 153-160</ref> However, in a 2004 abstract (and later a 2007 full paper), [[Rubén Juárez Valieri]] ''et al.'' concluded that ''Quilmesaurus'', in view of the hatchet-shaped cnemial crest, was a member of the [[Abelisauridae]].<ref>Juárez Valieri R.D, Fiorelli L.E. and Cruz, L.E. 2004. "''Quilmesaurus curriei'' Coria, 2001. Su validez taxonómica y relaciones filogenéticas". ''XX Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados (La Plata), Resúmenes'', p. 36-37</ref><ref name=":1" />

Unlike members of [[Megalosauroidea]], the tibia of ''Quilmesaurus'' does not possess a noticeable anteromedial buttress, and instead it includes a large cnemial crest. ''Quilmesaurus'' is also not a [[Coelurosauria|coelurosaur]] due to the distal part of the tibia being asymmetrical in shape as well as having a socket for the [[Talus bone|astragalus]] which is lower than that of coelurosaurs. Finally, the shallow and wide (rather than deep and thin) extensor groove excludes ''Quilmesaurus'' from [[Carnosauria]], as does the possession of parallel upper and lower edges of the cnemial crest.<ref name=":1" />

However, some features do support its placement within Ceratosauria. These include a pronounced cnemial crest of the tibia and large mesiodistal crest of the femur. The asymmetrical distal part of the tibia and small socket for the astragalus specifically place it within the family Abelisauridae. The preserved bones share features with various abelisaurid taxa throughout the family, although such similarities are widespread and seemingly pop up at random among the taxa, thus making more specific placement difficult. The hook-like shape of the cnemial crest suggests that ''Quilmesaurus'' was a member of the subfamily [[Carnotaurinae]], which [[Paul Sereno|Sereno]] (1998) defined to include all abelisaurids closer to ''Carnotaurus'' than to ''Abelisaurus''.<ref name=":1" />

However, the validity of Carnotaurinae has been debated. Although Valieri ''et al.'' (2007) considered the subfamily to include taxa such as ''Majungasaurus'', ''Carnotaurus'', ''Aucasaurus'', and ''Rajasaurus'', other studies have found different results. Tortosa ''et al. (''2014) found that Carnotaurinae was an invalid group, as very few abelisaurids could actually apply to the definition set forth by Sereno. According to their analysis, ''Aucusaurus'' and ''Carnotaurus'' were actually closer to ''Abelisaurus'' than they were to ''Majungasaurus'' and ''Rajasaurus'', thus forcing the latter two taxa to be excluded from the subfamily. ''Quilmesaurus'' was retained as close to ''Aucasaurus'' and ''Carnotaurus'', although Sereno's name and definition of Carnotaurinae was completely demolished. In its place the tribe Carnotaurini was used, which includes all abelisaurids descended from the last common ancestor of ''Aucusaurus'' and ''Carnotaurus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tortosa|first=Thierry|last2=Buffetaut|first2=Eric|last3=Vialle|first3=Nicolas|last4=Dutour|first4=Yves|last5=Turini|first5=Eric|last6=Cheylan|first6=Gilles|date=2014-01-01|title=A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S075339691300089X|journal=Annales de Paléontologie|language=en|volume=100|issue=1|pages=63–86|doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003|issn=0753-3969|via=}}</ref> Tortosa ''et al.'' (2014)'s result has largely been supported over that of Valieri et al. (2007). Filippi ''et al.'' (2016) created a new clade, [[Furileusauria|Furileusaura]], to include abelisaurids more closely related to ''Carnotaurus'' than to ''[[Ilokelesia]]'', ''[[Skorpiovenator]]'', or ''Majungasaurus''. They included ''Quilmesaurus'' among the furileusaurans.<ref name=":0" />

Valieri ''et al.'' (2007) were unable to establish a single [[autapomorphy]] (distinctive or unique trait) of the taxon, concluding that ''Quilmesaurus'' were a ''[[nomen vanum]]''.<ref name=":1">Juárez Valieri, R.D.; Fiorelli, L.E. y Cruz, L.E., 2007, "''Quilmesaurus curriei'' Coria, 2001. Su validez taxonómica y relaciones filogenéticas", ''Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” – Paleontología'', '''9'''(1): 59-66</ref>

==Paleoecology==
[[File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|thumb|right|Restoration]]
The Allen Formation is believed to have been a humid coastal environment which gradually transitioned from a freshwater floodplain to marshy estuaries and then shallow lagoons as sea levels rose. A diverse assemblage of aquatic life inhabited the area, including various [[fish]], [[frog]]s, and [[turtle]]s. More recent intervals of the formation even include a few marine reptiles, such as various [[Plesiosauria|plesiosaurs]] including [[Elasmosauridae|elasmosaurids]] and [[Polycotylidae|polycotylids]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'gorman|first=José Patricio|last2=Salgado|first2=Leonardo|last3=Gasparini|first3=Zulma|date=|title=Plesiosaurios de la Formación Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano) en el Área del Salitral de Santa Rosa (Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259527794|journal=Ameghiniana|volume=48|issue=1|pages=129–135|via=}}</ref> Plant life includes [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] and [[Pinophyta|conifers]] of the family [[Podocarpaceae|Podocarpeaceae]] ("plum pines"), which formed dense forests and wetlands.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Martinelli|first=Agustín|last2=Forasiepi|first2=Analía|date=2004|title=Late Cretaceous vertebrates from bajo de Santa Rosa (Allen Formation), Río Negro province, Argentina, with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauridae)|url=http://revista.macn.gob.ar/ojs/index.php/RevMus/article/view/88/81|journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Nueva Serie|volume=6|issue=2|pages=257–305|issn=1853-0400|via=}}</ref>[[File:Saltasaurus environment.jpg|thumb|left|''Quilmesaurus'' watching ''[[Saltasaurus]]'']]
Remains of land animals were also common in this formation. An indeterminate [[rhynchocephalia]]n is known, as well as numerous [[snake]] taxa including the [[Madtsoiidae|madtsoiids]] ''[[Patagoniophis]]'' and ''[[Alamitophis]].''<ref name=":2" /> Other non-dinosaur animals in the area include the [[pterosaur]] ''[[Aerotitan]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Novas|first=Fernando E.|last2=Kundrat|first2=Martin|last3=Agnolín|first3=Federico L.|last4=Ezcurra|first4=Martín D.|last5=Ahlberg|first5=Per Erik|last6=Isasi|first6=Marcelo P.|last7=Arriagada|first7=Alberto|last8=Chafrat|first8=Pablo|date=November 2012|title=A new large pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia|url=https://www.academia.edu/11057748|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|language=en-US|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1447–1452|doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.703979|issn=0272-4634|via=}}</ref> and a variety of mammals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rougier|first=Guillermo W.|last2=Chornogubsky|first2=Laura|last3=Casadio|first3=Silvio|last4=Paéz Arango|first4=Natalia|last5=Giallombardo|first5=Andres|date=2009-02-01|title=Mammals from the Allen Formation, Late Cretaceous, Argentina|url=https://www.academia.edu/381415|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=30|issue=1|pages=223–238|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.006|issn=0195-6671|via=}}</ref>

Dinosaur remains recovered from the Allen Formation include a diverse and abundant assortment of [[titanosaur]]s (''[[Saltasaurus]], [[Aeolosaurus]], [[Laplatasaurus]], [[Rocasaurus]],'' etc.) and a [[hadrosaurid]] of dubious validity (''[[Willinakaqe]]'').<ref name="Willinakaqe">{{Cite journal|author=Rubén D. Juárez Valieri, José A. Haro, Lucas E. Fiorelli and Jorge O. Calvo|year=2010|title=A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Allen Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/rmacn/v12n2/v12n2a06.pdf|journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales N.s.|volume=11|issue=2|pages=217–231|doi=|via=}}</ref> Theropods other than ''Quilmesaurus'' were also present; they include the large [[Unenlagiinae|unenlagiine]] [[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]] ''[[Austroraptor]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Novas|first=Fernando E.|last2=Pol|first2=Diego|last3=Canale|first3=Juan I.|last4=Porfiri|first4=Juan D.|last5=Calvo|first5=Jorge O.|date=2009-03-22|title=A bizarre Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1659/1101|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=276|issue=1659|pages=1101–1107|doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1554|issn=0962-8452|pmid=19129109|pmc=2679073}}</ref> a basal [[Ornithurae|ornithuran]] bird (''[[Limenavis]]''),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clarke|first=Julia A.|last2=Chiappe|first2=Luis M.|date=27 February 2001|title=A new carinate bird from the late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). American Museum Novitates ; no. 3323|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2940//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3323.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=American Museum Novitates|language=en-US|volume=3323|pages=1–23|via=}}</ref> and a [[Cimolopterygidae|cimolopterygid]] bird (''[[Lamarqueavis]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agnolin|first=Federico L.|date=29 May 2010|title=Un coracoides de ave del Cretácico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0211-8327/article/view/7642|journal=Studia Geologica Salmanticensia|language=en|volume=46|issue=2|pages=99–119|issn=0211-8327|via=}}</ref> A tooth has been referred to the family [[Carcharodontosauridae]]; this tooth is one of the most recent carcharondontosaurid fossils found as more well known members of this family (''[[Giganotosaurus]]'', ''[[Mapusaurus]]'') lived millions of years earlier in the Cretaceous.<ref name=":2" /> Indeterminate [[Nodosauridae|nodosaurid]] remains have also been found at this formation, consisting of [[vertebra]]e, [[osteoderm]]s, a femur, and a tooth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salgado|first=Leonardo|last2=Coria|first2=Rodolfo A.|date=January 1996|title=First evidence of an ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) in South America|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287877375|journal=Ameghiniana|volume=33|issue=4|pages=367–371|via=}}</ref>

The Allen Formation is also notable for the high amount of sauropod eggs discovered there. Nesting grounds have been discovered in the bajo de Santa Rosa area of the upper Allen Formation. Some (but not all) of these eggs were designated as the [[oogenus]] ''[[Sphaerovum]]''. The structure of their eggshells indicate that they were laid in a very damp environment.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of ceratosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ceratosauria}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q141626}}

[[Category:Brachyrostrans]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Allen Formation]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2001]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Rodolfo Coria]]

Probainognathus

2018-12-25T10:01:03Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Triassic]], {{Fossil range|235|221.5}}
| image = Probainognathus jenseni life restoration.jpg
| image_caption = Restoration of ''Probainognathus jenseni''
| taxon = Probainognathus
| authority = [[Alfred Romer|Romer]], 1970
| type_species = ''Probainognathus jenseni''
| type_species_authority = [[Alfred Romer|Romer]], 1970
}}

'''''Probainognathus''''' meaning “progressive jaw” is an extinct [[genus]] of [[cynodont]]s that lived around 235 to 221.5 million years ago, during the Late [[Triassic]] in what is now [[South America]]. ''Probainognathus'' is a member of the family [[Probainognathidae]], and is a close relative of the family [[Chiniquodontidae]].<ref name="Romer1970">{{cite journal | first1 = Alfred | last1 = Romer | title = The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic Reptile Fauna VI. A Chiniquodontid Cynodont with an Incipient Squamosal-Dentary Jaw Articulation | journal = Breviora | number = 344 | pages = 1–18 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4293905 | year = 1970}}</ref><ref name="Fossilworks">Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Probainognathus Romer 1970 (therapsid). PaleoDB taxon number: 39225 | http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=80895</ref> The various similarities to Chiniquodontidae led [[Alfred Romer]] to initially suggest ''Probainognathus'' be placed within that family, but it was subsequently decided that the differences were enough to warrant its placement within Probainognathidae.<ref name=Romer1973>Romer, A.S. 1973. The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVIII. Probelesodon minor, a new species of carnivorous cynodont; family Probainognathidae nov. Breviora, 401:1-4</ref>
''Probainognathus jenseni'' was a species of small, [[carnivorous]] cynodonts which possessed features that provide a connection between cynodonts and [[mammals]]. The major feature being jaw joint articulation that not only included the [[quadrate bone|quadrate]] and [[articular]] bones, but also the [[squamosal]] and [[dentary]] bones.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Berkeley">"Jaws to Ears in the Ancestors of Mammals." Jaws to Ears in the Ancestors of Mammals. University of California, Berkeley, n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. | http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05</ref> This development in the jaw joint is an important step in the evolution of mammals as this squamosal-dentary articulation is the joint all extant mammals possess. These findings provide evidence that ''Probainognathus'' should be placed on the line ascending towards Mammalia.<ref name="Romer1970"/>

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:El Chiflón 3.jpg|thumb|left|The landscape of [[La Rioja Province]], in which remains of ''Probainognathus'' have been found]]
''Probainognathus'' was discovered in the [[Chañares Formation]] in [[La Rioja Province]], [[Argentina]]. Harvard collector James A. Jensen, headed the group that discovered ''Probainognathus'' jenseni that was described in 1970, and Jensen is also the specific namesake for ''Probainognathus jenseni''. These specimens were collected 3 km north of the terminus of the Rio Chañares at the Campo de [[Talampaya]], and were described by Alfred Sherwood Romer in 1970.<ref name="Romer1970"/>
''Probainognathus'' has also been collected from the [[Ischigualasto Formation]] in northwestern Argentina.<ref name="Digimorph">"Digimorph - Probainognathus Sp. (fossil Eucynodont)." Digimorph - Probainognathus Sp. (fossil Eucynodont). University of Texas, Austin, n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <https://web.archive.org/web/20030803174412/http://digimorph.org/specimens/Probainognathus_sp/>.</ref> A juvenile skull unearthed from this formation was sent through a [[CT scan]] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], and was, ultimately, made available to the public. This allows for current three-dimensional analysis of this specimen in a digital medium, and provides morphological context beyond the limits of two-dimensional pictures.<ref name="Digimorph"/>
In addition to this, in 1994, the [[holotype]] of ''Probainognathus Jenseni'', along with several other specimens, were stolen from the [[National University of La Rioja]] in Argentina.<ref name="Sciencepress"/><ref name="dml">Hultz, Thomas R. "Missing La Rioja Specimens." Missing La Rioja Specimens. N.p., 1994. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <http://dml.cmnh.org/1994May/msg00010.html>.</ref>

''Probainognathus'' was first described and named by [[Harvard]] paleontologist, [[Alfred Sherwood Romer]] in 1970.<ref name="Romer1970"/> ''Probainognathus jenseni'' is the focus of this description, and was named generically for its advanced jaw articulation, literally meaning “progressive jaw” in [[Greek language|Greek]], and specifically for James A. Jensen, a Harvard collector on the trips to recover the specimen.<ref name="Romer1970"/>

== Description==
''Probainognathus'' was a small cynodont, the apparent body size of which is inconsistent across sources, ranging from being about the size of a rat, to the size of a small dog.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Bone clones">"Cynodont - Probainognathus Jenseni Skull - Bone Clones, Inc. - Osteological Reproductions." Bone Clones, Inc. - Osteological Reproductions. Bone Clones, Inc., n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <https://boneclones.com/product/cynodont-probainognathus-jenseni-skull-CD-01>.</ref><ref name="Wayback">"Triassic Cynodonts; Cynognathidae, Probainognathidae and 'Allies', an Internet Directory."Triassic Cynodonts; Cynognathidae, Probainognathidae and 'Allies', an Internet Directory. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <https://web.archive.org/web/20030827003455/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cynoga.htm>.</ref>

===Teeth and diet===
[[File:Probainognathus jenseni teeth.jpg|thumb|right|Dentition of ''Probainognathus jenseni'']]
The diet of ''Probainognathus'' is thought to have been carnivorous, which can be extrapolated by its teeth.<ref name="Romer1970"/> The teeth include dully-tipped, partially developed canines, postcanines, four upper incisors that are positioned vertically, and three lower [[incisors]] that lean slightly forward.<ref name="Sciencepress">Soares, Marina Bento, Fernando Abdala, and Cristina Bertoni-Machado. "A Sectorial Toothed Cynodont (Therapsida) from the Triassic Santa Cruz Do Sul Fauna, Santa Maria Formation, Southern Brazil." Geodiversitas 33.2 (2011): 265-78. Science Press. Web. 5 Mar. 2017. <http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2011n2a4.pdf>.</ref> The [[cheek teeth]] are slender from the sides, but are lengthened anteroposteriorly, with several cusps along the row.<ref name="Romer1970"/> This pattern is consistent with that exhibited by other meat-eating cynodonts, which indicates ''Probainognathus'' was a carnivore, as well. This tooth pattern is similar to that of chiniquodontids, and is part of the proposed connection between them and ''Probainognathus''.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Colbert1991">Colbert, E., & Morales, Michael. (1991). Evolution of the vertebrates : A history of the backboned animals through time (4th ed.). New York: Wiley-Liss.</ref>

===Brain===
Based on an endocranial cast of ''Probainognathus'', several details have been extrapolated about its brain. ''Probainognathus''’ cerebral hemispheres were elongated, it had established olfactory bulbs, and a significant cerebellum and flooculi.<ref name="Quiroga">JC, Quiroga. "The Brain of the Mammal-like Reptile Probainognathus Jenseni (Therapsida, Cynodontia). A Correlative Paleo-neoneurological Approach to the Neocortex at the Reptile-mammal Transition." Journal Fur Hirnforschung. N.p., 01 Jan. 1980. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7419907></ref> These were among other, less pronounced, structures such as anterior colliculi.<ref name="Quiroga"/> Because of these features, it has been suggested that ''Probainognathus''’ brain had visual, auditory, motor, and body sensory systems all present. And, as a whole, the brain of ''Probainognathus'' indicates that it was in the process of developing endothermy.<ref name="Quiroga"/>

===Skull===
[[File:Probainognathus Skull in Palatal View.jpg|thumb|''Probainognathus'' skull in palatal view.]]
The snout of ''Probainognathus'' extends beyond the [[premaxillary]] processes, and is very thin. The apparent fragility of this structure has led to it being broken off several specimens, and has led to an increased difficulty in studying it.<ref name="Romer1970"/> There are several features that have been identified, however. The suborbital arch and the [[zygomatic arch]] are both shaped relatively sharply, and there is an extension of the squamosal posteriorly on the zygomatic arch. ''Probainognathus'' has a long [[secondary palate]] as it stretches all the way to the posterior end of the tooth row.<ref name="Romer1970"/> In addition, the secondary palate is also formed largely by the palatine, and it is somewhat narrow. This narrowing of the [[palate]] allows for the conservation of space to be able to fit the back, lower [[molars]]. Moreover, the [[vomer]] is posterior to the secondary palate, and significant [[pterygoid bone|pterygoid]] flanges are present, as well.<ref name="Romer1970"/>

The skull of ''Probainognathus'' is, on average, around 7 cm in length, and is missing the [[parietal foramen]].<ref name="Romer1970"/> The skull is broad in proportion to its length, the face is short and narrow, but its zygomatic region is relatively large, seemingly for jaw muscle attachment.<ref name="Romer1970"/> The skull also possesses a double occipital condyle, which is a typical mammalian feature.<ref name="Colbert1991"/> In comparison to close relatives, such as ''[[Probelesodon]]'', the [[braincase]] of ''Probainognathus'' is more broad in the [[Parietal bone|parietal]] region, and the oticoccipital region of the skull is deeper. Likewise, the parietals have more depth, the [[occipital]] crest is higher, and the orbits are proportionately larger relative to the rest of its head. The [[sagittal crest]] is also lengthened posteriorly, and splits into the occipital crests. This leads to a straighter posterior margin, and a more concave occiput in ''Probainognathus''.<ref name="Romer1970"/>

===Jaw===
[[File:Probainognathus.jpeg|thumb|''Probainognathus'' skull]]
The jaw of ''Probainognathus'' is of particular [[phylogenetic]] importance. Morphologically, the dentary makes up most the lower jaw, and it curves and extends down posteriorly to the area of the articular and jaw articulation.<ref name="Romer1970"/> Correspondingly, in the upper jaw, the squamosal bone becomes situated next to the quadrate.<ref name="Berkeley"/> The posterior end of this enlarged dentary fits into a small nook in the squamosal of the upper jaw, and displays the beginning of the evolution of the squamosal-dentary jaw joint.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Berkeley"/> This squamosal-dentary jaw articulation is the same joint exhibited by mammals, and the inclusion of this joint in ''Probainognathus'' indicates that it is a precursor to mammals.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Berkeley"/>

Along with this osteological feature, the jaw of ''Probainognathus'' is suggested to have had mammal-like [[soft tissue]] advancements, as well. The jaw muscles in ''Probainognathus'' were thought to have been positioned farther forward, with the [[masseter]] splitting into two separate muscles: the superficial masseter and the deep masseter.<ref name="Ridley">Ridley, Mark. "Evolution - Fossils and the History of Life." Evolution - Fossils and the History of Life. Blackwell Publishing, n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/tutorials/Fossils_and_the_history_of_life25.asp>.</ref><ref name="Bard">Bard, J. (2017). Principles of evolution : System, species, and the history of life. London ; New York: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group.</ref> Despite this new development, the reptilian quadrate-articular jaw joint persists in ''Probainognathus'', and a paired jaw joint is the result. Because of this, the jaw of ''Probainognathus'' remains distinct from that of mammals due mostly to the presence of the articular and the quadrate.<ref name="Berkeley"/>
Once the dentary-squamosal articulation becomes more established, the former bones involved in jaw articulation, the articular and quadrate, can become integrated into the [[inner ear]] as the [[malleus]] and [[incus]], respectively.<ref name="Romer1970"/> This has not yet happened in the case of ''Probainognathus'', but the reduced size of the quadrate, as well as its loose association with the squamosal and proximity to the stapes indicates the quadrate to incus process is underway.<ref name="Colbert1991"/> This combination of evidence further solidifies ''Probainognathus''’ phylogenetic placement on the line to Mammalia, and provides a sound evolutionary connection between [[reptiles]] and mammals.<ref name="Romer1970"/><ref name="Berkeley"/><ref name="Ridley"/><ref name="Bard"/>

==Paleoecology==
[[File:Chanares Formation with masseto.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of the Chañares Formation with masseto]]
''Probainognathus'' was collected from the [[Chañares Formation]] in [[La Rioja Province, Argentina]].<ref name="Romer1970"/> This locale is known for its preservation of Middle Triassic [[tetrapods]], which are largely [[fossilized]] in volcanic [[concretions]].<ref name="Rogers">Rogers, R., A. B. Arucci, F. Abdala, P. C. Sereno, C. A. Foster, and C. L. May. "Paleoenvironment and Taphonomy of the Chañares Formation Tetrapod Assemblage (Middle Triassic), Northwestern Argentina: Spectacular Preservation in Volcanogenic Concretions." Palaios 16 (2001): 461-81.Fernando Abdala (PhD). Web. 05 Mar. 2017. <http://www.losabdala.com/fernando/curriculum-vitae/publications/47-paleoenvironment-and-taphonomy-of-the-chanares-formation-tetrapod-assemblage-middle-triassic-northwestern-argentina-spectacular-preservation-in-volcanogenic-concretions>.</ref>
When ''Probainognathus'' inhabited this area during the Middle Triassic, it is thought to have been a [[lacustrine]] region within a [[rift basin]] that got a large influx of sedimentary debris and [[volcanic ash]].<ref name="Rogers"/>

Various pieces of evidence suggest tetrapod mass mortality was the cause of death in the Chañares Formation.<ref name="Rogers"/> Fossils of both young and adult specimens were found at this locale, and these are not limited to ''Probainognathus'', but rather represent many [[taxa]] that fell victim to the event. There is also an unusual concentration of [[herbivores]], [[carnivores]], and [[omnivores]] in this formation. Numerous fossils of each type were found in close proximity to one another, despite the fact that this intermingling would normally be uncommon. It has, subsequently, been suggested that this unusual distribution of specimens could be due to the death event leaving these animals stranded with no other place to go, perhaps along a waterfront of some kind.<ref name="Rogers"/> The evidence at hand, especially the nature of volcanic preservation, has led to the postulation that [[volcanism]] played a role in the death event in some capacity. Suggested events include a large outpouring of ash, lethal gas surges, or, more likely, volcanism-induced flooding. Volcanic activity may have caused [[damming]] or other water diversion, which led to major widespread flooding in the area, and the death of ''Probainognathus'' and other tetrapods.<ref name="Rogers"/> Unfortunately, however, it remains uncertain whether volcanism was the direct cause of this major death event, or if it just aided in preservation after the fact.<ref name="Rogers"/>

==References==
{{portal|Paleontology|Triassic|Argentina}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Cynodontia|P.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3406217}}

[[Category:Probainognathian genera]]
[[Category:Late Triassic synapsids of South America]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Triassic Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1970]]

User:Paleocolour

2018-12-25T09:34:14Z

Paleocolour: /* Article contributions */

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I am a hobbyist paleoartist with a goal to provide accurate and decent life restorations for paleofauna with a reasonable amount of fossilized remains. I also aim to expand [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dinosaur_stubs dinosaur-related stubs] given that there are so many of them. I believe Wikipedia is the first and most important step to educating the public about these awesome creatures.

Visit my '''[http://paleocolour.deviantart.com/ Deviant Art]''' for more of my paleoart. See all my uploaded files on my '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles/Paleocolour Wikipedia Commons list]'''. See all my contributions on my '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Paleocolour contributions list]'''.

<div style="background-color:#f7ece6;">
'''Note:''' Some art here is uploaded on behalf of other artists. Typically, I discover artists on Deviant Art and ask for permission to colour their line art or upload their works here on their behalf. Please read individual file descriptions for credits towards these artists.

If you have lineart you have drawn and would like me to colour, shade, and create various diagrams with please leave me a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Paleocolour message on my talk page]'''.</div>
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==Article contributions==
'''Plan to expand:''' [[Lessemsaurus]] | [[Morelladon]] | [[Attenborosaurus]] | [[Limnoscelis]] | [[Probainognathidae]] | [[Bonacynodon]] | [[Probainognathus]] | [[Rajasaurus]] | [[Anglaspis]] | [[Kelenken]] | [[Eocarcharia]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="white-space:nowrap;"
! Article
! Contribution
! Date
! Status
|-
|'''[[Wiehenvenator]]'''
| Added to discovery and naming, description, classification, and paleobiology sections. Added images.
| 25 Dec 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Pannoniasaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming, description, classification, and paleobiology section. Discovered images.
| 1 May 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Loricatosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming and description section. Updated infobox.
| 15 April 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Subcyclotosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming and description section. Discovered images. Updated infobox.
| 30 March 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Paracyclotosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming, description, and paleobiology section. Discovered images. Updated infobox.
| 30 March 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Hosselkus Limestone]]'''
| Added Geology and Paleofauna section, transcribed all discovered invertebrates and flora into chart, discovered images, updated rockunit infobox.
| 14 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Thalattosaurus]]'''
| Reorganized article, expanded discovery and naming, and expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to down-turned snout.
| 14 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]'''
| Expanded discovery and naming, expanded paleoecology, and expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to the skull.
| 7 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'''
| Added paleobiology section, expanded description, added pronunciation.
| 5 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Gasosaurus]]'''
| Fixed citation style, added paleoecology section, added classification section, expanded discovery and history, expanded description, added pronunciation.
| 4 November 2017‎
|
|-
|'''[[Skorpiovenator]]'''
| Expanded description, added sub-section dedicated to the skull.
| 16 October 2017‎
|
|-
|'''[[Piatnitzkysaurus]]'''
| Expanded classification, expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to the braincase study by Rauhut.
| 15 October 2017
|
|-
|}

==Created articles==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="white-space:nowrap;"
! Article
! Contribution
! Date
! Status
|-
|'''[[Ignacius]]'''
| Added images. Added taxobox.
| 27 October 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Orthogonikleithrus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming subsection. Added images. Added taxobox.
| 15 April 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Merriamoceros]]'''
| Created discovery and naming, description, and added taxobox.
| 7 November 2017
|
|-
|}

==Paleontology image gallery==
===Life reconstructions===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Gasosaurus constructus.png|
|File:Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis.png|
|File:Rauisuchus tiradentes.jpg|
|File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg|
|File:Aucasaurus garridoi by Paleocolour.jpg|
|File:Rajasaurus restoration.jpg|
|File:Gualicho shinyae restoration.jpg|
|File:Turanoceratops_tardabilis_life_restoration.jpg|
|File:Baryonyx walkeri restoration.jpg|
|File:Agujaceratops life restoration.jpg|
|File:Soriatitan golmayensis.jpg|
|File:Titanoceratops ouranos life restoration.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus milneri life restoration.jpg|
|File:Tuojiangosaurus multispinus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Kryptops life restoration.jpg|
|File:Viavenator.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus barbaricus.jpg|
|File:Eoabelisaurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Chuandongocoelurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus shoreline.jpg|
|File:Poekilopleuron life restoration.png|
|File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|
}}

===Edits of others works===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Poekilopleuron reconstruction.png|
|File:Shunosaurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Bellusaurus-v1.jpg|
|File:Crittendenceratops shaded.jpg|
|File:Hesperosaurus & Othnielia no background.jpg|
|File:Australovenator reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Afrovenator reconstruction.png|
|File:Decuriasuchus.jpg|
|File:Klamelisaurus-v1.jpg|
}}

===Scale diagrams===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Gasosaurus constructus scale diagram.png|
|File:Raiusuchus scale diagram.png|
|File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Aucasaurus garridoi Scale Diagram.jpg|
|File:Ekrixinatosaurus novasi scale diagram.png|
|File:Rajasaurus scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Gualicho shinyae scale.jpg|
|File:Rugops primus scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Turanoceratops_tardabilis_scale_diagram.jpg|
|File:Soriatitan golmayensis size.png|
|File:Agujaceratops mariscalensis size chart.jpg|
|File:Noasaurus size chart.png|
|File:Bagaraatan size diagram.png|
|File:Titanoceratops ouranos size chart.jpg|
|File:Siats size chart.jpg|
|File:Mauriciosaurus size.jpg|
|File:Leshansaurus size.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus Size Diagram.jpg|
|File:Centrosaurus size chart.jpg|
|File:Yurgovuchia doellingi size diagram.jpg|
|File:Pannoniasaurus size diagram.jpg|
|File:Bellusaurus sui size.jpg|
|File:Ingentia_size_diagram.jpg|
|File:Kryptops size chart.jpg|
|File:Lingwulong size diagram.jpg|
|File:Viavenator size.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus size.jpg|
|File:Quilmesaurus size.jpg|
|File:Chuandongocoelurus size.jpg|
|File:Poekilopleuron size.png|
|File:Antetonitrus size.jpg|
|File:Rahiolisaurus size.jpg|
|File:Crittendenceratops size.jpg|
|File:Riojasuchus Size.png|
|File:Nundasuchus Size.png|
|File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|
|File:Carnotaurinae sizes.png|
|File:Saltriovenator size.png|
|File:Polonosuchus size.png|
}}

===Skeletal reconstructions===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Eoabelisaurus mefi Skeletal Reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Eoabelisaurus Arm Comparison.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi skeletal reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Noasaurus leali skeletal diagram.png|
|File:Siats meekerorum skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus Skeletal Diagram.png|
|File:Yurgovuchia doellingi skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Pannoniasaurus skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Kryptops skeletal diagram.jpg |
|File:Chuandongocoelurus Skeletal.jpg|
|File:Riojasuchus Skeletal.png|
}}
{{User unified login}}
{{Userpage}}

Wiehenvenator

2018-12-25T09:22:34Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{italic title}}{{automatic taxobox
| name = ''Wiehenvenator''
| fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic]], {{fossil range|166|164}}
| image = Wiehenvenator albati by Midiaou.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Restoration of the head
| authority = Rauhut ''et al'', [[2016 in paleontology|2016]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Wiehenvenator albati'''''
| type_species_authority = Rauhut ''et al'', 2016
}}
'''''Wiehenvenator''''' is a [[genus]] of predatory [[Megalosauridae|megalosaurid]] [[Theropoda|theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Middle Jurassic]] ([[Callovian]]) of [[Germany]].

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Wiehengebirge mit Nebel.JPG|thumb|left|The landscape of [[Wiehen Hills]], in which the remains of Wiehenvenator have been found]]
In 1998, geologist Friedrich Albat, prospecting for the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe Museum of Natural History, discovered the remains of a large theropod at the abandoned Pott quarry in the [[Wiehen Hills]] near [[Minden]], [[Westphalia, Germany|Westphalia]]. The remains were discovered within the [[Ornatenton Formation]], a geological formation composed mainly of [[mudstone]], [[sandstones]], and a horizon of carbonate [[concretions]].<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> The fragmentary theropod skeleton was excavated between October 1998 and October 2001, and was found alongside abundant marine invertebrates and fossil wood.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>. At the time of their discovery, the bones were heavily weathered out of the surrounding sediments and are somewhat poorly preserved. The numerous breaks and cracks found in the material risked being destroyed upon removal from the matrix, and so led the excavation team to instead extract them into jackets that were then later prepared in the laboratories of the LWL Museum für Naturkunde.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

The find received extensive press attention and was informally known as '''''Das Monster von Minden''''' (the Minden Monster). Reports in the German edition of the [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] of a rib 50% larger than that of ''[[Allosaurus]]'' stirred speculations that it reached {{convert|15|m|ft}} in length.<ref name=dinoFAQ>{{cite web|url=http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-size/predator/index.html|title=What were the longest/heaviest Predatory Dinosaurs?|last=Taylor|first=Mike|date=15 December 2003|work=The Dinosaur FAQ|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref> [[Thomas Holtz]] estimated it at {{convert|12|m|ft}} in 2012.<ref>Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix.]</ref> Other researchers concluded to smaller dimensions: Mickey Mortimer in 2003 estimated the animal to be {{convert|7|to|8|m|ft}} in length and {{convert|0.75|to|1.2|MT|ST}} in weight.<ref name=dml>{{cite web|url=http://dml.cmnh.org/2003Jul/msg00355.html|title=And the Largest Theropod is...|last=Mortimer|first=Mickey|date=21 July 2003|work=The Dinosaur Mailing List Archives|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref>

In 2015, it was announced that the find had been identified as a new species of megalosaurid.<ref>Rauhut, O.W.M., Hübner T.R., and Lanser, K., 2015, "A new theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic of Germany and theropod faunal turnover during the Jurassic", ''Libro de resúmenes del V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados''. 62</ref> In 2016, the fossils were named and described as the [[type species]] '''''Wiehenvenator albati''''' by Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Tom R. Hübner and Klaus-Peter Lanser. The generic name combines a reference to the ''Wiehengebirge'', the German name of the Wiehen Hills, with a [[Latin]] ''venator'' ("hunter"). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours Friedrich Albat as the discoverer. As the name was published in an [[electronic publication]], ''[[Life Science Identifiers]]'' were needed for its validity. These were 95638CFF-5618-4D31-9086-D821F6EE6B39 for the genus and 262FA776-9ABC-4565-9A17-931CB4BEFBFC for the species.<ref name="Rauhut2016">Rauhut, Oliver W.M., Hübner, Tom R., and Lanser, Klaus-Peter, 2016, "A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic", ''Palaeontologia Electronica'' 19.2.26A: 1-65</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Новая реконструкция Монстра из Миндена.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration]]
The [[type specimen]] of ''Wiehenvenator'' consists of an assortment of bones found in the [[Ornatenton Formation]] dating from the middle [[Callovian]]. They include parts of the skull (right [[premaxilla]], right [[maxilla]], right [[lacrimal bone]], right [[postorbital]] and possible front branch of the right quadratojugal), the [[anatomical terms of location|anterior]] parts of a right lower jaw ([[dentary]]), six teeth, three tail vertebrae, a pair of fused median segments of rear [[gastralium|gastralia]], one complete rib and four rib fragments, a finger phalanx, both [[fibula]]e, a right astragalus and a right calcaneum. All these bones were seen as belonging to a single individual. Two additional tail [[vertebra]]e may also belong to it. Histological analysis of its fibulae suggests that the holotype of ''Wiehenvenator albati'' was at least in its ninth year of life, however, the age at death might have been well over 10 years. The remains indicated that the animal was actively growing, but narrow growth zones indicated that the skeletal growth rate was slowing down. From this it can be determined that the growth state of ''Wiehenvenator'' was that of a large [[subadult]] individual.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

[[File:Wiehenvenator size.png|thumb|right|Size of ''Wiehenvenator'' compared to human]]
The length of ''Wiehenvenator'' can be estimated by extrapolating from its maxilla, which has 82 percent of the length of the maxilla of ''[[Torvosaurus gurneyi]]'', itself estimated at {{convert|10|m}}. Another estimate can be gleaned from the fact that its tail vertebrae and fibulae are roughly equal in length to those of ''Torvosaurus tanneri'', which had been estimated at {{convert|9|m}}, thus making ''Wiehenvenator'' one of the largest known European theropods.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

==Classification==
In 2016, ''Wiehenvenator'' was placed in the [[Megalosauridae]] as a [[sister group|sister taxon]] to ''[[Torvosaurus]]''. The following is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Rauhut et. al., showing the relationships of ''Wiehenvenator''.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>
<center>{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Megalosauridae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eustreptospondylus]]'' [[File:Eustrept1DB1 (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]'' [[File:Dubreuillosaurus NT Flipped.png|80px]]
|2=''[[Magnosaurus]]'' [[File:Magnosaurus (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|3=''[[Afrovenator]]'' [[File:Afrovenator_Abakensis_by_PaleoGeek.jpg|80px]]
|4=''[[Piveteausaurus]]''}} }}

|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Duriavenator]]'' [[File:Duriavenator NT (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Megalosaurus]]'' [[File:Megalosaurus silhouette by Paleogeek.svg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Wiehenvenator]]''
|2=''[[Torvosaurus]]'' [[File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction (Flipped).png|80px]] }} }} }} }} }} </center>

==Paleoecology==
[[File:Metriorhynchus superciliosum.jpg|thumb|right|Restoration of ''[[Metriorhynchus]]'', of which remains have been found alongside ''Wiehenvenator'']]
After discovering the initial remains of ''Wiehenvenator'', members of the excavation team returned to the site and continued to search the surroundings for further material. After searching 35m both east and west of the [[Ornatenton Formation]], some weathered vertebral centra and teeth of ''[[Liopleurodon]]'' were found.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> One year later, in mid-October 1999, the remains consisting of a maxillary fragment, bone fragments, and a tooth, of a second theropod were found 28.5 m north-west of the first locality.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> On October 3, 2014, in an overgrown quarry to the west, the skull and lower jaws of the crocodylomorph ''[[Metriorhynchus]]'' were discovered by an honorary member of the LWL Museum für Naturkunde. These multiple discoveries imply a potential for more material to be found in the future.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

==See also==
*[[2016 in paleontology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.eartharchives.org/articles/wiehenvenator-albati-das-monster-von-minden/ "Wiehenvenator albati, Das Monster von Minden" on Earth Archives Website]
*[https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/paleo-profile-the-monster-of-minden/ "Paleo Profile: The Monster of Minden" at Scientific American Website]
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
{{Megalosauroidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5226428}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wiehenvenator}}
[[Category:Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2016]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Germany]]
[[Category:Megalosaurs]]

Wiehenvenator

2018-12-25T06:58:58Z

Paleocolour: Added sections. Expanded all sections. Added cladogram.

{{italic title}}{{automatic taxobox
| name = ''Wiehenvenator''
| fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic]], {{fossil range|166|164}}
| image = Wiehenvenator albati by Midiaou.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Restoration of the head
| authority = Rauhut ''et al'', [[2016 in paleontology|2016]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Wiehenvenator albati'''''
| type_species_authority = Rauhut ''et al'', 2016
}}
'''''Wiehenvenator''''' is a [[genus]] of predatory [[Megalosauridae|megalosaurid]] [[Theropoda|theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Middle Jurassic]] ([[Callovian]]) of [[Germany]].

==Discovery and naming==
In 1998, geologist Friedrich Albat, prospecting for the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe Museum of Natural History, discovered the remains of a large theropod at the abandoned Pott quarry in the [[Wiehen Hills]] near [[Minden]], [[Westphalia, Germany|Westphalia]]. The remains were discovered within the [[Ornatenton Formation]], a geological formation composed mainly of [[mudstone]], [[sandstones]], and a horizon of carbonate [[concretions]].<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> The fragmentary theropod skeleton was excavated between October 1998 and October 2001, and was found alongside abundant marine invertebrates and fossil wood.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>. At the time of their discovery, the bones were heavily weathered out of the surrounding sediments and are somewhat poorly preserved. The numerous breaks and cracks found in the material risked being destroyed upon removal from the matrix, and so led the excavation team to instead extract them into jackets that were then later prepared in the laboratories of the LWL Museum für Naturkunde.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

The find received extensive press attention and was informally known as '''''Das Monster von Minden''''' (the Minden Monster). Reports in the German edition of the [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] of a rib 50% larger than that of ''[[Allosaurus]]'' stirred speculations that it reached {{convert|15|m|ft}} in length.<ref name=dinoFAQ>{{cite web|url=http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-size/predator/index.html|title=What were the longest/heaviest Predatory Dinosaurs?|last=Taylor|first=Mike|date=15 December 2003|work=The Dinosaur FAQ|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref> [[Thomas Holtz]] estimated it at {{convert|12|m|ft}} in 2012.<ref>Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix.]</ref> Other researchers concluded to smaller dimensions: Mickey Mortimer in 2003 estimated the animal to be {{convert|7|to|8|m|ft}} in length and {{convert|0.75|to|1.2|MT|ST}} in weight.<ref name=dml>{{cite web|url=http://dml.cmnh.org/2003Jul/msg00355.html|title=And the Largest Theropod is...|last=Mortimer|first=Mickey|date=21 July 2003|work=The Dinosaur Mailing List Archives|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref>

In 2015, it was announced that the find had been identified as a new species of megalosaurid.<ref>Rauhut, O.W.M., Hübner T.R., and Lanser, K., 2015, "A new theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic of Germany and theropod faunal turnover during the Jurassic", ''Libro de resúmenes del V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados''. 62</ref> In 2016, the fossils were named and described as the [[type species]] '''''Wiehenvenator albati''''' by Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Tom R. Hübner and Klaus-Peter Lanser. The generic name combines a reference to the ''Wiehengebirge'', the German name of the Wiehen Hills, with a [[Latin]] ''venator'' ("hunter"). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours Friedrich Albat as the discoverer. As the name was published in an [[electronic publication]], ''[[Life Science Identifiers]]'' were needed for its validity. These were 95638CFF-5618-4D31-9086-D821F6EE6B39 for the genus and 262FA776-9ABC-4565-9A17-931CB4BEFBFC for the species.<ref name="Rauhut2016">Rauhut, Oliver W.M., Hübner, Tom R., and Lanser, Klaus-Peter, 2016, "A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic", ''Palaeontologia Electronica'' 19.2.26A: 1-65</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Новая реконструкция Монстра из Миндена.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration]]
The [[type specimen]] of ''Wiehenvenator'' consists of an assortment of bones found in the [[Ornatenton Formation]] dating from the middle [[Callovian]]. They include parts of the skull (right [[premaxilla]], right [[maxilla]], right [[lacrimal bone]], right [[postorbital]] and possible front branch of the right quadratojugal), the [[anatomical terms of location|anterior]] parts of a right lower jaw ([[dentary]]), six teeth, three tail vertebrae, a pair of fused median segments of rear [[gastralium|gastralia]], one complete rib and four rib fragments, a finger phalanx, both [[fibula]]e, a right astragalus and a right calcaneum. All these bones were seen as belonging to a single individual. Two additional tail [[vertebra]]e may also belong to it. Histological analysis of its fibulae suggests that the holotype of ''Wiehenvenator albati'' was at least in its ninth year of life, however, the age at death might have been well over 10 years. The remains indicated that the animal was actively growing, but narrow growth zones indicated that the skeletal growth rate was slowing down. From this it can be determined that the growth state of ''Wiehenvenator'' was that of a large [[subadult]] individual.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

The length of ''Wiehenvenator'' can be estimated by extrapolating from its maxilla, which has 82 percent of the length of the maxilla of ''[[Torvosaurus gurneyi]]'', itself estimated at {{convert|10|m}}. Another estimate can be gleaned from the fact that its tail vertebrae and fibulae are roughly equal in length to those of ''Torvosaurus tanneri'', which had been estimated at {{convert|9|m}}, thus making ''Wiehenvenator'' one of the largest known European theropods.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

==Classification==
In 2016, ''Wiehenvenator'' was placed in the [[Megalosauridae]] as a [[sister group|sister taxon]] to ''[[Torvosaurus]]''. The following is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Rauhut et. al., showing the relationships of ''Wiehenvenator''.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>
<center>{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Megalosauridae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eustreptospondylus]]'' [[File:Eustrept1DB1 (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]'' [[File:Dubreuillosaurus NT Flipped.png|80px]]
|2=''[[Magnosaurus]]'' [[File:Magnosaurus (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|3=''[[Afrovenator]]'' [[File:Afrovenator_Abakensis_by_PaleoGeek.jpg|80px]]
|4=''[[Piveteausaurus]]''}} }}

|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Duriavenator]]'' [[File:Duriavenator NT (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Megalosaurus]]'' [[File:Megalosaurus silhouette by Paleogeek.svg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Wiehenvenator]]''
|2=''[[Torvosaurus]]'' [[File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction (Flipped).png|80px]] }} }} }} }} }} </center>

==Paleoecology==
After discovering the initial remains of ''Wiehenvenator'', members of the excavation team returned to the site and continued to search the surroundings for further material. After searching 35m both east and west of the [[Ornatenton Formation]], some weathered vertebral centra and teeth of ''[[Liopleurodon]]'' were found.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> One year later, in mid-October 1999, the remains consisting of a maxillary fragment, bone fragments, and a tooth, of a second theropod were found 28.5 m north-west of the first locality.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/> On October 3, 2014, in an overgrown quarry to the west, the skull and lower jaws of the crocodylomorph ''[[Metriorhynchus]]'' were discovered by an honorary member of the LWL Museum für Naturkunde. These multiple discoveries imply a potential for more material to be found in the future.<ref name="Rauhut2016"/>

==See also==
*[[2016 in paleontology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
{{Megalosauroidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5226428}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wiehenvenator}}
[[Category:Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2016]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Germany]]
[[Category:Megalosaurs]]

Piveteausaurus

2018-12-25T06:54:33Z

Paleocolour: Added cladogram.

{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
|name = ''Piveteausaurus''
|image = P1050190 - Piveteausaurus.JPG
|image_caption= Fossil holotype braincase, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
|fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic]], {{fossil range|164}}
|genus = Piveteausaurus
|parent_authority=[[Philippe Taquet|Taquet]] & [[Samuel Paul Welles|Welles]], 1977
|species = divesensis
|authority=([[Alick Walker|Walker]], 1964 [originally ''Eustreptospondylus''])
|synonyms=
'''''[[Eustreptospondylus]] divesensis''''' Walker, 1964
}}

'''''Piveteausaurus''''' (meaning "[[Jean Piveteau]]'s lizard") is a [[genus]] of [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] known from a partial [[skull]] discovered in the [[Middle Jurassic]] [[Marnes de Dives]] [[Formation (stratigraphy)|formation]] of [[Calvados (department)|Calvados]], in northern [[France]].

==History and description==
[[File:Piveteausaurus divesensis.JPG|thumb|left|Holotype]]
The partial braincase that became the [[type specimen]] of ''Piveteausaurus'' was first described in 1923 by French [[Paleontology|paleontologist]] [[Jean Piveteau]] in illustrations and photographs of the specimen ([[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle|MNHN]] 1920-7). The braincase is comparable in size to that of a large ''[[Allosaurus]]'',<ref name=HMC04>{{cite book|last=Holtz |first=Thomas R., Jr. |authorlink=Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. |author2=Molnar, Ralph E. |author3= Currie, Philip J. |year=2004 |editor=Weishampel, David B. |editor2=Dodson, Peter |editor3=Osmólska, Halszka |title=The Dinosauria |edition=2nd |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |pages=71–110 }}</ref> and resembles that of another megalosauroid, ''[[Piatnitzkysaurus]]'' from [[Argentina]].<ref>Rauhut, 2004. Braincase structure of the Middle Jurassic theropod dinosaur ''Piatnitzkysaurus''. Canadian Journal of Earth Science. 41, 1109-1122.</ref> Piveteau grouped this partial skull with other specimens found earlier in that locality and described in 1808 by French naturalist [[Georges Cuvier]].<ref name=ADW64>{{cite journal |last=Walker |first=Alick D. |authorlink=Alick Walker |year=1964 |title=Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: ''Ornithosuchus'' and the origin of carnosaurs |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=248 |pages=53–134 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1964.0009 |bibcode=1964RSPTB.248...53W}}</ref> In 1861 English paleontologist [[Richard Owen]] assigned the fragments to the species ''[[Streptospondylus]] cuvieri'', and Piveteau included the skull he found in the same species.<ref name=ADW64 />

MNHN 1920-7 was found by local collector Dutacq in rocks thought to be [[Oxfordian stage|Oxfordian]] (Upper Jurassic), of the [[Houlgate#Falaises des Vaches Noires|Vaches Noires]] cliffs near [[Dives-sur-Mer|Dives]] in [[Normandy]], France, and was after being reported by amateur geologist Cazenave in 1920 acquired by Professor [[Marcellin Boule]] for the [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]].<ref name=JP23>{{cite journal |last=Piveteau |first=Jean |authorlink=Jean Piveteau |year=1923 |title=L'arrière-crâne d'un dinosaurien carnivore de l'Oxfordien de Dives [The braincase of a carnivorous dinosaur from the Oxfordian of Dives] |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=12 |pages=115–123 |language=French }}</ref> Later these rocks were reevaluated as older (Upper [[Callovian]], Middle Jurassic, ~164 million years old).<ref name=DBW90>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |authorlink=David B. Weishampel |author2=Barrett, Paul M. |author3=Coria, Rodolfo A. |author4=Le Loeuff, Jean |author5=Xu Xing |author6=Zhao Xijin |author7=Sahni, Ashok |author8=Gomani, Elizabeth M.P. |author9=Noto, Christopher R |chapter=Dinosaur distribution |editor=David B. Weishampel |editor2=Peter Dodson |editor3=Halszka Osmólska (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=2nd |year=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |page=540 }}</ref>

[[File:Piveteausaurus divesensis jmallon.jpg|thumb|left|Hypothetical restoration]]
MNHN 1920-7 was reevaluated in 1964 by [[Alick Walker]] as part of his work on ''[[Ornithosuchus]]'' and the evolution of the [[Carnosauria]].<ref name=ADW64 /> He assigned MNHN 1920-7 to ''[[Eustreptospondylus]]'' as the [[holotype]], or type specimen, of the new species ''E. divesensis''.<ref name=ADW64 /> The other bone fragments described by Cuvier and attributed to ''S. cuvieri'' by Owen were also transferred, as a "matter of convenience," but without conviction on the part of Walker, to the new species, ''E. divesensis''.<ref name=ADW64 /> It was given its own genus in 1977 by [[Philippe Taquet]] and [[Samuel Paul Welles|Samuel Welles]]: ''Piveteausaurus'', named after Piveteau. Taquet and Welles removed the [[postcrania]]l bones, conveniently associated with the skull by Walker, from the species.<ref name=PTSW77>{{cite journal |author=Taquet |first=Philippe |authorlink=Philippe Taquet |author2=Welles, Samuel P. |year=1977 |title=Redescription du crâne de dinosaure théropode de Dives (Normandie) [Redescription of a theropod dinosaur skull from Dives (Normandy)] |journal=Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=191–206 |language=French}}</ref> Later the braincase would be regarded by [[Gregory S. Paul]] as a species of ''[[Proceratosaurus]]'' (''P. divesensis''),<ref name=GSP88>{{cite book |last=Paul |first=Gregory S. |authorlink=Gregory S. Paul|title=Predatory Dinosaurs of the World |year=1988 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-61946-2 |pages=304–305 }}</ref> but this assignment was rejected by other researchers.<ref name=HMC04 /><ref name=REMetal90>{{cite_book |last=Molnar |first=Ralph E. |authorlink=Ralph Molnar |author2=Kurzanov, Sergei M. |author3=[[Dong Zhiming]] |year=1990 |chapter=Carnosauria |editor=[[David Weishampel|Weishampel David B.]] |editor2=[[Peter Dodson|Dodson, Peter]] |editor3=Osmólska, Halszka |title=The Dinosauria |edition=First |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |pages=169–209 |isbn=0-520-06727-4}}</ref>

While the braincase appears to be distinct, the limited remains mean ''Piveteausaurus'' has not been easy to classify. It has been compared to ''[[Ceratosaurus]]'',<ref name=RTBetal92>{{cite journal |last=Bakker |first=Robert T. |authorlink=Robert T. Bakker |author2=Kralis, Donald |author3=Siegwarth, James |author4= Filla, James |year=1992 |title=''Edmarka rex'', a new, gigantic theropod dinosaur from the middle Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic of the Como Bluff outcrop region |journal=Hunteria |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=1–24}}</ref> ''Eustreptospondylus'',<ref name=ADW64/><ref name=REMetal90/> and ''Proceratosaurus'',<ref name=GSP88/> and was interpreted as a species of the latter two genera at various times.

==Classification==
''Piveteausaurus'' was originally regarded as a [[Megalosauridae|megalosaurid]] as a "matter of convenience", as its describers did not want to name a new family for such fragmentary remains. Tom Holtz and colleagues (2004) considered it to be an indeterminate member of [[Tetanurae]], though they did not include it in a phylogenetic analysis.<ref name=HMC04/> The first such analysis was performed by Benson in 2010. He found that while its exact placement was unresolved, it always grouped with a member of the clade [[Megalosauridae]], and so most likely belonged to that family.<ref name=benson2010>{{cite journal |last=Benson |first=R.B.J. |year=2010 |pages=882–935 |volume=158 |title=A description of ''Megalosaurus bucklandii'' (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi= 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x }}</ref>

The phylogenetic position of ''Piveteausaurus '' according to Carrano e.a. (2012) is shown by this cladogram:<ref name="Carrano20122">M.T. Carrano, R.B.J. Benson, and S.D. Sampson, 2012, "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)", ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology'' '''10'''(2): 211-300</ref>

<center>{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1='''[[Megalosauroidea]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=[[Piatnitzkysauridae]] [[File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg|80px]]
|label2=[[Megalosauria]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Streptospondylus]]''
|2=[[Spinosauridae]] [[File:Spinosaurus by Joschua Knüppe.png|80px]]
|label3=[[Megalosauridae]]
|3={{clade
|label1=[[Eustreptospondylinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eustreptospondylus]]'' [[File:Eustrept1DB1 (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Megalosaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Duriavenator]]'' [[File:Duriavenator NT (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Megalosaurus]]'' [[File:Megalosaurus silhouette by Paleogeek.svg|80px]]
|2=''[[Torvosaurus]]'' [[File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction (Flipped).png|80px]] }} }}
|label2=[[Afrovenatorinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Afrovenator]] [[File:Afrovenator_Abakensis_by_PaleoGeek.jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]'' [[File:Dubreuillosaurus NT Flipped.png|80px]]
|2=''[[Magnosaurus]]'' [[File:Magnosaurus (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Leshansaurus]]''
|2=''[[Piveteausaurus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}</center>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|chapter=Piveteausaurus |last=Glut |first=Donald F. |authorlink=Donald F. Glut |title=Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia |year=1997 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |pages=706–707 |isbn=0-89950-917-7}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131219195023/http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Megalosauroidea.htm#Piveteausaurusdivesensis ''Piveteausaurus''] in the Theropod Database
*[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=38593 ''Piveteausaurus''] in the [[Paleobiology Database]]

{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
{{Megalosauroidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134625}}

[[Category:Megalosaurs]]
[[Category:Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1977]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philippe Taquet]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Samuel Paul Welles]]
[[Category:Paleontology in France]]

Leshansaurus

2018-12-25T06:39:38Z

Paleocolour: typo

{{Italic title}}
{{automatic taxobox
| name = ''Leshansaurus''
| fossil_range = [[Late Jurassic]], {{fossilrange|161.2|155.7}}
| image = Leshansaurus reconstructed skull.png
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Skull reconstruction showing known material (white and light grey)
| authority = Li ''et al.'', [[2009 in paleontology|2009]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
* ''Leshansaurus qianweiensis'' Li ''et al.'', 2009 ([[type species|type]])
}}

'''''Leshansaurus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Middle Jurassic|Mid]] to Late Jurassic [[Dashanpu Formation]] of what is now China. It was described in 2009 by a team of Chinese paleontologists. The [[type species]] is ''Leshansaurus qianweiensis''. Fossils of ''Leshansaurus'' were discovered in strata from the [[Shangshaximiao Formation]], a formation rich in dinosaur fossils. Li ''et al.'' referred this [[taxon]] to [[Sinraptoridae]] – a group of [[carnosauria]]n theropods,<ref>F. Li; Peng G.; Ye Y.; Jiang S.; and Huang, D. (2009). "A new carnosaur from the Late Jurassic of Qianwei, Sichuan, China". ''Acta Geologica Sinica'' 83(9): 1203–1213. [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DZXE200909002.htm Abstract].</ref> but it may it belong to [[Megalosauridae]] instead.<ref name="theropoddatabase">{{cite web |last=Mortimer |first=M. |title=''Leshansaurus qianweiensis'' |url=http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Megalosauroidea.htm#Leshansaurusqianweiensis |work=The Theropod Database |accessdate=2 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219195023/http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Megalosauroidea.htm#Leshansaurusqianweiensis |archivedate=19 December 2013 |df= }}</ref>

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Leshansaurus size.jpg|thumb|Size of ''Leshansaurus qianweiensis'']]
The [[holotype]] (QW 200701) was found in 2007. It is a fairly complete skeleton consisting of a partial skull and lower jaws, seven cervical vertebrae, twelve dorsal vertebrae, five sacral vertebrae, two caudal vertebrae, and much of the hind limbs and hands. A second specimen (QW 200702), an isolated femur from a juvenile, has been designated as the [[paratype]].

''Leshansaurus qianweiensis'' was named and described in 2009 by [[Li Fei (paleontologist)|Li Fei]], [[Peng Guangzhao]], [[Ye Yong]], [[Jiang Shan (paleontologist)|Jiang Shan]], and [[Huang Daxi]]. The generic name refers to [[Leshan]], a nearby city in [[Sichuan]], [[China]], and the specific epithet refers to [[Qianwei]], the county in which the fossils were found.

==Description==
''Leshansaurus'' was a medium-sized theropod that would have had a length of six to seven meters, and a hip height of about one and a half meters.

''Leshansaurus'' has an elongated skull that is broader towards the front. The femur has a length of 62 centimeters, and the tibia has a length of 52 centimeters. Its [[autapomorphies]] (unique characteristics) are the possession of a sharp central ridge on the supraoccipital (the bone above the occipital), elongated frontal bones that are 2.86 times as long as they are wide, slender [[basipterygoid]] projections on the [[basisphenoid]], a bone of the lower braincase, an atlas intercentrum that is horseshoe-shaped in cross-section, slender diapophyses, thin spines of the dorsal vertebrae and sacral vertebrae, the possession of a clear keel at the bottom of the sacral vertebrae, and an ilium with on the inner side a distinct ridge along the edge of the hip joint.

==Phylogeny==
The describers placed ''Leshansaurus'' in the [[Sinraptoridae]], but they did not carry out a [[cladistic]] analysis. An analysis by [[Matthew Carrano]] in 2012 found it to be a member of the [[Megalosauridae|megalosaurid]] [[Afrovenatorinae]], as [[sister species]] of ''[[Piveteausaurus]]'', a [[taxon]] known only from a braincase nearly identical to that of ''Leshansaurus''. The phylogenetic position of ''Leshansaurus'' according to Carrano e.a. (2012) is shown by this cladogram:<ref name="Carrano20122">M.T. Carrano, R.B.J. Benson, and S.D. Sampson, 2012, "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)", ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology'' '''10'''(2): 211-300</ref>

<center>{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1='''[[Megalosauroidea]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=[[Piatnitzkysauridae]] [[File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg|80px]]
|label2=[[Megalosauria]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Streptospondylus]]''
|2=[[Spinosauridae]] [[File:Spinosaurus by Joschua Knüppe.png|80px]]
|label3=[[Megalosauridae]]
|3={{clade
|label1=[[Eustreptospondylinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eustreptospondylus]]'' [[File:Eustrept1DB1 (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Megalosaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Duriavenator]]'' [[File:Duriavenator NT (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Megalosaurus]]'' [[File:Megalosaurus silhouette by Paleogeek.svg|80px]]
|2=''[[Torvosaurus]]'' [[File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction (Flipped).png|80px]] }} }}
|label2=[[Afrovenatorinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Afrovenator]] [[File:Afrovenator_Abakensis_by_PaleoGeek.jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]'' [[File:Dubreuillosaurus NT Flipped.png|80px]]
|2=''[[Magnosaurus]]'' [[File:Magnosaurus (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Leshansaurus]]''
|2=''[[Piveteausaurus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}</center>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Megalosauroidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1930219}}

[[Category:Prehistoric tetanurans]]
[[Category:Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2009]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Sichuan]]

Leshansaurus

2018-12-25T06:37:47Z

Paleocolour: Added cladogram.

{{Italic title}}
{{automatic taxobox
| name = ''Leshansaurus''
| fossil_range = [[Late Jurassic]], {{fossilrange|161.2|155.7}}
| image = Leshansaurus reconstructed skull.png
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Skull reconstruction showing known material (white and light grey)
| authority = Li ''et al.'', [[2009 in paleontology|2009]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
* ''Leshansaurus qianweiensis'' Li ''et al.'', 2009 ([[type species|type]])
}}

'''''Leshansaurus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the [[Middle Jurassic|Mid]] to Late Jurassic [[Dashanpu Formation]] of what is now China. It was described in 2009 by a team of Chinese paleontologists. The [[type species]] is ''Leshansaurus qianweiensis''. Fossils of ''Leshansaurus'' were discovered in strata from the [[Shangshaximiao Formation]], a formation rich in dinosaur fossils. Li ''et al.'' referred this [[taxon]] to [[Sinraptoridae]] – a group of [[carnosauria]]n theropods,<ref>F. Li; Peng G.; Ye Y.; Jiang S.; and Huang, D. (2009). "A new carnosaur from the Late Jurassic of Qianwei, Sichuan, China". ''Acta Geologica Sinica'' 83(9): 1203–1213. [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DZXE200909002.htm Abstract].</ref> but it may it belong to [[Megalosauridae]] instead.<ref name="theropoddatabase">{{cite web |last=Mortimer |first=M. |title=''Leshansaurus qianweiensis'' |url=http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Megalosauroidea.htm#Leshansaurusqianweiensis |work=The Theropod Database |accessdate=2 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219195023/http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Megalosauroidea.htm#Leshansaurusqianweiensis |archivedate=19 December 2013 |df= }}</ref>

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Leshansaurus size.jpg|thumb|Size of ''Leshansaurus qianweiensis'']]
The [[holotype]] (QW 200701) was found in 2007. It is a fairly complete skeleton consisting of a partial skull and lower jaws, seven cervical vertebrae, twelve dorsal vertebrae, five sacral vertebrae, two caudal vertebrae, and much of the hind limbs and hands. A second specimen (QW 200702), an isolated femur from a juvenile, has been designated as the [[paratype]].

''Leshansaurus qianweiensis'' was named and described in 2009 by [[Li Fei (paleontologist)|Li Fei]], [[Peng Guangzhao]], [[Ye Yong]], [[Jiang Shan (paleontologist)|Jiang Shan]], and [[Huang Daxi]]. The generic name refers to [[Leshan]], a nearby city in [[Sichuan]], [[China]], and the specific epithet refers to [[Qianwei]], the county in which the fossils were found.

==Description==
''Leshansaurus'' was a medium-sized theropod that would have had a length of six to seven meters, and a hip height of about one and a half meters.

''Leshansaurus'' has an elongated skull that is broader towards the front. The femur has a length of 62 centimeters, and the tibia has a length of 52 centimeters. Its [[autapomorphies]] (unique characteristics) are the possession of a sharp central ridge on the supraoccipital (the bone above the occipital), elongated frontal bones that are 2.86 times as long as they are wide, slender [[basipterygoid]] projections on the [[basisphenoid]], a bone of the lower braincase, an atlas intercentrum that is horseshoe-shaped in cross-section, slender diapophyses, thin spines of the dorsal vertebrae and sacral vertebrae, the possession of a clear keel at the bottom of the sacral vertebrae, and an ilium with on the inner side a distinct ridge along the edge of the hip joint.

==Phylogeny==
The describers placed ''Leshansaurus'' in the [[Sinraptoridae]], but they did not carry out a [[cladistic]] analysis. An analysis by [[Matthew Carrano]] in 2012 found it to be a member of the [[Megalosauridae|megalosaurid]] [[Afrovenatorinae]], as [[sister species]] of ''[[Piveteausaurus]]'', a [[taxon]] known only from a braincase nearly identical to that of ''Leshansaurus''. The phylogenetic position of ''Magnosaurus'' according to Carrano e.a. (2012) is shown by this cladogram:<ref name="Carrano20122">M.T. Carrano, R.B.J. Benson, and S.D. Sampson, 2012, "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)", ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology'' '''10'''(2): 211-300</ref>

<center>{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1='''[[Megalosauroidea]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=[[Piatnitzkysauridae]] [[File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg|80px]]
|label2=[[Megalosauria]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Streptospondylus]]''
|2=[[Spinosauridae]] [[File:Spinosaurus by Joschua Knüppe.png|80px]]
|label3=[[Megalosauridae]]
|3={{clade
|label1=[[Eustreptospondylinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eustreptospondylus]]'' [[File:Eustrept1DB1 (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Megalosaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Duriavenator]]'' [[File:Duriavenator NT (Flipped).jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Megalosaurus]]'' [[File:Megalosaurus silhouette by Paleogeek.svg|80px]]
|2=''[[Torvosaurus]]'' [[File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction (Flipped).png|80px]] }} }}
|label2=[[Afrovenatorinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Afrovenator]] [[File:Afrovenator_Abakensis_by_PaleoGeek.jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dubreuillosaurus]]'' [[File:Dubreuillosaurus NT Flipped.png|80px]]
|2=''[[Magnosaurus]]'' [[File:Magnosaurus (Flipped).jpg|80px]] }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Leshansaurus]]''
|2=''[[Piveteausaurus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}</center>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Megalosauroidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1930219}}

[[Category:Prehistoric tetanurans]]
[[Category:Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2009]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Sichuan]]

User:Paleocolour

2018-12-23T13:57:01Z

Paleocolour: /* Paleontology image gallery */

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I am a hobbyist paleoartist with a goal to provide accurate and decent life restorations for paleofauna with a reasonable amount of fossilized remains. I also aim to expand [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dinosaur_stubs dinosaur-related stubs] given that there are so many of them. I believe Wikipedia is the first and most important step to educating the public about these awesome creatures.

Visit my '''[http://paleocolour.deviantart.com/ Deviant Art]''' for more of my paleoart. See all my uploaded files on my '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles/Paleocolour Wikipedia Commons list]'''. See all my contributions on my '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Paleocolour contributions list]'''.

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==Article contributions==
'''Plan to expand:''' [[Lessemsaurus]] | [[Morelladon]] | [[Attenborosaurus]] | [[Limnoscelis]] | [[Probainognathidae]] | [[Bonacynodon]] | [[Probainognathus]] | [[Rajasaurus]] | [[Anglaspis]] | [[Kelenken]] | [[Eocarcharia]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="white-space:nowrap;"
! Article
! Contribution
! Date
! Status
|-
|'''[[Pannoniasaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming, description, classification, and paleobiology section. Discovered images.
| 1 May 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Loricatosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming and description section. Updated infobox.
| 15 April 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Subcyclotosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming and description section. Discovered images. Updated infobox.
| 30 March 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Paracyclotosaurus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming, description, and paleobiology section. Discovered images. Updated infobox.
| 30 March 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Hosselkus Limestone]]'''
| Added Geology and Paleofauna section, transcribed all discovered invertebrates and flora into chart, discovered images, updated rockunit infobox.
| 14 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Thalattosaurus]]'''
| Reorganized article, expanded discovery and naming, and expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to down-turned snout.
| 14 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]'''
| Expanded discovery and naming, expanded paleoecology, and expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to the skull.
| 7 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'''
| Added paleobiology section, expanded description, added pronunciation.
| 5 November 2017
|
|-
|'''[[Gasosaurus]]'''
| Fixed citation style, added paleoecology section, added classification section, expanded discovery and history, expanded description, added pronunciation.
| 4 November 2017‎
|
|-
|'''[[Skorpiovenator]]'''
| Expanded description, added sub-section dedicated to the skull.
| 16 October 2017‎
|
|-
|'''[[Piatnitzkysaurus]]'''
| Expanded classification, expanded description and added sub-section dedicated to the braincase study by Rauhut.
| 15 October 2017
|
|-
|}

==Created articles==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="white-space:nowrap;"
! Article
! Contribution
! Date
! Status
|-
|'''[[Ignacius]]'''
| Added images. Added taxobox.
| 27 October 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Orthogonikleithrus]]'''
| Added discovery and naming subsection. Added images. Added taxobox.
| 15 April 2018
|
|-
|'''[[Merriamoceros]]'''
| Created discovery and naming, description, and added taxobox.
| 7 November 2017
|
|-
|}

==Paleontology image gallery==
===Life reconstructions===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Gasosaurus constructus.png|
|File:Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis.png|
|File:Rauisuchus tiradentes.jpg|
|File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg|
|File:Aucasaurus garridoi by Paleocolour.jpg|
|File:Rajasaurus restoration.jpg|
|File:Gualicho shinyae restoration.jpg|
|File:Turanoceratops_tardabilis_life_restoration.jpg|
|File:Baryonyx walkeri restoration.jpg|
|File:Agujaceratops life restoration.jpg|
|File:Soriatitan golmayensis.jpg|
|File:Titanoceratops ouranos life restoration.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus milneri life restoration.jpg|
|File:Tuojiangosaurus multispinus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Kryptops life restoration.jpg|
|File:Viavenator.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus barbaricus.jpg|
|File:Eoabelisaurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Chuandongocoelurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus shoreline.jpg|
|File:Poekilopleuron life restoration.png|
|File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|
}}

===Edits of others works===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Poekilopleuron reconstruction.png|
|File:Shunosaurus life restoration.jpg|
|File:Bellusaurus-v1.jpg|
|File:Crittendenceratops shaded.jpg|
|File:Hesperosaurus & Othnielia no background.jpg|
|File:Australovenator reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Afrovenator reconstruction.png|
|File:Decuriasuchus.jpg|
|File:Klamelisaurus-v1.jpg|
}}

===Scale diagrams===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Gasosaurus constructus scale diagram.png|
|File:Raiusuchus scale diagram.png|
|File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Aucasaurus garridoi Scale Diagram.jpg|
|File:Ekrixinatosaurus novasi scale diagram.png|
|File:Rajasaurus scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Gualicho shinyae scale.jpg|
|File:Rugops primus scale diagram.jpg|
|File:Turanoceratops_tardabilis_scale_diagram.jpg|
|File:Soriatitan golmayensis size.png|
|File:Agujaceratops mariscalensis size chart.jpg|
|File:Noasaurus size chart.png|
|File:Bagaraatan size diagram.png|
|File:Titanoceratops ouranos size chart.jpg|
|File:Siats size chart.jpg|
|File:Mauriciosaurus size.jpg|
|File:Leshansaurus size.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus Size Diagram.jpg|
|File:Centrosaurus size chart.jpg|
|File:Yurgovuchia doellingi size diagram.jpg|
|File:Pannoniasaurus size diagram.jpg|
|File:Bellusaurus sui size.jpg|
|File:Ingentia_size_diagram.jpg|
|File:Kryptops size chart.jpg|
|File:Lingwulong size diagram.jpg|
|File:Viavenator size.jpg|
|File:Chenanisaurus size.jpg|
|File:Quilmesaurus size.jpg|
|File:Chuandongocoelurus size.jpg|
|File:Poekilopleuron size.png|
|File:Antetonitrus size.jpg|
|File:Rahiolisaurus size.jpg|
|File:Crittendenceratops size.jpg|
|File:Riojasuchus Size.png|
|File:Nundasuchus Size.png|
|File:Carnotaurini sizes updated.png|
|File:Carnotaurinae sizes.png|
|File:Saltriovenator size.png|
|File:Polonosuchus size.png|
}}

===Skeletal reconstructions===
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=100
|align=center
|File:Eoabelisaurus mefi Skeletal Reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Eoabelisaurus Arm Comparison.jpg|
|File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi skeletal reconstruction.jpg|
|File:Noasaurus leali skeletal diagram.png|
|File:Siats meekerorum skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Veterupristisaurus Skeletal Diagram.png|
|File:Yurgovuchia doellingi skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Pannoniasaurus skeletal diagram.jpg|
|File:Kryptops skeletal diagram.jpg |
|File:Chuandongocoelurus Skeletal.jpg|
|File:Riojasuchus Skeletal.png|
}}
{{User unified login}}
{{Userpage}}

Rahiolisaurus

2018-12-23T13:55:16Z

Paleocolour: Added images.

{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| image= Rahiolisaurus restoration.png
| image_caption= Life restoration of ''Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis''
| name = ''Rahiolisaurus''
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|72.1|66}}
| genus = Rahiolisaurus
| display_parents=3
| parent_authority = Novas ''et al.'', [[2010 in paleontology|2010]]
| species = gujaratensis
| authority = Novas ''et al.'', 2010
}}

'''''Rahiolisaurus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[abelisaurid]] [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] which existed in [[India]] during the [[Late Cretaceous]] period. It was described in [[2010 in paleontology|2010]], based on fossils recovered from the [[Lameta Formation]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. These fossils include elements from at least seven different individuals and are believed to have been from the [[Maastrichtian]] stage, sometime between {{period start|Maastrichtian}} and {{period start|Paleocene}} million years ago. Despite representing a variety of different growth stages, all recovered fossils from the locality indicate a single species, the [[type species]] '''''Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis'''''.

== Discovery and naming ==
[[File:Kakda Kho 02.jpg|thumb|left|The landscape of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], in which the remains of ''Rahiolisaurus'' were found]]
During two expeditions, one in 1995 and the other in 1997, numerous remains of abelisaurids were recovered from a single quarry 50 square metres in area. The collected remains included cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, portions of pectoral and pelvic girdles, and several hind limb bones. Because of the unearthing of seven differently sized right tibiae, it was suggested that the assemblage was formed by at least seven individuals of different ontogenetic stages. Within the collection were several duplicate bones, such as the ilia, pubes, femora and tibiae, that exhibited similar morphological features of typical abelisauroid traits. However, despite these remains being of different size gradation and representing growth series, hardly any taxonomic variation was discovered. It was interpreted by Novas et. al. that the entire theropod collection from this quarry may be referred to the single species ''Rahiolisaurus''.<ref name="Novasetal"/>

Individual bones of the newly discovered abelisaurid was given separate catalogue numbers. The [[holotype]] of ''Rahiolisaurus'' is represented by a partial association of pelvic elements and a femur that were found in the field. It consists of a right ilium (ISIR 550), a right pubis (ISIR 554), and a right femur (ISIR 557). In addition, an axis (]ISIR 658) was found in articulation with cervicals 3 (ISIR 659) and 4 (ISIR 660) and are attributed to the species. These bones are currently housed at the collection of the Geology Museum, [[Indian Statistical Institute]], Kolkata.<ref name="Novasetal"/>

''Rahiolisaurus'' was named after the village of Rahioli, located near the fossil site where the dinosaurs remains were discovered. The specific name, ''gujaratensis'', is a [[Hindi]] word referring to the denizens of [[Gujarat]] province.<ref name="Novasetal"/>

==Description==
[[File:Rahiolisaurus size.jpg|thumb|right|Size of ''Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis'' compared to human]]
''Rahiolisaurus'' was initially described as a large-sized abelisaurid and around {{convert|8|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} long,<ref name="Novasetal"/> although the specimen (ISIR 557) that this estimate was based on was later estimated to be {{convert|6.3|m|1}} in length.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Grillo | first1 = O. N. | last2 = Delcourt | first2 = R. |date = 2016 | title = Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods: ''Pycnonemosaurus nevesi'' is the new king | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301902 | journal = Cretaceous Research | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.001}}</ref> It shares many similarities with another Indian abelisaurid, ''[[Rajasaurus]]'', but includes differences such as an overall more gracile and slender-limbed form.<ref name="Novasetal">Novas, Fernando E., Chatterjee, Sankar, Rudra, Dhiraj K., Datta, P.M. (2010). "[http://www.springerlink.com/content/m6355q19282154g8/ ''Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis'', n. gen. n. sp., A New Abelisaurid Theropod from the Late Cretaceous of India]" in: Saswati Bandyopadhyay (ed.): ''New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity''. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. pp. 45–62. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7}}. {{ISBN|978-3-642-10310-0}}.</ref> Abelisaurids typically had four fingers, short arms, and, to compensate, a heavily-constructed head which was the primary tool for hunting; however, the skull was short, they probably had modest jaw musculature, and the teeth were short.<ref name="Paul2010">{{cite book|last=Paul|first=G. S.|authorlink=Gregory S. Paul|year=2010|title=[[The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs]]|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=84–86|isbn=978-0-691-13720-9}}</ref> Abelisaurids likely had a bite force similar to ''[[Allosaurus]]'' at around {{convert|3500|N|lbf}}.<ref name=delcourt>{{cite journal|first=R.|last=Delcourt|year=2018|title=Ceratosaur Palaeobiology: New Insights on Evolution and Ecology of the Southern Rulers|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=9730|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-28154-x|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-28154-x}}</ref>

==Classification==
In 2014, the subfamily [[Majungasaurinae]] was erected by palaeontologist Thierry Tortosa to separate the newly discovered European ''[[Arcovenator]]'', ''[[Majungasaurus]]'', ''[[Indosaurus]]'', ''Rahiolisaurus'', and ''[[Rajasaurus]]'' from South American abelisaurids based on physical characteristics such as elongated [[antorbital fenestra]]e in front of the eye sockets, and a sagittal crest that widens into a triangular surface towards the front of the head. Despite large oceanic barriers, it has been suggested that a migration of abelisaurids took place in the Late Cretaceous between Africa, Europe, Madagascar, and India which ultimately isolated South American abelisaurids; it is possible that migration occurred between Europe and India across Africa given its proximity to both, and the volcanic Dras-Kohistan island arc may have allowed [[island hopping]] and an indirect path to Asia, though these are still questionable explanations.<ref name=tortosa2014 /><ref>{{cite journal|first=V. V.|last=Kapur|first2=A.|last2=Khosla|year=2016|title=Late Cretaceous terrestrial biota from India with special reference to vertebrates and their implications for biogeographic connections|journal=Cretaceous Period: Biotic Diversity and Biogeography|volume=71|pages=161–172|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308209674_LATE_CRETACEOUS_TERRESTRIAL_BIOTA_FROM_INDIA_WITH_SPECIAL_REFERENCE_TO_VERTEBRATES_AND_THEIR_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_BIOGEOGRAPHIC_CONNECTIONS}}</ref>

The following cladogram was recovered by Tortosa (2014):<ref name=tortosa2014>{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003 | volume=100 | title=A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications | journal=Annales de Paléontologie | pages=63–86| year=2014 | last1=Tortosa | first1=T. | last2=Buffetaut | first2=E. | last3=Vialle | first3=N. | last4=Dutour | first4=Y. | last5=Turini | first5=E. | last6=Cheylan | first6=G. }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%
|label1=[[Ceratosauria]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ceratosaurus]]'' [[File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg|middle|80 px]]
|2=[[Noasauridae]]
|3={{clade
|label1=[[Abelisauridae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Carnotaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Carnotaurus]]'' [[File:Carnotaurus_DB_2_white_background.jpg|middle|80 px]]
|2=''[[Abelisaurus]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Majungasaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Rajasaurus]]'' [[File:Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg|middle|80 px]]
|2=''[[Majungasaurus]]'' [[File:Majungasaurus_BW_(flipped).jpg|middle|80 px]]
|3=''[[Indosaurus]]''
|4='''''Rahiolisaurus'''''
|5=''[[Arcovenator]]'' [[File:Arcovenator.jpg|middle|80 px]]
}} }} }} }} }} }}

==Palaeoecology==
[[File:LateCretaceousMap.jpg|thumb|left|India was an island in the [[Late Cretaceous]]]]
''Rahiolisaurus'' has been found in the [[Lameta Formation]], a rock unit [[radiometric dating|radiometrically dated]] to the [[Maastrichtian]] [[age (geology)|age]] of the latest Cretaceous representing an [[arid]] or [[semi-arid]] landscape with a river flowing through it–probably providing shrub cover near the water–which formed between episodes of volcanism in the [[Deccan Traps]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=M. E.|last=Brookfield|first2=A.|last2=Sanhi|year=1987|title=Palaeoenvironments of the Lameta beds (late Cretaceous) at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India: Soils and biotas of a semi-arid alluvial plain|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1016/0195-6671(87)90008-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=D. M.|last=Mohabey|year=1996|title=Depositional environment of Lameta Formation (late Cretaceous) of Nand-Dongargaon inland basin, Maharashtra: the fossil and lithological evidences|journal=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India|volume=37|pages=1–36}}</ref> ''Rahiolisaurus'' likely inhabited what is now the Narmada River Valley. The formation is known for being a sauropod nesting site, yielding several dinosaur eggs, and sauropod herds likely chose sandy soil for nesting;<ref>{{cite journal|first=S. K.|last=Tandon|first2=A.|last2=Sood|first3=J. E.|last3=Andrews|first4=P. F.|last4=Dennis|year=1995|title=Palaeoenvironments of the dinosaur-bearing Lameta Beds (Maastrichtian), Narmada Valley, Central India|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=117|issue=3–4|pages=153–184|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(94)00128-U}}</ref> though eggs belonging to large theropods have been found, it is unknown if they belong to ''Rahiolisaurus''.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lovgren, S.|date=13 August 2003|title= New Dinosaur Species Found in India|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0812_030812_indiadinosaur.html|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=8 April 2009}}</ref> Sauropod [[coprolite]] remains indicate they lived in a forested landscape, consuming plants such as ''[[Podocarpus]]'', ''[[Araucaria]]'', and [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] [[conifer]]s; [[Cycas|cycads]]; [[palm tree]]s; early [[grass]]; and [[Caryophyllaceae]], [[Sapindaceae]], and [[Acanthaceae]] flowering plants.<ref>{{cite journal|first=H.|last=Sonkusare|first2=B.|last2=Samant|first3=D. M.|last3=Mohabey|year=2017|title=Microflora from Sauropod Coprolites and Associated Sedimentsof Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lameta Formation of Nand-Dongargaon Basin, Maharashtra|journal=Geological Society of India|volume=89|issue=4|pages=391–397|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315814360_Microflora_from_Sauropod_Coprolites_and_Associated_Sediments_of_Late_Cretaceous_Maastrichtian_Lameta_Formation_of_Nand-Dongargaon_Basin_Maharashtra|doi=10.1007/s12594-017-0620-0}}</ref>

Several dinosaurs have been described from the [[Lameta Formation]], such as the [[noasauridae|noasaurid]] ''[[Laevisuchus]]''; abelisaurids ''[[Indosaurus]]'', ''[[Indosuchus]]'', ''[[Lametasaurus]]'', and ''[[Rajasaurus]]''; and the [[titanosaur]]ian sauropods ''[[Jainosaurus]]'', ''[[Titanosaurus]]'', and ''[[Isisaurus]]''. The diversity of abelisauroid and titanosaurian dinosaurs in Cretaceous India indicates they shared close affinities to the dinosaur life of the other Gondwanan continents, which had similar inhabitants.<ref name=WETAL04>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=D. B. |first2=P. M.|last2=Barrett |first3=R.|last3=Coria |first4=J.|last4=Le Loeuff |first5=Z.|last5=Xijin |first6=X.|last6=Xing |first7=A.|last7=Sahni |first8=E. M. P.|last8=Gomani|first9=C. R.|last9=Noto|chapter=Dinosaur Distribution |editor1-first=D. B.|editor1-last=Weishampel |editor2-first=P.|editor2-last=Dodson |editor3-first=H.|editor3-last=Osmólska |title=The Dinosauria |edition=2nd |year=2004|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-24209-8 |page=595}}</ref> Dinosaurs in India probably went extinct due to volcanic activity around 350,000 years before the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]]. They likely avoided areas with volcanic [[fissure vent]]s and [[lava flow]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|first=D. M.|last=Mohabey|first2=B.|last2=Samant|year=2013|title=Deccan continental flood basalt eruption terminated Indian dinosaurs before the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary|journal=Geological Society of India Special Publication|number=1|pages=260–267|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bandana_Samant2/publication/263733418_Deccan_Continental_Flood_Basalt_Eruption_Terminated_Indian_Dinosaurs_before_the_Cretaceous-Paleogene_Boundary/links/0046353bc261a909e5000000.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of ceratosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Ceratosauria}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134070}}

[[Category:Majungasaurines]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of India and Madagascar]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2010]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Fernando Novas]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sankar Chatterjee]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2018-12-23T13:53:28Z

Paleocolour: /* Rahiolisaurus */ new section

Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review

2018-12-23T10:51:54Z

Paleocolour: /* Carnotaurinae size diagrams */