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Yichang

2024-11-12T08:19:23Z

Peyerk: /* Administrative map */ m

{{Redirect|Yi Chang|the Hong Kong actor surnamed Chang|Chang Yi (actor)}}
{{Infobox settlement

|name =Yichang
|official_name =
|other_name = Ichang
|native_name = 宜昌市
|native_name_lang = zh
|nickname =
|settlement_type =[[Prefecture-level city]]
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2/2/2/1
| image1 = Three Gorges Dam in 2021 13.jpg
| image2 = 凉虾一碗.png
| image3 = 长江三峡最美的地方-三峡人家.jpg
| image4 = Qingjiang Gallery Xianrenzhai 07.jpg
| image5 = Sanyoudong2.jpg
| image6 = 宜昌三峡大瀑布.jpg
| image7 = Xiling Gorge 2016 3.jpg
}}
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Three Gorges Dam, Cool shrimp, Tribe of Three Gorges, Qingjiang Gallery, Sanyou Cave, Three Gorges Waterfall, Xiling Gorge.
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map = Location of Yichang-Hubei.gif
|mapsize = 280px
|map_caption = Location of Yichang City jurisdiction in Hubei
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = China Hubei#China
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city in Hubei##Location of the city in China
|pushpin_mapsize = 250

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Province (China)|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Hubei]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|seat_type = Municipal seat
|seat = [[Xiling District]]
|parts_type =
|parts_style = 
|parts = 
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = CPC [[CPC party chief|Party Secretary]] 
|leader_name1 = [[Huang Chuping]]
|leader_title2 = Mayor
|leader_name2 = Ma Xuming
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|established_title1 = 
|established_date1 =
|established_title2 = 
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 =
|established_date3 =
|founder =
|named_for =

|area_magnitude = 
|unit_pref = 
|area_footnotes = <ref name="xzqhyc"/>
|area_total_km2 =21338
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percent =
| area_metro_km2 = 4192
| area_urban_km2 = 4234.3
| area_urban_footnotes =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m = 58
|elevation_ft =191
|elevation_max_m = 2427
|elevation_max_ft =
|elevation_min_m = 35
|elevation_min_ft =

|population_as_of =2020 census
|population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-hubei-admin.php|title=China: Húbĕi (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
|population_note =
|population_total =4017607
|population_density_km2 =auto 
|population_metro =1536012
|population_density_metro_km2 =auto
|population_urban =1604740
|population_density_urban_km2 =auto
|population_blank1_title =
|population_blank1 =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite book|author=湖北省统计局、国家统计局湖北调查总队|title=《湖北统计年鉴－2016》|date=August 2016 |publisher=中国统计出版社|isbn=978-7-5037-7847-6|url=http://www.stats-hb.gov.cn/info/iIndex.jsp?cat_id=10055|access-date=2017-06-05|archive-date=2017-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301095326/http://www.stats-hb.gov.cn/info/iIndex.jsp?cat_id=10055|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 338.2 billion [[US$]] 54.3 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 82,360 US$ 13,223

|timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset = +8
|coor_pinpoint = Yichang municipal government
|coordinates = {{coord|30.692|N|111.287|E|format=dms|type:adm2nd_region:CN-HB-05_source:Gaode|display=it}}

|postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal codes]]
|postal_code =443000
|area_code =0717
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-HB-05]]
|website ={{URL|en.yichang.gov.cn/}}
|blank_name = [[License Plate (China)|Licence plate prefixes]]
|blank_info = {{lang|zh-cn|鄂E}}
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=YiChang name.svg
|piccap="Yichang", as written in Chinese
|picsize=121px
|c={{linktext|lang=zh|宜昌}}
|w=I2-ch'ang1
|p=Yíchāng
|psp=Ichang
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|yi|2|.|ch|ang|1}}
}}

'''Yichang''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|宜昌}}}}), [[Postal Map Romanization|alternatively romanized]] as '''Ichang''', is a [[prefecture-level city]] located in western [[Hubei]] province, China. Yichang had a population of 3.92 million people at the 2022 census,<ref>{{Cite web |title=宜昌市2022年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 - 中国统计信息网 |url=http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/17hb/37506.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.tjcn.org}}</ref> making it the third most populous city in Hubei.<ref>{{Cite web |title=湖北省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）--湖北省统计局 |url=https://tjj.hubei.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/pcgb/qrp/202105/t20210525_3559343.shtml |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=tjj.hubei.gov.cn}}</ref> The city is famous for the [[Three Gorges]], the [[Three Gorges Dam]] and the [[Gezhouba Dam]], all three of which are located in [[Yiling, Yichang|Yiling District]], one of the city's districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yichang Top Things to do - Yichang travel activities |url=https://www.yangtzeriver.org/yichang/top-things-to-do/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.yangtzeriver.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yichang.gov.cn/art/2007/11/28/art_6101_79616.html |title=Yichang Information |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-date=2009-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226221815/http://www.yichang.gov.cn/art/2007/11/28/art_6101_79616.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
{{section-stub|date=November 2024}}
In ancient times Yichang was known as Yiling. In 278 BC, during the [[Warring States period]], the [[Qin (state)|Qin]] general [[Bai Qi]] set fire to Yiling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=Gorgeous Yichang |url=http://www.gorgeousyichang.com/content-63114-32-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515063918/http://www.gorgeousyichang.com/content-63114-32-1.html |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.gorgeousyichang.com}}</ref> In 222 AD, Yichang was also the site of the [[Battle of Yiling]] during the [[Three Kingdoms]] Period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=夷陵之战古战场遗迹 - 兵道网{{!}}山东孙子研究会{{!}}官网 |url=https://www.sunzistudies.com/m_shownews.asp?id=811 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731105108/https://www.sunzistudies.com/m_shownews.asp?id=811 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.sunzistudies.com}}</ref>

Under the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] [[Guangxu Emperor]], Yichang [[Treaty ports|was opened to foreign commerce]] as a trading port after the [[Qing]] and [[Great Britain]] agreed to the [[Chefoo Convention]], which was signed by [[Sir Thomas Wade]] and [[Li Hongzhang]] in [[Yantai|Chefoo]] on 21 August 1876.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yichang Government |first1= |title=History of Yichang |url= http://www.yichang.gov.cn/content-4281-1004064-1.html | publisher=Yichang Government}}</ref> The imperial government set up a navigation company there and began building facilities. Since 1949, more than 50 wharves, with a total combined length of over {{convert|15|km|sp=us}}, have been constructed at the port.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], Yichang was a primary supply depot for the defending Chinese army. In October 1938, as the Japanese moved up the [[Yangtze River]] towards the strategic city of [[Chongqing]], it became clear that Yichang needed to be evacuated. In 40 days, under the direction of businessman Lu Zuofu, more than 100,000 tons of equipment and 30,000 personnel were transported upstream by steamship or by porters pulling smaller vessels through the Three Gorges rapids to Chongqing.<ref>'Yichang Evacuation Monument'; http://easternjourney.com/2009/10/yichang-evacuation-monument/ retvd 12 7 17</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://military.china.com/history4/62/20150415/19527270_all.html |script-title=zh:抗战中的宜昌大撤退：保留中国抗战工业命脉的壮举 |date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

In 1940, the [[Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang]] took place in the area.

==Administrative divisions==
Administratively, it is a [[prefecture-level city]]; its municipal government has jurisdiction over five counties, five urban districts, and three satellite [[county-level cities]] ([[Yidu, Hubei|Yidu]], [[Dangyang]], [[Zhijiang, Hubei|Zhijiang]]).<ref name="xzqhyc">{{cite web |url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15230.html |script-title=zh:宜昌市历史沿革 |trans-title=Yichang City Historical Development |publisher=XZQH |language=zh-hans |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=5 October 2018 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|1996年，宜昌市面积21338平方千米，{...}2010年第六次人口普查，宜昌市常住总人口4059686人，其中：西陵区512074人，伍家岗区214194人，点军区103696人，猇亭区61230人，夷陵区520186人，远安县184532人，兴山县170630人，秭归县367107人，长阳土家族自治县388228人，五峰土家族自治县188923人，宜都市384598人，当阳市468293人，枝江市495995人。}}}}</ref><ref name="statyc">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2017/42/4205.html |script-title=zh:2017年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：宜昌市 |trans-title=2017 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Yichang City |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]] |date=2017 |access-date=5 October 2018 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|统计用区划代码名称 420501000000 市辖区 420502000000 西陵区 420503000000 伍家岗区 420504000000 点军区 420505000000 猇亭区 420506000000 夷陵区 420525000000 远安县 420526000000 兴山县 420527000000 秭归县 420528000000 长阳土家族自治县 420529000000 五峰土家族自治县 420581000000 宜都市 420582000000 当阳市 420583000000 枝江市|}}}}</ref><ref name="govyc">{{cite web|url=http://www.yichang.gov.cn/content-56330-999739-1.html |script-title=zh:宜昌概况 |trans-title=Description of Yichang |language=zh-hans|editor=吴月|publisher=Yichang People's Government |quote={{lang|zh-hans|【行政区划】2016年，宜昌市辖13个县市区，即远安县、兴山县、秭归县、长阳土家族自治县、五峰土家族自治县、宜都市、枝江市、当阳市、夷陵区、西陵区、伍家岗区、点军区、猇亭区，共设20个乡、67个镇、23个街道。2016年，全市行政区划及其名称未作调整。}}|date=21 May 2018|access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

===Administrative map===
The prefecture-level city of Yichang has direct jurisdiction over 14 divisions: 5 [[District (PRC)|districts]] ({{zh|s={{linktext|区}} |p=qū |labels=no}}), 3 [[county-level cities]] ({{zh|s={{linktext|县级市}} |p=xiànjí shì |labels=no}}), 3 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]] ({{zh|s={{linktext|县}} |p=xiàn |labels=no}}), and 2 [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|autonomous counties]] ({{zh|s={{linktext|自治县}} |p=zìzhì xiàn |labels=no}}).:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="7" | Map
|-
| colspan="7" |<div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Yichang.png|width=500|float=none}}
{{Image label|x=910|y=830|scale=500/1560|text=[[Xiling District|'''1''']]}}
{{Image label|x=970|y=900|scale=500/1560|text=[[Wujiagang District|'''2''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1020|y=1000|scale=500/1560|text=[[Xiaoting District|'''3''']]}}
{{Image label|x=690|y=870|scale=500/1560|text=[[Dianjun District|'''Dianjun''']]}}
{{Image label|x=780|y=590|scale=500/1560|text=[[Yiling District|'''Yiling''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1100|y=380|scale=500/1560|text=[[Yuan'an County|'''Yuan'an County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=420|y=230|scale=500/1560|text=[[Xingshan County|'''Xingshan County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=300|y=640|scale=500/1560|text=[[Zigui County|'''Zigui County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=350|y=1040|scale=500/1560|text=[[Changyang Tujia Autonomous County|'''Changyang County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=230|y=1330|scale=500/1560|text=[[Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County|'''Wufeng County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=890|y=1260|scale=500/1560|text=[[Yidu, Hubei|'''Yidu {{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1280|y=720|scale=500/1560|text=[[Dangyang|'''Dangyang {{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1150|y=1040|scale=500/1560|text=[[Zhijiang, Hubei|'''Zhijiang {{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1250|y=1350|scale=500/1560|text=[[Xiling District|'''1. Xiling''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1250|y=1420|scale=500/1560|text=[[Wujiagang District|'''2. Wujiagang''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1250|y=1490|scale=500/1560|text=[[Xiaoting District|'''3. Xiaoting''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! [[Hanzi]]
! [[Hanyu Pinyin]]
! Population (2010 census) <ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:宜昌市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报|url=http://www.stats-hb.gov.cn/wzlm/tjgb/rkpcgb/fz/11020.htm|publisher=Yichang Statistics Bureau|access-date=5 December 2013|date=May 30, 2011}}</ref>
! Area (/km2) <ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:宜昌市土地利用总体规划（2006－2020年）|url=http://www.yclr.gov.cn/art/2013/11/18/art_27317_476365.html|publisher=Yichang Bureau of Land Resources|access-date=5 December 2013|date=Nov 18, 2013}}</ref>
! Density (/km2)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Districts'''
|-
| [[Xiling District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|西陵|区}}}}
|Xīlíng Qū
|512,074
|68.14
|7,515.03
|-
| [[Wujiagang District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|伍家岗|区}}}}
|Wǔjiāgǎng Qū
|214,194
|84.03
|2549.02
|-
| [[Dianjun District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|点军|区}}}}
|Diǎnjūn Qū
|103,696
|533.23
|194.47
|-
| [[Xiaoting District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|猇亭|区}}}}
|Xiāotíng Qū
|61,230
|130.40
|469.55
|-
| [[Yiling District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|夷陵|区}}}}
|Yílíng Qū
|520,186
|3,416.57
|152.25
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''County-level cities'''
|-
| [[Yidu, Hubei|Yidu]]
|{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|{{linktext|宜都|市}}}}
|Yídū Shì
|384,598
|1,354.83
|283.87
|-
| [[Dangyang]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|当阳|市}}}}
|Dāngyáng Shì
|468,293
|2,148.82
|217.93
|-
| [[Zhijiang, Hubei|Zhijiang]]
|{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|{{linktext|枝江|市}}}}
|Zhījiāng Shì
|644,835
|2,010.00
|321
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Counties'''
|-
| [[Yuan'an County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|远安|县}}}}
|Yuǎn'ān Xiàn
|184,532
|1,741.06
|105.99
|-
| [[Xingshan County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|兴山|县}}}}
|Xīngshān Xiàn
|231,536
|480.20
|73.69
|-
| [[Zigui County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|秭归|县}}}}
|Zǐguī Xiàn
|367,107
|2,273.80
|161.45
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Autonomous counties'''
|-
| [[Changyang Tujia Autonomous County|Changyang Tujia Autonomous County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|长阳|土家族|自治县}}}}
|Chángyáng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn
|388,228
|3418.82
|113.56
|-
| [[Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County|Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|五峰|土家族|自治县}}}}
|Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn
|188,923
|2,370.41
|79.70
|}

[[File:宜昌规划展览馆沙盘.jpg|615x615px|thumb|A sand table in Yichang Planning Exhibition Hall.|none]]

==Geography==
Like most prefecture-level cities, Yichang includes both an urban area (which is labeled on less detailed maps as "Yichang") and the surrounding country area. It covers {{convert|21,084|km2|sp=us}} in Western Hubei Province, on both sides of the [[Yangtze River]]. The [[Xiling Gorge]], the easternmost of the [[Three Gorges]] on the Yangtze, is located within the prefecture-level city.

Within the prefecture-level city of Yichang, the Yangtze is joined by a number of tributaries, including the [[Qing River]] (right), Xiang Xi and [[Huangbo River|Huangbo]] Rivers (left).

The central urban area of Yichang is split between several districts. On the north bank of the Yangtze, there are [[Xiling District]] (the central part of the city), Yiling District, and Wujiagang District, and Xiaoting District. The urban area on the opposite (south) bank of the river is Dianjun District. All these districts, except the central Xiling District, also include a fair amount of suburban/rural area outside of the urban zone.

===Climate===
Yichang has a four-season, [[monsoon]]-influenced, [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), with cool, damp and generally overcast winters, and hot, humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|5.0|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|27.7|°C|1}} in July, while the annual mean is {{convert|17.08|°C|1}}. Close to 70% of the annual precipitation of {{convert|1160|mm|in|abbr=on}} occurs from May to September. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 24% in January to 49% in August, the city receives 1,568 hours of bright sunshine annually, and summer is the sunniest season.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

{{clear}}
{{Weather box
|metric first = Y
|single line= Y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Yichang (1991–2013 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 8.8
|Feb high C = 11.8
|Mar high C = 16.6
|Apr high C = 23.0
|May high C = 27.3
|Jun high C = 30.5
|Jul high C = 32.7
|Aug high C = 32.1
|Sep high C = 28.2
|Oct high C = 23.0
|Nov high C = 17.2
|Dec high C = 11.2
|Jan mean C = 5.0
|Feb mean C = 7.6
|Mar mean C = 11.7
|Apr mean C = 17.7
|May mean C = 22.2
|Jun mean C = 25.8
|Jul mean C = 28.1
|Aug mean C = 27.4
|Sep mean C = 23.6
|Oct mean C = 18.3
|Nov mean C = 12.7
|Dec mean C = 7.3
|Jan low C = 2.2
|Feb low C = 4.6
|Mar low C = 8.1
|Apr low C = 13.6
|May low C = 18.2
|Jun low C = 22.1
|Jul low C = 24.5
|Aug low C = 23.9
|Sep low C = 20.1
|Oct low C = 14.9
|Nov low C = 9.5
|Dec low C = 4.4
|Jan record high C= 22.5
|Feb record high C= 27.6
|Mar record high C= 33.0
|Apr record high C= 36.7
|May record high C= 38.7
|Jun record high C= 39.9
|Jul record high C= 40.7
|Aug record high C= 41.4
|Sep record high C= 39.2
|Oct record high C= 35.7
|Nov record high C= 29.8
|Dec record high C= 24.6

|Jan record low C = −9.8
|Feb record low C = −4.4
|Mar record low C = −1.3
|Apr record low C = 0.4
|May record low C = 8.8
|Jun record low C = 14.7
|Jul record low C = 18.4
|Aug record low C = 17.2
|Sep record low C = 11.4
|Oct record low C = 3.7
|Nov record low C = −0.9
|Dec record low C = −5.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 24.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 54.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 92.3
|May precipitation mm = 139.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 141.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 211.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 191.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 107.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 73.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 46.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 18.7
|Jan humidity = 74
|Feb humidity = 73
|Mar humidity = 72
|Apr humidity = 73
|May humidity = 73
|Jun humidity = 76
|Jul humidity = 79
|Aug humidity = 78
|Sep humidity = 75
|Oct humidity = 75
|Nov humidity = 75
|Dec humidity = 73
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 7.7
|Feb precipitation days = 9.2
|Mar precipitation days = 11.0
|Apr precipitation days = 12.5
|May precipitation days = 13.3
|Jun precipitation days = 12.6
|Jul precipitation days = 14.7
|Aug precipitation days = 13.7
|Sep precipitation days = 10.5
|Oct precipitation days = 10.4
|Nov precipitation days = 8.3
|Dec precipitation days = 7.7
|year precipitation days =
|Jan sun = 65.9
|Feb sun = 71.9
|Mar sun = 103.1
|Apr sun = 125.8
|May sun = 132.8
|Jun sun = 134.1
|Jul sun = 157.2
|Aug sun = 168.4
|Sep sun = 126.8
|Oct sun = 118.6
|Nov sun = 103.8
|Dec sun = 81.1
|year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 20
| Feb percentsun = 23
| Mar percentsun = 28
| Apr percentsun = 32
| May percentsun = 31
| Jun percentsun = 32
| Jul percentsun = 37
| Aug percentsun = 41
| Sep percentsun = 35
| Oct percentsun = 34
| Nov percentsun = 33
| Dec percentsun = 26
| year percentsun =
|Jan snow days = 4.3
|Feb snow days = 3.0
|Mar snow days = 1.1
|Apr snow days = 0
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0.2
|Dec snow days = 1.4
|year snow days =
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =28 May 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref>
}}

==Transport==

===Air===
[[Yichang Sanxia Airport]] is located in the Xiaoting District of Yichang City, which is {{convert|26|km|abbr=on}} away from the city center and {{convert|55|km|abbr=on}} from the Three Gorges Dam site. The airport is conveniently located, which borders Yihuang Highway in the north, Long River Golden Waterway in the south and Jiaozhi Railway in the east.

===Roads and bridges===
[[File:Yiling Yangtze River Bridge.jpg|thumb|Yiling Bridge]]

* [[China National Highway 318]] runs east–west through most of the prefecture-level city, south of the center city
* [[China National Highway 209]] passes through the northwestern corner of the prefecture-level city ([[Xingshan County]])
Several provincial highways connect Yichang center city with most counties.

[[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels|Several bridges span the Yangtze River]] within the prefecture-level city of Yichang, including (upstream to downstream):
* [[Xiling Bridge]], connecting [[Letianxi]] and [[Sandouping]] in [[Yiling District]], a few km downstream from the [[Three Gorges Dam]].
* [[Yiling Bridge]], downtown Yichang (a few km downstream from the [[Gezhouba Dam]]). It connects the urban [[Xiling District|Xiling]] and [[Dianjun District|Dianjun]] Districts.
* [[Yichang Bridge|Yichang Yangtze Highway Bridge]], on the Hu-Rong Expressway, downstream of Yichang center city
* Yiwan Bridge: A Railway Bridge for Yiwan Railway which connects Yichang to Chongqing by high speed trains, almost {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}}downstream from the [[Yiling Bridge]].

There are several ferry crossings as well.

===Waterways===
[[File:3 gorges dam at night.JPG|thumb|The [[Three Gorges Dam]] is located near [[Sandouping]] and [[Maoping, Hubei|Maoping]] within Yichang prefecture-level city (some {{convert|40|km|0|abbr=on}} from Yichang central city)]]

Yichang has long been a major transit port and distribution center of goods, and serves as the economic hub of western Hubei province and an intermediary between the major cities of [[Chongqing]] and Wuhan. Its primary industries are shipping and shipbuilding, taking advantage of its location on the Yangtze River. The [[Qing River]] in the southern part of the prefectures, with its cascade of dams, is an important waterway. [[Maoping, Hubei|Maoping]] Town (the county seat of [[Zigui County]]), has an active passenger [[wharf]] as well.

===Railway===
Yichang is served by several railway lines.

[[Yichang Railway Station]], located in downtown Yichang, opened in 1971, was the city's first railway station. In 2012 it closed for a renovation project.<ref name=yichangZhan1>{{cite web |url=http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-10/201210917011437.htm |script-title=zh:3个月后宜昌火车站可进出动车低站台改造成高站台 |website=huochepiao.com |date=October 2012}}</ref>

The [[Yichang East Railway Station]], opened in the late 2010 in the eastern suburbs of Yichang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverchina.com/yichang|title=Yichang|website=Discover China|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> is presently the city's main train station. It is the junction point of two segments of the [[Huhanrong Passenger Dedicated Line|Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line]], one of China's new east–west rail mainlines. To the east, the [[Hanyi Railway]]<ref name=hanyi1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707042600/http://english.wh.gov.cn/html/Wuhan_News/Wuhan_News/20080710/1937.html Construction of Hanyi Railway to Kick off], Wuhan City Government web site, 2008-07-10</ref> (opened June 29, 2012) provides frequent service to [[Wuhan]], with some trains continuing to Nanjing and Shanghai. To the west, the [[Yiwan Railway]] (Yichang-[[Wanzhou]]; opened December 2010) serves as the gateway to Hubei's southwestern panhandle ([[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi]]), with some service continuing to [[Chongqing]] and [[Chengdu]].

The [[Jiaozuo–Liuzhou Railway]], a north–south line, crosses the eastern part of the prefecture-level city. It crosses the Yangtze at [[Zhicheng]] in [[Yidu, Hubei|Yidu County-level City]].


==Demographics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Sandouping-Huangling-Miao-4893.jpg|thumb|left|Huangling Temple, [[Sandouping]]]]
As of the 2020 census, its population was 4,017,607 inhabitants of whom 1,536,012 lived in the built-up (''or metro'') area consisting of Yiling, Xiling, Wujiagang and Dianjun urban districts. The Xiaoting District has not yet been urbanized. Yichang prefecture-level city, is home to many members of the [[Tujia people|Tujia]] ethnic group, who mostly live in several counties in the south-west of the prefecture.

Yichang also formed the border between the cultures of [[Ba (state)|Ba]] in the west (an ancient state in the eastern part of what is now [[Sichuan]] Province) and the [[State of Chu|Chu State]] in the east (an ancient state in what is now Hubei Province and northern [[Hunan]] Province).

==Education==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=November 2024}}
Since 2002, Yichang City has been home of the [[China Three Gorges University]] (the result of the merger of the University of Hydraulic & Electric Engineering, Yichang and of [[Hubei]] [[Three Gorges|Sanxia]] University), the largest comprehensive university in [[Hubei]] Province outside [[Wuhan]], with over 20,400 full-time students.

*'''China Three Gorges University'''
*'''Three Gorges Vocational College of Electric Power '''
There are 170 secondary schools in Yichang enrolling 150,700 students. 53,900 of the citizens in Yichang hold a secondary school degree. There are 282 elementary schools being located in Yichang enrolling 156,900. 27,600 of the citizens hold secondary school degrees. 383 kindergartens located in Yichang with 78,500 children.

==Economy==
Yichang has developed rapidly in recent years. In 2023, Yichang's GDP reached 575.635 billion yuan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP: Hubei: Yichang {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/gross-domestic-product-prefecture-level-city/cn-gdp-hubei-yichang |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref> with a per capita GDP of 146,800 yuan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP: per Capita: Hubei: Yichang {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/gross-domestic-product-prefecture-level-city-per-capita/cn-gdp-per-capita-hubei-yichang |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref> In 2023, the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors in Yichang increased by 60.856 billion yuan, 228.034 billion yuan, and 286.745 billion yuan, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=阔步迈向"典范城""世界级" 全市地区生产总值从1.51亿元增长到5756.35亿元 - 政务动态 - 宜昌市人民政府 |url=http://www.yichang.gov.cn/html/zhengwuyizhantong/zhengwuzixun/jinriyaowen/2024/0928/1063642.html |website=www.yichang.gov.cn}}</ref> The main industries in Yichang include agriculture, fisheries, chemical manufacturing, food biomedicine, and tourism. Additionally, Yichang possesses abundant mineral resources including phosphorus, iron, coal, manganese, vanadium, gold, copper, lead, zinc, silicon, gypsum, graphite, quartz sand, limestone, marble, and barite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=矿产 - 宜昌简介 - 宜昌市人民政府 |url=http://www.yichang.gov.cn/content-4281-1004063-1.html |website=www.yichang.gov.cn}}</ref> Its main agricultural resources are [[citrus]], tea, and aquatic products. Hydropower is the most important and renowned resource, as [[List of largest hydroelectric power stations|the world’s largest hydroelectric power station]], Three Gorges Dam, generates 111.80 billion kWh per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Three Gorges Dam sets world hydropower production record – China Daily |url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/china-s-three-gorges-dam-sets-world-hydropower-production-record-8211-china-daily-61949193 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Located at the transition zone from the western Hubei mountains to the [[Jianghan Plain]]s, Yichang’s geography features a mild climate, distinct seasons, and abundant rainfall. The main agricultural products in the Yichang region are citrus and tea because of the geography and climate. Due to the increase in urbanization levels and average income levels, along with a more developed supply chain and export market, there has been an expansion of the customer base for these products. Consequently, demand for high-value products such as premium citrus and tea is rapidly growing. In addition, Southeast Asia, the United States, and the Middle East are the main overseas markets of Yichang’s citrus. In 2022, citrus was sold for 6,700 yuan ($960) per ton for exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oranges grown in Yichang create harvest of wealth |url=https://www.huangpi.gov.cn/English/MediaCenter/HubeiNews/202212/t20221226_2119229.shtml |website=www.huangpi.gov.cn}}</ref> The total output of tea in Yichang was 119,200 tons in 2023, and the agricultural production value reached 5.984 billion yuan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=一片叶一方业——宜昌茶产业加速驶入新赛道 - 政务专题 - 宜昌市人民政府 |url=http://www.yichang.gov.cn/content-62732-1060271-1.html |website=www.yichang.gov.cn}}</ref> From 2000 to 2022, the annual growth rate of citrus fruit production was 10.2%, and for tea was 12.8%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hubei Yichang Rural Green Development Project: Report and Recommendation of the President |url=https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/prc-55128-001-rrp |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.adb.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
Yichang has rich tourism resources, which attract millions of visitors for its natural scenery located among mountains and rivers. In 2023, Yichang welcomed about 79 million visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=湖北宜昌市大旅游行业发展现状及市场策略分析_中研普华_中研网 |url=https://www.chinairn.com/hyzx/20240529/174246565.shtml |website=www.chinairn.com}}</ref> The most famous attractions include the Three Gorges Dam Tourist Area, Tribe of the Three Gorges, Qingjiang Gallery, Memorial Temple of Qu Yuan, Three Gorges Grand Waterfalls, and Xiling Gorge. The overall revenue from tourism was 110 billion yuan in 2023, which increased 44.5% from last year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=宜昌市2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报-统计公报-宜昌市人民政府信息公开 |url=http://xxgk.yichang.gov.cn/show.html?aid=1&id=233339 |website=xxgk.yichang.gov.cn}}</ref>

===Hydropower===

Yichang's prefectures have many major hydroelectricity projects. The best known are the two huge dams on the Yangtze River: the [[Gezhouba Dam]] (located just upstream of Yichang central city) and [[Three Gorges Dam]], which is {{convert|40|km|sp=us}} upstream. The [[Geheyan Dam]] and [[Gaobazhou Dam]] on the [[Qing River]] are important as well. Besides those, a huge number of medium-sized and small power plants operate on smaller rivers and streams within some prefectures.

== Picture gallery ==
{{cleanup gallery|date= June 2020}}
[[File:Yichang skyline.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Yichang skyline]]
<gallery>
File:文佛山1 - panoramio.jpg|Wenfo mountain
File:Yichang skyline 2.jpg|Yangtze River
File:Qing river in Changyang 04.jpg|Qing River
File:Guanzhuang Reservoir.jpg|Guanzhuang Reservoir
File:Mouth-of-Huangbo-boats-4804.jpg|Huangbo River
File:Sanxiarenjia.jpg|Tribe of Three Gorges
File:宜昌三峡大瀑布.jpg|Three Gorges Waterfall
File:Hubei-Yichang.JPG|Boats on the Yangtze River, upstream from the Three Gorges
File:Saint James's Church,Yichang.jpg|Christianity in Yichang
File:St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral,Yichang2.jpg|Roman Catholic Diocese of Yichang
File:Yichang Yangtze River Railway Bridge in the Backlighting.jpg|Yichang Yangtze River Railway Bridge
File:Zhenjiang Pavilion （Yichang） 03.jpg|Zhenjiang Pavilion
File:Tianran Pagoda.jpg|Tianran Pagoda
File:三闾大夫屈原.jpg|Statue of Quyuan
File:求索溪2.jpg|Three Gorges University
File:夷陵中学正门.jpg|Yiling High School
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=VopMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA563 Report on the Physical, Commercial, Social and General Conditions of Ichang and Neighborhood. H. A. Little. (Diplo. and Cons. Rpts. [London], Misc. Ser., 1908, No. 671, p. 24).— C. F. Langworthy.]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yichang}}
{{Wiktionary|Yichang|Ichang|I-ch'ang}}
{{wikivoyage|Yichang}}
* [http://en.yichang.gov.cn/ Official website of Yichang Government - English version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021035001/http://en.yichang.gov.cn/ |date=2019-10-21 }}
{{Hubei}}
{{Major cities along the Yangtze River}}

{{Hubei topics}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yichang| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Hubei]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Yangtze River]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Hubei]]

Monika Rónaszéki-Keresztes

2024-10-03T07:27:43Z

Peyerk: In Budapest, municipal districts have roman numbers and constituencies have arabic ones. The borders and numbers of the latter completely changed between the 2010 and 2014 elections.

{{Short description|Hungarian educator and politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Monika Rónaszéki-Keresztes
| image =
| imagesize =
| order = [[National Assembly of Hungary|Member of the National Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 May 2010
| term_end = 5 May 2014
| president =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Budapest]], [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]]
| profession = teacher, politician
| party = [[Fidesz]] (since 2003)
| otherparty =
| spouse = Balázs Rónaszéki
| children = {{hlist|Bernadett|Regina|Álmos|Mónika|Balázs|József|János Zsigmond}}
|}}

{{eastern name order|Rónaszékiné Keresztes Monika Mária}}

'''Monika Mária Rónaszéki-Keresztes''' ([[née]] ''Keresztes''; born May 17, 1962)<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.hu/kepv/eletrajz/hu/r028.pdf |title=''Biography'' |publisher=[[National Assembly of Hungary|Országgyűlés]]}}</ref> is a Hungarian educator and politician, [[National Assembly of Hungary|member of the National Assembly]] (MP) for [[Erzsébetváros]] ([[Budapest]] Constituency 9) between 2010 and 2014.<ref name="Register">{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.hu/internet/plsql/ogy_kpv.kepv_adat?p_azon=r028&p_ckl=39 |title=''Register'' |publisher=[[National Assembly of Hungary|Országgyűlés]]}}</ref> She was also appointed a vice mayor of Erzsébetváros (District VII, Budapest) in October 2010.<ref name="Register"/>

She was a member of the Committee on Youth, Social, Family, and Housing Affairs from May 14, 2010, to May 5, 2014, and Committee on Human Rights, Minority, Civic and Religious Affairs from February 18, 2013, to May 5, 2014.<ref name="Register"/> She was defeated by [[Lajos Oláh]] ([[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|DK]]) at Budapest Constituency 5 in the [[2014 Hungarian parliamentary election|2014 parliamentary election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://444.hu/2014/04/07/a-gyoztes-vesztesei-fideszesek-akik-kikaptak |title=A győztes vesztesei: fideszesek, akik kikaptak |publisher=444.hu |date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2015-10-26}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She married electric engineer Balázs Rónaszéki in 1983. They have together seven children - Bernadett, Regina, Álmos, Mónika, Balázs, József, János Zsigmond. She is member of [[Fidesz]] since 2003.<ref>[http://www.demokrata.hu/cikk/hazassag-eszmenyenek-felvallalasa-mindenkinek-jo Demokrata - A házasság eszményének felvállalása mindenkinek jó - March 16]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ronaszeki-Keresztes, Monika}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hungarian educators]]
[[Category:Hungarian women educators]]
[[Category:Fidesz politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010–2014)]]
[[Category:Women members of the National Assembly of Hungary]]
[[Category:Politicians from Budapest]]
[[Category:21st-century Hungarian women politicians]]

Leitha

2024-09-17T09:54:25Z

Peyerk: The spelling with the extra 'h' is of German influence and is totally obsolete. Hungarian orthography has been regulated pretty strictly for more than a century so there is no point in putting such obsolete versions in the introduction.

{{Short description|River in Austria and Hungary}}
{{About|the river in Europe|other uses|Leitha (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Leitha
| name_other = Lajta
| image = Leitha Kleinwolkersdorf.JPG
| image_caption = The Leitha near [[Lanzenkirchen|Kleinwolkersdorf]]
| source1_location = [[Lanzenkirchen]], southern [[Vienna Basin]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|47|44|11|N|16|13|49|E|region:AT}}
| mouth_location = [[Danube]] near [[Mosonmagyaróvár]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|47|52|8|N|17|17|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| progression = {{RDanube}}
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]]
| length = {{convert|120.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} {{GeoQuelle|AT-3|NÖA}}
| source1_elevation =
|pushpin_map=Hungary
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|2138|km2|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Leitha''' ({{IPA|de|ˈlaɪtaː|lang|De-Leitha.ogg}}; {{Lang-hu|Lajta}}, formerly {{lang|hu|Sár(-víz)}}; {{Lang-sl|Litva}}; [[Czech language|Czech]] and {{lang-sk|Litava}}) is a river in [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]], a right tributary of the [[Danube]]. It is {{cvt|120.8|km}} long ({{cvt|168.5|km}} including its source river [[Schwarza (Leitha)|Schwarza]]).{{GeoQuelle|AT-3|NÖA}} Its basin area is {{convert|2138|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://info.bmlrt.gv.at/dam/jcr:31053ed8-8c8a-4e79-89e8-1bf108ee3ab3/Beitrag%2063.pdf|title=Flächenverzeichnis der Flussgebiete: Leitha-, Rabnitz- und Raabgebiet|work=Beiträge zur Hydrografie Österreichs Heft 63|page=39|date=December 2014}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The ''Lithaha'' River in the Carolingian [[Avar March]] was first mentioned in an 833 deed issued by [[Louis the German]], son of the [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] emperor [[Louis the Pious]] and ruler over the [[stem duchy]] of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. The [[Old High German]] name {{lang|goh|lît}} probably referred to a [[List of ancient tribes in Illyria|Pannonian]] ([[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]]) denotation for "mud", as maintained in the former Hungarian name {{lang|hu|Sár}} (compare {{lang|hu|mocsár}}, '[[swamp]]').

==Course==
[[File:Leitha Ursprung.JPG|thumb|160px|left|Plaque at Leitha origin]]
The Leitha rises in [[Lower Austria]] at the confluence of its two headstreams, the [[Schwarza (Leitha)|Schwarza]], discharging the [[Schneeberg (Alps)|Schneeberg]], [[Rax]] and [[Schneealpe]] ranges of the [[Northern Limestone Alps]], and the [[Pitten (river)|Pitten]]. Between [[Ebenfurth]] and [[Leithaprodersdorf]], and between [[Bruck an der Leitha]] and [[Gattendorf, Austria|Gattendorf]],<ref>Verified on a modern Atlas</ref> the Leitha forms part of the border between the Austrian [[States of Austria|states]] of [[Lower Austria]] and [[Burgenland]]. East of [[Nickelsdorf]], the river passes into [[Hungary]], where it flows into the Moson arm of the Danube west of [[Szigetköz]] Island near [[Mosonmagyaróvár]]. Important towns on its course are [[Wiener Neustadt]], Bruck and Mosonmagyaróvár.

Large amounts of the Schwarza headstream waters are diverted to supply the [[Wiener Neustadt Canal]] and the [[drinking water]] supply of [[Vienna]]. Furthermore, several canals diverge from the Leitha, feeding [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]] companies in the past, today small [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] power plants. [[File:Dry Streambed-Leitha DSC 0016w.jpg|thumb|Dried-up streambed of Leitha near [[Bad Erlach]]]]

Between [[Seibersdorf]] and [[Hof am Leithaberge]], most of the water in the Leitha is removed for this purpose. From there on, the Leitha usually runs dry, unless its flow further upstream is abnormally high. Downriver from [[Katzelsdorf]] the river bed is almost completely dry as well.

==Legends==
[[File:Leitha hexen.jpg|thumb|Leitha River Hexen statues in [[Lanzenkirchen]]]]
At the Leitha Ursprung (or Source) in the small town of [[Lanzenkirchen]], there is a hiking trail, a stone with a plaque to mark the origin point and three wooden figures that represent the legendary Leitha Hexen (witches).

According to the sign next to the three wooden women, "Once upon a time, real witches lived in the waters of the Leitha. They were small, like children, skinny and hunchbacked, with tangled hair that reached down to their knees and webbed fingers and toes."

"The witches mostly splashed around under the bridges, but anyone who teased them or watched them met a bad end."

"One evening a man was overcome by the desire to tempt the Leitha witches. When he heard them in the water, he put both hands around his mouth and shouted:
'Hoo hoo!' ”

"Then he hurried away laughing. But he didn't get far, because suddenly countless bony hands wrapped around him and pulled him to the ground! No amount of struggling and struggling helped; he couldn't even call for help. He only felt a wet cloth being pressed over his mouth, then his senses faded."

"When he came to again, he was lying on the banks of the Leitha, on the border with Katzelsdorf. But the Leitha witches were nowhere to be seen or heard."<ref>[[:File:Leitha hexen plaque.jpg|See image]].</ref>

==Historic border==
After the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] in the late 9th century, the [[Hungarian people|Magyar]] horsemen dared further [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|invasions]] into the adjacent [[West Francia|West Frankish]] lands, until they were finally defeated by King [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] in the 955 [[Battle of Lechfeld]]. Thereafter the forces of the Bavarian duke [[Henry II, Duke of Bavaria|Henry the Wrangler]] gradually re-conquered the lands beyond the [[Vienna Woods]] up to the Leitha River, where about 976 the [[March of Austria]] (''[[Name of Austria|Ostarrîchi]]'') was established under the [[House of Babenberg|Babenberg]] margrave [[Leopold I, Margrave of Austria|Leopold I]].

[[File:Shallows along the Leitha River.jpg|thumb|Shallows along the Leitha River near [[Lanzenkirchen]]]]

Around the turn to the 2nd millennium, the Hungarian frontier (''Gyepű'') ran along the Leitha shore, from 1156 onwards it formed the eastern border of the [[Duchy of Austria]] with fortresses erected at Wiener Neustadt, Bruck and [[Hainburg an der Donau|Hainburg]]. The last Babenberg duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Austria|Frederick II of Austria]] was killed in the 1246 [[Battle of the Leitha River]] against King [[Béla IV of Hungary]]. The course of the border was confirmed in a 1411 deed issued by King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], when his daughter [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg|Elizabeth]] married the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] duke [[Albert II of Germany|Albert II of Austria]]. The placenames [[Cisleithania]], [[Transleithania]] and [[Lajtabánság]] are all derived from the Leitha River. After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], which created the [[Austria-Hungary|Dual Monarchy]], ''Transleithanien'' ("beyond the Leitha") was the [[Vienna|Viennese]] colloquial word for the region beyond the Leitha (meaning Hungary or the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]), while ''Cisleithanien'' ("on this side of the Leitha") denoted the Austrian lands. These names reflected the Viennese and Austrian perspectives towards the rest of the [[Austria-Hungary|Empire]], because Vienna lay on 'this' side, and the other half, Hungary, lay on 'that' side.<ref>German Wikipedia</ref> Nevertheless, the Leitha did not form the entire border between the two: for instance [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Bukovina]], which were part of Cisleithania, were north-east of [[Hungary]]. Likewise, the [[Morava (river)|Morava]] River formed the border between Cisleithanian [[Moravia]] and the Transleithanian lands of present-day [[Slovakia]] ([[Upper Hungary]]).

[[File:Wampersdorf Leitha 40294.jpg|thumb|left|Leitha bridge between Wampersdorf ([[Pottendorf]] municipality) in Lower Austria and [[Wimpassing an der Leitha|Wimpassing]] (''Vimpác'') in Burgenland]]Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after [[World War I]], the 1920 [[Treaty of Trianon]] adjudicated the West Hungarian territory of the proclaimed [[Lajtabánság]] (Leitha [[Ban (title)|Banat]]) to the [[First Republic of Austria|Republic of Austria]] (as Burgenland), whereby the course of the river became an inner Austrian border.

== See also ==

* [[Cisleithania]]
* [[Transleithania]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Leitha}}
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Leitha |short=x}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Leitha| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Hungary]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burgenland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Lower Austria]]
[[Category:Bruck an der Leitha District]]
[[Category:Wiener Neustadt-Land District]]
[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Rivers of Austria]]

Talk:Nahariya

2024-08-19T20:04:07Z

Peyerk: /* Demographics and History */ Whyno history for more than 13 centuries?

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==Spelling==
The municipality of Nahariya website (see external link on page) spells it '''Nahariya''', so I guess that's official. Whether it is correct according to the Academy for the Hebrew Language is another issue; that I do not know. -- Y [[User:Ynhockey|Ynhockey]] || [[User talk:Ynhockey|Talk]] Y 10:54, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

:The Academy puts a double Y because of the dagesh on the yod. I am fine with Nahariya. That is also what the JP and Haaretz in English would use. Gilgamesh, Izak or anyone else, is there an agreement by now on which transliteration standard to use? [[User:Gidonb|gidonb]] 14:50, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
::I've only ever seen it with 2 y's when transliterated by people who are even more nitpicky about such things than I am (and yes, they exist)... [[User:TShilo12|Tom]][[Wikipedia:Esperanza|e]][[User:TShilo12|r]][[User talk:TShilo12|talk]] 08:31, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

==Demographics and History==

Was the municipality really started from nothing in the 1930's, or was there already a community there? It would be good if the history information reaches a little farther back. Also in demographics, "97.3% Jewish and non-Arabs" isn't very informative. Why combine Jews and non-Arabs into the same demographic group? I suggest a breakdown into at least Jewish, Arab, and "other" categories. [[User:CarlGH|CarlGH]] 10:19, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

:I believe 'Nahariya was founded in the 1930s' means just that - it was built from nothing in the 30s, granted, at the time it was a very small settlement. I will now update the article with bits of additional historic info from the Hebrew Wikipedia.
:The other thing is Jews + non-Arabs, because the Israel Central Bureau of statistics makes all censuses in this way, dividing between Arabs and non-Arabs. Sometimes the non-Arabs are further divided into Jews and others, but I can't find the information for Nahariya on the CBS site, so I can't say if this is the case here. If you find another census, or the CBS subdivisions, feel free to update the article.
:-- [[User:Ynhockey|Ynhockey]] ([[User talk:Ynhockey|Talk]]) 10:28, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

: (after edit conflict) Hi CarlGH, I believe that Nahariya was a new village in the 1930s on land that was bought to build that community. Please feel free to look for more information and add what you can find. Non-Arabs should indeed become "other", but only after the figure for Arabs is added. To separate Jews from "others" (3-4% of the Israelis) is usually difficult as the statistic is mostly given together with Jews. One of the reasons is that the overwhelming majority of the "others" are now family members of Jews who immigrated to Israel under the "law of return". Before the huge influx of "others" from the former USSR, the tiny "other" population (then perhaps 0.2% of the Israelis) was added to the Druze population. All Druze, almost all Muslims and a very large majority of the Christians are now summarized under Arabs. I think that the new classification lost detail, but even then it did not have the detail of the size of the "others". [[User:Gidonb|gidonb]] 10:40, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

I cannot find Nahariya in the [[1922 census of Palestine]] or the [[1931 census of Palestine]] at all. In the [[Village Statistics, 1945]] it had 1,440 inhabitants, all Jews: see Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p04.jpg 4], [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] ([[User talk:Huldra|talk]]) 21:02, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

Not finding the name in 1922 means nothing in this context. The city today must include much larger area than the small agricultural land where the village was founded. So the question is not wether the name Nahariy(y)a existed in 1922 (which obiously couldn't). The question is what was there in the present day area of the city in the 1930s and before.

More generally: in the early 20th century there were hundreds of Arab villages and dozens of Arab towns in present day Israel but only a few of them appear in Wikipedia even if Israeli municipalities cover them (literally and figuratively). This biased practice is distorting history and Wikpedia itself. The bias is apparent because contrary to the claim that there was no history of the city before the 1930s, the history section indeed tells a story but does it with a millennium-long break.

[[User:Peyerk|peyerk]] ([[User talk:Peyerk|talk]]) 20:04, 19 August 2024 (UTC)

== Name question ==

I take it that this city's name means "River of Hashem". If I'm correct, wouldn't it be more correct to say "River of the Lord"? I don't see any sources present for either name; otherwise I'd change it or not bring up the subject. [[User:Nyttend|Nyttend]] ([[User talk:Nyttend|talk]]) 13:15, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

The name Nahariya came from the river(nahar in Hebrew)which runs across the city. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/109.64.16.190|109.64.16.190]] ([[User talk:109.64.16.190|talk]]) 09:21, 15 July 2010 (UTC) 
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== External links modified (February 2018) ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071102034005/http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/Haifa/haifa14-NAHARIYYA.htm to http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/Haifa/haifa14-NAHARIYYA.htm

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Fetih 1453

2024-06-13T17:58:06Z

Peyerk: /* External links */ This is NOT the movie's official website. At least not in June 2024.

{{Infobox film
| name = Fetih 1453
| image = Conquest1453.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Faruk Aksoy]]
| producer = [[Ayşe Germen]]
| writer = [[İrfan Saruhan]]
| based_on = [[Fall of Constantinople]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Devrim Evin]]|[[İbrahim Çelikkol]]|[[Dilek Serbest]]}}
| music = [[Benjamin Wallfisch]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Aksoy film production]]
| distributor = [[Tiglon Film]] [[Kinostar]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|02|16}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = [[Turkey]]
| language = [[Turkish language|Turkish]] [[Greek language|Greek]] [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[Urdu language|Urdu]] [[English language|English]]
| budget = $18.2 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ensonhaber.com/fetih-1453un-gercek-butcesi-belli-oldu-2012-03-29.html|title=Fetih 1453'ün gerçek bütçesi belli oldu|website=Ensonhaber}}</ref>
| gross = $61.2 million ({{Turkish lira}}183.241.062)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeturkiye.com/turk-filmleri/|title=Box Office Türkiye|website=Box Office Türkiye}}</ref>
}}
'''''Sultana Muhammad Fetih 1453''''' ({{translation}} ''The Conquest 1453'') is a 2012 Turkish [[epic film|epic]] [[action film]] directed by [[Faruk Aksoy]] and produced by him, Servet Aksoy and Ayşe Germen. Starring [[Devrim Evin]], [[İbrahim Çelikkol]] and [[Dilek Serbest]], the film is based on events surrounding the [[Fall of Constantinople]] to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] during the reign of [[Sultan Mehmed II]].

== Plot ==
The film opens in [[Medina]] during the time of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], 627 AD. [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari|Abu Ayyub]] tells other [[sahaba]]s that [[Constantinople]] will be conquered by a blessed commander and army.

The story shifts abruptly to the 15th century. Sultan [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Muhammad al-Fatih]] was given the throne by his father [[Murad II]] when he was 12; he learns of his father's death while governing the [[Sanjak]] of [[Manisa Province|Saruhan]]. This causes him much grief and paves the way for his ascension to the throne again, after the death of his brother Fathıl IV. When Sultan Mehmet had first ascended the throne, he was also 12 years old. Murad II, suffocated by the political hostility of his margraves and viziers, relinquished the throne due to the impact of his deep grief caused by his beloved son Mohamed's death and enthroned Mehmet. [[Grand vizier|Grand Vizier]] [[Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger|Halil Pasha]], who had a great influence on the [[Janissaries]] and the state, was dissatisfied because of this situation. He was especially troubled with Sultan Mehmet indicating that Constantinople's conquest is vitally essential. He made Sultan Murat inherit the throne again in anticipation of the possibility of [[Crusades|crusaders]] occupying Ottoman territories by taking advantage of Mehmet. Mehmet was suspended from the throne and sent to the Sanjak of Saruhan.

Now, Mehmet succeeds to the throne again and is even more powerful. His priority target is still the conquest of Constantinople. He gains inspiration from the words of Muhammad: ''“Constantinople will surely be conquered. What a blessed commander is its and what a blessed army is its army.”''

He works out everything that will take him to the target. At the outset, Mehmet decides that he should live in peace with contiguous countries until he makes the preparations for his campaign. He sends messengers to the [[Papal States]], to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], to the [[Serbian Despotate]], to the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]], to the [[Republic of Genoa]] and to the [[Republic of Venice]] and notifies them of his intention to live in peace. He restores the dockyard of [[Gallipoli]] and because of this action, 100 [[galley]]s can be produced there in a year. Meanwhile, the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]] thinks that Sultan Mehmet is inexperienced and lacking in foresight. Constantine demands heavy appropriations, trying to use to his advantage his possession of the captive Prince Orhan. Constantine's main intention is to make Sultan Mehmet lose his reputation by capitulating to his demands. Sultan Mehmet appears to accept his demands, but this is just a strategy of deceit.

As soon as the news of Karaman's rebellion is received, Ottoman armies set out for [[Akşehir]]. Karamanoğlu İbrahim was not expecting such a mighty army. He demands peace. Sultan Mehmet accepts the peace, because he does not want his armies to be harmed unnecessarily. After the military expedition, on the return journey, a group of janissaries confront the state tent and ask for payment. They had not actually engaged in battle. In response, Sultan Mehmet sends out enthronements. He also sends into exile the janissary master Kurtçu Doğan. The janissary was an ally of Grand Vizier Halil Pasha. With this incident, Mehmet properly gains dominion over his armies.

Following his return to [[Edirne|Adrianople]], Mehmet sends a messenger to Emperor Constantine and he declares that he will no longer send the subsidy for the continued captivity of Orhan. Following this incident, Mehmet starts to build the Boğazkesen ([[Rumelihisarı|Rumelian]]) Fortress across the Anatolian Fortress. He fully intends to wage war against the [[Byzantine Empire]].

On 29 May 1453, the Byzantine soldiers on the ramparts are overwhelmed while facing Sultan Mehmet and his army.<ref>{{cite web |author=Aksoy Film |url=http://www.1453fetih.com/eng/index.html |title=Fetih 1453 Official Web Site |publisher=1453fetih.com |access-date=2012-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806052152/http://www.1453fetih.com/eng/index.html |archive-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor name !! Role name !! Explanation
|-
| [[Devrim Evin]] || [[Mehmed II]] || The 7th Ottoman sultan who seeks to conquer Constantinople. Mehmed's childhood is played by [[Ege Uslu]].
|-
| [[İbrahim Çelikkol]] || [[Ulubatlı Hasan]] || Mehmed's friend and mentor, leader of Ottoman cavalry corps. He martyrs himself when placing an Ottoman banner in the top of Walls of Constantinople while suffering multiple arrow wounds.
|-
| [[Dilek Serbest]] || Era || Orban's adopted daughter he bought from a slave market in Constantinople. She has a romantic relationship with Hasan. Era's childhood is played by [[Algun Molla]].
|-
| [[Recep Aktuğ]]|| [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]] || The last Byzantine emperor. In this film, when he dies, Mehmed orders Byzantine noblemen to bury him in Christian tradition.
|-
| [[Cengiz Coşkun]] || [[Giovanni Giustiniani|Knight Giustiniani]] || Genoese general. He is killed by Hasan.
|-
| [[Erden Alkan]] || [[Çandarlı Halil Pasha]] || Ottoman Grand Vizier serving under Murad II and Mehmed II. He rejects all Mehmed's plans relating to the conquest of Constantinople and urges peace with Byzantium.
|-
| [[Naci Adıgüzel]]|| [[Loukas Notaras|Grand Duke Notaras]] || The last Megas Doux of Constantinople. He shows strong opposition towards Constantine's intention to seek help from Vatican and Genoa.
|-
| [[Erdoğan Aydemir]]|| [[Orban]] || A Hungarian master who initially proposes his sketch to Doge of Genoa, but the Doge isn't interested in it. Orban refuses Notaras' demand to design a cannon for Byzantium. When Notaras' men attempts to arrest Orban for his refusal, Hasan saves him and Era, his adoptive daughter to Edirne. Orban later design the Great Bombard for the Ottoman Empire used in the siege of Constantinople.
|-
| [[İlker Kurt]]|| [[Murad II]] || The 6th Ottoman sultan, father of Mehmed II.
|-
| [[Sedat Mert]]|| [[Zagan Pasha]] || An Ottoman military commander who is used to be an ardent advocate for the conquest of Constantinople. He often confronts with Halil Pasha urging to live in peace with Byzantine Empire.
|-
| [[Raif Hikmet Çam]]|| [[Akshemseddin]] || One of Mehmed's tutors. He comes to Mehmed in the 40th day of the siege, and motivates the then-upset and frustrated Sultan with the discovery of Abu Ayyub Al Ansari's tomb near the Walls of Constantinople.
|-
| [[Namık Kemal Yiğittürk]]|| [[Molla Hüsrev]]|| One of Mehmed's tutors who invites Akshemseddin to motivate the Sultan in the 40th day of the siege.
|-
| [[Ömer As]]|| [[Molla Gürani]]|| One of Mehmed's tutors who invites Akshemseddin to motivate the Sultan in the 40th day of the siege.
|-
| [[Mustafa Atilla Kunt]]|| [[Şahabettin Pasha]] || An Ottoman military commander and vizier. He is tasked by Sultan Mehmed II to make three furnaces. During the siege of Constantinople he attacks the city from Tekfur Palace ([[Palace of the Porphyrogenitus]]) and the Gate of Caligaria.
|-
| [[Özcan Aliser]]|| [[Saruca Pasha]]|| An Ottoman military commander and vizier.
|-
| [[Murat Sezal]]|| [[İsa Pasha]]|| An Ottoman military commander.
|-
| [[Faik Aksoy]]|| [[Karaca Pasha]] || An Ottoman military commander. During the siege of Constantinople, he attacks the city from the Gate of Charisius and Blachernae Palace (Ayvansaray).
|-
| [[Hüseyin Santur]]|| [[Suleiman Baltoghlu|Süleyman Pasha]] || An Ottoman admiral. During the siege of Constantinople, he attacks the city from the [[Golden Horn]]. He is banished by Mehmed after the failure to enter the [[Golden Horn]].
|-
| [[Ali Rıza Soydan]]|| [[Pope]] || An unnamed Pope of Vatican (the contemporary Pope in that time was [[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]]).
|-
| [[Ali Ersin Yenar]]|| [[Doge of Genoa]] || An unnamed Doge of Genoa who orders Giustiniani to command Genoese army after an assault towards Genoese freight in the Bosphorus (the contemporary Doge in that time was [[Pietro di Campofregoso]]).
|-
| [[İzzet Çivril]]|| [[Isidore of Kiev|Cardinal Isidore]] || A cardinal who offers supports from Vatican to Byzantium.
|-
| [[Adnan Kürkçü]]|| [[Gennadius Scholarius]] || An Orthodox theologian who strongly opposes the Emperor's plan to unite Eastern Orthodoxy with Roman Catholicism.
|-
| Şahika Koldemir || [[Gülbahar Hatun I|Gülbahar Hatun]] || Mehmed's wife, mother of Prince Bayezid.
|-
| [[Edip Tüfekçi]]|| [[Orhan Çelebi|Prince Orhan]] || Pretender to the Ottoman throne who is an exile in Constantinople. During the siege of Constantinople, he is assigned to defend Port of Langa.
|-
| [[Aslan İzmirli]]|| [[İbrahim II of Karaman|Karamanoğlu İbrahim]] || Bey of Karamanids provoked to rebel against Ottoman Empire by Constantine XI.
|-
| [[Yiğitcan Elmalı]]|| [[Bayezid II|Prince Bayezid]] || Mehmed II's son.
|-
| [[Oğuz Oktay]]|| [[Osman I]] || The founder of Ottoman Empire, Mehmed's forefather. In this film, he is depicted to appear before Mehmed in Mehmed's dream. Osman tells Mehmed that he is the conqueror mentioned by Muhammad.
|-
| [[Tuncay Gençkalan]]|| [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]] || One of Muhammad's sahaba depicted to retell Muhammad's word about the capture of Constantinople by a blessed army and commander. In his later life, he joins a Muslim army to conquer Constantinople in 670s, but he dies in Constantinople and is buried there.
|-
| [[Yılmaz Babatürk]]|| [[Ishak Pasha]] || An Ottoman general.
|-
| [[Halis Bayraktaroğlu]]|| Kurtçu Doğan || Leader of the Janissary.
|-
| [[Songül Kaya]]|| Lady Emine || Halil Pasha's wife.
|-
| [[Lili Rich]]|| Dancer || Dinner table dancer.
|-
| [[Hüseyin Özay]]|| Ali the Blacksmith || Hasan's teacher.
|-
| [[Buminhan Dedecan]]|| Mustafa || An Ottoman tunnel master.
|-
| [[Emrah Özdemir]]|| Selim || An Ottoman tunnel foreman.
|-
| [[Yiğit Yarar]]|| Hüseyin || An Ottoman soldier.
|-
| [[Lili Rich]]|| Dancer || Dinner table dancer.
|-
| [[Hüseyin Bozdemir]]|| Mahmud || Orban's assistant.
|}

== Production ==
The production costs of the film are not well-known. The film was produced over a period of three years and cost an estimated $17 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1783232/|title=Conquest 1453|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Albayrak |first=Ayla |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2012/02/16/turkey%E2%80%99s-blockbuster-replays-istanbul-conquest-stoking-controversy/?mod=google_news_blog |title=Turkey's Blockbuster Replays Istanbul Conquest, Stoking Controversy – Emerging Europe Real Time – WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref> Other sources claim that the actual cost of the film is US$8 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.habervitrini.com/haber/fetih-1453un-gercek-maliyeti-17-milyon-dolar-degilmis-591546/ |title=Fetih 1453'ün gerçek maliyeti 17 milyon dolar değilmiş |publisher=Habervitrini.com |access-date=2012-07-31 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904193419/http://www.habervitrini.com/haber/fetih-1453un-gercek-maliyeti-17-milyon-dolar-degilmis-591546/ |archive-date=2012-09-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Turkish journalist Ali Eyuboglu asked budget to producer and producer claimed that they never stated any budget to press. In addition to this, another co-producer commented to Ali Eyuboglu that 4 million ticket will be afford expenses for the film. In Turkey profit to producer is estimated $2 per ticket, so the film should cost no more than $8 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cadde.milliyet.com.tr/2012/03/11/YazarDetay/1512464/-fetih-1453-zarar-ettirmedi |title='FETiH 1453' ZARAR ETTiRMEDi / Cadde / Milliyet İnternet / Türkiye, anket, Paris, medya, promosyon, Show TV, Hürriyet, Amerika, Mülkiye, kâr, film, saat, Kitap, dolar, fetih 1453 |publisher=Cadde.milliyet.com.tr |date=2009-11-15 |access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref> It is still the most expensive film in [[Turkish cinema]] history. The film trailer itself took one and a half months to complete and cost $600,000. The trailer was viewed by over 1.5 million people within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/fetih-1453-movie-trailer-stirs-up-greece--.aspx?pageID=238&nID=11307&NewsCatID=381 |title=CINEMA-TV – 'Fetih 1453' movie trailer stirs up Greece |publisher=Hurriyetdailynews.com |access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref>
The size of the full cast was extensive; the film reportedly required the use of 16,000 extras.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/magazin/magazinhatti/19932306.asp |title=Başbakan beğendi – Hürriyet Magazin Hattı |publisher=Hurriyet.com.tr |date=2012-02-17 |access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Fetih 1453'' was released on 15 February 2012 at 14:53 local time. The film was released in different countries on 16 February 2012, including United States, the United Kingdom, France, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Germany, the Netherlands, Macedonia, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Bangladesh,<ref name="cineplex">{{cite news | url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/335148 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141104093017/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/335148 | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 4, 2014 | title=Turkish film in the Star Cineplex (Bengali) | date=9 March 2013 | agency=[[Prothom Alo]] | access-date=6 April 2015 }}</ref> South Korea, Japan and several others. [[Universal Studios]] have expressed an interest in acquiring the distribution rights to the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1244232&title=fetih-1453-filmine-hollywood-yolu-gorundu#.TzjOQWzBfDU.twitter |title=Gündem Fetih 1453 filmine Hollywood yolu göründü ZAMAN |language=tr |publisher=Zaman.com.tr |date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428071131/http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1244232&title=fetih-1453-filmine-hollywood-yolu-gorundu#.TzjOQWzBfDU.twitter |archive-date=2012-04-28 }}</ref> The film was released on [[Blu-ray]] October 2, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Battle-of-Empires-Blu-ray/50137/|title=Battle of Empires Blu-ray|via=www.blu-ray.com}}</ref>

Prior to its release, the film caused outrage in [[Greece]], with many accusing it of being racist and obscuring historical facts,<ref name="Greeks express outrage at ‘Fetih 1453’ film">{{citation |title=Greeks express outrage at 'Fetih 1453' film |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=395EEB15411959B05E883A099892BE6B?newsId=268388 |publisher=Today's Zaman |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225234336/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action |archive-date=25 December 2012 }}</ref> while the Greek [[Proto Thema]] newspaper called it "a conquest propaganda by the Turks".<ref name="Turkish Film “Fetih 1453″ Causes Outrage Among Greeks">{{citation|title = Turkish Film "Fetih 1453" Causes Outrage Among Greeks|url = http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/01/13/turkish-film-fetih-1453-causes-outrage-among-greeks/|publisher = Greek Reporter|date = 13 January 2012|access-date = 29 September 2012}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
It sold 1.4 million tickets on its first weekend and 2.23 million tickets in its first week of release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeturkiye.com/haftasonu/?yil=2012&hafta=8 |title=BOX OFFICE TÜRKİYE – 17-19 Şubat 2012 |publisher=Boxofficeturkiye.com |access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref> In 18 days, it surpassed [[Recep İvedik 2]] to become the most watched film ever in Turkey. As of 13 May 2012, it has sold 6,468,777 tickets in Turkish cinemas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeturkiye.com/haftasonu/?yil=2012&hafta=20 |title=BOX OFFICE TÜRKİYE – 11-13 Mayıs 2012 |publisher=Boxofficeturkiye.com |access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref>

=== Critical reactions ===
[[Prime Minister of Turkey|Turkish Prime Minister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], who watched a special advance screening, liked the film very much.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazete5.com/haber/fetih-1453-u-herkesten-once-basbakan-erdogan-izledi-son-dakika-haberleri-192545.htm |title=Fetih 1453 ü herkesten önce Başbakan Erdoğan izledi son dakika haberleri |publisher=Gazete5.com |date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2012-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817091918/http://www.gazete5.com/haber/fetih-1453-u-herkesten-once-basbakan-erdogan-izledi-son-dakika-haberleri-192545.htm |archive-date=2012-08-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Historical accuracy ==
The film only depicts the ethnically Turkish element of the [[Ottoman Army (15th-19th centuries)|Ottoman army]]. In reality, the Ottoman army was very diverse, including many Balkan converts to Islam as well as Christian levies and the armies of the Sultan's Christian and Muslim vassals.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gibbons|first=Fiachra|title=Turkish delight in epic film Fetih 1453|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/12/turkish-fetih-1453|work=The Guardian|access-date=1 November 2012|location=London|date=2012-04-12}}</ref> The Ottoman Empire also engaged in a series of conquests in the previous decade, subjugating the Serbian Despotate and defeating Hungary at the [[Battle of Varna]]. The Eastern Roman Empire by 1450 was a shadow of its former self, having shrunk to a few square kilometers outside of Constantinople itself. The city was impoverished and depopulated, and by 1453 consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields surrounded by the 1000 year old Theodosian walls. Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine XI rejected Ottoman overtures to surrender, fearing a massacre by Turkish forces. The final capture of the city also omits the day of pillaging that Mehmed allowed his soldiers, with Mehmed simply sparing the inhabitants instead.<ref>Streyer and Nelson, ''Ways of the World'' Volume II, 4th Edition, St. Martins, pp. 510-11. {{ISBN|9781319109783}}.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Islamic films]]
* [[Fall of Constantinople]]
* [[Mehmed the Conqueror]]
* [[Turkish nationalism]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1783232}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|fetih_1453_2012}}
* {{Mojo title|fetih1453}}

{{Depictions of Muhammad}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 war drama films]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1453]]
[[Category:War films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in the 7th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1450s]]
[[Category:Films set in 15th-century Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Films set in 15th-century Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Films set in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Films set in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Films set in Italy]]
[[Category:Films set in Vatican City]]
[[Category:Films scored by Benjamin Wallfisch]]
[[Category:Turkish war drama films]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about royalty]]
[[Category:Siege films]]
[[Category:Fall of Constantinople]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mehmed the Conqueror]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Historical action films]]
[[Category:Historical epic films]]
[[Category:Films about Islam]]
[[Category:Turkish epic films]]

Talk:Marwan Barghouti

2024-05-28T12:38:53Z

Peyerk: /* Diplomatic immunity as a member of the Palestinian Parliament */

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{{WikiProject Biography|politician-work-group=yes|politician-priority=low}}
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{{WikiProject Terrorism|importance=Mid}}
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== Diplomatic immunity as a member of the Palestinian Parliament==
This part does not make sense, a country may choose to give diplomatic immunity to someone, generally its only for foreign affairs although not always but I can find no record that Israel has ever agreed to give diplomatic immunity in relation to the Palestinian Parliament furthermore other members of the Palestinian Parliament have been arrested and no-one brought this up. What it is, is he may have diplomatic immunity from arrest and prosecution from the PA.
[[User:BernardZ|BernardZ]] ([[User talk:BernardZ|talk]])

Actually he was not arrested in Israel, a fact being nonsensical on its own right. [[User:Peyerk|peyerk]] ([[User talk:Peyerk|talk]]) 12:38, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on [[Marwan Barghouti]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=781247623 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090926045500/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/582/7inv1.htm to http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/582/7inv1.htm
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090930131817/http://imeu.net/news/printer006669.shtml to http://imeu.net/news/printer006669.shtml
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071224031351/http://www.jcpa.org.il/Templates/showpage.asp?FID=440&DBID=1&LNGID=2&TMID=99&IID=11247 to http://www.jcpa.org.il/Templates/showpage.asp?FID=440&DBID=1&LNGID=2&TMID=99&IID=11247
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020910050144/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0mcw0 to http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0mcw0

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

{{sourcecheck|checked=false|needhelp=}}

Cheers.—[[User:InternetArchiveBot|'''InternetArchiveBot''']] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|Report bug]]) 01:16, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

He is а terrorist.
https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Issues/Pages/On-Marwan-Barghouti-s-murder-record,-political-maneuvering-and-exploitation.aspx
https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/21237/א. א. אינסטלציה (talk) 18:12, 27 February 2020 (UTC) [[User:א. א. אינסטלציה|א. א. אינסטלציה]] ([[User talk:א. א. אינסטלציה|talk]]) 08:57, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

He is а terrorist.
https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Issues/Pages/On-Marwan-Barghouti-s-murder-record,-political-maneuvering-and-exploitation.aspx
https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/21237/ א. א. אינסטלציה (talk) 18:12, 27 February 2020 (UTC) [[User:א. א. אינסטלציה|א. א. אינסטלציה]] ([[User talk:א. א. אינסטלציה|talk]]) 08:57, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

== terrorist ==

Why is not he a terrorist?
Is this different from Wikipedia in Hebrew? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/185.32.177.79|185.32.177.79]] ([[User talk:185.32.177.79#top|talk]]) 20:02, 6 June 2017 (UTC) 

He is а terrorist.
https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Issues/Pages/On-Marwan-Barghouti-s-murder-record,-political-maneuvering-and-exploitation.aspx
https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/21237/ א. א. אינסטלציה (talk) 18:12, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
:So several Israeli prime ministers/politicians of distinction '''are''' terrorists because they were engaged in activities deemed terroristic in the past? [[User:Nishidani|Nishidani]] ([[User talk:Nishidani|talk]]) 18:11, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 11 October 2023 ==

{{edit extended-protected|Marwan Barghouti|answered=yes}}
Remove regarded as a terrorist..suicide bombings as this is a false representation of who Marwan is and disillusions reads into thinking he was a terrorist when this is an unsubstantiated fact with no evidence or references. [[Special:Contributions/120.22.17.77|120.22.17.77]] ([[User talk:120.22.17.77|talk]]) 10:09, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
:[[File:Red question icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a [[WP:EDITXY|"change X to Y" format]] and provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]] if appropriate. Currently the article only mentions the word "terrorist" where the Israeli government calls him a terrorist. Not sure what you want changed. [[User:Cannolis|Cannolis]] ([[User talk:Cannolis|talk]]) 10:59, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
::Remove the section [[Special:Contributions/120.22.2.162|120.22.2.162]] ([[User talk:120.22.2.162|talk]]) 09:25, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 23 October 2023 ==

{{Edit extended-protected|Marwan Barghouti|answered=yes}}
The Washington post archived its article on Barghouti's declaration, but it is still available but at a different URL.

change

https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A51887-2002Jan15

to

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/01/16/want-security-end-the-occupation/6d95b7aa-48bd-43e8-9698-e35331460ffb/

or in other words change

<ref name=wp-oped-20020116>{{cite news|title=Want Security? End the Occupation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A51887-2002Jan15|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 January 2002|author=Marwan Barghouti}}</ref>

to

<ref name=wp-oped-20020116>{{cite news|title=Want Security? End the Occupation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/01/16/want-security-end-the-occupation/6d95b7aa-48bd-43e8-9698-e35331460ffb/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 January 2002|author=Marwan Barghouti}}</ref> [[User:ED3202|ED3202]] ([[User talk:ED3202|talk]]) 10:20, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
:{{done}} Thank you! [[User:Liu1126|Liu1126]] ([[User talk:Liu1126|talk]]) 10:25, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

== Replacing Dead Links ==

I noticed a couple of the footnotes now redirect to a landing page. Would it be possible to replace them with Archive.org links? I don't have enough edits to do it myself but here are working links:

Footnote 23 (The indictment)

Retrieved August 29, 2004

<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20040829072946/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/12/State%20of%20Israel%20vs%20Marwan%20Barghouti-%20Ruling%20by%20Jud</nowiki>

Source 24 (Indictment Appendix

Retrieved July 5, 2004

<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20040705015004/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/8/Marwan%20Barghouti%20Indictment%20-%20Appendix-%20Terrorist</nowiki>

[[User:Hamster Drink|Hamster Drink]] ([[User talk:Hamster Drink|talk]]) 00:18, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

Russian Empire census

2024-04-25T11:56:49Z

Peyerk: Undid revision 1214571018 by 2605:B100:10B:CA7E:90F7:714:BAD3:B925 (talk)

{{Short description|First and only census carried out in the Russian Empire (1897)}}
{{Other uses|Russian census}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox census
| name = First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897
| image = Rusija 1895 surasymas.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| image_caption = First page of an imperial Russian census form from [[Kovno Governorate]]
| date = {{start date|1897|2|9|df=on}}
| next_year = 1920
| next_census = 1920 Russian census
| country = [[Russian Empire]]
| authority = Central Statistical Bureau
| population = 125,640,021
| region_type = governorate or ''oblast''
| percent_change =
| most_populous = [[Kiev Governorate]] (3,559,229)
| least_populous = [[Amur Oblast (Russian Empire)|Amur ''oblast'']] (120,306)
}}
The '''Russian Empire census''', formally the '''First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897''',{{Efn|{{lang-rus|Пе́рвая всео́бщая пе́репись населе́нія Россíйской импе́ріи 1897 го́да|Pérvaya vseóbshchaya pérelis' naseléniya Rossíyskoy impérii 1897 góda}}}} was the first and only nation-wide census performed in the [[Russian Empire]]. The census recorded demographic data as of {{OldStyleDateDY|9 February|1897|28 January}}; with a population of 125,640,021, it made Russia [[List of countries by population in 1900|the world's third-most populated country]] at the time, after the [[British Empire|British]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing empires]]. Although the census was performed in most of the empire, no enumeration was done in the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]].

The census revealed the social class, native language, religion, and profession of citizens, which were aggregated to yield district and provincial totals. The data processing took eight years; publishing the results began in 1898 and was completed in 1905. In total, 119 books in 89 volumes were published for 89 governorates in the empire, including a two-volume summary.

The next census had been planned for December 1915, but was cancelled due to [[World War I]].{{sfn|Rosstat|2013|p=70}} It was not rescheduled before the [[Russian Revolution]]. The next census in Russia only occurred at the end of [[1926 Soviet census|1926]], almost three decades later.

== Background ==
Population censuses in Eastern Europe, as well as throughout the world, were carried out in one form or another throughout the existence of tribes, principalities, kingdoms, kaganates, khanates, kingdoms, empires, and states in order to determine the expected collection of income from subject territories and peoples.

In the thirteenth century, the [[Golden Horde]] enumerated the population of the Rus' three times—1245, 1257, and 1274; according to censuses, the Rus' population was then estimated at approximately 10 million people.{{sfn|Borrero|2009|p=393}} The population in the [[Tsardom of Russia]] under the reign of [[Peter the Great]] was about 15 million in 1710.

Previous censuses had been recorded for fiscal and military purposes. Until the eighteenth century, population records were sporadic, as in either scribal or census books. [[Audit|Audits]] began to be carried out at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and population censuses became relatively regular. Since 1858, the audit had been replaced by administrative and police registration of the population based on data from family lists. In total, three large administrative and police censuses of the population were carried out—in 1858, 1863, and 1885. Running population registrations – including births, marriages, and deaths – were carried out by religious organisations until 1918. All the items mentioned above were characterised by inaccuracy and insufficient completeness.

By 1897, significant experience had been accumulated in local, mainly urban, population censuses that had been conducted since the later half of the nineteenth century. Population censuses were performed in separate governorates ([[Pskov Governorate|Pskov]] in 1870 and 1887, [[Astrakhan Governorate|Astrakhan]] in 1873, [[Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire)|Akmola]] in 1877, etc.), in which residents in all cities were enumerated. The population in the entire [[Courland Governorate]] was enumerated in 1863 and 1881, and in the [[Governorate of Livonia|governorates of Livonia]] and [[Governorate of Estonia|Estonia]] in the latter. Registration of the rural population was performed during household and other surveys of ''[[Zemstvo|zemstvos]]''. In 1871, under the general editorship of the professor of military statistics, [[Nikolai Obruchev]], officers of the General Staff published a military statistical collection, the four-volume edition of which contained data on the population of Russia as a whole, and was categorised by governorates and ''[[okrug#Imperial Russia|okrug]]s''.

In 1870, the project for an all-Russian population census was discussed at the First All-Russian Congress of Statisticians, and in 1876, at the eighth session of the International Statistical Congress. On 26 February 1877, the draft of "Regulations on the General National Census", which was developed by a commission under the [[Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire|Ministry of Finance]], was submitted to the [[State Council (Russian Empire)|State Council]]; however, it was not discussed there, possibly due to the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]] that occurred from 1877 to 1878. In the early 80s of the nineteenth century, the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] began to receive statements from some ''zemstvo'' assemblies and governors about the need to conduct a population census as soon as possible; this was due to the unbalanced distribution of taxes among peasant families and an increase in arrears in collections from the population. After the [[Russian famine of 1891–1892|famine of 1891–1892]], the question of the obligation to have accurate figures of the population of the empire again arose.

==Organization==
The census project was suggested during 1877 by [[Pyotr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky]], a famous Russian [[geographer]] and director of the Central Statistical Bureau, and was approved by [[Tsar|Czar]] [[Nicholas II]] in 1895.

The census was performed in two stages. For the first stage (December 1896 — January 1897) the counters (135,000 persons: teachers, priests, and literate soldiers) visited all households and filled in the questionnaires, which were verified by local census managers. For the second stage ({{OldStyleDateDY|9 January|1898|28 December 1897}}) the counters simultaneously visited all households to verify and update the questionnaires. The census was performed during winter as the population was less mobile then.<ref name="familysearch"/> Despite this being the only imperial census, historians are able to estimate the Russian Empire's population during earlier times by collecting city censuses.

The data processing required 8 years using [[Hollerith card]] machines. Publication of the results started during 1898 and ended in 1905. In total, 119 volumes for 89 ''[[guberniya]]s'', as well as a two-volume summary, were issued.

==Data fields==
The questionnaire contained the following questions:
*[[Family name]], [[given name]], [[patronymic]] or [[nickname]] (прозвище)
*Sex
*Relation with respect to the head of the family or household
*Age
*Marital status
*Social status: ''[[sosloviye]]'' ([[estate of the realm]]), rank or title (сословіе, состояніе, званіе)
*Place of birth
*Place of registration
*Usual place of residence
*Notice of absence
*Faith
*[[First language]] (родной язык)
*Literacy
*Occupation (profession, trade, position of office or service), both primary and secondary

In the census summary tables, [[nationality]] was based on the declared primary language of respondents.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

<gallery>
File:Russian-census-1897-p1.jpg|The first page of a census form from [[Kiev Governorate]].
File:Russian-census-1897-p2.jpg|The second page of a census form from [[Kiev Governorate]].
File:Russian-census-1897-p3.jpg|The third page of a census form from [[Kiev Governorate]].
File:Russian-census-1897-p4.jpg|A description page for a census form from [[Kiev Governorate]].
</gallery>

==Census results==
The total population of the Russian Empire was recorded to be 125,640,021 people, 62,477,348 or 49.73% of whom were men and 63,162,673 or 50.27% were women—the median age was 21.16 years.

===By native language===
[[File:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897).svg|thumb|280px|Map of subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897)]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Linguistic composition of the Russian Empire<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку, губерниям и областям |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php |access-date=26 October 2012 |publisher=Demoscope Weekly |language=ru}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Language
! colspan="2" |[[Urban area|Urban]]
! colspan="2" |[[Rural area|Rural]]
! colspan="2" |TOTAL
|-
!Native speakers
!%
!Native speakers
!%
! Native speakers
!%
|-
|[[Russian language|Russian]]{{efn|Termed as ''Great Russian'' ({{lang|ru|Великорусский}}).}}
|8,825,733
|52.45
|46,841,736
|43.05
| 55,667,469
|44.31
|-
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{efn|Termed as ''Little Russian'' ({{lang|ru|Малорусский}}).}}
|1,256,387
|7.47
|21,124,164
|19.41
| 22,380,551
|17.81
|-
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
|1,455,527
|8.65
|6,475,780
|5.95
| 7,931,307
|6.31
|-
|[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]{{efn|Termed as ''White Russian'' ({{lang|ru|Белорусский}}).}}
|171,383
|1.02
|5,714,164
|5.25
| 5,885,547
|4.68
|-
|[[Jewish languages|Jewish]]
|2,502,217
|14.87
|2,560,939
|2.35
| 5,063,156
|4.03
|-
|[[Kazakh language|Kyrgyz-Kaisak]]
|46,827
|0.28
|4,037,312
|3.71
| 4,084,139
|3.25
|-
|Tatar{{Efn|Includes [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Tatar language|Volga Tatar]] and [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]].}}
|417,727
|2.48
|3,319,900
|3.05
| 3,737,627
|2.97
|-
|[[German language|German]]
|418,533
|2.49
|1,371,956
|1.26
| 1,790,489
|1.43
|-
|[[Latvian language|Latvian]]
|230,719
|1.37
|1,205,218
|1.11
| 1,435,937
|1.14
|-
|[[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
|13,844
|0.08
|1,307,519
|1.20
| 1,321,363
|1.05
|-
|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
|43,136
|0.26
|1,167,374
|1.07
| 1,210,510
|0.96
|-
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]
|272,801
|1.62
|900,295
|0.83
|1,173,096
|0.93
|-
|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|64,134
|0.38
|1,057,535
|0.97
| 1,121,669
|0.89
|-
|[[Mordvinic languages|Mordovian]]
|14,022
|0.08
|1,009,819
|0.93
|1,023,841
|0.81
|-
|[[Estonian language|Estonian]]
|139,544
|0.83
|863,194
|0.79
|1,002,738
|0.80
|-
|Sartic
|204,046
|1.21
|764,609
|0.70
| 968,655
|0.77
|-
|[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|6,051
|0.04
|837,704
|0.77
|843,755
|0.67
|-
|[[Georgian language|Georgian]]
|98,503
|0.59
|725,465
|0.67
| 823,968
|0.66
|-
|[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
|91,750
|0.55
|634,784
|0.58
|726,534
|0.58
|-
|[[Samogitian language|Samogitian]]
|8,946
|0.05
|439,076
|0.40
| 448,022
|0.36
|-
|[[Turkic languages|Other Turkic dialects]]
|156,348
|0.93
|284,064
|0.26
| 440,412
|0.35
|-
|[[Udmurt language|Votyak]]
|2,245
|0.01
|418,725
|0.38
| 420,970
|0.34
|-
|[[Mari language|Mari]]
|2,191
|0.01
|373,248
|0.34
|375,439
|0.30
|-
|[[Tajik language|Tajik]]
|103,240
|0.61
|247,157
|0.23
|350,397
|0.28
|-
|[[Buryat language|Buryat]]
|2,038
|0.01
|286,625
|0.26
|288,663
|0.23
|-
|[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
|2,687
|0.02
|278,670
|0.26
|281,357
|0.22
|-
|[[Imeretian language|Imeretian]]
|17,181
|0.10
|256,005
|0.24
|273,186
|0.22
|-
|[[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]
|11,539
|0.07
|228,086
|0.21
| 239,625
|0.19
|-
|[[Yakut language|Yakut]]
|3,890
|0.02
|223,494
|0.21
|227,384
|0.18
|-
|[[Chechen language|Chechen]]
|871
|0.01
|225,625
|0.21
|226,496
|0.18
|-
|[[Avar language|Avar-Andean]]
|5,533
|0.03
|207,159
|0.19
|212,692
|0.17
|-
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|13,378
|0.08
|195,444
|0.18
|208,822
|0.17
|-
|[[Karelian language|Karelian]]
|2,791
|0.02
|205,310
|0.19
|208,101
|0.17
|-
|[[Kyrgyz language|Kara-Kyrgyz]]
|270
|0.00
|201,412
|0.19
|201,682
|0.16
|-
|[[Kalmyk language|Kalmyk]]
|1,263
|0.01
|189,385
|0.17
|190,648
|0.15
|-
|[[Greek language|Greek]]
|33,621
|0.20
|153,304
|0.14
|186,925
|0.15
|-
|[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|14,371
|0.09
|158,288
|0.15
|172,659
|0.14
|-
|[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]
|5,907
|0.04
|165,809
|0.15
|171,716
|0.14
|-
|[[Lezgian language|Kyurin]]
|5,146
|0.03
|154,067
|0.14
|159,213
|0.13
|-
|[[Komi language|Komi]]
|6,340
|0.04
|147,278
|0.14
|153,618
|0.12
|-
|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
|25,610
|0.15
|117,458
|0.11
|143,068
|0.11
|-
|[[Dargwa language|Dargin]]
|1,847
|0.01
|128,362
|0.12
|130,209
|0.10
|-
|Teptyar
|579
|0.00
|117,194
|0.11
|117,773
|0.09
|-
|[[Permyak language|Permyak]]
|366
|0.00
|104,325
|0.10
|104,691
|0.08
|-
|[[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]
|46
|0.00
|104,228
|0.10
|104,274
|0.08
|-
|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
|1,148
|0.01
|98,801
|0.09
|99,949
|0.08
|-
|[[Kabardian language|Kabardian]]
|523
|0.00
|98,038
|0.09
|98,561
|0.08
|-
|[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]
|4,099
|0.02
|90,957
|0.08
|95,056
|0.08
|-
|[[Lak language|Kazi-Kumukh]]
|1,642
|0.01
|89,238
|0.08
|90,880
|0.07
|-
|[[Kumyk language|Kumyk]]
|3,529
|0.02
|79,879
|0.07
|83,408
|0.07
|-
|[[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]
|343
|0.00
|71,760
|0.07
|72,103
|0.06
|-
|[[Evenki language|Evenki]]
|192
|0.00
|66,078
|0.06
|66,270
|0.05
|-
|[[Nogai language|Nogai]]
|299
|0.00
|63,781
|0.06
|64,080
|0.05
|-
|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|24,794
|0.15
|32,665
|0.03
|57,459
|0.05
|-
|[[Uyghur language|Taranchin Uyghur]]
|10,789
|0.06
|45,680
|0.04
|56,469
|0.04
|-
|[[Mishar Tatar dialect|Mishar Tatar]]
|657
|0.00
|53,190
|0.05
|53,847
|0.04
|-
|[[Czech language|Czech]]
|8,375
|0.05
|42,010
|0.04
|50,385
|0.04
|-
|[[Ingush language|Ingush]]
|541
|0.00
|46,868
|0.04
|47,409
|0.04
|-
|[[Circassian languages|Circassian]]
|1,660
|0.01
|44,626
|0.04
|46,286
|0.04
|-
|[[Romani language|Romani]]
|6,551
|0.04
|38,031
|0.03
|44,582
|0.04
|-
|[[Talysh language|Talysh]]
|1,035
|0.01
|34,256
|0.03
|35,291
|0.03
|-
|[[Persian language|Persian]]
|18,976
|0.11
|12,747
|0.01
|31,723
|0.03
|-
|[[Karapapakhs|Karapapakh]]
|9
|0.00
|29,893
|0.03
|29,902
|0.02
|-
|[[Karachay language|Karachay]]
|45
|0.00
|27,178
|0.02
|27,223
|0.02
|-
|[[Korean language|Korean]]
|1,716
|0.01
|24,289
|0.02
|26,005
|0.02
|-
|[[Veps language|Chud]]
|117
|0.00
|25,703
|0.02
|25,820
|0.02
|-
|[[Khanty language|Khanty]]
|179
|0.00
|19,484
|0.02
|19,663
|0.02
|-
|[[French language|French]]
|12,966
|0.08
|3,467
|0.00
|16,433
|0.01
|-
|[[Nenets language|Samoyedic]]
|127
|0.00
|15,750
|0.01
|15,877
|0.01
|-
|[[Svan language|Svan]]
|94
|0.00
|15,662
|0.01
|15,756
|0.01
|-
|Kashgar Uyghur
|139
|0.00
|14,799
|0.01
|14,938
|0.01
|-
|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|6,969
|0.04
|7,230
|0.01
|14,199
|0.01
|-
|[[Izhorian language|Izhorian]]
|37
|0.00
|13,737
|0.01
|13,774
|0.01
|-
|[[Chukchi language|Chukchi]]
|8
|0.00
|11,787
|0.01
|11,795
|0.01
|-
|[[Mansi language|Mansi]]
|9
|0.00
|7,642
|0.01
|7,651
|0.01
|-
|[[Kipchak language|Kipchak]]
|6
|0.00
|7,601
|0.01
|7,607
|0.01
|-
|[[Udi language|Udi]]
|11
|0.00
|7,089
|0.01
|7,100
|0.01
|-
|[[English language|English]]
|5,746
|0.03
|1,308
|0.00
|7,054
|0.01
|-
|[[Nivkh languages|Gilyak (Nivkh)]]
|14
|0.00
|6,180
|0.01
|6,194
|0.00
|-
|[[Koryak language|Koryak]]
|31
|0.00
|6,027
|0.01
|6,058
|0.00
|-
|[[Suret language|Assyrian]]
|1,307
|0.01
|4,046
|0.00
|5,353
|0.00
|-
|[[Italian language|Italian]]
|3,824
|0.02
|936
|0.00
|4,760
|0.00
|-
|[[Itelmen language|Kamchadal (Itelmen)]]
|6
|0.00
|3,972
|0.00
|3,978
|0.00
|-
|[[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|54
|0.00
|3,340
|0.00
|3,394
|0.00
|-
|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]
|1,855
|0.01
|794
|0.00
|2,649
|0.00
|-
|[[Serbo-Croatian]]
|1,197
|0.01
|618
|0.00
|1,815
|0.00
|-
|[[Sámi languages|Sámi]]
|41
|0.00
|1,771
|0.00
|1,812
|0.00
|-
|[[Arabic]]
|93
|0.00
|1,603
|0.00
|1,696
|0.00
|-
|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Danish language|Danish]]
|1,031
|0.01
|609
|0.00
|1,640
|0.00
|-
|[[Ainu language|Ainu]]
|6
|0.00
|1,440
|0.00
|1,446
|0.00
|-
|[[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo]]
|1
|0.00
|1,098
|0.00
|1,099
|0.00
|-
|[[Ket language|Yenisei-Ostyak (Ket)]]
|6
|0.00
|988
|0.00
|994
|0.00
|-
|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|699
|0.00
|262
|0.00
|961
|0.00
|-
|[[Yukaghir languages|Yukaghir]]
|0
|0.00
|948
|0.00
|948
|0.00
|-
|[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|70
|0.00
|866
|0.00
|936
|0.00
|-
|[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
|84
|0.00
|733
|0.00
|817
|0.00
|-
|[[Afghan language|Afghan]]
|43
|0.00
|571
|0.00
|614
|0.00
|-
|[[Aleut language|Aleut]]
|338
|0.00
|246
|0.00
|584
|0.00
|-
|[[Chuvan language|Chuvan]]
|190
|0.00
|316
|0.00
|506
|0.00
|-
|Other Lezgic languages
|165
|0.00
|255
|0.00
|420
|0.00
|-
|[[Kist people|Kist]]
|97
|0.00
|316
|0.00
|413
|0.00
|-
|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|225
|0.00
|110
|0.00
|335
|0.00
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|236
|0.00
|76
|0.00
|312
|0.00
|-
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|112
|0.00
|26
|0.00
|138
|0.00
|-
|Other languages
|69
|0.00
|5
|0.00
|74
|0.00
|-
|Not indicated
|2,142
|0.01
|2,985
|0.00
|5,127
|0.00
|-
!TOTAL
!16,828,395
!100.00
!108,811,626
!100.00
!125,640,021
!100.00
|}

===By religion===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religious composition of the Russian Empire in 1897<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-05 |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_rel_97.php?reg=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105015116/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_rel_97.php?reg=0 |archive-date=5 November 2010 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Faith
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! colspan="2" |Both
|-
!Number
!%
|-
|[[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]]
| align="right" |42,954,739
| align="right" |44,168,865
| align="right" |87,123,604
| align="right" |69.34
|-
|[[Muslims|Muslim]]
| align="right" |7,383,293
| align="right" |6,523,679
| align="right" |13,906,972
| align="right" |11.07
|-
|[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| align="right" |5,686,361
| align="right" |5,781,633
| align="right" |11,467,994
| align="right" |9.13
|-
|[[Jews|Jewish]]
| align="right" |2,547,144
| align="right" |2,668,661
| align="right" |5,215,805
| align="right" |4.15
|-
|[[Lutheranism|Lutherans]]
| align="right" |1,739,814
| align="right" |1,832,839
| align="right" |3,572,653
| align="right" |2.84
|-
|[[Old Believers]]
| align="right" |1,029,023
| align="right" |1,175,573
| align="right" |2,204,596
| align="right" |1.75
|-
|[[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]]
| align="right" |625,592
| align="right" |553,649
| align="right" |1,179,241
| align="right" |0.94
|-
|[[Buddhism|Buddhists]]
| align="right" |240,739
| align="right" |193,124
| align="right" |433,863
| align="right" |0.34
|-
|[[Calvinism|Reformed]]
| align="right" |42,877
| align="right" |42,523
| align="right" |85,400
| align="right" |0.07
|-
|[[Mennonites|Mennonite]]
| align="right" |33,598
| align="right" |32,966
| align="right" |66,564
| align="right" |0.05
|-
|[[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian Catholic]]
| align="right" |20,028
| align="right" |18,812
| align="right" |38,840
| align="right" |0.03
|-
|[[Baptists|Baptist]]
| align="right" |18,372
| align="right" |19,767
| align="right" |38,139
| align="right" |0.03
|-
|[[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]]
| align="right" |6,372
| align="right" |6,522
| align="right" |12,894
| align="right" |0.01
|-
|[[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
| align="right" |2,042
| align="right" |2,141
| align="right" |4,183
| align="right" |0.00
|-
|Other Christian denominations
| align="right" |2,371
| align="right" |1,581
| align="right" |3,952
| align="right" |0.00
|-
|Other non-Christian denominations
| align="right" |144,983
| align="right" |140,338
| align="right" |285,321
| align="right" |0.23
|-
!TOTAL
!62,477,348
!63,162,673
!125,640,021
!100.00
|}

<gallery class="center" heights="220px" widths="170px">
Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Eastern Orthodox
Muslims in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Muslims
Roman Catholics in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Roman Catholics
Adherents of Judaism in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Jews
Lutherans in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Lutherans
Old Believers in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Old Believers
Adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Armenian Apostolics
Buddhists in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Buddhists
Pagans in the Russian Empire 1897.png|Pagans
</gallery>

===Population by modern-day countries===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2018}}
* [[Russia]] 67,476,000 (from this [[Siberia]] 5,758,822)
* [[Ukraine]] 23,430,407 (from this [[Crimea]] 1,447,790)
* [[Poland]] ([[Vistula]] basin) 9,402,253
* [[Belarus]] 6,927,040
* [[Kazakhstan]] 4,000,000
* [[Lithuania]] 3,135,771
* [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] 2,109,273
* [[Uzbekistan]] 2,000,000
* [[Moldova]] 1,935,412
* [[Latvia]] 1,929,387
* [[Azerbaijan]] 1,705,131
* [[Estonia]] 900,000
* [[Armenia]] 797,853{{sfn|Korkotyan|1932|p=167}} {{better source needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Kyrgyzstan]] 750,000
* [[Tajikistan]] 646,000
*[[Turkmenistan]] 350,000

=== Largest cities ===
{{see also|List of cities of the Russian Empire in 1897}}
Largest cities of the Empire according to the census:

* [[Saint Petersburg]] – 1,264,900
* [[Moscow]] – 1,038,600
* Varshava ([[Warsaw]]) – 626,000
* Odessa ([[Odesa]]) – 403,800
* Lod ([[Łódź]]) – 314,000
* [[Riga]] – 282,200
* Kiev ([[Kyiv]]) – 247,700
* Kharkov ([[Kharkiv]]) – 174,000
* Tiflis ([[Tbilisi]]) – 159,600
* Vilna ([[Vilnius]]) – 154,500
* [[Saratov]] – 137,100
* [[Kazan]] – 130,000
* [[Rostov-on-Don]] – 119,500
* [[Tula, Russia|Tula]] – 114,700
* [[Astrakhan]] – 112,900
* Ekaterinoslav ([[Dnipro]]) – 112,800
* [[Baku]] – 111,900
* [[Chișinău]] – 108,500
* [[Helsinki]] – 93,000
* Nikolayev ([[Mykolaiv]]) – 92,000
* [[Minsk]] – 90,900
* [[Nizhny Novgorod]] – 90,100
* [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] – 90,000
* [[Orenburg]] – 72,400
* [[Yaroslavl]] – 71,600
* Dvinsk ([[Daugavpils]]) – 69,675
* [[Vitebsk]] – 65,900
* Reval ([[Tallinn]]) – 64 572
* Libava ([[Liepāja]]) – 64,489
* Yekaterinodar ([[Krasnodar]]) – 65,600
* Tsaritsyn ([[Volgograd]]) – 55,200

== Data availability ==
Each enumeration form was copied twice, with the three copies filed in the [[Volost]] (county) archives, the [[Governorate (Russia)|governorate]] archives, and the Central Statistical Bureau in St. Petersburg. The copies in St. Petersburg were destroyed after they had been tabulated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia, Jewish Families in Russian Empire Census, 1897|url=https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1448/|website=Ancestry|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="familysearch">{{cite web|title=Russia Census|url=https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Russia_Census|website=FamilySearch|access-date=10 April 2017}}</ref> Most of the copies stored locally and regionally have also been destroyed; however, the complete census for the [[Arkhangelsk Governorate|Arkhangelsk]] and [[Tobolsk Governorate|Tobolsk]] governorates has been preserved, and the census for portions of several other governorates is also extant.<ref>{{cite web|title=1897 Census of Imperial Russia|url=http://www.findrussianheritage.com/online-projects/russian-ancestry-1897-census/|url-status=usurped|website=Find Russian Heritage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205064022/http://www.findrussianheritage.com/online-projects/russian-ancestry-1897-census/|archive-date=2018-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Documents of the First General Census of the population of Russian Empire in the Ukrainian Archives|url=http://alexdunai.com/documents/item_12/|url-status=unfit|website=Alex Dunai's personal website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417012637/http://alexdunai.com/documents/item_12/|archive-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>

== Assessment ==
The results may have been influenced by national policy of the authorities: the population of Russian ethnicity was somewhat exaggerated.<ref name=geifman>[[Anna Geifman]], ''Russia Under the Last Tsar: Opposition and Subversion, 1894-1917'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1999, {{ISBN|1-55786-995-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HBg7tQ7BGY0C&pg=PA118 Google Print, p. 118-119]</ref> Thus for example, the number of Poles is underrepresented.<ref>Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski, ''Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe'', M.E. Sharpe, 2003, {{ISBN|0-7656-0665-8}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&pg=RA1-PA27 Google Print, p.27]</ref><ref>Jerzy Borzęcki, ''The Soviet-Polish peace of 1921 and the creation of interwar Europe'', Yale University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0-300-12121-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wjsk1sdZzdIC&pg=PA10 Google Print, p.10]</ref> Imperial officials classified the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages as belonging to the Russian group and labeled those nationalities as [[Little Russian]] for Ukrainians and [[Belarusians|White Russian]] for Belarusians.<ref name=geifman/>

The census did not contain a question on ethnicity, which was deduced from data on mother tongue, social estate and occupation. There was also a 1916 and 1917 "agricultural census" that was carried out throughout the empire (except in some parts of the Caucasus, Eastern Russia, and Siberia), and a 1920 "general census" (except in the Russian far north, far east, Ukraine, and the Caucasus).{{sfn|Anderson|2011|p=29}}

== See also ==
* [[Revision list]]
== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Demography of Russia: From the Past to the Present |last=Karabchuk |first=Tatiana |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tliXDQAAQBAJ |last2=Kumo |first2=Kuzuhiro |last3=Selezneva |first3=Ekaterina |isbn=978-1-137-51850-7 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/document/document_history_publication/2018-06/25/stat_2012-10-10.pdf |title=Istoriya rossiyskoy gosudarstvennoy statistiki: 1811-2011 |script-title=ru:История российской государственной статистики: 1811-2011 |publisher=ИИЦ «Статистика России» |year=2013 |isbn=978-5-4269-0029-5 |pages=70 |language=ru |trans-title=History of Russian State statistics: 1811–2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124001841/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/document/document_history_publication/2018-06/25/stat_2012-10-10.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Rosstat|2013}}}}
* {{Cite book |title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present |last=Borrero |first=Mauricio |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-7475-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/733040240 |title=The 1926/27 Soviet Polar Census Expeditions |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-85745-044-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=David G. |location=New York |oclc=733040240}}
*''Первая всеобщая перепись населенiя Россійской Имперіи''. Под редакцiею Н. А. Тройницкаго. — СПб.: Изданiе центральнаго статистическаго комитета министерства внутреннихъ делъ, 1905. (The First Total Census of Russian Empire. A publication of the central statistical bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Editor N. A. Toynitsky.)
* ''РОССИЯ. Полное Географическое Описание Нашего Отечества''. Под ред. П. П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского. — СПб., 1913. (Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy, P. P. (Ed.): ''RUSSIA. Complete Geographical Description of our Fatherland''. — St. Petersburg, 1913. This latter work reproduces most of the results of the census, and is a good deal easier to find in western libraries than the original publication.)
*[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и регионам] (First General Russian Empire Census of 1897. Population breakdown by mother tongue and regions) (Demoscope.ru) {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd_eng.php The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia (1777 territorial units)]
*{{Cite The Population of Soviet Armenia}}
{{refend}}

===Other websites===
* [https://datatowel.in.ua/pop-composition/languages-census-1897 A website containing an interactive map with native language, religion, and urbanization data for each Russian district (uyezd) in the 1897 Russian census for a district's total population, urban population, and rural population]

{{-}}
{{Russian censuses}}

[[Category:Society of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Demographics of Russia]]
[[Category:Censuses by country]]
[[Category:1897 in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:1897 censuses|Russian Empire]]

Elections in Palestine

2024-04-15T07:15:55Z

Peyerk: /* 2006 parliamentary elections */ "minor mistake"?

{{Short description|Elections in the Palestinian territories}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2024}}
{{Politics of Palestine}}
Elections for the [[Palestinian National Authority]] (PNA) were held in Palestinian Autonomous areas from 1994 until their transition into the [[State of Palestine]] in 2013. Elections were scheduled to be held in 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vladimir |first=Pran |date=June 2008 |title=When are the next Palestinian elections? |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/downloads/when_are_the_next_palestinian_elections_qa_ifes_jun_08.pdf |website=Palestinian Basic Law |publisher=IFES West Bank & Gaza}}</ref> but was postponed because of the [[Fatah–Hamas conflict]]. President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] agreed to stay on until the [[Next Palestinian general election|next election]],<ref name=YNN>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3639210,00.html |title=Report: Abbas won't run for another term |website=Ynetnews |date=16 December 2008 |first=Roee |last=Nahmias }}</ref> but he is recognized as president only in the West Bank and not by [[Hamas]] in Gaza. The Palestinian National Authority has held several elections in the [[Palestinian territories]], including elections for president, the legislature and [[municipality (Palestinian Authority)|local councils]]. The PNA has a [[multi-party system]], with numerous [[political parties|parties]]. In this system, [[Fatah]] is the dominant party.

The first [[1996 Palestinian legislative and presidential election|legislative and presidential elections]] were held in 1996; the first [[2005 Palestinian municipal election|local elections]] in January–May 2005. Previous (failed) Legislative Council elections were held in [[1923 Palestinian Legislative Council election|1923]] under the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]], and previous municipal elections were held in 1972 and 1976, organized by the [[Israeli Military Governorate|Israeli government]].<ref>Aude Signoles, [http://www.afd.fr/webdav/site/afd/shared/PUBLICATIONS/RECHERCHE/Scientifiques/Focales/02-VA-Focales.pdf Local Government in Palestine]. University of Galatasaray, Turkey; October 2010.</ref>

The [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] passed a law in June 2005 (signed by Abbas on 13 August 2005), to increase the number of members from 88 to 132, with half to be elected using [[proportional representation]] and half by [[plurality-at-large voting]] in traditional constituencies.<ref name=pal_2005_elections_law>[http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/downloads/2005-elections-law.pdf ''Elections Law No 9 of 2005''], Article (2). 13 August 2005. [http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/election-laws/2005-elections-law Source]</ref> The [[2005 Palestinian presidential election|January 2005 presidential election]] was won by Abbas of Fatah, while the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|January 2006 legislative election]] was won by [[Hamas]]. In 2007, a presidential decree abolished the constituency seats with all seats to be elected from a national list, and prohibited parties which did not acknowledge the Palestine Liberation Organization's right to represent the Palestinian people (specifically Hamas) from contesting the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/6253118.html|title=People's Daily Online - Abbas announces amended electoral law|website=en.people.cn|access-date=24 January 2018|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124141256/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/6253118.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An opinion poll suggested that a majority of Palestinians supported the change, while Hamas called it illegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/28271/palestinians_support_electoral_reforms |title=Palestinians Support Electoral Reforms | Angus Reid Public Opinion |website=www.angus-reid.com |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719050444/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/28271/palestinians_support_electoral_reforms |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Importance of the elections ==

{{see also|Next Palestinian general election|Next Palestinian presidential election}}

Elections in the [[Palestinian Authority]] are held to exercise the Palestinian right to [[self-determination]] in connection with their right to establish their own state, but are held under military occupation.<ref>UN General Assembly, [https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A2C2938216B39DE485256EA70070C849 ''Resolution 58/292. Status of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem'']. 17 mei 2004 (doc.nr. A/RES/58/292).</ref> They are held in the framework of the [[Oslo Accords]], meaning that the power of the PNA was (and is) limited to matters such as culture, education, ID-cards, and the distribution of land and water as per the Oslo Interim Agreement.<ref group=upper-alpha>From the [[Oslo II|Oslo II-accord]]: 
Article I: 
1. Israel shall transfer powers and responsibilities as specified in this Agreement ... Israel shall continue to exercise powers and responsibilities not so transferred. 
Article IX: 
5 a. In accordance with the DOP, the Council will not have powers and responsibilities in the sphere of foreign relations, which sphere includes the establishment abroad of embassies, consulates or other types of foreign missions and posts or permitting their establishment in the West Bank or the Gaza Strip, the appointment of or admission of diplomatic and consular staff, and the exercise of diplomatic functions. 
5 b. ... the PLO may conduct negotiations and sign agreements with states or international organizations for the benefit of the Council in the following cases only: 1. economic agreements ...; 2. agreements with donor countries for the purpose of implementing arrangements for the provision of assistance to the Council ; 3. agreements for the purpose of implementing the regional development plans ...; 4. cultural, scientific and educational agreements.</ref><ref>ProCon.org, [http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.background-resource.php?resourceID=000921 ''1995 Oslo Interim Agreement''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001040405/http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.background-resource.php?resourceID=000921 |date=1 October 2015 }}. 28 September 1995. [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3de5ebbc0.pdf pdf at unhcr]</ref>

In October 2007, 2 ex-ministers and 45 PLC members were in Israeli detention.<ref name=CEIRPP_2007>CEIRPP, 4 October 2007, [http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/531/14/pdf/N0753114.pdf?OpenElement ''Report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People''], pag. 11, par. 30 (doc.nr. A/62/35)</ref> In July 2012, there were 4,706 Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons. Of these, 22 were PLC members, of which 18 were in administrative detention.<ref>Addameer, [http://www.addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=496 ''Addameer Monthly Detention Report - 1 July 2012''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019163115/http://www.addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=496 |date=19 October 2012 }}.</ref><ref name=addameer>Addameer, [http://www.addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=339 Palestinian Legislative Council Members] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412201616/http://addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=339 |date=2013-04-12 }}, June 2012</ref><ref name=memo>Middle East Monitor (MEMO), [http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/2821-palestinian-elected-representatives-are-still-detained-by-israel Palestinian elected representatives are still detained by Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224184404/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/2821-palestinian-elected-representatives-are-still-detained-by-israel |date=December 24, 2013 }}, 14 September 2011</ref> The November 2013 figures of Addameer give about 5,000 prisoners imprisoned by Israel, of which 14 are members of the Palestinian Legislative Council (10 PLC members in [[administrative detention]]).<ref>[http://www.addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=652 ''Addameer Monthly Detention Report - 1 November 2013''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224125901/http://www.addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=652 |date=December 24, 2013 }}.</ref>

Hamas announced its intention to once again boycott local elections and has repeatedly prevented free, local elections since it first took power of Gaza in 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_palestinian_politics/municipal-elections-2021/|title=Local Elections (2021-2022)|date=October 7, 2021|website=ECFR|accessdate=February 25, 2024}}</ref>

==In the Gaza Strip==
{{main|Governance of the Gaza Strip}}
Following the [[Fatah–Hamas conflict]] that started in 2006, Hamas formed a government ruling the Gaza Strip without elections. Gazan Prime Minister Haniyye announced in September 2012 the formation of a [[Hamas government of 2012|second Hamas government]], also without elections.

==Parliamentary elections==
===1996 parliamentary elections===
{{main|1996 Palestinian general election}}
At the 1996 general election, Fatah won 55 of the 88 seats from multi-member constituencies, with the number of representatives from each constituency determined by population. Some seats were set aside for the Christian and Samaritan communities. 51 seats were allocated to the West Bank, 37 to the Gaza Strip. Five out of 25 female candidates won a seat.

===2006 parliamentary elections===
{{main|2006 Palestinian legislative election}}
At the 2006 legislative election, six parties and 4 independents won seats. Change and Reform (i.e., Hamas) won 44.45% of the vote and 74 seats, while Fatah won 41.43% of the vote and 45 seats.

==Presidential elections==
===1996 presidential elections===
{{main|1996 Palestinian general election}}
The 1996 president election was won by [[Yassir Arafat]] with 88.2% of the vote.<ref name=elections1995>Central Elections Commission (CEC), [http://www.elections.ps/Portals/0/pdf/Resultselection1996.pdf ''Results of first General election, 1996'']. [https://www.elections.ps/tabid/813/language/en-US/Default.aspx Here available] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202172833/http://www.elections.ps/tabid/813/language/en-US/Default.aspx |date=February 2, 2018 }}</ref>

===2005 presidential elections===
{{main|2005 Palestinian presidential election}}
[[Mahmoud Abbas]] gained 62.52% of the vote at the 2005 presidential election, while his most important competing candidate, [[Mustafa Barghouti]], won 19.48%.

==Local elections==
===2005 local elections===
Local elections in 2005 were held in four stages, but were never completed. The last stage was on December 23, 2005, with elections in 26 municipalities that had over 140,000 registered voters in Jericho and 25 villages in the West Bank. The elections were observed by the [[Congress of Local and Regional Authorities|Congress]] of the [[Council of Europe]], with the head of mission, [[Christopher Newbury]], commenting "Inside the polling stations, the Congress observed a free and fair election. Outside them, further improvements remain to be made."<ref>[https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-205493/ Palestinian local elections: marked improvement over previous rounds but major challenges remain, say Congress observers], un.org, December 2005, accessed 23 May 2021</ref>

Further local elections were planned, as over a quarter of the Palestinian population had had no chance to vote in them, including those in major towns such as Hebron, but they did not take place, due to conflict between Hamas and Fatah after the legislative elections of 2006.

===2010 and 2012 local elections===
{{main|2012 Palestinian local elections}}
Four year term of local councils in Palestinian Authority expired in January 2009. Council of Ministers called for local elections to be held on 17 July 2010, but after Fatah proved incapable of agreeing on list of candidates, the call for elections was canceled on 10 June 2010. The election was postponed and was later held in 2012 after several delays.

See [http://www.elections.ps/tabid/40/language/en-US/Default.aspx?IDL=455 Timeline of the 2012 Local Elections]

See [http://www.elections.ps/Portals/30/pdf/CEC_ElectionsMap2011.pdf here] for a useful set of maps in Arabic.

===2016 and 2017 local elections===
{{main|2017 Palestinian local elections}}
The elections were planned for October 8, 2016 but were delayed until May 13, 2017.

=== 2021–22 local elections ===
{{Main|2021–22 Palestinian local elections}}
The elections were held on 11 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Palestinians vote in West Bank elections amid growing anger {{!}} DW {{!}} 11.12.2021|url=https://www.dw.com/en/palestinians-vote-in-west-bank-elections-amid-growing-anger/a-60093466|access-date=2021-12-14|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Central Elections Commission==
Following the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1993, the "Elections Commission" was formed to conduct the [[1996 Palestinian general election|Palestinian presidential and legislative elections in 1996]], the first elections in the Palestinian Authority. The [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) was given the task of voter registration.

The Central Elections Commission (CEC) was established in October 2002 as an independent and neutral body under the [[General Elections Law of 1995]]. The Elections Law, issued in August 2005, stipulated that the CEC is "the supreme body that undertakes the management, supervision, preparation and organization of elections and to take all necessary measures to ensure its integrity and freedom".<ref name=cec_about>[https://www.elections.ps/tabid/709/language/en-US/Default.aspx ''About the CEC''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210012106/http://www.elections.ps/tabid/709/language/en-US/Default.aspx |date=December 10, 2018 }}. Central Elections Commission. Accessed December 2015</ref> [[Hanna Nasir]] has been the chairman of the CEC since 2002.

Under the [[Local Council Elections Law No. (10) of 2005]], the CEC became responsible for organizing local council elections, in addition to organizing elections of the President of the Palestinian National Authority and members of the Palestinian Legislative Council.<ref name=cec_about/>

==External election assistance==
The [[Elections Reform Support Group]] (ERSG) was formed with support from the [[United States]] and the [[European Union]] to support Palestinian elections.<ref name = "IFES_WB&G"/> One of the leading organizations for the ESRG is the [[International Foundation for Electoral Systems]], which has actively assisted the Central Election Commission in 2004–2005 with the help of [[USAID]].<ref name ="IFES_WB&G">http://www.ifes.org/westbankgaza.html?page=past {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128033302/http://www.ifes.org/westbankgaza.html?page=past |date=November 28, 2008 }} IFES West Bank/Gaza. Accessed June 30, 2009</ref> They continue to support the election commission.<ref name = "IFES_WB&G"/>

==See also==
* [[1923 Palestinian Legislative Council election]]
* [[Electoral calendar]]
* [[Electoral system]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
None of these URL showed proper information. They report 404 errors
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311154143/http://www.angus-reid.com/tracker/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/5057 Palestinian Authority Election Tracker]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041216085105/http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/p/palestine/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060208075845/http://www.angus-reid.com/tracker/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/6439 Pressure mounts on Hamas after win]

{{Palestinian elections |state=expanded}}
{{Palestinian governments |state=collapsed}}
{{Asia topic|Elections in}}
{{Palestine topics}}

[[Category:Elections in the Palestinian National Authority| ]]
[[Category:Elections in the State of Palestine| ]]

Ngawa County

2024-04-07T11:46:15Z

Peyerk: /* See also */ It has its own section including the link. Having this additional section makes it represented far disproportionately.

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Ngawa County
|native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|阿坝县}} • {{bo-textonly|རྔ་བ་རྫོང་།}} • Rrmeabba}}
|other_name = Ngaba, Aba
|postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
|settlement_type = [[County (People's Republic of China)|County]]
|image_skyline = Tibetans_Aba_Sichuan_China.jpg
|image_caption = People of Ngawa County
|image_map = Location_of_Ngawa_County_within_Sichuan_(China).png
|map_caption = Location of Ngawa County (red) within Ngawa Prefecture (yellow) and Sichuan
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[China]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Sichuan]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Autonomous prefecture]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa]]
| seat = [[Ngawa Town]]
| seat_type = County seat
|area_total_km2 = 10435
|population_total = 80467
|population_as_of = 2020
|population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.abazhou.gov.cn/abazhou/abzpcgb/202106/84e6bc7453044a248ad18d1a37fcec38.shtml |title = 阿坝州第七次全国人口普查公报第二号——县（市）人口情况 |publisher = Government of Ngawa Prefecture |language = zh |date = 2021-06-11 }}</ref>
|population_density_km2 = auto
|pushpin_map = Sichuan#China
|pushpin_label = Ngawa
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of the seat in Sichuan
|coordinates = {{Coord|32|54|N|101|42|E|source:jawiki_type:adm3rd_region:CN-51|display=it}}
|elevation_ft =
|elevation_m =
|timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset = +8
|website = {{URL|http://www.abaxian.gov.cn/}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|order=st
|s=阿坝县
|t=阿壩縣
|p=Ābà Xiàn
|tib={{bo-textonly|རྔ་བ་རྫོང་།}}
|wylie=rnga ba rdzong
|zwpy=Ngawa Zong
| lang1_content = Rrmeabba
| lang1 =[[Qiangic languages|Qiang]]
}}
'''Ngawa County''' ({{bo|t=རྔ་བ་རྫོང་།|w=rnga ba rdzong |z=Ngawa Zong}}, {{zh|s=阿坝县 |p=Ābà Xiàn}}), or '''Aba''' or '''Ngaba''', is a county in the northwest of [[Sichuan]] Province, China. It is under the administration of the [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture]]. It is located in the remote northwestern part of the prefecture, on the border with [[Qinghai]] (to the northwest) and [[Gansu]] (to the north). The county seat is [[Ngawa Town]].<ref>Dorje (2009), pp. 778-781.</ref>

==Self-immolation incident==
{{main article|Phuntsog self-immolation incident}}
On 16 March 2011 a 20-year-old Tibetan monk called Phuntsok set fire to himself at a market, in protest against allegedly repressive government policies in Tibet Autonomous Region and other Tibetan populated areas in China.<ref name=Reut3-16-11>{{cite news|last=Buckley|first=Chris|title=Tibetan monk burns to death in China protest - group|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72F4W820110316|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319040357/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72F4W820110316|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2011|access-date=15 February 2012|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> He died in hospital early in the morning of 17 March. Following Phuntsok's self-immolation, hundreds of monks from the same monastery, [[Kirti Gompa|Kirti monastery]] in Ngaba County, and other local residents staged another protest.

==Climate==

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Ngawa County, elevation {{convert|3275|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 4.5
|Feb high C = 7.0
|Mar high C = 10.0
|Apr high C = 13.8
|May high C = 16.3
|Jun high C = 18.2
|Jul high C = 20.4
|Aug high C = 20.4
|Sep high C = 17.8
|Oct high C = 13
|Nov high C = 8.9
|Dec high C = 5.2
|Jan mean C = -6.3
|Feb mean C = -3.0
|Mar mean C = 1.2
|Apr mean C = 5.5
|May mean C = 8.8
|Jun mean C = 11.7
|Jul mean C = 13.4
|Aug mean C = 12.9
|Sep mean C = 10.3
|Oct mean C = 5.2
|Nov mean C = -0.8
|Dec mean C = -5.5
|Jan low C = -14.2
|Feb low C = -10.7
|Mar low C = -5.4
|Apr low C = -1.1
|May low C = 2.9
|Jun low C = 6.7
|Jul low C = 8.0
|Aug low C = 7.3
|Sep low C = 5.3
|Oct low C = 0.2
|Nov low C = -7.2
|Dec low C = -12.7
|Jan record high C = 18.1 |Jan record low C = −29.3
|Feb record high C = 19.1 |Feb record low C = −28.4
|Mar record high C = 22.1 |Mar record low C = −18.2
|Apr record high C = 25.7 |Apr record low C = -9.0
|May record high C = 26.5 |May record low C = −5.2
|Jun record high C = 27.0 |Jun record low C = −1.3
|Jul record high C = 28.0 |Jul record low C = −0.2
|Aug record high C = 27.2 |Aug record low C = −1.5
|Sep record high C = 27.1 |Sep record low C = −3.5
|Oct record high C = 26.4 |Oct record low C = -12.0
|Nov record high C = 17.6 |Nov record low C = −20.7
|Dec record high C = 17.7 |Dec record low C = −26.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 4.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 9.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 22.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 36.1
|May precipitation mm = 96.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 139.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 120.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 108.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 108.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 60.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 8.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 2.9
|Jan humidity = 55
|Feb humidity = 54
|Mar humidity = 58
|Apr humidity = 60
|May humidity = 65
|Jun humidity = 72
|Jul humidity = 75
|Aug humidity = 75
|Sep humidity = 75
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 64
|Dec humidity = 58
|Jan precipitation days = 3.9
|Feb precipitation days = 6.0
|Mar precipitation days = 10.1
|Apr precipitation days = 13.4
|May precipitation days = 20.9
|Jun precipitation days = 22.6
|Jul precipitation days = 20.4
|Aug precipitation days = 18.8
|Sep precipitation days = 20.0
|Oct precipitation days = 16.7
|Nov precipitation days = 4.5
|Dec precipitation days = 3.0
|year precipitation days =
|Jan sun = 212.8
|Feb sun = 190.4
|Mar sun = 211.8
|Apr sun = 220.3
|May sun = 211.6
|Jun sun = 177.5
|Jul sun = 204.9
|Aug sun = 203.2
|Sep sun = 180.4
|Oct sun = 190.2
|Nov sun = 216.1
|Dec sun = 223.8
|year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 67
| Feb percentsun = 61
| Mar percentsun = 57
| Apr percentsun = 56
| May percentsun = 49
| Jun percentsun = 42
| Jul percentsun = 47
| Aug percentsun = 50
| Sep percentsun = 49
| Oct percentsun = 55
| Nov percentsun = 70
| Dec percentsun = 72
| year percentsun =
|Jan snow days = 5.9
|Feb snow days = 8.2
|Mar snow days = 13.9
|Apr snow days = 10.6
|May snow days = 3.6
|Jun snow days = 0.1
|Jul snow days = 0.1
|Aug snow days = 0.1
|Sep snow days = 0.3
|Oct snow days = 6.4
|Nov snow days = 7.3
|Dec snow days = 4.5
|year snow days =
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =13 April 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Administrative divisions==
Ngawa County comprises 6 [[Town (China)|towns]] and 9 [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|townships]]:

{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="width:50%; border="1"
|-
! Name
! Simplified Chinese
! Hanyu Pinyin
! [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]
! [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]
! [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Administrative division code]]
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Towns'''
|----------
| [[Ngawa Town]] (Aba)
|{{lang|zh-hans|阿坝镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Ābà Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|རྔ་བ་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|rnga ba grong rdal}}
| 513231100
|-
| [[Jaru, Ngawa County|Jialuo Town]] (Jialuo)
|{{lang|zh-hans|贾洛镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Jiǎluò Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|གཅའ་རུ་གྲོང་བརྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|gcav ru grong brdal}}
| 513231101
|-
| [[Miuruma|Miuruma Town]] (Meruma, Mai'erma)
|{{lang|zh-hans|麦尔玛镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Mài'ěrmǎ Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|རྨེའུ་རུ་མ་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|rmevu ru ma grong rdal}}
| 513231102
|-
| [[Zhocog, Ngawa County|Zhocog Town]] (Hocig, Hezhi)
|{{lang|zh-hans|河支镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Hézhī Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|སྤྲོ་ཚོགས་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|spro tshogs grong rdal}}
| 513231103
|-
| [[Gomang, Ngawa County|Gomang Town]] (Gemo)
|{{lang|zh-hans|各莫镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Gèmò Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|སྒོ་མང་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|sgo mang grong rdal}}
| 513231104
|-
| [[Akam, Ngawa County|Akam Town]] (Ankyam, Anqiang)
|{{lang|zh-hans|安羌镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Ānqiāng Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཨ་གམས་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|a gams grong rdal}}
| 513231105
|----------
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Townships'''
|----------
| [[Mêugor Township]] (Mêgor, Maikun)
|{{lang|zh-hans|麦昆乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Màikūn Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|རྨེའུ་སྐོར་ཡུལ་ཚོ།}}
|{{transl|bo|rmevu skor yul tsho}}
| 513231201
|-
| [[Loincang Township]] (Longzang)
|{{lang|zh-hans|龙藏乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Lóngzàng Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|བློན་ཚང་ཡུལ་ཚོ།}}
|{{transl|bo|blon tshang yul tsho}}
| 513231203
|-
| [[Qoijêma Township]] (Qiujima)
|{{lang|zh-hans|求吉玛乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Qiújímǎ Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཆོས་རྗེ་མ་ཡུལ་ཚོ།}}
|{{transl|bo|chos rje ma yul tsho}}
| 513231204
|-
| [[Suwa Township]] (Siwa)
|{{lang|zh-hans|四洼乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Sìwā Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|བསུ་བ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|bsu ba shang}}
| 513231208
|-
| [[Andü Township]] (Andou)
|{{lang|zh-hans|安斗乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Āndǒu Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཨ་འདུས་ཡུལ་ཚོ།}}
|{{transl|bo|a vdus yul tsho}}
| 513231209
|-
| [[Kogbo Township]] (Kehe)
|{{lang|zh-hans|柯河乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Kēhé Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁོག་པོ་ཡུལ་ཚོ།}}
|{{transl|bo|khog po yul tsho}}
| 513231210
|-
| [[Karsar Township, Ngawa County|Karsar Township]] (Karsa, Kuasha)
|{{lang|zh-hans|垮沙乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Kuǎshā Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|མཁར་སར་ཡུལ་ཚོ།}}
|{{transl|bo|mkhar sar yul tsho}}
| 513231211
|-
| [[Cainxi Township]] (Chali)
|{{lang|zh-hans|查理乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Chálǐ Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|མཚན་ཞིད་ཡུལ་ཚོ།}}
|{{transl|bo|mtshan zhid yul tsho}}
| 513231213
|-
| [[Rong'an Township, Sichuan|Rongwam Township]] (Rong'an)
|{{lang|zh-hans|茸安乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Róng'ān Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|རོང་ཝམ་ཡུལ་ཚོ།}}
|{{transl|bo|rong wam yul tsho}}
| 513231214
|-
|}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* *Dorje, Gyurme (2009). ''Footprint Tibet Handbook''. Footprint Books. {{ISBN|978-1-906098-32-2}}.

{{County-level divisions of Sichuan}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:County-level divisions of Sichuan]]
[[Category:Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture]]

{{Sichuan-geo-stub}}

Kuangqu, Datong

2024-03-26T08:31:15Z

Peyerk: m

{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Kuang District
|native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|矿区}}}}
|common_name = Kuang
|subdivision = [[District (China)|District]]
|nation = the [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|p1 =
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Yungang District
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Administrative Division Datong 1.png
|image_map_caption = Location of Kuang (Blue dots) on Datong.
|capital =
|date_start =
|year_start = 1970
|date_end =
|year_end = 2018
|political_subdiv =
|today = Part of [[Yungang District]], Datong
}}

'''Kuangqu''' ({{zh|s=矿区 |t=礦區 |p=Kuàngqū |l=mining district}}) is a now defunct former district of [[Datong]], [[Shanxi]] province, China. As of 2002, it had a population of 430,000 residing in an area of {{convert|62|km2|abbr=on}}. The district was made up of 28 [[Subdistrict (China)|subdistricts]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2016/14/02/140203.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124030/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2016/14/02/140203.html|title=2016年统计用区划代码|url-status=dead|date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2018-02-04|work=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.xzqh.org/html/index.html www.xzqh.org] {{in lang|zh}}
{{County-level divisions of Shanxi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:County-level divisions of Shanxi]]
[[Category:Datong]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1970]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2018]]

{{Shanxi-geo-stub}}

Kuangqu, Datong

2024-03-26T08:19:28Z

Peyerk: m

{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Kuang District
|native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|矿区}}}}
|common_name = Kuang
|subdivision = [[District (China)|District]]
|nation = the [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|p1 =
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Yungang District
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Administrative Division Datong 1.png
|image_map_caption = Location of Kuang (Blue dots) on Datong.
|capital =
|date_start =
|year_start = 1970
|date_end =
|year_end = 2018
|political_subdiv =
|today = Part of [[Yungang District]], Datong
}}

'''Kuangqu''' ({{zh|s=矿区 |t=礦區 |p=Kuàngqū |l=mining district}}) was a district of [[Datong]], [[Shanxi]] province, China. As of 2002, it has a population of 430,000 residing in an area of {{convert|62|km2|abbr=on}}. The district is made up of 28 [[Subdistrict (China)|subdistricts]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2016/14/02/140203.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124030/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2016/14/02/140203.html|title=2016年统计用区划代码|url-status=dead|date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2018-02-04|work=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.xzqh.org/html/index.html www.xzqh.org] {{in lang|zh}}
{{County-level divisions of Shanxi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:County-level divisions of Shanxi]]
[[Category:Datong]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1970]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2018]]

{{Shanxi-geo-stub}}

List of administrative divisions of Yunnan

2024-03-25T09:55:24Z

Peyerk: /* Prefectures */ m

{{Short description|None}}
{{Infobox administrative divisions of China
| name = [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]]
| type = Province
| capital = [[Kunming]]
| prefectural_cities = 8
| autonomous_prefectures = 8
| county_cities = 17
| counties = 66
| autonomous_counties = 29
| districts = 17
| towns = 683
| townships = 545
| ethnic_townships = 140
| subdistricts = 175
| communities = 2,421
| villages = 11,902
| footnotes = Source: ''Yunnan Statistical Yearbook 2018''<ref>{{cite book |author=Statistical Bureau of Yunnan Province |date=2018 |script-title=zh:云南统计年鉴2018 |trans-title=Yunnan Statistical Yearbook 2018 |url=http://www.stats.yn.gov.cn/tjsj/tjnj/201812/t20181206_823753.html |location=[[Beijing]] |publisher=China Statistics Press |isbn=978-7-5037-8518-4 }}</ref>{{rp|3–9}}
}}

{{Administrative levels and divisions of China sidebar}}

'''[[Yunnan]]''', a [[provinces of China|province]] of the [[China|People's Republic of China]], is made up of the following '''[[administrative divisions of China|administrative divisions]]'''.

==Administrative divisions==
All of these administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at [[administrative divisions of China|political divisions of China]].

{| class="wikitable" style="padding: 24em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
!rowspan="2"|Prefecture level!!colspan="5"|County Level
|-
!Name!![[Simplified Chinese characters|Chinese]]!![[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]]!!colspan="2"|[[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>[http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/xzqhdm/201504/t20150415_712722.html 最新县及县以上行政区划代码（截止2014年10月31日）]</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=14 | [[Kunming]] city {{lang|zh|昆明市}} {{transl|zh|Kūnmíng Shì}} '''(Capital)''' (5301 / KMG)
| [[Wuhua District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|五华区}} || {{transl|zh|Wǔhuá Qū}} || 530102 || WHA
|-
| [[Panlong District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|盘龙区}} || {{transl|zh|Pánlóng Qū}} || 530103 || PLQ
|-
| [[Guandu District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|官渡区}} || {{transl|zh|Guāndù Qū}} || 530111 || GDU
|-
| [[Xishan District, Kunming|Xishan District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|西山区}} || {{transl|zh|Xīshān Qū}} || 530112 || XSN
|-
| [[Dongchuan District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东川区}} || {{transl|zh|Dōngchuān Qū}} || 530113 || DCU
|-
| [[Chenggong District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|呈贡区}} || {{transl|zh|Chénggòng Qū}} || 530114 || CGG
|-
| [[Jinning District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|晋宁区}} || {{transl|zh|Jìnníng Qū}} || 530115 || JNE
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Fumin County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|富民县}} || {{transl|zh|Fùmín Xiàn}} || 530124 || FMN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yiliang County, Kunming|Yiliang County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|宜良县}} || {{transl|zh|Yíliáng Xiàn}} || 530125 || YIL
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Shilin Yi Autonomous County|Shilin County]]{{efn|name=Shilin|Conventional name: Shilin Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=石林彝族自治县|p=Shílín Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|石林县}} || {{transl|zh|Shílín Xiàn}} || 530126 || SLY
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Songming County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|嵩明县}} || {{transl|zh|Sōngmíng Xiàn}} || 530127 || SMI
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County|Luquan County]]{{efn|name=Luquan|Conventional name: Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County; {{zh|s=禄劝彝族苗族自治县|p=Lùquàn Yízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|禄劝县}} || {{transl|zh|Lùquàn Xiàn}} || 530128 || LUC
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County|Xundian County]]{{efn|name=Xundian|Conventional name: Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=寻甸回族彝族自治县|p=Xúndiàn Huízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|寻甸县}} || {{transl|zh|Xúndiàn Xiàn}} || 530129 || XDN
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Anning, Yunnan|Anning]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|安宁市}} || {{transl|zh|Ānníng Shì}} || 530181 || ANG
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=9 | [[Qujing]] city {{lang|zh|曲靖市}} {{transl|zh|Qǔjìng Shì}} (5303 / QJS)
| [[Qilin District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|麒麟区}} || {{transl|zh|Qílín Qū}} || 530302 || QLQ
|-
| [[Zhanyi District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|沾益区}} || {{transl|zh|Zhānyì Qū}} || 530303 || ZYB
|-
| [[Malong District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|马龙区}} || {{transl|zh|Mǎlóng Qū}} || 530304 ||
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Luliang County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|陆良县}} || {{transl|zh|Lùliáng Xiàn}} || 530322 || LLX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Shizong County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|师宗县}} || {{transl|zh|Shīzōng Xiàn}} || 530323 || SZD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Luoping County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|罗平县}} || {{transl|zh|Luópíng Xiàn}} || 530324 || LPX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Fuyuan County, Yunnan|Fuyuan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|富源县}} || {{transl|zh|Fùyuán Xiàn}} || 530325 || FYD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Huize County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|会泽县}} || {{transl|zh|Huìzé Xiàn}} || 530326 || HUZ
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Xuanwei]] city || {{lang|zh|宣威市}} || {{transl|zh|Xuānwēi Shì}} || 530381 || XWS
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=9 | [[Yuxi]] city {{lang|zh|玉溪市}} {{transl|zh|Yùxī Shì}} (5304 / YXS)
| [[Hongta District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|红塔区}} || {{transl|zh|Hóngtǎ Qū}} || 530402 || HTA
|-
| [[Jiangchuan District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|江川区}} || {{transl|zh|Jiāngchuān Qū}} || 530403 || JCY
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Tonghai County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|通海县}} || {{transl|zh|Tōnghǎi Xiàn}} || 530423 || THI
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Huaning County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|华宁县}} || {{transl|zh|Huáníng Xiàn}} || 530424 || HND
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yimen County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|易门县}} || {{transl|zh|Yìmén Xiàn}} || 530425 || YMD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Eshan Yi Autonomous County|Eshan County]]{{efn|name=Eshan|Conventional name: Eshan Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=峨山彝族自治县|p=Éshān Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|峨山县}} || {{transl|zh|Éshān Xiàn}} || 530426 || ESN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County|Xinping County]]{{efn|name=Xinping|Conventional name: Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County; {{zh|s=新平彝族傣族自治县|p=Xīnpíng Yízú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|新平县}} || {{transl|zh|Xīnpíng Xiàn}} || 530427 || XNP
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County|Yuanjiang County]]{{efn|name=Yuanjiang|Conventional name: Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County; {{zh|s=元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县|p=Yuánjiāng Hānízú Yízú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|元江县}} || {{transl|zh|Yuánjiāng Xiàn}} || 530428 || YJA
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Chengjiang]] city || {{lang|zh|澄江市}} || {{transl|zh|Chéngjiāng shì}} || 530481 ||
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=5 | [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]] city {{lang|zh|保山市}} {{transl|zh|Bǎoshān Shì}} (5305 / BOS)
| [[Longyang District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|隆阳区}} || {{transl|zh|Lóngyáng Qū}} || 530502 || LGU
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Shidian County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|施甸县}} || {{transl|zh|Shīdiàn Xiàn}} || 530521 || SDD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Longling County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|龙陵县}} || {{transl|zh|Lónglíng Xiàn}} || 530523 || LGL
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Changning County, Yunnan|Changning County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|昌宁县}} || {{transl|zh|Chāngníng Xiàn}} || 530524 || CND
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Tengchong]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|腾冲市}} || {{transl|zh|Téngchōng Shì}} || 530581 || TCT
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=11 | [[Zhaotong]] city {{lang|zh|昭通市}} {{transl|zh|Zhāotōng Shì}} (5306 / ZTS)
| [[Zhaoyang District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|昭阳区}} || {{transl|zh|Zhāoyáng Qū}} || 530602 || ZGQ
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Ludian County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|鲁甸县}} || {{transl|zh|Lǔdiàn Xiàn}} || 530621 || LDX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Qiaojia County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|巧家县}} || {{transl|zh|Qiǎojiā Xiàn}} || 530622 || QJA
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yanjin County, Yunnan|Yanjin County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|盐津县}} || {{transl|zh|Yánjīn Xiàn}} || 530623 || YJD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Daguan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|大关县}} || {{transl|zh|Dàguān Xiàn}} || 530624 || DGN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yongshan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|永善县}} || {{transl|zh|Yǒngshàn Xiàn}} || 530625 || YSB
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Suijiang County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|绥江县}} || {{transl|zh|Suíjiāng Xiàn}} || 530626 || SUJ
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Zhenxiong County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|镇雄县}} || {{transl|zh|Zhènxióng Xiàn}} || 530627 || ZEX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yiliang County, Zhaotong|Yiliang County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|彝良县}} || {{transl|zh|Yíliáng Xiàn}} || 530628 || YLG
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Weixin County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|威信县}} || {{transl|zh|Wēixìn Xiàn}} || 530629 || WIX
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Shuifu]] city || {{lang|zh|水富市}} || {{transl|zh|Shuǐfù Shì}} || 530681 ||
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=5 | [[Lijiang City|Lijiang]] city {{lang|zh-hans|丽江市}} {{transl|zh|Lìjiāng Shì}} (5307 / LJH)
| [[Gucheng District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|古城区}} || {{transl|zh|Gǔchéng Qū}} || 530702 || GUQ
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yulong Naxi Autonomous County|Yulong County]]{{efn|name=Yulong|Conventional name: Yulong Naxi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=玉龙纳西族自治县|p=Yùlóng Nàxīzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|玉龙县}} || {{transl|zh|Yùlóng Xiàn}} || 530721 || YLZ
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yongsheng County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|永胜县}} || {{transl|zh|Yǒngshèng Xiàn}} || 530722 || YOS
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Huaping County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|华坪县}} || {{transl|zh|Huápíng Xiàn}} || 530723 || HAP
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Ninglang Yi Autonomous County|Ninglang County]]{{efn|name=Ninglang|Conventional name: Ninglang Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=宁蒗彝族自治县|p=Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|宁蒗县}} || {{transl|zh|Nínglàng Xiàn}} || 530724 || NLG
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=10 | [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]] city {{lang|zh|普洱市}} {{transl|zh|Pǔ'ěr Shì}} (5308 / PRS)
| [[Simao District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|思茅区}} || {{transl|zh|Sīmáo Qū}} || 530802 || SYM
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County|Ning'er County]]{{efn|name=Ning'er|Conventional name: Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=宁洱哈尼族彝族自治县|p=Níng'ěr Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|宁洱县}} || {{transl|zh|Níng'ěr Xiàn}} || 530821 || NER
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Mojiang Hani Autonomous County|Mojiang County]]{{efn|name=Mojiang|Conventional name: Mojiang Hani Autonomous County; {{zh|s=墨江哈尼族自治县|p=Mòjiāng Hānízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|墨江县}} || {{transl|zh|Mòjiāng Xiàn}} || 530822 || MJG
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Jingdong Yi Autonomous County|Jingdong County]]{{efn|name=Jingdong|Conventional name: Jingdong Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=景东彝族自治县|p=Jǐngdōng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|景东县}} || {{transl|zh|Jǐngdōng Xiàn}} || 530823 || JDD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County|Jinggu County]]{{efn|name=Jinggu|Conventional name: Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=景谷傣族彝族自治县|p=Jǐnggǔ Dǎizú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|景谷县}} || {{transl|zh|Jǐnggǔ Xiàn}} || 530824 || JGD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County|Zhenyuan County]]{{efn|name=Zhenyuan|Conventional name: Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County; {{zh|s=镇沅彝族哈尼族拉祜族自治县|p=Zhènyuán Yízú Hānízú Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|镇沅县}} || {{transl|zh|Zhènyuán Xiàn}} || 530825 || ZYY
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County|Jiangcheng County]]{{efn|name=Jiangcheng|Conventional name: Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=江城哈尼族彝族自治县|p=Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|江城县}} || {{transl|zh|Jiāngchéng Xiàn}} || 530826 || JCE
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County|Menglian County]]{{efn|name=Menglian|Conventional name: Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County; {{zh|s=孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县|p=Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|孟连县}} || {{transl|zh|Mènglián Xiàn}} || 530827 || MLN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Lancang Lahu Autonomous County|Lancang County]]{{efn|name=Lancang|Conventional name: Lancang Lahu Autonomous County; {{zh|s=澜沧拉祜族自治县|p=Láncāng Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|澜沧县}} || {{transl|zh|Láncāng Xiàn}} || 530828 || LCA
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Ximeng Va Autonomous County|Ximeng County]]{{efn|name=Ximeng|Conventional name: Ximeng Va Autonomous County; {{zh|s=西盟佤族自治县|p=Xīméng Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|西盟县}} || {{transl|zh|Xīméng Xiàn}} || 530829 || XMG
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=8 | [[Lincang]] city {{lang|zh-hans|临沧市}} {{transl|zh|Líncāng Shì}} (5309 / LIH)
| [[Linxiang District]] || {{lang|zh-hans|临翔区}} || {{transl|zh|Línxiáng Qū}} || 530902 || LXU
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Fengqing County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|凤庆县}} || {{transl|zh|Fèngqìng Xiàn}} || 530921 || FQX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yun County, Yunnan|Yunxian]] County{{efn|name=c1|Official name registered by the [[Ministry of Civil Affairs]].}} || {{lang|zh-hans|云县}} || {{transl|zh|Yúnxiàn}} || 530922 || YXP
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yongde County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|永德县}} || {{transl|zh|Yǒngdé Xiàn}} || 530923 || YDX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Zhenkang County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|镇康县}} || {{transl|zh|Zhènkāng Xiàn}} || 530924 || ZKG
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County|Shuangjiang County]]{{efn|name=Shuangjiang|Conventional name: Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County; {{zh|s=双江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治县|p=Shuāngjiāng Lāhùzú Wǎzú Bùlǎngzú ǎizú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|双江县}} || {{transl|zh|Shuāngjiāng Xiàn}} || 530925 || SGJ
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County|Gengma County]]{{efn|name=Gengma|Conventional name: Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County; {{zh|s=耿马傣族佤族自治县|p=Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|耿马县}} || {{transl|zh|Gěngmǎ Xiàn}} || 530926 || GMA
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Cangyuan Va Autonomous County|Cangyuan County]]{{efn|name=Cangyuan|Conventional name: Cangyuan Va Autonomous County; {{zh|s=沧源佤族自治县|p=Cāngyuán Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|沧源县}} || {{transl|zh|Cāngyuán Xiàn}} || 530927 || CYN
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=10 | [[Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Chuxiong Prefecture]]{{efn|name=Chuxiong|Conventional name: Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture; {{zh|s=楚雄彝族自治州|p=Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu}} }} {{lang|zh|楚雄州}} {{transl|zh|Chǔxióng Zhōu}} (5323 / CXD)
| [[Chuxiong City|Chuxiong]] city || {{lang|zh|楚雄市}} || {{transl|zh|Chǔxióng Shì}} || 532301 || CXS
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Shuangbai County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|双柏县}} || {{transl|zh|Shuāngbǎi Xiàn}} || 532322 || SBA
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Mouding County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|牟定县}} || {{transl|zh|Móudìng Xiàn}} || 532323 || MDI
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Nanhua County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|南华县}} || {{transl|zh|Nánhuá Xiàn}} || 532324 || NHA
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yao'an County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|姚安县}} || {{transl|zh|Yáo'ān Xiàn}} || 532325 || YOA
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Dayao County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|大姚县}} || {{transl|zh|Dàyáo Xiàn}} || 532326 || DYO
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yongren County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|永仁县}} || {{transl|zh|Yǒngrén Xiàn}} || 532327 || YRN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yuanmou County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|元谋县}} || {{transl|zh|Yuánmóu Xiàn}} || 532328 || YMO
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Wuding County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|武定县}} || {{transl|zh|Wǔdìng Xiàn}} || 532329 || WDX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Lufeng County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|禄丰县}} || {{transl|zh|Lùfēng Xiàn}} || 532331 || LFX
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=13 | [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Honghe Prefecture]]{{efn|name=Honghe|Conventional name: Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture; {{zh|s=红河哈尼族彝族自治州|p=Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu}} }} {{lang|zh-hans|红河州}} {{transl|zh|Hónghé Zhōu}} (5325 / HHZ)
| [[Gejiu]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|个旧市}} || {{transl|zh|Gèjiù Shì}} || 532501 || GJU
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Kaiyuan, Yunnan|Kaiyuan]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|开远市}} || {{transl|zh|Kāiyuǎn Shì}} || 532502 || KYD
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Mengzi City|Mengzi]] city || {{lang|zh|蒙自市}} || {{transl|zh|Měngzì Xiàn}} || 532503 || MEZ
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Mile City|Mile]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|弥勒市}} || {{transl|zh|Mílè Shì}} || 532504 || MLY
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Pingbian Miao Autonomous County|Pingbian County]]{{efn|name=Pingbian|Conventional name: Pingbian Miao Autonomous County; {{zh|s=屏边苗族自治县|p=Píngbiān Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|屏边县}} || {{transl|zh|Píngbiān Xiàn}} || 532523 || PBN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Jianshui County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|建水县}} || {{transl|zh|Jiànshuǐ Xiàn}} || 532524 || JSD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Shiping County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|石屏县}} || {{transl|zh|Shípíng Xiàn}} || 532525 || SPG
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Luxi County, Yunnan|Luxi County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|泸西县}} || {{transl|zh|Lúxī Xiàn}} || 532527 || LXD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yuanyang County, Yunnan|Yuanyang County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|元阳县}} || {{transl|zh|Yuányáng Xiàn}} || 532528 || YYD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Honghe County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|红河县}} || {{transl|zh|Hónghé Xiàn}} || 532529 || HHX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County|Jinping County]]{{efn|name=Jinping|Conventional name: Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County; {{zh|s=金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县|p=Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|金平县}} || {{transl|zh|Jīnpíng Xiàn}} || 532530 || JNP
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Lüchun County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|绿春县}} || {{transl|zh|Lǜchūn Xiàn}} || 532531 || LCX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Hekou Yao Autonomous County|Hekou County]]{{efn|name=Hekou|Conventional name: Hekou Yao Autonomous County; {{zh|s=河口瑶族自治县|p=Hékǒu Yáozú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|河口县}} || {{transl|zh|Hékǒu Xiàn}} || 532532 || HKM
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan = 8 | [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Wenshan Prefecture]]{{efn|name=Wenshan|Conventional name: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture; {{zh|s=文山壮族苗族自治州|p=Wénshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu}} }} {{lang|zh|文山州}} {{transl|zh|Wénshān Zhōu}} (5326 / WSZ)
| [[Wenshan City|Wenshan]] city || {{lang|zh|文山市}} || {{transl|zh|Wénshān Xiàn}} || 532601 || WSB
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yanshan County, Wenshan|Yanshan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|砚山县}} || {{transl|zh|Yànshān Xiàn}} || 532622 || YSD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Xichou County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|西畴县}} || {{transl|zh|Xīchóu Xiàn}} || 532623 || XIC
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Malipo County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|麻栗坡县}} || {{transl|zh|Málìpō Xiàn}} || 532624 || MLP
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Maguan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|马关县}} || {{transl|zh|Mǎguān Xiàn}} || 532625 || MGN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Qiubei County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|丘北县}} || {{transl|zh|Qiūběi Xiàn}} || 532626 || QBE
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Guangnan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|广南县}} || {{transl|zh|Guǎngnán Xiàn}} || 532627 || GGN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Funing County, Yunnan|Funing County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|富宁县}} || {{transl|zh|Fùníng Xiàn}} || 532628 || FND
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan = 3 | [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Xishuangbanna Prefecture]]{{efn|name=Xishuangbanna|Conventional name: Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture; {{zh|s=西双版纳傣族自治州|p=Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú Zìzhìzhōu}} }} {{lang|zh-hans|西双版纳州}} {{transl|zh|Xīshuāngbǎnnà Zhōu}} (5328 / XSB)
| [[Jinghong]] city || {{lang|zh|景洪市}} || {{transl|zh|Jǐnghóng Shì}} || 532801 || JHG
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Menghai County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|勐海县}} || {{transl|zh|Měnghǎi Xiàn}} || 532822 || MHI
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Mengla County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|勐腊县}} || {{transl|zh|Měnglà Xiàn}} || 532823 || MLA
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=12 | [[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture|Dali Prefecture]]{{efn|name=Dali|Conventional name: Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture; {{zh|s=大理白族自治州|p=Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu}} }} {{lang|zh|大理州}} {{transl|zh|Dàlǐ Zhōu}} (5329 / DLZ)
| [[Dali, Yunnan|Dali]] city || {{lang|zh|大理市}} || {{transl|zh|Dàlǐ Shì}} || 532901 || DLS
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yangbi Yi Autonomous County|Yangbi County]]{{efn|name=Yangbi|Conventional name: Yangbi Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=漾濞彝族自治县|p=Yàngbì Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|漾濞县}} || {{transl|zh|Yàngbì Xiàn}} || 532922 || YGB
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Xiangyun County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|祥云县}} || {{transl|zh|Xiángyún Xiàn}} || 532923 || XYD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Binchuan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|宾川县}} || {{transl|zh|Bīnchuān Xiàn}} || 532924 || BCD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Midu County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|弥渡县}} || {{transl|zh|Mídù Xiàn}} || 532925 || MDU
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Nanjian Yi Autonomous County|Nanjian County]]{{efn|name=Nanjian|Conventional name: Nanjian Yi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=南涧彝族自治县|p=Nánjiàn Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|南涧县}} || {{transl|zh|Nánjiàn Xiàn}} || 532926 || NNJ
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County|Weishan County]]{{efn|name=Weishan|Conventional name: Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County; {{zh|s=巍山彝族回族自治县|p=Wēishān Yízú Huízú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|巍山县}} || {{transl|zh|Wēishān Xiàn}} || 532927 || WSY
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yongping County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|永平县}} || {{transl|zh|Yǒngpíng Xiàn}} || 532928 || YPX
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yunlong County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|云龙县}} || {{transl|zh|Yúnlóng Xiàn}} || 532929 || YLO
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Eryuan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|洱源县}} || {{transl|zh|Ěryuán Xiàn}} || 532930 || EYN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Jianchuan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|剑川县}} || {{transl|zh|Jiànchuān Xiàn}} || 532931 || JIC
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Heqing County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|鹤庆县}} || {{transl|zh|Hèqìng Xiàn}} || 532932 || HQG
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=5 | [[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture|Dehong Prefecture]]{{efn|name=Dehong|Conventional name: Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture; {{zh|s=德宏傣族景颇族自治州|p=Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu}} }} {{lang|zh|德宏州}} {{transl|zh|Déhóng Zhōu}} (5331 / DHG)
| [[Ruili]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|瑞丽市}} || {{transl|zh|Ruìlì Shì}} || 533102 || RUI
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| [[Mangshi]] city{{efn|name=c1}} || {{lang|zh|芒市}} || {{transl|zh|Mángshì}} || 533103 || MAB
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Lianghe County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|梁河县}} || {{transl|zh|Liánghé Xiàn}} || 533122 || LHD
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Yingjiang County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|盈江县}} || {{transl|zh|Yíngjiāng Xiàn}} || 533123 || YGL
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Longchuan County, Yunnan|Longchuan County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|陇川县}} || {{transl|zh|Lǒngchuān Xiàn}} || 533124 || LCN
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=4 | [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang Prefecture]]{{efn|name=Nujiang|Conventional name: Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture; {{zh|s=怒江傈僳族自治州|p=Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu}} }} {{lang|zh|怒江州}} {{transl|zh|Nùjiāng Zhōu}} (5333 / NUJ)
| [[Lushui]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|泸水市}} || {{transl|zh|Lúshuǐ Shì}} || 533302 || LMS
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Fugong County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|福贡县}} || {{transl|zh|Fúgòng Xiàn}} || 533323 || FGO
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County|Gongshan County]]{{efn|name=Gongshan|Conventional name: Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County; {{zh|s=贡山独龙族怒族自治县|p=Gòngshān Dúlóngzú Nùzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|贡山县}} || {{transl|zh|Gòngshān Xiàn}} || 533324 || GSN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County|Lanping County]]{{efn|name=Lanping|Conventional name: Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County; {{zh|s=兰坪白族普米族自治县|p=Lánpíng Báizú Pǔmǐzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|兰坪县}} || {{transl|zh|Lánpíng Xiàn}} || 533325 || LPG
|-
|- style = "background:#606060; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "6" |
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" rowspan=3 | [[Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Dêqên (Diqing) Prefecture]]{{efn|name=Dêqên|Conventional name: Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; {{zh|s=迪庆藏族自治州|p=Díqìng Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu}} }} {{lang|zh-hans|迪庆州}} {{transl|zh|Díqìng Zhōu}} (5334 / DEZ)
| [[Shangri-La City|Xianggelila]] city || {{lang|zh|香格里拉市}} || {{transl|zh|Xiānggélǐlā Shì}} || 533401 || SEL
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Dêqên County|Deqin County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|德钦县}} || {{transl|zh|Déqīn Xiàn}} || 533422 || DQN
|- bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
| [[Weixi Lisu Autonomous County|Weixi County]]{{efn|name=Weixi|Conventional name: Weixi Lisu Autonomous County; {{zh|s=维西傈僳族自治县|p=Wéixī Lìsùzú Zìzhìxiàn}} }} || {{lang|zh-hans|维西县}} || {{transl|zh|Wéixī Xiàn}} || 533423 || WXI
|}
{{notelist}}

==Recent changes in administrative divisions==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" align="center"
! Date !! Before !! After !! Note !! Reference<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国行政区划沿革 (1949-2006)|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2006-02/27/content_212020.htm|website=www.gov.cn|publisher=Government of the People's Republic of China|access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:县级以上行政区划变更情况 (1999-present)|url=http://202.108.98.30/description?dcpid=1|website=www.mca.gov.cn|publisher=Ministry of Civial Affairs of the People's Republic of China|access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1981-01-18 || {{small|''parts of''}} Zhaotong County || Zhaotong (PC-City) || established ||
|-
| 1981-05-09 || {{small|''parts of''}} Pu'er County || Simao County || established ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1981-08-14 || Shuifu (CC-District) ||rowspan="3"| Shuifu County || reorganized ||rowspan="3"|
|-
|{{small|''parts of''}} Yanjin County || merged into
|-
|{{small|''parts of''}} Suijiang County || merged into
|-
| 1981-11-18 || Kaiyuan County || Kaiyuan (PC-City) || reorganized ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1983-01-18 ||bgcolor="thistle" colspan="3"| all Province-controlled city (P-City) → Prefecture-level city (PL-City) ||rowspan="2"| Civil Affairs Announcement
|-
| bgcolor="thistle" colspan="3"| all Prefecture-controlled city/town (PC-City/Town) → County-level city/town (CL-City/Town)
|-
|rowspan="13"| 1983-09-09 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| {{small|''parts of''}} Qujing Prefecture ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Kunming (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| transferred ||rowspan="6"|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| ↳ Yiliang County || ↳ Yiliang County || transferred
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| ↳ Songming County || ↳ Songming County || transferred
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| ↳ Lunan County (Aut.) || ↳ Lunan County (Aut.) || transferred
|-
|bgcolor="lightyellow"| {{small|''parts of''}} Chuxiong Prefecture (Aut.) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Kunming (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| transferred
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| ↳ Luquan County || ↳ Luquan County || transferred
|-
| Zhaotong County || Zhaotong (CL-City) || merged into ||
|-
| Qujing County ||rowspan="2"| Qujing (CL-City) || reorganized ||rowspan="2"|
|-
| Zhanyi County || merged into
|-
| Yuxi County || Yuxi (CL-City) || reorganized ||
|-
| Baoshan County || Baoshan (CL-City) || reorganized ||
|-
| Dali County ||rowspan="2"| Dali (CL-City) || reorganized ||rowspan="2"|
|-
| Xiaguan (CL-City) || merged into
|-
| 1985-01-31 || Wanding (CL-Town) || Wanding (CL-City) || reorganized ||
|-
|rowspan="8"| 1985-06-11 || Shuangjiang County || Shuangjiang County (Aut.) || reorganized ||rowspan="8"|
|-
| Weixi County || Weixi County (Aut.) || reorganized
|-
| Jingdong County || Jingdong County (Aut.) || reorganized
|-
| Jinggu County || Jinggu County (Aut.) || reorganized
|-
| Pu'er County || Pu'er County (Aut.) || reorganized
|-
| Yangbi County || Yangbi County (Aut.) || reorganized
|-
| Luquan County || Luquan County (Aut.) || reorganized
|-
| Jinping County || Jinping County (Aut.) || reorganized
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1986-09-24 ||rowspan="2"| Bijiang County || Lushui County || disestablished & merged into ||rowspan="2"|
|-
| Fugong County || disestablished & merged into
|-
| 1987-11-27 || Lanping County || Lanping County (aut.) || reorganized ||
|-
| 1990-02-03 || Zhenyuan County || Zhenyuan County (Aut.) || reorganized ||
|-
| 1992-06-26 || Ruili County || Ruili (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [1992]69
|-
| 1993-03-25 || Simao County || Simao (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [1993]61
|-
| 1993-12-22 || Jinghong County || Jinghong (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [1993]256
|-
| 1994-02-18 || Xuanwei County || Xuanwei (CL-City) || reorganized ||
|-
| 1995-10-13 || Anning County || Anning (CL-City) || reorganized ||
|-
| 1996-10-28 || Luxi County || Luxi (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [1996]80
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1997-05-06 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Qujing Prefecture ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Qujing (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| reorganized ||rowspan="3"| State Council [1997]32
|-
|rowspan="2"| Qujing (CL-City) || Qilin District || disestablished & established
|-
| Zhanyi County || disestablished & established
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1997-12-13 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Yuxi Prefecture ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Yuxi (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| reorganized ||rowspan="2"| State Council [1997]108
|-
| Yuxi (CL-City) || Hongta District || disestablished & established
|-
| 1998-10-08 || Lunan County (Aut.) || Shilin County (Aut.) || renamed ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1998-12-06 ||bgcolor="lightyellow" rowspan="2"| Dongchuan (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Kunming (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| disestablished & merged into ||rowspan="4"|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| ↳ Dongchuan District || reorganized & transferred
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
| {{small|''parts of''}} Qujing (CL-City) || Kunming (PL-City) || transferred
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| ↳ Xundian County (Aut.) || ↳ Xundian County (Aut.) || transferred
|-
| 1999-01-02 || Wanding (CL-City) || Ruili (CL-City) || merged into || State Council [1999]1
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2000-12-30 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Baoshan Prefecture ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Baoshan (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| reorganized ||rowspan="2"|
|-
| Baoshan (CL-City) || Longyang District || reorganized
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001-01-30 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Zhaotong Prefecture ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Zhaotong (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| reorganized ||rowspan="2"| State Council [2001]6
|-
| Zhaotong (CL-City) || Zhaoyang District || reorganized
|-
| 2001-12-17 || Zhongdian County || Xianggelila County || renamed || Civil Affairs [2001]348
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2002-12-26 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Lijiang Prefecture ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Lijiang (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| reorganized ||rowspan="3"| State Council [2002]122
|-
| Lijiang (CL-City) || Gucheng District || reorganized
|-
| Lijiang County (Aut.) || Yulong County (Aut.) || renamed
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003-10-30 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Simao Prefecture ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Simao (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| reorganized ||rowspan="2"| State Council [2003]113
|-
| Simao (CL-City) || Cuiyun District || reorganized
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003-10-30 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Lincang Prefecture ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Lincang (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| reorganized ||rowspan="2"| State Council [2003]136
|-
| Lincang (CL-City) || Linxiang District || reorganized
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2007-01-21 ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Simao (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| Pu'er (PL-City) ||bgcolor="lightyellow"| renamed ||rowspan="3"| State Council [2007]8
|-
| Cuiyun District || Simao District || renamed
|-
| Pu'er County (Aut.) || Ning'er County (Aut.) || renamed
|-
| 2010-07-20 || Luxi (CL-City) || Mangshi (CL-City) || renamed || State Council [2010]166
|-
| 2010-09-10 || Mengzi County || Mengzi (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [2010]219
|-
| 2010-12-02 || Wenshan County || Wenshan (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [2010]295
|-
| 2011-05-20 || Chenggong County || Chenggong District || reorganized || State Council [2011]58
|-
| 2013-01-24 || Mile County || Mile (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [2013]29
|-
| 2014-12-16 || Xianggelila County || Xianggelila (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [2014]375
|-
| 2015-08-01 || Tengchong County || Tengchong (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [2015]248
|-
| 2015-12-03 || Jiangchuan County || Jiangchuan District || reorganized || State Council [2015]208
|-
| 2016-03-20 || Zhanyi County || Zhanyi District || reorganized || State Council [2016]54
|-
| 2016-06-16 || Lushui County || Lushui (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [2016]176
|-
| 2016-11-24 || Jinning County || Jinning District || reorganized || State Council [2016]187
|-
| 2018-02-09 || Malong County || Malong District || reorganized || State Council [2018]24
|-
| 2018-07-02 || Shuifu County || Shuifu (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [2018]108
|-
| 2019-11-20 || Chengjiang County || Chengjiang (CL-City) || reorganized || Civil Affairs [2019]124
|}

==Population composition==

===Prefectures===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;" align="center"
|-
! Prefecture
! [[Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2010]]
! [[Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2000]]
|----------
|[[Kunming]]
|style="text-align: right;"|6,432,212
|style="text-align: right;"|5,781,294
|----------
|[[Qujing]]
|style="text-align: right;"|5,855,055
|style="text-align: right;"|5,466,100
|----------
|[[Yuxi]]
|style="text-align: right;"|2,303,511
|style="text-align: right;"|2,073,005
|----------
|[[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]]
|style="text-align: right;"|2,506,491
|style="text-align: right;"|2,348,315
|----------
|[[Zhaotong]]
|style="text-align: right;"|5,213,533
|style="text-align: right;"|4,592,388
|----------
|[[Lijiang, Yunnan|Lijiang]]
|style="text-align: right;"|1,244,769
|style="text-align: right;"|1,126,646
|----------
|[[Pu'er, Yunnan|Pu'er]]
|style="text-align: right;"|2,542,898
|style="text-align: right;"|2,395,248
|----------
|[[Lincang]]
|style="text-align: right;"|2,429,505
|style="text-align: right;"|2,228,785
|----------
|[[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture|Dehong]]
|style="text-align: right;"|1,211,440
|style="text-align: right;"|1,071,300
|----------
|[[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang]]
|style="text-align: right;"|534,337
|style="text-align: right;"|491,824
|----------
|[[Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Dêqên (Diqing)]]
|style="text-align: right;"|400,182
|style="text-align: right;"|353,518
|----------
|[[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture|Dali]]
|style="text-align: right;"|3,456,000
|style="text-align: right;"|3,297,000
|----------
|[[Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Chuxiong]]
|style="text-align: right;"|2,684,174
|style="text-align: right;"|2,542,465
|----------
|[[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Honghe]]
|style="text-align: right;"|4,501,000
|style="text-align: right;"|4,130,500
|----------
|[[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Wenshan]]
|style="text-align: right;"|3,517,941
|style="text-align: right;"|3,268,553
|----------
|[[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Xishuangbanna]]
|style="text-align: right;"|1,133,515
|style="text-align: right;"|993,397
|}

===Counties===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;" align="center"
|-
!Name!!Prefecture!![[Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2010]]
|-
| [[Wuhua District|Wuhua]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 855,521
|-
| [[Panlong District|Panlong]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 809,881
|-
| [[Guandu District|Guandu]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 853,371
|-
| [[Xishan District, Kunming|Xishan]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 753,813
|-
| [[Dongchuan District|Dongchuan]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 271,917
|-
| [[Chenggong District|Chenggong]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 310,843
|-
| [[Jinning District|Jinning]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 283,784
|-
| [[Fumin County|Fumin]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 145,554
|-
| [[Yiliang County, Kunming|Yiliang]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 419,400
|-
| [[Songming County|Songming]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 287,095
|-
| [[Shilin Yi Autonomous County|Shilin]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 246,220
|-
| [[Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County|Luquan]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 396,404
|-
| [[Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County|Xundian]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 457,068
|-
| [[Anning, Yunnan|Anning]] || Kunming ||style="text-align: right;"| 341,341
|-
|-
| [[Qilin District|Qilin]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 740,747
|-
| [[Malong County|Malong]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 184,989
|-
| [[Luliang County|Luliang]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 622,397
|-
| [[Shizong County|Shizong]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 392,361
|-
| [[Luoping County|Luoping]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 549,680
|-
| [[Fuyuan County, Yunnan|Fuyuan]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 722,640
|-
| [[Huize County|Huize]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 908,292
|-
| [[Zhanyi District|Zhanyi]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 431,058
|-
| [[Xuanwei]] || Qujing ||style="text-align: right;"| 1,302,891
|-
|-
| [[Hongta District|Hongta]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 495,129
|-
| [[Jiangchuan County|Jiangchuan]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 280,889
|-
| [[Chengjiang, China|Chengjiang]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 169,366
|-
| [[Tonghai County|Tonghai]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 300,800
|-
| [[Huaning County|Huaning]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 214,650
|-
| [[Yimen County|Yimen]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 177,110
|-
| [[Eshan Yi Autonomous County|Eshan]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 162,831
|-
| [[Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County|Xinping]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 285,344
|-
| [[Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County|Yuanjiang]] || Yuxi ||style="text-align: right;"| 217,392
|-
|-
| [[Longyang District|Longyang]] || Baoshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 935,618
|-
| [[Shidian County|Shidian]] || Baoshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 305,223
|-
| [[Tengchong County|Tengchong]] || Baoshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 644,765
|-
| [[Longling County|Longling]] || Baoshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 277,319
|-
| [[Changning County, Yunnan|Changning]] || Baoshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 343,566
|-
|-
| [[Zhaoyang District|Zhaoyang]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 787,845
|-
| [[Ludian County|Ludian]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 390,654
|-
| [[Qiaojia County|Qiaojia]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 516,349
|-
| [[Yanjin County, Yunnan|Yanjin]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 369,881
|-
| [[Daguan County|Daguan]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 263,225
|-
| [[Yongshan County|Yongshan]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 394,267
|-
| [[Suijiang County|Suijiang]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 153,091
|-
| [[Zhenxiong County|Zhenxiong]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 1,328,375
|-
| [[Yiliang County, Zhaotong|Yiliang]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 521,838
|-
| [[Weixin County|Weixin]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 385,865
|-
| [[Shuifu]] || Zhaotong ||style="text-align: right;"| 102,143
|-
|-
| [[Gucheng District|Gucheng]] || Lijiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 211,151
|-
| [[Yulong Naxi Autonomous County|Yulong]] || Lijiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 214,697
|-
| [[Yongsheng County|Yongsheng]] || Lijiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 392,024
|-
| [[Huaping County|Huaping]] || Lijiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 168,028
|-
| [[Ninglang Yi Autonomous County|Ninglang]] || Lijiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 258,869
|-
|-
| [[Simao District|Simao]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 296,500
|-
| [[Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County|Ning'er]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 185,700
|-
| [[Mojiang Hani Autonomous County|Mojiang]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 360,500
|-
| [[Jingdong Yi Autonomous County|Jingdong]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 359,500
|-
| [[Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County|Jinggu]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 291,700
|-
| [[Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County|Zhenyuan]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 208,600
|-
| [[Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County|Jiangcheng]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 121,500
|-
| [[Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County|Menglian]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 135,500
|-
| [[Lancang Lahu Autonomous County|Lancang]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 491,900
|-
| [[Ximeng Va Autonomous County|Ximeng]] || Pu'er ||style="text-align: right;"| 91,300
|-
|-
| [[Linxiang District|Linxiang]] || Lincang ||style="text-align: right;"| 323,708
|-
| [[Fengqing County|Fengqing]] || Lincang ||style="text-align: right;"| 458,330
|-
| [[Yun County, Yunnan|Yun(xian)]] || Lincang ||style="text-align: right;"| 449,460
|-
| [[Yongde County|Yongde]] || Lincang ||style="text-align: right;"| 369,702
|-
| [[Zhenkang County|Zhenkang]] || Lincang ||style="text-align: right;"| 176,356
|-
| [[Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County|Shuangjiang]] || Lincang ||style="text-align: right;"| 176,549
|-
| [[Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County|Gengma]] || Lincang ||style="text-align: right;"| 296,302
|-
| [[Cangyuan Va Autonomous County|Cangyuan]] || Lincang ||style="text-align: right;"| 179,098
|-
|-
| [[Chuxiong City|Chuxiong]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 588,620
|-
| [[Shuangbai County|Shuangbai]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 159,867
|-
| [[Mouding County|Mouding]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 208,726
|-
| [[Nanhua County|Nanhua]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 236,138
|-
| [[Yao'an County|Yao'an]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 197,676
|-
| [[Dayao County|Dayao]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 273,315
|-
| [[Yongren County|Yongren]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 109,304
|-
| [[Yuanmou County|Yuanmou]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 215,795
|-
| [[Wuding County|Wuding]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 271,963
|-
| [[Lufeng County|Lufeng]] || Chuxiong ||style="text-align: right;"| 422,770
|-
|-
| [[Mengzi City|Mengzi]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 417,200
|-
| [[Gejiu]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 459,800
|-
| [[Kaiyuan, Yunnan|Kaiyuan]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 322,700
|-
| [[Mile City|Mile]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 539,700
|-
| [[Shiping County|Shiping]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 299,100
|-
| [[Jianshui County|Jianshui]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 531,500
|-
| [[Luxi County, Yunnan|Luxi(xian)]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 400,700
|-
| [[Yuanyang County, Yunnan|Yuanyang]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 396,800
|-
| [[Honghe County|Honghe]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 296,500
|-
| [[Lüchun County|Lüchun]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 222,200
|-
| [[Pingbian Miao Autonomous County|Pingbian]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 154,000
|-
| [[Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County|Jinping]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 356,200
|-
| [[Hekou Yao Autonomous County|Hekou]] || Honghe ||style="text-align: right;"| 104,600
|-
|-
| [[Wenshan City|Wenshan]] || Wenshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 481,504
|-
| [[Yanshan County, Wenshan|Yanshan]] || Wenshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 463,264
|-
| [[Xichou County|Xichou]] || Wenshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 255,286
|-
| [[Malipo County|Malipo]] || Wenshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 277,960
|-
| [[Maguan County|Maguan]] || Wenshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 367,507
|-
| [[Qiubei County|Qiubei]] || Wenshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 477,441
|-
| [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] || Wenshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 787,449
|-
| [[Funing County, Yunnan|Funing]] || Wenshan ||style="text-align: right;"| 407,530
|-
|-
| [[Jinghong]] || Xishuangbanna ||style="text-align: right;"| 519,935
|-
| [[Menghai County|Menghai]] || Xishuangbanna ||style="text-align: right;"| 331,850
|-
| [[Mengla County|Mengla]] || Xishuangbanna ||style="text-align: right;"| 281,730
|-
|-
| [[Dali, Yunnan|Dali]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 652,000
|-
| [[Xiangyun County|Xiangyun]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 456,000
|-
| [[Binchuan County|Binchuan]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 349,000
|-
| [[Midu County|Midu]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 313,000
|-
| [[Yongping County|Yongping]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 175,000
|-
| [[Yunlong County|Yunlong]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 200,000
|-
| [[Eryuan County|Eryuan]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 268,000
|-
| [[Jianchuan County|Jianchuan]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 170,000
|-
| [[Heqing County|Heqing]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 255,000
|-
| [[Yangbi Yi Autonomous County|Yangbi]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 102,000
|-
| [[Nanjian Yi Autonomous County|Nanjian]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 212,000
|-
| [[Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County|Weishan]] || Dali ||style="text-align: right;"| 304,000
|-
|-
| [[Ruili]] || Dehong ||style="text-align: right;"| 180,627
|-
| [[Mangshi|Luxi(shi) → Mangshi]] || Dehong ||style="text-align: right;"| 389,891
|-
| [[Lianghe County|Lianghe]] || Dehong ||style="text-align: right;"| 154,175
|-
| [[Yingjiang County|Yingjiang]] || Dehong ||style="text-align: right;"| 305,167
|-
| [[Longchuan County, Yunnan|Longchuan]] || Dehong ||style="text-align: right;"| 181,580
|-
|-
| [[Lushui]] || Nujiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 184,835
|-
| [[Fugong County|Fugong]] || Nujiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 98,616
|-
| [[Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County|Gongshan]] || Nujiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 37,894
|-
| [[Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County|Lanping]] || Nujiang ||style="text-align: right;"| 212,992
|-
|-
| [[Shangri-La County|Xianggelila]] || Dêqên ||style="text-align: right;"| 172,988
|-
| [[Dêqên County|Diqin]] || Dêqên ||style="text-align: right;"| 66,589
|-
| [[Weixi Lisu Autonomous County|Weixi]] to|| Dêqên ||style="text-align: right;"| 160,605
|}

==List of autonomous subdivisions by ethnic group==
[[File:Ethnic minorities areas in Yunnan.png|thumb|Major Autonomous areas within Yunnan. (excluding [[Hui people|Hui]])]]
There are 29 [[Autonomous county|autonomous counties]] and 8 [[autonomous prefecture]]s assigned to 18 different [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic minorities]] in Yunnan.

;[[Yi people|Yi]] (15 counties, 2 prefectures)
*[[Shilin Yi Autonomous County]], [[Kunming]]
*[[Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County]], [[Kunming]]
*[[Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County]], [[Kunming]]
*[[Eshan Yi Autonomous County]], [[Yuxi]]
*[[Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Yuxi]]
*[[Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Yuxi]]
*[[Ninglang Yi Autonomous County]], [[Lijiang, Yunnan|Lijiang]]
*[[Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Jingdong Yi Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Yangbi Yi Autonomous County]], [[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture|Dali]]
*[[Nanjian Yi Autonomous County]], [[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture|Dali]]
*[[Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County]], [[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture|Dali]]
*''[[Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture]]''
*''[[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture]]''

;[[Hui people|Hui]] (2 counties)
*[[Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County]], [[Kunming]]
*[[Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County]], [[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture|Dali]]

;[[Miao people|Miao]] (3 counties, 1 prefecture)
*[[Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County]]
*[[Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Honghe]]
*[[Pingbian Miao Autonomous County]], [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Honghe]]
*''[[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]''

;[[Yao people|Yao]] (2 counties)
*[[Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Honghe]]
*[[Hekou Yao Autonomous County]], [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Honghe]]

;[[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] (1 prefecture)
*''[[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]''

;[[Dai people|Dai]] (6 counties, 2 prefectures)
*[[Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Yuxi]]
*[[Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Yuxi]]
*[[Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County]], [[Lincang]]
*''[[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture]]''
*[[Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Honghe]]
*''[[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture]]''

;[[Lahu people|Lahu]] (4 counties)
*[[Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Lancang Lahu Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Lincang]]

;[[Hani people|Hani]] (5 counties, 1 prefecture)
*[[Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Yuxi]]
*[[Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Mojiang Hani Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*''[[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture]]''

;[[Va people|Wa]] (5 counties)
*[[Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Ximeng Va Autonomous County]], [[Pu'er City|Pu'er]]
*[[Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Lincang]]
*[[Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County]], [[Lincang]]
*[[Cangyuan Va Autonomous County]], [[Lincang]]

;[[Blang people|Bulang]] (1 county)
*[[Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Lincang]]

;[[Jingpo people|Jingpo]] (1 prefecture)
*''[[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture]]''

;[[Bai people|Bai]] (1 county, 1 prefecture)
*[[Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County]], [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang]]
*''[[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture]]''

;[[Lisu people|Lisu]] (1 county, 1 prefecture)
*''[[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture]]''
*[[Weixi Lisu Autonomous County]], [[Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Dêqên]]

;[[Naxi people|Naxi]] (1 county)
*[[Yulong Naxi Autonomous County]], [[Lijiang, Yunnan|Lijiang]]

;[[Pumi people|Pumi]] (1 county)
*[[Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County]], [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang]]

;[[Derung people|Dulong]] (1 county)
*[[Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County]], [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang]]

;[[Nu people|Nu]] (1 county)
*[[Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County]], [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang]]

;[[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] (1 prefecture)
*''[[Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.yn.gov.cn/yunnan,china/74590868828323840/20061025/1112878.html Yunnan Provincial Government] (2006-10-25)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090104031429/http://www.xzqh.org/quhua/53yn/ Administrative divisions network] (2007-02-12)

{{Counties of China}}
{{Yunnan}}

[[Category:Populated places in Yunnan|Administrative divisions]]
[[Category:Lists of administrative divisions of China|Yunnan]]

Borohoro Mountains

2024-03-21T09:50:10Z

Peyerk: m

{{Short description|Mountain range in China and Kazakhstan}}
The '''Borohoro Mountains''' ({{lang-zh|s=博罗科努山|p=Bóluōkēnǔ shān|w=P'o-lo-k'o-nu shan}}; {{lang-kk|Борохоро жотасы}}, {{transl|kk|Borohoro jotasy}}) is one of the major ranges of the [[Tian Shan]] mountain system. It is almost entirely located within China's [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]], with only a few westernmost peaks being in [[Kazakhstan]].

The Borohoro Range runs in the general west-north-west to east-south-east direction. At its eastern end, southwest of [[Ürümqi]], it joins the main range of the Tian Shan; at the western end, near the [[China–Kazakhstan border]], it joins the [[Dzungarian Alatau]].

The Borohoro Range separates the [[Dzungarian Basin]] in the north from the [[Ili River]] Basin in the south. Streams flowing from the northern slope of the Borohoro flow toward the [[Aibi Lake]] or the [[Manas Lake]]; those rising on the southern slope flow toward the Ili River, which flows into Kazakhstan's [[Lake Balkhash]].

The border between Xinjiang's [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]] and [[Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture]] runs along the Borohoro Range.

A [[blind thrust fault]] under the mountain range was the source of the deadly magnitude 7.9 [[1906 Manasi earthquake|Manasi earthquake]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Xiaohang |last2=Xu |first2=Caijun |last3=Wen |first3=Yangmao |last4=Wang |first4=Shuai |last5=Xu |first5=Guangyu |last6=Xiao |first6=Zhuohui |last7=Fang |first7=Lihua |date=2019 |title=The 2016 Mw 6.0 Hutubi earthquake: A blind thrust event along the northern Tian Shan front |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136791201930015X |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=173 |pages=79–87 |bibcode=2019JAESc.173...79W |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.01.011 |issn=1367-9120 |s2cid=134197752}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Mountain ranges of China}}
{{Xinjiang topics}}

{{coord|44.4343|N|81.5221|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Mountain ranges of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Xinjiang]]

{{xinjiang-geo-stub}}

Province-level divisions of China

2024-03-14T15:49:05Z

Peyerk: m

{{Short description|First level administrative divisions of China}}
{{about|the first level divisions of the People's Republic of China|divisions in the Republic of China|Administrative divisions of Taiwan}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Province-level divisions {{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|省级行政区}} {{transliteration|zh|Shěngjí Xíngzhèngqū}}}}
| map = China province-level divisions.svg
| mapsize = 350px
| category = [[Unitary state]]
| territory = {{PRC}}
| start_date =
| current_number = '''33-34''' (1 [[Political status of Taiwan|claimed]])
| number_date =
| population_range =
| area_range =
| government = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[one-party state]] [[One country, two systems]]
| subdivision = [[Sub-provincial division|Sub-provincial city]], [[Prefectures of China|Prefectures]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| collapse = yes
| pic =
| title = Province-level administrative divisions
| t = 省級行政區
| s = 省级行政区
| p = shěng-jí xíngzhèngqū
| altname = province
| c2 = 省
| p2 = shěng
| tib = ཞིང་ཆེན།
| wylie = zhing chen
| zwpy = Xingqên
| zha = Swngj
| mong = ᠮᠤᠵᠢ
| monr = Moji
| mnc = ᡤᠣᠯᠣ
| mnc_rom = golo
| uig = ئۆلكە
| uly = Ölke
| uyy = Ɵlkə
| sgs = Öleä
}}
{{Administrative levels and divisions of China sidebar}}

[[People's Republic of China|China]] is officially (de jure) divided into 34{{efn|Including the disputed [[Taiwan Province]].}} '''province-level administrative divisions''', the first level of [[administrative divisions of China|administrative division]] in the country. There are four types of divisions at the province level:
* [[Provinces of China|Provinces]] (23)
* [[autonomous regions of China|Autonomous regions]] (5)
* [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|Municipalities]] (4)
* [[Special administrative regions of China|Special Administrative Regions]] (SARs; 2)

Province-level divisions can trace their origins back to the [[Yuan dynasty]]. The [[political status of Taiwan|political status]] of [[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan Province]], as well as small [[Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China|portions of other provinces]], are disputed.

== Government ==
The legislative branch at the provincial level is the People's Congress, modeled on the [[National People's Congress]]. Provincial People's Congresses have had legislative powers since 1979, and pass laws on a wide variety of issues.{{sfn|Chung|Lam|2010|loc=Chapter 2}} The executive branch is the Provincial People's Government, led by a [[Governor (China)|governor]] in the provinces, a [[Mayor (China)|mayor]] in provincial-level cities, a [[Chairman (autonomous region)|chairman]] in the autonomous regions. The head of the government is assisted by a number of subordinate officials such as Vice-Governors.{{sfn|Goodman|2015|pp=95-96}} The head of the People's Government is appointed by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]].{{efn|Subordinate provincial officials are appointed by province-level committees.}}{{sfn|Chung|Lam|2010|loc=Chapter 2}} That said, the People's Governments are responsible to both the State Council and the regional People's Congress, and implement the decisions of both bodies.{{sfn|Saich|2015|pp=157-158}} They also pass the State Council's instructions down to the lower levels of the administration. Province-level governments have the power to set budgets and raise revenue, although they are subject to the State Council's approval. They can pursue development projects without seeking central government approval.{{sfn|Chung|Lam|2010|loc=Chapter 2}}

=== Provincial level party structure ===
As with the [[Government of China|central government]], province-level divisions are governed by parallel party and state structures. Each province-level branch of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) holds a Party Congress every five years. The congress will elect a Party Committee, which in turn elects a [[Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee|Standing Committee]]. The Standing Committee includes a party secretary, who is the leader of the CCP in that province-level division. The Standing Committee usually includes the top members of the People's Government as well.{{sfn|Goodman|2015|p=96}}

=== Provincial People's Government buildings ===
<gallery widths=180 class=center>
File:People's Government of Anhui Province 20070206.jpg|Anhui Provincial People's Government Building
File:福建省人民政府.jpg|Fujian Provincial People's Government Building
File:贵州省人民政府.jpg|Guizhou Provincial People's Government Building
File:黑龙江省人民政府大楼2017夏.jpg|Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government Building
File:陕西省人民政府2017.jpg|Shaanxi Provincial People's Government Building
File:山西省政府.jpg|Shanxi Provincial People's Government Building
File:云南省人民政府01.jpg|Yunnan Provincial People's Government Building
</gallery>

== History ==
{{Main|History of the administrative divisions of China (1949–present)}}
{{Further|History of the administrative divisions of China}}
The first province-level divisions were created in the [[Yuan dynasty]], and have remained one of the most stable forms of Chinese government since then.{{sfn|Guo|2017|p=23}} They were created to help the Imperial court manage local county governments, which were too numerous and far-flung to be managed directly.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2002|p=16}} The number of provinces grew steadily during subsequent dynasties, reaching 28 by the time of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].{{sfn|Goodman|2015|pp=150,154}} Under the Nationalist Government, large cities began to be classified separately from other administrative units. Starting in 1930, some of these "special cities" became "direct jurisdiction cities" under the central government, the predecessor of province-level cities.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2002|p=27}} During the [[Warlord Era]], provinces became largely or completely autonomous and exercised significant national influence. Province-level units proliferated and under the early People's Republic there were over 50.{{sfn|Goodman|2015|pp=153-154}}

In the mid-1950s, the People's Republic (PRC) made several major reforms to province-level administration. Despite closely modelling other aspects of the PRC on the Soviet Union, the CCP's experience with territorial disintegration during the Warlord Era led them to reject the Soviet [[Republics of the Soviet Union|federal structure]].{{sfn|Chung|Lam|2010|loc=Chapter 1}} Instead, the total number of provinces was significantly reduced and the [[unitary state]] structure was retained. Most direct jurisdiction cities were abolished, although a few became province-level cities. Limited autonomy was granted to ethnic minorities in five new "Autonomous Regions" (see below).{{sfn|Chung|Lam|2010|loc=Chapter 1}} People's Congresses were set up to run province-level governments. During the [[Cultural Revolution]], these Congresses each elected a revolutionary committee to exercise both executive and legislative power when they were not in session.{{sfn|Saich|2015|p=158}} Province-level divisions had limited independent authority before the period of [[Chinese economic reform|Reform and Opening-up]], due to the [[Planned economy#Central planning|centrally planned]] nature of the economy. Their main role was to implement the decisions about production goals, raising and spending revenue, and how to allocate resources that were made by the central government.{{sfn|Zhang|LeGates|Zhao|2016|p=89}} However, in contrast with the Soviet system, there was some degree of regional autonomy. Many provincial governments ran smaller manufacturing firms independently of the central government.{{sfn|Chung|Lam|2010|loc=Chapter 2}} Since 1979, the central government has granted increased decision-making authority to provincial level governments. In turn, they have devolved the power to make local regulations to cities other local governments.{{sfn|Saich|2015|p=158}}{{sfn|Zhang|LeGates|Zhao|2016|pp=90-92}}

== List of province-level divisions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%;"
|-
! align="center" |[[National Standards of the People's Republic of China|GB/T 2260-2007]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GB/T 2260 codes for the provinces of China |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/design/chinastdb_1210.doc# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040305025950/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/design/chinastdb_1210.doc# |archive-date=2004-03-05 |access-date=2011-10-30}}</ref>
! align="center" |[[ISO 3166-2:CN|ISO]]<ref>[[ISO 3166-2:CN]] ([[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] [[ISO 3166-2|3166-2]] codes for the provinces of China)</ref>
! align="left" |Province
! align="left" |Chinese Hanyu Pinyin
! align="left" |Capital
! align="right" |Population{{efn|as of 2020}}
! align="right" |Density{{efn|per km2}}
! align="right" |Area{{efn|km2}}
! align="center" class="alphabetical" | Abbreviation{{efn|Abbreviation in the parentheses is informal}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | AH
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-AH
| [[Anhui|Anhui Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=安徽省}}}} Ānhuī Shěng 
| [[Hefei]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 61,027,171
| style="text-align:right;" | 436.29
| style="text-align:right;" | 139,879
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|皖}} Wǎn
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | BJ
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-BJ
| [[Beijing|Beijing Municipality]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=北京市}}}} Běijīng Shì
| [[Tongzhou District, Beijing|Tongzhou]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 21,893,095
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,334.05
| style="text-align:right;" | 16,411
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|京}} Jīng
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | CQ
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-CQ
| [[Chongqing|Chongqing Municipality]]
| {{lang|zh|重庆市}} Chóngqìng Shì
| [[Yuzhong District|Yuzhong]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 32,054,159
| style="text-align:right;" | 388.99
| style="text-align:right;" | 82,403
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|渝}} Yú
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | FJ
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-FJ
| [[Fujian|Fujian Province]]{{efn|Most of the Fujian Province is administered by the [[China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]] while the [[Republic of China]] on Taiwan includes [[Kinmen County]] (Quemoy) and [[Matsu Islands|Lienchiang County]] (Matsu) formerly under its own streamlined [[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]].}}
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=福建省}}}} Fújiàn Shěng 
| [[Fuzhou]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 41,540,086
| style="text-align:right;" | 335.66
| style="text-align:right;" | 123,756
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|闽}} Mǐn
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | GD
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-GD
| [[Guangdong|Guangdong Province]]{{efn|Most of the Guangdong Province is administered by the [[China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]] while the [[Republic of China]] on Taiwan includes [[Pratas Island]] (also named Tungsha Island or Dongsha Island) as part of the [[Dongsha Atoll National Park]].}}
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=广东省}}}} Guǎngdōng Shěng
| [[Guangzhou]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 126,012,510
| style="text-align:right;" | 700.02
| style="text-align:right;" | 180,013
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|粤}} Yuè
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | GS
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-GS
| [[Gansu|Gansu Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=甘肃省}}}} Gānsù Shěng 
| [[Lanzhou]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 25,019,831
| style="text-align:right;" | 54.70
| style="text-align:right;" | 457,382
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|甘(陇)}} Gān (Lǒng)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | GX
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-GX
| [[Guangxi|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=广西壮族自治区}}}} Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū
| [[Nanning]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 50,126,804
| style="text-align:right;" | 210.78
| style="text-align:right;" | 237,818
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|桂}} Guì
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | GZ
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-GZ
| [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=贵州省}}}} Guìzhōu Shěng 
| [[Guiyang]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 38,562,148
| style="text-align:right;" | 218.93
| style="text-align:right;" | 176,140
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|贵(黔)}} Guì (Qián)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HA (HEN)
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-HA
| [[Henan|Henan Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=河南省}}}} Hénán Shěng 
| [[Zhengzhou]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 99,365,519
| style="text-align:right;" | 600.52
| style="text-align:right;" | 165,467
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|豫}} Yù
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HB (HUB)
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-HB
| [[Hubei|Hubei Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=湖北省}}}} Húběi Shěng 
| [[Wuhan]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 57,752,557
| style="text-align:right;" | 310.87
| style="text-align:right;" | 185,776
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|鄂}} È
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HE (HEB)
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-HE
| [[Hebei|Hebei Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=河北省}}}} Héběi Shěng
| [[Shijiazhuang]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 74,610,235
| style="text-align:right;" | 393.08
| style="text-align:right;" | 189,809
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|冀}} Jì
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HI
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-HI
| [[Hainan|Hainan Province]]{{efn|Most of the Hainan Province is administered by the [[China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]] while the [[Republic of China]] on Taiwan includes [[Taiping Island|Taiping Island (Itu Aba)]] as part of [[Cijin District, Kaohsiung]].}}
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=海南省}}}} Hǎinán Shěng 
| [[Haikou]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,081,232
| style="text-align:right;" | 294.27
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,259
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|琼}} Qióng
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HK
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-HK{{efn|Has separate [[ISO 3166-2]] code: <code>HK</code>}}
| [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=香港特别行政区}}}} Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū
| [[Tamar, Hong Kong|Tamar]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,061,200
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,396.01
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,108
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|港}} Gǎng
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HL
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-HL
| [[Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=黑龙江省}}}} Hēilóngjiāng Shěng 
| [[Harbin]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 31,850,088
| style="text-align:right;" | 67.37
| style="text-align:right;" | 472,766
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|黑}} Hēi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | HN (HUN)
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-HN
| [[Hunan|Hunan Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=湖南省}}}} Húnán Shěng 
| [[Changsha]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 66,444,864
| style="text-align:right;" | 313.65
| style="text-align:right;" | 211,842
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|湘}} Xiāng
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | JL
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-JL
| [[Jilin|Jilin Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=吉林省}}}} Jílín Shěng 
| [[Changchun]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 24,073,453
| style="text-align:right;" | 126.51
| style="text-align:right;" | 190,282
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|吉}} Jí
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | JS
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-JS
| [[Jiangsu|Jiangsu Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=江苏省}}}} Jiāngsū Shěng 
| [[Nanjing]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 84,748,016
| style="text-align:right;" | 847.91
| style="text-align:right;" | 99,949
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|苏}} Sū
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | JX
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-JX
| [[Jiangxi|Jiangxi Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=江西省}}}} Jiāngxī Shěng 
| [[Nanchang]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 45,188,635
| style="text-align:right;" | 270.69
| style="text-align:right;" | 166,939
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|赣}} Gàn
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | LN
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-LN
| [[Liaoning|Liaoning Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=辽宁省}}}} Liáoníng Shěng 
| [[Shenyang]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 42,591,407
| style="text-align:right;" | 289.59
| style="text-align:right;" | 147,076
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|辽}} Liáo
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | MO
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-MO{{efn|Has separate [[ISO 3166-2]] code: <code>MO</code>}}
| [[Macau|Macau Special Administrative Region]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=澳门特别行政区}}}} Àomén Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 552,300
| style="text-align:right;" | 19,044.82
| style="text-align:right;" | 29
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|澳}} Ào
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | NM
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-NM
| [[Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=内蒙古自治区}}}} Nèi Měnggǔ Zìzhìqū
| [[Hohhot]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 24,049,155
| style="text-align:right;" | 20.05
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,199,372
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|蒙(绥)}} Měng (Suí)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | NX
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-NX
| [[Ningxia|Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=宁夏回族自治区}}}} Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū
| [[Yinchuan]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,202,654
| style="text-align:right;" | 108.47
| style="text-align:right;" | 66,400
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|宁}} Níng
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | QH
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-QH
| [[Qinghai|Qinghai Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=青海省}}}} Qīnghǎi Shěng 
| [[Xining]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,923,957
| style="text-align:right;" | 8.58
| style="text-align:right;" | 690,355
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|青}} Qīng
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | SC
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-SC
| [[Sichuan|Sichuan Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=四川省}}}} Sìchuān Shěng 
| [[Chengdu]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 83,674,866
| style="text-align:right;" | 174.93
| style="text-align:right;" | 484,056
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|川(蜀)}} Chuān (Shǔ)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | SD
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-SD
| [[Shandong|Shandong Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=山东省}}}} Shāndōng Shěng 
| [[Jinan]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 101,527,453
| style="text-align:right;" | 643.78
| style="text-align:right;" | 157,704
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|鲁}} Lǔ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | SH
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-SH
| [[Shanghai|Shanghai Municipality]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=上海市}}}} Shànghǎi Shì 
| [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 24,870,895
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,922.24
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,341
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|沪(申)}} Hù (Shēn)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | SN (SAA)
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-SN
| [[Shaanxi|Shaanxi Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=陕西省}}}} Shǎnxī Shěng 
| [[Xi'an]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 39,528,999
| style="text-align:right;" | 192.24
| style="text-align:right;" | 205,624
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|陕(秦)}} Shǎn (Qín)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | SX (SAX)
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-SX
| [[Shanxi|Shanxi Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=山西省}}}} Shānxī Shěng
| [[Taiyuan]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,915,616
| style="text-align:right;" | 222.80
| style="text-align:right;" | 156,713
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|晋}} Jìn
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | TJ
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-TJ
| [[Tianjin|Tianjin Municipality]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=天津市}}}} Tiānjīn Shì
| [[Hexi District, Tianjin|Hexi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 13,866,009
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,194.32
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,610
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|津}} Jīn
|- style="background:#FFCCCC;"|-
| style="text-align:center;" | TW
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-TW{{efn|Has separate [[ISO 3166-2]] code: <code>TW</code>}}
| [[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|''Taiwan Province'']]{{efn|The [[People's Republic of China]] considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province, but Taiwan is currently administrated by the [[Republic of China]]. Since 1945, the ROC only controls the island of Taiwan and Penghu. For Kinmen and Matsu, see note on Fujian Province. See also [[Political status of Taiwan]]}}
| {{lang|zh|{{lang|zh-hans|台湾省}}}} Táiwān Shěng 
| [[Taipei]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 23,162,123
| style="text-align:right;" | 650.97
| style="text-align:right;" | 36,161
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|台(臺)}} Tái
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | XJ
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-XJ
| [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=新疆维吾尔自治区}}}} Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū 
| [[Ürümqi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 25,852,345
| style="text-align:right;" | 15.72
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,644,707
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|新}} Xīn
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | XZ
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-XZ
| [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=西藏自治区}}}} Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
| [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,648,100
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.03
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,204,776
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|藏}} Zàng
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | YN
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-YN
| [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=云南省}}}} Yúnnán Shěng 
| [[Kunming]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 47,209,277
| style="text-align:right;" | 123.20
| style="text-align:right;" | 383,195
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|云(滇)}} Yún (Diān)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ZJ
| style="text-align:center;" | CN-ZJ
| [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]]
| {{lang|zh|{{zh|labels=no|s=浙江省}}}} Zhèjiāng Shěng
| [[Hangzhou]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 64,567,588
| style="text-align:right;" | 615.67
| style="text-align:right;" | 104,873
| style="text-align:center;" |{{lang|zh|浙}} Zhè

|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|China}}
* [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population]]
* [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP]]
* [[List of current Chinese provincial leaders]]
* [[Tiao-kuai]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Guo |first=Rongxing |title=How the Chinese Economy Works |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |edition=4th Revised}}
*{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=David S.G. |title=Handbook of the Politics of China |date=2015 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited |location=Northampton, Massachusetts}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Li |last2=LeGates |first2=Richard |last3=Zhao |first3=Min |title=Understanding China's Urbanization: The Great Demographic, Spatial, Economic, and Social Transformation |date=2016 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited |location=Northampton, Massachusetts}}
*{{cite book |last1=Saich |first1=Tony |title=Governance and Politics of China |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |edition=Fourth}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chung |first1=Jae Ho |last2=Lam |first2=Chiu |title=China's Local Administration: Traditions and Changes in the Sub-National Hierarchy |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=John |title=Rethinking China's Provinces |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Provinces of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Wikivoyage|List of Chinese provinces and regions}}
* [http://www.dbresearch.com/chinasprovinces Interactive Dbresearch.com: WebMap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406153605/http://dbresearch.com/chinasprovinces/ |date=2016-04-06 }} — ''with economic indicators for all Chinese Provinces''.

{{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries}}
{{China topics |state = autocollapse }}
{{Province-level divisions of China}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Province-level divisions of China| ]]
[[Category:Lists of administrative divisions of China|*]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of China]]
[[Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|Provinces, China]]

Hebei

2024-03-13T20:15:16Z

Peyerk: /* Administrative divisions */ typo corr

{{short description|Province of China}}
{{distinguish|text=the unrelated province of [[Hubei]] or the cities of [[Hebi]], Henan and [[Hefei]], Anhui}}
{{redirect|冀|the surname|Ji (surname 冀)}}
{{Other uses}}

{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hebei
| native_name = {{lang|zh|河北}}
| settlement_type = [[Province of China|Province]]
| translit_lang1 = Name
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|Chinese}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh|河北省}} ({{transliteration|zh|Héběi shěng}})
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{hlist|HE|HEB|{{linktext|lang=zh|冀}} ({{zhi|p=Jì}})}}
| image_map = Hebei in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize = 275px
| map_caption = Map showing the location of Hebei Province
| coordinates = {{coord|39.3|N|116.7|E|type:adm1st|format=dms|display=it}}
| named_for = [[Yellow River]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| seat_type = Capital and largest city
| seat = [[Shijiazhuang]]
| parts_type = Divisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 11 [[Prefectures of China|prefectures]]
| p2 = 121 [[Counties of China|counties]]
| p3 = 2207 [[Townships of China|townships]]
| government_type = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| governing_body = [[Hebei Provincial People's Congress]]
| leader_title = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name = [[Ni Yuefeng]]
| leader_title1 = [[Hebei Provincial People's Congress|Congress]] chairman
| leader_name1 = Ni Yuefeng
| leader_title2 = [[Governor (China)|Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Wang Zhengpu]]
| leader_title3 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] chairman
| leader_name3 = [[Lian Yimin]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 188800
| area_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|12th]]
| elevation_max_m = 2882
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Xiaowutai]]<ref name="Mt Xwt Dili 360">{{cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yanlin |script-title=zh:太行山把最高的山脊留在了河北 |journal = Chinese National Geography |year=2015 |issue=2 |url = http://www.dili360.com/cng/article/p54ed2aee95d2c70.htm |access-date=20 May 2018 |language=zh-Hans |quote={{lang|zh-Hans|小五台山是太行山主脉上的最高峰，同时也是河北省的最高峰}} }}</ref>
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_point =
| elevation_min_rank =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |date = 11 May 2021 |title = Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3) |url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |access-date = 11 May 2021 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] }}</ref>
| population_total = 74,610,235
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|6th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density|11th]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|[[Han Chinese|Han]]: 96%|[[Manchu]]: 3%|[[Hui people|Hui]]: 0.8%|[[Mongol]]: 0.3%}}
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = [[Jilu Mandarin]], [[Beijing dialect|Beijing Mandarin]], [[Jin Chinese|Jin]]
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref name="data2020">GDP-2020 is a preliminary data {{cite press release |url = https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0102 |title = Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province |publisher = China NBS |date = March 1, 2021 |access-date = March 23, 2021 }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]]4.039 trillion [[US$]]635 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥54,172 US$8,397
| iso_code = CN-HE
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2019)}}
| blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.738<ref>{{cite web |url = https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |title = Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab |website=globaldatalab.org |access-date=2020-04-17 }}</ref> {{color|#090|high}} · [[List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index|20th]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.hebei.gov.cn|hebei.gov.cn}}
| official_name = Province of Hebei
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Jinshanling-facing-east-2019-Luka-Peternel.jpg
| photo2a = Beidaihe, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China - panoramio (61).jpg
| photo2b = Chengde Mountain Resort 3.jpg
| photo3a = Fuqing Temple, Cangyan Mountain, Hebei.jpg
| photo3b = Puning Temple, Place in front of hall of Mahayana.jpg
| position = center
| size = 280
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 2
| color_border = white
}}
| image_caption = '''Clockwise:''' [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]] at [[Jinshanling]], [[Chengde Mountain Resort]], [[Puning Temple (Hebei)|Puning Temple]], Fuqing Temple at [[Cangyan Mountain]], [[Beidaihe District|Beidaihe]] in [[Qinhuangdao]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Hebei (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Hebei" in Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.45
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|河北}}
| l = North of the [[Yellow River]]
| p = Héběi
| gr = Herbeei
| bpmf = ㄏㄜˊ   ㄅㄟˇ
| w = Ho2-pei3
| psp = Hopeh
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|h|e|2|.|b|ei|3}}
| j = Ho4-bak1
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|h|o|4|.|b|ak|1}}
| y = Hòh-bāk
| wuu = Ghu平poh入
| poj = Hô-pak
| h = Hò-pet
| xej = حَ‌بُوِ شْ
| altname = Abbreviation
| c2 = {{linktext|lang=zh|冀}}
| p2 = Jì
| gr2 = Jih
| bpmf2 = ㄐㄧˋ
| w2 = Chi4
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|j|i|4}}
| j2 = Kei3
| tl2 = Kī
| altname3 = Zhili Province
| s3 = 直隶省
| t3 = {{linktext|lang=zh-Hant|直隸|省}}
| l3 = Directly ruled
| p3 = Zhílì Shěng
}}

'''Hebei'''{{efn|{{zh|c={{Audio|zh-Hebei.ogg|河北|help=no}}|l=north of the [[Yellow River]]}}{{pb}}{{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|h|ɜː|'|b|eɪ}}<ref>{{cite book |last = Longman |first = J.C. |title = Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |year = 2008 |publisher = Pearson Education ESL |isbn=978-1405881173 |edition = 3rd }}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|h|@|'|b|eɪ}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Hebei |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518052007/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Hebei |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |title=Hebei |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|h|ʌ|'|b|eɪ}},<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Hebei}}</ref>{{pb}}[[Postal romanization]]: '''Hopeh'''}} is a [[Provinces of China|province]] in [[North China]]. Hebei is China's [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|sixth most-populous province]], with over 75 million people. [[Shijiazhuang]] is the capital city. The province is 96% [[Han Chinese]], 3% [[Manchu people|Manchu]], 0.8% [[Hui people|Hui]], and 0.3% [[Mongols in China|Mongol]]. [[Varieties of Chinese]] spoken include [[Jilu Mandarin]], the [[Beijing dialect]] of Mandarin, and [[Jin Chinese]].

Hebei borders the provinces of [[Shanxi]] to the west, [[Henan]] to the south, [[Shandong]] to the southeast, [[Liaoning]] to the northeast, and the [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]] to the north. Hebei province additionally borders the [[direct-administered municipalities of China|direct-administered municipalities]] of [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]], whose territory it entirely surrounds on land. Its economy is based on agriculture and manufacturing. The province is China's premier steel producer, although the steel industry creates serious air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |title=河北概况 |url = http://www.hebei.gov.cn/hebei/14462058/14462085/14471224/index.html |website=河北省人民政府 |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200813033334/http://www.hebei.gov.cn/hebei/14462058/14462085/14471224/index.html}}</ref><ref name="工业概况">{{cite web |title=河北省工业经济概况 |url = http://gxt.hebei.gov.cn/hbgyhxxht/xxgk6/hbsgyjjgk82/index.html |website=河北省工业和信息化厅 |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-date=2020-01-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200121091327/http://gxt.hebei.gov.cn/hbgyhxxht/xxgk6/hbsgyjjgk82/index.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=河北钢铁工业概况 |url = http://www.ferro-alloys.cn/News/Details/275284 |website=中国铁合金网 |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218064916/http://www.ferro-alloys.cn/News/Details/275284 }}</ref>

Five UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s can be found in the province: the [[Great Wall of China]], [[Chengde Mountain Resort]], [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]], [[Eastern Qing tombs]], and [[Western Qing tombs]]. It is also home to five [[List of National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China|National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities]]: [[Handan]], [[Baoding]], [[Chengde]], [[Zhengding County|Zhengding]] and [[Shanhaiguan District|Shanhaiguan]].

During the [[Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn]] and [[Warring States period]]s (771–226{{sbc}}), the region was ruled by the states of [[Yan (state)|Yan]] and [[Zhao (state)|Zhao]]. During the [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368), the region was called [[Zhongshu Sheng|Zhongshu]]. It was called [[North Zhili]] during the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), and simply [[Zhili Province|Zhili]] during the [[Qing dynasty]] (1636–1912). The modern province of Hebei was created in 1928.

== Etymology ==
"Hebei" means 'north of the river', derived from the province's location north of the [[Yellow River]] in the [[North China Plain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=我国各省份名称的由来 |url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20181208A0M4OV |website=腾讯网 |access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref><ref>[http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html Origin of the Names of China's Provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427100058/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html |date=2016-04-27 }}, People's Daily Online.</ref><ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html Origin of the Names of China's Provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427100058/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html |date=2016-04-27 }}, [[People's Daily Online]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yellow bridge Chinese Dictionary |url=http://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/dictionary.php |access-date=15 April 2016 |website=Yellow Bridge}}</ref> In the ''[[Yu Gong]]'', the province is recorded as "[[Jizhou (ancient China)|Jizhou]]", lending to its traditional abbreviation of "Ji" ({{zhi|s=冀}}).

The province's nickname is "Yanzhao" ({{zhi|s=燕赵}}), which is the collective name of the [[Yan (state)|Yan]] and [[Zhao (state)|Zhao]] states that controlled the region during the [[Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn]] and [[Warring States period]]s (771–221{{sbc}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=河北省古称"燕赵之地"，为什么现在的简称却是"冀"呢? |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/294749251_353840|website=[[Sohu]]|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref> In 1421, the [[Yongle Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644) moved the capital from [[Nanjing]] to [[Beijing]], and the province surrounding the new capital was first called [[North Zhili]] or [[Zhili]], meaning 'directly ruled'.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chih-Li |volume=6 |page=133}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yongle Emperor |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Yongle_Emperor|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref> When Nanjing became the capital of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in 1928, the province of Zhili was abolished and given its present name of Hebei.<ref>{{cite web |title=直隶省的称呼延续了几百年，1928年，为何被改成了河北省？|url=https://www.360kuai.com/pc/9b7b4962109a9be44?cota=3&kuai_so=1&sign=360_7bc3b157|website=快资讯 |access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Pre and early history ===
[[Peking man]], an early pre-historic [[Homo erectus]], lived on the plains of Hebei around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago. [[Neolithic]] findings at the [[prehistoric Beifudi site]] date to 7000 and 8000 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/detail.asp?ProductID=982|title=New Archaeological Discoveries and Researches in 2004 – The Fourth Archaeology Forum of CASS|publisher=Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|access-date=2007-09-18|archive-date=2011-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174808/http://www.kaogu.cn/en/detail.asp?ProductID=982|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many early [[Chinese mythology|Chinese myths]] are set in the province. [[Fuxi]], one of the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]], is said to have lived in present-day [[Xingtai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gatzs.com.cn/zhms/province.action?ssdm=086130000|title=河北 - 中华名胜|publisher=内地（祖国大陆）高校面向港澳台招生信息网|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref> The mythical [[Battle of Zhuolu]], won by the [[Yellow Emperor]], [[Yan Emperor]], and their [[Yanhuang]] tribes against the [[Chiyou]]-led Jiuli tribes, took place in [[Zhangjiakou]] and started the [[Huaxia]] civilization.

During the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (722 BC–476 BC), Hebei was under the rule of [[State of Yan|Yan]] in the north and [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] in the south. Also during this period, a nomadic people known as [[Beidi|Dí]] invaded the plains of northern China and established [[State of Zhongshan|Zhongshan]] in central Hebei. In the [[Warring States period]] (403 BC–221 BC), Jin was partitioned and much of its territory in Hebei went to [[State of Zhao|Zhao]].

=== Qin and Han dynasties ===

The [[Qin dynasty]] unified China in 221 BC. The [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC–220 AD) ruled the area under two provinces, [[You Prefecture]] in the north and [[Ji Province]] in the south. At the end of the Han dynasty, most of Hebei was under the control of [[warlord]]s [[Gongsun Zan]] in the north and [[Yuan Shao]] further south. Yuan Shao emerged as the victor of the two, but he was defeated by [[Cao Cao]] in the [[Battle of Guandu]] in 200. Hebei came under the rule of the [[Cao Wei|Kingdom of Wei]], established by the descendants of Cao Cao.

=== Jin through the Three Kingdoms ===
After the invasions of northern nomadic peoples at the end of the [[Western Jin dynasty]], chaos ensued in the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] and the [[Northern and Southern dynasties]]. Because of its location on the northern frontier, Hebei changed hands many times and was controlled at various times by [[Later Zhao]], [[Former Yan]], [[Former Qin]], and [[Later Yan]]. The [[Northern Wei]] reunified northern China in 440 but split in 534, with Hebei coming under [[Eastern Wei]]; then the [[Northern Qi]], with its capital at Ye near modern [[Linzhang]], Hebei. The [[Sui dynasty]] again unified China in 589.

[[File:Sancai Duck-Shaped Cup.jpg|thumb|200px|Tricolor Duck-Shaped Cup, Tang dynasty, unearthed from Anxin County]]

=== Tang and Five dynasties ===
During the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), the area was officially called Hebei for the first time. The [[Yan (An–Shi)|Great Yan]] State was established in Hebei from 756 to 763 during the [[An Lushan Rebellion]]. After the rebellion, [[Lulong Jiedushi]] retained its autonomy from Tang during most of the 9th century. During the late [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], Lulong was fragmented among several regimes including the short-lived [[Yan (Five Dynasties period)|Yan]]. It was eventually annexed in 913 by [[Li Cunxu]], who established the [[Later Tang]] (923–936). Emperor [[Gaozu of Later Jin|Gaozu of the Later Jin dynasty]] ceded much of northern Hebei to the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]]. This territory, called the [[Sixteen Prefectures]] of Yanyun, became a weakness in the Chinese defense against the Khitans for the next century because it lay within the [[Great Wall]].

=== Song through Yuan dynasties ===
During the [[Northern Song dynasty]] (960–1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of contention between Song China and the Liao dynasty. Later, the [[Southern Song dynasty]] abandoned all of [[North China]], including Hebei, to the [[Jin dynasty (1115-1234)|Jurchen Jin dynasty]] after the 1127 [[Jingkang Incident]] of the [[Jin campaigns against the Song dynasty|Jin–Song wars]]. Hebei was heavily affected by the flooding of the Yellow River; between 1048 and 1128, the river ran directly through the province rather than to its south.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhang|first=Ling|title=The River, the Plain, and the State: An Environmental Drama in Northern Song China, 1048-1128|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107155985|location=Cambridge|pages=1–4|language=English}}</ref>

The [[Mongol]] [[Yuan dynasty]] divided China into provinces but did not establish Hebei as a province. Instead, the area was directly administrated by the Secretariat at the capital [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]].

=== Ming and Qing dynasties ===
The [[Ming dynasty]] ruled Hebei as Beizhili, meaning Northern Directly Ruled because the area contained and was directly ruled by the imperial capital in [[Beijing]]. The "Northern" designation was used because there was a southern counterpart covering present-day [[Jiangsu]] and [[Anhui]]. When the [[Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] came to power in 1644, they abolished the southern counterpart, and Hebei became known as [[Zhili Province|Zhili]] or Directly Ruled. During the Qing dynasty, the northern borders of Zhili extended deep into [[Inner Mongolia]] and overlapped in jurisdiction with the [[Leagues of China|league]]s of Inner Mongolia.

=== Republic of China ===
[[File:Hbeisheng.jpg|thumb|Hebei in 2022]]
The Qing dynasty [[Xinhai Revolution|collapsed]] in 1912 and was replaced by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. In a few years, China descended into a civil war, with regional warlords vying for power. Since Zhili was so close to the capital of Peking ([[Beijing]]), it was the site of the [[Zhiwan War]], the [[First Zhifeng War]], and the [[Second Zhifeng War]]. With the success of the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]] in 1926 and 1927 by the [[Kuomintang]], the capital was moved from Peking to Nanking ([[Nanjing]]). As a result, the provence's name was changed to Hebei, reflecting the relocation of the capital and its standard provincial administration.

During the [[World War II]], Hebei was under the control of the [[Wang Jingwei regime|Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China]], a [[puppet state]] of [[Imperial Japan]].

=== People's Republic of China ===
The founding of the [[People's Republic of China]] saw several changes. The region around [[Chengde]], previously part of [[Rehe (province)|Rehe]] Province (historically part of [[Manchuria]]), and the region around [[Zhangjiakou]], previously part of [[Chahar (province)|Chahar]] Province (historically part of [[Inner Mongolia]]), were merged into Hebei. This extended its borders northwards beyond the Great Wall. Meanwhile, the city of [[Puyang]] was carved away, causing Hebei to lose access to the [[Yellow River]]. The city became part of the short-lived [[Pingyuan Province]] before eventually being annexed into [[Henan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=濮阳地区一直属于河北省，1952年，为何划归给了河南省？|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/205316427_628936|website=[[Sohu]]|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref>

The capital was also moved from [[Baoding]] to the new city of [[Shijiazhuang]], and, for a short period, to [[Tianjin]]. On July 28, 1976, [[Tangshan]] was struck by the [[Tangshan earthquake]], the deadliest earthquake of the 20th century, killing over 240,000 people. There were a series of smaller earthquakes in the following decade.

Today, Hebei, along with [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]] municipalities which it includes, make up the [[Jing-Jin-Ji]] megalopolis region. With a population of 130 million, it is about six times the size of the [[New York metropolitan area]] and is one of the largest megalopolis clusters in China.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/20/world/asia/in-china-a-supercity-rises-around-beijing.html |title=In China, a Supercity Rises Around Beijing |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |first=Ian |last=Johnson |date=July 19, 2015 }}</ref> Beijing had also unloaded some of its non-capital functions to the province with the establishment of the [[Xiong'an]] New Area, which integrates the three municipalities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/xiongan-new-area-beijing-tianjin-hebei |title=Xiong'an New Area: President Xi's Dream City |newspaper=China Briefing |first=Frank |last=Wong |date=March 16, 2019 }}</ref>

[[File:LangYaShan5.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mount Langya (Hebei)|Langyashan]] (Wolf Tooth Mountain), in [[Yi County, Hebei|Yi County]]]]
[[File:Fengning Jing Bei meadow.jpg|thumb|Bashang Meadows in [[Fengning County]]]]

== Geography ==
Hebei is the only province in China to contain plateaus, mountains, hills, shorelines, plains, and lakes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/124048424_384784|title=全国唯一兼有高原、山地、丘陵、海滨、湖泊的省份 |publisher=[[Sohu]]|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref> Most of central and southern Hebei lies within the [[North China Plain]]. Western Hebei rises into the [[Taihang Mountains]] (Taihang Shan), while the [[Yan Mountains]] (Yan Shan) runs through northern Hebei. Beyond the mountains are the [[Mongolian–Manchurian grassland|grasslands]] of [[Inner Mongolia]]. The highest peak is [[Mount Xiaowutai]] in [[Yu County, Hebei|Yu County]] in the northwest of the province, with an altitude of {{convert|2882|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Mt Xwt Dili 360" />

Hebei borders the [[Bohai Sea]] on the east. The [[Hai River]] [[drainage basin|watershed]] covers most of the province's central and southern parts; the [[Luan River]] watershed covers the northeast. Excluding manmade reservoirs, the largest lake in Hebei is [[Baiyangdian]], located in [[Anxin County]], [[Baoding]].

Major cities in Hebei include: [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Baoding]], [[Tangshan]], [[Qinhuangdao]], [[Handan]][[Zhangjiakou|, and Zhangjiakou]].

Hebei has a [[monsoon]]-influenced humid [[humid continental climate|continental]] climate. Its winters are cold and dry, while its summers are hot and humid. Temperatures average {{convert|−16|to|−3|°C|°F}} in January and {{convert|20|to|27|°C|°F}} in July. The annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] ranges from {{convert|400|to|800|mm|in|abbr=on}}, concentrated heavily in summer.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:40%; font-size:95%;"
|+'''Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Hebei Province, China'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate for Baoding|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101090201.shtml?|website=Weather China|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Climate for Qinhuangdao|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101091101.shtml?|website=Weather China|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Climate for Tangshan|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101090501.shtml?|website=Weather China|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Climate for Zhangjiakou|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101090301.shtml?|website=Weather China|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!City
!July (°C)
!July (°F)
!January (°C)
!January (°F)
|-
| [[Baoding]] || 31.7/22.6 || 89.1/72.7 || 2.5/–7.7 || 36.5/18.1
|-
| [[Qinhuangdao]] || 28.1/21.7 || 82.6/71.1 || 0.1/–8.8 || 32.2/16.2
|-
| [[Tangshan]] || 30.2/21.7 || 86.4/71.1 || 0.9/–10.2 || 33.6/13.6
|-
| [[Zhangjiakou]] || 29.4/18.7 || 84.9/65.7 || 2.2/–12.9 || 36.0/8.8
|}

== Government ==
{{main|Politics of Hebei|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China}}

The politics of Hebei is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in [[mainland China]]. The [[Governor of Hebei]] is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hebei. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the governor has less power than the Hebei [[Chinese Communist Party]] Provincial Committee Secretary ([[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Party Chief]]).

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{main|List of administrative divisions of Hebei|List of township-level divisions of Hebei}}
Hebei has eleven [[Administrative divisions of China#Prefectural level|prefecture-level divisions]]. All are [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
! colspan="9" |Administrative divisions of Hebei
|-
| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Hebei alt.svg|width=500|link=|font-size=85%}}
{{Image label|x=125|y=925|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Shijiazhuang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=710|y=610|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Tangshan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=855|y=545|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Qinhuangdao]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=150|y=1225|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Handan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=200|y=1090|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Xingtai]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=260|y=750|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Baoding]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=235|y=390|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Zhangjiakou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=610|y=290|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Chengde]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=900|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Cangzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=440|y=700|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Langfang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=530|y=620|scale=500/1000|text='''{{large|↗}}'''}}
{{Image label|x=335|y=990|scale=500/1000|text='''[[Hengshui]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=440|y=510|scale=500/1000|text={{nobold|''[[Beijing]]''}}}}
{{Image label|x=570|y=660|scale=500/1000|text={{nobold|''[[Tianjin]]''}}}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web| language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]]}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km2<ref name="nj2013">{{cite book|language=zh-hans|author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|access-date=2015-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|archive-date=2015-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2010<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="4" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 |date=August 2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[District (China)|Districts]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|Aut. counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[County-level city|CL cities]]
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 130000 !! Hebei Province
| 187,700 || 71,854,202 || [[Shijiazhuang]] city || 49 || 91 || 6 || 21
|-
! 130100 !! [[Shijiazhuang]] city
| 15,848 || 9,547,869 || [[Chang'an District, Shijiazhuang|Chang'an District]] || 8 || 11 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 3
|-
! 130200 !! [[Tangshan]] city
| 14,334.59 || 7,577,284 || [[Lunan District]] || 7 || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 3
|-
! 130300 !! [[Qinhuangdao]] city
| 7791.57 || 2,987,605 || [[Haigang District]] || 4 || 2 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 130400 !! [[Handan]] city
| 12,066 || 9,174,679 || [[Congtai District]] || 6 || 11 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
! 130500 !! [[Xingtai]] city
| 12,433 || 7,104,114 || [[Xindu District, Xingtai|Xindu District]] || 4 || 12 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 2
|-
! 130600 !! [[Baoding]] city
| 22,185 || 10,029,197 || [[Jingxiu District]] || 5 || 15 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 4
|-
! 130700 !! [[Zhangjiakou]] city
| 36,861.55 || 4,345,491 || [[Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou|Qiaoxi District]] || 6 || 10 ||bgcolor="grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 130800 !! [[Chengde]] city
| 39512.98 || 3,473,197 || [[Shuangqiao District, Chengde|Shuangqiao District]] || 3 || 4 || 3 || 1
|-
! 130900 !! [[Cangzhou]] city
| 14,305.28 || 7,134,053 || [[Yunhe District]] || 2 || 9 || 1 || 4
|-
! 131000 !! [[Langfang]] city
| 6,417.29 || 4,358,839 || [[Anci District]] || 2 || 5 || 1 || 2
|-
! 131100 !! [[Hengshui]] city
| 8,836.90 || 4,340,773 || [[Taocheng District]] || 2 || 8 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|}

These eleven prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 168 county-level divisions (47 [[district of China|district]]s, 21 [[county-level cities]], 94 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]] and 6 [[autonomous counties]]). Those are, in turn, divided into 2207 township-level divisions (1 [[district public office]], 937 [[town of China|town]]s, 979 [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|townships]], 55 [[ethnic township]]s, and 235 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistrict]]s). At the end of 2017, the total population of Hebei was 75.2 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=中国统计年鉴—2018 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=www.stats.gov.cn}}</ref>

===Urban areas===
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="6" | Population by urban areas of prefecture and county cities
!
|-
!#!!City!!style ="background-color: #aaaaff;"|Urban area<ref name ="2010PRCcensus"/>!!style ="background-color: #aaffaa;"|District area<ref name ="2010PRCcensus"/>!!style ="background-color: #ffaaaa;"|City proper<ref name ="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |others=Compiled by 国务院人口普查办公室 [Department of Population Census of the State Council], 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 [Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics] |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6 }}</ref>!!Census date
!Notes
|-
|1||'''[[Shijiazhuang]]'''||2,770,344||2,834,942||10,163,788||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Shijiazhuang|New districts established after census: [[Gaocheng District|Gaocheng (Gaocheng CLC)]], [[Luquan District|Luquan (Luquan CLC)]]. These new districts are not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(1)||Shijiazhuang {{small|(new districts)}}||461,738||1,208,046||{{small|''see Shijiazhuang''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Shijiazhuang}}
|-
|2||[[Tangshan]]||2,128,191||3,187,171||7,577,289||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Tangshan|New district established after census: [[Caofeidian District|Caofeidian (Tanghai County)]]. The new district is not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(2)||Tangshan {{small|(new district)}}||109,126||184,931||{{small|''see Tangshan''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Tangshan}}
|-
|3||[[Handan]]||1,316,674||1,445,338||9,174,683||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Handan|New districts established after census: [[Yongnian District|Yongnian (Yongnian County)]], [[Feixiang District|Feixiang (Feixiang County)]]; [[Handan County]] merged into [[Hanshan District|Hanshan]] & [[Congtai District|Congtai]]. These new districts are not included in the urban area and district area count.}}
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(3)||Handan {{small|(new districts)}}||627,869||1,757,637||{{small|''see Handan''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Handan}}
|-
|4||[[Baoding]]||1,038,195||1,138,521||11,194,382||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Baoding|New districts established after census: [[Mancheng District|Mancheng (Mancheng County)]], [[Qingyuan District, Baoding|Qingyuan (Qingyuan County)]], [[Xushui District|Xushui (Xushui County)]]. These new districts are not included in the urban area and district area count.}}
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(4)||Baoding {{small|(new districts)}}||459,153||1,377,399||{{small|''see Baoding''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Baoding}}
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(4)||Baoding [[Xiong'an]]||405,661||1,055,063||{{small|''see Baoding''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Xiong'an|Xiong'an New Area is a special urban area jurisdiction consisting of [[Rongcheng County]], [[Anxin County]], & [[Xiong County|Xiongxian County]] established after the census.}}
|-
|5||[[Qinhuangdao]]||967,877||1,029,670||2,987,605||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Qinhuangdao|New district established after census: [[Funing District|Funing (Funing County)]]. The new district is not included in the urban area and district area count.}}
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(5)||Qinhuangdao {{small|(new district)}}||120,710||517,073||{{small|''see Qinhuangdao''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Qinhuangdao}}
|-
|6||[[Zhangjiakou]]||924,628||1,060,605||4,345,485||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Zhangjiakou|New districts established after census: [[Wanquan District|Wanquan (Wanquan County)]], [[Chongli District|Chongli (Chongli County)]]; [[Xuanhua County]] merged into [[Xuanhua District|Xuanhua]]. These new districts are not included in the urban area and district area count.}}
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(6)||Zhangjiakou {{small|(new districts)}}||209,414||591,334||{{small|''see Zhangjiakou''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Zhangjiakou}}
|-
|7||[[Xingtai]]||668,765||670,154||7,104,103||2010-11-01
|
|-
|8||[[Chengde]]||540,390||634,229||3,473,201||2010-11-01
|
|-
|9||[[Langfang]]||530,840||868,066||4,358,839||2010-11-01
|
|-
|10||[[Cangzhou]]||499,411||536,795||7,134,062||2010-11-01
|
|-
|11||[[Dingzhou]]||482,121||1,165,182||{{small|''see Baoding''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|12||[[Renqiu]]||430,896||822,455||{{small|''see Cangzhou''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|13||[[Hengshui]]||389,447||522,147||4,340,773||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Hengshui|New district established after census: [[Jizhou District, Hengshui|Jizhou (Jizhou CLC)]]. The new district is not included in the urban area and district area count.}}
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(13)||Hengshui {{small|(new district)}}||165,363||362,013||{{small|''see Hengshui''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Hengshui}}
|-
|14||[[Sanhe, Hebei|Sanhe]]||386,902||652,042||{{small|''see Langfang''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|15||[[Qian'an, Hebei|Qian'an]]||308,849||728,160||{{small|''see Tangshan''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|16||[[Zunhua]]||299,759||737,011||{{small|''see Tangshan''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|17||[[Huanghua]]||296,978||548,507||{{small|''see Cangzhou ''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|18||[[Wu'an]]||293,151||819,000||{{small|''see Handan''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|19||[[Bazhou, Hebei|Bazhou]]||291,710||622,975||{{small|''see Langfang''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|20||[[Gaobeidian]]||274,853||323,671||{{small|''see Baoding''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|21||[[Zhuozhou]]||260,493||303,125||{{small|''see Baoding''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|22||[[Botou]]||258,203||584,308||{{small|''see Cangzhou ''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|23||[[Hejian]]||243,458||810,306||{{small|''see Cangzhou ''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|24||[[Xinji]]||236,658||615,919||{{small|''see Shijiazhuang''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|25||[[Shahe, Hebei|Shahe]]||218,958||498,416||{{small|''see Xingtai''}}||2010-11-01
|
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(26)||[[Luanzhou]]||208,212||554,315||{{small|''see Tangshan''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Luanzhou|Luanxian County is currently known as Luanzhou CLC after the census.}}
|-
|27||[[Shenzhou City|Shenzhou]]||207,945||566,087||{{small|''see Hengshui''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|28||[[Xinle, Hebei|Xinle]]||194,480||487,652||{{small|''see Shijiazhuang''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|29||[[Nangong]]||188,260||469,030||{{small|''see Xingtai''}}||2010-11-01
|
|-
|30||[[Jinzhou, Hebei|Jinzhou]]||160,284||537,679||{{small|''see Shijiazhuang''}}||2010-11-01
|
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(31)||[[Pingquan]]||136,401||229,622||{{small|''see Chengde''}}||2010-11-01
|{{efn|name=Pingquan|Pingquan County is currently known as Pingquan CLC after the census.}}
|-
|32||[[Anguo]]||135,524||185,386||{{small|''see Baoding''}}||2010-11-01
|
|}

==== Notes ====
{{notelist}}
{{Largest cities
|largest = Most populous
|country = Hebei
|kind = cities
|stat_ref = Source: ''China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018'' Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]] of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |date=2019 |title=中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 |trans-title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 |language=zh |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistic Publishing House |access-date=2021-11-29 |archive-date=2020-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211023/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|list_by_pop =

|city_1 = Shijiazhuang
|pop_1 = 2,843,100
|img_1 = 懷特區 - panoramio.jpg

|city_2 = Handan
|pop_2 = 2,044,000
|img_2 = 邯郸市街道01.jpg

|city_3 = Tangshan
|pop_3 = 2,041,700
|img_3 = 唐山万达公园里C8栋9层西向大钊公园.jpg

|city_4 = Baoding
|pop_4 = 1,730,000
|img_4 = Baoding 001.jpg

|city_5 = Qinhuangdao
|pop_5 = 1,338,600

|city_6 = Zhangjiakou
|pop_6 = 1,072,200

|city_7 = Xingtai
|pop_7 = 936,800

|city_8 = Cangzhou
|pop_8 = 648,800

|city_9 = Hengshui
|pop_9 = 643,400

|city_10 = Langfang
|pop_10 = 608,400

|city_11 = Chengde
|pop_11 = 597,800

|city_12 = Dingzhou
|pop_12 = 416,100

|city_13 = Renqiu
|pop_13 = 368,500

|city_14 = Qian'an, Hebei{{!}}Qian'an
|pop_14 = 350,000

|city_15 = Zhuozhou
|pop_15 = 277,800

|city_16 = Luanzhou
|pop_16 = 273,000

|city_17 = Wu'an
|pop_17 = 248,300

|city_18 = Zunhua
|pop_18 = 243,300

|city_19 = Sanhe, Hebei{{!}}Sanhe
|pop_19 = 218,700

|city_20 = Xinji
|pop_20 = 211,300
}}

== Economy ==

In 2014, Hebei's [[Gross domestic product|gross domestic product (GDP)]] was 2.942 trillion yuan (US$479 billion).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2012/01/27/chinas-provincial-gdp-figures-in-2011.html|title=China's Provincial GDP Figures in 2011 – China Briefing News|date=27 January 2012}}</ref> It is ranked sixth in the [[PRC]], with its [[GDP per capita]] reaching 40,124 [[renminbi]]. As of 2011, the [[primary sector of industry|primary]], [[secondary sector of industry|secondary]], and [[tertiary sector of industry|tertiary]] sectors of industry contributed 203.46 billion, 877.74 billion, and 537.66 billion [[Rmb|RMB]] respectively. The registered urban [[unemployment rate]] was 3.96%.

Hebei's industries include [[textiles]], [[coal]], [[steel]], [[iron]], engineering, chemical production, petroleum, power, [[ceramic]]s, and food. 40% of Hebei's labor force works in the agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry sectors, with the majority of production from these industries going to [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]]. Hebei's main agricultural products are [[cereal]] crops, including [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[millet]], and [[sorghum]]. [[Cash crop]]s like [[cotton]], [[peanut]], [[soybean]]s and [[sesame]] are also produced.

Hebei has abundant natural resources. The [[Kailuan]] mine in [[Tangshan]], with a history of over 100 years, is one of China's first modern [[coal]] mines. It remains active, with an annual production of over 20 million metric tonnes. Much of the [[:zh:华北油田|North China Oilfied]] is within Hebei. There are major iron mines at [[Handan]] and [[Qian'an, Hebei|Qian'an]]. Iron and steel manufacturing are the largest industries in Hebei.

===Economic and technological development zones===
* [[Baoding]] Hi-Tech Industry Development Zone
* [[Langfang]] Export Processing Zone
* [[Qinhuangdao]] Economic & Technological Development Zone
* Qinhuangdao Export Processing Zone
* [[Shijiazhuang]] Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
* [[Xiong'an]] New Area
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population
| percentages = pagr
|footnote = Hebei Province was known as Zhili Province until 1928. Beijing was part of Hebei Province<ref name=EB1911/> until 1928. Tainjin was part of Hebei Province until 1928 and from 1954 to 1967. [[Rehe Province]] dissolved in 1955. Parts of it were incorporated into Hebei Province. [[Chahar Province|Qahar Province]] dissolved in 1952. Parts of it were incorporated into Hebei Province.
|1912<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1912年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |26,658,000
|1928<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1928年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |31,232,000
|1936–37<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1936–37年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |28,644,000
|1947<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1947年全国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |28,719,000
|1954<ref name="census1954">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=2009-08-05 }}</ref> |35,984,644
|1964<ref name="census1964">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 }}</ref> |45,687,781
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=2012-05-10 }}</ref> |53,005,876
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=2012-06-19 }}</ref> |61,082,439
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=2012-08-29 }}</ref> |66,684,419
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=2013-07-27 }}</ref> |71,854,202
|2020<ref name="census2020">{{cite web|title=河北省第七次全国人口普查公报(第一号)|publisher=Hebei Provincial Bureau of Statistics|url=http://tjj.hebei.gov.cn/res/hetj/upload/file/20210519/%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5%E4%B8%80_101118.pdf|access-date=2021-07-10}}</ref> |74,610,235
}}

== Demographics ==
The population in Hebei is mostly [[Han Chinese]]. There are 55 ethnic minorities in Hebei, representing 4.27% of the total population. The largest ethnic groups are [[Manchu]] (2.1 million people), [[Hui people|Hui]] (600,000 people), and [[Mongol]] (180,000 people).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://info.hebei.gov.cn/hbszfxxgk/329988/330059/3736560/index.html |script-title=zh:河北省少数民族及宗教概况 |publisher=Hebei People's Government |access-date=2014-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419145310/http://info.hebei.gov.cn/hbszfxxgk/329988/330059/3736560/index.html |archive-date=2017-04-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Population totals do not include those in active service with the [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref><nowiki>{{Source: Department of Population, Social, Science, and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, eds. </nowiki>''Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China''. 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House ({{lang|zh|民族出版社}}), 2003. ({{ISBN|7-105-05425-5}}<nowiki>)}}</nowiki></ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" align="center" | Ethnic groups in Hebei, 2000 census
|-
! [[Nationalities of China|Nationality]] !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Han Chinese]] || 63,781,603 || 95.65%
|-
| [[Manchu]] || 2,118,711 || 3.18%
|-
| [[Hui people|Hui]] || 542,639 || 0.78%
|-
| [[Mongol]] || 169,887 || 0.26%
|-
| [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] || 20,832 || 0.031%
|}
In 2019, the [[birth rate]] was 10.83 births per 1,000 people, while the [[death rate]] was 6.12 deaths per 1,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|title=分省年度数据|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103&zb=A0301&reg=130000&sj=2020|access-date=2021-07-10}}</ref> The male population is 37,679,003 (50.50%), the female population is 36,931,232 (49.50%). The gender ratio of the total population was 102.02, decreasing by 0.82 from 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=河北省第七次全国人口普查公报(第三号)|publisher=Hebei Provincial Bureau of Statistics|url=http://tjj.hebei.gov.cn/res/hetj/upload/file/20210519/%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5%E4%B8%89_101212.pdf|access-date=2021-07-10}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Hebei<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2015-09-25 }}</ref>{{NoteTag|The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)<ref name="Wang2015" /> to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (''i.e.'' people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organized into [[Chinese lineage associations|lineage "churches"]] and [[ancestral shrine]]s). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang. The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010.<ref name="2010-Islam" />}}
|label1 = [[Chinese folk religion|Deity worshippers]], [[Taoism|Taoists]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Confucianism|Confucians]], [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]], or not religious people
|value1 = 90.61
|color1 = Honeydew
|label2 = [[Chinese ancestral religion]]
|value2 = 5.52
|color2 = FireBrick
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 3.05
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|value4 = 0.82
|color4 = Green
}}

The dominant religions in Hebei are [[Chinese folk religion]]s, [[Taoism|Taoist traditions]], and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 5.52% of the population believe in and are involved in [[Chinese ancestral religion|ancestor veneration]], while 3.05% identify as Christian, belonging mostly to the [[Catholic Church]].<ref name="Wang2015" /> As of 2010 Muslims constitute 0.82% of the population of Hebei.<ref name="2010-Islam">Min Junqing. ''The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China''. JISMOR, 8. [https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf 2010 Islam by province, page 29]. Data from: Yang Zongde, ''Study on Current Muslim Population in China'', Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.</ref>

Although the surveys did not provide specific data for other religions, 90.61% of the population are either nonreligious or are involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities]], [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], and [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]]. [[Zailiism]] is a folk religious sect that originated in Hebei. Local worship of deities organized into [[associations of good-doing|benevolent churches]] in reaction to Catholicism in the [[Qing dynasty]].

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width = 150
| image1 = Dafuo2.jpg
| caption1 = The giant [[Bodhisattva]] statue of [[Puning Temple (Hebei)|Puning Temple]]
| image2 = 张挥公大殿2.jpg
| caption2 = Great Temple of Zhang Hui, the central [[ancestral shrine]] of the [[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]] lineage, in [[Qinghe County, Hebei|Qinghe]]
}}

Hebei has the largest Catholic population in China, with one million members and 1.5 million Catholics according to the Catholic Church.<ref name="chinacath">{{cite web |url = http://www.chinacath.org/news/china/2010-09-15/8534.html |script-title=zh:河北地下教会主教成为爱国会成员 |website=chinacath.org |date=2010-09-15 |access-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142132/http://www.chinacath.org/news/china/2010-09-15/8534.html |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:天主教 |url=http://www.hebmzt.gov.cn/tabid/73/InfoID/1240/frtid/84/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194128/http://www.hebmzt.gov.cn/tabid/73/InfoID/1240/frtid/84/Default.aspx |archive-date=2017-09-22 |access-date=2014-08-26 |website=hebmzt.gov.cn}}</ref> In 1900, [[Our Lady of China|apparition of the Virgin Mary]] was said have appeared in the town of [[Donglu]] in [[Baoding]]. As a result, Donglu is "one of the strongholds of the unofficial Catholic Church in China".<ref>[http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/50f946dd2.pdf Country Advice China], Australian Government 13 February 2012</ref> Many Catholics in Hebei remain loyal to the Pope and reject the authority of the Catholic Patriotic Church. Four of Hebei's underground bishops have been imprisoned in recent years: Bishop [[Francis An Shuxin]] of Donglu since 1996; Bishop [[James Su Zhimin]] since October 1997; Bishop [[Han Dingxiang]] of Yongnian who died in prison in 2007, and Bishop [[Julius Jia Zhiguo]] of Zhengding since late 1999.<ref name="chinacath" /><ref name="pfc">[http://www.prayforchina.com/province/Hebei.htm Hebei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081030/http://www.prayforchina.com/province/Hebei.htm |date=2015-09-24 }}, Pray for China</ref>[[File:Zhengding Lingxiao Pagoda 3.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Lingxiao Pagoda]] of [[Zhengding]], Hebei Province, built in AD 1045 during the [[Song dynasty]]]]

== Culture ==

=== Language ===
People speak dialects of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] across the Hebei, with most classified as part of the [[Ji Lu Mandarin]] subdivision of Chinese. Along the western border with [[Shanxi]], dialects are distinct enough for linguists to consider them as part of [[Jin Chinese|Jin]], another subdivision of Chinese. In general, the dialects of Hebei are similar to the [[Beijing dialect]], which forms the basis for [[Standard Chinese]] and the official language of the nation. However, there are also some distinct differences, such as the pronunciation of some words, made by [[entering tone]] syllables (syllables ending on a [[plosive consonant|plosive]]) in [[Middle Chinese]].

=== Arts ===
[[File:Bowl_(Wan)_with_Peony,_Chrysanthemum,_and_Prunus_Sprays_LACMA_M.73.48.101.jpg|thumb|A [[Ding ware]] bowl]]

Traditional forms of [[Chinese opera]] in Hebei include [[Pingju]], [[Hebei Bangzi]] (Hebei Clapper Opera), and [[Cangzhou]] [[Kuaibanshu|Kuaiban Dagu]]. Pingju is especially popular because it tends to use colloquial language which is easier for audiences to understand. Originating from northeastern Hebei, Pingju was influenced by other forms of Chinese opera such as [[Beijing opera]]. Traditionally Pingju has a ''[[Sheng (Chinese opera)|xiaosheng]]'' (young male lead), a ''[[Dan (Chinese opera)|xiaodan]]'' (young female lead), and a ''[[Chou (Chinese opera)|xiaohualian]]'' (young comic character), though it has diversified to include other roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=评剧、河北梆子|url=http://182.92.234.121:8081/project/res/public.html?ename=44zgxqwh&second=3.%E8%AF%84%E5%89%A7%E3%80%81%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%86%E5%AD%90|website=中华传统文化数字资源库系统|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref>

[[Quyang County]], in central Hebei, is noted for [[Ding ware]], a type of [[Chinese ceramics]] which includes various vessels such as bowls, plates, vases, and cups, as well as figurines. Ding ware is usually creamy white, though it is also made in other colors.

[[File:Donkey sandwich, Hejian style (20160220143311).jpg|thumb|Hejian-styled [[donkey burger]]]]

=== Cuisine ===
Hebei cuisine is typically based on wheat, mutton, and beans. The [[donkey burger]], originating from the cities of [[Baoding]] and [[Hejian]], [[Cangzhou]], is a staple in provincial cuisine and has spread into the two municipalities. Other dishes include local variants of [[shaobing]].

=== Entertainment ===
[[Beidaihe]], located near Shanhaiguan, is a popular beach resort.

=== Architectural and cultural sites ===
[[File:Phillipvn2.jpg|thumb|Section of the [[Great Wall of China]] at [[Jinshanling]]]]
[[File:Xumipagodazhengding.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Xumi Pagoda]] of [[Zhengding]], built in 636 AD ]]

The [[Ming Great Wall]] crosses the northern part of Hebei, and its eastern end is located on the coast at [[Shanhai Pass|Shanhaiguan]] (Shanhai Pass), near [[Qinhuangdao]]. Informally known as the First Pass of The World, Shanhaiguan Pass was where Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] opened the gates to Manchu forces in 1644, beginning nearly 300 years of Manchu rule.

The [[Chengde Mountain Resort]] and its outlying temples are a [[World Heritage Site]]. Also known as the Rehe Palace, this was the summer resort of the Manchu [[Qing dynasty]] emperors. The resort was built between 1703 and 1792. It consists of a palace complex and a large park with lakes, pavilions, causeways, and bridges. There are also several Tibetan Buddhist and Han Chinese temples in the surrounding area.

[[File:避暑山庄小金山.jpg|thumb|[[Chengde Mountain Resort]]]]

There are Qing dynasty imperial [[tomb]]s at [[Zunhua]] ([[Eastern Qing Tombs]]) and [[Yi County, Hebei|Yixian]] ([[West Qing Tombs]]). The Eastern Qing Tombs are the resting place of 161 Qing emperors, empresses, and other members of the Qing imperial family, while the West Qing Tombs have 76 burials. Both tomb complexes are part of a [[World Heritage Site]].

The [[Zhao County|Zhaozhou]], or [[Anji Bridge]], was built by Li Chun during the [[Sui dynasty]] and is the oldest stone [[arch bridge]] in China. It is one of the most significant examples of pre-modern Chinese [[civil engineering]]. [[Baoding]], the old provincial capital, contains the historic Zhili governor's residence and the former court.

[[Xibaipo]], a village about {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} from [[Shijiazhuang]] in [[Pingshan County, Hebei|Pingshan County]], was the location of the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] and the headquarters of the [[People's Liberation Army]] during the decisive stages of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between May 26, 1948, and March 23, 1949. Today, the area houses a memorial site.<ref>{{citation |author=Kenneth Pomeranz |title=Musings on a Museum: A Trip to Xibaipo |date=July 22, 2010 |url=http://www.thechinabeat.org/?p=2384 |author-link=Kenneth Pomeranz}}</ref>

== Sports ==
The [[2018 Women's Bandy World Championship]] was held in Hebei. Sports teams based in Hebei include [[National Basketball League (China)]], Hebei Springs Benma, and the [[Chinese Football Association]] team [[Hebei F.C.]], [[Hebei Elite F.C.]], and [[Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C.]] Baoding is home to the [[Baoding balls]], a kind of metal ball for exercise and meditation.

== Education ==
{{see also|List of universities and colleges in Hebei}}

Under the national Ministry of Education:
* [[North China Electric Power University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|华北电力大学}})

Under other national agencies:
* [[Central Institute for Correctional Police]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中央司法警官学校}})
* [[Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中国人民武装警察部队学院}})
* [[North China Institute of Science and Technology]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|华北科技学院}})

Under the provincial government:
* [[Chengde Medical College]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|承德医学院}})
* [[Handan College]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|邯郸学院}})
* [[Hebei Agricultural University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北农业大学}})
* [[Hebei Engineering University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北工程大学}})
* [[Hebei Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北建筑工程学院}})
* [[Hebei Medical University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北医科大学}})
* [[Hebei Normal University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北师范大学}})
* [[Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北科技技师学院}})
* [[Hebei North University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北北方学院}})
* [[Hebei Physical Educational Institute]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北体育学院}})
* North China University of Science and Technology ({{lang|zh-Hans|华北理工大学}})
* [[Hebei University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北大学}})
* [[Hebei University of Economics and Business]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北经贸大学}})
* [[Hebei University of Technology]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北工业大学}})
* [[Hebei University of Science and Technology]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|河北科技大学}})
* [[Hengshui University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|衡水学院}})
* [[Langfang Teacher's College]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|廊坊师范学院}})
* [[North China Coal Medical College]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|华北煤炭医学院}})
* [[Shijiazhuang College]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|石家庄学院}})
* [[Shijiazhuang Railway Institute]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|石家庄铁道学院}})
* [[Shijiazhuang University of Economics]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|石家庄经济学院}})
* [[Tangshan College]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|唐山学院}})
* [[Tangshan Teacher's College]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|唐山师范学院}})
* [[Xingtai University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|邢台学院}})
* [[Yanshan University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|燕山大学}})
There are also [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist schools]] in the province.

== Infrastructure ==

=== Transportation ===

==== Intracity Rail ====
The [[Shijiazhuang Metro]] is the only operational rapid transit system in Hebei. [[Xiong'an Rail Transit]] is a planned metro system in [[Xiong'an]].

==== Intercity Rail ====
As of early 2013, railway schedule systems listed 160 passenger train stations within the province.<ref>[http://qq.ip138.com/train/hebei/ List of train stations in Hebei] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> Because Hebei surrounds Beijing and Tianjin, all the important railway lines from these cities pass through Hebei. The [[Beijing–Guangzhou railway]] is one of the most important. It passes through many major cities, including [[Baoding]], [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Xingtai]] and [[Handan]] on its way south to [[Henan]]. Other important railways include the [[Beijing–Kowloon railway]], [[Beijing–Shanghai railway]], [[Beijing–Harbin railway]], [[Beijing–Chengde railway]], [[Beijing–Tongliao railway]], [[Beijing–Baotou railway]] and [[Fengtai–Shacheng railway]]. High-speed rail lines crossing the province include the [[Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway]], [[Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway]], and [[Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway]].

During the [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]], Beijing and Hebei collaborated on a new passenger railway. The RMB 82.6 billion network will add {{Convert|844|km|mi}} to the system. Current railway systems for Hebei are also being upgraded and will soon be able to travel at speeds of between {{Convert|160 and 200|km|mi}} per hour.

==== Highways and primary routes ====
The recent expressway boom in China included Hebei. There are expressways to every prefecture-level city in Hebei, totaling approximately {{Convert|2,000|km|mi}}. The total length of highways within Hebei is around {{Convert|40,000|km|mi}}.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==== Air transit ====
Shijiazhuang's [[Zhengding Airport]] is the province's center for air transportation, with domestic and international flights. Parts of Hebei are served by the [[Beijing Daxing International Airport]] in [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |date=September 9, 2011 |title=China to build world's biggest airport |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8752665/China-to-build-worlds-biggest-airport.html}}</ref>

==== Ocean transit ====
There are several ports along the [[Bohai Sea]], including [[Huanghua, Hebei|Huanghua]], [[Jingtang]], and [[Qinhuangdao]]. Qinhuangdao is the second busiest port in China and has a capacity of over 100 million tons.

== Media ==
Hebei is served by the province-wide [[Hebei Television]], abbreviated HEBTV. Shijiazhuang Radio & Television is a regional network that covers the provincial capital. Hebei is also served by three major newspapers: ''[[Hebei Daily]]'', ''[[Yanzhao Metropolis Daily]]'', and ''[[Yanzhao Evening News]]''. Hebei Daily Newspaper Group publishes all three newspapers.

== Notable people ==
*[[Zu Chongzhi]] (429–500) – astronomer, mathematician, politician, inventor, and writer known for calculating [[pi]] to an accuracy that was not surpassed for 800 years
*[[Feng Dao]] (881–954) – inventor, printer, and politician
*[[Zhang Fei]] (?–221) – military general during the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] and [[Three Kingdoms period]] who became [[Blood brother|sworn brothers]] with [[Liu Bei]] and [[Guan Yu]]
*[[Xia Gengqi]] (born 1933) – [[curator]] in the [[Collections of the Palace Museum|Beijing Palace Museum]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Xue |first=Li |date=19 July 2010 |script-title=zh:杂项专家夏更起:全国有十几家拍卖公司足矣(图) |language=zh-hans |newspaper=Beijing Business Daily |url=http://news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/07/19/5843103.html |access-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>
*[[Qin Shi Huang]] (259 BC–210 BC) – founder of the [[Qin dynasty]] and the [[Emperor of China|first emperor of a unified China]]
*[[Guo Jingjing]] (born 1981) – [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medalist diver and world champion
*[[Jing Ke]] (?–227 BC) – retainer of [[Crown Prince Dan]], assassin who attempted to murder [[Qin Shi Huang]]
*[[Zhao Lirong]] (1928–2000) – Singer, film actress, and [[Ping opera]] performer
*[[Deng Lun]] (born 1992) – actor who gained popularity from the [[xianxia novel|xianxia]] drama, ''[[Ashes of Love (TV series)|Ashes of Love]]''
*Liu Shichao or [[Hebei Pangzai]] – Internet personality known for his food and drink stunts
*[[Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)|Yan Yuan]] (1635–1704) – Confucian philosopher
*[[Zheng Yuanjie]] (born 1955) – Children's books author, and founder and writer of ''King of Fairy Tales''
*[[Zhao Liying|Zanilia Zhao]] (born 1987) – television actress
*[[Zhao Yun]] or Zhao Zilong (?–229) – Military general who lived during the same period as Zhang Fei
*[[cmn:柳哲生|Liu Zhesheng]] (柳哲生, 1914–1991) – ace-fighter pilot of [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)#Chinese-American volunteer and/or former provincial/warlord air force pilots|Nationalist Air Force of China]], a veteran of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|War of Resistance-WWII]]

== Sister subdivisions ==
Hebei is a sister district with the following country states, districts, and other subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.he.xinhuanet.com/zhuanti/2006-04/13/content_6734329.htm |script-title=zh:河北省地级市及部分县级市缔结国际友好城市列表 |work=[[Xinhua]] Hebei |date=2006-04-13 |language=zh-cn |access-date=2020-02-06 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025612/http://www.he.xinhuanet.com/zhuanti/2006-04/13/content_6734329.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* {{flagdeco|GRC}} [[Athens]] (September 26, 2002)
* {{flagdeco|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires Province]] (May 19, 1992)
* {{flagdeco|BEL}} [[East Flanders]] (October 4, 1991)
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Goiás]] (March 24, 1999)
* {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Hauts-de-Seine]] (February 11, 1997)
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Iowa]] (July 22, 1983)
* {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Leningrad Oblast]] (July 20, 1992)
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Missouri]] (January 25, 1994)
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Nagano Prefecture]] (November 11, 1983)
* {{flagdeco|HUN}} [[Pest County]] (May 27, 2015)
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[South Chungcheong Province]] (October 19, 1994)
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Tottori Prefecture]] (June 9, 1986)
* {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Veneto]] (May 17, 1988)

== See also ==

* [[Dongyi Protectorate]]
* [[Hebei people|Hebei People]]
* [[List of prisons in Hebei]]
* [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Hebei)|Major national historical and cultural sites in Hebei]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/hebei.htm Economic profile for Hebei] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
*[https://www.academia.edu/6168801/Ponds_Paddies_and_Frontier_Defence_Environmental_and_Economic_Changes_in_Northern_Hebei_in_Northern_Song_China_960-1127_ Ponds, Paddies and Frontier Defence: Environmental and Economic Changes in Northern Hebei in Northern Song China (960–1127)]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Hebei}}{{Clear}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Hebei (surrounds [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]])
|North = [[Inner Mongolia]]
|Northeast = [[Liaoning]]
|East = ''[[Bohai Sea]]''
|Southeast = [[Shandong]]
|South = [[Henan]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Shanxi]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Hebei topics}}
{{Hebei}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Hebei| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:North China Plain]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1928]]

Sêrxü County

2024-03-10T09:08:04Z

Peyerk: /* Geography */ m

{{short description|County in Sichuan, China}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Sêrxü County
|native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|石渠县}} · {{bo-textonly|སེར་ཤུལ་རྫོང་།}}}}
|other_name = Sershul, Dzachuka, Serxu, Shiqu
|postal_code =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
|settlement_type = [[County (People's Republic of China)|County]]
|image_skyline =穆日玛尼001.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = "Muri Mani" stone sutra
|image_map = Location of Sêrxü within Sichuan (China).png
|map_caption = Location of Sêrxü County (red) within Garzê Prefecture (yellow) and Sichuan
|pushpin_map = Sichuan#China
|pushpin_label = Sêrxü
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of the seat in Sichuan
|coordinates = {{coord|32.9790|N|98.1029|E|type:adm3rd_region:CN-51_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[China]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Province (China)|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Sichuan]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Autonomous prefecture]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê]]
| seat_type = County seat
| seat = [[Jugar, Sêrxü|Jugar]] (Niga)
|area_code =
|area_land_km2 =
|area_total_km2 =24944
|area_water_km2 =
|population_total = 103633
|population_as_of = 2020
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gzz.gov.cn/gzzrmzf/c100046/202106/4ff885c9bfe14ba1936d49cc828460e3.shtml |title = 甘孜州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号） |publisher = Government of Garzê Prefecture |language = zh |date = 2021-06-04 }}</ref>
|leader_name =
|leader_title =
|elevation_ft =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_min_m =
|timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset = +8
|website = {{URL|http://www.shiqu.gov.cn/}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese |order=st
|tib={{bo-textonly|སེར་ཤུལ་རྫོང་།}}|wylie=ser shul rdzong |zwpy=Sêrxü Zong

|s=石渠县 |t=石渠縣
|p=Shíqú Xiàn}}

'''Sêrxü County''' ({{bo|t=སེར་ཤུལ་རྫོང་།}}; {{lang-zh|s=石渠县}}), also known as '''Sershul''', '''Dzachuka''', '''Serxu''', or '''Shiqu''' is a [[County (People's Republic of China)|county]] of the [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]] in the northwest of [[Sichuan]] Province, China, bordering [[Qinghai]] to the west and the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] to the southwest.

==Geography==
[[File:Serxu aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Serxu County.]]
Sêrxü (sershul) County is situated at the northwest corner of Sichuan province, and is also the westernmost [[county-level division]] of the province. Its area is approximately {{formatnum:25000}} km2, mainly covered by grasslands. The average elevation is 4,200 m above sea level.

The area is predominantly covered by grasslands used for nomadic herding. The population is around 68,000, 96% of whom are ethnic Tibetan.

By the end of 1997, there was an estimated livestock population of 581,470. These were mainly yaks, sheep, goats, and horses, but there was a small number of pigs. The human population of Shiqu County was approximately 63,400, 96.8% of which were ethnic Tibetans. There were 49,100 herdsmen, representing 77.6% of the population.

Sershul District villages include: Ariksar, Bumser, Changma, Dezhongma, Dzagyel, Geming, Gotsa, Junyung, Jowo, Kabshi, Kilung, Kyewu, Sershul Gompa, Serxu Dzong, Shaksa, Tromsa Genma, Tseboum Soumdo, Tsemkhog, Ombo and Wathul.

Sershul District has several monasteries, including: [[Ju Mohar]], [[Sershul Monastery]], [[Bumser Gonpo]], Ariksar, Dzagyel, Changma, Trikar, Kabshi and Jowo; and the [[Gsumge Mani Stone Castle]], a religious complex built out of [[mani stone]] tablets.

==Administrative divisions==
Sêrxü County is divided into 7 [[Towns of China|towns]] and 14 [[Townships of China|townships]]:

{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="width:50%; border="1"
|-
! Name
! Simplified Chinese
! Hanyu Pinyin
! [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]
! [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]
! [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Administrative division code]]
|----------
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Towns'''
|----------
| [[Jugar, Sêrxü|Jugar Town]] (Niga)
|{{lang|zh-hans|尼呷镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Nígā Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|འཇུ་སྒར་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|'ju sgar grong rdal}}
| 513332100
|-
| [[Loqug, Sêrxü|Loqug Town]] (Loqung)
|{{lang|zh-hans|洛须镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Luòxū Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|ལོ་ཕྱུག་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|lo phyug grong rdal}}
| 513332101
|-
| [[Sêrxü Town]] (Sênxü, Sexu)
|{{lang|zh-hans|色须镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Sèxū Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|སེར་ཤུལ་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|ser shul grong rdal}}
| 513332102
|-
| [[Qagca, Sêrxü|Qagca Town]] (Xiazha)
|{{lang|zh-hans|虾扎镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Xiāzhā Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཕྱག་ཚ་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|phyag tsha grong rdal}}
| 513332103
|-
| [[Woinbo, Sêrxü|Woinbo Town]] (Wenbo)
|{{lang|zh-hans|温波镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Wēnbō Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|དབོན་པོ་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|dbon po grong rdal}}
| 513332104
|-
| [[Bumnying, Sêrxü|Bumnying Town]] (Mengyi)
|{{lang|zh-hans|蒙宜镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Méngyí Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|འབུམ་རྙིང་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|'bum rnying grong rdal}}
| 513332105
|-
| [[Arigza, Sêrxü|Arigza Town]] (Arizha)
|{{lang|zh-hans|阿日扎镇}}
|{{transl|zh|Ārìzhā Zhèn}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཨ་རིག་རྫ་གྲོང་རྡལ།}}
|{{transl|bo|a rig rdza grong rdal}}
| 513332106
|----------
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Townships'''
|----------
| [[Zênda Township, Sêrxü|Zênda Township]] (Zhenda)
|{{lang|zh-hans|真达乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Zhēndá Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|རྩེ་མདའ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|rtse mda' shang}}
| 513332200
|-
| [[Pênda Township, Sêrxü|Pênda Township]] (Benda)
|{{lang|zh-hans|奔达乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Bēndá Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|བེ་མདའ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|be mda' shang}}
| 513332201
|-
| [[Zhêngko Township, Sêrxü|Zhêngko Township]] (Zhengke)
|{{lang|zh-hans|正科乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Zhèngkē Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཀྲེང་ཁོ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|kreng kho shang}}
| 513332202
|-
| [[Dêxungma Township]] (De'ongma, Derongma)
|{{lang|zh-hans|德荣马乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Déróngmǎ Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|སྡེ་གཞུང་མ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|sde gzhung ma shang}}
| 513332204
|-
| [[Chomsagabma Township]] (Changshagongma)
|{{lang|zh-hans|长沙贡马乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Chángshāgóngmǎ Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁྲོམ་བཟའ་འགབ་མ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|khrom bza' 'gab ma shang}}
| 513332206
|-
| [[Gaxi Township, Sêrxü|Gaxi Township]] (Gayi)
|{{lang|zh-hans|呷衣乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Gāyī Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཀ་བཞི་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|ka bzhi shang}}
| 513332207
|-
| [[Gêmang Township, Sêrxü|Gêmang Township]] (Gemeng)
|{{lang|zh-hans|格孟乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Gémèng Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|དགེ་མང་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|dge mang shang}}
| 513332208
|-
| [[Xinrung Township, Sêrxü|Xinrung Township]] (Xinrong)
|{{lang|zh-hans|新荣乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Xīnróng Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཤིན་རུང་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|shin rung shang}}
| 513332210
|-
| [[Ju'nying Township]] (Yiniu)
|{{lang|zh-hans|宜牛乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Yíniú Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|འཇུ་རྙིང་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|'ju rnying shang}}
| 513332211
|-
| [[Kyewu|Kyiu Township]] (Kyewu, Qiwu)
|{{lang|zh-hans|起坞乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Qǐwū Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁྱེའུ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|khye'u shang}}
| 513332213
|-
| [[Choxükongma Township]] (Changxugongma)
|{{lang|zh-hans|长须贡马乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Chángxūgòngmǎ Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁྲོ་ཤུལ་གོང་མ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|khro shul gong ma shang}}
| 513332215
|-
| [[Chomzagabma Township]] (Chomsakongma, Changshaganma)
|{{lang|zh-hans|长沙干马乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Chángshāgānmǎ Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁྲོམ་རྫ་འགབ་མ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|khrom rdza 'gab ma shang}}
| 513332216
|-
| [[Choxügabma Township]] (Changxuganma)
|{{lang|zh-hans|长须干马乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Chángxūgānmǎ Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁྲོ་ཤུལ་འགབ་མ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|khro shul 'gab ma shang}}
| 513332217
|-
| [[Waxü Township, Sêrxü|Waxü Township]] (Waxu)
|{{lang|zh-hans|瓦须乡}}
|{{transl|zh|Wǎxū Xiāng}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཝ་ཤུལ་ཤང་།}}
|{{transl|bo|wa shul shang}}
| 513332219
|-
|}

==Demographics==
The population of the district was {{formatnum:62408}} inhabitants in 1999.<ref>{{in lang|en}} National Population Statistics Materials by County and City - 1999 Period, ''in'' [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/downloads/faqs/1999_pop_faq.html China County & City Population 1999, Harvard China Historical GIS]</ref>

There are about {{formatnum:52660}} nomads in the district, or 77.6% of the population.

==Climate==

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Sêrxü (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
|Jan high C = -2.4
|Feb high C = 0.0
|Mar high C = 3.3
|Apr high C = 7.2
|May high C = 11.0
|Jun high C = 14.0
|Jul high C = 16.0
|Aug high C = 15.9
|Sep high C = 13.3
|Oct high C = 7.4
|Nov high C = 2.4
|Dec high C = -1.0
|Jan mean C = -11.5
|Feb mean C = -8.3
|Mar mean C = -4.3
|Apr mean C = 0.0
|May mean C = 3.9
|Jun mean C = 7.4
|Jul mean C = 9.3
|Aug mean C = 8.7
|Sep mean C = 5.9
|Oct mean C = 0.0
|Nov mean C = -6.2
|Dec mean C = -10.5
|Jan low C = -19.4
|Feb low C = -15.7
|Mar low C = -10.8
|Apr low C = -5.8
|May low C = -1.8
|Jun low C = 2.4
|Jul low C = 3.8
|Aug low C = 2.8
|Sep low C = 0.6
|Oct low C = -5.2
|Nov low C = -13
|Dec low C = -18.5
|Jan record high C = 12.1 |Jan record low C = -37.2
|Feb record high C = 10.2 |Feb record low C = -31.8
|Mar record high C = 14.8 |Mar record low C = -27.5
|Apr record high C = 17.5 |Apr record low C = -15.9
|May record high C = 20.7 |May record low C = -11.2
|Jun record high C = 23.1 |Jun record low C = -6.0
|Jul record high C = 23.5 |Jul record low C = -4.1
|Aug record high C = 22.6 |Aug record low C = -7.9
|Sep record high C = 21.7 |Sep record low C = -10.0
|Oct record high C = 19.1 |Oct record low C = -20.3
|Nov record high C = 12.5 |Nov record low C = -30.3
|Dec record high C = 10.0 |Dec record low C = -37.8
|year high C= |year low C=
|year high F = |year low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 7.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 10.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 16.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 28.8
|May precipitation mm = 62.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 108.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 118.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 92.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 92.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 46.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 6.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 4.0
|Jan humidity = 45
|Feb humidity = 45
|Mar humidity = 48
|Apr humidity = 55
|May humidity = 62
|Jun humidity = 68
|Jul humidity = 68
|Aug humidity = 69
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 67
|Nov humidity = 53
|Dec humidity = 46
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6.7
|Feb precipitation days = 7.9
|Mar precipitation days = 12.5
|Apr precipitation days = 15.4
|May precipitation days = 20.3
|Jun precipitation days = 23.8
|Jul precipitation days = 20.8
|Aug precipitation days = 18.5
|Sep precipitation days = 20.8
|Oct precipitation days = 16.0
|Nov precipitation days = 6.5
|Dec precipitation days = 4.8
|year precipitation days =
|Jan sun = 205.0
|Feb sun = 188.2
|Mar sun = 203.9
|Apr sun = 207.1
|May sun = 199.9
|Jun sun = 170.6
|Jul sun = 191.6
|Aug sun = 190.2
|Sep sun = 177.1
|Oct sun = 188.4
|Nov sun = 210.2
|Dec sun = 211.4
|year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 64
| Feb percentsun = 60
| Mar percentsun = 55
| Apr percentsun = 53
| May percentsun = 46
| Jun percentsun = 40
| Jul percentsun = 44
| Aug percentsun = 47
| Sep percentsun = 48
| Oct percentsun = 54
| Nov percentsun = 68
| Dec percentsun = 68
| year percentsun =
|Jan snow days = 8.9
|Feb snow days = 11.5
|Mar snow days = 15.9
|Apr snow days = 19.5
|May snow days = 19.4
|Jun snow days = 5.8
|Jul snow days = 1.2
|Aug snow days = 1.1
|Sep snow days = 7.8
|Oct snow days = 18.3
|Nov snow days = 9.2
|Dec snow days = 7.2
|year snow days =
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =13 April 2023}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.google.nl/maps/place/Shiqu,+Garze,+Sichuan,+China/@33.2639636,97.1864814,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x37060d715724c67b:0xce14c954e3a0a536 maps of Sershul County]
* [http://www.vistaproject.nl/Engels/engelshome.html Development Projects in Sershul]
* {{in lang|zh}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120154730/http://www.bashu.net/geography/ganzi/shiqu.htm Page descriptive] - {{Google translation|en|zh-CN|http://www.bashu.net/geography/ganzi/shiqu.htm}}
* [http://www.sqxgaj.com County Police Bureau]
* [http://gz.newssc.org/qx/sq/ County News]
* [http://www.amnyitrulchung.org/rigdzin/vista/ photos of Sershul]
* [http://sqxsfj.com County Justice Bureau]
* [http://www.jiangma.com County Buddhism Academy]
* [http://www.sqxswj.com County Water Resources Bureau]

{{County-level divisions of Sichuan}}
{{Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serxu County}}
[[Category:County-level divisions of Sichuan]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]]

{{Sichuan-geo-stub}}

Panzhihua

2024-03-10T07:48:00Z

Peyerk: m

{{About|the city in Sichuan|the township in Yunnan|Panzhihua Township}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Panzhihua
| official_name =
| other_name =
| native_name = 攀枝花市
| native_name_lang = zh
| settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| nickname =
| motto =
| total_type = 

| image_skyline = 攀枝花市中心全图（炳草岗）chaselei - panoramio.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = Panzhihua
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| image_map = Sichuan subdivisions - Panzhihua.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Panzhihua in Sichuan

| coor_pinpoint = Panzhihua municipal government
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5824|N|101.7184|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-33_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = China
| subdivision_type1 = [[Province (China)|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sichuan]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| seat_type = Municipal seat
| seat = [[Dong District, Panzhihua|Dong District]]
| government_type =

| government_footnotes =
| leader_title =
| established_title = 
| leader_name =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| unit_pref = 
| area_footnotes =

| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 7423.42
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 = 2010.7
| area_metro_km2 = 2010.7
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =

| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 1157
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-sichuan-admin.php|title = China: Sìchuān (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>

| population_as_of = 2020 census
| population_total = 1212203
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 806395
| population_urban = 806395
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto

| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset = +8

| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 617000
| area_code = 0812
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-SC-04]]
|website = {{URL|www.panzhihua.gov.cn/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panzhihua''' ({{zh|c=攀枝花|p=Pānzhīhuā}}), formerly '''Dukou''' ({{zh|labels=no|c=渡口}}), is a [[prefecture-level city]] located in the far south of [[Sichuan]] province, [[China]], at the confluence of the [[Yangtze River|Jinsha]] and Yalong Rivers. It has an administrative area of {{convert|7423.42|km2}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pzhs.gov.cn/zjpzh/zrgk/zrzy/index.shtml |title=Nature Resources of Panzhihua |publisher=Panzhihua People's Government |access-date=2008-08-30 |language = zh-cn}}</ref> and a population at the 2020 census of 1,212,203. 806,395 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 3 urban districts.

Its economy relies almost entirely on its giant mine, one of the country's largest. The economy in Panzhihua is mainly centered on natural resource development and heavy-industry. The city grew into a major city for steel production during the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front construction]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |url= |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>{{Rp|page=184}} The urban center was built on top of mountainous terrains. In 2005, Panzhihua won the "China Excellent Tourist City" title, in 2008 it won the "National Health City" and the "China Vanadium, Titanium" titles.

== History ==
The construction of Panzhihua occurred during China's Third Front construction, a [[Mao Zedong]]-era campaign to develop basic and national defense industry in China's rugged interior in the event of foreign invasion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Meyskens |first=Covell F. |url= |title=Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-78478-8 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |doi=10.1017/9781108784788 |oclc=1145096137 |s2cid=218936313}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=4, 145}} Mao viewed the building of the city as so important that he repeatedly told other party leadership that until it was built he would "not sleep well a single day."<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=165}} Speaking figuratively, he routinely emphasized the importance of developing Panzhihua by stating that if party leaders would not develop the city, he would "ride a donkey and hold a meeting" to build it himself.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=165}}

Southwest Third Front Commission Vice Director [[Cheng Zihua]] was among the first to investigate the Panzhihua site, traveling there in mid-1964 when only eight households lived in Panzhihua.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=170}} In his memoirs, Cheng highlights Panzhihua's suitability for a strategic industrial rear because its "lofty mountains and steep hills" would make it difficult for enemy infantry to access or for enemy airplanes to bomb.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=170}}

Meeting with Panzhihua leaders in October 1964, [[Bo Yibo]] emphasized that while it was critical to increase production in the area, doing so had to avoid the mistakes of the Great Leap Forward, a time when the emphasis on industrial production resulted in many people lacking "grain to eat."<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=165}}

In an effort to avoid what Chinese policymakers viewed as a mistake of Soviet-style industrialization, the builders of Panzhihua were tasked with constructing in an austere style consistent with the success of the [[Daqing Oil Field|Daqing oil field]] -- service areas, multistory buildings, and cultural areas should be avoided in order to ensure maximum resources for heavy industry.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=166}} Consistent with this mandate, Director of the Planning Commission Li Fuchun directed that at Panzhihua, workers should "dig a hole for a toilet" and only canvas tents should be necessary for housing.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=166}} According to academic Hou Li, the resulting style of construction is best characterized as "industrialization without urbanization."<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=166}}

[[Panzhihua Iron and Steel|Panzhihua Steel]] was built during the Third Front campaign.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=9}} Because planners chose locations based on military defense considerations, Panzhihua Steel was built on the side of a mountain, unlike most steel factories which are built on flat land.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=187}} To ensure that the facility had the level foundation necessary for steel production, workers built the factory on massive steps carved out of the slope.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=187}} Instead of the internal track system common to steel factories, technicians used a cable system to connect different parts of the facility to better adapt to the local terrain.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=187}}

Consistent with the Third Front construction's emphasis on secrecy due to national security concerns, the completion of the Panzhihua facility was not promoted at the time.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=187}} Today, the city government of Panzhihua promotes it as a model of Chinese technological ingenuity.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=187}}

Panzhihua city government built a hospital in 1965 to provide health care for Third Front workers and their families, with Panzhihua Steel itself also establishing a hospital in 1970.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=189-190}} In 1966, two power stations were built in Panzhihua as was a water processing plant.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=178}} Due to Panzhihua's focus on industrialization, factories and mines had priority access to these utilities, with general access to filtered water and power coming over time.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=178-179}}

During the period of the Third Front campaign, almost every [[work unit]] in Panzhihua was a [[State-owned enterprises of China|state-owned enterprise]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=189}} The social services provided by these units meant that Panzhihua residents generally had a much greater welfare net than rural residents generally.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=189}}

In recent years, Panzhihua has experienced major population outflows.<ref name=":9" /> As a result, its government now offers subsidies to those who move to Panzhihua and have two or three children.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marquis |first=Christopher |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26338-1 |location=New Haven London |pages=184 |author-link=Christopher Marquis}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
The area has a [[monsoon]]-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), with short, mild, dry winters and long, hot, and humid summers. Highs drop to {{convert|21|°C}} in December and January, quickly rebounding during the dry springs, and peak in May and June, unlike much of the rest of the province. Much of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Panzhihua (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
|Jan high C = 21.8
|Feb high C = 25.0
|Mar high C = 28.8
|Apr high C = 31.7
|May high C = 32.9
|Jun high C = 32.6
|Jul high C = 31.0
|Aug high C = 30.7
|Sep high C = 28.7
|Oct high C = 26.7
|Nov high C = 23.8
|Dec high C = 21.1
|Jan mean C = 13.6
|Feb mean C = 17.1
|Mar mean C = 21.3
|Apr mean C = 24.5
|May mean C = 26.1
|Jun mean C = 26.4
|Jul mean C = 25.3
|Aug mean C = 24.9
|Sep mean C = 23.0
|Oct mean C = 20.5
|Nov mean C = 16.3
|Dec mean C = 13.2
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 7.2
|Feb low C = 10.2
|Mar low C = 14.4
|Apr low C = 17.9
|May low C = 20.4
|Jun low C = 21.7
|Jul low C = 21.5
|Aug low C = 21.0
|Sep low C = 19.4
|Oct low C = 16.4
|Nov low C = 11.3
|Dec low C = 7.6
|Jan record high C = 29.2 |Jan record low C = 1.7
|Feb record high C = 32.5 |Feb record low C = 3.6
|Mar record high C = 35.9 |Mar record low C = 4.9
|Apr record high C = 38.5 |Apr record low C = 8.7
|May record high C = 40.4 |May record low C = 10.5
|Jun record high C = 39.8 |Jun record low C = 13.6
|Jul record high C = 38.8 |Jul record low C = 15.2
|Aug record high C = 38.1 |Aug record low C = 15.6
|Sep record high C = 35.1 |Sep record low C = 10.9
|Oct record high C = 33.5 |Oct record low C = 9.5
|Nov record high C = 30.5 |Nov record low C = 3.3
|Dec record high C = 28.1 |Dec record low C = 0.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 6.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 3.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 7.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 13.4
|May precipitation mm = 50.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 146.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 216.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 176.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 137.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 52.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 11.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 2.0
|Jan humidity = 51
|Feb humidity = 39
|Mar humidity = 33
|Apr humidity = 36
|May humidity = 46
|Jun humidity = 60
|Jul humidity = 72
|Aug humidity = 72
|Sep humidity = 74
|Oct humidity = 71
|Nov humidity = 67
|Dec humidity = 62
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1.8
|Feb precipitation days = 1.5
|Mar precipitation days = 2.4
|Apr precipitation days = 3.9
|May precipitation days = 8.6
|Jun precipitation days = 13.9
|Jul precipitation days = 18.2
|Aug precipitation days = 15.3
|Sep precipitation days = 13.0
|Oct precipitation days = 8.4
|Nov precipitation days = 3.0
|Dec precipitation days = 1.1
|year precipitation days =
|Jan sun = 237.9
|Feb sun = 247.0
|Mar sun = 280.3
|Apr sun = 279.0
|May sun = 263.6
|Jun sun = 210.6
|Jul sun = 183.7
|Aug sun = 194.1
|Sep sun = 164.3
|Oct sun = 198.7
|Nov sun = 213.3
|Dec sun = 217.5
|year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 72
| Feb percentsun = 77
| Mar percentsun = 75
| Apr percentsun = 72
| May percentsun = 63
| Jun percentsun = 51
| Jul percentsun = 44
| Aug percentsun = 48
| Sep percentsun = 45
| Oct percentsun = 56
| Nov percentsun = 66
| Dec percentsun = 67
| year percentsun =
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =14 April 2023}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather China<ref name = Clim>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101270201.shtml?
| script-title=zh:攀枝花 - 气象数据 -中国天气网
| publisher = Weather China
| language = zh
| access-date = 9 November 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Hydrology===
Panzhihua lies in the [[Yangtze River]] basin, holding more than 95 waterways. They feed the [[Jinsha River|Jinsha]] and [[Yalong River|Yandalong Rivers]], which in turn feed the Yangtze. Annual runoff volume is 110.2 billion cubic meters. The potential [[hydropower]] capacity is 700 million kilowatts. The installed capacity is 3.474 million kilowatts.

===Geology===
Panzhihua is close to the Xigeda-Yuanmou fracture in the Sichuan-Yunnan border.<ref name="Sigda-Yuanmou fault">{{cite web | url=http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/08_09/02/1220328119176.html |trans-title=Part III of emergency response to the M6.1 earthquake at the border of Renhe-Huili, Sichuan: Seismic formation background |script-title=zh:四川攀枝花市仁和区-凉山州会理县交界6.1级地震现场应急工作系列报道之三地震构造背景) | publisher=[[China Earthquake Administration]] / CEA | date=2008-09-02 |access-date=2008-09-07 | language = zh-hans }}</ref> Its Renhe District was the epicenter of the [[2008 Panzhihua earthquake]].

==Archaeology==
[[Bronze Age]] cultural remains are representative of various types of bronze artifacts. Under the jurisdiction of Panzhihua City in Yanbian, Miyi and Renhe District, archeologists have collected nearly 20 bronze artifacts. Most of the dig sites were tomb sites excavated specifically for funerary objects. Practical objects were found that can be divided into three categories. Weapons such as bronze swords, bronze spears, and bronze Ge, tools such as copper axes, copper knives and copper hoes, and decorative objects like copper bracelets were found.

The objects were similar to those of western [[Yunnan|Yunnan province]], reflecting ethnic group similarities. The relics date from the [[Warring States period|Warring States]] ~ [[Western Han]] period.

==Tourism resources==
The landscape is dominated by natural areas. Attractions include a red cell spa, the Cave Stone Forest, the Jinsha River and Hai lake. In recent years, the Panzhihua government has been working on the development of the Sunshine Recreation Project to attract more tourists to Panzhihua for their winter vacations.

===''Cycas'' forest===
''[[Cycas]]'' first appeared some 280 million years ago in the [[Permian]] period. They consist of some 110 species. In 1971, Sichuan Agricultural Science and the original forest vegetation Panzhihua aerial survey, found more than 100,000 specimens. It is the highest altitude ''Cycas'' forest, hosting the largest number and size of specimens. This forest consists of an endemic species, ''[[Cycas panzhihuaensis]]''.

==Ertan Hydropower Station==
The [[Ertan Dam]] ({{zh|s=二滩大坝|t=二灘大壩|p=Èrtān Dàbà}}) is an [[arch dam]] on the [[Yalong River]], a tributary of the [[Yangtze River]] in Sichuan.

The dam has six [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] [[Electrical generator|generators]], each with a generating capacity of 550 MW. The total generating capacity of the facility is 3,300 MW, one of the largest in China. Annual production averages 17 [[TWh]], and through December 5, 2006, it produced over 100 TWh of electricity. Construction of the dam started on September 1991 and was completed on December 26, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/ertan/|title=Ertan Hydropower Plant, Yalong River|work=Power Technology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com.cn/GB/historic/1226/5518.html |script-title=zh:1999年12月26日我国西部的最大水电站二滩水电站全面建成投产 |website=people.com.cn |date=2003-08-01 |access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref> A total of {{Convert|12638000|m3|ft3|0|abbr=on}} of material was excavated during construction.

==Administrative divisions==
{| class="wikitable" align=center
!colspan="6" align="center" | Map
|-
|colspan="6" align="center" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Panzhihua.png|width={{{1|470}}}|link=}}
{{Image label|x=990|y=1410|scale={{{1|470}}}/1880|text=[[Dong District, Panzhihua|'''Dong''']]}}
{{Image label|x=680|y=1380|scale={{{1|470}}}/1880|text=[[Xi District|'''Xi''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1010|y=1800|scale={{{1|470}}}/1880|text=[[Renhe District|'''Renhe ※''']]}}
{{Image label|x=800|y=1270|scale={{{1|470}}}/1880|text=[[Renhe District|'''※''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1380|y=800|scale={{{1|470}}}/1880|text=[[Miyi County|'''Miyi County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=550|y=650|scale={{{1|470}}}/1880|text=[[Yanbian County|'''Yanbian County''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! [[Hanzi]]
! [[Hanyu Pinyin]]
! Population (2004 est.)
! Area (km²)
! Density (/km²)
|----------
|[[Dong District, Panzhihua|Dong District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|东区}}
|Dōngqū
|320,000
|167
|1,916
|----------
|[[Xi District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|西区}}
|Xīqū
|160,000
|124
|1,290
|----------
|[[Renhe District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|仁和区}}
|Rénhé Qū
|200,000
|1,727
|116
|----------
|[[Miyi County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|米易县}}
|Mǐyì Xiàn
|200,000
|2,153
|93
|----------
|[[Yanbian County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|盐边县}}
|Yánbiān Xiàn
|200,000
|3,269
|61
|}

==Economy==
Panzhihua is a highly industrialized area dominated by gigantic mining operations. Most of the land not in use for mining is taken up by subsistence farming.

===Mineral Resources===
Panzhihua has abundant natural resources, but remained undeveloped until 1960. It was founded on a remote headwater of the [[Yangtze River]] in 1966 as a steel production center. It grew rapidly as it remained relatively prosperous while the rest of the country suffered under the [[Cultural Revolution]]. The city is home to the [[Panzhihua Iron and Steel]] (Group) Co, called "Pangang {{lang|zh-hans|攀钢}}", the leading steel company in southwest China.

Proven iron ore (mainly vanadium-titanium magnetite) reserves are 73.8 million tons, 72.3% of the provincial total. At the end of 2007, the city's reserves of vanadium-titanium magnetite were 6.694 billion tons, of which: titanium reserves were 425 million tons, 93% of the national total, the world's largest; vanadium reserves were 10.38 million tons, 63% in the nation, third in the world. Cobalt reserves were 746 million tons. Other minerals were chromium, gallium, scandium, nickel, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, platinum and other rare metals.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Other minerals
! Mineral !! Reserves (million tons)
|-
| Cobalt || 746
|-
| Coal || 708
|-
| Crystalline graphite || 15.4
|-
| Ju Yan || 20.98
|-
| Limestone || 295
|-
| Metallurgical dolomite ||363
|-
| Cement sand retention || 11.94
|-
| Refactory clay || 10.32
|-
| Diatomite || 16.5
|-
| Granite || 87.5 m3
|-
| Marble || 53.99 m3
|}

==Transport==
Panzhihua is served by the [[Chengdu–Kunming Railway]] and the [[Panzhihua Bao'anying Airport]]. The city has over [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels#Upstream from Yibin|10 bridges over the Jinsha River]].

==Education==
*Panzhihua University
*The city's top high schools are the No.3 Panzhihua high school (located downtown) and the no.7 high school (located in the western district (Qingxiangping))

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Panzhihua}}
{{Wiktionary|Panzhihua|P'an-chih-hua}}
*{{official website|http://www.pzhs.gov.cn}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Major cities along the Yangtze River}}
{{Sichuan}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Most populous cities in Sichuan}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Panzhihua| ]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Yangtze River]]
[[Category:Cities in Sichuan]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Sichuan]]

Upper Styria

2024-03-09T20:27:01Z

Peyerk: m

{{Short description|Region in Austria}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
[[File:Karte Aut Stmk OBERSTMK.png|thumb|270px|''Obersteiermark'' districts within the state of Styria]]
'''Upper Styria''' ({{lang-de|Obersteiermark}}), in the [[Austria]]n usage of the term, refers exclusively to the northwestern, generally mountainous and well-wooded half of the [[States of Austria|federal state]] of [[Styria]]. The southeastern half of the state around the capital of [[Graz]] is known as [[Central Styria]] (''Mittelsteiermark''), which is further divided into Eastern and Western Styria (east and west of Graz).

==Geography==
Upper Styria is separated from Central Styria by the Stubalpe and Gleinalpe ranges of the [[Lavanttal Alps]], and the [[Prealps East of the Mur]]. It is a generally rural region characterized by agriculture and tourism, except for the area between the towns of [[Judenburg]] and [[Mürzzuschlag]], in the valley formed by the rivers [[Mur River|Mur]] and [[Mürz]], with extensive industrial sites. The area around [[Altaussee]] in the far northwest is part of the Austrian [[Salzkammergut]] cultural landscape.

The ''Obersteiermark'' region consists of five [[Districts of Austria|districts]]:
*[[Murau District|Murau]]
*[[Liezen District|Liezen]]
*[[Murtal District|Murtal]] (former [[Judenburg District|Judenburg]] and [[Knittelfeld District|Knittelfeld]])
*[[Leoben District|Leoben]]
*[[Bruck-Mürzzuschlag District|Bruck-Mürzzuschlag]].

==Usage in Slovenia==
[[File:Styrie en AT & en SI.PNG|thumb|Former Styrian duchy in modern Austria and Slovenia]]
In [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] usage, the term '''Upper Styria''' (''Zgornja Štajerska'') refers to the whole Austrian state of Styria—as opposed to the traditional region called [[Styria (Slovenia)|Lower Styria]] (''Spodnja Štajerska''), Slovenian Styria (''Slovenska Štajerska'') or just Styria (''Štajerska''), the southern third of the former [[Duchy of Styria]] which after World War I was allotted to the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] according to the 1919 [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint Germain]] and is today part of [[Slovenia]].

==See also==
{{commonscat|Obersteiermark}}
*[[History of Styria]]

{{coord|47.34|15.02|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Regions of Austria]]
[[Category:Geography of Austria]]
[[Category:Styria]]

Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

2024-01-05T08:58:22Z

Peyerk: /* Film and television */ m

{{short description|1972 aviation accident in the Andes mountains of Chile}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| occurrence_type = Accident
| name = Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571
| image = FokkerAnde1972.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = A [[Fairchild FH-227|Fairchild FH-227D]], with Flight 571's [[Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya]] livery, from the 1993 movie ''[[Alive (1993 film)|Alive]]''
| date = {{nowrap|13 October 1972 – 23 December 1972}}
| type = [[Controlled flight into terrain]] due to [[pilot error]], 72-day survival
| site = Remote [[Andes]] in [[Malargüe Department]], [[Mendoza Province]], Argentina, near the border with Chile at an altitude of 3,570 m (11,710 ft)
| crew = 5
| passengers = 40
| survivors = 16 (33 initially)
| fatalities = 29 (12 initially)
| coordinates = {{coord|34|45|53.5|S|70|17|06.6|W|display=inline,title|type:landmark}}
| aircraft_type = [[Fairchild FH-227]]D
| origin = [[Carrasco International Airport]] [[Montevideo]], Uruguay
| stopover = [[El Plumerillo International Airport|Mendoza International Airport]]
| destination = [[Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Pudahuel Airport]] [[Santiago]], Chile
| operator = [[Uruguayan Air Force]]
| tail_number = T-571
}}
{{Location map many | Argentina
| width = 264
| lat_deg = -34.765
| lon_deg = -70.286389
| mark= Black triangle2.svg
| pos = bottom
| bg = yellow
| label = Crash site
| lat2_deg = -33.392778
| lon2_deg = -70.785556
| pos2 = left
| label2 = Santiago
| lat3_deg = -34.838333
| lon3_deg = -56.030833
| pos3 = top
| label3 = Montevideo
| lat4_deg = -32.831667
| lon4_deg = -68.792778
| pos4 = top
| label4 = Mendoza
| relief = yes
| caption = Location of the crash site in west central Argentina
}}
'''Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571''' was the chartered flight of a [[Fairchild F-27|Fairchild FH-227D]] from [[Montevideo]], Uruguay, to [[Santiago]], Chile, that crashed in the [[Andes]] mountains on October 13, 1972. The accident and subsequent survival became known as the '''Andes flight disaster''' ({{lang|es|Tragedia de los Andes}}) and the '''Miracle of the Andes''' ({{lang|es|Milagro de los Andes}}).

The inexperienced co-pilot, Lieutenant-Colonel Dante Héctor Lagurara, was piloting the aircraft at the time of the accident. He mistakenly believed the aircraft had overflown [[Curicó]], the turning point to fly north and begin descending into [[Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Pudahuel Airport]] in Santiago de Chile, but failed to notice that [[Instrument Flight Rules|instrument readings]] indicated he was still {{convert|60|–|70|km|abbr=on}} east of Curicó. As the aircraft began its descent it struck a mountain [[ridge]], shearing off both wings and the tail cone. The remaining portion of the [[fuselage]] slid down a [[glacier]] at an estimated {{convert|350|km/h|abbr=on}} and descended another {{convert|725|m}} before ramming into an ice and snow mound.

The flight was carrying 45 passengers and crew, including 19 members of the [[Old Christians Club]] [[rugby union]] team, along with their families, supporters and friends. Three crew members and nine passengers died immediately and several more died soon after due to the frigid temperatures and the severity of their injuries. The crash site is located at an elevation of {{convert|3570|m}} in the remote Andes mountains of western Argentina, just east of the border with Chile. Authorities overflew the crash site several times during the following days searching for the aircraft, but failed to make out the white fuselage against the snow. Search efforts were called-off after eight days of searching.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Uruguayan-Air-Force-flight-571|title=Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571|first=Amy|last=Tikkanen|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614165045/https://www.britannica.com/event/Uruguayan-Air-Force-flight-571|url-status=live}}</ref>

During 72 days after the crash the survivors suffered from extreme hardships, including exposure, starvation and several [[avalanche|avalanches]], which led to the deaths of 13 more passengers. The remaining passengers resorted to [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] to survive. As the weather improved with the arrival of late spring, two survivors, [[Nando Parrado]] and [[Roberto Canessa]], climbed the {{convert|4650|m|adj=on}} [[Mount Seler|mountain peak]] on the western rim of the glacier [[cirque]] without any mountaineering gear whatsoever and hiked for 10 days into Chile to seek help, traveling 61 km (38 miles). On 23 December 1972, two months after the crash, all 16 remaining survivors were rescued.

==Flight and accident==

===Flight origin===

[[File:The tinguiririca volcano seen from the tinguiririca river valley chile vi region.jpg|thumb|The [[Tinguiririca Volcano]] as seen from the Tinguiririca river valley]]

Members of the amateur [[Old Christians Club]] [[rugby union]] team from [[Montevideo]], Uruguay, were scheduled to play a match in [[Santiago]], Chile, against the Old Boys Club, an English rugby team.<ref name=quigley/> Club president Daniel Juan chartered a [[Uruguayan Air Force]] twin [[turboprop]] [[Fairchild FH-227|Fairchild FH-227D]] airplane to fly the team over the [[Andes]] mountains to Santiago. The aircraft carried 40 passengers and 5 crew members. The [[pilot in command]], Colonel Julio César Ferradas, was an experienced Air Force pilot with 5,117 hours of flight time. He was accompanied by co-pilot Lieutenant-Colonel Dante Héctor Lagurara. There were ten extra seats, so the team invited friends and family members to accompany them. When someone cancelled at the last minute, Graziela Mariani purchased a ticket so she could attend her oldest daughter's wedding.<ref name=quigley/>

The aircraft departed [[Carrasco International Airport]] on 12 October 1972, but a stormfront over the Andes forced them to spend the night in [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], Argentina, to wait for meteorological conditions to improve. Although there is a direct westerly route from Mendoza to Santiago, the high mountains with peaks of {{convert|25000|to|26000|ft}} were almost at the limit of the FH-227D's maximum operational ceiling of {{convert|28000|ft}}. With the aircraft loaded to capacity, this direct route would have required the pilot to thread the aircraft very carefully to avoid the mountains. Instead, it was customary for turboprops to fly the longer {{convert|600|km|mi|adj=on}}, 90-minute U-shaped route<ref name=quigley>{{cite book |last1=Quigley |first1=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMSSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |title=Modern Mummies: The Preservation of the Human Body in the Twentieth Century |isbn=978-1-4766-1373-4 | publisher = McFarland |year= 2015 |pages=225–232}}</ref> route to [[Malargüe]] south of Mendoza using the A7 airway (now UW44), then west along the G-17 airway (now UB684), crossing Planchón pass and on to the [[Curicó]] radiobeacon in Chile, and from there due north to descend and land in Santiago.<ref name="caputti">{{cite web |last1=Caputti |first1=Claudio |title=A 40 años del Milagro de los Andes (Accidente del FAU-571) |url=http://defensanacional.argentinaforo.net/t5291-a-40-anos-del-milagro-de-los-andes-accidente-del-fau-571 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221238/http://defensanacional.argentinaforo.net/t5291-a-40-anos-del-milagro-de-los-andes-accidente-del-fau-571 |archive-date=2018-06-21 |access-date=21 June 2018 |website=defensanacional.argentinaforo.net |language=es}}</ref><ref name="tragedia" />

The weather on 13 October affected the flight adversely. On the morning of the flight meteorological conditions over the Andes had yet to improve, but the weather was expected to improve by the early afternoon. The pilot delayed the flight and took off from Mendoza at 2:18{{nbsp}}p.m. on Friday 13 October. He flew south towards the Malargüe radiobeacon at [[flight level]] 180 (FL180, {{convert|18000|ft}}). Lagurara radioed their position to [[Comodoro D. Ricardo Salomón Airport|Malargüe Airport]] to inform them they expected crossing the {{convert|2515|m}} high Planchón pass at 3:21{{nbsp}}p.m. Planchón pass is the [[air traffic control]] hand-off point between Chile and Argentina.<ref name="astheaccident" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dangerousroads.org/south-america/chile/4314-paso-del-planch%C3%B3n.html|title=The gravel road to Planchón pass in the Andes|website=www.dangerousroads.org|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726224749/https://www.dangerousroads.org/south-america/chile/4314-paso-del-planch%C3%B3n.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After crossing the Andes into Chile the aircraft was supposed to turn north and initiate their descent into Pudahuel Airport in Santiago.

===The crash===

{{maplink|from=Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571.map|frame=yes|frame-lat=-33.561|frame-long=-64.116|zoom=4|frame-width=250|frame-height=280|text=Map of Flight 571 departing Montevideo, Uruguay.<ref name="caputti"/>}}

Pilot Ferradas had previously flown across the Andes 29 times. On this flight he was training co-pilot Lagurara, who was at the controls. As they flew above the Andes, clouds obscured the mountains below.<ref name=safety/><ref name="caputti"/> The aircraft was four years old with 792 hours on the airframe.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Calcagno |first1=Ernesto Blanco |title=The Ghost of FAU 571 |url=https://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/above-beyond-ghost-of-fau-571-180957783/ |website=Air & Space Magazine |access-date=11 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022307/https://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/above-beyond-ghost-of-fau-571-180957783/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The plane was nicknamed the "lead-sled" by pilots because they considered it underpowered.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peck |first1=Rand |title=One Airline Career: I'm Alive: by AMS Pictures |url=http://randpeck.blogspot.com/2010/03/im-alive-by-ams-pictures.html |website=One Airline Career |access-date=11 September 2018 |date=8 March 2010 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022441/http://randpeck.blogspot.com/2010/03/im-alive-by-ams-pictures.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=taringa>{{cite web |title=40 años de la tragedia de los andes – » Militares en Taringa +11.200 Taringa|date=14 October 2012 |url=https://www.taringa.net/comunidades/militares-en-t/6238720/40-anos-de-la-tragedia-de-los-andes.html |access-date=11 September 2018 |language=es}}</ref>

Due to [[cloud cover]] the pilots were flying under [[instrument meteorological conditions]] at an altitude of {{convert|18000|ft}} (FL180) and could not visually confirm their location from the terrain below. While some reports state the co-pilot incorrectly estimated his position using [[dead reckoning]], they were relying on radio navigation.<ref name=taringa/> The aircraft's [[VOR/DME]] navigation radio would have shown the bearing and distance to the Curicó radio beacon still {{convert|60|–|70|km|abbr=on}} due west of Planchón pass.

At 3:21{{nbsp}}p.m. shortly after crossing Planchón pass, Lagurara notified air traffic controllers that he expected to reach Curicó a minute later. The flight time from Planchón pass to Curicó is normally 11 minutes, but only three minutes later the co-pilot radioed Santiago that they were overflying Curicó and turning due north. He requested permission from air traffic control to descend. The controller authorized the aircraft to descend to {{convert|11500|ft}}, unaware due to lack of radar coverage that the airplane was still flying over the Andes.<ref name=safety/><ref name=taringa/><ref name="caputti"/> Pilot Ferradas also failed to notice the navigation error.

The aircraft encountered severe [[turbulence]] as it descended. [[Nando Parrado]] recalled that the plane rapidly descended several hundred feet out of the clouds. At first the rugby players joked about the turbulence until they saw the aircraft was flying abnormally close to the mountains. "That was probably the moment when the pilots saw the black ridge rising dead ahead."<ref>{{cite web |first1=Nando |last1=Parrado |title=Nando Parrado on his survival of the 1972 Andes air crash |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/may/18/extract.features11 |website=The Guardian |access-date=18 June 2018 |language=en |date=18 May 2006 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035821/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/may/18/extract.features11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Roberto Canessa]] later said he thought the pilot had turned due north too soon and began the descent to Santiago while the aircraft was still flying over the Andes. Then "he began to climb, until the plane was nearly vertical and it began to stall and shake."<ref name=cannibal/> The aircraft's [[airborne collision avoidance system|ground collision alarm]] sounded and scared all the passengers.<ref name=tragedia/>

The pilots applied maximum power to gain altitude and cross the {{convert|4200|m}} high southern ridge of the glacier's cirque. Witness accounts and evidence at the scene indicated the plane struck the mountain two or three times. At 3:34{{nbsp}}p.m. while the nose of the aircraft made it over the ridge, the right wing was severed. The tail-cone clipped the ridge and separated from the fuselage taking with it two rows of seats, the galley, baggage hold, [[vertical stabilizer]] and [[Stabilizer (aeronautics)|horizontal stabilizer]], leaving a gaping hole in the rear. Three passengers, the [[navigator]] and the [[flight attendant]] were lost with the tail section and died instantly.<ref name="caputti"/><ref name=quigley/>

For a few more seconds the aircraft continued to climb another {{convert|200|meters}} until a rock outcropping at {{convert|4,400|meters}} tore off the left wing and its propeller sliced through the fuselage.<ref name="caputti"/> Two more passengers fell out the gaping hole in the rear. The fuselage fell onto the snow and careened {{convert|725|m}} down the steep slope of the glacier at {{convert|350|km/h|abbr=on}} like a high-speed [[bobsled]], rammed into a snow bank and came to a sudden stop. The seats broke loose from the floor and were thrown against the forward bulkhead of the fuselage. The impact buckled the nose pinning both pilots against the instrument panel, killing Ferradas immediately.<ref name=record>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19721013-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Fairchild FH-227D T-571 El Tiburcio|first=Harro|last=Ranter|website=aviation-safety.net|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204114511/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19721013-0|archive-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

The official investigation concluded that the crash was caused by [[controlled flight into terrain]] due to [[pilot error]].<ref name=astheaccident>{{cite web|url=http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/as-the-accident.html|title=The accident|website=Alpine Expeditions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126141829/http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/as-the-accident.html|archive-date=26 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uruguayan Air Force flight 571 {{!}} Crash, Rescue, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Uruguayan-Air-Force-flight-571 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=13 June 2018 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614165045/https://www.britannica.com/event/Uruguayan-Air-Force-flight-571 |archive-date=14 June 2018}}</ref>

The plane's fuselage came to rest in the [[cirque]] of the until then unnamed ''Glacier of Tears'' at {{coord|34|45|53.5|S|70|17|06.6|W|display=inline}} at an elevation of {{convert|3570|m}} in the [[Malargüe Department|Malargüe Department's]] Valley of Tears in the [[Mendoza Province]] of Argentina. The glacier lies between the {{convert|5169|m}} high Mount Sosneado and the {{convert|4,280|m}} high [[Tinguiririca (volcano)|Tinguiririca]] volcano, straddling the remote mountainous border between Chile and Argentina. It is south of the {{convert|4650|m}} high [[Mount Seler]] (named by Nando Parrado after his father), the mountain the survivor's expedition climbed before descending into Chile to get help. The aircraft came to rest {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the east of its planned route.<ref name="caputti"/>

==Crash aftermath==

Of the 45 people aboard the aircraft, three passengers and two crew members in the rear section of the fuselage were killed instantly when the tail cone sheared off from the fuselage: Lt. Ramón Saúl Martínez (navigator), Orvido Ramírez (steward), Gaston Costemalle, Alejo Hounié and Guido Magri. A few seconds later Daniel Shaw and Carlos Valeta also fell out of the rear fuselage killing Shaw. Valeta survived the fall but fell into deep snow and [[asphyxiation|asphyxiated]] while stumbling down the snow-covered glacier.<ref name=quigley/> His body was found by fellow passengers on 14 December.<ref name=vlahos/><ref name=true/>

Another four passengers died after the fuselage impacted the snow bank and the remaining seats broke loose from the floor and piled-up at the front of the fuselage: Team physician Dr. Francisco Nicola and his wife Esther Nicola; Eugenia Parrado and Fernando Vazquez (medical student). Pilot Ferradas died instantly when the nose cone of the fuselage and the nose gear deformed as the aircraft came to a sudden stop, pinning him against the instrument panel and forcing his head out of the windshield. Co-pilot Lagurara was also pinned against the instrument panel and died the following day.<ref name=quigley/> He asked one of the passengers to find his pistol and [[euthanasia|shoot him]], but the passenger refused to do so.<ref name="tragedia"/>

Thirty-three passengers survived the actual crash. Many were critically or seriously injured, with wounds including broken legs from the aircraft seats breaking loose and piling-up against the forward bulkhead of the fuselage.<ref name=true>{{cite web|url=https://survivallife.com/true-survival-stories-andes-miracle/|title=True Survival Stories: Miracle In The Andes – Survival Life|date=12 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614165043/https://survivallife.com/true-survival-stories-andes-miracle/|archive-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> Canessa and Gustavo Zerbino, both medical students, quickly [[triage|triaged]] the wounded and first treated those they could help most. Parrado's skull had [[skull fracture|fractured]] and he remained [[coma|unconscious]] for three days. When a piece of metal piercing Enrique Platero's abdomen was removed, it brought out a few inches of his [[stomach]] with it. Even so he immediately began helping others. Both of Arturo Nogueira's legs were broken in several places. None of the passengers with these [[compound fracture|compound fractures]] survived.<ref name=live/>

===Unsuccessful air search===

[[File:Hotel_El_Sosneado.jpg|thumb|Unknown to the survivors, the abandoned summer resort Hotel Termas El Sosneado was only {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} due east from the crash site.]]

The Chilean Air [[Search and Rescue]] Service (SARS) was notified within the hour that the flight was unaccounted for. Four planes searched during the afternoon until dark. News of the missing flight reached Uruguayan media around 6:00{{nbsp}}p.m. in the evening. SARS officers listened to radio transmissions and concluded the aircraft must have crashed in one of the most remote and inaccessible areas of the Andes and asked the Andes Rescue Group of Chile (CSA) for assistance. Unbeknownst to the passengers on board, or even the rescuers, the flight had crashed in Argentina even before crossing into Chile, about {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Hotel Termas El Sosneado, an abandoned hot springs resort that would have provided some shelter and warmer temperatures due to the lower altitude.<ref name=quigley/>

On the second day, eleven aircraft from Argentina, Chile and Uruguay searched for the missing flight.<ref name=quigley/> The search area covered the accident location and a few aircraft even overflew the crash site. The survivors tried to use lipstick recovered from their luggage to write an [[SOS]] message on the roof of the fuselage, but didn't have enough lipstick to make large letters that could be seen from the air by rescuers. They also used luggage to fashion a cross on the snow, but it failed to attract the attention of the rescuers.<ref name=vlahos/> The survivors saw aircraft overfly the crash site on three occasions but the rescuers were unable to spot the white fuselage against the snow.

The harsh conditions gave the rescuers little hope that they would find anyone alive so rescue efforts were cancelled after only eight days of searching.<ref name=live/> On 21 October, after having searched for more than 142 hours, the searchers concluded the chances of anyone surviving the crash were nil and terminated the search. They planned to resume the search to recover the victims in December after the snow melted.

[[File:Milagro en los Andes.jpg|thumb|229x229px|An artist's depiction of the survivors being rescued.]]

===First week of survival===

Another five passengers and crew died during the first night: Co-pilot Lagurara, Francisco Abal, Graziela Mariani, Felipe Maquirriain and Julio Martinez-Lamas.

The remaining 28 survivors removed the broken seats and other debris to fashion the fuselage into a crude shelter {{convert|2.5|x|3|m}} small. They used luggage, seats and snow to close off the rear end of the fuselage. Fito Strauch devised a solar-powered water collector with sheet metal he retrieved from under the seats. To prevent [[snow blindness]], he also improvised sunglasses by cutting the green plastic sun visors in the cockpit and sewing the pieces to bra straps with electrical wire. They used the woollen seat covers to keep warm and seat cushions as [[snowshoe|snowshoes]]. The captain of the rugby team, Marcelo Perez, took on a leadership role.<ref name=vlahos/><ref name=live/>

After three days Parrado regained consciousness only to find out his mother had died and his 19-year-old sister Susana was severely injured. He tried to keep his sister alive but on the eighth day she too died from her injuries.<ref name=true/> The remaining 27 survivors had a hard time during the nights when temperatures plunged to {{convert|-30|C}}.<ref name=paez>{{cite web |last1=Páez |first1=Carlitos |title=Allie Se Siente la Presencia de Dios |url=http://blogs.montevideo.com.uy:80/bloghome_18745_1_1.html |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304115322/http://blogs.montevideo.com.uy/bloghome_18745_1_1.html |archive-date=4 March 2011 |language=es |date=12 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> They all had lived their entire lives by the sea and some had never even seen snow before the crash. None had any high-altitude survival experience to speak of. They lacked medical supplies, cold-weather clothing, equipment and food and they only had three pairs of sunglasses amongst themselves to keep from going [[Photokeratitis|snow-blind]].

They found a small AM [[transistor radio]] jammed between two aircraft seats. Roy Harley improvised a long antenna using electrical wire from the plane<ref name=tragedia>{{cite web |title=La tragedia de los Andes |url=http://www.enlacesuruguayos.com/Tragedia.htm |website=La tragedia de los Andes |access-date=17 July 2018 |language=es |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825121836/http://enlacesuruguayos.com/Tragedia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and on the eleventh day on the mountain heard the terrifying news that their search had been called-off. [[Piers Paul Read]]'s book ''[[Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors]]'' describes how they reacted:

''{{cquote|The others who had clustered around Roy, upon hearing the news, began to sob and pray, all except [Nando] Parrado, who looked calmly up at the mountains which rose to the west. Gustavo [Coco] Nicolich came out of the aircraft and, seeing their faces, knew what they had heard… [Nicolich] climbed through the hole in the wall of suitcases and rugby shirts, crouched at the mouth of the dim tunnel, and looked at the mournful faces looking at him. "Hey boys," he shouted, "there's some good news we just heard on the radio! They've called off the search!" Inside the crowded aircraft there was silence. As the hopelessness of their predicament enveloped them, they wept. "Why the hell is that good news?" Paez shouted angrily at Nicolich. "Because it means," [Nicolich] said, "that we're going to get out of here on our own." The courage of this one man prevented a flood of total despair from overcoming the group.<ref name=piers>{{cite book|author=[[Piers Paul Read|Read, Piers Paul]] |title=Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors|pages=88–89|edition=First}}</ref>}}''

===Resorting to cannibalism===

The survivors had very little food to eat. All told they managed to scrounge together eight chocolate bars, three small jars of jam, a tin of mussels, a tin of almonds, a few dates, some candy, dried plums and several bottles of wine and even though they rationed the food, it only lasted for a week. Parrado only ate a single chocolate-covered peanut in three days.<ref name=live/><ref name= quigley/> Even with their strict rationing, the food supply dwindled quickly. There was no natural vegetation and no animals anywhere in sight for them to eat. They became ill when the food ran out and they ate the cotton stuffing from the seats and leather from belts and shoes.<ref name=live/>

Knowing that rescue efforts had been called off and facing certain death from starvation, the survivors gave each other permission to use their bodies for food in case they died. Left with no alternative, the survivors consumed the bodies of their deceased friends and relatives.<ref name=vlahos>Vlahos, James [http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/national-geographic-expedition-ii.html Return to the Andes] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111606/http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/national-geographic-expedition-ii.html |date=13 June 2018}} 17 July 2006</ref><ref name=live/> Canessa later described the decision to eat the dead:

{{cquote|''Our common goal was to survive, but what we lacked was food. We had long since run out of the meager pickings we'd found on the plane, and there was no vegetation or animal life to be found. After just a few days, we had the sensation that our own bodies were consuming themselves just to remain alive. Before long we would become too weak to recover from starvation.''

''We knew the answer, but the answer was just too terrifying to contemplate.''

''The bodies of our friends and team-mates preserved outside in the snow and ice contained the vital, life-preserving proteins that would keep us alive. But could we do it? For a long time we agonized. I went out in the snow and prayed to God for guidance. Without His consent, I felt I would be violating the memory of my friends, that I would be stealing their souls.''

''We wondered whether we were going mad to even contemplate such a deed. Had we turned into brute savages? Or was this the only alternative for us to survive? Truly, we were pushing the limits of our fear.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/cannibalism-andes-plane-crash-1972-survivors-terrible-decision-stay-alive-a6895781.html|title=Plane crash survivor describes the moment he resorted to cannibalism|website= [[Independent.co.uk|The Independent]]|date=25 February 2016|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171123062437/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/cannibalism-andes-plane-crash-1972-survivors-terrible-decision-stay-alive-a6895781.html| archive-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>}}

The group survived by eating the bodies of their dead comrades. This decision was not taken lightly, as most of the dead were classmates, close friends or relatives. Canessa cut the meat with a shard of broken windshield glass. He set the example by swallowing the first matchstick-sized lump of human flesh. Several others followed suit over the next few days, but a few still kept refusing to eat human flesh or just couldn't bring themselves to eat the life-saving protein.<ref name=quigley/>

In his memoir, ''[[Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home]]'' (2006), Parrado wrote about this decision:

{{cquote|''At high altitude, the body's caloric needs are astronomical. We were seriously starving with no hope of finding food, but our hunger soon grew so voracious that we searched anyway. Again and again we scoured the fuselage in search of crumbs and morsels. We tried to eat strips of leather torn from pieces of luggage, though we knew that the chemicals they'd been treated with would do us more harm than good. We ripped open seat cushions hoping to find straw, but found only inedible upholstery foam. Again and again I came to the same conclusion: Unless we wanted to eat the clothes we were wearing, there was nothing here [to eat] but aluminum, plastic, ice, and rock.''<ref name=parrado/>{{rp|94–95}}}}

Parrado protected the bodies of his mother and sister so they would not be eaten. They dried the meat from the bodies in the sun to make it easier to eat. At first they were so disgusted by the experience that they could only eat skin, muscle and fat, but when they ran out they ate hearts, lungs and even brains.<ref name=parrado/>

All of the passengers were [[Roman Catholic]]. Some feared eating human flesh would lead to eternal [[damnation]]. According to Read, some survivors compared their cannibalism to [[Eucharist|the Eucharist]], i.e. the conversion of bread and wine into the Body and the Blood of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]. Others cited [[John 15#Verse 13|John 15:13]] from the [[Bible]] to justify their cannibalism: 'No man hath greater love than this: That he lay down his life for his friends.'

All who survived the ordeal made the decision to eat human flesh, though not without serious reservations. Javier Methol and his wife Liliana, the only surviving female passenger at the time, were the last to eat human flesh. Liliana had very strong religious convictions against doing so and only reluctantly agreed to eat after someone suggested that doing so was akin to receiving the [[Holy Communion]].<ref name=munger/><ref>[https://www.ncregister.com/features/return-from-the-valley-of-tears Return From the Valley of Tears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102225854/https://www.ncregister.com/features/return-from-the-valley-of-tears |date=2 January 2022 }}, NCRegister.</ref>

===First Avalanche===

Close to midnight on 29 October and seventeen days after the crash, an [[avalanche]] struck the fuselage while the survivors were asleep, almost completely filling the fuselage with snow and ice and smothering eight people to death: Enrique Platero, Liliana Methol, Gustavo Nicolich, Daniel Maspons, Juan Menendez, Diego Storm, Carlos Roque and Marcelo Perez. The death of Perez, rugby team captain and leader of the survivors, along with the loss of Liliana Methol, who had nursed many injured passengers "like a mother and a saint", were particularly difficult to bear for the remaining survivors.<ref name=true/><ref name=munger>{{cite web |title=An iron cross in the mountains: The lonely site of the 1972 Andes flight disaster. |url=https://seanmunger.com/2014/10/13/an-iron-cross-in-the-mountains-the-lonely-site-of-the-1972-andes-flight-disaster/ |website=SeanMunger.com |access-date=14 June 2018 |date=13 October 2014 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195003/https://seanmunger.com/2014/10/13/an-iron-cross-in-the-mountains-the-lonely-site-of-the-1972-andes-flight-disaster/ }}</ref>

The avalanche completely buried the fuselage filling it to within {{convert|1|m}} of the ceiling. The survivors trapped inside quickly realized they would soon run out of air. Parrado took a metal pole from the luggage racks and used it to pry open one of the cockpit windscreens and to poke a hole through the snow for fresh air.<ref>Vierci, Paulo. 2022. La sociedad de la nieve, 2nd ed. pp. 176-177. Editorial Alreves, S.L., Bercelona, Spain</ref><ref>Read, Piers Paul. 1972. Alive!: The story of the Andes survivors</ref> On the morning of 31 October they were able to dig an exit tunnel with considerable difficulty from the cockpit to the surface, only to be faced with a [[blizzard]] that made them crawl back into the fuselage.

The blizzard raged furiously for three days trapping the survivors together with the bodies of the deceased inside the snow-filled fuselage. On the third day they began to eat the flesh of their newly deceased friends. Parrado later said: "It was soft and greasy, streaked with blood and bits of wet cartilage. I gagged hard when I placed it in my mouth."<ref name=true/><ref name=live/>

With Perez dead, Daniel Fernández and cousins Eduardo and Fito Strauch assumed the leadership of the group. They took over harvesting the flesh from the deceased and distributing it for others to eat.<ref name=vlahos/>

Before the avalanche a few survivors insisted the only way to survive would be to climb over the mountains to get help. Because the co-pilot kept repeating before he died that the aircraft had overflown Curicó, the survivors believed the Chilean countryside was closest at only a few kilometres to the west. Unbeknownst to them, they had crashed deep in the Andes mountain range and the Chilean countryside was a distant {{convert|89|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the west. As the days passed, with the advent of summer the temperature rose and the snow that had buried the fuselage began to melt away.

===Exploring the area surrounding the crash site===

In the first few weeks after the crash some survivors set out on brief expeditions to explore the immediate vicinity of the aircraft but they found that [[altitude sickness]], [[dehydration]], snow blindness, [[malnourishment]] and the extreme night-time cold made it impossible to travel any significant distance from the crash site.<ref name=safety>{{cite web |title=When dead reckoning became deadly: remembering the Andes air disaster {{!}} Flight Safety Australia |url=http://www.flightsafetyaustralia.com/2017/10/when-dead-reckoning-became-deadly-remembering-the-andes-air-disaster/ |website=Flight Safety Australia |access-date=20 June 2018 |date=13 October 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620074340/http://www.flightsafetyaustralia.com/2017/10/when-dead-reckoning-became-deadly-remembering-the-andes-air-disaster/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The decision was made for a few survivors to leave on an expedition to get help. Some survivors were determined to join the expedition team, including Canessa (one of the two medical students) but other survivors were less willing to do so or were unsure of their ability to stand up to such a physically-demanding ordeal. Numa Turcatti and Antonio Vizintin were selected to accompany Canessa and Parrado, however Turcatti's wounded leg had become [[sepsis|infected]] so he was unable to join the expedition. Canessa, Parrado and Vizintín were among the most physically fit and were allocated larger rations of meat to build their strength for the expedition and the warmest clothes to withstand the night-time cold they would have to face on the mountain.<ref name=vlahos/> They were also excused from carrying out the daily tasks essential to the group's survival so they could focus on training for the upcoming ordeal. At Canessa's urging, they waited the better part of a week for temperatures to increase.

The expedition aimed to head west to Chile but the large mountain on the western rim of the glacier's cirque presented a formidable obstacle so instead the team of three decided to head east. They hoped the valley would make a U-turn to the west that would lead them to Chile. On 15 November after several hours of walking {{convert|1|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} downhill east of the fuselage, they found the tail section of the aircraft with the galley mostly intact. They also found luggage with a box of chocolates, three meat patties, a bottle of rum, cigarettes, extra clothes, comic books, some medicine and, most importantly, they also found the aircraft's radio. They decided to seek shelter for the night inside the tail section, started a fire to stay warm and stayed up late reading comic books.<ref name=vlahos/>

The next morning they continued descending to the east, but on the second night of the expedition they nearly froze to death, so they decided it would be better to return to the tail section to remove the aircraft's batteries and take them back to the fuselage to try to power-up the radio and [[SOS|call]] Santiago for help.<ref name=live/>

===Radio inoperative===

The {{convert|24|kg|adj=on}} aircraft batteries were far too heavy to carry back to the fuselage, an uphill climb in the deep snow from the tail section. Instead they decided it would be better to return to the fuselage to bring the radio back to the tail section to connect it to the batteries. Roy Harley used his knowledge as an amateur electronics enthusiast to assist in the process. Unbeknownst to them, the aircraft's [[avionics]] required 115 Volt [[alternating current|AC]] power while the battery from the tail section only supplied 24 Volt [[direct current|DC]],<ref name=tragedia/> thus dooming their plan from the start.

They gave up after several days of not being able to make the radio work and returned to the fuselage realizing they would have to climb out of the mountains on their own terms to get help if they were to have any chance of surviving. Along the way they were struck by another blizzard and Harley wanted to just give-up and die, but Parrado wouldn't have any of it and helped him back to the fuselage.<ref name=vlahos/>

===Three more deaths===

Arturo Nogueira died on 15 November and three days later, Rafael Echavarren also died, both from their infected wounds. Numa Turcatti, whose extreme revulsion against eating human flesh dramatically accelerated his physical decline, died on day 60 (11 December) weighing only 25 kg (55 pounds). The remaining survivors knew they would all die if they didn't leave soon to get help.<ref name=live/> The survivors heard on the transistor radio that the Uruguayan Air Force had resumed searching for them.<ref name=historia/>

==Expedition to Chile to get help==

===Making a sleeping bag===

The remaining survivors came to the realization that the only way out was to climb over the mountains on the western rim of the glacier's cirque, and that such a climb was impossible unless they found a way to survive the freezing night-time temperatures they would find at altitude. They fashioned a [[sleeping bag]] with insulation from the rear of the fuselage, electrical wire and the waterproof fabric that covered the plane's air conditioning unit.<ref name=paez/><ref name=live/> Parrado described in his book, ''Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home'', how they came up with the idea of making a sleeping bag:

{{blockquote|''The second challenge would be to protect ourselves from exposure, especially after sundown. At this time of year, we could expect daytime temperatures well above freezing, but the nights were still cold enough to kill us, and we knew now that we couldn't expect to find shelter on the open slopes.''

''We needed a way to survive the long nights without freezing and the quilted insulation we'd taken from the tail section gave us our solution. As we brainstormed about the upcoming trip, we realized we could sew the patches together to create a large warm quilt. Then we realized that by folding the quilt in half and stitching the edges together, we could create an insulated sleeping bag large enough for the three of us to sleep in. With the heat from of our three bodies trapped by the insulation, we might be able to survive even the coldest nights.''

''Carlitos [Páez] took on the challenge. His mother had taught him to sew when he was a boy and with needles and thread from the sewing kit he found in his mother's vanity case, he began to work. To speed up progress, Carlitos taught others to sew, and we all took our turns. Coche [Inciarte], Gustavo [Zerbino], and Fito [Strauch] turned out to be our best and fastest tailors.''<ref name=parrado>{{cite book|year=2006|author-link=Nando Parrado |last1=Parrado |first1=Nando|last2= Rause |first2= Vince |title=[[Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home]] |publisher=Perfection Learning Corporation |isbn= 978-0-7569-8847-0}}</ref>}}

Turcatti died after the sleeping bag was completed. Canessa was still hesitant about the trip. While the remaining survivors encouraged Parrado to go on the expedition, no one actually volunteered to go with him. Parrado finally persuaded Canessa it was time to set out and together with Vizintín, the three expeditionaries took to the mountain on 12 December.<ref name=live>{{cite web|url= http://survivaltolive.blogspot.com/2014/02/i-will-not-die-on-this-mountain.html|title=Survival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911231531/http://survivaltolive.blogspot.com/2014/02/i-will-not-die-on-this-mountain.html |first1=Bondan |last1=Stymulan |date=5 February 2014|archive-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>

===Climbing the western peak===

{{See also|Mount Seler}}

[[File:Crash site.JPG|right|thumb|The survivors' expedition had to climb the western rim of the glacier cirque before descending into Chile. A rock pile memorializing the victims and survivors is in the foreground.]]

Without any [[mountaineering]] gear at all, on 12 December 1972 Parrado, Canessa and Vizintín began climbing the glacier at an altitude of {{convert|3570|m}} aiming for the {{convert|4670|m}} western ridge of the glacier's cirque blocking their way to the west. They managed to cross the ridge and then descended and trekked for over ten days, traveling 61 km (38 miles)<ref>{{cite web|date=5 October 2012|title=I Am Alive: The Crash of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 |page= 2 |url=http://www.history.com/topics/alive/page2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005093602/http://www.history.com/topics/alive/page2|archive-date=5 October 2012|access-date=22 November 2018|website=History.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 August 2012|title=Survivor of 1972 Andes plane crash trusts Dallas firm to tell his tale in film {{!}} Cheryl Hall Columns – Business News for Dallas, Texas – The Dallas Morning News|url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/business/columnists/cheryl-hall/20101019-Survivor-of-1972-Andes-plane-crash-3815.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831162816/http://www.dallasnews.com:80/business/columnists/cheryl-hall/20101019-Survivor-of-1972-Andes-plane-crash-3815.ece|archive-date=31 August 2012|access-date=22 November 2018|website=dallasnews.com}}</ref> to get help.<ref name=live/> Based on the aircraft's [[altimeter]], they thought they were at {{convert|7000|ft}}, when they were actually at about {{convert|11800|ft|0}}. Given the pilot's dying statement that they had overflown Curicó, they estimated they were near the western edge of the Andes and therefore the closest help lay due west. As a result, they only brought along a three-day supply of meat for the three of them.<ref name=historia/>

Parrado wore three pairs of jeans, three sweaters over a polo shirt and four pairs of socks wrapped in a plastic shopping bag. They had no [[rock climbing]] gear, no area map, no compass and certainly no climbing experience. Instead of climbing the somewhat lower ridge to the south, they headed straight up the steep 60 degree slopes of the mountain to the peak.<ref name=home/> They estimated they would reach the peak in only a day. Parrado took the lead with the other two often asking him to slow down. The thin [[Hypoxia_(environmental)#Atmospheric_hypoxia|oxygen-poor]] air made climbing difficult. During certain sections of the climb they sank up to their hips in the summer-softened snow.<ref name=live/>

Their home-brewed sleeping bag did keep them alive through the frigid nights. In the documentary film ''[[Stranded: I've Come from a Plane that Crashed in the Mountains|Stranded]]'', Canessa described how on the first night they had difficulty finding level ground to place the sleeping bag on. A blizzard blew fiercely and they finally found a rocky ledge at the edge of a cliff level enough for the sleeping bag. Canessa said it was the worst night of his life. The climb was slow and tedious. The survivors at the base camp watched them climb for three long days. On the second day up the mountain Canessa thought he saw a road to the east and tried to persuade Parrado to head in that direction. Parrado disagreed and they were unable to reach an agreement.<ref name=historia/>

On the third morning after starting out Canessa stayed back at the camp site. Vizintín and Parrado reached the base of a nearly-vertical wall one hundred meter (330 feet) tall wall. The wall was covered with snow and ice. Parrado was determined to hike out or die trying so he used a stick he brought along to carve steps in the ice wall. He made the summit of the {{convert|4650|m}} high peak before Vizintín. Believing he would see the green valleys of Chile to the west, he was stunned when he was faced with unending snow-capped mountain peaks extending in every direction as far as the eye could see. They had climbed a mountain deep in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile and that border was several tens of kilometres from the green valleys of Chile. Vizintín and Parrado descended and rejoined Canessa as the sun set. They sipped cognac from a bottle they had found in the tail section of the aircraft and Parrado said: "Roberto, can you imagine how beautiful this would be if we were not walking dead?"<ref name=home/>

They realized their rescue-seeking expedition was going to take much longer than they had anticipated. They were running low on food so Vizintín offered to return to base camp to save the food for the remaining two so they could complete their journey and get help. Vizintín's return was entirely downhill and he used an aircraft seat as a makeshift [[sleigh]] to make it back down to base camp within the hour.<ref name=historia/>

===A stunning view===

Parrado and Canessa took three hours to climb to the summit. Canessa thought: "We're dead!" when he reached the summit and only saw snow-capped mountains in every direction as far as the eye could see.<ref name=live/> But Parrado saw two lower peaks near the western horizon that were clear of snow, with the valley at the foot of their mountain slowly winding its way towards those peaks. Parrado was sure the valley was the way out of the mountains and refused to give up hope. Canessa agreed to go west with him. Only much later did Canessa learn that the road he had seen to the east of the crash would have been an easier trek and would have gotten them rescued sooner.<ref name=home>{{cite web|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/1824341/long-way-home|title=The Long Way Home – Outside Online|date=1 May 2006|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617042946/https://www.outsideonline.com/1824341/long-way-home|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Connelly |first1=Sherryl |title=Survivor of 1972 Andes plane crash who resorted to cannibalism reveals struggle in new book, 'I Had to Survive' – NY Daily News |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/andes-crash-survivor-ate-friends-tells-new-book-article-1.2538568 |website=nydailynews.com |access-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112130258/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/andes-crash-survivor-ate-friends-tells-new-book-article-1.2538568 |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>

While on the summit Parrado told Canessa: "We may be walking to our deaths, but I would rather walk to meet my death than wait for it to come to me." Canessa agreed: "You and I are friends, Nando. We have been through so much. Now let's go die together."<ref name=home/> They followed the ridge towards the valley for a considerable distance as they descended.

[[File:Volcan-tinguiririca.svg|thumb|The survivors' 10-day {{convert|61|km|mi|abbr=on}} descent route due west (green dotted line).]]

===Finding help===

Parrado and Canessa hiked down for seven more days into Chile. They reached the narrow valley that Parrado had seen from the top of the mountain, where they found the source of the San José river, an affluent of the Portillo river, in turn an affluent of the Azufre river near the Chilean village of Los Maitenes. They continued descending along the river and reached the [[snowline]].<ref name=live/><ref name=historia/> Gradually they started seeing ever more signs of human life: First evidence of a campsite and finally on the ninth day a herd of cows.

Canessa was exhausted and unable to keep walking so they rested for the evening.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} As they gathered wood for a fire, they saw three men on horseback on the other side of the river. Parrado called out to them but the sound of the river's rushing snowmelt drowned out his voice. One of the men across the river saw Parrado and Canessa and shouted back: "Tomorrow!" The next day the man returned, scribbled a note, tied the note with a pencil to a stone and threw the stone across the river to Parrado. Parrado replied:<ref name=live/><ref name=historia/>

[[File:Viven5.jpg|thumb|Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa (sitting) with Chilean ''[[arriero]]'' Sergio Catalán]]

{{Cquote|''{{lang|es|Vengo de un avión que se estrelló en las montañas. Soy uruguayo. Hace 10 días que estamos caminando. Tengo un amigo herido arriba. En el avión quedan 14 personas heridas. Tenemos que salir rápido de aquí y no sabemos cómo. No tenemos comida. Estamos muy débiles. ¿Cuándo nos van a buscar arriba? Por favor, no podemos ni caminar. ¿Dónde estamos?}}'' 

''English: I come from an airplane that crashed in the mountains. I am Uruguayan. We have been walking for 10 days. I have a wounded friend up there. In the plane there are still 14 injured people. We need to get out of here quickly and we don't know how to. We don't have any food. We are very weak. When are you going to come to get us? Please, we can't even walk. Where are we?''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/as-the-final-expedition.html|title=The final expedition|website=Alpine Expeditions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814183828/http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/as-the-final-expedition.html|archive-date=14 August 2016}}</ref>}}

Sergio Catalán, a Chilean ''[[arriero]]'', read the note and made signs that he understood. One of the ''arrieros'' remembered that several weeks ago an acquaintance had asked if they had heard about the airplane that crashed in the Andes. The ''arrieros'' could not imagine that anyone would still be alive. Catalán threw a loaf of bread to the two expeditioners across the river and rode due west for ten hours to get help.<ref name=live/><ref name=historia/>

During the trip Catalán ran into another ''arriero'' on the south bank of the Azufre river and asked him to ride towards the survivors and take them to the Los Maitenes village. Catalán then followed the river to its junction with the Tinguiririca river, crossed a bridge and followed the narrow route to the holiday resort of Termas del Flaco. There he hailed a truck that took him to the police station at the village of Puente Negro<ref name=live/><ref name=historia/> where the police relayed news of the survivors to the [[Chilean Army]] command in the village of [[San Fernando, Chile|San Fernando]], who in turn contacted Chilean Army headquarters in Santiago.

In the meantime Parrado and Canessa arrived on horseback at Los Maitenes where they were fed and allowed to rest. They had hiked an incredible {{convert|61|km|mi|abbr=on}} under life-threatening conditions in ten days.<ref name=live/> Canessa lost half of his body weight and after the plane crash and rescue expedition trek he only weighed {{convert|44|kg}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/alive-rugby-teams-fabled-survival-in-andes-10343588|title=Alive: Rugby Team's Fabled Survival In Andes|website=Sky News|access-date=16 June 2018|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015424/https://news.sky.com/story/alive-rugby-teams-fabled-survival-in-andes-10343588|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=historia/>

===Helicopter rescue===

The story of the survivor's ordeal drew international attention from the media when the news broke that after Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 had crashed they managed to survive for 72 days high in the Andes mountains completely on their own.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sitio Oficial del accidente de los Andes – Historia|url=http://www.viven.com.uy/571/historia.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702070429/http://www.viven.com.uy/571/historia.asp|archive-date=2 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|website=Viven.com.uy}}</ref> A crowd of international reporters hiked several kilometers from Puente Negro up to Termas del Flaco. The reporters clamored to interview Parrado and Canessa about the crash and their survival.<ref name=tragedia/>

The [[Chilean Air Force]] provided three [[Bell UH-1N Twin Huey|Bell UH-1]] helicopters to assist with the rescue. They flew in heavy cloud cover under instrument conditions to Los Maitenes, where the Army interviewed Parrado and Canessa. Once the fog lifted at noon, Parrado guided the helicopters to the crash site in Argentina with the pilot's map he had brought with him. One of the helicopters remained behind as backup. The pilots were amazed at the difficult terrain the two expeditionaries had managed to cross to get help.<ref name=tragedia/>

The two helicopters arrived at the crash site on the afternoon of 22 December 1972. The steep terrain only allowed the pilots to touch down with a single skid and the helicopters were only able to rescue half the survivors due to the weight limit imposed by the altitude. Four of the rescuers volunteered to stay behind with the remaining seven survivors for their last night on the mountain.<ref name=tragedia/> The next day the rescue helicopters made their second flight arriving at daybreak. The last remaining survivors were rescued on 23 December 1972, more than two months after the crash.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|title=Uruguayan Air Force flight 571 {{!}} Crash, Rescue, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Uruguayan-Air-Force-flight-571|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614165045/https://www.britannica.com/event/Uruguayan-Air-Force-flight-571|archive-date=14 June 2018|access-date=14 June 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The survivors were taken to hospitals in Santiago for evaluation and were treated for altitude sickness, dehydration, [[frostbite]], broken bones, [[scurvy]] and [[malnutrition]].<ref name=tragedia/>

Normally the search and rescue team would have also recovered the remains of the dead for burial. However because recovery would have had to be made from Argentine soil, the Chilean rescuers decided to leave the bodies behind until Argentine authorities decided how to proceed. The Chilean military photographed the bodies and mapped the crash site before returning to Chile.<ref name=quigley/>

[[File:Museo Andes.jpg|thumb|The [[Andes Museum 1972|museum]] dedicated to the victims and survivors of the crash in [[Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo]], Uruguay]]

==Aftermath==

===Cannibalism revealed===

The survivors told the press they had managed to stay alive eating cheese and other food items they had brought with them, and after these ran out, local vegetation. They planned to discuss the actual details of how they survived, including their cannibalism, first only with their families. False rumors circulated in Montevideo saying they had killed some of the survivors for food.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/11/05/after-the-andes/962054ad-fde2-4c87-9e6d-c656fee2dc49/|title=After the Andes|first=Charles A.|last=Krause|date=5 November 1978|via=www.washingtonpost.com|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043006/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/11/05/after-the-andes/962054ad-fde2-4c87-9e6d-c656fee2dc49/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 December, news reports of cannibalism were published worldwide, except in Uruguay. On 26 December, two pictures taken by members of Cuerpo de Socorro Andino (Andean Relief Corps) of a half-eaten human leg were printed on the front page of two Chilean newspapers, ''[[El Mercurio]]'' and ''La Tercera de la Hora'',<ref name=quigley/> who reported that the survivors had resorted to cannibalism to survive.<ref>''Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors'' {{ISBN|978-0-09943-249-4}} p. 288</ref>

The survivors held a press conference on 28 December at the [[Stella Maris College (Montevideo)|Stella Maris College]] in Montevideo to tell the story of their 72-day ordeal.<ref name=historia>{{cite web |url=http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/historia.asp |title=Alive: The Andes Accident 1972 |website=Viven.com.yu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723173545/http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/historia.asp |archive-date=23 July 2008}}</ref> Alfredo Delgado acted as the spokesman for the survivors. He compared their actions to that of [[Jesus]] at the [[Last Supper]], during which he gave his disciples the Eucharist.<ref name=cannibal>{{cite magazine |last1=Worrall |first1=Simon |title=After the Plane Crash{{snd}}and the Cannibalism{{snd}}a Life of Hope |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160403-andes-uruguay-rugby-cannibal-plane-crash-canessa-ngbooktalk/ |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=14 June 2018 |date=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103115257/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160403-andes-uruguay-rugby-cannibal-plane-crash-canessa-ngbooktalk/ |archive-date=3 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Redd |first1=Wyatt |title=A Plane Carrying 45 People Crashed In The Andes – 16 Of Them Survived By Eating The Others |url=http://allthatsinteresting.com/miracle-in-the-andes-uruguayan-flight-571 |website=All That's Interesting |access-date=14 June 2018 |date=21 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614165045/http://allthatsinteresting.com/miracle-in-the-andes-uruguayan-flight-571 |archive-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> The survivors initially faced a backlash of public opinion, but after they explained the pact the survivors had made amongst themselves to sacrifice their flesh in case of death to help the others survive, the outcry subsided and their families became more understanding.<ref name=piers/> A Catholic priest heard the survivors' confessions and reassured them they were not going to be damned for cannibalism, given the ''[[wikt:in extremis|in extremis]]'' nature of their survival situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/as-the-return-to-uruguay.html|title=AS The return to Uruguay|website=Alpine Expeditions|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303020953/https://www.alpineexpeditions.net/as-the-return-to-uruguay.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The news of their survival, and the cannibalism they were forced to resort to, drew world-wide attention and developed into a [[media circus]].<ref name=vlahos/>

===Remains buried at the crash site===

The Argentine authorities and the victims' families decided to bury the remains of the victims at the crash site in a [[common grave]]. Thirteen bodies were whole while another 15 consisted only of skeletal remains.<ref name=quigley/> Twelve men and a Chilean priest were taken to the crash site on 18 January 1973. Family members were not allowed to attend. They dug a grave {{convert|1/4|to|1/2|mi|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} from the aircraft fuselage at a location they deemed protected from avalanches.<ref name=quigley/> They built a simple stone altar near the grave and placed an orange iron cross on its top. They also made a memorial out of a pile of rocks they gathered and placed a plaque on it with the inscription:<ref>{{cite web |title=Alive: The Andes Accident 1972 {{!}} Official Site {{!}} |url=http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/memoria.asp |website=www.viven.com.uy |access-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209085937/http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/memoria.asp |archive-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>

{{cquote|
''{{lang|es|EL MUNDO A SUS HERMANOS URUGUAYOS CERCA, OH DIOS DE TI}}'' 

''[English: The world to its Uruguayan brothers Close, oh God, to you]''
}}

They doused the remains of aircraft wreckage with gasoline and set it on fire. Eduardo Strauch later wrote in his book ''Out of the Silence'' that the bottom half of the fuselage, covered in snow and thus spared by the fire, was still there when he returned in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Memories|website=Viven.com.uy|url=http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/memoria.asp|access-date=16 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204065719/http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/memoria.asp|archive-date=4 February 2010}}</ref>

Ricardo Echavarren, the father of one of the victims, received word from a survivor that his son had wished to be buried at home. Unable to obtain official permission from Argentine authorities to retrieve his son's body, Echavarren hired guides and mounted an illegal expedition of his own. He had arranged with the priest who had buried his son to mark the [[body bag]] with his son's remains. Upon returning to the abandoned Hotel Termas El Sosneado, he was arrested for [[graverobbing|grave robbery]]. A federal judge and the local mayor interceded to secure his release and Echavarren was later authorized to make funeral arrangements for his son.<ref name=quigley/>

==Timeline==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Timeline
! Day ||Date !! Events and deaths || Dead || Missing || Alive
|-
| Day 0 || 12 October (Thu) || Departed Montevideo, Uruguay || || || 45
|-
| Day 1 || 13 October (Fri) || Departed Mendoza, Argentina 2:18{{nbsp}}p.m. 
Crashed at 3:34{{nbsp}}p.m. 
Fell from aircraft, missing:
* Gastón Costemalle* (law student)
* Alejio Hounié* (veterinary student)
* Guido Magri* (agronomy student)
* Joaquín Ramírez (flight attendant)
* Ramón Martínez (navigator)
* Daniel Shaw* (cattle rancher)
* Carlos Valeta (prep student)
Died in crash or soon thereafter:
* Colonel Julio César Ferradas (pilot)
* Dr. Francisco Nicola (team physician)
* Esther Horta Pérez de Nicola (wife of team physician)
* Eugenia Dolgay Diedug de Parrado (Fernando and Susana Parrado's mother)
* Fernándo Vázquez
|| 5 || 7|| 33
|-
| Day 2 || 14 October (Sat) || Died during first night:
* Francisco "Panchito" Abal*
* Felipe Maquirriain
* Julio Martínez-Lamas*
* Lt. Col. Dante Héctor Lagurara (co-pilot)
Died:
* Graziela Augusto Gumila de Mariani (wedding guest)
|| 10|| 7|| 28
|-
| Day 9 || 21 October (Sat) || Died:
* Susana Parrado (Fernando Parrado's sister)
|| 11|| 7|| 27
|-
| Day 12 || 24 October (Tue) || Found deceased:
* Gastón Costemalle*
* Alejio Hounié*
* Guido Magri*
* Joaquín Ramírez
* Ramón Martínez
|| 16|| 2|| 27
|-
| Day 17 || 29 October (Sun) || Avalanche kills eight:
* Sgt. Carlos Roque (aircraft mechanic)
* Daniel Maspons*
* Juan Carlos Menéndez
* Liliana Navarro Petraglia de Methol (wife of Javier Methol)
* Gustavo "Coco" Nicolich* (veterinary student)
* Marcelo Pérez* (rugby team captain)
* Enrique Platero* (farming student)
* Diego Storm (medical student)
|| 24|| 2|| 19
|-
| Day 34 || 15 November (Wed) || Died:
* Arturo Nogueira* (economics student)
|| 25|| 2|| 18
|-
| Day 37 || 18 November (Sat) || Died:
* Rafael Echavarren (dairy farming student)
|| 26|| 2|| 17
|-
| Day 60 || 11 December (Mon) || Died:
* Numa Turcatti (law student)
|| 27|| 2|| 16
|-
| Day 61 || 12 December (Tues) || Parrado, Canessa and Vizintin set off to find help || 27|| 2|| 16
|-
| Day 62 || 13 December (Wed) || Found deceased:
* Daniel Shaw
|| 28|| 1|| 16
|-
| Day 63 || 14 December (Thu) || Found deceased:
* Carlos Valeta
|| 29|| || 16
|-
| Day 64 || 15 December (Fri) || Antonio Vizintin returns to the fuselage || 29|| || 16
|-
| Day 69 || 20 December (Wed) || Parrado and Canessa encounter Sergio Catalán || 29|| || 16
|-
| Day 70 || 21 December (Thu) || Parrado and Canessa rescued || 29|| || 16
|-
| Day 71 || 22 December (Fri) || 6 people rescued:

* José Pedro Algorta
* Daniel Fernández
* José "Coche" Luis Inciarte
* Álvaro Mangino
* Carlos Páez Rodríguez
* Eduardo Strauch
|| 29|| || 16
|-
| Day 72 || 23 December (Sat) || 8 people rescued:
* Alfredo "Pancho" Delgado
* Roberto "Bobby" François
* Roy Harley*
* Javier Methol
* Ramón "Moncho" Sabella
* Adolfo "Fito" Strauch*
* Antonio "Tintin" Vizintín*
* Gustavo Zerbino*
|| 29|| || 16
|}

==Survivors==

[[File:Andes survivors Venice.jpg|thumb|Survivors Canessa, Páez Rodríguez and Parrado (from the left) attend the [[2023 Venice Film Festival|Venice]] prémiere of the movie ''[[Society of the Snow]]'' with their wives in 2023]]
* [[Roberto Canessa]]* (medical student)
* [[Nando Parrado]]*
* [[Carlos Páez Rodríguez]]*
* José Pedro Algorta (economics student)
* Alfredo "Pancho" Delgado
* Daniel Fernández
* Roberto "Bobby" François
* Roy Harley*
* José "Coche" Luis Inciarte† <ref>{{cite web|url = https://news.yahoo.com/miracle-andes-crash-survivor-dies-183649391.html|title = Miracle in the Andes Crash Survivor Dies Half Century Later|website = [[Yahoo News]]|date = 27 July 2023|agency = AFP|access-date = 2 August 2023|archive-date = 2 August 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230802032648/https://news.yahoo.com/miracle-andes-crash-survivor-dies-183649391.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Álvaro Mangino
* Javier Methol†<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/javier-methol-businessman-who-survived-for-72-days-in-the-andes-after-his-plane-crashed-in-1972-10318866.html|title = Javier Methol: Businessman who survived for 72 days in the Andes after his plane crashed in 1972|website = [[The Independent]]|date = 14 June 2015|last = Davison|first = Phil|access-date = 2 November 2018|archive-date = 8 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200608190026/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/javier-methol-businessman-who-survived-for-72-days-in-the-andes-after-his-plane-crashed-in-1972-10318866.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Ramón "Moncho" Sabella
* Adolfo "Fito" Strauch
* Eduardo Strauch
* Antonio "Tintin" Vizintín*
* Gustavo Zerbino (medical student)

<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Rugby players''

† ''Survivor since deceased''

==Legacy==

[[File:Montañistas.jpg|thumb|Hikers at the memorial dedicated to crash victims and survivors.]]

The survivors' courage under life-threatening conditions has been described as "a beacon of hope to [their] generation, showing what can be accomplished with persistence and determination in the face of unsurpassable odds when we set our minds to attain a common goal".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airpressman.com/air-forces/the-ghost-of-uruguayan-air-force-571/|title=The Ghost of Uruguayan Air Force 571 – Airpressman|date=22 October 2015|access-date=16 June 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616055407/http://airpressman.com/air-forces/the-ghost-of-uruguayan-air-force-571/|url-status=live}}</ref> The story of the crash is described in the [[Andes Museum 1972]], dedicated in 2013 in [[Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mandes.uy/|title=Museo Andes 1972 -mandes.uy-|website=www.mandes.uy|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712061905/http://mandes.uy/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1973 the mothers of 11 of the victims who died in the crash founded the Our Children Library in Uruguay to promote reading and teaching.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bibliotecanuestroshijos.org.uy/quienes-somos/equipo/|title=Fundadoras de la Biblioteca Nuestros hijos|website=Biblioteca Nuestros Hijos|language=es|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117085020/http://bibliotecanuestroshijos.org.uy/quienes-somos/equipo/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=lared21>{{cite web |title=Tragedia de los Andes: sus protagonistas celebran la vida 40 años después |url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/1066567-tragedia-de-los-andes-protagonistas-celebran-la-vida-40-anos-despues |website=LARED21 |access-date=22 November 2018 |language=es |date=12 October 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135357/http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/1066567-tragedia-de-los-andes-protagonistas-celebran-la-vida-40-anos-despues |url-status=live }}</ref> Family members of victims of the doomed flight founded Fundación Viven<ref>{{cite web |title=Fundación Viven |url=https://www.facebook.com/pagina.fundacion.viven/ |website=Fundación Viven |publisher=Facebook |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref> in 2006 to preserve the legacy of the flight, the memory of the victims and to support [[organ donation]].<ref name=lared21/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Page in homage to victims by the survivors of the Andes |website=Fundación Viven |access-date=23 May 2021 |url=http://fundacionviven.org/ |language=es |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523205215/http://fundacionviven.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Every year the crash site continues to attract hundreds of visitors from all over the world to pay tribute to the victims and survivors and to learn about how they managed to survive.<ref name=tour/> The trip to the site takes three days. Four-wheel drive vehicles take visitors from the village of El Sosneado in Mendoza to Puesto Araya near the abandoned Hotel Termas El Sosneado. From there, travelers either continue on horseback or walk for three days to reach the crash site. They spend their first night in the Valley of Tears at the El Barroso camp site. On the third day, they reach the Las Lágrimas glacier and the crash site.<ref name=tour>{{cite web|url=http://www.bruniaventura.com.ar/cab1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523133332/http://www.bruniaventura.com.ar/cab1.html|archive-date=23 May 2008|title=*** Bruni Aventura *** San Rafael – Mendoza – Argentina|date=23 May 2008}}</ref>

In March 2006, the families of the victims of the crash built a black [[obelisk]] monument at the crash site to memorialize those who lived and died there.<ref>{{cite web |title=December 23: On This Day in World History ... briefly |url=https://southcoastherald.co.za/387607/december-23-day-world-history-briefly-2/ |website=South Coast Herald |access-date=18 March 2020 |date=23 December 2019 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318025953/https://southcoastherald.co.za/387607/december-23-day-world-history-briefly-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007 while being interviewed on Chilean television, ''arriero'' Sergio Catalán revealed he had [[arthrosis]] of the hip. Canessa (who in between had become a doctor) and other survivors responded by raising the money needed to pay for his [[hip replacement]] surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viven.com.uy/571/noticia4.asp|title=El corazón de los Andes|author=Viven|date=15 October 2007|access-date=6 October 2011|language=es|archive-date=2 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102210123/http://www.viven.com.uy/571/noticia4.asp}}</ref> Catalán died on 11 February 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2020/02/12/sergio-catalan-who-helped-save-uruguayans-in-andes-in-1972-passes-away/|title=Sergio Catalán who helped save Uruguayans in Andes in 1972 Passes Away|date=13 February 2020|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726224751/https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2020/02/12/sergio-catalan-who-helped-save-uruguayans-in-andes-in-1972-passes-away/|url-status=live}}</ref> at the age of 91.

==In popular culture==

Over the years the survivors have published books, have been portrayed in films and television productions, and designed an official website about the accident. The incident has been the subject of 26 books, multiple accounts on television, nine documentaries, and four feature films.<ref name=elpais>{{citation |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-10-14/the-andes-flight-disaster-50-years-later.html |title=Cannibalism: The Andes flight disaster, 50 years later |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218195607/https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-10-14/the-andes-flight-disaster-50-years-later.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Books===

*{{cite book|year=1973|author-link=Clay Blair|last=Blair |first=Clay Jr.|title=Survive!|publisher=American Heritage Center – Virtual Exhibits |url=http://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/eduoutreach/exhibits/clay-blair/5.html|access-date=14 October 2012}}

*{{cite book|year=1974|title=[[Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors]]|author-link=Piers Paul Read|last=Read |first=Piers Paul}} Read's book, based on interview of the survivors and their families, was a critical success and remains a highly popular work of non-fiction. Harper published a reprint in 2005, re-titled: ''Alive: Sixteen Men, Seventy-two Days, and Insurmountable Odds – The Classic Adventure of Survival in the Andes''. It includes a revised introduction as well as interviews with Piers Paul Read, Coche Inciarte, and [[Álvaro Mangino]].

*[[Stephen King]] (1977). ''[[The Shining (novel)|The Shining]]''. King references the crash in his book notoriously set at an isolated hotel in the [[Rocky Mountains]] during its harsh winter months. Wendy develops a fear of the hotel's elevator, specifically of being trapped inside with no one else around to save them, and Jack Torrance speculates that "she could see them growing thinner and weaker, starving to death. Or perhaps dining on each other the way those rugby players had."

*{{cite book|year=2006|author1-link=Nando Parrado|last1=Parrado|first1=Nando |last2=Rause |first2=Vince |title=[[Miracle in the Andes]] |publisher=Perfection Learning Corporation |isbn=978-0-7569-8847-0}}

*{{cite book|year=2023|author-link= Pablo Vierci|first=Pablo |last=Vierci |title=The Snow Society}} Drawing on interviews with each of the 16 survivors 36 years after the crash, journalist and former classmate of many of the survivors Pablo Vierci provides an intimate, collective view of the story in chapters from the perspective of each of the sixteen survivors.

*{{cite book|year=2016|author-link= Roberto Canessa |first=Roberto |last=Canessa |title=I Had to Survive: How a Plane Crash in the Andes Inspired My Calling to Save Lives}} In this book, Canessa recalls how the plane crash helped him learn many life lessons about survival, and how his time in the mountains helped renew his motivation to become a doctor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Survivor of 1972 Andes Plane Crash Recalls How Victims Were Forced to Eat Friends' Bodies in New Book I Had to Survive|url=http://www.people.com/article/andes-flight-disaster-survivor-cannibalism-book|work=People|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921040412/http://www.people.com/article/andes-flight-disaster-survivor-cannibalism-book|archive-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>

*{{cite book |year=2019 |last1=Strauch Urioste |first1=Eduardo |title=Out of the Silence: After the Crash |location=United States |isbn=978-1-5420-4295-6 | first2= Mireya |last2= Soriano|date=June 2019 |translator-first=Jennie |translator-last=Erikson}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/09/731044367/story-of-the-1972-andes-plane-crash-in-out-of-the-silence|title=Story Of The 1972 Andes Plane Crash In 'Out Of The Silence'|author=NPR|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518220719/https://www.npr.org/2019/06/09/731044367/story-of-the-1972-andes-plane-crash-in-out-of-the-silence|url-status=live}}</ref> Four decades after the tragedy, a climber discovered survivor Eduardo Strauch's wallet near the memorialized crash site and returned it to him, a gesture that compelled Strauch to finally "break the silence of the mountains".

*{{cite book|year=2022 |first=John |last=Guiver |title=To Play the Game: A History of Flight 571 |publisher=Heddon |isbn=978-1-913166-69-4}} A comprehensive history of the Andes tragedy, appearing fifty years after the event. Retells the story both on and off the mountain, giving an in-depth look at the world from which the passengers came, and an analysis of the possible causes of the accident. The book includes detailed accounts of those who died.

===Film and television===

* ''[[Survive! (film)|Survive!]]'' (1976), also known as ''Supervivientes de los Andes'', is a Mexican feature film production directed by [[René Cardona, Jr.]]{{citation needed|reason=IMDb is [[WP:RS/P|not a reliable source]]|date=December 2022}} and based on Blair's book, ''Survive!'' (1973)<ref>{{cite web|website=American Heritage Center – Virtual Exhibits|last=Blair |first=Clay Jr. |title=Survive! (1973)|url=http://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/eduoutreach/exhibits/clay-blair/5.html|access-date=14 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060315/http://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/eduoutreach/exhibits/clay-blair/5.html|archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>

*The incident is mentioned in the 1978 survival film ''[[Cyclone (1978 film)|Cyclone]]''.

*''[[Alive (1993 film)|Alive]]'' (1993) is a feature film directed by [[Frank Marshall (movie producer)|Frank Marshall]], narrated by [[John Malkovich]], and starring [[Ethan Hawke]], based on Read's book ''Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors''. Nando Parrado served as a technical adviser to the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3650294/Alive-and-well.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3650294/Alive-and-well.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Alive and well |last=Read |first=Piers Paul |date=19 February 2006 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |access-date=11 October 2018 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Eleven of the survivors visited the set during the production.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/12/21/echoes-of-a-crash-unheard-of/9df1d17c-3327-4e2a-a81e-e777fb056ac9/ |title=Echoes of a Crash Unheard Of |last=Podesta |first=Don |date=21 December 1992 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=11 October 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014451/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/12/21/echoes-of-a-crash-unheard-of/9df1d17c-3327-4e2a-a81e-e777fb056ac9/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

*''[[Alive: 20 Years Later]]'' (1993) is a documentary film produced, directed, and written by Jill Fullerton-Smith and narrated by [[Martin Sheen]]. It explores the lives of the survivors 20 years after the crash and discusses their participation in the production of ''Alive: The Miracle of the Andes''.

*''[[Stranded (2007 film)|Stranded]]'' (2007), written and directed by Gonzalo Arijón, is a documentary film interlaced with dramatised scenes. All the survivors are interviewed, along with some of their family members and people involved with the rescue operation, and an expedition in which the survivors return to the crash site is documented. The film premiered at the 2007 [[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]], Netherlands and received the [[Joris Ivens]] Award.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/la-et-arijon8-2008nov08,0,2026091.story|title=The director of 'Stranded' has lived with this story|last=Lee|first=Chris|date=8 November 2008|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=1 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226155804/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/la-et-arijon8-2008nov08,0,2026091.story|archive-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> This film appeared on PBS ''Independent Lens'' as "Stranded: The Andes Plane Crash Survivors" in May 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/stranded/ |work=Independent Lens |title=Stranded: The Andes Plane Crash Survivors |publisher=PBS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718073026/http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/stranded/ |archive-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

*"[[Trapped (National Geographic Channel)#Season 1 (2007)|Trapped: Alive in the Andes]]" (7 November 2007) is a season 1 episode of the [[National Geographic Channel]] documentary television series ''Trapped''. The series examines incidents which left survivors trapped in their situation for a period of time.

*''[[I Am Alive: Surviving the Andes Plane Crash]]'' (20 October 2010) is a documentary film directed by Brad Osborne that first aired on the [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]]. The film mixed reenactments with interviews with the survivors and members of the original search teams. Also interviewed were [[Piers Paul Read]], renowned mountain climber [[Ed Viesturs]], Andes Survivors expert and alpinist Ricardo Peña, historians, expert pilots, and high-altitude medical experts.

*The incident is mentioned in a 2011 horror film ''[[The Divide (2011 film)|The Divide]]''.

*The ''[[Rick and Morty]]'' episode "[[The Vat of Acid Episode]]" parodies the events of the crash and the subsequent survival efforts. The number 571 can be seen on the side of the plane.

*In the ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'' episode "Tickled Pinky", Rocko is listing several dangerous activities he and Pinky have engaged in. The last item on the list is "flying over The Andes with a Brazilian soccer team".

*The 2021 Bengali web series ''[[Robindronath Ekhane Kawkhono Khete Aashenni]]'' loosely portrays the incident.

*The incident was the basis for the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] series ''[[Yellowjackets (TV series)|Yellowjackets]]''.

*The incident is mentioned in the [[HBO]] limited series ''[[Station Eleven (miniseries)|Station Eleven]]''. Episode 7, "Goodbye My Damaged Home".

* ''Prisoners of the Snow'', a documentary produced by ABC News Studios. Airdate: 22 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title="Prisoners Of The Snow" Documentary Series Announced |url=https://whatsondisneyplus.com/prisoners-of-the-snow-documentary-series-announced/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |language=en-us |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518221247/https://whatsondisneyplus.com/prisoners-of-the-snow-documentary-series-announced/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 Crash Survivors Recount Fight for Survival in ABC News 'Prisoners of the Snow' Trailer (Exclusive Video) |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/uruguayan-air-force-flight-571-150000125.html |website=Yahoo Entertainment |access-date=18 May 2023 |date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518221242/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/uruguayan-air-force-flight-571-150000125.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

*''[[Society of the Snow]]'', a feature film about the incident directed by [[J. A. Bayona]], premiered at the 2023 Venice Film Festival. It is Spain's selection for the Best International Feature Film category at the 2024 Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.spainenglish.com/2023/09/21/oscars-spain-bayona-society-of-snow-best-international-film-race// |work=Spain in English |title=J.A.Bayona's 'Society of the Snow' chosen as Spain's Oscar contender |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926051112/https://www.spainenglish.com/2023/09/21/oscars-spain-bayona-society-of-snow-best-international-film-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on Netflix (Canada) on January 1, 2024.

===Stage===

* The play ''Sobrevivir a Los Andes'' (Surviving the Andes) was written by Gabriel Guerrero and premiered on 13 October 2017. Based on the account written by [[Nando Parrado]], it was presented in 2017 at Teatro la Candela in Montevideo, Uruguay and in 2018 at Teatro Regina in Buenos Aires, Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |title="Sobrevivir a los Andes": la primera adaptación teatral del accidente aéreo – 970AM Universal |url=https://970universal.com/2018/05/08/sobrevivir-a-los-andes-la-primera-adaptacion-teatral-del-accidente-aereo/ |website=970AM Universal |access-date=18 July 2018 |language=es |date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024322/https://970universal.com/2018/05/08/sobrevivir-a-los-andes-la-primera-adaptacion-teatral-del-accidente-aereo/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Sobrevivir en los Andes" irrepetible experiencia que llega al teatro |url=https://970universal.com/2017/10/27/sobrevivir-los-andes-irrepetible-experiencia-llega-al-teatro/ |website=970AM Universal |access-date=18 July 2018 |language=es |date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719025912/https://970universal.com/2017/10/27/sobrevivir-los-andes-irrepetible-experiencia-llega-al-teatro/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://casadelteatro.org.ar/2018/05/02/sobrevivir-a-los-andes-martes-y-miercoles-2030hs/ |title=Sobrevivir a los Andes |language=es |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175209/http://casadelteatro.org.ar/2018/05/02/sobrevivir-a-los-andes-martes-y-miercoles-2030hs/ }}</ref>

*''Miracle Flight 571'', composed and created by Lloyd Burritt, is a two-act chamber opera based on the book ''[[Miracle in the Andes]]'' by Nando [[Nando Parrado|Parrado]]. It received its musical premiere at the 2016 ''What Next Festival of Music''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miracle Flight 571|url=http://www.miracleflight571.com/|access-date=9 February 2021|website=miracleflight571.com|language=en-US|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121172404/http://www.miracleflight571.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 What Next Festival of Music brings opera back to Hamilton – Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra|url=https://hpo.org/5970-2/|access-date=9 February 2021|website=hpo.org|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212233740/https://hpo.org/5970-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Music===

*[[Thomas Dolby]]'s debut LP, ''[[The Golden Age of Wireless]]'', contained the instrumental "The Wreck of the Fairchild" (loosely based on the 1972 Uruguayan plane crash) in its first UK edition; this was excised from the first US release but restored on the 2009 remastered collector's edition CD.

*''Miracle in the Andes'', composed and created by musician Adam Young, is a musical score comprising 10 tracks that tell the story of the Andes flight disaster through song.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ayoungscores.com/scores/miracle-in-the-andes/ |title=Miracle in the Andes |website=Adam Young Scores |language=en-US |access-date=11 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214549/https://www.ayoungscores.com/scores/miracle-in-the-andes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

*Punk band [[Charged GBH|GBH]] included a graphic experience of the passengers on the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 in their song "Passenger on the Menu" (1982).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genius.com/Gbh-passenger-on-the-menu-lyrics |title=Passenger on the Menu |publisher=Genius |access-date=11 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214744/https://genius.com/Gbh-passenger-on-the-menu-lyrics |url-status=live }}</ref>

*"The Plot Sickens", by the American metalcore band [[Ice Nine Kills]], appears on their 2015 album ''[[Every Trick in the Book]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-stories-behind-ice-nine-kills-every-trick-in-the-book-album |title=The stories behind Ice Nine Kills' Every Trick In The Book album |magazine=Metal Hammer |publisher=[[Louder Sound]] |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=11 October 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319202258/https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-stories-behind-ice-nine-kills-every-trick-in-the-book-album |url-status=live }}</ref>

*The song "Snowcapped Andes Crash" appears on [[Melody's Echo Chamber]]'s [[Melody's Echo Chamber (album)|self-titled 2012 album]].

===In other Media===

* [[Sarah Marshall (writer)|Sarah Marshall]] and [[Blair Braverman]] chronicled the story in the podcast, [[You're Wrong About]], in October 2022 for its Halloween episode.
* [[Henry Zebrowski]] , [[Marcus Parks]], and [[Ed Larson]] retold the story in great detail on the [[Last Podcast on the Left]] in a three-part series released December 2023.

==See also==

*[[1947 BSAA Avro Lancastrian Star Dust accident]], crashed into Mount Tupungato on 2 August 1947.

*[[LAN-Chile Flight 621]], crashed in the Andes on 3 April 1961.

*[[LANSA Flight 508]]

*[[2023 Caquetá Cessna Stationair crash]]

*[[Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station]]

*[[List of accidents involving sports teams]]

*[[List of incidents of cannibalism]]

*[[Donner Party]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

===Books===

*{{cite book|date=1973|first= Alfonso|last= Alcalde|title=Vivir O Morir|edition=First |asin=B000W6G6W8}}
*{{cite book|author=[[Roberto Canessa|Canessa, Roberto]]|title=I Had to Survive|date=2016 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-6545-7}}
*{{cite book|date=2006|author1=[[Nando Parrado|Parrado, Nando]] |author2=Rause, Vince |title=[[Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home]] |publisher=Perfection Learning Corporation |isbn=978-0-7569-8847-0}}
*{{cite book|date=2005|author= [[Piers Paul Read|Read, Piers Paul]]|title=[[Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors|Alive: Sixteen Men, Seventy-two Days, and Insurmountable Odds – The Classic Adventure of Survival in the Andes]]|publisher= Harper Collins|edition=Reprint |isbn=978-0-380-00321-1}}
*{{cite book|date=2008|first= Paulo|last= Verci|title=La Sociedad de la Nieve: Por Primera Vez Los 16 Sobrevivientes Cuentan la Historia Completa [English: ''The Snow Society: For the First Time The 16 Survivors Tell the Complete Story'']|publisher= Editorial Sudamericana|isbn=978-950-07-2975-8}}

===Articles===

*{{cite news|author=Dowling, Claudia Glenn|title=Still Alive|work=[[Life Magazine|Life]]|date=February 1993|pages= 48–59}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571}}

* {{cite web |url=https://mandes.uy/en/inicio-english/ |website=Museo de Los Andes 1972|title=Andes 1972 Museum |access-date=23 December 2023}}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/default.asp |website=Viven! El Accidente de Los Andes |title=El accidente de Los Andes |access-date=20 June 2006 |archive-date=17 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117120321/http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/default.asp}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/andes-survivors.html|website=AlpineExpeditions.net|title=Andes Survivors: Latest discoveries|author=Peña, Ricardo|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316053302/http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/andes-survivors.html}}

* {{cite web|url=https://mandes.uy/en/inicio-english/|title=Miracle /Tragedy}} Museum Andes / Andes Crash Memorial

* {{cite web|url=http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/Entrevistas.asp|title=Interviews|website=Viven! El Accidente de Los Andes (official website)|access-date=25 June 2006|archive-date=15 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115151316/http://www.viven.com.uy/571/eng/Entrevistas.asp}}

* {{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/stranded/index.html|publisher= PBS|work=Independent Lens|title=Stranded: The Andes Plane Crash Survivors|author1=Arijon, Gonzalo |author2=Silvera, Marc }}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/national-geographic-expedition-i.html|website=AlpineExpeditions.net|title=National Geographic Expedition 2005|date=2005|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316053537/http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/national-geographic-expedition-i.html}}

* {{ASN accident|id=19721013-0}}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/as-2006.html |website=AlpineExpeditions.net |title=Back to the Andes Expedition 2006 with one of the survivors |author=Strauch, Eduardo |date=2006 |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316063550/http://www.alpineexpeditions.net/as-2006.html }}

* WiCis Sports-Benegas Brothers 2017 [http://wicis-sports.blogspot.com/2017/10/alive-in-andes-vital-signs-geo-location.html Expedition with live streaming of biometrics and geo-location]

{{1972 Andes flight disaster}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972}}
{{Portal bar|Uruguay|Argentina|Chile|Aviation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andes flight disaster}}
[[Category:Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571| ]]
[[Category:1972 in Argentina]]
[[Category:1972 in Chile]]
[[Category:1972 in Uruguay]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Fairchild F-27]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving professional sports teams]]
[[Category:Argentina–Uruguay relations]]
[[Category:Chile–Uruguay relations]]
[[Category:Incidents of cannibalism]]
[[Category:October 1972 events in South America]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disasters in Argentina]]

Migdalim

2023-11-30T10:24:13Z

Peyerk: What the f..k makes a 5000+ settlement a "hamlet"?!?

{{Short description|Israeli settlement in the West Bank}}
{{Infobox Israel village
| settlement_type = [[Israeli settlement]]
| name = Migdalim
| image = File:שלג במגדלים - 2013.JPG
| caption =
| hebname = {{Script/Hebrew|מִגְדָּלִים}}
| meaning = Towers
| founded = 1984
| founded_by = Nahal
| country =
| district = js
| council = [[Shomron Regional Council|Shomrom]]
| affiliation = [[Amana (organization)|Amana]]
| popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}}
| population = {{Israel populations|Migdalim}}
| population_footnotes={{Israel populations|reference}}
| pushpin_map = Israel shomron |pushpin_mapsize = 250 |pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|32|5|25|N|35|20|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_dunam =
| website =
}}

'''Migdalim''' ({{lang-he|מִגְדָּלִים}}) is an [[Israeli settlement]] in the [[West Bank]]. Located 45 kilometres east of [[Tel Aviv]] on [[Trans-Samaria Highway|road 505]] and adjacent to the [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian]] village of [[Qusra]], it is organised as a [[community settlement (Israel)|community settlement]] and falls under the jurisdiction of [[Shomron Regional Council]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Migdalim}}.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank [[International law and Israeli settlements|illegal under international law]], but the Israeli government disputes this.<ref name="BBC_GC4">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm |title=The Geneva Convention |publisher=BBC News |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2010 }}</ref>

==History==
According to [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]], [[Israel]] confiscated land from two [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] villages nearby in order to construct Migdalim:
*177 [[Dunam|dunums]] of land was confiscated from [[Qusra]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153909/http://vprofile.arij.org/nablus/pdfs/vprofile/Qusra_vp_en.pdf Qusra Village Profile], ARIJ, p. 15</ref>
*17 dunums were confiscated from [[Jurish]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103412/http://vprofile.arij.org/nablus/pdfs/vprofile/Jurish_vp_en.pdf Jurish Village Profile], ARIJ, p. 15</ref>

Migdalim was first established in 1984 as a pioneer [[Nahal]] military outpost, and demilitarized when turned over to residential purposes in 1986 to non-[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Jewish]] [[Israelis]]. One of the reasons for choosing this location was to provide a continuity of settlements along the Trans-Samaria Highway between [[Kfar Tapuah]] on the "mountain spine" and [[Ma'ale Efrayim]] in the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

On March 1, 2006, Eldad Abir, a resident of Migdalim, married with two children, was shot at point blank range and killed by Palestinians while working in the local gas station. The Fatah [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade]]s claimed responsibility for the murder.<ref name="israel mfa">{{cite web|title=Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/terrorism/palestinian/pages/victims%20of%20palestinian%20violence%20and%20terrorism%20sinc.aspx|publisher=State of Israel - Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref>

An influx of new residents between 2012 and 2017 dramatically changed the demographics of Migdalim which shifted from being a dominantly secular Israeli community to becoming mix of religious and nonreligious, with majority leaning to the first. Events around hostilities with neighboring Palestinian town [[Qusra]] in December 2017 brought to light internal disputes between the two groups in Migdalim. A Facebook group called “Saving Migdalim” was formed by residents who claim that their town was taken over and its non religious atmosphere has changed as result.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/deadly-qusra-clash-exacerbates-secular-religious-divide-at-west-bank-settlement/|title=Deadly Qusra clash exacerbates secular-religious divide at West Bank settlement|last=Magid|first=Jacob|date=2 December 2017|work=Times of Israel|accessdate=8 December 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.shomron.org.il/?CategoryID=289&ArticleID=169&Page=1 Migdalim] Shomron Regional Council
*[http://sdf.shomron.org.il/yishuv/migdalim.html Pictures of Migdalim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301024605/http://sdf.shomron.org.il/yishuv/migdalim.html |date=2006-03-01 }}

{{Shomron Regional Council}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Non-religious Israeli settlements]]
[[Category:Nahal settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in the Palestinian territories]]
[[Category:Israeli settlements in the West Bank]]

West Bank

2023-10-25T10:41:51Z

Peyerk: /* Cisjordan */ m

{{short description|Territory in West Asia}}
{{about|the geographic region|other uses|}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox territory
| name = West Bank
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|الضفة الغربية}} {{lang|he|הגדה המערבית}}}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image_map = File:West_Bank_in_Palestine_(%2Bclaimed).svg
| map_caption = Location of the West Bank within the claimed territory of the [[State of Palestine]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|00|N|35|21|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| population_total = 2,949,246 <nowiki>(est., July 2021)</nowiki>{{efn|Over 670,000 [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlers]] live in the West Bank as of 2022; approximately 227,100 Israeli settlers live in [[East Jerusalem]] as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/#people-and-society|title=West Bank|date=17 October 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>}}
| area_total_km2 = 5655
| blank2_name = Languages
| blank2_info = [[Palestinian Arabic|Arabic]], [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]]
| blank3_name = Religion
| blank3_info = [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Samaritanism]]
| timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] ([[UTC+02:00]]) [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] ([[UTC+03:00]])
| blank4_name = Currency
| blank4_info = [[Israeli new shekel|Israeli shekel]] (ILS) [[Jordanian dinar]] (JOD)
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:PS|PS]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name =
}}

The '''West Bank''' ({{lang-ar|الضفة الغربية}}, {{Transliteration|ar|aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah}}; {{lang-he|הַגָּדָה הַמַּעֲרָבִית}}, {{Transliteration|he|HaGadáh HaMaʽarávit}}) is a landlocked territory near the coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in the [[Levant]] region of [[Western Asia]] that forms the main bulk of the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref>{{Citation |title=West Bank |date=2022-09-27 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722231029/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is bordered by [[Jordan]] and the [[Dead Sea]] to the east and by [[Israel]] (see [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]) to the south, west, and north.<ref name=CIA /> It has been under an [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli military occupation]] since the [[1967 Arab–Israeli War]]. Since the [[Oslo II Accord]] was signed in 1995, its area has been split into 165 [[Palestinian enclaves]] under total or partial civil administration by the [[Palestinian National Authority]] (PNA), and [[Area C (West Bank)|a contiguous area]] containing 230 [[Israeli settlement]]s into which [[Israeli law in the West Bank settlements|Israeli law is "pipelined"]]. [[Israeli Civil Administration|Israel administers]] the West Bank{{Snd}}sans [[East Jerusalem]]{{Snd}}as the [[Judea and Samaria Area]] division.

The region initially emerged as a Jordanian-occupied territory after the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], before being [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed outright by Jordan in 1950]], and was given its name during this time based on its location on the western bank of the [[Jordan River]]. The territory remained under Jordanian rule until 1967, when it was captured and occupied by Israel during the [[Six-Day War]].

The [[Oslo Accords]], signed between the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] and Israel, created administrative districts with varying levels of [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian autonomy]] in specific areas: [[West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord#Areas A and B|Area A]], which is administered exclusively by the PNA; [[West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord#Areas A and B|Area B]], which is administered by both the PNA and Israel; and [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]], which is administered exclusively by Israel. Area C accounts for over 60% of the West Bank's territory. Under the Oslo Accords, Area C was supposed to be "gradually transferred to Palestinian jurisdiction", but such a transfer never happened.{{sfn|World Bank|2013|p=vii}}

The West Bank, including East Jerusalem, has a land area of 5,640 km2 plus a water area of 220 km2, consisting of the northwestern quarter of the Dead Sea. It has an estimated population of 2,747,943 [[Palestinians]], and over 670,000 [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlers]] live in the West Bank, of which approximately 220,000 live in East Jerusalem.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Population |url=https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlements-watch/settlements-data/population |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Peace Now |language=en-US |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611210642/https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlements-watch/settlements-data/population |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Role |first=Iran's Regional |title=Israel's Rush to 'Apply Sovereignty' in the West Bank: Timing and Potential Consequences |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/israels-rush-apply-sovereignty-west-bank-timing-and-potential-consequences |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=The Washington Institute |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519193524/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/israels-rush-apply-sovereignty-west-bank-timing-and-potential-consequences |url-status=live}}</ref> The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem to be illegal under [[international law]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |year=1990 |title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.2307/2203016 |jstor=2203016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215100933/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-15 |quote=The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza. |s2cid=145514740}}</ref><ref name="maj2">{{Cite book |last1=Pertile |first1=Marco |title=The Italian Yearbook of International Law |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-90-04-15027-0 |editor1-last=Conforti |editor1-first=Benedetto |volume=14 |page=141 |chapter='Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory': A Missed Opportunity for International Humanitarian Law? |quote=the establishment of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has been considered illegal by the international community and by the majority of legal scholars. |editor2-last=Bravo |editor2-first=Luigi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barak-Erez |first1=Daphne |author-link=Daphne Barak Erez |year=2006 |title=Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=548 |doi=10.1093/icon/mol021 |quote=The real controversy hovering over all the litigation on the security barrier concerns the fate of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Since 1967, Israel has allowed and even encouraged its citizens to live in the new settlements established in the territories, motivated by religious and national sentiments attached to the history of the Jewish nation in the land of Israel. This policy has also been justified in terms of security interests, taking into consideration the dangerous geographic circumstances of Israel before 1967 (where Israeli areas on the Mediterranean coast were potentially threatened by Jordanian control of the West Bank ridge). The international community, for its part, has viewed this policy as patently illegal, based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention that prohibit moving populations to or from territories under occupation. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Drew |first1=Catriona |title=Human rights, self-determination and political change in the occupied Palestinian territories |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-411-0502-8 |editor-last=Bowen |editor-first=Stephen |series=International studies in human rights |volume=52 |pages=151–152 |chapter=Self-determination and population transfer |quote=It can thus clearly be concluded that the transfer of Israeli settlers into the occupied territories violates not only the laws of belligerent occupation but the Palestinian right of self-determination under international law. The question remains, however, whether this is of any practical value. In other words, given the view of the international community that the Israeli settlements are illegal under the law if belligerent occupation, what purpose does it serve to establish that an additional breach of international law has occurred?}}</ref> A 2004 advisory ruling by the [[International Court of Justice]] concluded that events that came after the 1967 capture of the West Bank by Israel – including the [[Jerusalem Law]], the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]], and the Oslo Accords – did not change the status of the West Bank and East Jerusalem as [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied territory]].<ref name="FD2">{{cite book |last1=Domb |first1=Fania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ZIIDeEc5AC&pg=PA511 |title=International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15428-5 |page=511 |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182236/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ZIIDeEc5AC&pg=PA511 |url-status=live}}</ref> Alongside the self-governing [[Gaza Strip]], the Israeli-occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem are claimed by the [[State of Palestine]] as its sovereign territory, and thus remain a flashpoint of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].

==Etymology==

===West Bank===
[[File:Bethlehem.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|right|City of [[Bethlehem]], West Bank]]

The name ''West Bank'' is a translation of the [[Arabic]] term {{Transliteration|ar|aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah}}, which designates the territory situated on the western side of the [[Jordan River]] that was [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|occupied in 1948]] and [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed in 1950]] by the [[Jordan|Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]]. This annexation was widely considered to be illegal, and was recognized only by [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>[[Eyal Benvenisti]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA204 ''The International Law of Occupation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182236/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA204 |date=3 March 2023 }}, Oxford University Press 2012 p. 204:"The so-called West Bank (of the Jordan river), including the eastern part of Jerusalem, has been since 1948 under Jordanian administration, and Jordan claimed to have annexed it in 1950. This purported annexation of parts of the former Mandatory Palestine was, however, widely regarded, including by the Arab League, as illegal and void, and was recognized only by Britain, Iraq and Pakistan."</ref>

===Cisjordan===
The neo-[[Latin]] name ''Cisjordan'' or ''Cis-Jordan'' ({{Literal translation|on this side of the River Jordan}}) is the usual name for the territory in the [[Romance languages|Romance]] and several other languages. The name ''West Bank'', however, has become the standard usage for this geopolitical entity in [[English language|English]] and some of the other [[Germanic languages]] since its inception following the 1948 Jordanian capture.

The analogous ''[[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]]'' ({{Literal translation|over the River Jordan}}) has historically been used to designate the region now roughly comprising the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, which lies to the east of the Jordan River.

==History==
{{See also|History of the ancient Levant|History of Palestine|Samaria#History|Judea#History}}
{{History of the Palestinian territories}}
{{History of Israel}}
From 1517 through 1917, the area now known as the West Bank was under [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish rule]], as part of [[Ottoman Syria]].

[[File:Cave of the Patriarchs8.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|The Cave of the Patriarchs is one of the most famous holy sites in the region.]]
At the 1920 [[San Remo conference]], the victorious [[Allies of World War I]] allocated the area to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] (1920–1948). The San Remo Resolution, adopted on 25 April 1920, incorporated the [[Balfour Declaration]] of 1917. It and Article 22 of the Covenant of the [[League of Nations]] were the basic documents upon which the British Mandate of Palestine was constructed. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] proclaimed [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]] as [[emir]] of the [[Emirate of Transjordan]] on 11 April 1921. He declared it an independent [[Hashemites|Hashemite]] kingdom on 25 May 1946.

Under the [[United Nations]] in 1947, it was designated as part of a proposed [[Arab world|Arab state]] by the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|Partition Plan for Palestine]]. UN Resolution 181 recommended the splitting of the British Mandate into a [[Jewish state]], an Arab state, and an [[corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|internationally administered enclave of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |title=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 |work=domino.un.org |year=1947 |access-date=9 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |archive-date=24 May 2012}}</ref> A broader region of the modern-day West Bank was assigned to the Arab state. The resolution designated the territory described as "the hill country of [[Samaria]] and [[Judea]]",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888.pdf?OpenElement |title=ODS HOME PAGE |website=documents-dds-ny.un.org |access-date=2020-02-16 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216043837/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888.pdf%3FOpenElement |url-status=live }}</ref> the area now known as the "West Bank", as part of the proposed Arab state. Following the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], this area was captured by [[Jordan|Transjordan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_transjordan.html |title=Jordan – History – The Making of Transjordan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921111449/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_transjordan.html |archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

===Jordanian West Bank===
{{further|Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|King Hussein's federation plan|Islamization of Jerusalem|Palestinians in Jordan}}
[[File:King Hussein flying over Temple Mount when it was under Jordanian control.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] flying over the [[Temple Mount]] in Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965]]
The [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] defined the [[Green Line (Israel)|interim boundary]] between Israel and Jordan, essentially reflecting the battlefield after the war.<ref name="JordanIsraelArmistice1949">[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F03D55E48F77AB698525643B00608D34 General Armistice Agreement between the Hashemite Jordan Kingdom and Israel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514030830/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F03D55E48F77AB698525643B00608D34 |date=14 May 2011 }} UN Doc S/1302/Rev.1 3 April 1949</ref> Following the December 1948 [[Jericho Conference]], Transjordan annexed the area west of the Jordan River in 1950, naming it "West Bank" or "Cisjordan", and designated the area east of the river as "East Bank" or "Transjordan". Jordan, as it was now known, ruled over the West Bank from 1948 until 1967. Jordan's annexation was never formally recognized by the international community, with the exception of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="digicoll.library.wisc.edu">[[Joseph Massad]] said that the members of the Arab League granted de facto recognition and that the United States had formally recognized the annexation, except for Jerusalem. See Joseph A. Massad, Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001),{{ISBN|978-0-231-12323-5}}, page 229. Records show that the United States de facto accepted the annexation without formally recognizing it. [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1950v05.p0943&id=FRUS.FRUS1950v05&isize=M United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States, 1950. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153358/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1950v05.p0943&id=FRUS.FRUS1950v05&isize=M |date=14 May 2011 }} pg. 921</ref><ref name=Silverburg>It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that seems to be incorrect; see S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983) 261–263.</ref><ref>George Washington University. Law School (2005). The George Washington international law review. George Washington University. p. 390. Retrieved 21 December 2010. <q>Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank”</q></ref>

A two-state option, dividing Palestine, as opposed to a binary solution arose during the [[Mandatory Palestine|period of the British mandate]] in the area. The United Nations Partition Plan had envisaged two states, one Jewish and the other Arab/Palestinian, but in the wake of the war, only one emerged at the time.<ref>Rochelle Davis, Mimi Kirk (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=mUgAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 ''Palestine and the Palestinians in the 21st Century,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182233/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUgAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |date=3 March 2023 }} Indiana University Press, 2013 p.192.</ref> During the 1948 war, Israel occupied parts of what was designated in the UN partition plan as “Palestine”. [[Abdullah I of Jordan|King Abdullah of Jordan]] had been crowned King of Jerusalem by the Coptic Bishop on 15 November 1948.<ref>Enrico Molinari,[https://books.google.com/books?id=hQaDrfuGw1YC&pg=PA92 ''The Holy Places of Jerusalem in Middle East Peace Agreements: The Conflict Between Global and State Identities,'']{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sussex Academic Press, 2010 p.92.</ref> Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and [[East Jerusalem]] were granted Jordanian citizenship and half of the [[Parliament of Jordan|Jordanian Parliament]] seats.<ref>[[Karen Armstrong|Armstrong, Karen]]. ''Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996. p. 387.</ref><ref name="jifa">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9TkD3ugwEUC&pg=PA211lpg |title=Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications |access-date=18 October 2015 |author1=Nils August Butenschon |author2=Uri Davis |author3=Manuel Sarkis Hassassian |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8156-2829-3 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207212656/https://books.google.com/books?id=C9TkD3ugwEUC&pg=PA211lpg |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many refugees continued to live in camps and relied on [[UNRWA]] assistance for sustenance. Palestinian refugees constituted more than a third of the kingdom's population of 1.5 million.
The last Jordanian elections that West Bank residents voted in were those of April 1967. Their parliamentary representatives continued in office until 1988, when West Bank seats were abolished. Palestinians enjoyed equal opportunities in all sectors of the state without discrimination.<ref name=jifa />
Agriculture remained the primary activity of the territory. The West Bank, despite its smaller area, contained half of Jordan's agricultural land.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.rviewer.com/main/articles/Chapter8.html |title=Assessing the Viability of a Palestinian State |author=Paul H. Smith |date=July 1993 |publisher=Defense Intelligence College |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021208052428/http://www.rviewer.com/main/articles/Chapter8.html |archive-date=8 December 2002}}</ref>

In 1966, 43% of the labor force of 55,000 worked in agriculture, and 2,300 km2 were under cultivation. In 1965, 15,000 workers were employed in industry, producing 7% of the GNP. This number fell after the 1967 war, and was not surpassed until 1983.<ref name="auto2"/> The [[tourism]] industry played an important role. 26 branches of 8 Arab banks were present. The [[Jordanian dinar]] became legal tender, and remains so there today.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} 80% of Jordan's fruit-growing land and 40% of its vegetables lay in the West Bank. With the onset of the occupation, the area could no longer produce export earnings.{{sfn|Cooley|1984|p=13}}

On the eve of occupation, the West Bank accounted for 40% of Jordanian GNP, between 34% and 40% of its agricultural output and almost half of its manpower, though only a third of Jordanian investment was allocated to it and mainly to the private housing construction sector.{{sfn|Mansour|2015|pp=73–74}} Though its per-capita product was 10 times greater than that of the West Bank, the Israeli economy on the eve of occupation had experienced two years (1966-1967) of a sharp recession.{{sfn|Unctad|2016|p=5}}

Immediately after the occupation, from 1967 to 1974, the economy boomed. In 1967, the Palestinian economy had a gross domestic product of $1,349 per capita for a million people.{{sfn|Unctad|2016|p=5}} The West Bank's population was 585,500,{{efn|According to Mansour, the population stood at 803,600,{{sfn|Mansour|2015|p=71}}}} of whom 18% were refugees, and was growing annually by 2%. West Bank growth, compared to Gaza (3%), had lagged, due to the effect of mass emigration of West Bankers seeking employment in Jordan.{{sfn|Tuma|Darin-Drabkin|1978|pp=47,50}} As agriculture gave way to industrial development in Israel, in the West Bank the former still generated 37% of domestic product, and industry a mere 13%.{{sfn|Van Arkadie|1977|p=104}}

The growth rate of the West Bank economy in the period of the Jordanian rule of the West Bank, before Israeli occupation, had ticked along at an annual rate of 6-8%. This rate of growth was indispensable if the post-war West Bank were to achieve [[Self-sustainability|economic self-reliance]]. 80% of Jordan's fruit-growing land and 40% of its vegetables lay in the West Bank, and, with the onset of the occupation, the area could no longer produce export earnings.{{sfn|Cooley|1984|p=13}}

===Israeli Military Governorate and Civil Administration===
{{main|Israeli Military Governorate|Israeli Civil Administration}}
In June 1967, the West Bank and East Jerusalem were captured by Israel as a result of the [[Six-Day War]]. With the exception of East Jerusalem and the former [[No man's land (West Bank)#Israel–Jordan|Israeli-Jordanian no man's land]], the West Bank was not [[Annexation|annexed]] by Israel. It remained under [[Israeli Military Governorate|Israeli military control]] until 1982.

The [[1974 Arab League summit]] resolution at [[Rabat]] designated the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]] (PLO) as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". Jordan did not officially relinquish its claim to the area until 1988,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWhgIe3Hq98C&pg=PA247 |title=The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1987-1988 |editor=Anis F. Kassim |year=1988 |page=247 |isbn=978-90-411-0341-3 |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182150/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWhgIe3Hq98C&pg=PA247 |url-status=live }}</ref> when it severed all administrative and legal ties with the West Bank and eventually stripped West Bank Palestinians of Jordanian citizenship.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asQryfnCVsEC&pg=PA196 |title=Israel, the Hashemites, and the Palestinians: The fateful triangle |editor=Efraim Karsh |editor2=P. R. Kumaraswamy |year=2003 |page=196 |isbn=978-0-7146-5434-8 |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |last2=Kumaraswamy |first2=P. R.}}</ref>

In 1982, as a result of the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty|Israeli{{ndash}}Egyptian peace treaty]], the direct military rule was transformed into a [[Israeli Civil Administration|semi-civil authority]], operating directly under the Israeli Ministry of Defense, taking control of civil matters of Palestinians from the IDF to civil servants in the Ministry of Defense. The Israeli settlements were administered as [[Judea and Samaria Area]], directly by Israel.

Since the 1993 [[Oslo Accords]], the [[Palestinian Authority]] officially controls a geographically non-contiguous territory comprising approximately 11% of the West Bank, known as [[Palestinian enclaves|Area A]], which remains subject to Israeli incursions. Area B, approximately 28%, is subject to joint Israeli-Palestinian military and Palestinian civil control. [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]], approximately 61%, is under full Israeli control. Though 164 nations refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "[[Israeli-occupied territories|Occupied Palestinian Territory]]",<ref name="UNGeneva Convention">{{cite web |title=Applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem, and the other occupied Arab territories |publisher=United Nations |date=17 December 2003 |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/97360ee7a29e68a085256df900723485/d6f5d7049734efff85256e1200677754 |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603050844/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/97360ee7a29e68a085256df900723485/d6f5d7049734efff85256e1200677754 |archive-date=3 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="ICRCGeneva Convention">{{cite web |title=Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: Statement by the International Committee of the Red Cross |publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |date=5 December 2001 |url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5fldpj.htm |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207175611/http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5fldpj.htm |archive-date=7 February 2011}}</ref> the state of Israel quotes the UN that only territories captured in war from "an established and recognized sovereign" are considered occupied territories.<ref name="GovILDisputed Territories">{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2003/Pages/DISPUTED%20TERRITORIES-%20Forgotten%20Facts%20About%20the%20We.aspx |title=Disputed Territories: Forgotten Facts about the West Bank and Gaza Strip |publisher=Israeli government's Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821162131/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2003/Pages/DISPUTED%20TERRITORIES-%20Forgotten%20Facts%20About%20the%20We.aspx |archive-date=21 August 2013}}</ref>

After the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|2007 split]] between [[Fatah]] and [[Hamas]], the West Bank areas under [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian control]] are an exclusive part of the Palestinian Authority. The [[Gaza Strip]] is [[Hamas Government in Gaza|ruled by Hamas]].

===Early economic impact===
The Jordanians neglected to invest much in the area during their time governing the area, although there was some investment in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem.

Soon after the 1967 war, [[Yigal Allon]] produced the [[Allon Plan]], which would have annexed a strip along the Jordan River valley and excluded areas closer to the pre-1967 border, which had a high density of Palestinians. [[Moshe Dayan]] proposed a plan which [[Gershom Gorenberg]] likens to a "photo negative of Allon's."{{efn|"In fact, Dayan had submitted his own secret plan. Predictably, it was the photo negative of Allon's. The mountain ridge – not the lowlands along the Jordan – was the strategic land Israel needed, Dayan asserted."{{sfn|Gorenberg|2007|pp=81–83}}}} The Allon plan evolved over a period of time to include more territory. The final draft dating from 1970 would have annexed about half of the West Bank.{{sfn|Lein|Weizman|2002|pp=12–13}} Israel had no overall approach for integrating the West Bank:{{efn|[[Ilan Pappe]] holds a dissenting view, claiming that a Shacham Plan existed for the occupation and administration of the West Bank before 1967.{{sfn|Pappe|2017|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}}}

The early occupation set severe limits on public investment and comprehensive development programmes in the territories. British and Arab commercial banks operating in the West Bank were closed down soon after Israel assumed power there. [[Bank Leumi]] then opened nine branches, without successfully replacing the earlier system. Farmers could get loans, but Palestinian businessmen avoided taking out loans from them, since they charged 9% compared to 5% interest in Jordan.{{sfn|Cohen|1985|p=245}}{{sfn|Van Arkadie|1977|pp=112–113}} By June 1967, only a third of West Bank land had been registered under Jordan's ''Settlement of Disputes over Land and Water Law''. In 1968, Israel moved to cancel the possibility of registering one's title with the Jordanian Land Register.{{sfn|Nicoletti|Hearne|2012|p=14}}

[[Ian Lustick]] states that Israel "virtually prevented" Palestinian investment in local industry and agriculture.{{sfn|Lustick|2018|p=11}} At the same time, Israel encouraged Arab labour to enter into Israel's economy, and regarded them as a new, expanded and protected market for Israeli exports. Limited export of Palestinian goods to Israel was allowed.{{sfn|Van Arkadie|1977|pp=104,111}} Expropriation of prime agricultural land in an economy where two thirds of the workforce had farmed is believed to account for the flight of labourers to work in Israel.{{sfn|Kadri|1998|p=518}}

As much as 40% of the workforce commuted to Israel on a daily basis finding only poorly paid menial employment.{{sfn|Bergman|2018|p=309}} Remittances from labourers earning a wage in Israel were the major factor in Palestinian economic growth during the 1969–73 boom years.{{sfn|Van Arkadie|1977|p=110}} The migration of workers from the territories had a negative impact on local industry, by creating an internal labour scarcity in the West Bank and consequent pressure for higher wages there.{{sfn|Van Arkadie|1977|pp=110–111}} The contrast between the quality of their lives and Israelis' growing prosperity stoked resentment.{{sfn|Bergman|2018|p=309}}

Attempting to impose governmental authority, Israel established a licensing system according to which no industrial plant could be built without obtaining a prior Israeli permit. With Military Order No. 393 (14 June 1970), the local commander was given the power and authority to block any construction if, in his evaluation, the building might pose a danger to Israel's security. The overall effect was to obstruct manufacturing development and subordinate any local industrial activity to the exigencies of Israel's economy, or to block the creation of industries that might compete with Israel's. For example, entrepreneurs were denied a permit for a cement factory in Hebron. In order to protect Israeli farmers, melon production was forbidden, imports of grapes and dates were banned, and limits were set to how many cucumbers and tomatoes could be produced.{{sfn|Quigley|2005|p=186}} Israeli milk producers exerted pressure on the [[Ministry of Economy (Israel)|Ministry for Industry and Trade]] to stop the establishment of a competitive dairy in [[Ramallah]].{{sfn|El-Farra|MacMillen|2000|p=161}}

The sum effect after two decades was that 15% of all Palestinian firms in the West Bank and Gaza employing over eight people, and 32% with seven or less, were prohibited from selling their products in Israel.{{sfn|El-Farra|MacMillen|2000|p=164}} Israeli [[Protectionism|protectionist policies]] distorted wider trade relations to the point that, by 1996, 90% of all West Bank imports came from Israel, with consumers paying more than they would for comparable products had they been able to exercise commercial autonomy.{{sfn|Kadri|1998|pp=517–518}}

===Legal status===
{{main|Israeli occupation of the West Bank}}
[[File:1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|alt=Map comparing the borders of the 1947 partition plan and the armistice of 1949.|{{Partition Plan-Armistice Lines comparison map legend}}]]
From 1517 to 1917 the West Bank was part of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Turkey, successor state to the Ottoman Empire, [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)|renounced]] its territorial claims in 1923, signing the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)|Treaty of Lausanne]], and the area now called the West Bank became an integral part of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]]. During the Mandate period Britain had no right of sovereignty, which was held by the people under the mandate.<ref name=JQ2005>{{cite book |last1=Quigley |first1=John |title=The Case for Palestine An International Law Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/caseforpalestine00quig |url-access=limited |year=2005 |publisher=Duke University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/caseforpalestine00quig/page/n12 15]}}</ref> Nevertheless, Britain, as custodians of the land, implemented the land tenure laws in Palestine, which it had inherited from the Ottoman Turks (as defined in the [[Ottoman Land Code of 1858#The Ottoman Land Code (as used in Palestine)|Ottoman Land Code of 1858]]), applying these laws to both Arab and Jewish legal tenants or otherwise.<ref>''The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920–1948'', British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, p. 225, of chapter 8, section 1, paragraph 1 (Reprinted in 1991 by the [[Institute for Palestine Studies]]), which reads: "The land law in Palestine embraces the system of tenures inherited from the Ottoman regime, enriched by some amendments, mostly of a declaratory character, enacted since the British Occupation on the authority of the Palestine Orders-in-Council."</ref> In 1947 the UN General Assembly recommended that the area that became the West Bank become part of a future Arab state, but this proposal was opposed by the Arab states at the time. In 1948, [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordan occupied the West Bank and annexed it in 1950]].<ref name="digicoll.library.wisc.edu"/>

In 1967, Israel captured the West Bank from Jordan in the [[Six-Day War]]. [[UN Security Council Resolution 242]] followed, calling for withdrawal (return to the 1949 armistice lines) from territories occupied in the conflict in exchange for peace and mutual recognition. Since 1979, the [[United Nations Security Council]],<ref>[[UN Security Council Resolution 446|Resolution 446]], [[UN Security Council Resolution 465|Resolution 465]], Resolution 484, among others</ref> the [[United Nations General Assembly]],<ref name="UNGeneva Convention"/> the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/nea/8262.htm |title=Israel and the occupied territories |publisher=State.gov |date=4 March 2002 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418160939/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/nea/8262.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the EU,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/occupied-palestinian-territory/ |title=Palestine – Trade – European Commission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715070820/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/occupied-palestinian-territory/ |archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> the [[International Court of Justice]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory |publisher=[[International Court of Justice]] |date=9 July 2004 |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/85255e950050831085255e95004fa9c3/3740e39487a5428a85256ecc005e157a |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828174856/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/85255e950050831085255e95004fa9c3/3740e39487a5428a85256ecc005e157a |archive-date=28 August 2007}}</ref> and the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]<ref name="ICRCGeneva Convention"/> refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as occupied Palestinian territory or the occupied territories. General Assembly resolution 58/292 (17 May 2004) affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/d9d90d845776b7af85256d08006f3ae9/a2c2938216b39de485256ea70070c849?OpenDocument |title=UN Resolution 58/292 (17 May 2004) |publisher=United Nations |quote=Affirms that the status of the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem, remains one of military occupation, and affirms, in accordance with the rules and principles of international law and relevant resolutions of the United Nations, including Security Council resolutions, that the Palestinian people have the right to self-determination and to sovereignty over their territory and that Israel, the occupying Power, has only the duties and obligations of an occupying Power under the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949 1 and the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, of 1907 |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095509/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/d9d90d845776b7af85256d08006f3ae9/a2c2938216b39de485256ea70070c849?OpenDocument |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

The [[International Court of Justice]] and the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] have ruled that the status of the West Bank is that of military occupation.<ref name=FD>{{cite book |last1=Domb |first1=Fania |title=International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines |year=2007 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-15428-5 |page=511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ZIIDeEc5AC&pg=PA511 |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182236/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ZIIDeEc5AC&pg=PA511 |url-status=live }}</ref> In its 2004 advisory opinion the International Court of Justice concluded that:

{{Blockquote|The territories situated between the Green Line and the former eastern boundary of Palestine under the Mandate were occupied by Israel in 1967 during the armed conflict between Israel and Jordan. Under customary international law, the Court observes, these were therefore occupied territories in which Israel had the status of occupying Power. Subsequent events in these territories have done nothing to alter this situation. The Court concludes that all these territories (including East Jerusalem) remain occupied territories and that Israel has continued to have the status of occupying Power.<ref name=FD/><ref name=ICJ2004>{{cite book |title=Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I. C. J. Reports |year=2004 |publisher=International Court of Justice |isbn=978-92-1-070993-4 |page=136}}</ref>}}

In the same vein the Israeli Supreme Court stated in the 2004 ''Beit Sourik'' case that:

{{Blockquote|The general point of departure of all parties – which is also our point of departure – is that Israel holds the area in belligerent occupation (occupatio bellica)......The authority of the military commander flows from the provisions of public international law regarding belligerent occupation. These rules are established principally in the Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907 [hereinafter – the Hague Regulations]. These regulations reflect customary international law. The military commander’s authority is also anchored in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949.<ref name=FD/><ref name=BietSourik>{{cite web |title=Beit Sourik Village Council v. 1.The Government of Israel 2.Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank |url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/04/560/020/A28/04020560.A28.HTM |publisher=The Supreme Court Sitting as the High Court of Justice |access-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218130109/http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/04/560/020/A28/04020560.a28.htm |archive-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>}}

The executive branch of the Israeli government, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has defined the West Bank as “disputed” instead of “occupied” territory, whose status can only be determined through negotiations. The Ministry says that occupied territories are territories captured in war from an established and recognized [[sovereign state|sovereign]], and that since the West Bank wasn't under the legitimate and recognized sovereignty of any state prior to the [[Six-Day War]], it shouldn't be considered an occupied territory.<ref name="GovILDisputed Territories"/>

The [[International Court of Justice]] ruling of 9 July 2004, however, found that the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, is territory held by Israel under military occupation, regardless of its status prior to it coming under Israeli occupation, and that the Fourth Geneva convention applies ''de jure''.<ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021237/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf |date=6 July 2010 }}, see paragraphs 90–101 and p.5</ref> The international community regards the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) as territories occupied by Israel.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ |date=15 April 2015 }}, Amnesty International. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009; [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm |date=15 October 2008 }} Human Rights Watch, 6 July 2006; [http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html |date=21 January 2009 }} CNN, 6 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-30.</ref>

International law (Article 49 of the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]]) prohibits "transfers of the population of an occupying power to occupied territories", incurring a responsibility on the part of Israel's government to not settle Israeli citizens in the West Bank.<ref>[http://www.bbcgovernorsarchive.co.uk/docs/reviews/lubell_law_report.pdf Independent law report commissioned by the BBC Board of Governors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504022016/http://www.bbcgovernorsarchive.co.uk/docs/reviews/lubell_law_report.pdf |date=4 May 2011 }}, BBC Governors' Archive, February 2006 (pages 48–50)</ref>

As of February 2020, 134 (69.4%) of the 193 member states of the [[United Nations]] have [[International recognition of the State of Palestine|recognised]] the [[State of Palestine]]<ref>Evan Centanni,
[http://www.polgeonow.com/2013/11/map-palestine-recognized-two-more-countries.html Map: Palestine Recognized by Two More Countries (134/193)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202165158/http://www.polgeonow.com/2013/11/map-palestine-recognized-two-more-countries.html |date=2 February 2014 }} Political Geography Now, 2 November 2013</ref> within the [[Palestinian territories]], which are recognized by Israel to constitute a single territorial unit,<ref>[http://www.reut-institute.org/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=1095 'West Bank and Gaza Strip as a Single Territorial Unit,'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042001/http://www.reut-institute.org/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=1095 |date=24 September 2014 }} Reut Institute.</ref><ref>[http://www.europeanforum.net/country/palestinian_territories 'Palestinian Territories,'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603113808/http://www.europeanforum.net/country/palestinian_territories |date=3 June 2009 }} European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity, 31 January 2014</ref> and of which the West Bank is the core of the would-be state.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21603478-aside-israels-fears-palestinian-reconciliation-has-long-way-go 'An awkward new government,'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701194436/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21603478-aside-israels-fears-palestinian-reconciliation-has-long-way-go |date=1 July 2017 }} [[The Economist]] 7 June 2014.</ref>
[[File:Jericho from above.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|City of [[Jericho]], West Bank]]

===Political status===
{{Main|Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967}}
[[File:Bush abbas presidential guard.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|U.S. President [[George W. Bush|George Bush]] and [[Mahmoud Abbas]] in [[Ramallah]], 2008]]
The future status of the West Bank, together with the [[Gaza Strip]] on the Mediterranean shore, has been the subject of negotiation between the Palestinians and Israelis, although the 2002 [[Road Map for Peace]], proposed by the "[[Quartet on the Middle East|Quartet]]" comprising the United States, Russia, the [[European Union]], and the United Nations, envisions an independent Palestinian state in these territories living side by side with [[Israel]] (see also [[proposals for a Palestinian state]]). However, the "Road Map" states that in the first phase, Palestinians must end all attacks on Israel, whereas Israel must dismantle all outposts.

The [[Palestinian Authority]] believes that the West Bank ought to be a part of their sovereign nation, and that the presence of Israeli military control is a violation of their right to Palestinian Authority rule. The United Nations calls the West Bank and Gaza Strip ''[[Israeli-occupied territories]]''. The United States State Department also refers to the territories as ''occupied''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm |title=Jordan (03/08) |publisher=State.gov |access-date=9 October 2008 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604185040/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/t/pm/64711.htm |title=Israel |publisher=State.gov |access-date=9 October 2008 |archive-date=6 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206082956/http://2001-2009.state.gov/t/pm/64711.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90212.htm#OT |title=Israel and the Occupied Territories |date=14 September 2007 |publisher=State.gov |access-date=9 October 2008 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225221837/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90212.htm#OT |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2005 the United States ambassador to Israel, [[Daniel C. Kurtzer]], expressed U.S. support "for the retention by Israel of major Israeli population centres [in the West Bank] as an outcome of negotiations",<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4382343.stm 'US will accept Israel settlements'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312191029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4382343.stm |date=12 March 2007 }}, BBC News Online, 25 March 2005.</ref> reflecting [[George W. Bush|President Bush]]'s statement a year earlier that a permanent peace treaty would have to reflect "demographic realities" on the West Bank.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4445839.stm 'UN Condemns Israeli settlements'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822064952/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4445839.stm |date=22 August 2006 }}, BBC News Online, 14 April 2005.</ref> In May 2011 US President Barack Obama officially stated US support for a future Palestinian state based on borders prior to the 1967 War, allowing for land swaps where they are mutually agreeable between the two sides. Obama was the first US president to formally support the policy, but he stated that it had been one long held by the US in its Middle East negotiations.<ref name=CNNObama>{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Tom |title=Obama calls for Israel's return to pre-1967 borders |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-19/politics/obama.israel.palestinians_1_israel-palestinian-conflict-borders-settlements?_s=PM:POLITICS |access-date=11 May 2012 |newspaper=CNN |date=19 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501083901/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-19/politics/obama.israel.palestinians_1_israel-palestinian-conflict-borders-settlements?_s=PM:POLITICS |archive-date=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=HzObama>{{cite news |last1=Mozgovaya |first1=Natasha |title=Obama to AIPAC: 1967 borders reflect long-standing U.S. policy |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/obama-to-aipac-1967-borders-reflect-long-standing-u-s-policy-1.363351 |access-date=11 May 2012 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=22 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516115436/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/obama-to-aipac-1967-borders-reflect-long-standing-u-s-policy-1.363351 |archive-date=16 May 2012}}</ref>

In December 2016, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334|a resolution]] was adopted by [[United Nations Security Council]] that condemned Israel's settlement activity as a "flagrant violation" of international law with "no legal validity". It demands that Israel stop such activity and fulfill its obligations as an occupying power under the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]].<ref name=resolution_text>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12657.doc.htm |title=Israel's Settlements Have No Legal Validity, Constitute Flagrant Violation of International Law, Security Council Reaffirms: 14 Delegations in Favour of Resolution 2334 (2016) as United States Abstains |publisher=UN |date=23 December 2016 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222235715/https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12657.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title=Israeli settlements: UN Security Council calls for an end |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38421026 |access-date=23 December 2016 |work=BBC News |date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226190109/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38421026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The United States abstained from the vote.<ref name=powers_statement>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-us-envoy-samantha-powers-speech-after-abstention-on-anti-settlement-vote/ |title=Full text of US envoy Samantha Power's speech after abstention on anti-settlement vote |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224143533/http://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-us-envoy-samantha-powers-speech-after-abstention-on-anti-settlement-vote/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BBC/>

In 2020, President [[Donald Trump]] unveiled a [[Trump peace plan|peace plan]], radically different from previous peace plans. The plan failed to gain support.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/world/middleeast/peace-plan.html |title=Trump Releases Mideast Peace Plan That Strongly Favors Israel |first1=Michael |last1=Crowley |first2=David M. |last2=Halbfinger |newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 January 2020 |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226003653/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/world/middleeast/peace-plan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2021/05/25/trump-accords-between-israel-arab-nations-tested-gaza-conflict/5078845001/ |title=Trump touted the Abraham Accords as a 'new dawn' for the Middle East. 9 months later, Gaza erupted. |first=Courtney |last=Subramanian |website=USA TODAY |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616072903/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2021/05/25/trump-accords-between-israel-arab-nations-tested-gaza-conflict/5078845001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Anchor|Geography}}

==Public opinion==
Palestinian public opinion opposes Israeli military and settler presence on the West Bank as a violation of their right to statehood and sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcpsr.org/survey/polls/2001/p2a.html |title=Survey Research Unit |publisher=Pcpsr.org |date=9 July 2001 |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022428/http://www.pcpsr.org/survey/polls/2001/p2a.html |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref> Israeli opinion is split into a number of views:
*Complete or partial withdrawal from the West Bank in hopes of peaceful coexistence in separate states (sometimes called the "[[land for peace]]" position); (In a 2003 poll, 76% of Israelis supported a peace agreement based on that principle).<ref>{{cite web |title=Israeli public opinion regarding the conflict |publisher=The Center for Middle East Peace and Economics Cooperation |url=http://www.mifkad.org.il/en/more.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210190934/http://www.mifkad.org.il/en/more.asp |archive-date=10 February 2007 |access-date=27 September 2006}}</ref>
*Maintenance of a military presence in the West Bank to reduce [[Palestinian terrorism]] by deterrence or by armed intervention, while relinquishing some degree of political control;
*[[Annexation]] of the West Bank while considering the Palestinian population with Palestinian Authority citizenship with Israeli residence permit as per the [[Elon Peace Plan]];
*Annexation of the West Bank and assimilation of the Palestinian population to fully fledged Israeli citizens;
*[[population transfer|Transfer]] of the East Jerusalem Palestinian population (a 2002 poll at the height of the [[Al-Aqsa Intifada|Al-Aqsa intifada]] found 46% of Israelis favoring Palestinian transfer of Jerusalem residents).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Asher Arian |title=A Further Turn to the Right: Israeli Public Opinion on National Security – 2002 |journal=Strategic Assessment |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=50–57 |date=June 2002 |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/sa/v5n1p4Ari.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103083229/http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/sa/v5n1p4Ari.html |archive-date=3 January 2006 |access-date=27 September 2006}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Judean Hills from Ramallah.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|View of the [[Judaean Mountains]] from [[Ramallah]]]]
The West Bank has an area of {{cvt|5628|km2|sqmi}}, which comprises 21.2% of former Mandatory Palestine (excluding Jordan)<ref name=Arnon>{{cite journal |last=Arnon |first=Arie |date=Autumn 2007 |pages=573–595 [575] |url=http://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/facultym/arnona/Israeli_Policy_towards_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territories_The_Economic_Dimension_1967-2007.pdf |title=Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967–2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630142150/http://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/facultym/arnona/Israeli_Policy_towards_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territories_The_Economic_Dimension_1967-2007.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2013 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=61 |issue=4 |doi=10.3751/61.4.11}}</ref> and has generally rugged mountainous terrain. The total length of the land boundaries of the region are {{cvt|404|km|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name=CIA/> The terrain is mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in the west, but somewhat barren in the east. The elevation span between the shoreline of the Dead Sea at −408 m to the highest point at [[Mount Nabi Yunis]], at 1,030 m (3,379 ft) [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2007 |url=http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1033 |access-date=14 October 2012 |title=A house demolished, three others threatened in the town of Halhul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527225642/http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1033 |archive-date=27 May 2007 |publisher=Applied Researh Institute – Jeruslem & Land Research Center}}</ref> The area of West Bank is landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers.<ref name=CIA/>

There are few natural resources in the area except the highly arable land, which comprises 27% of the land area of the region. It is mostly used as permanent pastures (32% of arable land) and seasonal agricultural uses (40%).<ref name=CIA/> Forests and woodland comprise just 1%, with no permanent crops.<ref name=CIA/>

===Climate===
The climate in the West Bank is mostly [[Mediterranean]], slightly cooler at elevated areas compared with the shoreline, west to the area. In the east, the West Bank includes the [[Judaean Desert|Judean Desert]] and the shoreline of the Dead Sea – both with dry and hot climate.

===Political geography===
{{main|West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord}}
{{Administration in the Palestine region}}

====Palestinian enclaves====
{{main|Palestinian enclaves|Palestinian National Authority}}
[[File:Settlements2006.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|A map of West Bank settlements and closures in January 2006: Yellow = Palestinian urban centers. Light pink = closed military areas or settlement boundary areas or areas isolated by the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]]; dark pink = settlements, outposts or military bases. The black line = route of the Barrier]]
The 1993 [[Oslo Accords]] declared the final status of the West Bank to be subject to a forthcoming settlement between [[Israel]] and the Palestinian leadership. Following these interim accords, Israel withdrew its military rule from some parts of the West Bank, which was divided into three [[West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord|Areas]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Area!!Security!!Civil Admin!!% of WB land!!% of WB Palestinians
|-
|A||Palestinian||Palestinian||18%||55%
|-
|B||Israeli||Palestinian||21%||41%
|-
|[[Area C (West Bank)|C]]||Israeli||Israeli||61%||4%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/World/palest.htm |title=JURIST – Palestinian Authority: Palestinian law, legal research, human rights |publisher=Jurist.law.pitt.edu |access-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805032025/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/palest.htm |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref>
|}

Area A, 2.7%,{{fix|text=of what?}} full civil control of the Palestinian Authority, comprises Palestinian towns, and some rural areas away from Israeli settlements in the north (between [[Jenin]], [[Nablus]], [[Tubas (city)|Tubas]], and [[Tulkarm]]), the south (around [[Hebron]]), and one in the center south of [[Salfit]].<ref name="Oslo 2">{{cite web |last1=Gvirtzman |first1=Haim |title=Maps of Israeli Interests in Judea and Samaria Determining the Extent of the Additional Withdrawals |date=8 February 1998 |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/books/maps.htm |access-date=1 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506141747/http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/books/maps.htm |archive-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> Area B, 25.2%,{{fix|text=of what?}} adds other populated rural areas, many closer to the center of the West Bank. Area C contains all the [[Israeli settlements]] (excluding settlements in East Jerusalem), roads used to access the settlements, buffer zones (near settlements, roads, strategic areas, and Israel), and almost all of the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]] and the [[Judean Desert]].

Areas A and B are themselves divided among 227 separate areas (199 of which are smaller than {{cvt|2|km2|sqmi|0|sp=us}}) that are separated from one another by Israeli-controlled Area C.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/TheWestBankandGazaAPopulationProfile.aspx |title=The West Bank and Gaza: A Population Profile – Population Reference Bureau |publisher=Prb.org |access-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025203542/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/TheWestBankandGazaAPopulationProfile.aspx |archive-date=25 October 2008}}</ref> Areas A, B, and C cross the 11 [[Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority|governorates]] used as administrative divisions by the Palestinian National Authority, Israel, and the IDF and named after major cities. The mainly open areas of Area C, which contains all of the basic resources of arable and building land, water springs, quarries and sites of touristic value needed to develop a viable Palestinian state,<ref>[[Jonathan Cook]], [http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/world-bank-report-is-a-message-against-israeli-occupation 'World Bank report is a message against Israeli occupation,'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017024400/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/world-bank-report-is-a-message-against-israeli-occupation |date=17 October 2013 }} The National, 15 October 2013,</ref> were to be handed over to the Palestinians by 1999 under the Oslo Accords as part of a final status agreement. This agreement was never achieved.<ref>Ron Pundak [http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/decoding-bibi-s-west-bank-agenda.premium-1.455265 'Decoding Bibi's West Bank agenda,'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803033617/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/decoding-bibi-s-west-bank-agenda.premium-1.455265 |date=3 August 2012 }} at [[Haaretz]], 3 August 2012.</ref>

According to [[B'tselem]], while the vast majority of the Palestinian population lives in areas A and B, the vacant land available for construction in dozens of villages and towns across the West Bank is situated on the margins of the communities and defined as area C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200205_Land_Grab.asp |title=B'Tselem – Publications – Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank, May 2002 |publisher=Btselem.org |access-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006161118/http://www.btselem.org/english/publications/summaries/200205_land_grab.asp |archive-date=6 October 2008}}</ref> Less than 1% of area C is designated for use by Palestinians, who are also unable to legally build in their own existing villages in area C due to Israeli authorities' restrictions,<ref name=AUS2922p4>{{harvnb|World Bank|2013|p=4}}. "Less than 1 percent of Area C, which is already built up, is designated by the Israeli authorities for Palestinian use; the remainder is heavily restricted or off-limits to Palestinians, 13 with 68 percent reserved for Israeli settlements, 14 c. 21 percent for closed military zones, 15 and c. 9 percent for nature reserves (approximately 10 percent of the West Bank, 86 percent of which lies in Area C). These areas are not mutually exclusive, and overlap in some cases. In practice it is virtually impossible for Palestinians to obtain construction permits for residential or economic purposes, even within existing Palestinian villages in Area C: the application process has been described by an earlier World Bank report (2008) as fraught with "ambiguity, complexity and high cost"."</ref><ref name=IllegalSettlements-C>{{cite news |quote=Arab illegal construction is 16 times that of Jews, per person (..) The NGO Regavim presented the committee with aerial photographs that show that the PA is systematically encouraging illegal construction in the area next to Jerusalem. The construction is funded by EU states, in contravention of the law and previous agreements (..) PA works day and night to take over state land. |last1=Ronen |first1=Gil |title=2014: Arabs Built 550 Illegal Structures in Area C Alone |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/188349 |access-date=7 December 2014 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=7 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210011404/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/188349 |archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>

An assessment by the UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] in 2007 found that approximately 40% of the West Bank was taken up by Israeli infrastructure. The infrastructure, consisting of settlements, the [[West Bank barrier|barrier]], military bases and closed military areas, Israeli declared nature reserves and the roads that accompany them is off-limits or tightly controlled to Palestinians.<ref name="OCHAoPtHumanitarianImpact">{{cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/TheHumanitarianImpactOfIsraeliInfrastructureTheWestBank_full.pdf |title=The Humanitarian Impact on Palestinians of Israeli Settlements and Other Infrastructure in the West Bank |publisher=UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] – Occupied Palestinian Territory |access-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326021132/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/TheHumanitarianImpactOfIsraeliInfrastructureTheWestBank_full.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref>

In June 2011, the Independent Commission for Human Rights published a report that found that Palestinians in the West Bank and the [[Gaza Strip]] were subjected in 2010 to an "almost systematic campaign" of human rights abuse by the [[Palestinian Authority]] and [[Hamas]], as well as by [[Israel]]i authorities, with the security forces of the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mcquaid |first1=Elwood |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=224143 |title=PA bans journalists from reporting human rights abuses |work=Jerusalem Post |access-date=31 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805020106/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=224143 |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref>

====Area annexed by Israel====
{{main|East Jerusalem}}
[[File:Greater Jerusalem May 2006 CIA remote-sensing map 3500px.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[Greater Jerusalem]], May 2006. [[CIA]] [[remote sensing]] map showing areas considered settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.]]

Through the [[Jerusalem Law]], Israel extended its administrative control over [[East Jerusalem]]. This has often been interpreted as tantamount to an official annexation, though [[Ian Lustick]], in reviewing the legal status of Israeli measures, has argued that no such annexation ever took place. The Palestinian residents have legal [[permanent residency]] status.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Quiet Deportation: Revocation of Residency of East Jerusalem Palestinians |author=Yael Stein |publisher=Joint report by [[Hamoked]] and [[B'Tselem]] |date=April 1997 |url=http://www.btselem.org/Download/199704_Quiet_Deportation_Eng.doc |type={{DOClink}} |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928061451/http://www.btselem.org/Download/199704_Quiet_Deportation_Eng.doc |archive-date=28 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Quiet Deportation: Revocation of Residency of East Jerusalem Palestinians (Summary) |author=Yael Stein |publisher=Joint report by [[Hamoked]] and [[B'Tselem]] |date=April 1997 |url=http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/199704_Quiet_Deportation.asp |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628220355/http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/199704_Quiet_Deportation.asp |archive-date=28 June 2006}}</ref> Rejecting the Jerusalem Law, the UN Security Council passed [[UN Security Council Resolution 478]], declaring that the law was "null and void". Although permanent residents are permitted, if they wish, to receive Israeli citizenship if they meet certain conditions including swearing allegiance to the State and renouncing any other citizenship, most Palestinians did not apply for Israeli citizenship for political reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal status of East Jerusalem and its residents |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Jerusalem/Legal_Status.asp |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010085544/http://www.btselem.org/English/Jerusalem/Legal_Status.asp |archive-date=10 October 2006}}</ref> There are various possible reasons as to why the West Bank had not been annexed to Israel after its [[Six-Day War|capture in 1967]].<ref name="MBard">[[Mitchell Bard]]. {{cite web |title=Our Positions: Solving the Palestinian/Israeli Conflict |publisher=[[Free Muslim Coalition Against Terrorism]] |url=http://www.freemuslims.org/issues/israel-palestine.php |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012015516/http://www.freemuslims.org/issues/israel-palestine.php |archive-date=12 October 2006}}</ref> The government of Israel has not formally confirmed an official reason; however, historians and analysts have established a variety of such, most of them demographic. Among those most commonly cited have been:
*Reluctance to award its citizenship to an overwhelming number of a potentially hostile population whose allies were sworn to the destruction of Israel.<ref name="Bard">[[Mitchell Bard]]{{full citation needed|date=January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bamberger">{{cite book |author=David Bamberger |title=A Young Person's History of Israel |publisher=Behrman House |orig-year=1985 |year=1994 |location=USA |page=128 |isbn=978-0-87441-393-9}}</ref>
*To ultimately exchange [[land for peace]] with neighbouring states<ref name="Bard"/><ref name="Bamberger"/>
*Fear that the population of ethnic Arabs, including Israeli citizens of Palestinian ethnicity, would outnumber the Jewish Israelis west of the Jordan River.<ref name="MBard"/><ref name="Bard"/>
*The disputed legality of [[annexation]] under the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/07/22/2740184/carter-center-calls-for-end-to-east-jerusalem-deportations |title=Carter Center calls for end to Jerusalem deportations | JTA – Jewish & Israel News |publisher=JTA |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726081628/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/07/22/2740184/carter-center-calls-for-end-to-east-jerusalem-deportations |archive-date=26 July 2010}}</ref>
The importance of demographic concerns to some significant figures in Israel's leadership was illustrated when [[Avraham Burg]], a former Knesset Speaker and former chair of the Jewish Agency for Israel, wrote in ''The Guardian'' in September 2003,
:"Between the Jordan and the Mediterranean there is no longer a clear Jewish majority. And so, fellow citizens, it is not possible to keep the whole thing without paying a price. We cannot keep a Palestinian majority under an Israeli boot and at the same time think ourselves the only democracy in the Middle East. There cannot be democracy without equal rights for all who live here, Arab as well as Jew. We cannot keep the territories and preserve a Jewish majority in the world's only Jewish state – not by means that are humane and moral and Jewish."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/15/comment |title=The end of Zionism |author=Avraham Burg |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=15 September 2003 |access-date=8 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827133259/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/15/comment |archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

====Area C and Israeli settlements====
{{Main|Area C (West Bank)|International law and Israeli settlements}}
[[File:West Bank Access Restrictions.pdf|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Map of [[Israeli settlement]]s and [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]] (magenta and blue), 2020]]

As of 2022, there are over 450,000 [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlers]] living in 132 [[Israeli settlement]]s in the West Bank excluding East Jerusalem, with an additional 220,000 Jewish settlers residing in 12 settlements in [[East Jerusalem]].<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":42"/> In addition, there are over 140 [[Israeli outpost]]s in the West Bank that are not recognized and are therefore illegal even under Israeli law, but which have nevertheless been provided with infrastructure, water, sewage, and other services by the authorities. They are colloquially known as "[[Israeli outpost|illegal outposts]]."<ref name="btselem">{{cite web |url=https://www.btselem.org/settlements |title=Settlements, B'Tselem |publisher=B'Tselem |access-date=2020-07-10 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724232206/https://www.btselem.org/settlements |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a result of [[Israeli law in the West Bank settlements|the application of Israeli law in the settlements ("Enclave law")]], large portions of Israeli [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] are applied to Israeli settlements and to Israelis living in the [[Israeli-occupied territories]].<ref name="Ben-NaftaliSfard2018">{{cite book |author1=Orna Ben-Naftali |author2=Michael Sfard |author3=Hedi Viterbo |title=The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Is5TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |date=10 May 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-15652-4 |pages=52– |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182234/https://books.google.com/books?id=Is5TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The international consensus is that all Israeli settlements on the West Bank are illegal under international law.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Emma Playfair |title=International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |location=USA |page=396 |isbn=978-0-19-825297-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Cecilia Albin |title=Justice and Fairness in International Negotiation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |location=Cambridge |page=150 |isbn=978-0-521-79725-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mark Gibney |author2=Stanlislaw Frankowski |title=Judicial Protection of Human Rights: Myth or Reality? |publisher=Praeger/Greenwood |year=1999 |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=72 |isbn=978-0-275-96011-7}}</ref><ref>'Plia Albeck, legal adviser to the Israeli Government was born in 1937. She died on 27 September 2005, aged 68', ''The Times'', 5 October 2005, p. 71.</ref> In particular, the [[European Union]] as a whole<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cms_data/docs/2004/12/22/%7B3FA161D9-6DA6-408F-85CE-20D0EC68DDFF%7D.pdf |title=EU Committee Report |access-date=19 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203022/http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cms_data/docs/2004/12/22/%7B3FA161D9-6DA6-408F-85CE-20D0EC68DDFF%7D.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> considers all settlements to be illegal. Significant portions of the Israeli public similarly oppose the continuing presence of Jewish Israelis in the West Bank and have supported the 2005 settlement relocation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dromi |first1=Shai M. |title=Uneasy Settlements: Reparation Politics and the Meanings of Money in the Israeli Withdrawal from Gaza |journal=Sociological Inquiry |year=2014 |volume=84 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/soin.12028 |pages=294–315 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/976461 |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026163232/https://zenodo.org/record/976461 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of legal scholars also hold the settlements to violate international law,<ref name="maj2"/> however individuals including [[Julius Stone]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aijac.org.au/news/article/international-law-and-the-arab-israel-conflict |title=International Law and the Arab Israel Conflict |editor=Ian Lacey |author=Julius Stone |date=13 October 2003 |quote=Extracts from ''Israel and Palestine – Assault on the Law of Nations'' |publisher=[[AIJAC]] |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124001631/http://www.aijac.org.au/news/article/international-law-and-the-arab-israel-conflict |archive-date=24 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-illegal-settlements-myth/ |title=The Illegal-Settlements Myth |author=David M. Phillips |journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |date=December 2009 |issue=December 2009 |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120206204134/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-illegal-settlements-myth/ |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Eugene Rostow]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tzemachdovid.org/Facts/islegal1.shtml |title=Resolved: are the settlements legal? Israeli West Bank policies |publisher=Tzemachdovid.org |access-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915102140/http://www.tzemachdovid.org/Facts/islegal1.shtml |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> have argued that they are legal under international law.<ref>{{cite news |title=FAQ on Israeli settlements |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News]] |date=26 February 2004 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast/settlements.html |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605085401/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast/settlements.html |archive-date=5 June 2007}}</ref>

Immediately after the 1967 war, [[Theodor Meron]], legal counselor of Israel's Foreign Ministry, advised Israeli ministers in a "top secret" memo that any policy of building settlements across occupied territories violated international law and would "contravene the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelis-were-warned-on-illegality-of-settlements-in-1967-memo-469443.html |title=Israelis were warned on illegality of settlements in 1967 memo |author=Donald Macintyre |date=11 March 2006 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |page=27 |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909101149/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelis-were-warned-on-illegality-of-settlements-in-1967-memo-469443.html |archive-date=9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0311-06.htm |title=Israelis Were Warned on Illegality of Settlements in 1967 Memo |publisher=Commondreams.org |access-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515194230/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0311-06.htm |archive-date=15 May 2008}}</ref><ref>[[Gershom Gorenberg|Gorenberg, Gershom]]. "The Accidental Empire". New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, 2006. p. 99.</ref> Fifty years later, citing decades of legal scholarship on the subject, Meron reiterated his legal opinion regarding the illegality of Israeli settlements in the Occupied Territories.<ref>{{cite news |first=Theodor |last=Meron |title=The West Bank and International Humanitarian Law on the Eve of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Six-Day War |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/west-bank-and-international-humanitarian-law-on-the-eve-of-the-fiftieth-anniversary-of-the-sixday-war/E1D4F9F5B3C43C943D9C3F31EABF79B3 |work=American Journal of International Law |date=10 May 2017 |accessdate=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730134921/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/west-bank-and-international-humanitarian-law-on-the-eve-of-the-fiftieth-anniversary-of-the-sixday-war/E1D4F9F5B3C43C943D9C3F31EABF79B3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UN Security Council has issued several non-binding resolutions addressing the issue of the settlements. Typical of these is UN Security Council resolution 446 which states that the "practices of Israel in establishing settlements in the Palestinian and other Arab territories occupied since 1967 have no legal validity", and it calls on Israel "as the occupying Power, to abide scrupulously by the [[Fourth Geneva Convention|1949 Fourth Geneva Convention]]"''.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/d744b47860e5c97e85256c40005d01d6/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc |title=UNSC Resolution 446 (1979) of 22 March 1979 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095515/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/d744b47860e5c97e85256c40005d01d6/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

The Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention held in Geneva on 5 December 2001 called upon "the Occupying Power to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to refrain from perpetrating any violation of the Convention." The High Contracting Parties reaffirmed "the illegality of the settlements in the said territories and of the extension thereof."<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList325/D86C9E662022D64E41256C6800366D55 Implementation of the Fourth Geneva Convention in the occupied Palestinian territories: history of a multilateral process (1997–2001)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929074057/http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList325/D86C9E662022D64E41256C6800366D55 |date=29 September 2006 }}, ''International Review of the Red Cross'', 2002 – No. 847.</ref>

On 30 December 2007, [[Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Ehud Olmert]] issued an order requiring approval by both the Israeli Prime Minister and Israeli Defense Minister of all settlement activities (including planning) in the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news |title=Olmert curbs WBank building, expansion and planning |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL31349948 |work=Reuters |date=31 December 2007 |access-date=31 December 2007 |first1=Adam |last1=Entous |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103050544/http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL31349948 |archive-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> The change had little effect with settlements continuing to expand, and new ones being established. On 31 August 2014, Israel announced it was appropriating 400 hectares of land in the West Bank to eventually house 1,000 Israel families. The appropriation was described as the largest in more than 30 years.<ref name="NewSettlement">{{cite news |title=Israel launches massive new West Bank settlement plans |url=http://www.israelherald.com/index.php/sid/225274007 |date=31 August 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Israel Herald |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903124155/http://www.israelherald.com/index.php/sid/225274007 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> According to reports on Israel Radio, the development is a response to the [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers]].<ref name="NewSettlement" />

====Palestinian outposts====
[[File:Palestinian demonstration against demolish of the village susya.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A Palestinian demonstration against the demolition of the village [[Susya]]]]
The [[Haaretz]] newspaper published an article in December 2005 about demolition of "Palestinian outposts" in [[Bil'in]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Meron Rapoport |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/idf-completes-evacuation-of-bil-in-outpost-1.177194 |title=IDF Completes Evacuation of Bil'in 'Outpost' |date=21 December 2005 |work=Haaretz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209080625/http://www.haaretz.com/news/idf-completes-evacuation-of-bil-in-outpost-1.177194 |archive-date=9 December 2010}}</ref> The demolitions sparked a political debate as according to ''PeaceNow'' it was a double standard ("After what happened today in Bil'in, there is no reason that the state should defend its decision to continue the construction" credited to [[Michael Sfard]]).

In January 2012, the European Union approved the "Area C and Palestinian state building" report. The report said Palestinian presence in Area C has been continuously undermined by Israel and that state building efforts in Area C of the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the EU were of "utmost importance in order to support the creation of a contiguous and viable Palestinian state". The EU will support various projects to "support the Palestinian people and help maintain their presence".<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4174682,00.html Europe to pursue Area C projects] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418091040/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4174682,00.html |date=18 April 2017 }}, YnetNews 12 January 2012</ref><ref name=jps41-3>{{cite journal |title=A2. European Union, Internal Report on "Area C and Palestinian State Building," Brussels, January 2012 (excerpts) |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=41 |issue=3 |date=Spring 2012 |pages=220–223 |jstor=10.1525/jps.2012.xli.3.220 |doi=10.1525/jps.2012.xli.3.220}}</ref>

In May 2012, a petition<ref name="may8p">[http://www.regavim.org.il/images/stories/hakl.pdf]{{Dead link|date=May 2018|bot=SheriffIsInTown|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> was filed to the [[Israeli Supreme Court]] about the legality of more 15<ref name="may8p"/> Palestinian outposts and Palestinian building in "Area C". The cases were filed by [[Regavim (NGO)|Regavim]].<ref name="nrgheb">{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/366/534.html?hp=1&cat=404&loc=11 |title=עשרות ''מאחזים'' פלסטיניים הוקמו ביו''ש; בג''ץ יכריע |website=NRG מעריב |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813124841/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/366/534.html?hp=1&cat=404&loc=11 |archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Illegal Palestinian quarry near Beit Fajar to close |url=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=208098&R=R2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225082312/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=208098 |archive-date=25 February 2013}}</ref>

The petition was one of 30 different petitions with the common ground of illegal land takeover and illegal construction and use of natural resources. Some of the petitions (27) had been set for trials<ref name="list_of_pettions">{{cite web |url=http://www.regavim.org.il/index.php/activity/allpetitions |title=List of petitions by the Regavim NGO |website=regavim.org.il |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223211957/http://www.regavim.org.il/index.php/activity/allpetitions |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> and the majority received a verdict.

''Ynet News'' stated on 11 January 2013 that a group of 200 Palestinians with unknown number of foreign activists created an outpost named [[Bab al-Shams]] ("Gate of the Sun"), contains 50 tents<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinians erect outpost in E1 zone |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=11 January 2013 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4331277,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209034356/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4331277,00.html |archive-date=9 February 2013 |last1=Levy |first1=Elior}}</ref>

''Ynet News'' stated on 18 January 2013 that Palestinian activists built an outpost on a disputed area in [[Beit Iksa]], where Israel plans to construct part of the separation fence in the Jerusalem vicinity while the Palestinians claim that the area belongs to the residents of Beit Iksa. named [[Bab al-Krama]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Report: IDF fire injures 2 Palestinians |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=18 January 2013 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4334255,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203132415/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4334255,00.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |last1=Levy |first1=Elior}}</ref>

====West Bank barrier====
{{main|Israeli West Bank barrier}}
[[File:West Bank barrier.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[West Bank barrier]] ("Separation Wall")]]
[[File:Qalandiya Checkpoint.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[Kalandia|Qalandiya]] Checkpoint between [[Ramallah]] and [[Jerusalem]]]]
The [[Israeli West Bank barrier]] is a physical [[separation barrier|barrier]] ordered for construction by the Israeli Government, consisting of a network of fences with vehicle-barrier trenches. It is surrounded by an on average {{cvt|60|m|ft|0|sp=us}} wide exclusion area (90%) and up to {{cvt|8|m|ft|0|sp=us}} high concrete walls (10%), although in most areas the wall is not nearly that high.<ref>{{cite web |title=HCJ 7957/04 Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister of Israel |url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/04/570/079/A14/04079570.A14.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of Israeli (High Court of Justice) |access-date=17 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20051028233445/http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570.a14.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2005}}</ref> It is located mainly within the West Bank, partly along the [[1949 Armistice Agreements|1949 Armistice line]], or "[[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]" between the West Bank and Israel. The length of the barrier as approved by the Israeli government is {{cvt|708|km|mi|sp=us}} long.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=File:West Bank Access Restrictions.pdf - Wikipedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:West_Bank_Access_Restrictions.pdf |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |date=7 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523175400/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:West_Bank_Access_Restrictions.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2020, approximately {{cvt|454|km|mi|sp=us}} have been constructed (64%).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Separation_Barrier/Statistics.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031120125813/http://www.btselem.org/english/Separation_Barrier/Statistics.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2003 |title=B'Tselem – The Separation Barrier – Statistics |publisher=Btselem.org |access-date=9 October 2008}}</ref> The space between the barrier and the green line is a closed military zone known as the [[Seam Zone]], cutting off 9% of the West Bank and encompassing dozens of villages and tens of thousands of Palestinians.<ref name=B>{{cite web |title=Separation Barrier: 9 July 2006: Two Years after the ICJ's Decision on the Separation Barrier |publisher=[[B'tselem]] |date=9 July 2006 |access-date=11 May 2007 |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/separation_barrier/20060709_Hague_2nd_anniversary.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221914/http://www.btselem.org/english/separation_barrier/20060709_Hague_2nd_anniversary.asp |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=CBC>{{cite news |title=Indepth Middle East:Israel's Barrier |author=Margarat Evans |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] |date=6 January 2006 |access-date=5 November 2007 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast/israel_barrier.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518071453/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast/israel_barrier.html |archive-date=18 May 2007}}</ref><ref name=ICJ>{{cite web |title=Israel's Separation Barrier:Challenges to the Rule of Law and Human Rights: Executive Summary Part I and II |publisher=[[International Commission of Jurists]] |date=6 July 2004 |access-date=11 May 2007 |url=http://www.icj.org/news.php3?id_article=3410&lang=en&print=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706125257/http://www.icj.org/news.php3?id_article=3410&lang=en&print=true |archive-date=6 July 2007}}</ref>

The barrier generally runs along or near the 1949 Jordanian-Israeli armistice/Green Line, but diverges in many places to include on the Israeli side several of the highly populated areas of Jewish settlements in the West Bank such as [[East Jerusalem]], [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]], [[Gush Etzion]], [[Immanuel (town)|Immanuel]], [[Karnei Shomron]], [[Givat Ze'ev]], [[Oranit]], and [[Maale Adumim]].

Supporters of the barrier claim it is necessary for protecting Israeli civilians from Palestinian attacks, which increased significantly during the Al-Aqsa Intifada;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.securityfence.mod.gov.il/Pages/ENG/questions.htm |title=Israel Security Fence – Ministry of Defense |publisher=Securityfence.mod.gov.il |access-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003072906/http://www.securityfence.mod.gov.il/Pages/ENG/questions.htm |archive-date=3 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zionism-israel.com/map_of_israel_security_problem_distances.htm |title=Map of Palestine – Land of Israel, 1845 |publisher=Zionism-israel.com |access-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201154156/http://zionism-israel.com/map_of_israel_security_problem_distances.htm |archive-date=1 December 2010}}</ref> it has helped reduce incidents of terrorism by 90% from 2002 to 2005; over a 96% reduction in terror attacks in the six years ending in 2007,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=After Sharon |date=6 January 2006}}</ref> though Israel's State Comptroller has acknowledged that most of the suicide bombers crossed into Israel through existing checkpoints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/d80185e9f0c69a7b85256cbf005afeac/c4c1970ae0ba634b85256e510073d1e3/$FILE/PA-ICJ%20written%20statement%20(exec%20summary).pdf#page=8 |title=Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory |date=30 January 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095453/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/d80185e9f0c69a7b85256cbf005afeac/c4c1970ae0ba634b85256e510073d1e3/$FILE/PA-ICJ%20written%20statement%20(exec%20summary).pdf#page=8 |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref> Its supporters claim that the [[Philosophic burden of proof|onus]] is now on the Palestinian Authority to fight terrorism.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/news/sen-clinton-i-support-w-bank-fence-pa-must-fight-terrorism-1.173922 Sen. Clinton: I support W. Bank fence, PA must fight terrorism] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605192658/http://www.haaretz.com/news/sen-clinton-i-support-w-bank-fence-pa-must-fight-terrorism-1.173922 |date=5 June 2011 }}. Haaretz, 13 November 2005</ref>

Opponents claim the barrier is an illegal attempt to annex Palestinian land under the guise of security,<ref>{{cite web |title=Under the Guise of Security |publisher=Btselem.org |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Publications/summaries/200512_Under_the_Guise_of_Security.asp |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405095349/http://www.btselem.org/english/Publications/summaries/200512_Under_the_Guise_of_Security.asp |archive-date=5 April 2007}}</ref> violates international law,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/07/09/israel.barrier/index.html |title=U.N. court rules West Bank barrier illegal |publisher=CNN |date=9 July 2004 |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108022553/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/07/09/israel.barrier/index.html |archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> has the intent or effect to pre-empt final status negotiations,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,2763,976105,00.html |title=Set in stone |work=The Guardian |author=Geraldine Bedell |date=15 June 2003 |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182238/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/15/israelandthepalestinians.features |url-status=live }}</ref> and severely restricts Palestinian livelihoods, particularly limiting their freedom of movement within and from the West Bank thereby undermining their economy.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Settlements and separation in the West Bank: future implications for health |date=February 2014 |journal=Medicine, Conflict and Survival |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |last1=Bogue |first1=Patrick |last2=Sullivan |first2=Richard |last3=Anonymous |last4=Grandinetti |first4=Guglielmo Chelazzi |doi=10.1080/13623699.2013.873643 |pmid=24684018 |s2cid=41065377}}</ref>

=====Palestinian governorates=====
{{main|Governorates of Palestine}}
[[File:WestBankGovernatesNonLabeled.png|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority|Northern Governorates]]]]
After the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]], the West Bank was divided into 11 [[governorate]]s under the jurisdiction of the [[Palestinian National Authority]]. Since 2007 there are two governments claiming to be the legitimate government of the Palestinian National Authority, one based in the West Bank and one based in the Gaza Strip.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Governorate!!Population<ref name=geohive>{{cite web |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of Palestine |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2173.pdf |title=كتاب فلسطين الاحصائي السنوي |access-date=31 January 2016 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics |date=December 2015 |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422210843/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2173.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>!!Area (km2)<ref name=geohive/>
|-
|[[Jenin Governorate]]||align="right"| 311,231 ||align="right"| 583
|-
|[[Tubas Governorate]]||align="right"| 64,719 ||align="right"| 372
|-
|[[Tulkarm Governorate]]||align="right"| 182,053 ||align="right"| 239
|-
|[[Nablus Governorate]]||align="right"| 380,961 ||align="right"| 592
|-
|[[Qalqilya Governorate]]||align="right"| 110,800 ||align="right"| 164
|-
|[[Salfit Governorate]]||align="right"| 70,727 ||align="right"| 191
|-
|[[Ramallah and Al-Bireh Governorate]]||align="right"| 348,110 ||align="right"| 844
|-
|[[Jericho Governorate]]||align="right"| 52,154 ||align="right"| 608
|-
|[[Jerusalem Governorate]] (including Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem with Israeli citizenship)||align="right"| 419,108 ||align="right"| 344
|-
|[[Bethlehem Governorate]]||align="right"| 216,114 ||align="right"| 644
|-
|[[Hebron Governorate]]||align="right"| 706,508 ||align="right"| 1,060
|-
!Total!! style="text-align:right;"| 2,862,485 !!align="right"| 5,671
|}

===== Israeli administrative districts =====
{{see also|Judea and Samaria Area}}
The West Bank is further divided into 8 administrative regions: Menashe ([[Jenin]] area), HaBik'a ([[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]), [[Samaria|Shomron]] ([[Shechem]] area, known in Arabic as [[Nablus]]), Efrayim ([[Tulkarm]] area), Binyamin ([[Ramallah]]/[[al-Bireh]] area), Maccabim ([[Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut|Maccabim]] area), [[Gush Etzion|Etzion]] ([[Bethlehem]] area) and [[Judea|Yehuda]] ([[Hebron]] area).

== Crossing points ==

[[Allenby Bridge]], or ‘King Hussein Bridge’, is the main port for the Palestinian in the West Bank to the Jordanian borders. This crossing point is controlled by Israel since 1967. It was inaugurated on 11 December 2011 under the military order "175" entitled ‘An order concerning transition station’. Later, Order ‘446’ was issued which annexed the [[Damia Bridge]] crossing point to the Allenby Bridge as a commercial crossing point only. Goods were exported to Jordan, while the import was banned for security purposes.<ref name="Euro-Mid">{{cite web |url=http://www.euromid.org/uploads/reports/Restricted_Hopes.pdf |title=Restricted Hopes: On The Breach Of West Bank Palestinians' Right To Travel By Israeli Authorities |date=December 2011 |publisher=Euro-Mediterranean Observer for Human Rights |access-date=16 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102018/http://www.euromid.org/uploads/reports/Restricted_Hopes.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In 1993, the Palestinian National Authority, according to Oslo Accord assigned by PLO and the Israeli government, became a partial supervisor over the [[Rafah Border Crossing]] to Gaza Strip. The Palestinian Authority was responsible for issuing passports to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Israel remained the major responsible party for this crossing point. According to the agreement, Israel has the right to independently inspect luggage and to maintain security. In addition, it can prevent anyone from using the crossing.<ref name="Euro-Mid"/><ref>{{Cite journal |title=معبر الكرامة – نبذة تاريخية |last=المرصد الأورومتوسطي لحقوق الإنسان |date=15 December 2015 |journal=آمال مقيدة |language=ar}} [{{cite journal |author=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor |date=15 December 2015 |title=Dignity Crossing - A Brief History |journal=Tied Hopes |language=ar}}]</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of the Palestinian territories}}
As of the early-21st century, the economy of the Palestinian territories is chronically depressed, with [[unemployment]] rates constantly over 20% since 2000. The unemployment rate was 19% in the West Bank in first half of 2013.<ref name=AUS2922p2a>{{harvnb|World Bank|2013|p=2}}. "Consequently, unemployment rates have remained very high in the Palestinian territories...After initial post-Oslo rates of about 9 percent in the mid-1990s, unemployment rose to 28 percent of the labor force in 2000 with the onset of the second intifada and the imposition of severe movement and access restrictions; it has remained high ever since and is currently about 22 percent. What is more, almost 24 percent of the workforce is employed by the PA, an uncommonly high proportion that reflects the lack of dynamism in the private sector."</ref>

==Consequences of occupation==

===Economic consequences===
According to a 2013 World Bank report, Israeli restrictions hinder Palestinian economic development in Area C of the West Bank.<ref name=AUS2922p2b>{{harvnb|World Bank|2013|p=2}}. "While internal Palestinian political divisions have contributed to investor aversion to the Palestinian territories, Israeli restrictions on trade, movement and access are clearly the binding constraint to investment: these restrictions substantially increase the cost of trade and make it impossible to import many production inputs into the Palestinian territories, as illustrated, for instance, on the example of the telecommunications sector. For Gaza, the restrictions on import and export are in particular severe. In addition to the restrictions on labor movement between the Palestinian territories, the restrictions on movement of labor within the West Bank have been shown to have a strong impact on employability, wages, and economic growth. Israeli restrictions render much economic activity very difficult or impossible to conduct on about 61 percent of the West Bank territory, called Area C. Restrictions on movement and access, and the stunted potential of Area C."</ref> A 2013 [[World Bank]] report calculates that, if the [[Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip|Interim Agreement]] was respected and restrictions lifted, a few key industries alone would produce US$2.2 billion per annum more (or 23% of 2011 Palestinian GDP) and reduce by some US$800 million (50%) the Palestinian Authority's deficit; the employment would increase by 35%.<ref name=AUS2922pviii>{{harvnb|World Bank|2013|p=viii}}. "[...] assumed that the various physical, legal, regulatory and bureaucratic constraints that currently prevent investors from obtaining construction permits, and accessing land and water resources are lifted, as envisaged under the Interim Agreement. [...] It is understood that realizing the full potential of such investments requires other changes as well – first, the rolling back of the movement and access restrictions in force outside Area C, which prevent the easy export of Palestinian products and inhibit tourists and investors from accessing Area C; and second, further reforms by the Palestinian Authority to better enable potential investors to register businesses, enforce contracts, and acquire finance. [...] Neglecting indirect positive effects, we estimate that the potential additional output from the sectors evaluated in this report alone would amount to at least USD 2.2 billion per annum in valued added terms – a sum equivalent to 23 percent of 2011 Palestinian GDP. The bulk of this would come from agriculture and Dead Sea minerals exploitation. [...] x. Tapping this potential output could dramatically improve the PA's fiscal position. Even without any improvements in the efficiency of tax collection, at the current rate of tax/GDP of 20 percent the additional tax revenues associated with such an increase in GDP would amount to some USD 800 million. Assuming that expenditures remain at the same level, this extra resource would notionally cut the fiscal deficit by half – significantly reducing the need for donor recurrent budget support. This major improvement in fiscal sustainability would in turn generate significant positive reputational benefits for the PA and would considerably enhance investor confidence. xi. The impact on Palestinian livelihoods would be impressive. An increase in GDP equivalent to 35 percent would be expected to create substantial employment, sufficient to put a significant dent in the currently high rate of unemployment. If an earlier estimated one-to-one relationship between growth and employment was to hold, this increase in GDP would lead to a 35 percent increase in employment. This level of growth in employment would also put a large dent in poverty, as recent estimates show that unemployed Palestinians are twice as likely to be poor as their employed counterparts."</ref>

===Water supply===
{{main|Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine}}
Amnesty International has criticized the way that the Israeli state is dealing with the regional water resources:

{{blockquote|Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) do not have access to adequate, safe water supplies ... Discriminatory Israeli policies in the OPT are the root cause of the striking disparity in access to water between Palestinians and Israelis ... The inequality is even more pronounced between Palestinian communities and unlawful Israeli settlements, established in the OPT in violation of international law. Swimming pools, well-watered lawns and large irrigated farms in Israeli settlements in the OPT stand in stark contrast next to Palestinian villages whose inhabitants struggle even to meet their essential domestic water needs. In parts of the West Bank, Israeli settlers use up to 20 times more water per capita than neighbouring Palestinian communities, who survive on barely 20 litres of water per capita a day—the minimum amount recommended by the WHO for emergency situations response.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.amnesty.eu/static/Water_report_digest.pdf |access-date=2017-03-15 |title=Thirsting for Justice – Palestinian Access to Water Restricted |publisher=Amnesty International |page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706031401/http://www.amnesty.eu/static/Water_report_digest.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>}}

Israeli settlers in the West Bank have seized dozens of [[well]]s from Palestinians. The wells are privately owned by Palestinians and the settlers forcibly took them, gave them Hebrew names and, with the assistance of the Israeli military, prevent Arab people, including the wells' owners, from using the wells and the pools the wells feed.<ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Gideon Levy]] |author2=Alex Levac |date=30 Aug 2019 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-this-place-is-only-for-jews-the-west-bank-s-apartheid-springs-1.7767344 |url-access=subscription |title='This Place Is Only for Jews': The West Bank's Apartheid Springs |work=Haaretz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190830111204/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-this-place-is-only-for-jews-the-west-bank-s-apartheid-springs-1.7767344 |archive-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>

===Israeli garbage disposal===
Israel ratified the international [[Basel Convention]] treaty on Israel on 14 December 1994, according to which, any transfer of waste must be performed with an awareness of the dangers posed to the disempowered occupied people. It forbids the creation among them of "environmental [[sacrifice zone]]s."{{sfn|Aloni|2017|p=16}} Israel, it is argued, uses the West Bank as a "sacrifice" zone for placing 15 waste treatment plants, which are there under less stringent rules that those required in Israel because a different legal system has been organized regarding hazardous materials that can be noxious to local people and the environment. The military authorities do not render public the details of these operations. These materials consist of such things as sewage sludge, infectious medical waste, used oils, solvents, metals, [[electronic waste]] and batteries.{{sfn|Aloni|2017|pp=5–6}}

In 2007 it was estimated that 38% (35 mcm a year) of all wastewater flowing into the West Bank derived from settlements and Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hareuveni|2009|p=7}} Of the 121 settlements surveyed, 81 had wastewater treatment plant, much of it inadequate or subject to breakdown, with much sewage flowing into lowland streams and terrain where Palestinian villages are located. Only 4 of 53 indictments for waste pollution were made over the years from 2000 to 2008, whereas in Israel the laws are strictly applied and, in 2006 alone, 230 enforcements for the same abuse were enforced.{{sfn|Hareuveni|2009|pp=8–12}} At the same time 90–95% of Palestinian wastewater was not treated, with only 1 of 4 Israeli plants built in the 1970s to that purpose functioning, and the neglect to improve the infrastructure is attributed to Israeli budgetary problems.{{sfn|Hareuveni|2009|pp=19–21}}

After the Oslo Accords, the global community earmarked $250,000,000 for West Bank wastewater infrastructure. Israel at times insisted its approval was conditional on linking the grid to Israeli settlements, which neither the donors nor Palestinians accepted. Most of the infrastructure was subsequently destroyed by IDF military operations.{{sfn|Weizman|2012|p=273,n.11}} The PA did raise funds from Germany for 15 plants, but only managed to build one, at [[al-Bireh]], within Area B, though even there Israel insisted the plant process waste from the settlement of [[Psagot]], though refusing to pay fees for the treatment.{{sfn|Hareuveni|2009|pp=19–21}} Palestinian towns like [[Salfit]] have been deeply affected by sewage overflow channeled past the town from the settlement of Ariel.{{sfn|Ashly|2017}}{{sfn|Weizman|2012|p=273,n.14}}

Unlike the data available for sewage treatment within Israel, the Israeli Water Commission refuses to provide public reports on 15 million cubic metres of sewage flowing from Israeli settlements in the West Bank. It claims 75% is treated adequately but independent Israeli studies (2000) suggest that only 6% met Israeli treatment standards, while 48% was either not treated adequastely or discharged raw. Since then some improvements have been implemented.{{sfn|Tagar|Keinen|Bromberg|2007|pp=419–420}}

The landfill near [[Al-Jiftlik]] in the [[Jericho Governorate]], built on [[Israeli land and property laws|absentee Palestinian property]] without planning or an environment impact analysis, is for the exclusive use of waste, 1,000 tons per day, produced by Israeli settlements and cities within Israel.<ref name="HRW 2016"/> Palestinians are restricted to 3 landfills, and permits for more have been denied unless the sites can be used to dump settlement garbage. Even if a permit is given without this agreement, settler waste under military escort is still dumped there.<ref name="HRW 2016"/>

Israel has been accused of engaging in ‘warfare ecology’ in the West Bank.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. Mason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKfyCAAAQBAJ |chapter=The Application of Warfare Ecoloogy to Belligerent Occupations |editor1=Gary E. Machlis |editor2=Thor Hanson |editor3=Zdravko Špirić |editor4=Jean McKendry |title=Warfare Ecology: A New Synthesis for Peace and Security |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-1214-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qKfyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 164] |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182250/https://books.google.com/books?id=qKfyCAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to [[NIMBY|local opposition]] in Israel to waste treatment plants and the high cost of meeting stringent environment laws in that country. It has been argued that Israel had used the area of the West Bank as a ‘sacrifice zone’ where its waste can be dumped." {{efn|'sacrifice zone is a geographic area that has become irrevocably impaired by environmental damage or economic neglect.'{{sfn|Aloni|2017|p=17}}}}

Many [[waste treatment]] facilities in the West Bank were built for processing waste generated inside Israeli sovereign territory, according to [[B'Tselem]], Israel's leading [[human rights organization]] for monitoring the West Bank.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |work=Al Jazeera |author=Jaclynn Ashly |date=5 Dec 2017 |title=Israel Turns West Bank into a 'Garbage Dump' |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/israel-turns-west-bank-garbage-dump-171205052610633.html |access-date=2018-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215144124/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/israel-turns-west-bank-garbage-dump-171205052610633.html |archive-date=15 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |author=Joshua Leifer |date=5 Dec 2017 |title=How Israel turned the West Bank into its garbage dump |url=https://972mag.com/how-israel-turned-the-west-bank-into-its-garbage-dump/131206/ |access-date=2018-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025315/https://972mag.com/how-israel-turned-the-west-bank-into-its-garbage-dump/131206/ |archive-date=16 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Aloni|2017|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} At least 15 waste treatment plants operate in the West Bank and most of the waste they process is brought over from within the Green line inside Israel proper.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} Of these 15 facilities, six process hazardous waste, including infectious [[medical waste]], used oils and [[solvent]]s, [[metal]]s, batteries and electronic industry byproducts, and one facility that processes [[sewage sludge]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

The Israel government requires no reporting by these West Bank facilities of the amount of waste they process or the risks they pose to the local population, and applies less rigorous regulatory standards to these facilities than it does to [[solid waste]] treatment facilities in Israel.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} B'Tselem, Israel's leading independent human rights organization for monitoring human rights in the West Bank, has observed that "any transfer of waste to the West Bank is a breach of [[international law]] which Israel is dutybound to uphold" because according to international law "an occupied territory or its resources may not be used for the benefit of the [[occupying power]]’s own needs."<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>{{sfn|Aloni|2017|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}{{sfn|Efrat|2006|p=8}}{{sfn|Weizman|2012|p=20}} Experts have also warned that some of these facilities are garbage dumps that endanger the purity of the mountain [[aquifer]], which is one of the largest sources of water in the region.{{sfn|Efrat|2006|p=8}}

===Palestinian garbage and sewage===
{{main|Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine}}
In 1995, the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) was established by a presidential decree. One year later, its functions, objectives and responsibilities were defined through a by-law, giving the PWA the mandate to manage water resources and execute the water policy.<ref name="husseini">{{cite book |last1=Husseini |first1=Hiba |title=The Palestinian Water Authority: Developments and Challenges involving the Legal Framework and the Capacity of the PWA |pages=301–308 |date=n.d. |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-69509-7_31 |chapter=Palestinian Water Authority: Developments and Challenges — Legal Framework and Capacity |isbn=978-3-540-69508-0}}</ref>

About 90% of the Palestinians in the Territories had access to [[improved sanitation]] in 2008.<ref name="JMP">[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Arab-States-Six-pager-Final.pdf ''A Snapshot of Drinking-water and Sanitation in the Arab States – 2010 Update''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513035105/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Arab-States-Six-pager-Final.pdf |date=13 May 2015 }}, p. 5. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation, November 2011. On [http://www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/?tx_displaycontroller wssinfo.org, Joint Monitoring Programme (see: Regional snapshots)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225205449/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/?tx_displaycontroller |date=25 February 2014 }}</ref> [[Cesspit]]s were used by 39% of households, while access to the sewer network increased to 55% in 2011, up from 39% in 1999.<ref name="PCBS 11">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1813.pdf Household Environmental Survey, 2011—Main Findings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023926/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1813.pdf |date=12 November 2020 }}, p. [13] (English section). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, December 2011</ref> In the West Bank, only 13,000 out of 85,000 m³ of wastewater were treated in five municipal wastewater treatment plants in [[Hebron]], [[Jenin]], [[Ramallah]], [[Tulkarem]] and [[Al-Bireh]].<ref name="Fatta">{{cite journal |title=Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The situation in Morocco and Palestine. |journal=The Environmentalist |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=227–236 |date=December 2004 |url=http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/h51600557n0j5380/?p=80dd2b999c8c44ff9f3d62e91a02db3b&pi=2 |doi=10.1007/s10669-005-0998-x |access-date=2008-02-15 |last1=Fatta |first1=D. |last2=Salem |first2=Z. |last3=Mountadar |first3=M. |last4=Assobhei |first4=O. |last5=Loizidou |first5=M. |s2cid=85346288}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Al Bireh plant was constructed in 2000 with funding by the [[Germany|German]] [[aid agency]] [[KfW]].<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WaterRestrictionsReportJuly2009.pdf ''Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529012034/https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WaterRestrictionsReportJuly2009.pdf |date=29 May 2019 }}, p. 113. World Bank, April 2009.</ref> According to the World Bank report, the other four plants perform poorly concerning efficiency and quality.<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WaterRestrictionsReportJuly2009.pdf ''Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529012034/https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WaterRestrictionsReportJuly2009.pdf |date=29 May 2019 }}, p. 20. World Bank, April 2009.</ref>

===Resource extraction===
Based on the number of quarries per km2 in Areas A and B, it is calculated that, were Israel to lift restrictions, a further 275 quarries could be opened in Area C. The World Bank estimates that Israel's virtual ban on issuing Palestinians permits for quarries there costs the Palestinian economy at least US$241 million per year.{{sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014|p=58}}
In International law drawing on the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Conventions]] (Article 55), it is established that an occupying power may reap some value from the resources of the country occupied but not deplete its assets, and that the [[usufruct]] must benefit the people under occupation. The Oslo Accords agreed to hand over mining rights to the Palestinian Authority. Israel licenses eleven settlement quarries in the West Bank and they sell 94% of their material to Israel, which arguably constitutes "depletion" and pays royalties to its West Bank military government and settlement municipalities.<ref name="HRW 2016"/>

Thus the German [[HeidelbergCement|cement firm quarrying at Nahal Raba]] paid out €430,000 ($479,000) in taxes to the [[Samaria Regional Council]] in 2014 alone.<ref name="HRW 2016"/> The Israeli High Court rejected a petition that such quarrying was a violation by stating that after 4 decades Israeli law must adapt to "the realities on the ground". The state did undertake not to open more quarries.{{sfn|Gross|2011}}

As an illustrative example, a Human Rights Watch report contrasts the difference between a Palestinian-owned quarry company in [[Beit Fajar]] and that of a European one working on what Israeli considers its state land. The European company obtained a concession and license to harvest stone, whereas Israel refuses permits for most of the roughly 40 Beit Fajar quarries, or nearly any other Palestinian-owned quarry in the West Bank under Israeli administration.<ref name="HRW 2016"/>

Israel had denied Palestinians permits to process minerals in that area of the West Bank.{{sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014|p=58}} The products of the Israeli cosmetics firm [[Ahava]], established in 1988, were developed in laboratories at the West Bank Dead Sea settlements of [[Mitzpe Shalem]] and [[Kalya]]. 60% of their production is sold in the EU market.{{sfn|Nicoletti|Hearne|2012|pp=21–22}} In 2018 The UN, stating that the violations were both "pervasive and devastating" to the local Palestinian population, identified some 206 companies which do business with Israeli settlements in the West Bank.{{sfn|Nebehay|2018}}

Roughly 73 percent of global [[bromine]] production comes from Israeli and Jordanian exploitation of the Dead Sea. The potential incremental value that could accrue to the Palestinian economy from the production and sales of [[potash]], bromine and magnesium has been conservatively estimated at US$918 million per annum, or 9 percent of GDP.{{sfn|World Bank|2013|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Beckouche|2017|p=156}} The lost earnings from not being allowed to process Dead Sea minerals such as potash, and for making bromide-based flame retardants, based on calculations of comparable use by Israel and Jordan, suggest a figure of $642 million.{{sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014|pp=58–60}}

===Loss of cultural property===
Albert Glock argued that Israel is responsible for the disappearance of significant parts of the Palestinian cultural patrimony, by confiscating Arab cultural resources. In 1967 it appropriated the Palestine Archaeological Museum{{efn|"The one center of archaeological activity that might have provided a base for Palestinian archaeologists was the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem, which was under the control not of Jordan but of trustees made up of the directors of the several foreign schools of archaeology in the city. It is therefore not clear why persons like [[Dimitri Baramki]] did not continue their work as archaeologists employed by the Palestine Museum. In any event, Jordan nationalized the museum only months before the June 1967 war, enabling the Israelis to claim it as theirs by right of conquest,"{{sfn|Glock|1994|p=77}}}} and its library in East Jerusalem.{{efn|"Fourth, the disappearance of the Palestinian patrimony (material evidence) through the deliberate confiscation of Arab cultural resources by Israelis (such as the large library of Dr. [[Tawfiq Canaan]] in 1948, the [[Rockefeller Museum|Palestine Archaeological Museum]] and its library in Jerusalem in 1967, and the library of the Palestine Research Center in Beirut in 1982), as well as the destruction of cultural property in the form of entire villages in 1948–49. This last is particularly crucial, since the Palestinians' link to their past is largely through the villages, few towns, and fewer cities that predominated in their land during the last thirteen centuries."{{sfn|Glock|1994|p=71}}}} Often these losses are personal, as when homes are ransacked and looted of their valuables. The journalist Hamdi Faraj, jailed for endangering public order, had his 500-volume library confiscated, including copies of the Bible and Qur'an and, when he applied for their restitution, was told all the books had been accidentally burnt.{{sfn|Friedman|1983|p=96}}
The Israeli occupation has wrought a profound change in Palestinian identity, which clings to a sense of a "paradise lost" before the changes brought out by the 1967 conquest.{{sfn|Kamrava|2016|p=116}}{{efn|Israeli settlers forced to evacuate their settlements have also called their prior state as one of a "lost paradise".{{sfn|Perugini|2014|p=55}}}}

===Tourism===
{{main|Tourism in the State of Palestine}}
The Palestinian territories contain several of the most significant sites for Muslims, Christians and Jews, and are endowed with a world-class heritage highly attractive to tourists and pilgrims.{{sfn|World Bank|2013|p=20}} The West Bank Palestinians themselves have difficulties in accessing the territory for recreation.

Based on 1967 figures, the Palestinian [[Dead Sea]] Coastline is roughly 40 km in length, of which 15% (6 kilometres) could lend itself to the same tourist infrastructure developed by Jordan and Israel in their respective areas. Were Israel to permit a parallel development of this Palestinian sector, the World Bank estimates that 2,900 jobs would be added, allowing the Palestinian economy a potential value-added input of something like $126 million annually.{{sfn|Niksic|Eddin|Cali|2014|pp=65–66}} It is also the only maritime recreational outlet for West Bankers, but according to an [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel|Acri]] complaint to the Israeli Supreme Court in 2008 Palestinians are often barred or turned away from the beaches at their only access point, the [[Beit HaArava|Beit Ha'arava checkpoint]] on [[Highway 90 (Israel–Palestine)|Route 90]]. Acri claimed the ban responds to fears by settlers who operate tourist concessions in this West Bank area that they will lose Jewish customers if there are too many West Bank Palestinians on the beaches.{{efn|'The ban came to light after the testimony of two Israeli army reservists who said that at the beginning of their tour of duty in May they were told that the purpose of the checkpoint was to "prevent Palestinians coming from the Jordan Valley to the Dead Sea beaches". One of the reservists, Doron Karbel, testified that as a "side note", the Jordan Valley Brigade Commander, Colonel Yigal Slovik, had said the reason for the checkpoint was that "when Jews and Palestinian vacationers were sitting on the beaches side by side it hurt the business of the surrounding [[yishuv]]im (Jewish communities)." {{sfn|Macintyre|2008}} }}

The key Palestinian towns in the West Bank for tourism are East Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Jericho. All access points are controlled by Israel and the road system, checkpoints and obstacles in place for visitors desiring to visit Palestinian towns leaves their hotels half-empty.{{sfn|Isaac|2013|p=147}} From 92 to 94 cents in every dollar of the tourist trade goes to Israel.{{sfn|Isaac|2013|p=144}} The general itineraries under Israeli management focus predominantly on Jewish history. Obstacles placed in the way of Palestinian-managed tourism down to 1995 included withholding licenses from tour guides, and hotels, for construction or renovation, and control of airports and highways, enabling Israel to develop a virtual monopoly on tourism.{{sfn|Isaac|2013|p=144}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of the State of Palestine}}
[[File:Nablus Children Victor Grigas 2011 -1-84.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Palestinian girl in [[Nablus]]]]
In December 2007, an official census conducted by the Palestinian Authority found that the [[Palestinian Arab]] population of the West Bank, including [[East Jerusalem]], was 2,345,000.<ref name=CIA/><ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinians grow by a million in decade |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=9 February 2008 |url=http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=91497 |access-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107100020/http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=91497 |archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> However, the [[World Bank]] and American-Israeli Demographic Research Group identified a 32% discrepancy between first-grade enrollment statistics documented by the Palestinian Ministry of Education and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS)’ 2007 projections,<ref>[http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=38108 THE PALESTINIAN CENSUS – SMOKE & MIRRORS] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621231400/http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=38108 |date=21 June 2011 }}, Independent Media Review Analysis, 11 February 2008</ref> with questions also raised about the PCBS’ growth assumptions for the period 1997–2003.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS65.pdf The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202061847/http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS65.pdf |date=2 February 2007 }}, Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 65, February 2006</ref> The [[Israeli Civil Administration]] put the number of Palestinians in the West Bank at 2,657,029 as of May 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.molad.org/en/articles/articlePrint.php?id=295 |title=Molad Analysis – Wrong Number |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041400/http://www.molad.org/en/articles/articlePrint.php?id=295 |archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.532703 |title=Demographic Debate Continues – How Many Palestinians Actually Live in the West Bank? |first1=Nir |last1=Hasson |date=30 June 2013 |newspaper=Haaretz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101200545/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.532703 |archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Tal Menashe - students in the garden.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Jewish children in [[Tal Menashe]].]]
In 2014, there were 389,250 [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlers]] living in the West Bank, excluding East Jerusalem,<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189430#.VLbVsoFq-K0 15,000 More Jews in Judea-Samaria in 2014] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309223147/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189430 |date=9 March 2016 }}, ''Arutz Sheva''</ref> as well as around 375,000 living in Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem. There are also small ethnic groups, such as the [[Samaritans]] living in and around [[Nablus]], numbering in the hundreds.<ref name=tsu>[http://www.thesamaritanupdate.com/ The Samaritan Update] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914114057/http://thesamaritanupdate.com/ |date=14 September 2017 }} Retrieved 8 January 2013.</ref>

As of October 2007, around 23,000 Palestinians in the West Bank worked in Israel every day, while another 9,200 worked in Israeli settlements. In addition, around 10,000 Palestinian traders from the West Bank were allowed to travel every day into Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g7NNG7m5AEfoCjIspXI7lya2LTFg |title=Israel labour laws apply to Palestinian workers |date=10 October 2007 |access-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109054713/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g7NNG7m5AEfoCjIspXI7lya2LTFg |archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref> By 2014, 92,000 Palestinians worked in Israel legally or illegally, twice as many as in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Number of Palestinians Working in Israel Doubled Over Four Years, Central Bank Says |url=http://www.haaretz.com/business/.premium-1.645266 |work=Haaretz |date=4 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926043952/http://www.haaretz.com/business/.premium-1.645266 |archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>

In 2008, approximately 30% of Palestinians or 754,263 persons living in the West Bank were [[Palestinian refugees|refugees]] or descendants of refugees from villages and towns located in what became Israel during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], according to [[UNRWA]] statistics.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNRWA in Figures: Figures as of 31 December 2004 |publisher=United Nations |date=April 2005 |url=https://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/uif-dec04.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928061448/http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/uif-dec04.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2006 |access-date=27 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics |publisher=[[Palestinian National Authority]] [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/ |access-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224060453/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/ |archive-date=24 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Can trust be rebuilt? |author=Ksenia Svetlova |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=1 December 2005 |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=2&cid=1132475665870&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511130927/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=2&cid=1132475665870&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=27 September 2006}}</ref> A 2011 EU report titled "Area C and Palestinian State Building" reported that before the Israeli occupation in 1967, between 200,000 and 320,000 Palestinians used to live in the Jordan Valley, 90% which is in Area C, but demolition of Palestinian homes and prevention of new buildings has seen the number drop to 56,000, 70% of which live in Area A, in Jericho.<ref name="EUobserver 13 January 2012">{{cite news |url=http://euobserver.com/24/114879 |title=EU ministers look to Israeli grab of Palestinian farmland |author=Andrew Rettman |date=13 January 2012 |newspaper=EUobserver |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129075528/http://euobserver.com/24/114879 |archive-date=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=h20120112>{{cite news |author1=Amira Hass |title=EU report: Israel policy in West Bank endangers two-state solution |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/eu-report-israel-policy-in-west-bank-endangers-two-state-solution-1.406945 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=12 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814195358/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/eu-report-israel-policy-in-west-bank-endangers-two-state-solution-1.406945 |archive-date=14 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=jps>{{cite journal |title=A2. European Union, Internal Report on "Area C and Palestinian State Building," Brussels, January 2012 (excerpts) |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |date=2012 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=220–223 |doi=10.1525/jps.2012.XLI.3.220}}</ref> In a similar period, the Jewish population in Area C has grown from 1,200 to 310,000.<ref name="EUobserver 13 January 2012"/>

===Major population centers===
[[File:Ariel085.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Settlement of [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]]]]
[[File:Ramallah Residential.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Residential neighborhood of [[Ramallah]]]]

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible innercollapse" margin-left:1em;"
|+Significant population centers
|-
! Center !! Population
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[East Jerusalem]]
|542,400{{sfn|JIPR|2018}}
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Hebron]] (al-Khalil)
| style="text-align:right;"|163,146<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Nablus]]
| style="text-align:right;"|136,132<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Jenin]]
| style="text-align:right;"|90,004<ref name="PCBS">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 Locality Population Statistics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081942/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf |date=10 December 2010 }}. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Tulkarm]]
| style="text-align:right;"|51,300<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Yattah]]
| style="text-align:right;"|48,672<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Modi'in Illit]]
| style="text-align:right;"|48,600<ref name="Israeli CBS">[http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton62/st02_15.pdf 2010 Locality Population Statistics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105191122/http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton62/st02_15.pdf |date=5 January 2012 }}. [[Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Qalqilyah]]
| style="text-align:right;"|41,739<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Al-Bireh]]
| style="text-align:right;"|38,202<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Beitar Illit]]
| style="text-align:right;"|37,600<ref name="Israeli CBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Ma'ale Adummim]]
| style="text-align:right;"|33,259<ref name="Israeli CBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Ramallah]]
| style="text-align:right;"|27,460<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Bethlehem]]
| style="text-align:right;"|25,266<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Jericho]]
| style="text-align:right;"|18,346<ref name="PCBS"/>
|-
! style="text-align: left"|[[Ariel (city)|Ariel]]
| style="text-align:right;"|17,700<ref name="Israeli CBS"/>
|}

The most densely populated part of the region is a mountainous spine, running north–south, where the cities of [[Jerusalem]], [[Nablus]], [[Ramallah]], [[al-Bireh]], [[Jenin]], [[Bethlehem]], [[Hebron]] and [[Yattah]] are located as well as the [[Israeli settlements]] of [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]], [[Ma'ale Adumim]] and [[Beitar Illit]]. Ramallah, although relatively mid in population compared to other major cities as [[Hebron]], [[Nablus]] and [[Jenin]], serves as an economic and political center for the Palestinians. Near Ramallah the new city of [[Rawabi]] is under construction.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/VideoArticles/Video/Article.aspx?id=244475 Palestinian city of Rawabi to serve 'nation in the making'.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210190439/http://www.jpost.com/VideoArticles/Video/Article.aspx?id=244475 |date=10 December 2011 }} [[Jerusalem Post]], 11 May 2011</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/un-chief-says-time-1327886.html |title=UN chief says time running out for peace deal |work=[[Atlanta Journal]] |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> [[Jenin]] in the extreme north and is the capital of north of the West Bank and is on the southern edge of the [[Jezreel Valley]]. [[Modi'in Illit]], [[Qalqilyah]] and [[Tulkarm]] are in the low foothills adjacent to the [[Israeli Coastal Plain]], and [[Jericho]] and [[Tubas (city)|Tubas]] are situated in the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]], north of the [[Dead Sea]].

===Religion===
{{Main|Palestinians#Religion}}
The population of the West Bank is 80–85% Muslim (mostly Sunni) and 12–14% Jewish. The remainder are Christian (mostly Greek Orthodox) and others.<ref name=CIA/>

==Transportation and communications==

===Road system===
[[File:Road 5066 A.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|A road in the West Bank]]
{{main|Palestinian freedom of movement#Restriction of movement in the West Bank}}
In 2010, the West Bank and Gaza Strip together had {{cvt|4686|km|mi|-0}} of roadways.<ref name=CIA/>

It has been said that for "Jewish settlers, roads ''connect''; for Palestinians, they ''separate''."{{sfn|Kamrava|2016|p=86}} Between 1994 and 1997, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) built 180 miles of bypass roads in the territories, on appropriated land because they ran close to Palestinian villages.{{sfn|Efrat|2006|p=85}} The given aim was said to be to afford protection to settlers from Palestinian sniping, bombing, and drive-by shootings.{{sfn|Galchinsky|2004|p=117}} For [[Tel Aviv University|TAU]] emeritus professor of geography Elisha Efrat, they ignored the historical topography, road systems and environmental characteristics of the West Bank, and simply formed an apartheid network of "octopus arms which hold a grip on Palestinian population centres".{{efn|"This imposed network of roads could be characterized by lack of consideration for the existing historical road network in the region; by inappropriateness of topography; by construction in marginal areas for a small population; by land confiscation of Arab villages; by lack of a logical hierarchy of roads with defined traffic functions; and above all by the development of a new road system as a means of territorial dominance of the region."{{sfn|Efrat|2006|p=85}}}}

A large number of embankments, concrete slabs and barriers impeded movement on primary and secondary roads. The result was to [[Canton (country subdivision)|cantonize]] and fragment Palestinian townships, and cause endless obstacles to Palestinians going to work, schools, markets and relatives.{{efn|" With Palestinian traffic banned from all the main and secondary roads, clusters of yellow group taxis gather at each such barrier, and groups of people trying to get to work, school, clinics, universities, relatives houses, or markets clamber up and down sand embankments or across ditches to circumvent concrete slabs and soldiers, who sometimes shoot at them."{{sfn|Hass|2002|p=6}}}} Ramallah was cut off from all of its feeder villages in 2000.{{sfn|Hass|2002|p=6}}

Though prohibited by law, confiscation of Palestinian identity cards at checkpoints is a daily occurrence. At best drivers must wait for several hours for them to be returned, when, as can happen, the IDs themselves are lost as soldiers change shifts, in which case Palestinians are directed to some regional office the next day, and more checkpoints to get there.{{sfn|Efrat|2006|p=85}} Even before the Al Aqsa Intifada, [[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]] estimated that 20% of pregnant West Bank women were unable to access [[prenatal care]] because of the difficulties and delays caused by crossing checkpoints, and dozens were forced to deliver their children on the roadside.{{sfn|Aswad|2007}}

Constant uncertainty and the inability to plan are the results for Palestinians of the Israeli military rules governing their movements. The [[World Bank]] noted that additional costs arising from longer travelling caused by restrictions on movement through three major routes in the West Bank alone ran to (2013) USD 185 million a year, adding that other, earlier calculations (2007) suggest restrictions on the Palestinian labour market cost the West Bank approximately US$229 million per annum. It concluded that such imposed restrictions had a major negative impact on the local economy, hindering stability and growth.{{sfn|World Bank|2013|p=30}} In 2007, official Israeli statistics indicated that there were 180,000 Palestinians on Israel's secret travel ban list. 561 roadblocks and checkpoints were in place (October), the number of Palestinians licensed to drive private cars was 46,166 and the annual cost of permits was $454.{{sfn|Makdisi|2010|pp=63–64}}

These checkpoints, together with the separation wall and the restricted networks restructure the West Bank into "land cells", freezing the flow of normal everyday Palestinian lives.{{sfn|Handel|2010|pp=259,261}} Israel sets up [[Random checkpoint|flying checkpoints]] without notice. Some 2,941 flying checkpoints were rigged up along West Bank roads, averaging some 327 a month, in 2017. A further 476 unstaffed physical obstacles, such as dirt mounds, concrete blocks, gates and fenced sections had been placed on roads for Palestinian use. Of the gates erected at village entrances, 59 were always closed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Restrictions on Movement |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |date=11 November 2017 |url=https://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605022611/http://www.btselem.org/English/Freedom_of_Movement/Closure.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

The checkpoint system did not ease up after the Oslo Accords, but was strengthened after them, which has been interpreted as suggesting their function is to assert control over Palestinians, and as a sign of an unwillingness to yield ground in the West Bank.{{sfn|Efrat|2006|p=86}} According to [[Health Minister of the Palestinian National Authority|PA Health Ministry statistics]] relating to the period from 2000 to 2006, of 68 Palestinian women who gave birth to their children while held up at checkpoints, 35 miscarried and 5 died while delivering their child there.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli jailed over baby tragedy |work=[[BBC News]] |date=12 September 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7612887.stm |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929132407/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7612887.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Machsom Watch]] accumulated over a mere five years (2001–2006) some 10,000 eyewitness reports and testimonies regarding the innumerable difficulties faced by Palestinians trying to negotiate West Bank checkpoints.{{sfn|Keshet|2013|p=viii}}

Transportation infrastructure is particularly problematic as Palestinian use of roads in Area C is highly restricted, and travel times can be inordinate; the Palestinian Authority has also been unable to develop roads, airports or railways in or through Area C,<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2013|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}. "UNOCHA analysis suggests that less than one percent of the land in Area C is currently available to Palestinians for construction; permit data also shows that it is almost impossible to obtain permission to build in Area C. Less than 6 percent of all requests made between 2000 and 2007 secured approval. This situation applies not only to housing but to public economic infrastructure (roads, water reservoirs, waste treatment plants) and industrial plant, and to the access roads and utility lines needed to connect Areas A and B across Area C. [...] The outbreak of the second Intifada in 2000 interrupted this trend, bringing increased violence and uncertainty – and most significantly, the intensification by Israel of a complex set of security-related restrictions that impeded the movement of people and goods and fragmented the Palestinian territories into small enclaves lacking economic cohesion. [...] Transportation infrastructure is particularly problematic as Palestinian use of roads in Area C is highly restricted, and travel times can be inordinate; the Palestinian Authority has also been unable to develop roads, airports or railways in or through Area C."</ref> while many other roads were restricted only to public transportation and to Palestinians who have special permits from Israeli authorities.<ref name="humanitarianinfo2">{{cite web |url=http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/OCHAoPt_ClosureAnalysis0106_En.pdf |title=Westbank closure count and analysis, January 2006 |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326181004/http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/OCHAoPt_ClosureAnalysis0106_En.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/5189f43f72a68a2785256c61005a58ea!OpenDocument |title=A/57/366 of 29 August 2002 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013101725/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/5189f43f72a68a2785256c61005a58ea%21OpenDocument |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A/57/366/Add.1 of 16 September 2002 |publisher=United Nations |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/a39191b210be1d6085256da90053dee5/43fc268b1bf484fd85256c610065c63a!OpenDocument |access-date=9 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013101735/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/a39191b210be1d6085256da90053dee5/43fc268b1bf484fd85256c610065c63a%21OpenDocument |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

At certain times, Israel maintained more than 600 checkpoints or roadblocks in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/23/60minutes/main4749723.shtml |title=60 Minutes | Middle East | Time Running Out For A Two-State Solution? |publisher=cbsnews.com |date=25 January 2009 |access-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090129154058/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/23/60minutes/main4749723.shtml |archive-date=29 January 2009}}</ref>
As such, movement restrictions were also placed on main roads traditionally used by Palestinians to travel between cities, and such restrictions are still blamed for poverty and economic depression in the West Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/WBN102.pdf |title=Protection of Civilians – Weekly Briefing Notes |date=20–26 April 2005 |publisher=OCHA |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120204071859/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/WBN102.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> Underpasses and bridges, 28 of which have been constructed and 16 of which are planned, link Palestinian areas separated from each other by Israeli settlements and bypass roads"<ref name="humanitarianinfo1">{{cite web |url=http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/ochaHU0805_En.pdf |title=Closure Count and Analysis |publisher=OCHA |date=August 2005 |access-date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326181017/http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/ochaHU0805_En.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Jericho checkpoint 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A checkpoint before entering [[Jericho]], 2005]]

Israeli restrictions were tightened in 2007.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2013|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}. "Exports from Gaza to the West Bank and Israeli markets, traditionally Gaza's main export destinations, are prohibited (according to Gisha, an Israeli non-profit organization founded in 2005 to protect the freedom of movement of Palestinians, especially Gaza residents, 85 percent of Gaza products were exported to Israel and the West Bank prior to 2007, at which point Israeli restrictions were tightened)."</ref>

There is a road, [[Route 4370]], which has a concrete wall dividing the two sides, one designated for Israeli vehicles, the other for Palestinian. The wall is designed to allow Palestinians to pass north–south through Israeli-held land and facilitate the building of additional Jewish settlements in the Jerusalem neighborhood.<ref>Erlanger, Steven. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/11/world/middleeast/11road.html A Segregated Road in an Already Divided Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701100132/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/11/world/middleeast/11road.html |date=1 July 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', (11 August 2007) Retrieved 11 August 2007</ref>

{{As of|2012|2}}, a plan for 475-kilometer rail network, establishing 11 new rail lines in West Bank, was confirmed by Israeli Transportation Ministry. The West Bank network would include one line running through Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Ma'aleh Adumim, Bethlehem and Hebron. Another would provide service along the Jordanian border from Eilat to the Dead Sea, Jericho and Beit She'an and from there toward Haifa in the west and in also in a northeasterly direction. The proposed scheme also calls for shorter routes, such as between Nablus and Tul Karm in the West Bank, and from Ramallah to the Allenby Bridge crossing into Jordan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-draws-plan-for-475-kilometer-rail-network-in-west-bank-1.414976 |title=Israel draws plan for 475-kilometer rail network in West Bank |publisher=haaretz |date=February 2012 |access-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103102753/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-draws-plan-for-475-kilometer-rail-network-in-west-bank-1.414976 |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

===Airports===
The only airport in the West Bank is the [[Atarot Airport]] near [[Ramallah]], but it has been closed since 2001.

===Telecom===
{{Main|Communications in the State of Palestine}}
The Palestinian [[Paltel]] telecommunication companies provide communication services such as [[landline]], [[cellular network]] and Internet in the West Bank and [[Gaza Strip]]. Dialling code [[+970]] is used in the West Bank and all over the Palestinian territories. Until 2007, the Palestinian mobile market was monopolized by [[Jawwal]]. A new [[mobile operator]] for the territories launched in 2009 under the name of [[Wataniya Telecom]]. The number of Internet users increased from 35,000 in 2000 to 356,000 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/me/ps.htm |title=Palestine Internet Usage and Telecommunications Report |publisher=Internetworldstats.com |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120204035341/http://www.internetworldstats.com/me/ps.htm |archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref>

===Radio and television===
The [[Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation]] broadcasts from an AM station in Ramallah on 675 kHz; numerous local privately owned stations are also in operation. Most Palestinian households have a radio and TV, and satellite dishes for receiving international coverage are widespread. Recently, PalTel announced and has begun implementing an initiative to provide ADSL broadband internet service to all households and businesses.

Israel's cable television company [[Hot (Israel)|HOT]], satellite television provider ([[Direct broadcast satellite|DBS]]) [[Yes (Israel)|Yes]], AM and FM radio broadcast stations and public television broadcast stations all operate. Broadband internet service by Bezeq's ADSL and by the cable company is available as well. The Al-Aqsa Voice broadcasts from Dabas Mall in [[Tulkarem]] at 106.7 FM. The [[Al-Aqsa TV]] station shares these offices.

==Higher education==
Seven universities are operating in the West Bank:
*[[Bethlehem University]], a [[Roman Catholic]] institution of the [[Brothers of the Christian Schools|Lasallian]] tradition partially funded by the [[Holy See|Vatican]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexánder González |title=Generalate – International Board of Regents of Bethlehem University Meets in Rome |url=https://www.bethlehem.edu/BUinNews/2017-02-21-generalate-international-board-of-regents-of-bethlehem-university-meets-in-rome |website=Bethlehem University in the Holy Land |publisher=Bethlehem University Foundation |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093104/https://www.bethlehem.edu/BUinNews/2017-02-21-generalate-international-board-of-regents-of-bethlehem-university-meets-in-rome |archive-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> opened its doors in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |author=Philip Daoud |url=http://www.bethlehem.edu/about/history.shtml |title=Bethlehem University – History |publisher=Bethlehem.edu |date=3 October 1973 |access-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119075900/http://www.bethlehem.edu/about/history.shtml |archive-date=19 January 2008}}</ref>
*In 1975, Birzeit College (located in the town of [[Bir Zeit]] north of [[Ramallah]]) became [[Birzeit University]] after adding third- and fourth-year college-level programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birzeit.edu/about_bzu/p/2542 |title=Birzeit University History |publisher=Birzeit.edu |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010233509/http://www.birzeit.edu/about_bzu/p/2542 |archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>
*An-Najah College in [[Nablus]] likewise became [[An-Najah National University]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.najah.edu/page/63 |title=History of An-Najah National University |publisher=Najah.edu |date=25 June 2000 |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103114/http://www.najah.edu/page/63 |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Hebron University]] was established as College of Shari'a in 1971 and became Hebron University in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hebron.edu/index.php/en/about-hu/-facts-a-figures.html |title=Hebron University facts and figures |publisher=Hebron.edu |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718143608/http://www.hebron.edu/index.php/en/about-hu/-facts-a-figures.html |archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
*[[Al-Quds University]] was founded in 1995, unifying several colleges and faculties in and around East Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information |url=http://old.alquds.edu/gen_info/index.php?page=overview |archive-url=https://archive.today/20101105184751/http://old.alquds.edu/gen_info/index.php?page=overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2010 |publisher=Al-Quds University |access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>
*In 2000, the [[Arab American University]] – the only private university in the West Bank – was founded outside of [[Zababdeh]], with the purpose of providing courses according to the [[Education in the United States|American system of education]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aauj.edu/AAUJ_WEBSITE/index.php |title=The Arab American University |publisher=Aauj.edu |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524141551/http://www.aauj.edu/AAUJ_WEBSITE/index.php |archive-date=24 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Ariel University]] is located in the [[Israeli settlement]] of [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] and was granted full university status on 17 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18879786 |title=Israel's first settlement university stirs controversy |work=[[BBC]] |date=17 July 2012 |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328155414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18879786 |archive-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> It was established in 1982.

Most universities in the West Bank have politically active student bodies, and elections of student council officers are normally along party affiliations. Although the establishment of the universities was initially allowed by the Israeli authorities, some were sporadically ordered closed by the Israeli Civil Administration during the 1970s and 1980s to prevent political activities and violence against the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]. Some universities remained closed by military order for extended periods during years immediately preceding and following the first Palestinian Intifada, but have largely remained open since the signing of the Oslo Accords despite the advent of the Al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada) in 2000.

The founding of Palestinian universities has greatly increased education levels among the population in the West Bank. According to a Birzeit University study, the percentage of Palestinians choosing local universities as opposed to foreign institutions has been steadily increasing; as of 1997, 41% of Palestinians with bachelor's degrees had obtained them from Palestinian institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.birzeit.edu/dsp/research/publications/2002/49e.pdf |title=Education and Human Development |publisher=Birzeit University |year=2002 |access-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926023114/http://home.birzeit.edu/dsp/research/publications/2002/49e.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> According to UNESCO, Palestinians are one of the most highly educated groups in the Middle East "despite often difficult circumstances".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17238&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20050928211016/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17238&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2005 |title=UNESCO | Education – Palestinian Authority |publisher=Portal.unesco.org |access-date=9 October 2008}}</ref> The literacy rate among Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip according to the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) is 94.6% for 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Illiteracy_2010E.pdf |title=On the Eve of the International Illiteracy day, 8th of September |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics |date=7 September 2010 |access-date=3 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022249/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Illiteracy_2010E.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[West Bank closures]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |access-date=3 October 2018 |title=Middle East: West Bank |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722231029/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="HRW 2016">{{Cite web |title=Occupation, Inc.: How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel's Violations of Palestinian Rights |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=19 January 2016 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/19/occupation-inc-how-settlement-businesses-contribute-israels-violations-palestinian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617231010/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/19/occupation-inc-how-settlement-businesses-contribute-israels-violations-palestinian |archive-date=2016-06-17}}</ref>
}}

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*{{Cite book |title=Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |year=2018 |author-link=Ronen Bergman |publisher=[[Random House]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA309 |isbn=978-0-679-60468-6 |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182224/https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA309 |url-status=live }}
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*{{Cite journal |title=External Constraints on Manufacturing Development in Israeli-Occupied Gaza |last1=El-Farra |first1=Majed |last2=MacMillen |first2=Malcolm |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]] |date=January 2000 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=153–170 |doi=10.1080/00263200008701302 |jstor=4284056 |s2cid=144822037}}
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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Albin, Cecilia (2001). ''Justice and Fairness in International Negotiation''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-79725-2}}
*Bamberger, David (1985, 1994). ''A Young Person's History of Israel''. Behrman House. {{ISBN|978-0-87441-393-9}}
*[[Alan Dowty|Dowty, Alan]] (2001). ''The Jewish State: A Century Later''. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22911-2}}
*[[Akiva Eldar|Eldar, Akiva]] and [[Idith Zertal|Zertal, Idith]] (2007). ''Lords of the land: the war over Israel's settlements in the occupied territories, 1967–2007'', Nation Books. {{ISBN|978-1-56858-414-0}}
*Gibney, Mark and Frankowski, Stanislaw (1999). ''Judicial Protection of Human Rights''. Praeger/Greenwood. {{ISBN|978-0-275-96011-7}}
*[[Neve Gordon|Gordon, Neve]] (2008).''Israel's Occupation''. University of California Press, Berkeley CA, {{ISBN|978-0-520-25531-9}}
*[[Gershom Gorenberg|Gorenberg, Gershom]]. ''The Accidental Empire''. Times Books, Henry Holt and Company. {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8241-8}}. 2006.
*Howell, Mark (2007). ''What Did We Do to Deserve This? Palestinian Life under Occupation in the West Bank'', Garnet Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-85964-195-8}}
*[[Michael Oren|Oren, Michael]] (2002). ''Six Days of War'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-515174-9}}
*Playfair, Emma (Ed.) (1992). ''International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-825297-9}}
*[[Avi Shlaim|Shlaim, Avi]] (2000). ''The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World'', W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|978-0-393-04816-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=West Bank}}
{{refbegin|2}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100514171248/http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp Statistical Atlas of Palestine] – [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110504194237/http://report.globalintegrity.org/West%20Bank/2008 Global Integrity Report: West Bank] has governance and anti-corruption profile.
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ West Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722231029/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |date=22 July 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm Palestinian Territories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520125610/https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm |date=20 May 2021 }} at the [[United States Department of State]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085405/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/palestine.htm Palestine] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041211100305/http://www.passia.org/index_pfacts.htm Palestine Facts & Info] from Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs
*[https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ United Nations – Question of Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303061751/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ |date=3 March 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031205033216/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0n1m0 Disputed Territories: Forgotten Facts about the West Bank and Gaza Strip] – from Israeli government's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
*{{curlie|Regional/Middle_East/Palestinian_Territory|West Bank}}
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/txu-oclc-244806184-wbank_08.jpg Large map of West Bank (2008) – C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509062658/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/txu-oclc-244806184-wbank_08.jpg |date=9 May 2009 }}
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/westbank_july_1992.jpg Large map of West Bank (1992)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222112924/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/westbank_july_1992.jpg |date=22 December 2005 }}
*[http://www.poica.org/maps/index.php A series of geopolitical maps of the West Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821013240/http://www.poica.org/maps/index.php |date=21 August 2006 }}
*[http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/88_july31.html 1988 "Address to the Nation" by King Hussein of Jordan Ceding Jordanian Claims to the West Bank to the PLO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722033545/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/88_july31.html |date=22 July 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511212723/http://www.camdenabudis.org/ Camden Abu Dis Friendship Association – establishing links between the North London Borough of Camden and the town of Abu Dis in the West Bank]
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg Map of Palestinian Refugee Camps 1993 (UNRWA/C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604104838/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg |date=4 June 2009 }}
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia08/israel_sm_2008.gif Map of Israel 2008 (C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509055156/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia08/israel_sm_2008.gif |date=9 May 2009 }}
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/isettlementswb93.jpg Map of Israeli Settlements in the West Bank Dec. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604104845/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/isettlementswb93.jpg |date=4 June 2009 }}
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip.jpg Map of Israeli Settlements in the Gaza Strip Dec. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604104852/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip.jpg |date=4 June 2009 }}
*[https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2009/aug/24/israel-settlements-west-bank Israeli Settlements interactive map and Israeli land use] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111837/http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2009/aug/24/israel-settlements-west-bank |date=14 March 2016 }} from ''[[The Guardian]]''
*[http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha_opt_west_bank_access_restrictions_dec_2012_geopdf_mobile.pdf West Bank access restrictions map (highly detailed), by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010729/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha_opt_west_bank_access_restrictions_dec_2012_geopdf_mobile.pdf |date=3 December 2013 }}
*[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21577111-jewish-settlements-expand-palestinians-are-being-driven-away-squeeze-them ''Squeeze them out; As Jewish settlements expand, the Palestinians are being driven away''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618124730/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21577111-jewish-settlements-expand-palestinians-are-being-driven-away-squeeze-them |date=18 June 2017 }} 4 May 2013 [[The Economist]]
{{refend}}

{{Commons category|West Bank| West Bank}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:West Bank| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1949]]
[[Category:Israeli-occupied territories]]
[[Category:Israel–Jordan relations]]

Slovak–Hungarian War

2023-08-29T08:37:09Z

Peyerk: /* Prelude */ No he hadn't. He was born in Nagyvárad (Oradea, now Romania)

{{Short description|1939 territorial conflict between the Slovak Republic and the Kingdom of Hungary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2009}}
{{Warbox|conflict=Slovak-Hungarian Border War
|partof = the [[Interwar period]]
|image = Slovakia borderHungary.png
|image_size = 300px
|caption = Territory ceded to Hungary after the war marked in blue (3)
|date = 23–31 March 1939
|campaign = Slovak-Hungarian War
|place = Eastern Slovakia
|casus = Hungary's dispute over the Slovak-Hungarian border
|result = Hungarian victory
|territory = [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]] cedes a land strip in the East to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Hungary]]
|combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]]
|combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Hungary|1920}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Hungary]]
|commander2 = {{flagdeco|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} [[Jozef Tiso]] {{flagdeco|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} [[Augustín Malár]]
|commander1 = {{flagdeco|Hungary|1920}} [[Miklós Horthy]] {{flagdeco|Hungary|1920}} [[András Littay]]
|strength2 = 3 infantry regiments 2 artillery regiments 3 tanks 9 armoured cars
|strength1 = 5 infantry battalions 2 cavalry battalions 1 motorised battalion 5 light tanks 70 tankettes 3 armoured cars
|casualties2 = 22 killed 671 captured 9 fighters destroyed or damaged
|casualties1 = 8 killed 30 wounded Unknown vehicles destroyed 1 fighter destroyed
|casualties3 = 51 civilians killed
}}

The '''Slovak–Hungarian War''', or '''Little War''' ({{lang-hu|Kis háború}}, {{lang-sk|Malá vojna}}), was a war fought from 23 March to 31 March 1939 between the [[Slovak Republic (1939–45)|First Slovak Republic]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary (Regency)|Hungary]] in eastern [[Slovakia]].<ref name="WW2DB 1">{{cite web |url= https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=231 |last=Chen |first=Peter |title=The Slovak-Hungarian War |work=World War 2 Database}}</ref>

==Prelude==
After the [[Munich Agreement|Munich Pact]], which weakened Czech lands to the west, Hungarian forces remained poised threateningly on the Slovak border. They reportedly had artillery ammunition for only 36 hours of operations and were clearly engaged in a bluff but had been encouraged by Germany, which would have had to support it militarily if the much larger and better equipped [[Czechoslovak Army]] had chosen to fight. The Czechoslovak army had built 2,000 small concrete emplacements along the border wherever there was no major river obstacle.

In mid-1938, his ministry armed the ''[[Rongyos Gárda]]'' ("Ragged Guard"), which began to infiltrate into southern Slovakia and [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]. The situation was now verging on open war. From the German and the Italian points of view, this would be premature and so they pressured the Czechoslovak government to accept their joint [[First Vienna Award|Arbitration of Vienna]]. On 2 November 1938, it found largely in favour of Hungary and obliged Czechoslovakia to cede to Hungary 11,833 km2 of the south part of Slovakia, which was mostly Hungarian-populated (according to the 1910 census<ref>{{harvnb|Deák|2002|p=}}{{page needed |date=November 2017}}</ref>). The partition also cost [[Košice]], Slovakia's second largest city, and left the capital, [[Bratislava]], vulnerable to further Hungarian pressure.

The First Vienna Award did not fully satisfy Hungary, which carried out 22 border clashes between 2 November 1938 and 12 January 1939.

In March 1939, a new crisis hit the political scene in Czechoslovakia. President [[Emil Hácha]] dismissed the Slovak government of [[Jozef Tiso]] and appointed a new Slovak prime minister, [[Karol Sidor]]. Slovakia declared independence and requested that Germany provide protection from Hungary, whose forces were, Ribbentrop stated, gathering on the border, take even more land. On the evening of 13 March 1939, Tiso and [[Ferdinand Ďurčanský]] met Hitler, Ribbentrop and Generals [[Walther von Brauchitsch]] and [[Wilhelm Keitel]] in [[Berlin]]. Meanwhile, aware of the German position, Hungary was preparing for action on the adjacent Ruthenian border. During the afternoon and the night of 14 March, the Slovakian Parliament proclaimed independence from Czechoslovakia. Hácha was invited to Berlin by Hitler on March 14, 1939. He was forced to until 1:30 AM of the next day, after which he was presented with two options. A union with Germany as a protectorate with nominal autonomy or war. Hácha first refused, but after the Nazis threatened to bomb Prague at 4 AM he suffered a heart attack. With medical staff next to him Hácha signed the document uniting what remained of Czechoslovakia with Germany forming the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and informed Prague about his decision. He departed by train that day to Prague, but the train was slowed down on purpose by the Germans to make sure Hitler got to Prague before Hácha did.<ref name="WW2DB 6">{{cite web |url= https://temata.rozhlas.cz/emil-hacha-odhodlal-jsem-se-v-hodine-dvanacte-7983949 |last=Janečková |first=Bronislava|title=Emil Hácha: Odhodlal jsem se v hodině dvanácté|date=March 2012 }}</ref>

Slovakia was surprised when Hungary recognized its new state as early as 15 March. However, Hungary was not satisfied with the border with Slovakia and, according to Slovak sources, weak elements of their 20th Infantry Regiment and frontier guard repulsed a Hungarian attempt to seize Hill 212.9 opposite [[Uzhhorod]] (Ungvár). In this and the subsequent shelling and bombing of the border villages of [[Nižné Nemecké]] and [[Vyšné Nemecké]], Slovakia claimed to have suffered 13 dead and promptly petitioned Germany, invoking Hitler's promise of protection.

On 17 March, the Hungarian Foreign Ministry told Germany that Hungary wanted to negotiate with the Slovaks over the eastern Slovak boundary on the pretext that the existing line was only an internal Czechoslovak administrative division, not a recognized international boundary, and so needed defining now that [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] had passed to Hungary. It enclosed a map of their proposal that shifted the frontier about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} west of Uzhhorod, beyond [[Sobrance]], and then ran almost due north to the Polish border.

The Hungarian claim partly relied on the 1910 census, which stated that [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] and [[Ruthenians]], not [[Slovaks]], formed the majority in northeastern Slovakia. In addition to the demographic issue, Hungary also had another purpose in mind: protecting Uzhhorod and the key railway to Poland up the [[Uzh River]], which was within view of the current Slovak border. Therefore, it resolved to push the frontier back a safe distance beyond the western watershed of the Uzh Valley.

Germany let Hungary and Slovakia know that it would acquiesce to such a border revision. On 18 March, the Slovak leaders, in [[Vienna]] for the signing of the Treaty of Protection, were forced to accept that, and Bratislava ordered Slovak civil and military authorities to pull back. All other potential Hungarian requests were supposed to be illegal in Slovakia.

Hungary was aware that Slovakia had signed a treaty guaranteeing Slovakia's borders on 18 March and that it would come into force when Germany countersigned it. It, therefore, decided to act immediately to take advantage of the disorganized Slovak army, which had not yet fully consolidated. Thus, Hungarian forces in the western Carpatho-Ukraine began to advance from the River Uzh into eastern Slovakia at dawn on 23 March, some six hours before Ribbentrop countersigned the Treaty of Protection in Berlin.

==Order of battle==
* [[Slovak order of battle in 1939|Slovak Order of battle]]
* [[Hungarian order of battle in 1939|Hungarian Order of battle]]
* [[Weapons employed in the Slovak–Hungarian War]]

==War==
===Land war===
At dawn on 23 March 1939, Hungary suddenly attacked Slovakia from [[Carpatho-Ukraine]], with instructions being to "proceed as far to the west as possible"{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}. Hungary attacked Slovakia without any declaration of war, catching the Slovak army unprepared because many Slovak soldiers were in transit from the Czech region and had not yet reached their Slovak units. Czech soldiers were leaving the new Slovakia, but many of them decided to remain with their former units in Slovakia after the Hungarian attack.

In the north, opposite Stakčín, Major Matějka assembled an infantry battalion and two artillery batteries. In the south, around [[Michalovce]], [[Štefan Haššík]], a reserve officer and a local [[Slovak People's Party]] secretary, gathered a group of about four infantry battalions and several artillery batteries. Further west, in the Košice – [[Prešov]] front (on which Hungary maintained an infantry brigade,) Major Šivica assembled a third Slovak concentration. To the rear, a cavalry group and some tanks were thrown together at [[Martin, Slovakia|Martin]], and artillery detachments readied at [[Banská Bystrica]], [[Trenčin]] and [[Bratislava]]. However, German interference disrupted or paralysed their movement, especially in the V Corps. The Slovak defence was tied down, as the Hungarian annexations the previous autumn had transferred the only railway line to Michalovce and [[Humenné]] to Hungary, thereby delaying all Slovak reinforcements.

Hungarian troops advanced quickly into eastern Slovakia, which surprised both Slovakia and Germany. Despite the confusion caused by the hurried mobilization and the acute shortage of officers, the Slovak force in Michalovce had coalesced enough to attempt a counterattack by the next day. That was largely because of Czech Major Kubíček, who had taken over command from Haššik and begun to get a better grip on the situation. Because they were based on a widely available civilian truck, spares were soon found to repair five of the sabotaged [[OA vz. 30]] armoured cars in Prešov, and they reached Michalovce at 05:30 on 24 March. Their Czech crews had been replaced by scratch teams of Slovak signallers from other technical armed forces. They were immediately sent to reconnoitre [[Budkovce]], some {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} south of Michalovce, but could not find any trace of the Hungarians.

The Slovaks decided to counterattack eastwards, where the most advanced Hungarian outpost was known to be some {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} away at Závadka.{{clarify|reason=Which Závadka?|date=November 2017}} The road-bound armoured cars engaged the Hungarian pocket from the front whilst Slovak infantry worked round their flanks. Soon, they forced the heavily outnumbered Hungarians to fall back from Závadka towards their main line on the River Okna/Akna, just in front of [[Nižná Rybnica]].

The armoured cars continued down the road a little past Závadka whilst the Slovak infantry fanned out and began to deploy on a front of some {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} on either side of them, between the villages of [[Úbrež]] and Vyšné Revištia. The infantry first came under Hungarian artillery fire during the occupation of Ubrež, north of the road. At 23:00 a general attack was launched on the main Hungarian line at Nižná Rybnica. The Hungarian response was fierce and effective. The Slovaks had advanced across open ground to within a kilometre of the Akna River when they began taking fire by Hungarian field and antitank artillery.

One armoured car was hit in the engine and had to be withdrawn, and a second was knocked out in the middle of the road by a 37mm anti-tank cannon. The raw infantry, unfamiliar with their new officers, first went to ground and then began to retreat, which soon turned into a panic that for some could not be stopped before Michalovce, {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} to the rear. The armoured cars covered the retreating infantry with their machine guns to forestall any possible Hungarian pursuit.

Late on 24 March, four more OA vz.30 armoured cars and three [[Panzerkampfwagen 35(t)|LT vz.35]] light tanks and a 37mm antitank cannon arrived in Michalovce from Martin to find total confusion. Early on 25 March they headed eastwards, sometimes steadying the retreating infantry by firing over their heads, thereby ensuring the reoccupation of everywhere up to the old [[Úbrež]] – Vyšné Revištia line, which the Hungarians had not occupied. However, the anti-tank section mistakenly drove past the knocked-out armoured car and ran straight into the Hungarian line, where it was captured.

By now, elements of the 41st Infantry Regiment and a battery of 202nd Mountain Artillery Regiment had begun to reach Michalovce, and Kubíček planned a major counterattack for noon, to be spearheaded by the newly arrived tanks and armoured cars. However, German pressure brought about a ceasefire before it could go in.

On 26 March, the rest of the 202nd Mountain Artillery Regiment and parts of the 7th and 17th Infantry Regiments began to arrive. There were now some 15,000 Slovak troops in and around Michalovc, but even with these reinforcements, a second counterattack had little better prospect of success than the first because the more numerous and cohesive Hungarians were well dug in and had more than enough 37 mm antitank cannons to deal effectively with the three modern light tanks that represented the only slight advantage possessed by the Slovaks.

===Air war===
====Slovak Air Force====
After the division of Czechoslovakia, the six regiments of the former [[Czechoslovak Air Force]] were also divided. The core of this air force on Slovak territory was the 3rd Air Regiment of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, which came under the control of the Slovak Ministry of Defence. However, the officers, experienced pilots and aviation experts were mostly Czechs.

Before 14 March, the Slovak Air Force (Slovenské vzdušné zbrane) had about 1,400 members. After the division, Slovakia had only 824 left.<ref name="valka.cz">{{cite web |url= http://www.valka.cz/newdesign/v900/clanek_12028.html |last=Šipeky |first=Michal |title=Účasť slovenského letectva vo vojenskom konflikte s Maďarskom 23. marca 1939 – 28. marca 1939 |work="Malá vojna" a účasť slovenského letectva v nej |publisher=Valka |language=CS |date=11 February 2007 }}</ref> Returning crews from occupied [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] only slowly reinforced the nascent Slovak Air Force. The tactical situation was most critical in eastern Slovakia, at the airport of [[Spišská Nová Ves]]. The two fighter squadrons at that airport only had nine pilots, and there were only three officers at the airport headquarters. Also, the situation was becoming more and more critical as Hungarian attacks were increasing.<ref name="valka.cz"/> Many pilots flying together were then from different parts of Slovakia and had no time to train together, which put them at a marked disadvantage against the prepared and complete Hungarian squadrons.

The best Slovak fighter plane of the time was the Czech [[Avia B-534]].

Occupation of Spišská Nová Ves airport at 22 March 1939:<ref name="valka.cz"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!width="200" | Squadron
!width="200" | Planes
!width="150" | Crew
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 49th (fighters), part of II/3 wing
| align="center" | 10 × [[Avia B-534]]
| align="center" | 5 pilots
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 12th (patrols), part of II/3 wing
| align="center" | 5 × [[Aero A.32|Aero Ap.32]], 5 × [[Letov Š-28|Letov Š-328]]
| align="center" | 9 pilots, 6 sentries
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 13th (patrols), part of II/3 wing
| align="center" | 10 × Letov Š-328
| align="center" |
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 45th (fighters), part of III/3 wing
| align="center" | 10 × Avia B-534
| align="center" | 7 pilots
|}

Other elements of the 3rd Air Regiment of Milan Rastislav Štefánik were at airfields in [[Vajnory]], [[Piešťany]], [[Nitra]], [[Žilina]] and [[Sliač Airport|Tri Duby]]. However, a lack of pilots greatly hampered its effectiveness. Some crews from Piešťany and Žilina were sent to support Spišská Nová Ves. In that state, the Slovak Air Force had to support ground units in combat and interfere with Hungarian supplies. To do so, they had to fly low and, as they had no armour, become an easy target for Hungarian artillery or even ground unit soldiers.{{clarify|date=March 2010}}

====Royal Hungarian Air Force====
Hungary concentrated its aerial assets on targets in eastern Slovakia:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.druhasvetova.sk/view.php?cisloclanku=2007030011 |title= Druhasvetova |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101124064123/http://druhasvetova.sk/view.php?cisloclanku=2007030011 |archive-date= 24 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!width="200" | Unit
!width="200" | Planes
!width="150" | Location
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 1/1 vadászszázad (fighters)
| align="center" | 9 × [[Fiat CR.32]]
| align="center" | Ungvár / Uzhhorod
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 1/2 vadászszázad (fighters)
| align="center" | 9 × CR.32
| align="center" | Miskolc
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 1/3 vadászszázad (fighters)
| align="center" | 9 × CR.32
| align="center" | Csap / Chop
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 3/3 bombázószázad (bombers)
| align="center" | 6 × [[Junkers Ju 86|Ju-86K-2]]
| align="center" | Debrecen
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 3/4 bombázószázad (bombers)
| align="center" | 6 × Ju-86K-2
| align="center" | Debrecen
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | 3/5 bombázószázad (bombers)
| align="center" | 6 × Ju-86K-2
| align="center" | Debrecen
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | VII felderítőszázad (patrols)
| align="center" | 9 × [[Weiss WM-21 Sólyom|WM-21]]
| align="center" | Miskolc
|-
| align="left" style="background:#CDB79E" | VI felderítőszázad (patrols)
| align="center" | 9 × WM-21
| align="center" | Debrecen
|}

The best plane in the [[Royal Hungarian Air Force]] was the [[Fiat CR.32]] fighter. Its engine was less powerful than that of the Slovak-operated Avia and so Hungarian pilots tried to fight at horizontal levels, while the Slovaks tried to take the combat into the vertical plane. The Fiats could be handled better, especially if the Avias were flying with bombs under their wings, making them more clumsy. The Fiat CR.32 had better machine guns.

====Combat====
On 15 March, the Royal Hungarian Air Force did a thorough aerial reconnaissance of eastern Slovakia. The next day, Hungarian squadrons were moved to airfields closer to the borders of Slovakia and put on alert.

On the morning of 23 March, two Slovak patrol squadrons operating from [[Spišská Nová Ves]] searched for the enemy, but the missions were not yet coordinated with ground units. Later that day, Slovak headquarters gave orders for a complete aerial reconnaissance of all areas. Patrols spotted wide movement of Hungarians on Slovak territory. At 13:00, a [[flight (military unit)|flight]] of three [[Letov Š-28|Letov Š-328]] reconnaissance aircraft was sent to attack the enemy in the area of [[Ulič]], [[Ubľa]] and Veľký Bereznyj. The mission failed when pilots could not positively identify the enemy because of fog. It later turned out that they were Hungarians moving from Ubľa to [[Kolonica]].

Two more fighter squadrons of three B-534s were then sent on missions. The first discovered Hungarian troops at the railway station in Ulič and destroyed some artillery pieces and other material in an attack. The second, also sent to Ulič, successfully destroyed a few Hungarian vehicles and damaged more equipment, but one plane was shot down and its pilot, Ján Svetlík, killed. Another Slovak squadron was sent to the area, this time to support Slovak ground units. It encountered Hungarian machine gun fire, and another B-534 was shot down. The pilot managed to land but died a few minutes later. The plane was then destroyed by Slovak soldiers. Two other B-534s attacked Hungarian troops and, heavily damaged and out of ammunition, returned to Spišská Nová Ves. The last Slovak mission of March 23 consisted of one Š-328, which destroyed an unknown number of Hungarian tanks and vehicles near Sobrance. Its pilot was injured and had to land near Sekčovice. Slovak pilots did not encounter the Hungarian Air Force that day.

In the first day, the Slovak Air Force suffered two B-534s destroyed, another four heavily damaged, and two pilots killed. But it had helped slow the Hungarian advance and inflicted significant damage. The next day, the situation rapidly changed.

On the morning of 24 March, one squadron of three B-534s took off to support Slovak units at Vyšné Remety. After reaching the area, they were surprised by three Hungarian Fiat CR.32s, and two of the Slovak planes were shot down, with one pilot killed. At 07:00, six B-534s from Piešťany landed in Spišská Nová Ves; three of them then took off to support infantry near Sobrance. Two were shot down, and one Slovak pilot was captured.

Near Michalovce, nine Hungarian fighters shot down three B-534s, which were covering three Letov Š-328s as they bombed Hungarian infantry. One Š-328 was also shot down and the pilot killed. Another had to land because of mechanical problems. From the six-plane formation, only one returned to Spišská Nová Ves.

====Bombing of Spišská Nová Ves====
On the same day, 24 March, the Royal Hungarian Air Force also bombed Spišská Nová Ves, which was the base of all Slovak air operations. The 36 bombers were supported by 27 fighters assigned to the mission, but poor organization, faulty navigation, mechanical problems and last-minute changes caused actually only about 10 bombers to take part in the attack.

Because Slovakia lacked an early-warning system, the Hungarians found the airfield's defences unprepared. Anti-aircraft guns were without crews and ammunition. Most of the Hungarian bombs missed the air operations base, but several hit the airfield, a storage facility, a hangar, a brickworks and a barracks yard.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.valka.cz/newdesign/v900/clanek_12030.html |last=Šipeky |first=Michal |title="Malá vojna" a účasť slovenského letectva v nej 3. časť |work="Malá vojna" a účasť slovenského letectva v nej |publisher=Valka |language=CS |date=11 February 2007 }}</ref> Many of the bombs landed in mud and failed to explode.

Although the bombers damaged six planes and several buildings, their mission was not fully successful, as the airfield continued to operate until the end of the conflict.

On 27 March, 13 victims of the bombing, some of them civilians, were buried, arousing intense [[anti-Hungarian sentiment]].

The sole Hungarian Air Force loss of the entire conflict was a Fiat fighter, accidentally shot down by Hungarian artillery. After the bombing of Spišská Nová Ves, Major Ján Ambruš arrived there on 25 March to organize a revenge air strike on Budapest, but the war ended before that could be carried out.

====Losses====
* Sum total: 807 casualties on both sides, 81 killed (30 military & 51 civilians), 55+ wounded (unknown breakdown), 671 captured, (All [[Czechs|Czech]]/[[Slovaks|Slovak]], 46.3% Czech 53.7% Slovak).
*Hungarians: 23 killed (8 military, 15 civilians), 55 wounded, none captured
*Slovaks: 48 killed (22 military & 36 civilians), unknown wounded, 671 captured (360 Slovaks & 311 Czechs from [[Bohemia and Moravia]]).

==Aftermath==
[[File:Commemorative Medal for the Defence of Slovakia.PNG|thumb|upright|The Commemorative Medal for the Defence of Slovakia was instituted on 8 May 1939. It was awarded to military personnel who took part in the war against Hungary in March 1939 or in the [[Slovak invasion of Poland]] in September.]]

Slovakia had signed a protection treaty with Germany, which violated the treaty by refusing to help the country. Germany did not support Slovakia during the Slovak-Hungarian negotiations in early April either. As a result, by a treaty signed on 4 April in Budapest, Slovakia was forced to cede to Hungary a strip of eastern Slovak territory (1,697 km2, 69,930 inhabitants, 78 municipalities), corresponding today to the area around the towns of [[Stakčín]] and [[Sobrance]]. The war killed 36 Slovak citizens.

The two sides' claims were contradictory. At the time, Hungary announced the capture of four light tanks and an armoured car, but no Slovak light tanks ever entered action and a medal was awarded to the man who recovered the one knocked-out armoured car from no man's land in the night. On the other hand, the Hungarians certainly captured at least one LT vz.35 light tank and one OA vz.27 armoured car in March. The contradictions are attributable to a combination of the fog of war, propaganda and confusion between Hungarian captures in Carpatho-Ukraine and eastern Slovakia.

Slovak casualties are officially recorded as 22 dead, all named. On 25 March, Hungary announced its own losses as 8 dead and 30 wounded. Two days later it gave a figure of 23 dead and 55 wounded, a total that may include their earlier losses occupying [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]. It also reported that it was holding 360 Slovak and 311 Czech prisoners. Many of the Slovaks presumably belonged to the two companies that were reportedly surprised asleep in the barracks in the first minutes of the invasion. The Czechs were stragglers from the garrison of Carpatho-Ukraine.

==See also==
* [[Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation]], an alliance aimed at stopping further Hungarian expansion

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Axworthy |first=Mark WA |year=2002 |title=Axis Slovakia – Hitler's Slavic Wedge, 1938–1945 |place=Bayside |publisher=Axis Europa Books |isbn=1-891227-41-6 }}
*{{cite book |last=Deák |first=Ladislav |year=1993 |title=Malá vojna |place=Bratislava |isbn=80-88750-02-4 |language=sk }}
*{{cite book |last=Deák |first=Ladislav |year=2002 |chapter=Viedenská arbitráž: 2. November 1938 |title=Dokumenty I. Matica slovenská |place=Martin |language=sk }}
*{{cite book |last=Niehorster |first=Dr Leo WG |year=1998 |title=The Royal Hungarian Army 1920–1945 |volume=1 |place=New York |publisher=Axis Europa Books |isbn=1-891227-19-X }}
*{{cite web |title=Emil Hácha: Odhodlal jsem se v hodině dvanácté. Politické projevy |date= March 2012 |url= https://temata.rozhlas.cz/emil-hacha-odhodlal-jsem-se-v-hodine-dvanacte-7983949 |language=cs}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=The Slovak-Hungarian Frontier, 1918–1939 |url= http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/romsics/w19.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110204084200/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/romsics/w19.htm |archive-date=4 February 2011}} – brief overview of the historical context
*{{cite web |url= http://www.valka.cz/newdesign/v900/clanek_12030.html |last=Šipeky |first=Michal |title=Vojenský konflikt |work="Malá vojna" a účasť slovenského letectva v nej |language=cs |publisher=Valka |date=11 February 2007}}

{{Wars of the 20th century}}
{{Hungarian conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slovak-Hungarian War}}
[[Category:Wars involving Slovakia]]
[[Category:Wars involving Hungary]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1939]]
[[Category:1939 in Hungary]]
[[Category:1939 in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Hungary]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Wars between Hungary and Slovakia]]
[[Category:Military history of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Military history of Hungary]]
[[Category:Territorial evolution of Hungary]]
[[Category:March 1939 events]]
[[Category:Punitive expeditions]]
[[Category:Attacks in Slovakia]]

List of municipalities of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino

2023-07-13T18:03:06Z

Peyerk: /* List */m

{{short description|None}}

The following is a list of the 60 municipalities (''[[comuni]]'') of the [[Province of Pesaro and Urbino]], [[Marche]], [[Italy]], following the transfer of seven ([[Casteldelci]], [[Maiolo]], [[Novafeltria]], [[Pennabilli]], [[San Leo]], [[Sant'Agata Feltria]] and [[Talamello]]) to the [[Province of Rimini]] in August 2009.<ref>[http://www.istat.it/strumenti/definizioni/comuni/ ‘Codici dei comuni, delle province e delle regioni’], Istat, 30 October 2009: see the section headed ‘Nuovi codici dei comuni distaccati dalla Provincia di Pesaro e Urbino (Regione Marche) e aggregati alla provincia di Rimini (Regione Emilia-Romagna)’.</ref><ref>Istat codes and population figures taken from [http://www.istat.it/strumenti/definizioni/comuni/elenco_comuni_italiani_30_ottobre_2009.csv elenco_comuni_italiani_30_ottobre_2009.csv], Istat 2009.</ref>

==List==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
![[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] Code
!''[[Comune]]''
!Population (31 December 2008)
|-
|041001
|[[Acqualagna]]
| align="right" |4,414
|-
|041002
|[[Apecchio]]
| align="right" |2,084
|-
|041005
|[[Belforte all'Isauro]]
| align="right" |796
|-
|041006
|[[Borgo Pace]]
| align="right" |687
|-
|041007
|[[Cagli]]
| align="right" |9,031
|-
|041008
|[[Cantiano]]
| align="right" |2,437
|-
|041009
|[[Carpegna]]
| align="right" |1,680
|-
|041010
|[[Cartoceto]]
| align="right" |7,939
|-
|041069
|[[Colli al Metauro]]
| align="right" |12,352
|-
|041013
|[[Fano]]
| align="right" |63,734
|-
|041014
|[[Fermignano]]
| align="right" |8,666
|-
|041015
|[[Fossombrone]]
| align="right" |9,834
|-
|041016
|[[Fratte Rosa]]
| align="right" |1,009
|-
|041017
|[[Frontino, Italy|Frontino]]
| align="right" |317
|-
|041018
|[[Frontone]]
| align="right" |1,362
|-
|041019
|[[Gabicce Mare]]
| align="right" |5,906
|-
|041020
|[[Gradara]]
| align="right" |4,500
|-
|041021
|[[Isola del Piano]]
| align="right" |666
|-
|041022
|[[Lunano]]
| align="right" |1,453
|-
|041023
|[[Macerata Feltria]]
| align="right" |2,128
|-
|041025
|[[Mercatello sul Metauro]]
| align="right" |1,502
|-
|041026
|[[Mercatino Conca]]
| align="right" |1,112
|-
|041027
|[[Mombaroccio]]
| align="right" |2,146
|-
|041028
|[[Mondavio]]
| align="right" |4,017
|-
|041029
|[[Mondolfo]]
| align="right" |11,914
|-
|041030
|[[Montecalvo in Foglia]]
| align="right" |2,762
|-
|041031
|[[Monte Cerignone]]
| align="right" |672
|-
|041032
|[[Monteciccardo]]
| align="right" |1,675
|-
|041033
|[[Montecopiolo]]
| align="right" |1,099
|-
|041034
|[[Montefelcino]]
| align="right" |2,801
|-
|041035
|[[Monte Grimano]]
| align="right" |1,249
|-
|041036
|[[Montelabbate]]
| align="right" |6,525
|-
|041038
|[[Monte Porzio]]
| align="right" |2,736
|-
|041041
|[[Peglio (PU)|Peglio]]
| align="right" |721
|-
|041043
|[[Pergola, Marche|Pergola]]
| align="right" |6,760
|-
|041044
|[[Pesaro]]
| align="right" |94,197
|-
|041045
|[[Petriano]]
| align="right" |2,894
|-
|041046
|[[Piagge]]
| align="right" |1,026
|-
|041047
|[[Piandimeleto]]
| align="right" |2,096
|-
|041048
|[[Pietrarubbia]]
| align="right" |671
|-
|041049
|[[Piobbico]]
| align="right" |2,140
|-
|041051
|[[San Costanzo]]
| align="right" |4,863
|-
|041054
|[[San Lorenzo in Campo]]
| align="right" |3,539
|-
|041057
|[[Sant'Angelo in Vado]]
| align="right" |4,121
|-
|041058
|[[Sant'Ippolito]]
| align="right" |1,625
|-
|041071
|[[Sassocorvaro Auditore]]
| align="right" |4,888
|-
|041060
|[[Sassofeltrio]]
| align="right" |1,392
|-
|041061
|[[Serra Sant'Abbondio]]
| align="right" |1,116
|-
|041064
|[[Tavoleto]]
| align="right" |909
|-
|041065
|[[Tavullia]]
| align="right" |7,535
|-
|041070
|[[Terre Roveresche]]
| align="right" |5,265
|-
|041066
|[[Urbania, Italy|Urbania]]
| align="right" |7,059
|-
|041067
|[[Urbino]]
| align="right" |15,528
|-
|041068
|[[Vallefoglia]]
| align="right" |15,029
|-
|
|Total
| align="right" |363,529
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of municipalities of Italy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Province of Pesaro and Urbino}}

[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino| ]]
[[Category:Lists of municipalities of Italy|Pesaro e Urbino]]
[[Category:Municipalities in Marche| ]]

Magogo kaDinuzulu

2023-07-03T12:01:45Z

Peyerk: /* Death and legacy */ m

{{Short description|Zulu princess}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Princess Magogo
| image = Princess_Magogo_musician.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1900
| birth_place = [[South Africa]]
| death_date = 21 November 1984
| death_place = [[Durban]], [[South Africa]]
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = musician
| education =
| employer =
| occupation =
| title =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = Chief [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]]
| parents = King [[Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo]] and Queen Silomo
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| nationality = South African
}}
Princess '''Constance Magogo Sibilile Mantithi Ngangezinye kaDinuzulu''' (1900–1984) was a Zulu princess and artist, mother to Chief [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] leader, and sister to Zulu King [[Solomon kaDinuzulu]].

==Biography==
Princess Magogo was born in 1900, the daughter of the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] King, [[Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo]] (1868–1913) and Queen Silomo. She was taught by her mother and her co-wives and she would sleep at their houses. They brought her up and that is where she learnt traditional instruments.<ref name=notjustblokes>{{Cite news |date=2020 |title=Refiguring Princess Magogo |work=Mail Guardian |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/mail-guardian/20200703/281921660325981}}</ref>

In 1926 she married Chief Mathole Buthelezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Magogo {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/princess-magogo |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Princess Magogo composed Zulu [[classical music]] and played [[isigubhu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevin Volans Southern Africa Music Collection - World and traditional music {{!}} British Library - Sounds |url=https://sounds.bl.uk/World-and-traditional-music/Kevin-Volans-South-Africa |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=sounds.bl.uk}}</ref> (a stringed bow and a calabash instrument) and isithontolo (a musical instrument which is like a bow which has a string bound down to the middle of the bow) and was also a singer. She continued her music after she married Chief Mathole Buthelezi contributing to traditional music. She was a [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|seventh day adventist]] member.

As imbongi ([[praise singer]]) she transcended the boundaries of this role, which was traditionally a male preserve, to lament on her marriage and the lives of especially the Zulu people. Her career gained momentum in 1939 with a recording of some of her performances by [[Hugh Tracey]].<ref name=award/> In making public appearances the Princess again broke custom, maintaining her dedication to music. By the 1950s, her music was widely recorded and played by the [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] (SABC), [[David Rycroft]] and [[West German Radio]].<ref name=award/> These recordings afforded Magogo an international audience and recognition. Her work was made largely from existing Zulu songs and folktales, and she extended them into music accompanied by the ugubhu.

==Death and legacy==
She died in Durban in 1984. In December 2003 she was posthumously awarded the [[Order of Ikhamanga|South African National Order of Ikhamanga in Gold]]<ref>
Mahatey, N. (2004). Highest Honour: South African National Orders, Pretoria: Chancery of Orders, The Presidency, p. 102.
</ref> for her composition and contribution to the preservation and development of traditional music in [[South Africa]].<ref name=award>{{Cite web |title=Princess Constance Magogo Sibilile Mantithi Ngangezinye Ka Dinizulu (1900 - 1984) {{!}} The Presidency |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/princess-constance-magogo-sibilile-mantithi-ngangezinye-ka-dinizulu-1900 |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=www.thepresidency.gov.za}}</ref>

In 2002 an opera, ''Princess Magogo'', was performed based on her life. It was performed by [[Opera Africa]] for three evenings in Durban in May 2002. [[Mzilikazi Khumalo]] composed the music and the librettist was [[Themba Msimang]]. [[Sibongile Khumalo]], played the title role.<ref name=gunner>{{Cite journal |last=Gunner |first=Liz |date=2019-05-06 |title=A Royal Woman, an Artist, and the Ambiguities of National Belonging: The Case of Princess Constance Magogo |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol24/iss1/18 |journal=Kunapipi |volume=24 |issue=1 |issn=0106-5734}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808213354/http://www.africancomposers.co.za/Aficomp/Buthelezi%2C_Constance.html Constance Buthelezi] on "African Composers"
*https://web.archive.org/web/20051219180245/http://www.chfestival.org/publications/Princess_Magogo_Study_Guide.pdf

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadinuzulu, Magogo}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:African princesses]]
[[Category:South African women musicians]]
[[Category:Zulu royalty]]
[[Category:Zulu people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga]]
[[Category:20th-century South African musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women musicians]]

Othmar Spann

2023-06-09T09:00:10Z

Peyerk: /* Early life */ Bürger is a difficult term less understood in English speaking countries. Translating it as citizen is definitely wrong in this context just like bourgeois would be.

{{short description|Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Western Philosophy]]
| era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
| image =Othmar_Spann.png
| name = Othmar Spann
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Altmannsdorf, [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1950|7|8|1878|10|1}}
| death_place = Neustift bei Schlaining, Austria
| school_tradition =
| main_interests = {{unbulleted list
|[[Economics]]
|[[Social philosophy]]
|[[Political philosophy]]
}}
| influences = [[Adam Müller]]
| influenced = {{unbulleted list
|[[Oskar Morgenstern]]
|[[Friedrich August von Hayek|Friedrich Hayek]]
|[[Eric Voegelin]]
|[[Herman Dooyeweerd]]
|[[Gottfried Haberler]]

}}
| notable_ideas = [[Corporate statism]]
}}

'''Othmar Spann''' (1 October 1878 – 8 July 1950) was a [[Conservatism|conservative]] Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist. His radical [[anti-liberal]] and [[anti-socialist]] views, based on early 19th century [[Romantic nationalism|Romantic]] ideas expressed by [[Adam Müller]] et al. and popularized in his books and [[lecture]] courses, helped antagonise political factions in Austria during the interwar years.<ref name="Haag">{{cite book |last1=Haag |first1=John J. |title=Othmar Spann and the Ideology Austrian Corporate State |date=1966 |publisher=[[Rice University]]|location=Houston |url=https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/89069/RICE0106.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Othmar Spann was the son of Josef Spann, a manufacturer and inventor. He grew up in Altmannsdorf, a suburban area of [[Vienna]], Austria. He had three siblings and after the early death of his mother, his father was no longer able to provide for the family. From the age of 12 Spann therefore grew up with his maternal grandmother, whose husband was a former sergeant and whose military-oriented lifestyle was in contrast to that of his father.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015 |editor-last1=Endreß |editor-first1=Martin |editor2-last=Lichtblau |editor2-first=Klaus |editor3-last=Moebius |editor3-first=Stephan |title=Zyklos 1 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03960-8 |doi=10.1007/978-3-658-03960-8}}</ref> He attended a ''Bürgerschule'' and graduated in 1898. Afterwards, he studied philosophy at the [[University of Vienna]], followed by [[political sciences]] of [[University of Zürich|Zürich]] and [[University of Bern|Bern]]. He received his doctorate in political science from the [[University of Tübingen]] in 1903.<ref name="Haag"/>

From 1903 to 1907, Spann worked for the "Center for Private Welfare Service" in [[Frankfurt]]. He was responsible for empirical studies of this population of workers. By the end of 1904 Spann, along with Hermann Beck and Hanns Dorn founded a newspaper called "Critical Pages for the whole Social Sciences".

On October 17, 1906, Spann married the poet Erika Spann-Rheinsch (1880–1967), with whom he had sons Adalbert Spann (1907–1942) and Rafael Spann (1909–1983). The grave of Othmar Spann and his wife has been preserved at the local cemetery in Bergwerk.

In 1907, Spann wrote his "Habilitation in Political Economy" for the [[Hochschule]] in [[Brno|Brünn]]. From 1907 to 1909, he was given the position of ''"[[Privatdozent]]"'' which allowed him to teach and collect fees from students. As early as 1908, Spann began working as the full-time imperial-royal vice-secretary of the statistic central commission in Vienna. He was given the position of creating a new census for Austria between 1909 and 1910.

In 1909 he was appointed to the German Technical University in Brno as an extraordinary professor, and from 1911 to 1919 as a full professor of economics and statistics.

From 1914 to 1918, during the [[First World War]], Spann was a first lieutenant of the reserve. He was injured during the [[Battle of Lemberg (1914)|Battle of Lemberg]], (now [[Lviv]], Ukraine) on 27 August 1914. When he recovered he was first a commander of a company of Russian prisoners and then until later in 1918 he was given a position on the "scientific committee for wartime economy" with the war Ministry in Vienna.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

In 1919, at the instigation of the Austrian Minister of Education [[Emerich Czermak]], he was appointed full professor of economics and social studies at the [[University of Vienna]], where he was supposed to form a philosophical counter-position to [[Austromarxism|Austro-Marxism]] . The city of Vienna was considered a stronghold of Austro-Marxist positions, and at the law faculty they represented the dominant university philosophy. With the appointment of Spann, the Christian-social teaching administration aimed to create an ideological bulwark against Austrian social democracy and Bolshevism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Schaller |first=Philipp |title=Reinhold as Mediator of Kantian Philosophy |date=2015-09-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737004817.147 |work=Detours |pages=147–158 |place=Göttingen |publisher=V&R Unipress |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref> With his 1920 lecture series entitled ''The True State,'' Spann began to set the direction for his corporatist theory, ''universalism''. In 1921 the lectures were published in book form under the same title. In his work, he developed a holistic theory based on Adam Heinrich Müller. The anti-democratic and anti-Marxist ideas propagated in it were particularly popular with German nationalist and conservative Catholic student groups in Austria and the Sudetenland and he quickly rose to a cult figure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wasserman |first=Janek |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801452871.001.0001 |title=Black Vienna |date=2014-07-03 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5287-1}}</ref>

Spann was popular with students, not only for his lectures which would spill out into the hallways at the University, but also for mid-summer festivals which he would hold in the woods where he would teach that "the ability to intuit essences was nurtured by jumping over the fire..." (Caldwell 2004, 138-9)

== Activism and career ==
{{Conservatism in Austria|Intellectuals}}
In 1928 he also became a board member of the [[Militant League for German Culture|Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur]] (KfdK).The first public event of the Kampfbund took place on February 23, 1929 in the auditorium maximum of the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|University of Munich]], where he gave a speech about ''the cultural crisis of the present'', which was well received in the media at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bollmus |first=Reinhard |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486595543 |title=Das Amt Rosenberg und seine Gegner |last2=Mommsen |first2=Hans |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |isbn=978-3-486-59554-3}}</ref> Spann called for the [[Corporatism|authoritarian corporate state]] as a ''“third way”'' between democracy and Marxism.<ref name="Claus Mühlfeld 1992">Claus Mühlfeld: ''Rezeption der nationalsozialistischen Familienpolitik: Eine Analyse über die Auseinandersetzung.'' F. Enke Verlag, 1992, S. 187.</ref> However, due to differences with the organization’s leadership, he was expelled from the Kampfbund in 1931.<ref>Reinhard Merker: ''Die Kunst im Deutschen Reich.'' DuMont Verlag, 1983, S. 88.</ref>

From 1933 he was editor of the ''Ständisches Leben magazine,'' which was closely related to Nazism.<ref>Claus Mühlfeld: ''Rezeption der nationalsozialistischen Familienpolitik: Eine Analyse über die Auseinandersetzung.'' F. Enke Verlag, 1992, S. 42.</ref> He supported the burning of books, but not the extent of anti-Semitism.<ref>Detlef J. Blesgen: ''Erich Preiser: Wirken und wirtschaftspolitische Wirkungen eines deutschen Nationalökonomen.'' Springer Verlag, 2000, S. 314.</ref> Beginning in 1935, his ideas were increasingly attacked by Nazi organs. Between 1936 and 1938, when the NSDAP was banned in Austria, there was an illegal printing shop in his castle in Bergwerk.<ref>Österreich-Bild – 80 Jahre Burgenland, ORF vom 26. Januar 2001 12:00, Gestalter: Günter Unger</ref>

Repeatedly, Spann tried to draw the ruling powers' attention to his authoritarian theory of a [[corporate state]], which he thought should be introduced immediately for the benefit of all. Around 1930, he also joined the [[Nazi Party]]. In 1933 the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] [[Social philosophy|social philosopher]] [[Karl Polanyi]] wrote that Spann had given [[Fascism]] its first comprehensive philosophical system,<ref>{{cite periodical|last=Polanyi|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Polanyi|title=The Essence of Fascism|editor1-last=Lewis|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Polanyi|editor2-first=Karl|editor3-last=Kitchin|editor3-first=Donald K.|journal=Christianity and the Social Revolution|publisher=Victor Gollancz Limited|place=London|year=1935|pages=359–394|url=http://kpolanyi.scoolaid.net:8080/xmlui/handle/10694/565}}</ref> and that his idea of ''anti-individualism''{{refn|group=n|"Moral decay in Liberalism, cultural paralysis through Democracy, and final degradation by Socialism", are inevitable. Polanyi, K., "The Essence of Fascism" (1933-4, p. 362, n.1.).}} had become its guiding principle.

== Spannian ''universalism'' ==
Spann's authoritarian-corporate<ref>Jonas Hagedorn: ''Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.'' In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.): ''Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.'' Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 132.</ref> holistic<ref>Jonas Hagedorn: ''Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.'' In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.): ''Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.'' Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 112.</ref> doctrine of ''universalism'' (also known as ''Spannism'')<ref>Helga Grebing: ''Geschichte der sozialen Ideen in Deutschland. Sozialismus – Katholische Soziallehre – Protestantische Sozialethik. Ein Handbuch.'' 2. Auflage, Wiesbaden 2005 [2000], S. 716–720.</ref> was based on an ontological metaphysics that Spann created by connecting various lines of thought from politics, social science and economics.<ref>Reinhold Knoll: ''Die „verdrängte“ Soziologie: Othmar Spann.'' In: Michael Benedikt, Reinhold Knoll, Cornelius Zehetner (Hg.): ''Verdrängter Humanismus – verzögerte Aufklärung, Band V. Philosophie in Österreich 1920–1951.'' Wien 2005, S. 460–466, hier S. 463.</ref> In terms of the history of ideas, his ''universalism'' was essentially based on Plato's theory of ideas, medieval German mysticism, Hegel's idealism and the philosophy of romanticism. He published works from these schools of thought in his multi-volume anthology ''Die Herdflamme''.<ref name=":0">Walter Euchner et al.: ''Geschichte der sozialen Ideen in Deutschland. Sozialismus – Katholische Soziallehre – Protestantische Sozialethik.'' 2. Auflage, Wiesbaden 2005 [2000], S. 716.</ref>

Spann saw the most important task of ''universalism'' in “overcoming individualistic social and economic theory”.<ref name=":0" /> During his academic career, Spann wrote numerous socio-political writings, of which his work ''The True State'' of 1921 is considered the most important. The term ''spannism'' is also used for ''universalism''. In it he developed a “social model based on medieval guilds, structured by estates and characterized by hierarchy, which, instead of equal voting rights for the citizens, knew the election of a supreme leader by the leaders of the diverse, structured masses and associations.”<ref>Armin Pfahl-Traughber: ''„Konservative Revolution“ und „Neue Rechte“. Rechtsextremistische Intellektuelle gegen den Verfassungsstaat.'' Opladen 1998, S. 63.</ref> According to Spann, the people were neither constituted by the state, nor by race or language, but only through a "spiritual community". Spann saw this in the Germans in their ethnic “people” and their “people’s property”.<ref>Tomáš Kasper: ''Das Völkische – das Ende der Aufklärung oder der Anfang der Ideologie?.'' In: Frauke A. Kurbacher, Karel Novotný, Karin Wendt (Hrsg.): ''Aufklärung durch Erinnerung. Selbstvergewisserung und Kritik.'' Würzburg 2007, S. 23–32, hier S. 29.</ref> This universalistic-idealistic social doctrine was directed against rationalism, liberalism, materialism and Marxism and called for a reorganization of state and society on a professional basis (corporate state).<ref>Tomás Kasper, ''Lebenserneuerung – Karl Metzners Erziehungsprogramm für den Deutschböhmischen Wandervogel und die Freie Schulgemeinde Leitmeritz'', In:Eckart Conze, Susanne Rappe-Weber, ''Ludwigstein: Annäherungen an die Geschichte der Burg, Band 11 von Jugendbewegung und Jugendkulturen – Jahrbuch.'', Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2015, S. 340</ref>

The universalist teachings of Spann did not describe the world as an atomistic structure in the sense of market theory, but as an organic structure in the sense of structure theory. Within this organic whole, in which "each individual member could only be adequately defined in relation to the unit superior to it", the hierarchically structured social unit took precedence over the individual. Spann thought of the economic system in a tiered structure with the world economy at the top, which is further subdivided in descending order into national economies, regional economies, business associations, companies and individual economists.<ref name=":1">Jonas Hagedorn: ''Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.'' In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.): ''Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.'' Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 123.</ref>

== Notable students ==
* [[Oskar Morgenstern]]
* [[Friedrich August von Hayek|Friedrich Hayek]], winner of the 1974 Nobel prize
* [[Eric Voegelin]]

== Removal from teaching ==
Although to a large degree in tune with the ''[[Zeitgeist]]'', he repeatedly met with disapproval until, in 1938, right after the ''[[Anschluss]]'', he was briefly imprisoned by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] and eventually barred from his [[professor]]ship at the [[University of Vienna]], which he had held since 1919.

In 1938 he was arrested and allegedly interned for four months in the Dachau concentration camp, where he is said to have contracted serious eye problems as a result of the abuse.<ref name="Claus Mühlfeld 1992"/> A detention in the Dachau concentration camp could not be proven in the archives.<ref>Andreas Kranebitter, Christoph Reinprecht: ''Die Soziologie und der Nationalsozialismus in Österreich.'' transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2019, {{ISBN|978-3-8394-4733-8}}, S. 28f.</ref>

Living as a recluse till the end of the war, Spann tried to get his university post back in 1945, aged 67. However, he was not allowed to resume his teaching and died in 1950, disappointed and embittered.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

== Reception ==

=== Economics ===
According to Helmut Woll (1994), Othmar Spann is considered "the most influential economist of the Weimar period". Woll attributes Spann's ''universalism'' to the history of [[dogma]].<ref>Helmut Woll: ''Die Wirtschaftslehre des deutschen Faschismus.'' 2., durchgesehene Auflage, München/ Wien 1994, S. 67.</ref>

=== Austrian representative of the ''Conservative Revolution'' ===
According to [[Armin Pfahl-Traughber]] , Spann applies to his corporate state theory as an Austrian representative of the ultra-nationalist<ref>Stefan Breuer: ''Anatomie der konservativen Revolution.'' Darmstadt 1995, S. 193 f.</ref> ''[[Conservative Revolution]]''. Pfahl-Traughber counts Spann as part of this intellectual current because of his positions, specifically as a representative of the young conservatives. According to Pfahl-Traughber, unlike many other conservative revolutionaries, Spann's corporate state theory provided a "concrete and comprehensive counter-proposal to the rejected democratic constitutional state". As an intellectual living and working in Austria, he only played a limited role in the formation and development of the Conservative Revolution, but his thinking also helped shape its main protagonists such as Edgar Julius Jung.<ref>Armin Pfahl-Traughber: ''„Konservative Revolution“ und „Neue Rechte“. Rechtsextremistische Intellektuelle gegen den demokratischen Verfassungsstaat.'' Opladen 1998, S. 62 f.</ref> Karl Bruckschwaiger (2005) assigns Othmar Spann's thinking to the Conservative Revolution, as defined in Rolf Peter Sieferle's work.<ref>Karl Bruckschwaiger: ''Othmar Spann: Ein österreichischer Vertreter der konservativen Revolution?'' In: Michael Benedikt, Reinhold Knoll, Cornelius Zehetner (Hg.): ''Verdrängter Humanismus – verzögerte Aufklärung, Band V. Philosophie in Österreich 1920–1951.'' Wien 2005, S. 467–474, hier S. 467 f.</ref>

=== Placement and influence in political Catholicism ===
The universalists around Spann are assigned to the ''socio-romantic'' currents within political Catholicism, all of which represented "more or less backward-looking, oriented towards ''romanticism'', feudalism and urban economy" views. In addition to the universalists around Spann, the groups around Anton Orel, [[Karl Lugmayer]], Joseph Eberle and [[Ernst Karl Winter]] also count among the social romantics . In doing so, Spann rose with his direction in the interwar period "to the decisive exponent of the socio-romantic world of ideas".<ref name=":2">Jonas Hagedorn: ''Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.'' In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.): ''Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.'' Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 112 f.</ref> Jonas Hagedorn (2016) emphasizes that Spann's authoritarian-corporatist model of society is only one of a total of three variants of corporatism represented by political Catholicism. In sharp contrast to anti-democratic and centralist universalism were the variants of free corporatism, represented by the ''Catholic socialists'' in the social- democratic concept of ''economic democracy'' and by the ''solidarists'' .<ref name=":2" />

=== Relationship to Fascism and Nazism ===
According to Reinhold Knoll (2005), Spann never identified himself as a fascist or Nazi. He had become the “central figure” of a “new Catholic”, “conservative right” in Germany and Austria. According to Knoll, Spann had the ambition to become the “ideologue of a 'new Germany'” but was clearly inferior to his Nazi opponent [[Alfred Rosenberg]].<ref>Reinhold Knoll: ''Die „verdrängte“ Soziologie: Othmar Spann.'' In: Michael Benedikt, Reinhold Knoll, Cornelius Zehetner (Hg.): ''Verdrängter Humanismus – verzögerte Aufklärung, Band V. Philosophie in Österreich 1920–1951.'' Wien 2005, S. 460–466, hier S. 465 f.</ref> Helmut Woll also sees Spann in contrast to German Nazism. Woll argues that Spann "proclaimed a more than hundred-year-old Counter-Reformation through his universalism." According to Woll, Spann “essentially only aimed against atheistic individualism, not against Christianity”. Spann used the term ''universalism'' in the sense Aristotle understood: "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." In contrast, according to Alfred Rosenberg, Nazism was directed against the individual in general and demanded the "primacy of race" - for the Nazis, "race" was the universal. "Although Spann and Rosenberg used the term universalism," Woll states, "they mean completely different things by it."<ref>Helmut Woll: ''Die Wirtschaftslehre des deutschen Faschismus.'' 2., durchgesehene Auflage, München/ Wien 1994, S. 70.</ref>

=== Influence in Austria ===
Jonas Hagedorn (2016) judges that Spann's apprenticeship intellectually paved the way for the [[Fatherland Front (Austria)|Austrian Dollfuss-Schuschnigg government]].<ref>Jonas Hagedorn: ''Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.'' In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.): ''Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.'' Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 115.</ref> Spann's ''universalism'' was also able to have a certain influence on German political Catholicism. In particular, the Catholic Academic Association declared Spann's teaching to be its doctrine.<ref name=":1" /> According to Walter Euchner et al. (2000), Spann had "considerable influence [sic!]" on Catholicism in German-speaking countries. Robert Kriechbaumer states in a similar way(2005) that Spann became “the eloquent and influential prophet of political neo-romanticism” in Austria’s First Republic, whose corporate-authoritarian, anti-liberal ideas influenced academic youth “to a considerable extent.”<ref>Stefan Breuer: ''Anatomie der konservativen Revolution.'' 2., durchgesehene und aktualisierte Auflage, Darmstadt 1995, S. 109.</ref> Stefan Breuer (1995) describes Spann as the "leader of the Catholic Right". Emmerich Tálos (2013) attests Spann to have “theoretically underpinned the criticism of the parliamentary representative system and of the parties as well as the efforts made in connection with the economic crisis to find an authoritarian solution for mediating state and social interests.” ''Universalism'' has not been implemented in Austria in terms of realpolitik , but has "contributed significantly" to the content of the estate discussion. In this way, Spann had an indirect influence on the Home Guard and, via [[Ignaz Seipel]], on the Christian Social Party.<ref>Emmerich Tálos: ''Das austrofaschistische Herrschaftssystem. Österreich 1933–1938.'' Wien 2013, S. 9 f.</ref>

From 1929, Spann was close to the Home Guard, especially the Styrian Homeland Security Service, with whose leader Walter Pfrimer he also appeared at events and whose publishing house published his essay ''Die Irrungen des Marxismus''.<ref>C. Earl Edmondson: ''The Heimwehr and Austrian Politics 1918–1936''. University of Georgia Press, Athens/Georgia 1978</ref> Spann's close associate Walter Heinrich became head of the federal organization of the Austrian Home Guard in 1930 and is considered the author of the Korneuburg Oath.<ref>Willibald Holzer: ''Faschismus in Österreich 1918–1938.'' In: ''Austriaca, n° spécial – Deux fois l'Autriche après 1918 et après 1945'', vol. 1/3 (Juillet 1978)</ref> Hans Riehl (social scientist), another student of Spann, also served as propaganda director for the federal association. Heinrich founded the Comradeship Association for national and socio-political education (KB), through which Spann's teachings decisively shaped the political movement of the Sudeten Germans before 1938. Its members were also known as the Spannkreis .

Spann, especially in his book ''The True State'', developed the idea of an authoritarian and largely static organization of a corporate society directed against parliamentary democracy and the labor movement alike. The estates, which were conceived as compulsory professional organizations, were given extensive state sovereign rights and the workers were subject to the rule of the "business leaders". His positions mediated “between the intellectual tradition of socially conservative ideologies and the practice of fascist mass movements. … The conglomerate of clerico-romantic and German-nationalist ideologemes,” according to historian Willibald Holzer, “as it was based on Spann’s recourse to both romantic-clerical and national-imperialist traditions, is essential to Spann’s turn to Italian fascism, the German National Socialists, and all three Austrian fascisms favored and its integrative function within the Austrian right made possible in the first place." and closely tied to the traditions of political Catholicism from Seipel to Dollfuss.

In relation to his biography, the historian and ÖVP politician Geraldario regards Spann as an atypical representative of the Austrian intelligentsia in the 20th century: “He had resisted being taken over by the corporate state and the Nazi dictatorship, but despite the physical injuries he suffered in the concentration camp impairments – he was considered persona non grata in the Second Republic. This manifests an atypical career: Spann managed to be unpopular in three consecutive different phases of Austrian politics."<ref>Gerald Schöpfer: ''Umbrüche und Kontinuitäten. Politische Wechsellagen und Karriereverläufe in Österreich nach 1918 – eine unvollständige Gedankenskizze''. In: Stefan Karner, Lorenz Mikoletzky: ''Österreich. 90 Jahre Republik''. Studienverlag, Innsbruck u. a. 2008, <nowiki>ISBN 3-7065-4664-7</nowiki>, S. 331–343, hier S. 342.</ref>

=== Influence in Slovakia ===
Spann's corporative-authoritarian doctrine also exerted a "great attraction" on the clerical-nationalist party wing of the [[Slovak People's Party|Ludak]] party in [[Slovakia]].<ref>Yeshayahu A. Jelinek: ''The Parish Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party 1939–1945.'' New York/ London 1976, S. 51 u. 85; Anton Hruboň et al.: ''Fašizmus náš slovenský. Korene, podoby a reflexie politickej kultúry fašizmu na Slovensku (1919–1945)'' [= Unser slowakischer Faschismus. Wurzeln, Gestalten und Reflexionen der politischen Kultur des Faschismus in der Slowakei (1919–1945)]. Bratislava 2021, S. 100 f. (slowakisch).</ref> It was initially taken over by the radical Catholic circle of intellectuals around the magazine ''Nástup'' (“The Inauguration”) and then also represented by the later party leader [[Jozef Tiso]].<ref>Johann Kaiser: ''Die Politik des Dritten Reiches gegenüber der Slowakei 1939–1945.'' 1969, S. 187.</ref> The state ideology of the Slovak State, as formulated by party ideologist [[Štefan Polakovič]] in 1939 and 1941, was inspired to a significant extent by Spann's teachings.<ref>Anton Hruboň et al.: ''Fašizmus náš slovenský. Korene, podoby a reflexie politickej kultúry fašizmu na Slovensku (1919–1945)'' [= Unser slowakischer Faschismus. Wurzeln, Gestalten und Reflexionen der politischen Kultur des Faschismus in der Slowakei (1919–1945)]. Bratislava 2021, S. 103; Martin Pekár: ''Štátna ideológia a jej vplyv na charakter režimu'' [= Die Staatsideologie und ihr Einfluss auf den Charakter des Regimes]. In: Martina Fiamová et al.: ''Slovenský štát 1939–1945: Predstavy a reality'' [= Der Slowakische Staat 1939–1945: Vorstellungen und Realitäten]. Bratislava 2014, S. 137–152 (online 137–156), hier S. 144 (slowakisch).</ref>

== Major works ==
* ''[[The True State|Der wahre Staat]]'' (The True State, 1921)
* ''Kategorienlehre'' (1924).
* ''Der Schöpfungsgang des Geistes'' (1928).
* ''Gesellschaftsphilosophie'' (1932).
* ''Naturphilosophie'' (1937).
* ''Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage'' (1947).
* ''Die Haupttheorien der Volkswirtschafts' Lehre'' (Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer 1949).

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography==
* [[Bruce Caldwell (historian of economic thought)|Caldwell, Bruce]]. ''Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek.'' The [[University of Chicago Press]]. 2004
* Giovanni Franchi (a cura di), ''Othmar Spann. La scienza dell'intero'', Edizioni Nuova Cultura, Roma 2012. {{ISBN|9788861348042}}
* Sebastian Maaß, ''Dritter Weg und wahrer Staat. Othmar Spann - Ideengeber der Konservativen Revolution''. Regin-Verlag, Kiel, 2010.

== External links ==
* [http://members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/Totality.html Dooyeweerd, Spann, and the Philosophy of Totality]
* [http://www.univie.ac.at/archiv/tour/19.htm A Historical Tour of the University of Vienna]
* [http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/6/1/1335.pdf Anthony Carty: "Alfred Verdross and Othmar Spann: German Romantic Nationalism, National Socialism and International Law"], ''European Journal of International Law'' Vol.6, No.1 (see also [[nationalism]])
* {{PM20|FID=pe/016830}}

{{Social and political philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spann, Othmar}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Vienna]]
[[Category:People from Meidling]]
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Austrian economists]]
[[Category:Austrian philosophers]]
[[Category:Austrian political scientists]]
[[Category:Militant League for German Culture members]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Austria]]

Partizánske

2023-05-19T08:32:53Z

Peyerk: historic name added

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Partizánske
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town

| image_skyline = Partizanske4.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial view of the old part of Partizánske
| image_flag = Partizanske SK flag.svg
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Partizánske.svg
| motto =
| nickname = Baťovka
| etymology =

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Slovakia]]
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Trenčín Region|Trenčín]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Partizánske District|Partizánske]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =

| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Slovakia Trenčín Region#Slovakia
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Partizánske in the [[Trenčín Region]]
| coordinates = {{coord|48|37|33|N|18|22|22|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = PaedDr. Jozef Božik, PhD.

| established_title =
| established_date =

| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 22.29<ref name="area">{{Cite web |url=http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk |title=Hustota obyvateľstva - obce [om7014rr_ukaz: Rozloha (Štvorcový meter)] |language=sk |date=2022-03-31 |website=www.statistics.sk |publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 8.61<ref name="area"/>
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =

| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 190<ref name="base_info">{{Cite web |url=http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_SK_WIN/om5001rr/v_om5001rr_00_00_00_sk |title=Základná charakteristika |language=sk |date=2015-04-17 |website=www.statistics.sk |publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>
| elevation_ft = 620<ref name="base_info"/>
| population_as_of = {{abbr|2021|Population: 2021-12-31. Population density & Total area: 2021-06-30/-07-01. Elevation, Postal code & Area code (last updated): 2015-04-17.}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 21,176<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7101rr/v_om7101rr_00_00_00_sk |title=Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne) |language=sk |date=2022-03-31 |website=www.statistics.sk |publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 955.87<ref name="pd">{{Cite web |url=http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk |title=Hustota obyvateľstva - obce |language=sk |date=2022-03-31 |website=www.statistics.sk |publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>
| population_density_sq_mi= 369.06<ref name="pd"/>
| population_demonym =

| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1 = +01:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +02:00

| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 958 01<ref name="base_info"/>
| area_code_type =
| area_code = +421 38<ref name="base_info"/>
| geocode =
| iso_code =
| blank_name = [[Slovak car registration plates|Car plate]]
| blank_info = PE

| website = [https://www.partizanske.sk www.partizanske.sk]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Partizánske''' ({{IPA-sk|ˈpartizaːnske|-|Sk-Partizanske.ogg}}, meaning “partisan town”, formerly: ''Šimonovany'', from 1948: ''Baťovany'', {{lang-hu|Simony}}) is a town in [[Trenčín Region]], [[Slovakia]].

==Geography==
Partizánske is located in the northern part of the [[Danubian Hills]] around {{convert|55|km|2|abbr=on}} from [[Nitra]] and {{convert|131|km|2|abbr=on}} from the capital [[Bratislava]], at the confluence of the [[Nitra (river)|Nitra]] and [[Nitrica (river)|Nitrica]] rivers, near the [[Tribeč]] mountains.

==History==
Partizánske is a relatively young town. Its history starts in 1938–1939, when [[Jan Antonín Baťa]] of [[Zlín]] and his powerful network of companies built a shoe factory in the cadastral area of Šimonovany municipality. The newly created settlement for workers carried the name of Baťovany and was part of Šimonovany. With the growth of the factory, so grew the settlement. The whole municipality was renamed to Baťovany in 1948 and given town status. As a sign of recognition of local inhabitants fighting in the [[Slovak National Uprising]], the town was renamed Partizánske on 9 February 1949.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070213185431/http://www.partizanske.sk/main.php?id_menu=1629&firmy_slovenska_flag=0] (Slovak)</ref>
The factory was renamed by communists to ''Závody 29. augusta'' (29 August works) and it produced 30 million pairs of shoes and employed around 10,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok.asp?cl=28590 |title=Shoemaking: A troubled business|work=[[The Slovak Spectator]]|date=2007-08-06|author=Michaela Stanková|access-date=2008-02-23}}</ref> However, after a failed privatisation in the 1990s, only a fraction is left now.

==Demographics==
According to the 2001 [[census]], the town had 24,907 inhabitants. 97.71% of inhabitants were [[Slovaks]], 0.69% [[Czech people|Czechs]] and 0.35% [[Romani people|Roma]].<ref name="statistics">{{cite web | title = Municipal Statistics | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak republic | url = http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html | access-date = 2007-12-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071116010355/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html  |archive-date = 2007-11-16}}</ref> The religious makeup was 73.88% [[Roman Catholics]], 18.07% people with no religious affiliation, and 2.95% [[Lutherans]].<ref name="statistics"/>

==Notable natives and residents==
*[[Miroslav Dvorský|Miroslav]], [[Jaroslav Dvorský|Jaroslav]], [[Peter Dvorský|Peter]] and [[Pavol Dvorský]], four brothers who are all successful opera singers

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia}}
Partizánske is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mesto Partizánske bude mať nových cezhraničných partnerov|url=https://www.partizanske.sk/?program=51&module_action__0__id_ci=136447|publisher=Partizánske|language=sk|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Bajina Bašta]], Serbia
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Benešov]], Czech Republic
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Krapkowice]], Poland
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Náchod]], Czech Republic
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Svit]], Slovakia
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Valašské Meziříčí]], Czech Republic
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Vukovar]], Croatia
{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Partizánske - rieky Nitra a Nitrica.JPG|The confluence of the [[Nitra (river)|Nitra]] and [[Nitrica (river)|Nitrica]] rivers
Partizánske - kaštieľ Šimonovany 01.JPG|Manor house in Šimonovany
Partizánske - kostol na Šípku.jpg|St. Thomas Church in Partizánske
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Svit]] - another Slovak town founded by the [[Bata Shoes]] company.
*[[List of company towns]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Partizánske}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Partizánske}}
* [https://www.partizanske.sk/ Website of town Partizánske]

{{Partizánske District}}
{{Bata Limited}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Partizanske}}
[[Category:Planned cities]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Villages and municipalities in Partizánske District]]
[[Category:Bata Corporation]]
[[Category:New towns started in the 1930s]]

Ho Ka-i

2023-04-01T15:29:04Z

Peyerk: /* Early life */ he died long before the 1917 revolution

{{Short description|Soviet-born North Korean politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = 
| image = Ho Ka-i.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Vice Premier of North Korea|Vice Premier of the Cabinet]]
| term_start = 4 November 1951
| term_end = 2 July 1953
| premier = [[Kim Il-sung]]
| office2 = [[General Secretary and Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea|First Secretary]] of the [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea|Workers' Party of Korea Central Committee]]
| term_start2 = 24 June 1949
| term_end2 = 2 July 1953
| 1blankname2 = Chairman
| 1namedata2 = [[Kim Il-sung]]
| 1blankname3 = 2nd Secretary
| 1namedata3 = [[Yi Sung-yop]]
| 1blankname4 = 3rd Secretary
| 1namedata4 = Kim Sam-yong
| alongside = [[Pak Hon-yong]], [[Hong Myong-hui]], [[Kim Chaek]], [[Choe Chang-ik]] and [[Choe Yong-gon (official)|Choe Yong-gon]].
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1908|03|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Khabarovsk]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|06|02|1908|03|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
| nationality = Korean
| other_names =
| occupation = Politician
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| module =
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Anna Innokentevna Li|1927|1947|end=died}} |{{marriage|Nina Tsoi |1949}}}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| context = north
| hangul = 허가이
| hanja = 許哥誼
| mr = Hŏ Ka-i
| rr = Heo Ga-i
| child=yes
}}
}}
'''Alexei Ivanovich Hegai''' ({{lang-ru|Алексей Иванович Хегай}}, {{lang-ko|허가이}}; 18 March 1908 – 2 July 1953), also known as '''Ho Ka-i''', was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] political operative in [[North Korea]] (DPRK) and leader of the [[Soviet Korean faction]] within the early political structure of North Korea. He was the second vice-chairman of the [[Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|DPRK Politburo]] from 1949 until he was purged.{{sfn|Lankov|2013|pp=13–14}} He allegedly committed suicide in [[Pyongyang]]{{sfn|Lankov|2013|pp=13–14}} and was replaced as leader by [[Pak Chang-ok]].

==Early life==
Aleksei Ivanovich Hegai, also known as Ho Ka-i, was born on 18 March 1908 in [[Khabarovsk]] in Russia. His father was a teacher at a Korean school in the Russian Empire. Ho Ka-i was never given a [[Korean language|Korean]] [[Korean name|name]] when he was born, unlike many [[Koryo-saram|Russian Koreans]]. His Korean name is assumed to be an adaptation of his Russian family name.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=137}}

He was [[orphan]]ed at a young age; his mother died in 1911 and a few months later his father committed suicide. Ho Ka-i and his younger brother were raised by their uncle, who worked as a digger in gold fields in Khabarovsk. In 1920, at the age of twelve, Ho Ka-i began working at a [[tobacco]] factory in Khabarovsk to bring in some money to help support the family.{{sfn|Suh|1988|loc=Chapter 5}}

Ho Ka-i started to get involved in [[Communism|communist politics]], as a way for his family to try to get out of the [[Social class|lower class]]. Many citizens who were impoverished, found that by being actively involved in the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]], their family would be elevated. Throughout the 1920s, Ho Ka-i attended conferences and meetings in the USSR and at the age of 22, he joined the Communist Party.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=138}} Not long after Ho Ka-i joined the Communist Party, he became well known for his intelligence and remarkable organizational skills, soon becoming the secretary of the [[Soviet Far East|Far Eastern]] committee of the [[Komsomol|Soviet Communist Youth League]].

At the age of nineteen, he married a [[Workers' Party of North Korea#Factionalism|Soviet Korean]], Anna Innokentevna Li, and they would eventually have five children, forcing him to abandon his studies in order to support his family. Working under the Communist Party, he served as secretary for many years, upgrading his family out of the lower class because of his dedication and his service to the party.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=140}}

In 1933, Ho Ka-i left for Moscow, studying at the [[Sverdlov Communist University|Sverdlov All-Union Communist Agriculture University]]. However, on 10 July 1935, he left university due to "family reasons."{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=139}}
In 1937, when [[Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge|purges]] of upper and middle class party leaders became common; it was a miracle that he was not purged. The purges took place mainly because Stalin took the elites "relative independence and freedom of mind" as a threat to his own power.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=141}} But towards the end of 1937, Ho Ka-i became very paranoid and had a bag ready at the door, for his impending arrest. Yet, Ho Ka-i was never arrested.

During the years leading up to his departure to [[Korea]], Ho Ka-i took his family to [[Yangiyul]], [[Uzbekistan]], while he was being cleared to be reinstated to full Party membership, after his and many others' expulsion due to the purges.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=142}} Eventually, he was found innocent and reinstated, though it took a number of years for him to get back to his previous position in the Party.
By 1945, he alongside a dozen other men, were sent by Soviet authorities to the Far East to serve as translators between Russia and Korea. Yet, when he arrived, he was instead placed in a leadership role within the [[Workers' Party of North Korea]].{{sfn|Lankov|2002|pp=142–143}}

==Pre-Korean War==
Ho Ka-i was sent to Korea to help create the Communist Party there. In 1946, Ho Ka-i, alongside [[Kim Il-sung]], [[Kim Tu-bong]], [[Chu Yong-ha]], and [[Choe Chang-ik]] made up the Political Committee, which was formed to decide the new leader of the government. Ho Ka-i was elected to represent the Soviet Occupation Authorities.{{sfn|Suh|1988|p=80}}

At a [[2nd Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea|Second Party Congress]] Session during March 27–30, 1948, Ho Ka-i delivered an unscheduled speech, condemning some officials, who had previously apologized, for not admitting their mistakes.{{sfn|Suh|1988|p=87}} Ho Ka-i accused O Ki-sŏp and Ch'oe Young-dal for being prideful and defending themselves at the cost of party progress, going so far as to accuse O Ki Sŏp of his attitude and individual heroism. Being accused of individual heroism was dishonorable because being part of a communist regime; the emphasis was on the whole, and not on the individual person. By not admitting their mistakes, Ho Ka-i said their apologies were not valid and just empty words. Ho Ka-i claimed that because they had apologized without admitting that they were wrong, the men were just doing what they were supposed to and not really sorry and thus, would make the same decisions again.{{sfn|Suh|1988|p=92}}

In Korea, Ho Ka-i rapidly moved up the ranks of the North Korean communist leadership. At the third plenum of the Second [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea|Central Committee]] on September 24–25, 1948, Ho Kai replaced Chu Yong-ha as the vice-chairman of the party as well as the chairman of the inspection committee, where Kim Il-sung was the chairman.{{sfn|Suh|1988|pp=92–93}}
On 24 June 1949, the first joint plenum of the two central committees of the [[Workers' Party of North Korea|Workers' Party of North]] and [[Workers' Party of South Korea|South Korea]] occurred as Kim Il-sung was formally elected chairman of the Workers' Party and Ho Ka-i as second vice-chairman as well as first secretary.{{sfn|Suh|1988|p=108}} The Soviet authorities thought Ho Ka-i to be an expert in organization, causing him to move up in party ranks. Ho Ka-i was third in ranking, only behind the chairman and [[Pak Hon-yong]], the vice-chairman. During this time, Ho Ka-i married his second wife, after his first wife died in Pyongyang in 1947 of tuberculosis. Nina Tsoi and Ho Ka-i were married on 1 January 1949. Nina Tsoi was the daughter of Piotr Invanovich (Ch'oe Pyo-dok), a Korean officer in the [[Red Army]] who "survived the mass terror of 1937-9."{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=146}}

==Ho Ka-i and Kim Il-sung's confrontation==
[[File:Kim Il-sung and Ho Ka-i.jpg|thumb|[[Kim Il-sung]] and Ho Ka-i]]
In September 1951, Kim Il-sung and Ho Ka-i had a dispute over how to reorganize the tattered party and how to handle party members who were not completely loyal.{{sfn|Suh|1988|p=123}} The party was split on how they should set up its government and what sort of actions they should take in doing so.

Kim Il-sung said that the Korean war had helped to distinguish between the loyal and disloyal members of the party and those who went against the party should be punished via legal channels, avoiding any indiscriminate purges. Ho Ka-i, who was the chair of the inspection committee, did the exact opposite, conducting indiscriminate purges of low-ranking party members to check their loyalty to the Party. Numbers from North Korea suggest that Ho Ka-i expelled and punished over 450,000 of the party's 600,000 members during the war.{{sfn|Park|Kim|1979|p=168}} Kim Il-sung felt that Ho Ka-i was using harsh measures, punishing any member who failed to show the newly issued membership card, but Ho Ka-i failed to cooperate.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=148}}

The main issue between the two men was whether to build an elite communist party that takes after the Soviet Union or a mass party which the Soviet occupation authorities had suggested. Ho Ka-i opted to follow the Soviet Union model while Kim Il-sung wanted the mass party which the Soviet occupation authorities suggested. Ho Ka-i, according to Kim Il-sung at a later date, had desired an elite communist party while Kim wanted a strong mass party that built up all of the country's unique features.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=150}}

Later, Kim Il-sung reinstated all the expelled members and Ho Ka-i, instead was purged.{{sfn|Lankov|2013|pp=13–14}} Kim Il-sung took advantage of Ho Ka-i's misfortune, ridiculing Ho Ka-i about party matters as well as accusing him of being secretive and acting on personal heroism.

In November 1951, Ho Ka-i was removed from his posts. This act greatly weakened the influence of [[Soviet Koreans faction|Soviet Koreans]], men who were sent from the USSR to help implement their power into the new Korean country, which was part of the goal of Kim Il-sung, in order to transition into power.{{sfn|Lankov|2013|pp=13–14}} But Kim Il-sung did not completely remove Ho Ka-i from political influence, appointing Ho Ka-i as deputy prime minister. Kim Il-sung and his followers wanted Ho Ka-i out of that position, accusing him of many dishonorable actions such as Ho Ka-i's secret desire to become dictator, his individual heroism and ignoring the needs of Korea but concerned only with his own gain.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|pp=149–150}} At the sixth joint plenum of the Central Committee on 4 August 1953, it was reported that Ho Ka-i had committed suicide. Official reports show that he was reported dead on 2 July 1953 at 9:30pm.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=91}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|North Korea}}
* [[Koryo-saram]]
* [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation
| first = Andrei | last = Lankov
| title = From Stalin To Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea 1945-1960
| publisher = Rutgers University Press
| year = 2002
| isbn = 1-85065-563-4
}}

*{{cite book
| first=Andrei
| last=Lankov
| author-link=Andrei Lankov
| title=[[The Real North Korea]]
| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
| year=2013
| isbn=978-0-19-996429-1
}}

*{{Citation
| first1 = Jae-Kyu | last1 = Park
| first2 = Jung- Gun | last2 = Kim
| title = The Politics of North Korea
| publisher = Westview Press
| year = 1979
| isbn = 0-86531-653-8
}}

*{{Citation
| first = Dae-Sook
| last = Suh
| title = Kim Il Sung The North Korean Leader
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| year = 1988
| isbn = 0-23106-573-6
| url = https://archive.org/details/00book729884
}}

*{{Citation
| first = Balazs | last = Szalontai
| title = Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era
| publisher = Stanford University Press
| year = 2005
| isbn = 0-80475-322-9
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ho, Ka-i}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:North Korean politicians]]
[[Category:Russian communists]]
[[Category:Russian people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:People from Khabarovsk]]
[[Category:Politicians who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Soviet people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:Vice Chairmen of the Workers' Party of Korea and its predecessors]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Political Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly]]

Anthems of the Soviet Republics

2023-02-08T22:33:35Z

Peyerk: /* Legal status */It has nothing about the Soviet anthem

{{short description|National anthems}}
The [[Soviet Union]]'s various [[Republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republics]] each had their own [[anthem]] (generally referred as a "state anthem").

==History==
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the last republic to adopt a state anthem, doing so in 1990. It had had none before this date, and used in its place the Soviet national anthem, which was "[[The Internationale]]" from 1917 to 1944 and the "[[National Anthem of the Soviet Union]]" from 1944 to 1990.

Unlike most national anthems, few of which were composed by renowned composers, the Soviet Union's various state anthems were composed by some of the best Soviet composers, including world-renowned [[Gustav Ernesaks]] (Estonia), [[Aram Khachaturian]] (Armenia), [[Otar Taktakishvili]] (Georgia), and [[Uzeyir Hajibeyov]] (Azerbaijan).

The lyrics present great similarities, all having mentions to [[Vladimir Lenin]] (and most, in their initial versions, to [[Joseph Stalin]]), to the guiding role of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and to the brotherhood of the Soviet peoples, including a specific reference to the friendship of the [[Russians|Russian]] people (the Estonian, Georgian and Karelo-Finnish anthems were apparently an exception to this last rule).

Some anthems' melody can be sung in the [[State Anthem of the Soviet Union#Lyrics|Soviet Union anthem lyrics]] (Ukrainian and Belarus are the most fitted in this case).

Most of these anthems were replaced during or after the [[dissolution of the USSR]]; [[My Belarusy|Belarus]], [[Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] (until 2006), [[Surudi Milli|Tajikistan]], [[Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|Turkmenistan]] (until 1996), and [[State Anthem of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] kept the melodies, but with different lyrics. The [[Russian Federation]] itself had abandoned the Soviet hymn, replacing it with [[Patrioticheskaya Pesnya|a tune]] by [[Mikhail Glinka|Glinka]]. However, with [[Vladimir Putin]] coming to power, the old Soviet tune was restored, with [[National anthem of Russia|new lyrics]] written to it.

==Anthems==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; color:black;"
! Region
! Title
! Composers
! Lyricists
! Adopted
! Relinquished
|-
| {{flag|Armenian SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Armenian SSR]]"
| [[Aram Khachaturian]]
| [[Sarmen]]
| 1944
| 1991
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Azerbaijan SSR]]"
| [[Uzeyir Hajibeyov]]
| [[Suleyman Rustam]] [[Samad Vurgun]] Huseyn Arif
| 1944
| 1992
|-
| {{flag|Byelorussian SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Byelorussian SSR]]"
| [[Nestar Sakalowski]]
| [[Mihas' Klimovich]]
| 1952
| 1991
|-
| {{flag|Estonian SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Estonian SSR]]"
|[[Gustav Ernesaks]]
|[[Johannes Semper]]
| 1945 1956 (mod.)
| 1990
|-
| {{flag|Georgian SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Georgian SSR]]"
| [[Otar Taktakishvili]]
| [[Grigol Abashidze]] [[Alexander Abasheli]]
| 1946
| 1990
|-
| {{flag|Georgian SSR|1990}}
| "[[Dideba]]"
| {{ill|Kote Potskhverashvili|ka|კონსტანტინე ფოცხვერაშვილი}}
| Kote Potskhverashvili
| 1990
| 2004
|-
| {{flag|Kazakh SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Kazakh SSR]]"
| Mukan Tulebayev [[Yevgeny Brusilovsky]] Latif Khamidi
| [[Abdilda Tazhibaev]] Qajym Muxamedxanov [[Gabit Musirepov]]
| 1945
| 1992
|-
| {{flag|Kirghiz SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Kirghiz SSR]]"
| [[Vladimir Vlasov]] [[Abdylas Maldybaev]] [[Vladimir Fere]]
| Kubanychbek Malikov [[Tugelbay Sydykbekov]] Mukanbet Toktobaev [[Aaly Tokombaev]]
| 1946
| 1992
|-
| {{flag|Latvian SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Latvian SSR]]"
| [[Anatols Liepiņš]]
| [[Fricis Rokpelnis]] [[Jūlijs Vanags]]
| 1945
| 1990
|-
|{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|Lithuanian SSR|1940}}{{flag|Lithuanian SSR|1988}}}}
| "[[Tautiška giesmė]]"<ref name="TM">{{cite journal|last1=Marcinkevičius|first1=Juozas|title=Tautiškos giesmės likimasprijungus Lietuvą prie Sovietų Sąjungos(1940-1950)|url=http://www.xn--altiniai-4wb.info/files/literatura/LG00/Straipsniai_apie_Lietuvos_himn%C4%85.LG3301C.pdf|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | [[Vincas Kudirka]]
| 1944 1988
| 1950 present
|-
|{{flag|Lithuanian SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Lithuanian SSR]]"
| [[Balys Dvarionas]] [[Jonas Švedas]]
| [[Antanas Venclova]]
| 1950 1953 (mod.)
| 1988
|-
|{{flag|Moldavian SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Moldavian SSR]]"
| [[Ștefan Neaga]] (1945) [[Eduard Lazarev]] (1980)
| [[Emilian Bukov]] [[Bogdan Istru]]
| 1945 1980 (mod.)
| 1991
|-
| {{flag|Russian SFSR}}
| "[[Patrioticheskaya Pesnya|The Patriotic Song]]"
| [[Mikhail Glinka]]
| None (instrumental)
| 1990
| 2000
|-
| {{flag|Tajik SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Tajik SSR]]"
| [[Suleiman Yudakov]]
| [[Abolqasem Lahouti]]
| 1946
| 1994
|-
| {{flag|Turkmen SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Turkmen SSR]]"
| [[Veli Mukhatov]]
| [[Aman Kekilov]]/collective
| 1946 1978 (lyrics)
| 1996
|-
| {{flag|Ukrainian SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Ukrainian SSR]]"
| Anton Dmytrovych Lebedynets
| [[Pavlo Tychyna]] (1949) [[Mykola Bazhan]] (1978)
| 1949 1978 (mod.)
| 1992
|-
| {{flag|Uzbek SSR}}
| "[[Anthem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Uzbek SSR]]"
| [[Mutal Burkhanov]]
| Timur Fattah [[Turab Tula]]
| 1947
| 1992
|-
|}

===Others===
The "[[Anthem of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Anthem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR]]" was used for the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish SSR]] before it was demoted to an ASSR within the Russian SFSR. With the exception of the [[Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Checheno-Ingush ASSR]] and the [[Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Tuvan ASSR]], [[autonomous republics of the Soviet Union]] (ASSRs) did not have their own official anthems, although unofficial versions had been used by some.

==Legal status==
Like the [[hammer and sickle]] and [[red star]], the public performance of the anthems of the Soviet republics and the anthem of the Soviet Union itself are considered by some as occupation symbols as well as symbols of [[totalitarianism]] and [[state terror]] by several countries formerly either members of or occupied by the [[Soviet Union]]. Accordingly, Latvia,<ref>{{cite web|title=BC, Riga, 16.05.2013|url=http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/legislation/&doc=74860|website=The Baltic course|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Lithuania,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/7459976.stm | work=BBC News | title=Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols | date=17 June 2008 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> and [[Decommunization in Ukraine|Ukraine]],<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-bans-soviet-era-symbols-1428606171 | title=Ukraine Bans Soviet-Era Symbols| newspaper=Wall Street Journal| date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.memory.gov.ua/laws/law-ukraine-condemnation-communist-and-national-socialist-nazi-regimes-and-prohibition-propagan | title=LAW OF UKRAINE. On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist (Nazi) regimes, and prohibition of propaganda of their symbols}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/317-viii|title = Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного (нацистського) тоталітарних режимів в Україні та заборону пропаганди їхньої символіки}}</ref> Estonia have banned those anthems amongst other things deemed to be symbols of fascism, socialism, communism, and the Soviet Union and its republics. In [[Poland]], dissemination of items which are “media of fascist, communist, or other totalitarian symbolism” was criminalized in 1997. However, in 2011 the [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]] found this sanction to be unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trybunal.gov.pl/rozprawy/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/2628-nowelizacja-kodeksu-karnego/s/k-1110/|title=Nowelizacja kodeksu karnego.|language=pl|date=2011-07-19|access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> In contrast to this treatment of the ''symbolism'', promotion of fascist, communist and other totalitarian ''ideology'' remains illegal. Those laws do not apply to the anthems of [[Russia]], [[Belarus]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Tajikistan]] which used the melody with different lyrics.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325163946/http://www.hymn.ru/15-union-republics/index-en.html Audio recordings] made by each republic's best national choir and orchestra in the 1970s-1980s; also instrumental versions by the Brass Band of the USSR Ministry of Defence from the 1968 Soviet LP.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-RrMcV6Iug State Anthem of the Soviet Union — youtube.com]

{{Soviet Union topics}}
{{Anthems of the Soviet Republics}}
{{Anthems of Europe}}

[[Category:Anthems of the Republics of the Soviet Union|*]]
[[Category:Lists of anthems|Soviet Republics]]

Ignacio Martinez Suarez

2022-12-28T15:43:00Z

Peyerk: m

{{Orphan|date=November 2017}}

[[File:José Ignacio Martínez Suárez.JPG|thumb|José Ignacio Martínez Suárez]]
'''José Ignacio Martínez''' (born 1963) is a photographer from [[Navia, Asturias]], [[Spain]] who is specialized in architecture photography. Since he was a child Martínez was connected to photography through his contact with amateur and professional photographers, including his father, Jesús Martínez, a doctor, historian and photographer. [http://www.lne.es/siglo-xxi/2009/07/12/habita-belleza/781201.html (Gea, J.C., Donde habita la belleza], La Nueva España, 12 de julio de 2009, retrieved 19 December 2016). These experiences allowed him to learn how to handle various manual cameras, like the mythical Nikon F, and learned the use and tricks of the dark room, the enlarger, the chemical used in processing and other methods used on that time.

Martínez studied in the [[Complutense University of Madrid]] where he earned a bachelor's degree in Communication Studies, with a major in Audiovisual Communication, in 1989.

From 1995 through 2005, Martínez lived in Lustenau, in the region of Vorarlberg, Austria where he developed his specialization on architecture.

==Early work==
Since 1982 Martínez worked as a press and publishers photographer. After his bachelor's degree studies, he studied in the Madrid “Flash” Technical School of Photography, Video and Television (Escuela Técnica de Fotografía, Vídeo y Televisión “Flash” de Madrid), in the [[University of Oviedo]], and in the City of Dornbirn Museum in [[Austria]].

==Professional career==
Since 1995 Martínez has worked as an architectural photographer with important influences in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy and Spain, where he was hired by architects, institutions, publishers and museums.

Martínez lived in the region of Voralberg, Austria which is characterized by its architecture, especially the natural landscape combined with construction which are ecologically sustainable. (Contal, Marie-Helen and Revedin, Jana, Sustainable Design, Towards a new ethic in architecture and town planning, Birkhauser, Basel, 2009, p. 62) Following that same characteristics, his photography does not have a traditional perspective, but it is “often mysterious and poetic, more than the pure description of the building”. ( Vorarlberg Nachrichten, 15–16 September 2012. P. 16) The renowned Austrian architectural photographer, [[Margherita Spiluttini]], affirmed that Martínez is “undoubtedly one of the most important architectural photographers in Europe. His work is characterized by an extremely professional, analytical and sensitive view”.<ref>{{cite web|title=Voralberg. Ignacio Martínez|url= http://vlb.vorarlberg.at/was-passiert/veranstaltungsarchiv/2012/fotoarchiv-ignacio-martinez.html/|publisher=imdb|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>

The Vorarlberg National Library in Austria has an extensive catalog of part of his photographic work.<ref>{{cite web|title= Catalog in the Vorarlberg National Library in Austria|url=http://vlb-browser.vorarlberg.at/?q=martinez+suarez/ |publisher=imdb|accessdate =9 January 2017}}</ref>

The graphic ogram of Ignacio Martínez is preserved in the Vorarlberg National Library in Austria.
<ref>{{cite web|title= Photographic Catalog in The Vorarlberg National Library in Austria|url=https://pid.volare.vorarlberg.at/aqbsearch.aspx?q=Martinez,|publisher=imdb|accessdate =9 January 2017}}</ref>

Martínez is a member of the Architectural Photographers Association in Austria. He currently lives and works in Navia (Asturias), Spain.

One of his most recent works is the photographic documentation about the evolution of the construction of the Asturias Central University Hospital (Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias – HUCA).

==Artistic work==
Expositions
* Some of the numerous expositions on which Martínez has participated are:
* Photographic exhibition “The Mute Eye”. Jarrio Hospital (Coaña), Asturias, Spain. (1991)
* Collective exhibition “Méjica seen by six photographers”, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. (1991)
* Exhibition of Audio-visual and Photographs the Kornmarkt Theater. Bregenz, Austria.
* “The Mute Eye” nº 2. Vienna: 28/6 Raum and Institute of Architecture of Vorarlberg. (VAI). (2000)
* Photographic exhibitions of the architects Dietrich/Untrertriffaller, in Kirchheimteck, Germany. (2006)
* Traveling exhibition “Konstruktive Provokation” in France, Austria, Germany, Norway, Ireland and Spain (2008)
* Traveling exhibition “Austria West” in Milan and New York, among other places.
* Traveling exhibition “Form and non form” in Luxembourg and Hungary, among others places. (2005)
* Traveling exhibition LUZBIT Festival of the Photographic Image in Oviedo, Gijón, Avilés, Mieres and Sama de Langreo. Asturias, Spain. (2009)
* Collective exhibition in the Guillermina Caicoya Gallery. Oviedo, Spain.
* “Architectural exhibition of the Pinakothek der Moderne”. Munich, Germany. (2011)
* Art Fair, Oviedo 2011.
* Retrospective exhibition. Dome Room, Vorarlberger Landesbibliothek. Bregenz, Austria. (2012)
* Photographic Exhibition of the File of Jesus Martinez of the 20 years of his death. Navia, Asturias, Spain.

Some of the numerous works on which Martínez has participated appear in this web www.nextroom.at<ref>{{cite web|title= Some of the numerous works on which Martínez has participated|url=http://www.nextroom.at/actor.php?id=3392&inc=foto|publisher=imdb|accessdate =18 January 2017}}</ref>

==Prizes==
*Most Beautiful Book “of the world”, silver medal, the Book Fair of Leipzig (Germany) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lne.es/siglo-xxi/2009/07/12/habita-belleza/781201.html|title=Most Beautiful Book "of the world", silver medal, the Book Fair of Leipzig (Germany)|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=imdb|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>
*National prize to Most beautiful Book of Austria, in the category of Innovation, with ''The mute eye nº 2.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austria-architects.com/de/martemarte/publikationen-1011-7/source:index_z_a/category:1/index:54/count:147|title=The Mute Eye nº2|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=imdb|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref>
*First prize in the Photographic Competition “Week of the Armed Forces” of Coruña, Spain. (1990)
*First prize in II the National Competition of Photography Marques of Casariego. Mud wall, Asturias, Spain. (1991)
*First prize in the I Photographic Competition “European Speedboat Racing Championship”. Navia, Asturias, Spain. (1988)
*First prize “Photographic Rally Western Asturias”. Asturias, Spain. (1988)
*First prize in III the Photographic Competition “Speedboat racing 92”. Navia, Asturias, Spain.

==Publications==
His work as photographer can be seen in numerous publications and national and international magazines.

Bau-und to kunstdenkmäler im Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Ed. Luterach: Dieth-Kulturverlag, 1997
* ''Río Navia. La revista de la cuenca del Navia''. (Mensual). Navia, Imagen Net 7, 1998-2000
* [https://www.zvab.com/Stumme-Blick-Mirada-Muda-Mute-Eye/12293792013/buch ''Der stumme blick nº 2 = La mirada muda nº 2 = The mute eye nº 2'']. [S. l.] : I. M. Austria, 2001
* ''Reflexion und transparez. Bauten für Helvetia Patria St. Gallen. Eine architektur von Herzog & de Meuron.'' Sant Gallen: Helvetia-Patria-Holding, 2002
<ref>{{cite web|title= Daniele Marques. Institut für Geschichte und theorie der Architektur. Zürich: ETH, 2003 |url= http://www.joergniederberger.ch/PDF/modulor_leben_mit_farben.pdf |publisher=imdb|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>
* ''Konstructive provokation''. Vorarlberger: Architektur Institut, 2003 <ref>{{cite web|title= Konstruktive Provokation – Exhibition about new building in Voralberg|url =http://www.ateliergassner.at/en/projects/konstruktive-provokation/|publisher=imdb|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>
* Villa Thérèse: ville de Fribourg. Fribourg, 2005
* Ingenios hidráulicos de la cuenca de Meiro: un viaje iniciático por el río de los meandros / Juan Méjica; fotografías Ignacio Martínez. Oviedo: Fundación Méjica, 2008 <ref>{{cite web|title= Ingenios hidráulicos de la cuenca del Meiro|url =http://www.datos.bne.es/edicion/a4675021/|publisher=imdb|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>
* ''Laboral, ciudad de la cultura.'' Asturias: RECREA, 2008
* ''1000 X European architecture''. Berlin Braun, 2008
* ''The Phaidon atlas of 21st. century world architecture''. Londres: Phaidon, 2008 Architectural and artistic monuments in the Principality of Liechtenstein Authors: Dieth, Volkmar Súarez, Ignacio Martinez. Wilhelm, Anton. Lauterach, Austria : Dieth-Kulturverlag, 1997. 2008 <ref>{{cite web|title=Architectural and artistic monuments in the Principality of Liechtenstein |url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/181311734?versionId=197552679/| publisher=imdb|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>
* [http://www.fourthdoor.co.uk/unstructured/unstructured_04/article4_1.php Collaboration in the monograph Marte-Marte, National Prize for the Most Beautiful Book of Austria and the World, in the category of Architecture, at the International Book Fair in Leipzig, Germany.]
* Collaboration in the monograph Hermann Kaufmann, National Prize for the Most Beautiful Book of Austria, in the category of Technique.
* Collaboration in Building the Alps, National Prize for the Most Beautiful Book in Switzerland.
* New cultural centers for the 21st century in Spain. Consensus and conflict. Madrid: Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development (AECID), 2010
* [http://www.diachron.at/pdf/Cover%20Kapfinger%20by%20Peter%20Duniecki.pdf Collaboration with Otto Kapflinger in Architektur im sprachraum. Zurich: Park Books, 2014]
* El Vidural: Architecture, flora and fauna, landscapes, peasants. Siero: La Fábrica de Libros, 2018
* Council of Navia. Navia: Senda Color, 2019
* Council of Coaña. Coaña: Senda Color, 2020
* Río Navia. Viaje fotográfico-literario: La Fábrica de Libros, 2021

Collaborator of the following international architectural journals:

* A + U. Tokyo
* Bau Welt. Berlin
* L'Arquitecture d'aujourd'jui. Paris
* Architektur Aktuell <ref>{{cite web|title=Architecture Aktuel. Vienna. (Collaboration)|url = https://www.architektur-aktuell.at/search/node/ignacio%20martinez|publisher=imdb|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>
* Domus. Milan
* Wall Paper. London
* Escandinavian Architects <ref>{{cite web|title=Escandinavian Architect |url = http://www.scandinavian-architects.com/da/projects/31877_Haus_Koenig_Naegele|publisher=imdb|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martinez Suarez, Ignacio}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spanish photographers]]

Barrier troops

2022-11-05T16:53:41Z

Peyerk: /* In film */POV

{{Short description|Type of military unit}}
'''Barrier troops''', '''blocking units''', or '''anti-retreat forces''' are military units that are located in the rear or on the front line (behind the main forces) to maintain military discipline, prevent the flight of servicemen from the battlefield, capture spies, saboteurs and deserters, and return troops who flee from the battlefield or lag behind their units.

According to research by Jason Lyall, barrier troops are more likely to be used by the militaries of states that discriminate against the ethnic groups that comprise the state's military.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lyall|first=Jason|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvn96h88|title=Divided Armies: Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War|year=2020|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctvn96h88|jstor=j.ctvn96h88|isbn=978-0-691-19244-4|s2cid=242123389}}</ref>

==In the National Revolutionary Army==
During the [[Battle of Nanking]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], a battalion of the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)|36th Division]] was guarding the Yijiang Gate and was under orders to "let no one through". On December 12, 1937, the [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) collapsed against the Japanese onslaught. NRA units tried to retreat without orders through the gate, and the battalion shot into the crowd, killing many people.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze|last=Lai|first=Bejamin|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-1-47281-749-5|pages=76–77}}</ref>

==In the Red Army==
In the [[Red Army]] of the [[RSFSR]] and the [[Soviet Union]] the concept of barrier troops first arose in August 1918 with the formation of the заградительные отряды (''zagraditelnye otriady''), translated as "blocking troops" or "anti-retreat detachments" ({{lang-ru| заградотряды, заградительные отряды, отряды заграждения}}).<ref name=volko>Dmitri Volkogonov, ''Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary'', transl. and edited by Harold Shukman, HarperCollins Publishers, London (1996), p. 180</ref> The barrier troops comprised personnel drawn from [[Cheka]] punitive detachments or from regular Red Army infantry regiments. 

The first use of the barrier troops by the Red Army occurred in the late summer and fall of 1918 in the [[Eastern Front (RSFSR)|Eastern front]] during the [[Russian Civil War]], when [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)|People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs]] (War Commissar) [[Leon Trotsky]] of the Communist [[Bolshevik]] government authorized [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], the commander of the [[1st Army (RSFSR)|1st Army]], to station blocking detachments behind unreliable Red Army infantry regiments in the 1st Red Army, with orders to shoot if front-line troops either deserted or retreated without permission.<ref name=volko/>

In December 1918 Trotsky ordered that detachments of additional barrier troops be raised for attachment to each infantry formation in the Red Army. On December 18 he cabled: <blockquote>How do things stand with the blocking units? As far as I am aware they have not been included in our establishment and it appears they have no personnel. It is absolutely essential that we have at least an embryonic network of blocking units and that we work out a procedure for bringing them up to strength and deploying them.<ref name=volko/></blockquote> The barrier troops were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the Red Army, a role which soon earned them the hatred of the Russian civilian population.<ref>Lih, Lars T., ''Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921'', University of California Press (1990), p. 131</ref>

The concept was re-introduced on a large scale during the [[Second World War]].<ref>Overy, R. J., ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia'', W. W. Norton & Company (2004), {{ISBN|0-393-02030-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-393-02030-4}}, p. 535</ref> On June 27, 1941, in response to reports of unit disintegration in battle and desertion from the ranks in the Soviet Red Army, the 3rd Department ([[military counterintelligence of Soviet Army]]) of the [[People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union]] (NKO) issued a directive establishing mobile barrier forces composed of [[NKVD]] personnel to operate on roads, railways, forests, etc. for the purpose of catching "deserters and suspicious persons".<ref name="Stephan, Robert 1987 pp. 585-613">Stephan, Robert, "Smersh: Soviet Military Counter-Intelligence during the Second World War", ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 22, No. 4, ''Intelligence Services during the Second World War: Part 2'' (October, 1987), pp. 585–613</ref><ref name=Holley>Holley, David, "Exhibit in Moscow Celebrates a Soviet-Era Intelligence Agency", "Interview of Vadim Telitsyn", ''Los Angeles Times'', 25 May 2003, Section A-3</ref>
With the continued deterioration of the military situation in the face of the [[Operation Barbarossa|German offensive of 1941]], NKVD detachments acquired a new mission: to prevent the unauthorized withdrawal of Red Army forces from the battle line.<ref name="Stephan, Robert 1987 pp. 585-613" /><ref name=Holley/> The first troops of this kind were formed in the [[Bryansk Front]] on September 5, 1941.

On September 12, 1941 [[Joseph Stalin]] issued the [[Stavka]] Directive No. 1919 (Директива Ставки ВГК №001919) concerning the creation of barrier troops in [[List of infantry divisions of the Soviet Union 1917–1957|rifle division]]s of the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]], to suppress panic retreats. Each Red Army division was to have an anti-retreat detachment equipped with transport totaling one [[company (military)|company]] for each [[regiment]]. Their primary goal was to maintain strict military discipline and to prevent disintegration of the front line by any means.<ref>Mawdsley, Evan, ''The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union 1929–1953'', Manchester University Press (2003), {{ISBN| 0-7190-6377-9}}, {{ISBN| 978-0-7190-6377-0}}, p. 135</ref> These barrier troops were usually formed from ordinary military units and placed under NKVD command.

In 1942, after Stavka [[Order No. 227|Directive No. 227]] (Директива Ставки ВГК №227) issued on 28 July 1942, set up [[Shtrafbat|penal battalion]]s, anti-retreat detachments were used to prevent withdrawal or desertion by penal units as well. [[Penal military unit]] personnel were always rearguarded by NKVD anti-retreat detachments, and not by regular Red Army infantry forces.<ref name="Stephan, Robert 1987 pp. 585-613" /> As per Order No. 227, each Army should have had 3–5 barrier squads of up to 200 persons each.

A report to the Commissar General of State Security (NKVD chief) [[Lavrentiy Beria]] on October 10, 1941, noted that since the beginning of the war, NKVD anti-retreat troops had detained a total of 657,364 retreating, spies, traitors, instigators and deserting personnel, of which 25,878 were arrested (of which 10,201 were sentenced to death by court martial and the rest were returned to active duty).<ref>A. Toptygin, ''Neizvestny Beria'' (Moscow and St. Petersburg, 2002), p. 121</ref>

At times, barrier troops were involved in battle operations along with regular soldiers, as noted by [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]] in his directive N 157338 from October 1, 1942.

Order No. 227 also stipulated the capture or shooting of "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear of the blocking detachments, who in the first three months shot 1,000 penal troops and sent 24,993 more to penal battalions.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|last= Roberts|first= Geoffrey|publisher= Yale University Press |year= 2006|isbn= 0-300-11204-1|pages= 132}}</ref> By October 1942 the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped, and on 29 October 1944 Stalin officially ordered the disbanding of the units.<ref>
{{Cite web
| url= http://bdsa.ru/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B-%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0-1944-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4/784-636
| title= ПРИКАЗ О РАСФОРМИРОВАНИИ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАГРАДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОТРЯДОВ
| trans-title = Order on the disbanding of separate blocking detachments
| website= bdsa.ru |access-date= 2019-03-31
| quote = Отдельные заградительные отряды к 15 ноября 1944 года расформировать. Личный состав расформированных отрядов использовать на пополнение стрелковых дивизий.
}}
</ref>
===Practice and results of use===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}

According to an official letter addressed in October 1941 to Lavrentiy Beria, in the period between the beginning of Operation Barbarossa to early December 1941, NKVD detachments had detained 657,364 servicemen who had fallen behind their lines and fled from the front. Of these detainees, 25,878 were arrested, and the remaining 632,486 were formed in units and sent back to the front. Among those arrested included accused 1505 spies, 308 saboteurs, 2621 traitors, 2643 "cowards and alarmists", 3987 distributors of "provocative rumors", and 4371 others. 10,201 of them were shot, meaning approximately 1.5% of those arrested were sentenced{{by whom|date=July 2020}} to death.

For a thorough check of the Red Army soldiers who were in captivity or surrounded by the enemy, by the decision of the State Defense Committee No. 1069ss of December 27, 1941, army collection and forwarding points were established in each army and special camps of the NKVD were organized. In 1941–1942, 27 special camps were created, but in connection with the inspection and shipment of verified servicemen to the front, they were gradually eliminated (by the beginning of 1943, only 7 special camps were operating). According to official data, in 1942, 177,081 former prisoners of war and surrounding men entered special camps. After checking by special departments of the NKVD, 150,521 people were transferred to the Red Army.

On October 29, 1944, Order No. 0349 of the People's Commissar for Defense I. V. Stalin, the barrage detachments were disbanded due to a significant change in the situation at the front. Personnel joined the rifle units.

==In Syria==
It has been reported that in the initial stages of the [[Syrian civil war]], regular soldiers sent to subdue protesters were surrounded by an outer cordon manned by forces known to be loyal to the regime, with orders to shoot those who refused their orders or attempted to flee.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William |title=Military Responses to the Arab Uprisings and the Future of Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East |date=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-48889-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=93–94}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Burns |first1=Sean |title=Revolutions and Military in the Arab Spring |date=2018 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |location=London |page=213}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=October 2021}}

== Russo-Ukrainian War ==
According to member of [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukraine's parliament]]'s committee on national security and defense Fedir Venislavsky, the Russian army used [[Chechnya|Chechen]] ([[Kadyrovtsy]]) detachments in March 2022 as barrier troops to shoot deserters who tried to leave combat zones.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://en.lb.ua/news/2022/03/11/10705_kadyrovtsy_act_antiretreat.html|title=The Kadyrovtsy act as anti-retreat forces for Russian troops near Kyiv|website=LB.ua|date=2022-03-11|access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kavkazr.com/a/kadyrovskie-zagradotryady-v-ukraine/31765076.html|title= Кадыровские "заградотряды" в Украине |website=kavkazr.com |date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-11-01|lang=ru|trans-title=Kadyrov's "detachments" in Ukraine |quote= Kadyrov's men hold back soldiers of other units fleeing the battlefield}}</ref> In October 2022, Ukrainian intelligence published a purported phone call where a Russian soldier described both his task of killing inmates recruited from prisons by the [[Wagner Group]] if they were retreating and how he would be killed by others if he himself retreated.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/russia-now-second-frontline-set-123404714.html |title=Russia Now Has a Second Frontline Set Up Just to Kill Its Deserters: Intel |website=news.yahoo.com |first= Allison |last= Quinn |date= 2022-10-27 |access-date=2022-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> In November, the British defence ministry assessed that Russia was using blocking units.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cecil |first=Nicholas |date=2022-11-04 |title=Putin’s ‘blocking units’ threatening to shoot Russian deserters in Ukraine, says UK |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-deserters-shoot-invasion-britain-latest-news-b1037523.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[Evening Standard]] |language=en}}</ref>

==In film==
The 2001 film ''[[Enemy at the Gates]]'' shows Soviet Red Army commissars and barrier troops using a [[PM M1910]] alongside their own small arms to gun down the few retreating survivors of a failed charge on a German position during the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]. The 2011 [[South Korea|South Korean]] film ''[[My Way (2011 film)|My Way]]'' also depicts Soviet blocking troops shooting retreating soldiers during a charge. Both cases are part of fiction in the films.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Lai, Benjamin, ''Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze'', Osprey Publishing (2017), {{ISBN|978 1 47281 749 5}}
*Karpov, Vladimir, ''Russia at War: 1941–45'', trans. Lydia Kmetyuk (New York: The Vendome Press (1987)
*Overy, R. J., ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia'', W. W. Norton & Company (2004), {{ISBN|0-393-02030-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-393-02030-4}}
*''Органы государственной безопасности СССР в Великой Отечественной войне. Сборник документов'',
**Том 1. Книга 1. Накануне, Издательство "Книга и бизнес", (1995) {{ISBN|5-212-00804-2}}
**Том 1. Книга 2. Накануне, Издательство "Книга и бизнес", (1995) {{ISBN|5-212-00805-0}}
**Том 2. Книга 1. Начало, Издательство "Русь" (2000) {{ISBN|5-8090-0006-1}}
**Том 2. Книга 2. Начало, Издательство "Русь" (2000) {{ISBN|5-8090-0007-X}}
**Том 3. Книга 1. Крушение "Блицкрига", Издательство: Русь, 2003, {{ISBN|5-8090-0009-6}}
**Том 3. Книга 2. От обороны к наступлению, Издательство: Русь, 2003, {{ISBN|5-8090-0021-5}}

==External links==
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/badhistory/comments/3igu17/on_the_concept_of_soviet_barrier_troops_as/ On the concept of Soviet Barrier Troops, as portrayed in popular media and in reality - Text] (access date 2022-07-24)
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/badhistory/comments/3igu17/comment/cug8v1u/ On the concept of Soviet Barrier Troops, as portrayed in popular media and in reality - Notes and Works Cited] (access date 2022-07-24)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:NKVD]]
[[Category:Military of the Soviet Union]]

List of longest-reigning monarchs

2022-09-09T23:15:41Z

Peyerk: reverted

{{Short description|Monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest in world history}}
{{For|the current reigning monarchs|List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

{{Multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Louis XIV of France.jpg
| caption1 = '''[[Louis XIV]]''', the longest-reigning sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date
| image2 = Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg
| caption2 = '''[[Elizabeth II]]''', the longest-reigning female sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date
}}

This is a '''list of the longest-reigning monarchs''' of all time, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest in world history, ranked by length of reign.

== Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date ==
Twenty-five longest-reigning monarchs of states that were internationally recognized as sovereign for most or all of their reign.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{Black|1={{Abbr|No.|Number}}}}
! rowspan="2" rowspan=2 | Portrait
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | State
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Reign
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Duration
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References|style=color:black}}
|-
! scope="col" | From
! scope="col" | To
! scope="col" | (days)
! scope="col" | (years, days)
|-
! 1
| [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|80px]]
| [[Louis XIV]]
| {{Flag|Kingdom of France|name=France}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1643|5|14}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1715|9|1}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1643|5|14|1715|9|1}}}}
| {{Ayd|1643|5|14|1715|9|1}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xiv.shtml|title=BBC – History – Historic Figures: Louis XIV (1638–1715)|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| [[File:Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg|80px]]
| [[Elizabeth II]]
| {{ubl|{{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}{{Efn|Antigua and Barbuda was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 1 November 1981.}}|{{Flag|Australia}}|{{flag|Bahamas}}{{Efn|The Bahamas was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 10 July 1973.}}|{{Flag|Belize}}{{Efn|Belize was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 21 September 1981.}}|{{Flag|Canada}}|{{Flag|Grenada}}{{Efn|Grenada was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 7 February 1974.}}|{{Flag|Jamaica}}{{Efn|Jamaica was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 6 August 1962.}}|{{Flag|New Zealand}}|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}{{Efn|Papua New Guinea was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 16 September 1975.}}|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}{{Efn|Saint Kitts and Nevis was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 19 September 1983.}}|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}{{Efn|Saint Lucia was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 22 February 1979.}}|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}{{Efn|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 27 October 1979.}}|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}{{Efn|Solomon Islands was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 7 July 1978.}}|{{flag|Tuvalu}}{{Efn|Tuvalu was not a sovereign state at the start of Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign on 1 October 1978.}}|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1952|2|6}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2022|9|8}}
| {{Formatnum:{{age in days|1952|2|6|2022|9|8}}}}
| {{Ayd|1952|2|6|2022|9|8}}{{Efn|Length of reign applies to the independent states that have remained monarchies since her accession: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom.}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-08 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died, Buckingham Palace announces |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61585886 |access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref><ref name="Elizabeth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen/ |title=Her Majesty the Queen|date=29 December 2015|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Waites|first=Rosie|date=2012-02-06|title=The moment a princess became a queen|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16795006|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref>
|-
! 3
| [[File:King Bhumibol Adulyadej 2010-9-29.jpg|80px]]
| [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|Rama IX]]
| {{Flag|Thailand}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1946|6|9}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2016|10|13}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1946|6|9|2016|10|13}}}}
| {{Ayd|1946|6|9|2016|10|13}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/14/world/asia/thai-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dies.html|title=Bhumibol Adulyadej, 88, People's King of Thailand, Dies After 7-Decade Reign|date=2016-10-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
! 4
| [[File:John Quincy Adams - Porträt des Fürsten Johann II. von Liechtenstein.jpg|80px]]
| [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Johann II]]
| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1858|11|12}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1929|2|11|}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1858|11|12|1929|2|11}}}}
| {{Ayd|1858|11|12|1929|2|11}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fuerstenhaus.li/en/die-biographien-aller-fuersten/19-century// |title=Biographies of the Princes and Princesses |website=[[House of Liechtenstein]]}}</ref>
|-
! 5
|
| [[Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah|Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Kedah (18th century - 1821).svg}} [[Kedah Sultanate|Kedah]] ([[Malaysia]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1710|2|15}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1778|9|23}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1710|2|15|1778|9|23}}}}
| {{Ayd|1710|2|15|1778|9|23}}
|
|-
! 6
| [[File:PacalII.svg|80px]]
| [[Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal|Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I]]
| [[Palenque]] ([[Mexico]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|615|7|27}}{{Efn|In the [[Maya calendar]], acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar|Long Count]] dates are converted using the [[Maya calendar#Overview|Goodman-Martinez-Thompson (GMT) correlation]] and the Proleptic Gregorian Calendar.<ref name="Pharo"/> His enthronement and death are sometimes dated to 26 July 615 and 28 August 683.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parmington|first=Alexander |date=2011|title=Space and Sculpture in the Classic Maya City|isbn=9789004252363|publisher=Brill |pages=51, 95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n9fgm0041MC&pg=PA95}}</ref>}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|683|8|29}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|615|7|27|683|8|29}}}}
| {{Ayd|615|7|27|683|8|29}}
| <ref name="Pharo">{{cite book |last=Pharo |first=Lars Kirkhusmo |date=2013|title=The Ritual Practice of Time: Philosophy and Sociopolitics of Mesoamerican Calendars |isbn=9789004252363|publisher=Brill |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHZfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museums.gov.il/en/items/Pages/ItemCard.aspx?IdItem=ICMS_IMJ_202856 |title=K'inich Janaab' Pakal I (Great-Sun-Shield), King of Palenque, depicted on an incense burner |website=museums.gov.il |access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 7
| [[File:Emperor Francis Joseph.jpg|80px]]
| [[Franz Joseph I]]
| {{ubl|{{Flag|Austrian Empire|name=Austria}} (1848–1867)|{{Flag|Austria-Hungary}} (1867–1916)}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1848|12|2|}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1916|11|21}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1848|12|2|1916|11|21}}}}
| {{Ayd|1848|12|2|1916|11|21}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Joseph|title=Franz Joseph {{!}} emperor of Austria-Hungary|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
!8
| [[File:Honduras-0430_(2214391736).jpg|107x107px]]
| [[Chan Imix Kʼawiil]] (Smoke Jaguar)
| [[Copán]] ([[Honduras]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|628|2|8}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|695|6|18}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|628|2|8|695|6|18}}}}
| {{Ayd|628|2|8|695|6|18}}
| <ref>{{cite book |author=Martin, Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofmayak00mart |title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya |author2=Nikolai Grube |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-500-05103-8 |location=London and New York |oclc=47358325 |author-link=Simon Martin (Mayanist) |author2-link=Nikolai Grube |url-access=registration}}</ref>
|-
! 9
| [[File:Mengs - Ferdinand IV of Naples, Royal Palace of Madrid.jpg|80px]]
| [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand III]]
| {{ubl|{{Flagicon image|Bandiera del Regno di Sicilia 4.svg}} [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] (1759–1816)|{{Flag|Two Sicilies}} (1816–1825){{efn|Was intermittently [[King of Naples]] (as Ferdinand IV) during the same time period.}}}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1759|10|6}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1825|1|4}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1759|10|6|1825|1|4}}}}
| {{Ayd|1759|10|6|1825|1|4}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=87575|title=Term details|website=British Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 10
| [[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|80px]]
| [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1837|6|20}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1901|1|22}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1837|6|20|1901|1|22}}}}
| {{Ayd|1837|6|20|1901|1|22}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/queen-victoria|title=Victoria (r. 1837–1901)|last=Kirsty.Oram|date=2015-12-31|website=The Royal Family|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 11
| [[File:Jaime I de Aragón (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[James I of Aragon|James I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Royal Banner of Aragón.svg}} [[Crown of Aragon]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1213|9|12}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1276|7|27}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1213|9|12|1276|7|27}}}}
| {{Ayd|1213|9|12|1276|7|27}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-I-king-of-Aragon|title=James I {{!}} king of Aragon|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 12
| [[File:Emperor Showa in dress.jpg|80px]]
| [[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]]{{Efn|Served as Regent for his father [[Emperor Taishō]], from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession. Status as head of state not formally defined in the 1947 [[constitution of Japan]], but the emperor of Japan can act as a head of state, whenever needed.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kristof |first1=Nicholas D. |title=Japan's State Symbols: Now You See Them .... |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/weekinreview/the-world-japan-s-state-symbols-now-you-see-them.html |access-date=4 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=12 November 1995}}</ref>}}
| {{Flag|Japan|1870}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1926|12|25}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1989|1|7}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1926|12|25|1989|1|7}}}}
| {{Ayd|1926|12|25|1989|1|7}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/hirohito_emperor.shtml|title=BBC – History – Historic Figures: Emperor Hirohito (1901–1989)|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 13
| [[File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|80px]]
| [[Kangxi Emperor]]{{Efn|Longest ''de jure'' ruler of China, although the [[Qianlong Emperor]] held longer ''de facto'' power.}}
| {{Flag|Qing dynasty|name=China}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1661|2|5}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1722|12|20}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1661|2|5|1722|12|20}}}}
| {{Ayd|1661|2|5|1722|12|20}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kangxi|title=Kangxi {{!}} emperor of Qing dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 14
| [[File:Honoré III, Prince of Monaco by Jean Baptiste van Loo.jpg|80px]]
| [[Honoré III, Prince of Monaco|Honoré III]]
| {{Flag|Monaco}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1731|12|29}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1793|1|19}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1731|12|29|1793|1|19}}}}
| {{Ayd|1731|12|29|1793|1|19}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hellomonaco.com/sightseeing/grimaldi-family/prince-honore-iii-one-of-the-longest-reigns-in-european-history/|title=Prince Honore III: one of the longest reigns in European history|date=2017-08-22|website=HelloMonaco|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 15
| [[File:Yaxchilán lintel.jpg|80px]]
| [[Itzamnaaj Bahlam III]]
| [[Yaxchilan]] ([[Mexico]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|681|10|23}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|742|6|15}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|681|10|23|742|6|15}}}}
| {{Ayd|681|10|23|742|6|15}}
| <ref>{{cite book|author=Martin, Simon |author-link=Simon Martin (Mayanist)|author2=Nikolai Grube|author2-link=Nikolai Grube|year=2008 |title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya |edition=2nd, revised |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-500-28726-2 |oclc=191753193}}</ref>
|-
! 16
| [[File:QuiriguaStela1.jpg|80px]]
| [[Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat]]
| [[Quiriguá]] ([[Guatemala]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|725|1|2}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|785|7|31}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|725|1|2|785|7|31}}}}
| {{Ayd|725|1|2|785|7|31}}
| <ref>{{cite book |author=Drew, David |url=https://archive.org/details/lostchroniclesof0000drew_j2y5 |title=The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-297-81699-3 |location=London |oclc=43401096 |author-link=David Drew (archaeologist) |url-access=registration}}<nowiki> * {{cite journal|author=Looper, Matthew G. |title=New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |volume=10 |year=1999 |issue=2 |pages=263–280 |publisher=</nowiki>[[Cambridge University Press]]</ref>
|-
! 17
| [[File:清郎世宁绘《清高宗乾隆帝朝服像》.jpg|80px]]
| [[Qianlong Emperor]]{{Efn|Longest ''de facto'' ruler of China, although the [[Kangxi Emperor]] held longer ''de jure'' power.}}
| {{Flag|Qing dynasty|name=China}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1735|10|18}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1796|2|9}}{{efn|Abdicated, but maintained ''de facto'' power as [[Taishang Huang|Retired Emperor]] until 7 February 1799.}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1735|10|18|1796|2|9}}}}
| {{Ayd|1735|10|18|1796|2|9}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Qianlong|title=Qianlong {{!}} emperor of Qing dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 18
| [[File:Christian IV Pieter Isaacsz 1612.jpg|80px]]
| [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]]
| {{Flag|Denmark–Norway}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1588|4|4}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1648|2|28}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1588|4|4|1648|2|28}}}}
| {{Ayd|1588|4|4|1648|2|28}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-IV|title=Christian IV {{!}} Scandinavian king|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 19
| [[File:Allan Ramsay - King George III in coronation robes - Google Art Project.jpg|80px]]
| [[George III]]
| {{ubl|{{Flag|Kingdom of Great Britain|name=Great Britain}} (1760–1800)|{{Flag|Kingdom of Ireland|name=Ireland}} (1760–1800)|{{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom|1812}}{{Efn|Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom [[coming into force|effective]] 1 January 1801 by the [[Acts of Union 1800]].}} (1801–1820)}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1760|10|25}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1820|1|29}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1760|10|25|1820|1|29}}}}
| {{Ayd|1760|10|25|1820|1|29}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/george-iii|title=George III (r. 1760–1820)|last=Kirsty.Oram|date=2015-12-31|website=The Royal Family|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 20
| [[File:Louis XV, King of France (1710-1774) edited 2.jpg|80px]]
| [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]]
| {{Flag|Kingdom of France|name=France}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1715|9|1}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1774|5|10}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1715|9|1|1774|5|10}}}}
| {{Ayd|1715|9|1|1774|5|10}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/royalty/louis-xv|title=Louis XV|website=Biography|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 21
| [[File:Pedro II circa 1887b transparent.png|80px]]
| [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]]
| {{Flag|Empire of Brazil|name=Brazil}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1831|4|7}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1889|11|15}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1831|4|7|1889|11|15}}}}
| {{Ayd|1831|4|7|1889|11|15}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pedro-II|title=Pedro II {{!}} emperor of Brazil|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 22
| [[File:Fatimid Dinar, al-Mustansir.jpg|80px]]
| [[Al-Mustansir Billah]]
| [[Fatimid Caliphate]] ([[Egypt]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1036|6|13}}{{efn|In the [[Islamic calendar]], acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487.<ref name=ismaili>{{cite web |title=MUSTANSIR BILLAH I (427-487/1036-1095), 18TH IMAM |url=http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/10641 |website=ismaili.net |access-date=1 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095,<ref name=ismaili/> but most sources give 29 December 1094.<ref name=tdv>{{cite web |title=MÜSTA'LÎ-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mustali-billah-el-fatimi |website=TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link=Mark R. Cohen|last1=Cohen|first1=Mark R. |title=Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cav_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|isbn=9781400853588}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid|title=The Fatimids and Their Successors in Yaman|date=2002|publisher=I.B. Tauris|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gK5xAAAAMAAJ&q=%22487/29+December+1094%22|isbn=9781860646904}}</ref>}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1094|12|29}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1036|6|13|1094|12|29}}}}
| {{Ayd|1036|6|13|1094|12|29}}
| <ref name="ismaili" /><ref name="tdv" />
|-
! 23
| [[File:Nicholas I of Montenegro.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nicholas I of Montenegro|Nicholas I]]
| {{ubl|{{Flag|Principality of Montenegro|name=Principality of Montenegro}} (1860–1910)|{{Flag|Kingdom of Montenegro|name=Kingdom of Montenegro}} (1910–1918)}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1860|8|13}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1918|11|26}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1860|8|13|1918|11|26}}}}
| {{Ayd|1860|8|13|1918|11|26}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-I-king-of-Montenegro|title=Nicholas I {{!}} Facts & Biography|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 24
| [[File:Jacob Merkelbach, Afb 010164033120.jpg|80px]]
| [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]]
| {{Flag|Netherlands}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1890|11|23}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1948|9|4}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1890|11|23|1948|9|4}}}}
| {{Ayd|1890|11|23|1948|9|4}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelmina-queen-of-The-Netherlands|title=Wilhelmina {{!}} queen of the Netherlands|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|-
! 25
| [[File:JamesIEngland.jpg|80px]]
| [[James VI and I|James VI]]
| {{Flag|Kingdom of Scotland|name=Scotland|1543}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1567|7|24}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1625|3|27}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1567|7|24|1625|3|27}}}}
| {{Ayd|1567|7|24|1625|3|27}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=James I {{!}} Biography, Religion, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-I-king-of-England-and-Scotland |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=17 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="100" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align: center" | Updated daily according to [[UTC]].
|}

== Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date ==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
[[File:King Sobhuza II, 1945 (cropped).jpg|thumb|{{center|'''[[Sobhuza II]]''', the longest-reigning verifiable monarch ever.}}]]
The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not internationally sovereign for most of their reign.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! rowspan=2 | {{black|1={{abbr|No.|Number}}}}
! rowspan=2 | Portrait
! rowspan=2 | Name
! rowspan=2 | State
! colspan=2 | Reign
! colspan=2 | Duration
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References|style=color:black}}
|-
! From
! To
! (days)
! (years, days)
|-
! 1
| [[File:King_Sobhuza_II,_1945_(cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Sobhuza II]]{{efn|He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, [[Labotsibeni Mdluli]], acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II. Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1968.}}
| {{Flag|Eswatini|name=Swaziland}} ([[British protectorate]] until 1968)
| {{dts|format=dmy|1899|12|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1982|8|21}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1899|12|10|1982|8|21}}}}
| {{Ayd|1899|12|10|1982|8|21}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/sobhuza.asp|work=[[Swaziland National Trust Commission]]|title=Cultural Resources: King Sobhuza II|access-date=29 August 2008|archive-date=2 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302103153/http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/sobhuza.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| [[File:Bernhard_VII._(Lippe).jpg|80px]]
| [[Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe|Bernhard VII]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg}} [[Principality of Lippe|Lippe]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1429|8|12}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1511|4|2}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1429|8|11|1511|4|2}}}}
| {{Ayd|1429|8|11|1511|4|2}}
| <ref name="Bernard VII etc">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-become-britain-s-longest-reigning-monarch-longest-serving-rulers-ever-10477985.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Queen Elizabeth II to become Britain's longest reigning monarch: Longest serving rulers ever|author=Rose Troup Buchanan|date=29 August 2015|access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3
|
| [[Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo]]
| [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Chotanagpur]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1872|1|2}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|9|21}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1872|1|2|1950|9|21}}}}
| {{Ayd|1872|1|2|1950|9|21}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/amazing-india/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis/|title=Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis|website=livehistoryindia|date=27 August 2019|access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 4
| [[File:Graf-Wilhelm-4-von-Henneberg-Schleusingen.jpg|80px]]
| [[William IV, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen|William IV]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Hennenberg-Schleusingen.svg}} [[House of Henneberg|Henneberg-Schleusingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1480|5|26}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1559|1|24}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1480|5|26|1559|1|24}}}}
| {{Ayd|1480|5|26|1559|1|24}}
| <ref name="Bernard VII etc" />
|-
! 5
|
| [[Karansinhji Vajirajji of Lakhtar|Karansinhji II Vajirajji]]
| [[Lakhtar State]] {{Efn|name=BI|[[British India]] until 1858, [[British Raj]] from 1858.}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1846|6|15}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|8|8}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1846|6|15|1924|8|8}}}}
| {{Ayd|1846|6|15|1924|8|8}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/l/lakhtar.html#3 |website=members.iinet.net.au|title=Lakhtar – Indian Princely States|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408121929/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/l/lakhtar.html#3 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! 6
| [[File:Maeda Tsunanori.jpg|125x125px]]
| [[Maeda Tsunanori]]
| {{Flagicon image|Japanese_crest_Kaga_Umebachi.svg}} [[Kaga Domain]] ([[Japan]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1645|4|30}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1723|5|6}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1645|4|30|1723|5|6}}}}
| {{Ayd|1645|4|30|1723|5|6}}
| <ref name="Wakabayashi">{{cite book|last=Wakabayashi|first=Kisaburo|script-title=ja:前田綱紀 |year=1986|publisher=吉川弘文館|language=Japanese|isbn=4642050582}}</ref>
|-
! 7
| [[File:Heinrichxireussgreiz.jpg|80px]]
| [[Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Heinrich XI]]{{efn|
Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of [[Reuss Elder Line]].}}
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Fürstentum Reuß ältere Linie.svg}} [[Reuss Elder Line|Reuss-Obergreiz]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1723|3|17}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1800|6|28}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1723|3|17|1800|6|28}}}}
| {{Ayd|1723|3|17|1800|6|28}}
| <ref>Friedrich Wilhelm Trebge, ''Spuren im Land'', Hohenleuben, 2005.</ref><ref>Thomas Gehrlein, ''Das Haus Reuß: Älterer und Jüngerer Linie'', Börde Verlag 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-9810315-3-9}}</ref><ref name="Bernard VII etc" />
|-
! 8
|
| [[Idris ibni Muhammad al-Qadri, Tunku Besar of Tampin]]
| [[Tampin]] ([[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Malaysia]]) (part of [[British Malaya]] until 1957)
| {{dts|format=dmy|1929|5|31}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|26}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1929|5|31|2005|12|26}}}}
| {{Ayd|1929|5|31|2005|12|26}}
| <ref name="Bernard VII etc" />
|-
! 9
| [[File:ChristianAugustPfalzSulz.jpg|80px]]
| [[Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach|Christian August]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of Pfalz-Neuburg (1609-1685).svg}} [[Palatinate-Sulzbach]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1632|8|14}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1708|4|23}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1632|8|14|1708|4|23}}}}
| {{Ayd|1632|8|14|1708|4|23}}
| <ref name="Bernard VII etc" />
|-
! 10
|
| [[Bishan Chandra Jenamuni]]
| [[Rairakhol State]] {{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1825|3|13}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1900|6|10}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1825|3|13|1900|6|10}}}}
| {{Ayd|1825|3|13|1900|6|10}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_067.gif|title = Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 61 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>
|-
! 11
| [[File:Galeries historiques de Versailles - Charles d'Artois, comte d'Eu.JPG|80px]]
| [[Charles of Artois, Count of Eu|Charles I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of Charles dEu.svg}} [[Counts of Eu|Eu]] ([[France]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1397|6|16}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1472|7|25}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1397|6|16|1472|7|25}}}}
| {{Ayd|1397|6|16|1472|7|25}}
| <ref>{{cite book |title=The Battle of Agincourt |editor-first1=Anne |editor-last1=Curry |editor-first2=Malcolm |editor-last2=Mercer |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2017 |page=174}}</ref>
|-
! 12
|[[File:Mudhojirao_alias_Bapusaheb_Naik_Nimbalkar_of_Phaltan.jpg|114x114px]]
| [[Mudhoji IV Rao Naik]] [[Nimbalkar]]
| {{Flagicon image|Phaltan flag.svg}} [[Phaltan State]] {{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1841|12|7}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1916|10|17}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1841|12|7|1916|10|17}}}}
| {{Ayd|1841|12|7|1916|10|17}}
| <ref name="Bernard VII etc" />
|-
! 13
| [[File:H.H. Maharaja Thakore Shri Sir Bhagwant Singhji Sagramji Sahib Bahadur, Maharaja of Gondal, GCSI, GCIE, 1911.jpg|80px]]
| [[Bhagvat Singh|Bhagvatsingh Sahib]]
| {{Flagicon image|CoA_Gondal_1893.png}} [[Gondal State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1869|12|14}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1944|3|10}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1869|12|14|1944|03|10}}}}
| {{Ayd|1869|12|14|1944|03|10}}
| <ref name="Bernard VII etc" />
|-
! 14
| [[File:Georg Wilhelm of Schaumburg-Lippe.jpg|80px]]
| [[George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|George William]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Fürstentum Schaumburg-Lippe.svg}} [[Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe|Schaumburg-Lippe]] {{Efn|[[Holy Roman Empire]] until 1806,from 1815 part of the [[German Confederation]].}}{{Efn|Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter.}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1787|2|13}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1860|11|21}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1787|2|13|1860|11|21}}}}
| {{Ayd|1787|2|13|1860|11|21}}
| <ref name="Bernard VII etc" />
|-
! 15
| [[File:Karl Friedrich von Baden.jpg|80px]]
| [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden|Charles Frederick]]
| {{Flagicon image|Banner of Baden (1^1).svg}} [[Baden]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]] until 1806)
| {{dts|format=dmy|1738|5|12}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1811|6|10}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1738|5|12|1811|6|10}}}}
| {{Ayd|1738|5|12|1811|6|10}}
| <ref name="Bernard VII etc" />
|-
! 16
| [[File:Grafmonument voor Johan Lodewijk van Nassau-Saarbrücken 1472-1545.jpg|80px]]
| [[John Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken|John III Louis]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Nassau-Saarbrücken.svg}} [[Nassau-Saarbrücken]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1472|10|19}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1545|6|4}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1472|10|19|1545|6|04}}}}
| {{Ayd|1472|10|19|1545|6|04}}{{efn|Count John Louis was born after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.}}
|
|-
! 17
|
| [[:ja:伊東長寛|Itō Nagatomo]]
| [[Okada Domain]] ([[Japan]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1778|7|24}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1850|7|19}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1778|7|24|1850|7|19}}}}
| {{Ayd|1778|7|24|1850|7|19}}
|
|-
! 18
|
| [[Henry Frederick, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Henry Frederick]]
| {{Flagicon image|Hohenlohe-Oehringen-Ujest.png}} [[Hohenlohe-Langenburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1628|1|29}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1699|8|5}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1628|1|29|1699|8|5}}}}
| {{Ayd|1628|1|29|1699|8|5}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 19
| [[Image:Maharaja de kapurthala jagatjit singh.jpg|80px]]
| [[Jagatjit Singh]] Bahadur
| {{Flagicon image|Kapurthala flag.svg}} [[Kapurthala State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1877|9|3}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|8|20}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1877|9|3|1948|8|20}}}}
| {{Ayd|1877|9|3|1948|8|20}}{{efn|Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August.<ref>{{cite book |date=1984 |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Kapurthala |location=Chandigarh |publisher=Revenue Department, Punjab |page=37 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08585/page/36/mode/2up}}</ref> ''[[Rajpramukh]]'' of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 20
|
| [[Parashuramrao Shrinivas]]
| {{Flagicon image|Aundh flag.svg}} [[Aundh State]] ([[British India]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1777|8|30}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1848|6|11}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1777|8|30|1848|6|11}}}}
| {{Ayd|1777|8|30|1848|6|11}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 21
|
| [[Franz Karl of Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen|Franz Karl]]
| [[Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1627|11|15}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1698|7|19}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1627|11|15|1698|7|19}}}}
| {{Ayd|1627|11|15|1698|7|19}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 22
|
| [[Werner of Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck|Werner]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck.svg}} [[Salm (state)|Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1559|10|31}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1629|12|26}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1559|10|31|1629|12|26}}}}
| {{Ayd|1559|10|31|1629|12|26}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=jmshistorycorner |date=2020-06-11 |title=History's Longest-Reigning Monarchs |url=https://jmshistorycorner.wordpress.com/2020/06/11/historys-longest-reigning-monarchs/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=J-M's History Corner |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 23
| [[File:Carl August Sachsen-Weimar G.M.Kraus@ Goethe Nationalmuseum 01.jpg|80px]]
| [[Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Carl I August]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1813-1897).svg}} [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]{{Efn|[[Holy Roman Empire]] until 1806, from 1815 part of the [[German Confederation]].}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1758|5|28}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1828|6|14}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1758|5|28|1828|6|14}}}}
| {{Ayd|1758|5|28|1828|6|14}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 24
|
| [[Colonel Jai Chandra VI Katoch of Kangra-Lambagraon|Colonel Jai Chandra VI Katoch]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Kangra state.png}} [[Kangra State|Kangra-Lambagraon]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1864|2|14}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1933|11|26}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1864|2|14|1933|11|26}}}}
| {{Ayd|1864|2|14|1933|11|26}}
|<ref>Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref>
|-
! 25
|
| [[George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau|Georg I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Anhalt_Duchies.svg}} [[Anhalt-Dessau]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1405|1|19}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1474|9|21}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1405|1|19|1474|9|21}}}}
| {{Ayd|1405|1|19|1474|9|21}}
| <ref name="Germany A-E">{{Cite web |date=2007-06-12 |title=Germany A-E |url=http://www.hostkingdom.net/gerA-E.html#Anhalt-Dessau |access-date=2022-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612020838/http://www.hostkingdom.net/gerA-E.html#Anhalt-Dessau |archive-date=12 June 2007}}</ref>
|-
! 26
| [[File:Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina.jpg|80px]]
| [[Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina|Alberico I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Massa and Carrara.png}} [[Duchy of Massa and Carrara|Massa and Carrara]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1553|6|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1623|1|18}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1553|6|6|1623|1|18}}}}
| {{Ayd|1553|6|6|1623|1|18}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 27
|
| [[Heinrich Joseph Johann of Auersperg|Heinrich Joseph Johann]]
| {{Flagicon image|Coat of arms of Auersperg.svg}} [[Principality of Auersperg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1713|11|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1783|2|9}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1713|11|6|1783|2|9}}}}
| {{Ayd|1713|11|6|1783|2|9}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 28
| [[File:Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg|80px]]
| [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]
| [[Inner Austria]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1424|6|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1493|8|19}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1424|6|10|1493|8|19}}}}
| {{Ayd|1424|6|10|1493|8|19}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 29
| [[File:Georgwilhelmpfalzzweibirk.jpg|80px]]
| [[George William, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld|George William]]
| [[Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1600|12|16}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1669|12|25}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1600|12|16|1669|12|25}}}}
| {{Ayd|1600|12|16|1669|12|25}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 30
| [[File:GodefroyMauricedeLaTour dAuvergneNanteuil.jpg|80px]]
| [[Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bouillon.svg}} [[Duchy of Bouillon]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1652|8|9}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1721|7|26}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1652|8|9|1721|7|26}}}}
| {{Ayd|1652|8|9|1721|7|26}}
| <ref>3e autorité en partant de la gauche [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002442f/f1.item.r=.langPT.zoom]</ref>
|-
! 32
| [[File:Friedrich VHessenHomburg.jpg|80px]]
| [[Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg|Frederick V]]
| {{Flagicon image|Hessen HG flag.svg}} [[Hesse-Homburg]] {{Efn|[[Holy Roman Empire]] until 1806,from 1815 part of the [[German Confederation]].}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1751|2|7}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1820|1|20}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1751|2|7|1820|1|20}}}}
| {{Ayd|1751|2|7|1820|1|20}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 32
| [[File:Maharana Vikramjitji of Porbandar State (1910) (14594436738).jpg|80px]]
| [[Vikramatji Khimojiraj]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Porbandar State.svg}} [[Porbandar State]]{{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1831|6|20}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1900|4|21}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1831|6|20|1900|4|21}}}}
| {{Ayd|1831|6|20|1900|4|21}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 33
| [[File:Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.jpg|101x101px]]
| [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mysore]] ([[Princely state|Princely State]] of [[East India Company]] after 1831; British Raj after 1857)
| {{dts|format=dmy|1799|6|30}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1868|3|27}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1799|6|30|1868|3|27}}}}
| {{Ayd|1799|6|30|1868|3|27}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc"/><ref>{{cite report |title=Report on the Insurrection in Mysore |last1=Hawker |first1=Thomas |last2=Morison |first2=William |date=12 December 1833 |publisher=Mysore Government Press |last3=Macleod |first3=J M |last4=Cubbon |first4=Mark |author-link1=Thomas Hawker (British Army officer) |author-link2=William Morison (1781–1851) |author-link4=Mark Cubbon |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127086/page/n1}}</ref>
|-
! 34
|
| [[Chintaman Rao I Appa Sahib]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Sangli State]] ([[British India]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1782|11|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1851|7|15}}
|{{formatnum:{{age in days|1782|11|6|1851|7|15}}}}
| {{Ayd|1782|11|6|1851|7|15}}
| <ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Sangli |volume=24 |page=150}}</ref>
|-
! 35
| [[File:Johann Friedrich Graf zu Castell-Rüdenhausen.jpg|80px]]
| {{ill|Johann Friedrich zu Castell-Rüdenhausen|de|Johann Friedrich zu Castell-Rüdenhausen|lt=Johann Friedrich}}
| [[Castell-Rüdenhausen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1681|1|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1749|6|23}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1681|1|10|1749|6|23}}}}
| {{Ayd|1681|1|10|1749|6|23}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 36
|
| [[Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen|Otto VI ''the One-Eyed'']]
| [[Brunswick-Göttingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1394|11|13}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1463|2|6}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1394|11|13|1463|2|6}}}}
| {{Ayd|1394|11|13|1463|2|6}}
| <ref>Dietrich Denecke and Helga-Maria Kühn (eds.): ''Göttingen. Geschichte einer Universitätsstadt'', 3 vols., vol.1, Göttingen, 1987, {{ISBN|3-525-36196-3}}</ref>
|-
! 37
|
| [[Sawant Singh of Pratapgarh|Sawant Singh]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Partabgarh.svg}} [[Pratapgarh State]] ([[British India]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1775|10|26}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1844|1|5}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1775|10|26|1844|1|5}}}}
| {{Ayd|1775|10|26|1844|1|5}}
| <ref name="John III Louis etc" />
|-
! 38
| [[File:Christian Carl Reinhard von Leiningen-Dagsburg.jpg|80px]]
| [[Christian Karl Reinhard of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg|Christian Karl Reinhard]]
| {{Flagicon image|Armoiries de Leiningen.svg}} [[House of Leiningen|Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1698|11|3}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1766|11|17}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1698|11|3|1766|11|17}}}}
| {{Ayd|1698|11|3|1766|11|17}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 39
|
| [[Raja Ram Singh of Bundi|Raja Ram Singh]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bundi.svg}} [[Bundi State]] {{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1821|5|14}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1889|3|28}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1821|05|14|1889|03|28}}}}
| {{Ayd|1821|05|14|1889|03|28}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 40
| [[File:Malietoa Tanumafili II (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Malietoa Tanumafili II]]
| {{Flag|Samoa}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|07|5}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|5|11}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1939|07|05|2007|05|11}}}}
| {{Ayd|1939|07|05|2007|05|11}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 41
|
| [[Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Vala State.svg}} [[Vala State|Vallabhipura State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1875|8|20}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1943|6|5}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1875|8|20|1943|6|5}}}}
| {{Ayd|1875|8|20|1943|6|5}}
| <ref>''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer'' p. 1417.</ref>
|-
! 42
| [[File:Philipp I of Schaumburg-Lippe.jpg|80px]]
| [[Philip I, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe|Philip I]]{{efn|From 1640 he also ruled [[Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe|Schaumburg-Lippe]]}}
| [[Lippe-Alverdissen]] (1613-1640) [[Schaumburg-Lippe]] (1640-1681) ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1613|12|7}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1681|4|10}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1613|12|7|1681|4|10}}}}
| {{Ayd|1613|12|7|1681|4|10}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Kurtzgefasste Geschichte der Grafschaft Schaumburg|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B10AAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22david+pestel%22+rinteln&pg=PA473|url-status=|format=|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=|archive-date=|year=1756|language=|pages=|quote=|last1=Dolle|first1=Karl Anton}}</ref><ref>[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd123432626.html?language=en Deutsche Biographie]</ref>
|-
! 43
| [[File:Codex Manesse Markgraf Heinrich von Meißen.jpg|80px]]
| [[Henry III, Margrave of Meissen|Henry III]]
| [[Margraviate of Meissen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1221|1|18}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1288|2|15}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1221|1|18|1288|2|15}}}}
| {{Ayd|1221|1|18|1288|2|15}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 44
|
| [[Eberhard II von der Mark|Eberhard IV]]
| {{Flagicon image|Blason fam be Ligne-Arenberg 1.svg}} [[Arenberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
|{{dts|format=dmy|1387|11|15}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1454|11|12}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1387|11|15|1454|11|12}}}}
| {{Ayd|1387|11|15|1454|11|12}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Wappenwik |url=https://wappenwiki.org/index.php?title=House_of_La_Marck-Bouillon |website=House of La Marck-Bouillon - Cadet branch of the House of La Marck |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
! 45
| [[File:Anthony Frederick Sandys - Queen Eleanor.JPG|80px]]
| [[Eleanor of Aquitaine|Eleanor]]{{efn|Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, [[Henry II of England]]) and sons (Richard I and [[John of England]]) reign with her jointly.}}
| [[Duke of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]] ([[France]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1137|4|9}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1204|4|1}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1137|4|9|1204|4|1}}}}
| {{Ayd|1137|4|9|1204|4|1}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 46
| [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van de Sultan van Serdang TMnr 60038053.jpg|80px]]
| [[Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah]]
| [[Sultanate of Serdang]] ([[Indonesia]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1879|12|20}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1946|10|16}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1879|12|20|1946|10|16}}}}
| {{Ayd|1879|12|20|1946|10|16}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 47
|
| [[Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau|Augustus]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Anhalt_Duchies.svg}} [[Anhalt-Plötzkau]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1586|12|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1653|8|22}}
|{{formatnum:{{age in days|1586|12|6|1653|8|22}}}}
| {{Ayd|1586|12|6|1653|8|22}}
| <ref>'Johann Valentin Andreae's Utopian Brotherhoods' by Donald R. Dickson, ''Renaissance Quarterly'' Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 760–802</ref>
|-
! 48
| [[File:Chamber of Princes 17-03-1941.png|80px]]
| [[Amarsinhji Banesinhji]]{{efn|Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.}}
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Wankaner State.png}} [[Wankaner State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1881|6|12}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|2|15}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1881|6|12|1948|2|15}}}}
| {{Ayd|1881|6|12|1948|2|15}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 49
| [[File:Khengarji III.jpg|80px]]
| [[Khengarji III]]
| {{Flagicon image|Cutch flag.svg}} [[Princely State of Cutch#Kutch|Cutch]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1875|12|19}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1942|1|15}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1875|12|19|1942|1|15}}}}
| {{Ayd|1875|12|19|1942|1|15}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 50
| [[File:Portret van vijf officieren en drie bedienden van het hof van Sitamau Thakoors of Seetamhow and Durbar. Rajpoot. Malwah (cropped), RP-F-2001-7-1122G-39.jpg|80px]]
| [[Raja Raj Ram Singh I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Sitamau state flag.png}} [[Sitamau State]] {{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1802|2|15}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1867|11|28}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1802|2|15|1867|11|28}}}}
| {{Ayd|1802|2|15|1867|11|28}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 23, page 51 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_057.gif |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
|-
! 51
| [[File:Wilhelmdersiegreiche.jpg|80px]]
| [[William the Victorious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|William IV ''the Victorious'']]
| [[Brunswick-Luneburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1416|10|14}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1482|7|25}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1416|10|14|1482|7|25}}}}
| {{Ayd|1416|10|14|1482|7|25}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leibnitiana |url=http://www.gwleibniz.com/wilhelm_victorious/wilhelm_victorious.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=www.gwleibniz.com}}</ref>
|-
! 52
| [[File:Christoph Friedrich Reinhold Lisiewski - Leopold Friedrich Franz v. Anhalt-Dessau in jugendlichem Alter (1756).jpg|80px]]
| [[Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau|Leopold III]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Anhalt_Duchies.svg}} [[Anhalt-Dessau]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1751|12|16}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1817|8|9}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1751|12|16|1817|8|9}}}}
| {{Ayd|1751|12|16|1817|8|9}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 53
|
| [[Makino Tadakiyo]]
| [[Nagaoka Domain]] ([[Japan]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1766|8|5}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1831|8|17}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1766|8|5|1831|8|17}}}}
| {{Ayd|1766|8|5|1831|8|17}}
| <ref>[[Edmond Papinot|Papinot, Edmond]]. (2003) [http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/NobiliaireJapon.pdf ''Nobiliare du Japon'' -- Makino, p. 29]; Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon.'' (in French/German).</ref>
|-
! 54
|
| [[Obizzo I D' Este|Obizzo I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Este (1).svg}} [[House of Este|Este]] and {{Flagicon image|CoA Città di Ferrara.svg}}[[Ferrara]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1128|12|15}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1193|12|25}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1128|12|15|1193|12|25}}}}
| {{Ayd|1128|12|15|1193|12|25}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-20 |title=Genroy : Modène et Ferrare |url=http://www.genroy.fr/este.htm |access-date=2022-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020191026/http://www.genroy.fr/este.htm |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! 55
| [[File:Jean Ier le Roux.png|80px]]
| [[John I, Duke of Brittany|Jean I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Banniel Breizh 1.0.svg}} [[Duchy of Brittany]] ([[France]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1221|10|21}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1286|10|8}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1221|10|21|1286|10|08}}}}
| {{Ayd|1221|10|21|1286|10|08}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 56
| [[File:Friedrich Wilhelm, Fùrst von Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1663-1735).jpg|80px]]
| [[Frederick William, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen|Frederick William]]
| {{Flagicon image|Hohenzollern banner.svg}} [[Hohenzollern-Hechingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1671|1|13}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1735|11|14}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1671|1|13|1735|11|14}}}}
| {{Ayd|1671|1|13|1735|11|14}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 57
| [[File:Jan Seyfried Eggenberg.jpg|80px]]
| [[Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg|Johann Seyfried]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Eggenberg (2).svg}} [[Eggenberg family|Eggenberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1649|2|19}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1713|10|5}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1649|2|19|1713|10|5}}}}
| {{Ayd|1649|2|19|1713|10|5}}
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wedgwood |first=C. V. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57010133 |title=The Thirty Years War |date=2005 |publisher=New York Review Books |isbn=1-59017-146-2 |location=New York |oclc=57010133}}</ref>
|-
! 58
| [[File:Sir Gangadharrao alias Balasaheb Patwardhan, KCIE., of Miraj Senior.jpg|80px]]
| [[Gangadhar Rao III Bala Sahib Patwardhan]]
| {{Flagicon image|Kolhapur flag.svg}} [[Miraj Senior]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1875|6|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|12|11}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1875|6|6|1939|12|11}}}}
| {{Ayd|1875|6|6|1939|12|11}}
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malleson |first=G. B. (George Bruce) |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalsketch00mallrich |title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government, with a notice of the mediatized and minor states |date=1875 |publisher=London, Longmans |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>
|-
! 59
|
| [[Marie of Luxembourg, Countess of Vendôme|Marie II]]
| [[County of Soissons]] ([[France]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1482|10|25}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1547|4|1}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1482|10|25|1547|4|1}}}}
| {{Ayd|1482|10|25|1547|4|1}}
| <ref>{{cite book |title=Les Manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes |volume=2 |editor1-first=Keith |editor1-last=Busby |editor2-first=M.J. |editor2-last=Freeman |editor3-first=Sjef |editor3-last=Houppermans |editor4-first=Paul |editor4-last=Pelckmans |publisher=Rodopi |year=1993 |page=145}}</ref>
|-
! 60
|
| [[Vishwanath Singh (maharaja)|Vishwanath Singh Bahadur]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Chhatarpur.svg}} [[Chhatarpur State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1867|11|4}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1932|4|4}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1867|11|4|1932|4|4}}}}
| {{Ayd|1867|11|4|1932|4|4}}
| <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33343 |supp=y|page=5|date=30 December 1927}}</ref>
|-
! 61
| [[File:Frederik Magnus van Salm, painted by Johann Valentin Tischbein, ca 1750.jpg|80px]]
| [[Friedrich II Magnus, Count of Salm-Neuweiler|Friedrich II Magnus]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Salm-Neuweiler.svg}} [[Salm (state)|Salm-Neuweiler]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1608|10|26}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1673|1|25}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1608|10|26|1673|1|25}}}}
| {{Ayd|1608|10|26|1673|1|25}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 62
|
| [[Albert V, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau|Albert V]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Anhalt_Duchies.svg}} [[Anhalt-Dessau]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1405|1|19}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1469|1|19}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1405|1|19|1469|1|19}}}}
| {{Ayd|1405|1|19|1469|1|19}}
| <ref name="Germany A-E"/>
|-
! 63
| [[File:Johor-Ibrahim.jpg|80px]]
| [[Sultan Ibrahim of Johor|Ibrahim]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Johor.svg}} [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]] (part of [[British Malaya]] until 1957)
| {{dts|format=dmy|1895|6|4}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1959|5|8}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1895|06|4|1959|5|8}}}}
| {{Ayd|1895|06|4|1959|5|8}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 64
|
| [[Raja Saheb Shri Rampalji Bahadur of Kutlehar|Raja Rampalji Bahadur]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kutlehar State.svg}} [[Kutlehar State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1864|1|15}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1927|11|22}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1864|1|15|1927|11|22}}}}
| {{Ayd|1864|1|15|1927|11|22}}
| <ref>{{Cite book|last=Company|first=Indus Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCfhaVcul4C&dq=at+least+two+of+the+ruling+families+of+kangra&pg=PA74|title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District: 1883-84. Kangra|date=1994|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-024-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://hpuna.nic.in/history/ | title=History | District Una, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India }}</ref>
|-
! 65
|
| [[Ranjore Singh of Ajaygarh|Ranjore Singh]]
| {{Flagicon image|Drapeau Ajaigarh.png}} [[Ajaigarh State]] {{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1855|9|12}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1919|6|7}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1855|9|12|1919|6|7}}}}
| {{Ayd|1855|9|12|1919|6|7}}
| <ref>{{cite book|first=Ravindra K.|last=Jain|title=Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA1 |year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2194-0}}</ref>
|-
! 66
| [[File:Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III,_Maharaja_of_Baroda,_1919.jpg|80px]]
| [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]
| {{Flagicon image|Baroda flag.svg}} [[Baroda State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1875|5|27}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|02|6}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1875|05|27|1939|2|6}}}}
| {{Ayd|1875|05|27|1939|2|7}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 67
| [[File:Graf Albert Anton von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.JPG|80px]]
| [[Albert Anton, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Albert Anton]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Fürstentümer Schwarzburg.svg}} [[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1646|11|4}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1710|6|24}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1646|11|4|1710|6|24}}}}
| {{Ayd|1646|11|4|1710|6|24}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 68
| [[File:Anton Günther von Oldenburg.jpg|80px]]
| {{Flagicon image|Civil flag of Oldenburg.svg}} [[Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg|Anthony Günther]]
| [[Duchy of Oldenburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1603|11|12}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1667|6|19}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1603|11|12|1667|6|19}}}}
| {{Ayd|1603|11|12|1667|6|19}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 69
| [[File:Graff - Elector Frederick Augustus III.jpg|80px]]
| [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]]{{efn|Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.}}
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Saxony.svg}} [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]{{Efn|[[Holy Roman Empire]] until 1806,from 1815 part of the [[German Confederation]].}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1763|12|17}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1827|5|5}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1763|12|17|1827|5|5}}}}
| {{Ayd|1763|12|17|1827|5|5}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 70
| [[File:Ludwig I. von Anhalt-Köthen.jpg|80px]]
| [[Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen|Ludwig I]]{{efn|After 1603 he also ruled [[Anhalt-Köthen]] after that line went extinct.}}
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Anhalt_Duchies.svg}} [[Principality of Anhalt]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1586|12|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1650|1|7}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1586|12|6|1650|1|7}}}}
| {{Ayd|1586|12|6|1650|1|7}}
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Siebmacher|first=Johann|title=Erneuertes und vermehrtes Wappenbuch...|publisher=Adolph Johann Helmers|year=1703|location=Nürnberg|pages=Part I Table 8}}</ref>
|-
! 71
| [[File:Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa (1848 – 1932).png|80px]]
| [[Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa]]
| {{Flag|Bahrain}}{{Efn|[[British protectorate]] from 1880}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1869|12|1}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1932|12|9}} {{Efn|Was forced to abdicate by the British in 1923 but the Bahrinis did not recognize this and considered him the monarch until 1932.}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1869|12|1|1932|12|9}}}}
| {{Ayd|1869|12|1|1932|12|9}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 72
| [[File:Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, by studio of François Clouet.jpg|80px]]
| [[Charles III, Duke of Lorraine|Charles III]]
| [[List of rulers of Lorraine|Upper Lorraine]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1545|6|12}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1608|5|14}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1545|6|12|1608|5|14}}}}
| {{Ayd|1545|6|12|1608|5|14}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 73
|
| [[Johann Friedrich II of Hohenlohe-Öhringen|Johann Friedrich II]]
| [[Hohenlohe]]-[[Neuenstein, Hesse|Neuenstein]]-[[Öhringen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1702|10|17}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1765|8|24}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1702|10|17|1765|8|24}}}}
| {{Ayd|1702|10|17|1765|8|24}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 74
|
| [[Philipp Ernst, 1st Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Philipp Ernst]]
| [[Hohenlohe]]-[[Waldenburg, Baden-Württemberg|Waldenburg]]-[[Schillingsfürst]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1697|2|21}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1759|11|29}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1697|2|21|1759|11|29}}}}
| {{Ayd|1697|2|21|1759|11|29}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 75
| [[File:Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen Photograph.png|80px]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Saxe-Meiningen (1826).svg}} [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard II]]
| [[Saxe-Meiningen]]{{Efn|[[Holy Roman Empire]] until 1806,from 1815 part of the [[German Confederation]].}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1803|12|24}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1866|9|20}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1803|12|24|1866|9|20}}}}
| {{Ayd|1803|12|24|1866|9|20}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 76
| [[File:Kloster Eberbach Basilika Grabplatte 46.JPG|80px]]
| [[Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg|Philip II]]
| {{Flagicon image|Blason Nassau-Weilbourg.svg}} [[House of Nassau-Weilburg|Nassau-Weilburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1429|7|2}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1492|3|19}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1429|7|2|1492|3|19}}}}
| {{Ayd|1429|7|2|1492|3|19}}{{efn|Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 77
| [[File:Portret van Prins Niklaas Leopold van Salm Salm.jpg|80px]]
| {{ill|Nicolas Leopold I|de|Nikolaus Leopold zu Salm-Salm|vertical-align=sup}}
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Salm-Hoogstraten.svg}} [[Salm (state)|Salm-Hoogstraat]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1707|06|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1770|02|4}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1707|06|06|1770|02|04}}}}
| {{Ayd|1707|06|06|1770|02|04}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 78
| [[File:Christian II. (Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld).jpeg|80px]]
| [[Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld|Christian II]]{{efn|After 1671 Christian also ruled [[Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld]] after that line went extinct.}}
| [[Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1654|09|16}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1717|04|25}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1654|09|16|1717|04|25}}}}
| {{Ayd|1654|09|16|1717|04|25}}
|
|-
! 79
| [[File:ARENBERGLeopold Philippe.jpg|80px]]
| [[Léopold Philippe d'Arenberg|Léopold Philippe]]
| {{Flagicon image|Blason fam be Ligne-Arenberg 1.svg}} [[House of Arenberg|Arenberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1691|8|19}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1754|3|4}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1691|8|19|1754|3|4}}}}
| {{Ayd|1691|8|19|1754|3|4}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 80
| [[File:Ibrahim Ali Khan of Tonk.jpg|80px]]
| [[Ibrahim Ali Khan|Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Tonk.svg}} [[Tonk State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1867|12|20}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1930|6|23}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1867|12|20|1930|6|23}}}}
| {{Ayd|1867|12|20|1930|6|23}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 81
| [[File:Sheikh Saqr of Ras al-Khaimah.jpg|80px]]
| [[Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.svg}} [[Ras Al Khaimah]] ([[United Arab Emirates]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|7|17}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|10|27}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1948|7|17|2010|10|27}}}}
| {{Ayd|1948|7|17|2010|10|27}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 82
| [[File:Hosokawa Tsunatoshi2.jpg|80px]]
| [[:ja:細川綱利|Hosokawa Tsunatoshi]]
| [[Kumamoto Domain]] ([[Japan]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1650|4|18}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1712|7|11}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1650|4|18|1712|7|11}}}}
| {{Ayd|1650|4|18|1712|7|11}}
|
|-
! 83
|
| [[Nahar Singh of Shahpura|Nahar Singh]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Shahpura.svg}} [[Shahpura State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1870|4|21}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1932|6|24}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1870|4|21|1932|6|24}}}}
| {{Ayd|1870|4|21|1932|6|24}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 84
|
| [[Gopal Lal of Kamta-Rajaula|Gopal Lal]]
| [[Kamta-Rajaula State]] {{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1812|11|29}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1874|10|23}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1812|11|29|1874|10|23}}}}
| {{Ayd|1812|11|29|1874|10|23}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kamtarajaula.html | title = KAMTA RAJAULI (Princely State) | website = World of Royalty | access-date = January 20, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180410074716/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kamtarajaula.html | archive-date = 10 April 2018 | url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
! 85
| [[File:Jan Kristián I. Eggenberg.jpg|80px]]
| [[Johann Christian I Von Eggenberg|Johann Christian I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Eggenberg (1).svg}} [[Eggenberg family|Eggenberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1649|2|19}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1710|12|14}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1649|2|19|1710|12|14}}}}
| {{Ayd|1649|2|19|1710|12|14}}
| {{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
|-
! 86
| [[File:Abdul Hamid Halim.jpg|80px]]
| [[Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah|Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah]]
| {{Flag|Kedah}} [[Kedah Sultanate]] ([[British Malaya]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1881|9|22}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1943|5|13}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1881|9|22|1943|5|13}}}}
| {{Ayd|1881|9|22|1943|5|13}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 87
|
| [[Philipp IV, Count of Waldeck|Philipp IV]]
| [[Waldeck (state)|Waldeck-Wildungen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1513|5|28}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1574|11|30}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1513|5|28|1574|11|30}}}}
| {{Ayd|1513|5|28|1574|11|30}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 88
|
| [[Wakhat Singh Dalil Singh]]
| {{Flagicon image|Lunavada State flag.jpg}} [[Lunavada State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1867|10|31}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1929|4|27}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1867|10|31|1929|4|27}}}}
| {{Ayd|1867|10|31|1929|4|27}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 89
| [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Schilderij van Zijne Hoogheid Prins Pakoe Alam VIII in officieel tenue TMnr 10001894.jpg|80px]]
| [[Paku Alam VIII]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Pakualaman.svg}} [[Pakualaman]] ([[Indonesia]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1937|4|12}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1998|9|11}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1937|4|12|1998|9|11}}}}
| {{Ayd|1937|4|12|1998|9|11}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 90
| [[File:Fürst Viktor Amadeus von Anhalt Bernburg.jpg|80px]]
| [[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg|Victor Amadeus]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Anhalt_Duchies.svg}} [[Anhalt-Bernburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1656|9|22}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1718|2|14}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1656|9|22|1718|2|14}}}}
| {{Ayd|1656|9|22|1718|2|14}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 91
|
| [[Lakshman Singh, Maharawal of Banswara]]
| {{Flagicon image|Banswara flag.svg}} [[Banswara State]]{{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1844|2|2}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1905|4|29}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1844|2|2|1905|4|29}}}}
| {{Ayd|1844|2|2|1905|4|29}}
| {{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
|-
! 92
| [[File:UlrichV.jpg|80px]]
| [[Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg|Ulrich V]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg}} [[List of rulers of Württemberg|Württemberg-Stuttgart]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1419|7|2}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1480|9|1}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1419|7|2|1480|9|1}}}}
| {{ayd|1419|7|2|1480|9|1}}{{efn|Ulrich V was Count of all Württemberg until its partition between Württemberg-Urach and Württemberg-Stuttgart in 1442. He continued as Count of the latter branch until his death in 1480.}}
|
|-
! 93
| [[File:HH MAHARAJA JIND and SARDAR BHAGWAN SINGH MANSAHIA.jpg|80px]]
| [[Ranbir Singh of Jind|Ranbir Singh]]
| [[Jind State]] ([[British Raj]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1887|3|7}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|3|31}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1887|3|7|1948|3|31}}}}
| {{Ayd|1887|3|7|1948|3|31}}{{efn|Acceded to the Union of India on 14 August 1947, but retained sovereignty over his state until his death on 31 March 1948}}
| {{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
|-
! 94
| [[File:Johann Christian Fiedler - Bildnis des Landgrafen Ernst Ludwig von Hessen-Darmstadt.jpg|80px]]
| [[Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt|Ernest Louis]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg}} [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt|Hesse-Darmstadt]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1678|8|31}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1739|9|12}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1678|8|31|1739|9|12}}}}
| {{Ayd|1678|8|31|1739|9|12}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 95
|
| [[Johann Friedrich I of Hohenlohe|Johann Friedrich I]]
| [[Hohenlohe]]-[[Neuenstein, Hesse|Neuenstein]]-[[Öhringen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1641|10|11}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1702|10|17}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1641|10|11|1702|10|17}}}}
| {{Ayd|1641|10|11|1702|10|17}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 96
|
| [[Wilhelm Moritz II of Isenburg-Philippseich|Wilhelm Moritz II]]
| [[Isenburg-Philippseich]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1711|6|8}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1772|3|7}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1711|3|8|1772|3|7}}}}
| {{Ayd|1711|3|8|1772|3|7}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 97
| [[File:Christian Ernst zu Stolberg-Wernigerode.jpg|80px]]
| [[Christian Ernest of Stolberg-Wernigerode|Christian Ernest]]
| {{Flagicon image|Stolberg wapen.svg}} [[County of Wernigerode|Stolberg-Wernigerode]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1710|11|9}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1771|10|25}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1710|11|9|1771|10|25}}}}
| {{Ayd|1710|11|9|1771|10|25}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 98
| [[File:Adolf III. Graf von Schauenburg - Engelbert Peiffer - Trostbrücke Hamburg2 close.jpg|80px]]
| [[Adolf III of Holstein|Adolf III]]
| [[Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein|Schauenburg and Holstein]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1164|7|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1225|1|3}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1164|7|6|1225|1|3}}}}
| {{Ayd|1164|7|6|1225|1|3}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
! 99
| [[File:LeopoldLudwigPfalzVeld.jpg|80px]]
| [[Leopold Louis, Count Palatine of Veldenz|Leopold Louis]]
| {{Flagicon image|Wappen Grafschaft Veldenz.svg}} [[County of Veldenz#Palantine Veldenz Line|Palatinate-Veldenz]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{dts|format=dmy|1634|6|3}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1694|9|29}}
| {{formatnum:{{age in days|1634|6|3|1694|9|29}}}}
| {{Ayd|1634|6|3|1694|9|29}}
|
|-
! 100
| [[File:Friedrich Gunther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.jpg|80px]]
| [[Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Friedrich Günther]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Fürstentümer Schwarzburg.svg}} [[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]{{Efn|Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was part of the [[German Confederation]] from 1815 until 1866.}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1807|4|28}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1867|6|28}}
| {{Formatnum:{{Age in days|1807|4|28|1867|6|28}}}}
| {{Ayd|1807|4|28|1867|6|28}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/worlds-longest-reigning-royals-234900389.html|title=These Royals Held Their Titles Longer Than Anyone Else in History|website=www.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
|}

== Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown ==
These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear in historical order. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 56 years. '''{{em|Emphasised}}''' states were sovereign. [[List of emperors of Japan|Japanese legendary emperors]], according to the ancient [[Japanese calendar]], reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, [[Emperor Kōan]], was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see [[Longevity myths]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" | Country
! colspan="2" | Reign
! rowspan="2" | Duration{{pb}}(approx. years)
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References|style=color:black}}
|-
! from
! to
|-
|
| [[Minhti]]<ref name="Longest ever reigns">{{Cite web|title=Longest ever reigns|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-ever-reigns|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref>
| '''{{em|[[Launggyet|Launggyet Kingdom]] of [[Rakhine State#Independent kingdom|Arakan]]}}''' ([[Myanmar]])
| {{Dts|1279}}
| {{Dts|1374}}
| 95 years {{small|(disputed)}}{{By whom|date=June 2022}}
| <ref name="Longest ever reigns"/>
|-
| [[File:AnkhnesmeryreII-and-Son-PepiII-SideView_BrooklynMuseum.png|80px]]
| [[Pepi II Neferkare]]{{efn|Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the [[First Intermediate Period]] at the end of Pepi's reign.}}
| '''{{em|[[Old Kingdom of Egypt]]}}'''
| {{Dts|-2278}}
| {{Dts|-2184}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| 94 years {{small|(disputed)}}
| <ref>Jürgen von Beckerath, ''Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten'' (Mainz 1997), p151</ref>
|-
|
| [[Taejodae of Goguryeo|Taejo]]{{efn|A dispute exists concerning when [[Taejodae of Goguryeo|Taejo]]'s reign ended. Lower estimates suggest 121–145 and higher ones up to 167 but the most widely believed one is 146 since Korean historians claim that he died in that year.}}
| '''{{em|[[Goguryeo]]}}''' ([[Korea]])
| {{Dts|53}}
| {{Dts|146}}{{efn|121 CE is another possible accepted date of Taejo's end reign}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| 93 years {{small|(disputed)}}
| <ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Koguryo|title = Koguryŏ | ancient kingdom, Korea | Britannica}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Nintoku-tennō detail.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nintoku]]{{efn|While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by most historians.}}
| '''{{em|{{Flag|Japan}}}}''' ([[Kofun period]])
| {{Dts|313}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| {{Dts|399}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| 86 years {{small|(disputed)}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf|title=Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan|work=Kunaicho.go.jp|access-date=February 5, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Abd al-Muttalib.png|80px]]
| [[Abd al-Muttalib]]
| '''{{em|[[Quraysh]]}}''' ([[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]])
| {{Dts|497}}
| {{Dts|578}}
| 81 years
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yabeyrouth.com/8073-%D8%A2%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%B1-2|access-date=20 October 2018|title=Banu Najjar}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Ermanaric]]{{efn|Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign and Chronology disputed}}
| '''{{em|[[Oium]]}}''' ([[Ukraine]])
| {{Dts|296}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| {{Dts|376}}
| rowspan="4" | 80 years
| <ref>{{cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |year=1991 |title=Goths and Romans 332-489 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=86–89 |isbn=0-19-820234-2 }}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Hanayos]]
| '''{{em|[[Hariphunchai]]}}''' ([[Thailand]])
| {{Dts|669}} {{small|(disputed)}}{{Efn|Other sources put his start date as 679 or 689.}}
| {{Dts|749}}
| <ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|authorlink= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Kaba Seyon of Limu–'Enarya|Kaba Seyon]]
| [[List of rulers of the Gibe state of Limu-'Enarya|Limu-'Enarya]] ([[Ethiopia]])
| {{Dts|1450}}
| {{Dts|1530}}
|
|-
|
| [[Raja Sawai Basavalinga I Rajendra Udaiyar]]
| [[Sundem]] ([[Portuguese India]])
| {{dts|1763}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1843|5|15}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Cheran Chenkutuvan|Cheran Chenkuttuvan]]
| '''{{em|[[Chera dynasty|Ancient Chera]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|188}}
| {{Dts|267}} {{Efn|Possibly 243}}
| rowspan="2" |79 years
| <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Classical Indo-Roman Trade|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/26-27/special-articles/classical-indo-roman-trade.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=48|issue=26-27}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[List of monarchs of Vietnam#Warring states period|Trần Minh Công]]
| '''{{em|[[Trần Lãm]]}}''' ([[Vietnam]])
| {{dts|888}}
| {{dts|967}}
|
|-
| [[File:AnDuongVuong, crop.jpg|80px]]
| [[An Dương Vương]]
| '''{{em|[[Âu Lạc]]}}''' ([[Vietnam]])
| {{Dts|-257}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| {{Dts|-179}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| rowspan="3" |78 years
| {{harvtxt|Watson|1961|p=241}}
|-
|
| [[Jangsu of Goguryeo|Jangsu]]
| '''{{em|[[Goguryeo]]}}''' ([[Korea]])
| {{Dts|413}}
| {{Dts|491}}
| <ref name="britannica.com" />
|-
|
|[[Ram Singh I of Ramgarh Raj|Ram Singh I]]
| '''{{em|[[Ramgarh Raj]]}}''' ([[India]])
|{{dts|1459|6|18|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1537}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udhaybhan Narain Singh |url=http://naraindynasty.weebly.com/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Udhaybhan Narain Singh |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq ibn Ibrahim]]
| '''{{em|[[Ziyadid dynasty]]}}''' ([[Yemen]])
| {{Dts|904}}
| {{Dts|981}}
| rowspan="5" |77 years
| <ref>G. Rex Smith: ''Political History of Islamic Yemen up to the First Turkish Invasion.'' pp. 136–154, here: 137.</ref>
|-
|
| [[Azmat Tallah Khan Of Rajouri|Azmat Tallah Khan]]
| [[Rajouri]] ([[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1683}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1760|11|12}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rajouri.nic.in/history/#:~:text=The%20renowned%20Rajas%20of%20this,Raja%20Izzat%20Ullah%20Khan%20(1762 | title=History | Rajouri,Government of Jammu and Kashmir | India }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:King Mirian III.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mirian III of Iberia|Mirian III]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Iberia]]}}''' ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
| {{Dts|284}}
| {{Dts|361}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Raisingh Deo of Patna|Raisingh Deo]]
| [[Patna State]] ([[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1685}}
| {{Dts|1762}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Chandranveta Singh (Monarch)|Chandranveta Singh]]
| '''{{em|[[Chandra dynasty]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|234}}
| {{Dts|311}}
| <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Manguin|first1=Pierre-Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni9AlOLTFZYC&pg=PA387 |title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|last2=Mani|first2=A.|last3=Wade|first3=Geoff|year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |pages=387– |isbn=978-981-4345-10-1|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Darma Raja]]
| '''{{em|[[Kedah Sultanate|Kingdom of Kedah]]}}''' ([[Malaysia]])
| {{Dts|712}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|788|1|12}}
| rowspan="6" |76 years
|
|-
|
| [[Mulla Ismail of Dir|Mulla Ismail]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg}} [[Dir (princely state)|Dir State]] ([[Pakistan]], [[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1676}}
| {{Dts|1752}}
| <ref name = whoswho1933>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in the Dir, Swat and Chitral Agency – Corrected up to 1st September 1933|url=http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/1933.pdf|access-date=2013-07-31|year=1933|publisher=The Manager Government of India Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Mohan Singh of Rajgarh|Mohan Singh]]
| {{Flagicon image|Rajgarhflag.png}} '''{{em|[[Rajgarh State]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1638}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1714|4|14}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
| [[File:Grabplatte Otto I. Hachberg Sausenberg.JPG|80px]]
| [[Otto I, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg|Otto I]]{{efn|During his lifetime, Otto I had many co-monarchs, including his father [[Rudolf I, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg|Rudolph IV]], who made him ruler in 1308; he also ruled with his brother [[Henry, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg|Henry IV]] until he died in 1318, as well as his brother [[Rudolf II, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg|Rudolph VI]], who died in 1352.}}
| [[List of rulers of Baden|Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1308}}
| {{Dts|1384}}
|
|-
|
| [[Jadunath Singh Mangaraj]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Khandpara.png}} '''{{em|[[Khandpara State]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1599}}
| {{Dts|1675}}
| <ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref>
|-
|
| [[Johann Philipp Von Stadion|Johann Philipp]]
| {{Flagicon image|DEU Oberstadion COA.svg}} [[Stadion (state)|Stadion]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1666}}
| {{Dts|1741}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| {{ill|Aji Raja Mahkota Mulia Alam|id|vertical-align=sup}}
| '''{{em|[[Kutai Kartanegara Regency|Kutai Kartanegara]]}}''' ([[Indonesia]])
| {{Dts|1525}}
| {{Dts|1600}}
| rowspan="8" |75 years
|
|-
|
| [[Mfon Koutou]]
| '''{{em|[[Bamum kingdom|Kingdom of Bamum]]}}''' ([[Cameroon]])
| {{Dts|1682}}
| {{Dts|1757}}
| {{ISBN|0-585-07032-6}}
|-
|
| [[Raja Abhiram Singh]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Saraikela State.svg}} [[Saraikela State]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1743}}
| {{Dts|1818}}
|
|-<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V22_089.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 22, page 83 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>
|
| [[Sauromaces I of Iberia|Sauromaces I]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Iberia]]}}''' ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
| {{Dts|-234}}
| {{Dts|-159}}
| <ref>{{cite book|last1=Rapp|first1=Stephen H.|title=The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature|date=2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1472425522}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Sukhachain of Jind|Sukhachain]]
| [[Jind State]] ([[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1676}}
| {{Dts|1751}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Tai Wu]]
| '''{{em|[[Shang dynasty]]}}''' ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-1486}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| {{Dts|-1411}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
| [[File:Vakhtang I.jpg|80px]]
| [[Vakhtang I Gorgasali]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Iberia]]}}''' ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
| {{Dts|447}}
| {{Dts|522}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]]
| '''{{em|[[Chera dynasty]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|55}}
| {{Dts|130}}
| <ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=60–61}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Wilhelm I of Sayn-Wittgenstein|Wilhelm I]]
| [[Sayn-Wittgenstein]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1494}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1568|4|18}}
| rowspan="2" |74 years
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Yo-Tha]]
| '''{{em|[[Hariphunchai]]}}''' ([[Thailand]])
| {{Dts|1197}}
| {{Dts|1271}}
| <ref name="sen2"/>
|-
| [[File:D. Afonso Henriques O Conquistador.jpg|80px]]
| [[Afonso I Henriques]]
| [[County of Portugal]] (1112–1139) {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Portugal]]}}''' (1139-1185)
| {{Dts|1112}} {{efn|In Co-Reign with his Mother until 1128}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1185|12|6}}
| rowspan="4" |73 years
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Congress|first=The Library of|title=Afonso I, King of Portugal, 1109?-1185 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82271767.html|access-date=8 August 2021|website=id.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afonso I {{!}} king of Portugal|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Afonso-I-king-of-Portugal|access-date=8 August 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Nawab of Banganapalle|Fazl Ali Khan II Bahadur]]
| {{Flagicon image|Drapeau Banganapalle.png}} [[Banganapalle State]] ([[Pakistan]], [[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1686}}
| {{Dts|1759}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
| [[File:Chodaganga Deva.jpg|80px]]
| [[Anantavarman Chodaganga|Gangesvara Anantvarman Chodaganga]] Deva
| '''{{em|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1077}}
| {{Dts|1150}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asianart.com/articles/patachitra/index.html#4 |title=Bernard Cesarone: Pata-chitras of Orissa |first=Bernard |last= Cesarone|work=asianart.com |year=2012 |quote=This temple was built between approximately 1135-1150 by Codaganga |access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Tezozomoc.jpg|80px]]
| [[Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)|Tezozomoc]]
| '''{{em|[[Altepetl]]}}''' ([[Mexico]])
| {{Dts|1353}} {{small|(disputed)}}
| {{Dts|1426}}
| <ref name="appletons">{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Tetzotzomoc|year=1889}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Grigor II of Syunik|Grigor II]]
| [[Kingdom of Syunik|Syunik]] ([[Armenia]])
| {{Dts|1094}}
| {{Dts|1166}}
| rowspan="2" |72 years
|
|-
|
| [[Raja Sang Tawal]] (Abdullah)
| '''{{em|{{Flag|Kelantan}}}}''' ([[Malaysia]])
| {{Dts|1267}}
| {{Dts|1339}}
| <ref>name="ktimes">Muhammad Ismail Ibrahim (17 March 2011). [http://muhammadismailibrahim.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/kelantans-castle-the-royal-palace/ Kelantan’s Castle: The Royal Palace]. ''The Kelantan Times''. Retrieved 13 June 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Zarih of Arwa al-Sulayhi, Yemen.jpg|80px]]
| [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]]
| '''{{em|[[Sulayhid dynasty|Sulayhid Sultanate]]}}''' ([[Yemen]])
| {{Dts|1067}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1138|5|5}}
| rowspan="4" | 71 years
| <ref>name="Haeri 2020">{{citation |last=Haeri |first=Shahla |year=2020 |title=The Unforgettable Queens of Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-55489-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nljPDwAAQBAJ |pages=89–105}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Heinrich the Noble, Prince of Fürstenberg and Wolfach|Heinrich VIII]]
| [[Fürstenberg-Wolfach]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| Late {{Dts|1419}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1490|11|30}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Poppo IX, Count of Henneberg|Poppo IX]]
| {{Flagicon image|Hennenberg ZW.png}} [[Henneberg-Aschach]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1292}}
| {{Dts|1363}}
|
|-
|
| [[Simon I, Lord of Lippe|Simon I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg}} [[Principality of Lippe|County of Lippe]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1273}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1344|8|10}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Johann Ulrich Stadion|Johann Ulrich]]
| {{Flagicon image|DEU Oberstadion COA.svg}} [[Stadion (state)|Stadion]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1530}}
| {{Dts|1600}}
| rowspan="8" |70 years
|
|-
|
| [[Mihirakula of Gonanditya|Mihirakula]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-735}}
| {{Dts|-665}}
|
|-
|
| [[Muhtarram Shah Kator I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of State of Chitral.svg}} '''{{em|[[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral State]]}}''' ([[Pakistan]])
| {{Dts|1585}}
| {{Dts|1655}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
|
| [[Niandfo the Great]]
| '''{{em|[[Oubritenga Province|Oubritenga]]}}''' ([[Nigeria]])
| {{Dts|1441}}
| {{Dts|1511}}
| <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tiendrebeogo |first=Yamba |date=1963 |title=Histoire traditionnelle des Mossi de Ouagadougou |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1963_num_33_1_1365 |journal=Journal des Africanistes |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=7–46 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1963.1365}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Pratap Manikya I]]
| '''{{em|[[Twipra Kingdom]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1280}}
| {{Dts|1350}}
|
|-
|
| [[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura]]
| [[Kingdom of Anuradhapura]] ([[Sri Lanka]])
| {{Dts|-437}}
| {{Dts|-367}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" /><ref>{{cite web|title=The first king of Anuradhapura|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/030608/funday/1.htm#1|work=Funday Times|publisher=Sunday Times|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:The portrait of Shapur II on the obverse of a silver drachm, struck circa 309–320.jpg|80px]]
| [[Shapur II]]{{efn|Shapur II was crowned {{lang|la|in utero}}: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.}}
| '''{{em|[[Sasanian Empire]]}}''' ([[Persia]])
| {{Dts|309}}
| {{Dts|379}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />{{sfn|Senior|1991|pp=3-4}}
|-
|
| [[Tshudpud Namgyal]]
| [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]{{Efn|Dominated by Nepal until 1816 and then by the British.}}
| {{Dts|1793}}
| {{Dts|1863}}
| <ref name="Werner etc" />
|-
| [[File:Sultan Deria.jpg|174x174px]]
| [[Deria Hassan|Sultan Deria Hassan]]
| {{Flagicon image|Isaaq Flag.svg}} [[Isaaq Sultanate]] ([[British Somaliland]] from 1884)
| {{Dts|1870}}
| {{Dts|1939}}
| rowspan="4" |69 years
| <ref>{{cite book|title= War and Peace: An anthology of Somali literature Suugaanta Nabadda iyo Colaadda|isbn=9781852873295|first1=Martin|last1=Orwin|year=2009|publisher=Progressio|first2=Rashiid|last2=Axmed|page=209}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Gerlach IV of Isenburg-Limburg|Gerlach IV]]
| [[Isenburg-Grenzau]] (1220-1258) [[Isenburg-Limburg]] (1258-1289) ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1220}}
| {{Dts|1289}}
| <ref>{{cite journal|last=Crecelius|first=Wilhelm |year=1879|title=Gerlach I.-IV.|journal=Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie|publisher=Duncker & Humblot|location=Leipzig |volume=9|pages=5|language=German}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Heinrich von Görz.jpg|80px]]
| [[Henry VI, Count of Gorizia|Henry VI]]
| [[House of Gorizia|County of Gorizia]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1385|5|6}}
| {{Dts|1454}}
|
|-
|
| [[Duke Huan of Qi (Henan)|Huan]]
| [[Qi (Henan)|State of Qi]] ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-636}}
| {{Dts|-567}}
| <ref>''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', Vol.36.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Kunigunda Azzo.jpg|80px]]
| [[Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan|Alberto Azzo II]]
| [[March of Genoa|Margraviate of Milan]] and {{Flagicon image|Arms of the house of Este (1).svg}} [[House of Este|Este]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1029}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1097|8|20}}
| rowspan="8" |68 years
|-
|
| [[Debi Singh (1642-1714)|Debi Singh]]
| [[Chanderi]] ([[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1646}}
| {{Dts|1714}}
|-
|
| [[Fàn Tiānzhú]]
| '''{{em|[[Funan]]}}''' ([[Cambodia]])
| {{Dts|289}}
| {{Dts|357}}
|-
|
| [[Ernest II of Oettingen-Wallerstein|Ernest II]]
| [[House of Oettingen-Wallerstein|Oettingen-Wallerstein]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1602}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1670}}
|-
|
| [[Karma I of Kedah|Karma I]]
| '''{{em|[[Kedah Sultanate|Kingdom of Kedah]]}}''' ([[Malaysia]])
| {{Dts|512}}
| {{Dts|580}}
|-
|
| [[Louis II of Stadion|Louis II]]
| {{Flagicon image|DEU Oberstadion COA.svg}} [[Stadion (state)|Stadion]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1260}}
| {{Dts|1328}}
|-
|
| [[Malojirao III]]
| {{Flagicon image|Mudhol flag.svg}} [[Mudhol State]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1737}}
| {{Dts|1805}}
|-
|
| [[Sizzo II, Count of Schwarzburg|Sizzo II]]
| [[House of Schwarzburg|County of Schwarzburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1050}}
| {{Dts|1118}}
|-
|
| [[Gopal Singha Dev II]]
| [[Mallabhum kingdom|Mallabhum]]{{Efn|name=BI|[[British India]] until 1858, [[British Raj]] from 1858.}}
| Spring {{Dts|1809}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1876|12|31}}
| rowspan="9" |67 years
|-
|[[File:BoqorCismaan_(cropped).jpg|124x124px]]
| [[Osman Mahamuud]]/Uthman III ibn Mahmud
| {{Flagicon image|23Flag(Plain)R.svg}} [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] ([[Italian Somaliland]] from 1889)
| {{Dts|1860}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|30 September 1927}}
|-
|
| [[Rawal Kehar Singh II]]
| {{Flagicon image|Jaisalmer Flag.svg}} '''{{em|[[Jaisalmer State]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1335}}
| {{Dts|1402}}
|-
|
| [[Johann III, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg|Johann III]]
| [[List of counts at Sponheim|Sponheim-Starkenburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1324}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1398}}
|-
|
| [[Man Singh, Raja of Jhabua]]
| {{Flagicon image|Jhabuaflag.png}} '''{{em|[[Jhabua State]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1610}}
| {{Dts|1677}}
|-
| [[File:Robert 1 Bar.jpg|80px]]
| [[Robert of Bar|Robert I]]{{efn|Robert I was in co-rule with his step-brother [[Edward II of Bar|Edward II]] until 1352}}
| {{Flagicon image|Bar Arms.svg}}[[Duchy of Bar]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1344}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1411|4|12}}
|-
|
| [[Lạng Chượng]]
| '''{{em|[[Ngưu Hống]]}}''' ([[Vietnam]])
| {{Dts|1000}}
| {{Dts|1067}}
|-
|
| [[Sultan Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Gowa.svg}} '''{{em|[[Sultanate of Gowa]]}}''' ([[Indonesia]])
| {{Dts|1826}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1893|1|30}}
|-
|
| [[Sultan Mahmud Shah II of Perak|Sultan Mahmud Shah II]]
| '''{{em|{{Flag|Perak}}}}''' ([[Malaysia]])
| {{Dts|1653}}
| {{Dts|1720}}
|-
|
| [[Eberhard I, Count of Katzenelnbogen|Eberhard I]]
| [[County of Katzenelnbogen|Katzenelnbogen Junior]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1245}}
| {{Dts|1311}}
| rowspan="6" |66 years
|-
|
| [[Henry II of Isenburg-Grenzau|Henry II]]
| [[Isenburg-Grenzau]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1220}}
| {{Dts|1286}}
|-
|
| [[Narayana Rautara]]
| '''{{em|[[Chikiti]]-[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]}}''' ([[India]])
| Early {{Dts|1464}}
| Mid {{Dts|1530}}
|-
| [[File:Ramsés II (5608058950).jpg|80px]]
| [[Ramesses II]]
| '''{{em|[[New Kingdom of Egypt]]}}'''
| {{Dts|-1279}}
| {{Dts|-1213}}
|-
|
| [[Togbi Amedor Kpegla I]]
| [[Anlo Ewe]] ([[Ghana]])
| {{Dts|1840}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1906|3|14}}
|-
|
| [[Zhao Tuo]]{{efn|Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế))}}
| '''{{em|[[Nanyue]]}}''' ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-203}}
| {{Dts|-137}}
|-
|
| {{ill|Aji Raja Mahkota Mulia Alam|id|vertical-align=sup}}
| '''{{em|[[Kutai Kartanegara Regency|Kutai Kartanegara]]}}''' ([[Indonesia]])
| {{Dts|1545}}
| {{Dts|1610}}
| rowspan="10" |65 years
|-
| [[File:Naturales 3.png|80px]]
| [[Dayang Kalangitan]]
| '''{{em|[[Pasig]]}}''' ([[Metro Manila, Philippines]])
| {{Dts|1450}}
| {{Dts|1515}}
|-
|
| [[Haydar Mohammad Khan Bahadur of Pathari|Haydar Mohammad Khan Bahadur]]
| [[Pathari State]]{{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{Dts|1794}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1859|12|29}}
|-
|
| [[Matilda I, Countess of Nevers|Matilda I]]
| [[Counts and dukes of Nevers|Nevers]] ([[France]])
| {{Dts|1192}}
| {{Dts|1257}}
|-
|
| [[Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali Choudhury|Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali]]
| [[Tarakote Raj]]{{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{Dts|1804}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1869|1|21}}
|-
|
| [[Nandivarman II]]
| '''{{em|[[Pallava Empire]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|731}}
| {{Dts|796}}
|-
| [[File:Pharnavaz I relief (2).jpg|80px]]
| [[Pharnavaz I]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Iberia]]}}''' ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
| {{Dts|-299}}
| {{Dts|-234}}
|-
|
| [[Sagramji I Kumbhoji]]
| {{Flagicon image|CoA_Gondal_1893.png}} '''{{em|[[Gondal State]]}}''' ([[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1648}}
| {{Dts|1713}}
|-
|
| [[Raja Ashoka Challa]]
| '''{{em|[[Khasa Malla kingdom|Khasa-Malla]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1222}}
| {{Dts|1287}}
|-
|
| [[Sri Rao Mulvaji]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Kutch|Kutch]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1321}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1386|1|5}}
|-
| [[File:Old Kannada inscription (876 AD) of Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha I at Veerabhadra temple in Kumsi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Amoghavarsha]]
| '''{{em|[[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta Empire]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|814}}
| {{Dts|878}}
| rowspan="12" |64 years
|-
|
| [[Dharma]]
| '''{{em|[[Brihadratha dynasty|Brihadratha]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-1107}}
| {{Dts|-1043}}
|-
|
|[[Harisingh Vidyadhara (1501-1594)|Harisingh Vidyadhara]]
| {{Flagicon image|Dhenkanalflag.png}} '''[[Dhenkanal State]]''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1530}}
| {{Dts|1594}}
|-
|
| [[Henry VI of Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild|Henry VI]]
| {{Flagicon image|Hennenberg ZW.png}} [[House of Henneberg|Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1292}}
| {{Dts|1356}}
|-
|
| [[Friedrich IV of Castell|Friedrich IV]]
| [[Counts of Castell|County of Castell]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1285}}
| {{Dts|1349}}
|-
|
| [[Inere, King of Ughelli|Inere]]
| '''{{em|[[Ughelli]]}}''' ([[Nigeria]])
| {{Dts|1460}}
| {{Dts|1524}}
|-
|
| [[Khuman III of Udaipur|Khuman III]]
| '''{{em|[[Udaipur State]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|878}}
| {{Dts|942}}
|-
|
| [[Samuel Anoke Ebanja II]]
| [[Balong language|Balong]] and Mokonge ([[Cameroon]])
| {{Dts|1918}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1982|12|26}}
|-
|
| [[Srutasravas (Monarch)|Srutasravas]]
| '''{{em|[[Brihadratha]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-1603}}
| {{Dts|-1539}}
|-
|
| [[Subrata]]
| '''{{em|[[Brihadratha dynasty|Brihadratha]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-1171}}
| {{Dts|-1107}}
|-
|
| [[Zhao of Song State|Zhao]]
| [[Song (state)|Song State]] ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-468}}
| {{Dts|-404}}
|-
|
| [[Duke Zhuang I of Qi|Zhuang I]]
| [[Qi (state)|State of Qi]] ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-794}}
| {{Dts|-730}}
|-
|
| [[Andrew I, Baron of Vitré|Andrew I]]
| [[List of Barons of Vitré|Vitré]] ([[France]])
| {{Dts|1072}}
| {{Dts|1135}}
| rowspan="18" |63 years
|-
|
| [[Danarnava (Monarch)|Danarnava]]
| '''{{em|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|589}}
| Summer {{Dts|652}}
|-
|
| [[Fahrettin Behramşah]]
| '''{{em|[[Mengujek|Mengüjek]]}}''' ([[Turkey]])
| {{Dts|1162}}
| {{Dts|1225}}
|-
| [[File:Fridrich I, Grav zu Zollern.png|80px]]
| [[Frederick I, Count of Zollern|Frederick I]]
| {{Flagicon image|Hohenzollern banner.svg}} [[House of Hohenzollern|Zollern]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1062}}
| {{Dts|1124}}
|-
|
| [[Ganapati Deva]]
| '''{{em|[[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Dynasty]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1199}}
| {{Dts|1262}}
|-
|
| [[Maharana Bhimdev Harisinhji Sahib]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Rajpipla.svg}} '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Rajpipla]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1463}}
| {{Dts|1526}}
|-
|
| [[Mahmud III]]
| '''{{em|[[Mali Empire]]}}'''
| {{Dts|1496}}
| {{Dts|1559}}
|-
|
| [[Naba Zombré of Wogodogo|Naba Zombré]]
| '''{{em|[[Wogodogo Monarchy|Wogodogo]]}}''' ([[Nigeria]])
| {{Dts|1681}}
| {{Dts|1744}}
|-
|
| [[Philip,Count of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein|Philip]]
| [[Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1533}}
| {{Dts|1596}}
|-
|
| [[Pradip Shah of Garhwal|Pradip Shah]]
| {{flag|Garhwal Kingdom}} ({{flag|British India}} from 1712)
| {{Dts|1709}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1772|12|28}}
|-
|
| [[Raimund II Von Orange|Raimund II]]
| [[Principality of Orange]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1319}}
| {{Dts|1382}}
|-
|
| [[Rudolf I, Count of Bregenz|Rudolf I]]
| [[County of Bregenz|Bregenz]]-[[Churrätien|Chur]]-[[Raetia|Lower Raetia]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1097}}
| {{Dts|1160}}
|-
|
| [[Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.svg}} '''{{em|[[Sharjah]] and [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]]}}''' ([[United Arab Emirates]])
| {{Dts|1803}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1866|9|10}}
|-
|
| [[Sripurusha]]
| '''{{em|[[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|725}}
| {{Dts|788}}
|-
|
| [[Jayavarman VIII]]
| '''{{em|[[Khmer Empire]]}}''' ([[Cambodia]])
| {{Dts|1232}}
| {{Dts|1295}}
|-
|
| [[Johann Gerhard Von Manderscheid-Gerolstein-Bettingen|Johann Gerhard]]
| [[County of Manderscheid|Manderscheid-Gerolstein-Bettingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1648}}
| {{Dts|1711}}
|-
|
|[[Raja Vaka of Gonanditya|Raja Vaka]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-665}}
| {{Dts|-602}}
|-
|
| [[Vijaya Sena]]
| '''{{em|[[Sena dynasty]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1096}}
| {{Dts|1159}}
|-
|
| [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar]]
| {{Flag|Brunei}}
| {{Dts|1597}}
| {{Dts|1659}}
| rowspan="12" |62 years
|-
|
| [[Bhima II|Bhola Bhima II]]
| '''{{em|[[Gurjaradesa]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1178}}
| {{Dts|1240}}
|-
|
| [[Charles of Sayn-Altenkirchen|Charles]]
| [[Sayn-Altenkirchen|Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn-Altenkirchen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1741}}
| {{Dts|1803}}
|-
|
| [[Georg II, Count of Montfort-Pfannberg|Georg II]]
| [[Counts of Montfort|Montfort-Pfannberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1482}}
| {{Dts|1544}}
|-
|
| [[Henry I of Isenburg-Grenzau|Henry I]]
| [[Isenburg-Grenzau]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1158}}
| {{Dts|1220}}
|-
| [[File:Adel im Wandel325.jpg|80px]]
| [[Joseph Wilhelm Ernst, Prince of Fürstenberg|Joseph Wilhelm Ernst]]{{efn|In Co-Reign with his father until 1704}}
| [[Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1700}}
| {{Dts|1762}}
|-
|
| [[Kaloji I Panchanji]]
| [[Dhrol]] ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1644}}
| {{Dts|1706}}
|-
|
|[[Oldman (king)|King Oldman]]
| '''{{em|[[Miskito people|Miskito Nation]]}}''' ([[Nicaragua]] and [[Honduras]]) [[Honduras|Honduras]]
|{{Dts|1625}}
|{{Dts|1687}}
|-
|
| [[Madhaba Rautara]]
| '''{{em|[[Chikiti]]-[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|997}}
| {{Dts|1059}}
|-
|
| [[Oubri of Oubritenga|Oubri]]
| '''{{em|[[Oubritenga Province|Oubritenga]]}}''' ([[Nigeria]])
| {{Dts|1182}}
| {{Dts|1244}}
|-
|
| [[List of monarchs of Vietnam#Warring states period|Phạm Phòng Át]]
| '''{{em|[[Phạm Bạch Hổ]]}}''' ([[Vietnam]])
| {{Dts|910}}
| {{Dts|972}}
|-
|
| [[Prithvi Shah of Garhwal|Prithvi Shah]]
| '''{{em|{{flag|Garhwal Kingdom}}}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1552}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1614|1|9}}
|-
|
| [[Bhavsinhji I Ratanji]]
| {{Flagicon image|Bhavnagar.jpg}} [[Bhavnagar State]] ([[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1703}}
| {{Dts|1764}}
| rowspan="15" |61 years
|-
|
| [[Chera Udaya Martanda Varma]]
| '''{{em|[[Venad Cheras|Venadu Chera]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1383}}
| {{Dts|1444}}
|-
|
| [[Cleomenes II]]
| '''{{em|[[Sparta]]}}''' ([[Greece]])
| {{Dts|-370}}
| {{Dts|-309}}
|-
|
| [[Donnchadh of Laighin|Donnchadh Mac Art Mac Murchadha Caomhánach]]
| '''{{em|[[Laigin|Laighin]]}}''' ([[Ireland]])
| {{Dts|1417}}
| {{Dts|1478}}
|-
|
| [[Francis Williams, Altgrave of Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedbur|Francis William]]
| [[Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedbur]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1673}}
| {{Dts|1734}}
|-
|
| [[Hyeokgeose of Silla|Hyeokgeose Geoseogan]]
| '''{{em|[[Silla]]}}''' ([[Korea]])
| {{Dts|-57}}
| {{Dts|4}}
|-
|
| [[Leon II of Abkhazia|Leon II]]
| '''{{em|[[Abasgians|Abasgia]]}}''' (767-778), '''{{em|[[Divan of the Abkhazian Kings|Abkhazia]]}}''' (778-828)
| {{Dts|767}}
| {{Dts|828}}
|-
|
| [[Moritz Kasimir I of Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda|Moritz Kasimir I]]
| [[Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1707}}
| {{Dts|1768}}
|-
|
| [[List of monarchs of Vietnam#Warring states period|Nguyễn Thái Bình]]
| '''{{em|[[Nguyễn Khoan]]}}''' ([[Vietnam]])
| {{Dts|906}}
| {{Dts|967}}
|-
|
| [[Peter II, Count of Urgell|Peter II]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the County of Urgell.svg}} [[County of Urgell|Urgell]] ([[Catalonia|Catalonia, Spain]])
| {{Dts|1347}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1408|6|31}}
|-
|
| [[Orontes III]]
| '''{{em|[[List of Armenian monarchs|Armenia]]}}'''
| {{Dts|-321}}
| {{Dts|-260}}
|-
|
| [[Otto I of Sloms-Braunfels|Otto I]]
| [[Solms-Braunfels]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1349}}
| {{Dts|1410}}
|-
|
| [[Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh of Sirohi|Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh]]
| '''{{em|[[Sirohi State|Sirohi]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1250}}
| {{Dts|1311}}
|-
|
| [[Ravi Varma Chera]]
| '''{{em|[[Venad Cheras|Venadu Chera]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1252}}
| {{Dts|1313}}
|-
|
| [[Winnemar Of Manderscheid|Winnemar]]
| [[County of Manderscheid|Manderscheid]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1206}}
| {{Dts|1267}}
|-
|
| [[Adesida I]]
| [[Akure Kingdom|Kingdom of Akure]] ([[Nigeria]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1897|6|22}}
| {{dts|1957}}
| rowspan="38" |60 years
|-
|
| [[Aescwine of Essex|Aescwine]]
| [[Kingdom of Essex]] ([[Wales]])
| {{Dts|527}}
| {{Dts|587}}
|-
|
| {{ill|Aji Maharaja Sultan|id|vertical-align=sup}}
| '''{{em|[[Kutai Kartanegara Regency|Kutai Kartanegara]]}}''' ([[Indonesia]])
| {{Dts|1360}}
| {{Dts|1420}}
|-
|
| [[Aksha (Monarch)|Aksha]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-460}}
| {{Dts|-400}}
|-
|
| [[Avinita]]
| '''{{em|[[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|469}}
| {{Dts|529}}
|-
| [[File:Egyptian - Intaglio Portrait of Cleopatra II - Walters 421319.jpg|80px]]
| [[Cleopatra II]]
| '''{{em|[[Ptolemaic Egypt]]}}'''
| {{Dts|-175}}
| {{Dts|-115}}
|-
|
| [[Cynan Garwyn]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Powys]]}}''' ([[Wales]])
| {{Dts|550}}
| {{Dts|610}}
|-
|
| [[Kotokuhene Nana Attafua]]
| '''{{em|[[Akyem Kotoku]]}}''' ([[Ghana]])
| {{Dts|1867}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1927|9|25}}
|-
|
| [[Padam Singh Bundela]]
| [[Jigni State]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1730}}
| {{Dts|1790}}
|-
|
| [[Durbar Raja I]]
| '''{{em|[[Kedah Sultanate|Kingdom of Kedah]]}}''' ([[Malaysia]])
| {{Dts|330}}
| {{Dts|390}}
|-
|
| [[Dhāravarṣa (Monarch)|Dhāravarṣa]]
| '''{{em|[[Paramaras of Chandravati|Chandravati]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1160}}
| {{Dts|1220}}
|-
|
| [[Duke Friedrich I|Friedrich I]]
| [[Salm (state)|Salm-Blankenburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1210}}
| {{Dts|1270}}
|-
|
| [[Gerhard I, Count of Hallermund|Gerhard I]]
| [[House of Schwarzburg|Schwarzburg–Hallermund]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1266}}
| {{Dts|1326}}
|-
|
| [[Gopaditya (Monarch)|Gopaditya]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' (India)
| {{Dts|-400}} BC
| {{Dts|format=dmy|-340|12}}
|-
|
|[[Gopinath Birabara Harichandan, Raja of Talcher|Gopinath Birabara Harichandan]]
| {{Flagicon image|Talcher state flag.png}} '''[[Talcher State]]''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1651}}
| {{Dts|1711}}
|-
|
| [[Gusti Ngurah Agung II]]
| [[Tacanan languages|Tabanan]] ([[Dutch Indonesia]])
| Mid {{Dts|1843}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1903|11|21}}
|-
|
| [[Heinrich II of Salm-Blankenburg|Heinrich II]]
| [[Salm (state)|Salm-Blankenburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1301}}
| {{Dts|1361}}
|-
| [[File:Dinastie della grecia occidentale, hieron II, 32 litri di siracusa, 274-216 ac ca.JPG|80px]]
| [[Hiero II of Syracuse|Hiero II]]
| '''{{em|[[Tyrant of Syracuse|Syracuse]]}}''' ([[Sicily, Italy]])
| {{Dts|-275}}
| {{Dts|-215}}
|-
|
| [[Hiranyakula (Monarch)|Hiranyakula]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|855}}
| {{Dts|795}}
|-
| [[File:HunCoinDerivedFromSassanianDesign5thCE.JPG|80px]]
| [[Khingila]]
| '''{{em|[[Alchon Huns]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|430}}
| {{Dts|490}}
|-
|
| [[Krishna Chandra Mardraj Harichandan]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Government of India Press |title=Memoranda on the Indian States |date=1939 |isbn=0333631420 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275348/page/n143/mode/2up?view=theater|page=136|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
| [[Nilgiri State|Nilagiri State]]{{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{Dts|1833}}
| {{Dts|1893}}
|-
|
| [[Kualii (Monarch)|Kualii]]
| '''{{em|[[Aliʻi nui of Kauai|Kauaʻi]]}}''' ([[Hawaii, United States]])
| {{Dts|1670}}
| {{Dts|1730}}
|-
|
| [[Ludwig of Slam-Blankenburg|Ludwig]]
|[[Salm-Blankenburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1443}}
| {{Dts|1503}}
|-
| [[File:Mathilde und Hugo von Cluny als Fürsprecher Heinrichs IV. (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Matilda of Tuscany|Matilda]]
| [[List of rulers of Tuscany|Margraviate of Tuscany]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]] ''[[De jure]]'')
| {{Dts|1055}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1115|7|23}}
|-
|
| [[Mayadunne of Sri Lanka|Mayadunne]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Sitawaka]]}}''' ([[Sri Lanka]])
| {{Dts|1521}}
| {{Dts|1581}}
|-
|
| [[Mölambo]]
| '''{{em|[[Bubi people|Bubi Kingdom]]}}''' ([[Nigeria]])
| {{Dts|1700}}
| {{Dts|1760}}
|-
|
| [[Mutasiva of Sri Lanka|Mutasiva]]
| '''{{em|[[Anuradhapura Kingdom]]}}''' ([[Sri Lanka]])
| {{Dts|-367}}
| {{Dts|-307}}
|-
|
| [[Nara II of Gonanditya Dynasty|Nara II]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-520}}
| {{Dts|-460}}
|-
|
| [[Pawl of Glywysing|Pawl]]
| '''{{em|[[Glywysing|Kingdom of Glywysing]]}}''' ([[Wales]])
| {{Dts|480}}
| {{Dts|540}}
|-
| [[File:Place sttKingBhramamaharaja.jpg|80px]]
| [[Phromkuman]]
| '''{{em|[[Singhanavati]]}}''' ([[Thailand]])
| {{Dts|1029}}
| {{Dts|1089}}
|-
|
| [[Pravarasena I|Pravarsena I the Great]]
| '''{{em|[[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|275}}
| {{Dts|335}}
|-
|
| [[Sejakji, Thakore Sahib of Sejakpur]]
| '''{{em|[[Sejakpur, Jhalawar]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1194}}
| {{Dts|1254}}
|-
|
| [[Siddha]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|983}}
| {{Dts|923}}
|-
|
| [[Sophie of Bar|Sophie]]
| [[Duchy of Bar|County of Bar]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1033}}
| {{Dts|1093}}
|-
| [[File:Post-Kushan Gandhara Kidara Shahis Sri Pravarasena Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.jpg|80px]]
| [[Sri Pravarasena|Sri Pravarasena II]]
| '''{{em|[[Alchon Huns]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|530}}
| {{Dts|590}}
|-
|
| [[Vanaraja Chavda|Vanaraja]]
| '''{{em|[[Chavda dynasty|Chavada]]/[[Anahilavada|Anahilawada]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|846}}
| {{Dts|906}}
|-
|
| [[Vanghoji II Rao]]
| '''{{em|[[Phaltan State]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1570}}
| {{Dts|1630}}
|-
|
| [[Vasukula Mukula (Monarch)|Vasukula Mukula]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-795}}
| {{Dts|-735}}
|-
|
| [[Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya]]
| '''{{em|[[Chera dynasty|Kodungallur Chera]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|962}}
| {{Dts|1021}}
| rowspan="18" |59 years
|-
|
| [[Bu Jiang]]
| '''{{em|[[Xia dynasty]]}}''' ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-1890}}
| {{Dts|-1831}}
|-
|
| [[David I Anhoghin]]
| '''{{em|[[Tashir-Dzoraget]]}}''' ([[Armenia]])
| {{Dts|989}}
| {{Dts|1048}}
|-
|
| [[Eberhard IV, Count of Werdenberg-Trochtelfingen|Eberhard IV]]
| [[Trochtelfingen|Werdenberg-Trochtelfingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1416|10}}
| Winter {{Dts|1475}}
|-
| [[File:Queen-Himiko-Museum-Yayoi-Culture.png|80px]]
| [[Himiko]]
| '''{{em|[[Yamatai]]}}''' ([[Japan]])
| {{Dts|189}}
| {{Dts|248}}
|-
|
| [[Duke Hu of Chen|Hu]]
| [[Chen (state)|State of Chen]] ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-1045}}
| {{Dts|-986}}
|-
|
| [[Gerlach II of Isenburg-Covern|Gerlach II]]
| [[Isenburg-Covern]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1158}}
| {{Dts|1217}}
|-
| [[File:Duc de Berry.jpg|80px]]
| [[John, Duke of Berry|John the Magnificent]]
| [[Poitou]] ([[France]])
| {{Dts|1357}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1416|6|15}}
|-
|
| [[Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur]]
| '''{{em|[[Malerkotla State#History|Jagir of Maler]]}}''' (1600–1657) '''{{em|[[Malerkotla State]]}}''' (1657–1659) ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1600}}
| {{Dts|1659}}
|-
|
| [[Nawab Asad Ali Khan (1783-1864)|Nawab Asad Ali Khan]]
| [[Basoda State]]{{Efn|name=BI}}
| {{Dts|1800}}{{pb}}{{Dts|format=dmy|1822|5|11}}{{efn|Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years.}}
| {{Dts|1817}}{{pb}}{{Dts|format=dmy|1864|5|22}}
|-
|
| [[List of monarchs of Vietnam#Warring states period|Nguyễn Lệnh công/Vũ Ninh vương]]{{efn|Disputed name or ruler has two names.}}
| '''{{em|[[Nguyễn Thủ Tiệp]]}}''' ([[Vietnam]])
| {{Dts|908}}
| {{Dts|967}}
|-
|
| [[Konrad I the Scheerer]]
|[[Counts of Tübingen|Tübingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1317}}
| {{Dts|1376}}
|-
|
| [[Otto I of Slam-Kyrburg|Otto I]]
| [[Salm-Kyrburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1548}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1607|6|7}}
|-
|
| [[Raja Adesinhji I]]
|[[Bhaderwah]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1722}}
| {{Dts|1781}}
|-
|
| [[Renaud II, Count of Orange]]
|[[Principality of Orange]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1062}}
| {{Dts|1121}}
|-
| [[File:Shahi Tegin 728 CE.jpg|80px]]
| [[Tegin Shah|Sri Tegin Shah]]
| '''{{em|[[Turk Shahis]]/[[Kabul Shahis]]}}''' ([[Afghanistan]])
| Autumn {{Dts|680}}
| {{Dts|739}}
|-
|
| [[William III, Count of Toulouse|William III]]
| [[County of Toulouse]] ([[France]])
| {{Dts|978}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1037|9|30}}
|-
|
| [[William IV, Count of Jülich|William IV]]
| [[County of Jülich|Jülich]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1219}}
| {{Dts|1278}}
|-
|
| [[Dridhasena (Monarch)|Dridhasena]]
| '''{{em|[[Brihadratha dynasty|Brihadratha]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-970}}
| {{Dts|-912}}
| rowspan="23" |58 years
|-
| [[File:Zitonga Gomani II.jpg|80px]]
| [[Gomani II|Gomani II Phillip]]{{efn|He had Regents until 1921.}}
| '''{{em|[[List of rulers of the Ngoni Dynasty of Maseko (Gomani)|Maseko]]}}''' ([[Malawi]])
| {{Dts|1896}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1954|5|12}}
|-
|
| [[Guled Abdi (Sultan)|Guled Abdi]]
| '''{{em|[[Isaaq Sultanate]]}}''' ([[Somaliland]])
| {{Dts|1750}}
| {{Dts|1808}}
|-
| [[File:Flateyjarbok Haraldr Halfdan.jpg|80px]]
| [[Harald Fairhair|Harald I Fairhair]]
| '''{{em|{{Flag|Norway}}}}'''
| {{Dts|872}}
| {{Dts|930}}
|-
| [[File:Heinrich II. (Baden-Hachberg).jpg|80px]]
| [[Henry II, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg|Henry II]]
|[[List of rulers of Baden|Baden-Hachberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1231}}
| {{Dts|1289}}
|-
|
| [[Henry IV of Henneberg Schleusingen|Henry IV]]
| [[House of Henneberg|Henneberg-Schleusingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1347}}
| {{Dts|1405}}
|-
|
| [[Mwezi IV of Burundi|Mwezi IV Gisabo]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Burundi]]}}'''{{efn|Part of [[German East Africa]] from 1890.}}
| {{Dts|1850}}
| {{Dts|1908}}
|-
|
| [[King Nan of Zhou|Nan]]
| '''{{em|[[Zhou dynasty]]}}''' ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-314}}
| {{Dts|-256}}
|-
|
| [[Rudolf II, Count of Sargans|Rudolf II]]
| [[County of Sargans#House of Werdenberg|Sargans-Werdenberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1264}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1322|12|30}}
|-
|
| [[Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan]]
| '''{{em|[[Chera Dynasty]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|130}}
| {{Dts|188}}
|-
|
| [[Jadumani Rautara]]
| '''{{em|[[Chikiti]]-[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]}}''' ([[India]])
| Winter {{Dts|1633}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1691|12|31}}
|-
|
| [[Jayaba Mukne]]
| '''{{em|[[Jawhar State]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1307}}
| {{Dts|1365}}
|-
|
|[[King Obunumankoma]]
| '''{{em|[[Bono state|Bono-Tekyiman]]}}''' ([[Ghana]])
|{{Dts|1363}}
|{{Dts|1431}}
|-
|
| [[Muhammad Shafi Ud-Din II]]
| '''{{em|[[Sultanate of Sambas]]}}''' ([[Borneo]])
| {{Dts|1866}}
| {{Dts|1924}}
|-
|
| [[Mulraj II]]
| [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1762}}
| {{Dts|1820}}
|-
|
| [[Rajapala]]
| '''{{em|[[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|960}}
| {{Dts|1018}}
|-
|
| [[Ramasimhadeva]]
| '''{{em|[[Karnata]]}}''' ([[India]])
| 1227
| 1285
|-
|
| [[Rawat Shri Suraj Mal Sahib]]
| '''{{em|[[Devgarh district|Devgarh]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1473}}
| {{Dts|1531}}
|-
| [[File:Rudolf-I-von-Sachsen.jpg|80px]]
| [[Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg|Rudolph I]]
| [[Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg|Saxe-Wittenberg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1298}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1356|3|12}}
|-
|
| [[Suchi (Monarch)|Suchi]]
| '''{{em|[[Brihadratha dynasty|Brihadratha]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-1257}}
| {{Dts|-1199}}
|-
|
| [[Somadhi (Monarch)|Somadhi]]
| '''{{em|[[Brihadratha dynasty|Brihadratha]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-1661}}
| {{Dts|-1603}}
|-
|
| [[Sukshatra (Monarch)|Sukshatra]]
| '''{{em|[[Brihadratha dynasty|Brihadratha]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|-1463}}
| {{Dts|-1405}}
|-
|
|[[Tuoba Liwei|Tuoba Liwei/Emperor Shenyuan]]
| '''{{em|[[Tuoba|Tuoba Clan]]}}''' (China)
|{{Dts|219}}
|{{Dts|277}}
|-
|
| [[Adolf Ludwig Wilhelm of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Karlsburg|Adolf Ludwig Wilhelm]]
| [[Sayn-Wittgenstein-Karlsburg]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1749}}
| {{Dts|1806}}
| rowspan="24" |57 years
|-
|
| [[Balabhadra Rautara]]
| '''{{em|[[Chikiti]]-[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|840}}
| {{Dts|897}}
|-
|
| [[Bajradhar Narendra]]
| [[Ranpur State|Ranpur]] ([[India]])
| {{Dts|1842}}
| {{Dts|1899|7|12}}
|-
|
| [[Bernhard I of Bentheim-Bentheim|Bernhard I]]
| [[Bentheim-Bentheim]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1364}}
| {{Dts|1421}}
|-
|
| [[Birakesari Deva I Bhagirathi Deva]]
| [[Khurda Kingdom]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1736}}
| {{Dts|1793}}
|-
|
|[[Deria Sugulle Ainanshe]]
| '''{{em|[[Habr Yunis Sultanate]]}}''' ([[Somaliland]])
|{{Dts|1797}}
|{{Dts|1854}}
|-
|
| [[Gokarna (Monarch)|Gokarna]]
| '''{{em|[[Gonanda dynasty|Gonanditya]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|format=dmy|340|12}}
| Early {{Dts|282}}
|-
|
| [[Jaswant Singh Of Nabha|Jaswant Singh]]
| [[Nabha State|Nabha]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1783}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1840|5|22}}
|-
|
| [[Duke Jing of Qi|Jing]]
| '''{{em|[[Qi (state)|Qi]]}}''' ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-547}}
| {{Dts|-490}}
|-
|
| [[John of Waldberg-Waldsee|John]]
| [[Waldburg-Waldsee]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1667}}
| {{Dts|1724}}
|-
|
| [[John II, Count of Auxerre|John II]]
| [[County of Auxerre|Auxerre]] ([[France]])
| {{Dts|1304}}
| {{Dts|1361}}
|-
| [[File:Pharasmanes I, by TAILLASSON, JJ.jpg|80px]]
| [[Pharasmanes I of Iberia|Pharasmanes I the Great]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Iberia]]}}''' ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
| {{Dts|1}}
| {{Dts|58}}
|-
|
| [[Prithvi Chand (Ruler)|Prithvi Chand]]
| '''{{em|[[Baghal State]]}}''' ([[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1670}}
| {{Dts|1727}}
|-
|
| [[Kori of Oyo|Kori]]
| '''{{em|[[Oyo Empire]]}}''' ([[Nigeria]])
| {{Dts|1300}}
| {{Dts|1357}}
|-
| [[File:Mithridates VI Louvre.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mithridates VI Eupator|Mithridates VI]]
| '''{{em|[[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]]}}''' ([[Turkey]])
| {{Dts|-120}}
| {{Dts|-63}}
|-
|
| [[Nasir al-Din Muhammad]]
| '''{{em|[[Mihrabanid dynasty]]}}'''
| {{Dts|1261}}
| {{Dts|1318}}
|-
|
| [[Rhain ap Maredudd]]
| [[Kingdom of Dyfed]] ([[Wales]])
| {{Dts|740}}
| {{Dts|797}}
|-
| [[File:Sargon of Akkad on his victory stele.jpg|80px]]
| [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon]]
| '''{{em|[[Akkadian Empire]]}}'''([[Iraq]])
| {{Dts|-2272}}
| {{Dts|-2215}}
|-
|
| [[Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi|Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi]]
| '''{{em|[[Emirate of Fujairah]]}}''' ([[United Arab Emirates]])
| {{Dts|1879}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1936|12|31}}
|-
|
| [[Sourigna Vongsa]]
| '''{{em|[[Lan Xang]]}}''' ([[Laos]])
| {{Dts|1637}}
| {{Dts|1694}}
|-
| [[File:MYSIA, Adramytion. Orontes. Satrap of Mysia, Circa 357-352 BC. Æ 10 mm (1.10 g). Head of satrap right.jpg|80px]]
| [[Orontes I]]
| '''{{em|[[Armenia]]}}'''
| {{Dts|-401}}
| {{Dts|-344}}
|-
| [[File:Usiaslau sr 2005.gif|80px]]
| [[Vseslav of Polotsk|Vseslav II Bryachislavich]]{{efn|He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.}}
| '''{{em|[[Principality of Polotsk|Polotsk]]}}''' ([[Belarus]])
| {{Dts|1044}}
| {{Dts|1101}}
|-
|
| [[List of Shan States rulers|Yi Hham Hka]]
| '''{{em|[[Kengtung Township|Kengtung]]}}''' ([[Myanmar]])
| {{Dts|1403}}
| {{Dts|1460}}
|-
|
| [[King Zhaoxiang of Qin|Zhaoxiang]]
| '''{{em|[[Qin (state)|Qin]]}}''' ([[China]])
| {{Dts|-307}}
| {{Dts|-250}}
|-
|
| [[Abas I of Lori|Abas I]]
| '''{{em|[[Tashir-Dzoraget]]}}''' ([[Armenia]])
| {{Dts|989}}
| {{Dts|1045}}
| rowspan="15" |56 Years
|-
|
| [[Berthold IV Von Henneberg-Schleusingen|Berthold IV]]
| [[House of Henneberg|Henneberg-Schleusingen]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|1284}}
| {{Dts|1340}}
|-
|
|[[Bhup Singh, Raja of Nalagarh|Bhup Singh]]
|[[Nalagarh State]] (British India from 1712)
|{{Dts|1705}}
|{{Dts|1761}}
|-
|
| [[Eberhard III Of Nordgau|Eberhard III]]
| [[Duchy of Alsace|Nordgau]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
| {{Dts|864}}
| {{Dts|920}}
|-
|[[File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Genghis Khan]]
| '''{{em|[[Khamag Mongol]]}}''' (1171–1206)
'''{{em|[[Mongol Empire]]}}''' (1206–1227)
|{{Dts|1171}}
|{{Dts|1227|8|25|format=dmy}}
|-
| [[File:Gruffydd ap Cynan.jpg|80px]]
| [[Gruffudd ap Cynan]]
| '''{{em|[[King of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]]}}''' ([[Wales]])
| {{Dts|1081}}
| {{Dts|1137}}
|-
|
| [[Harendra Narayan (Monarch)|Harendra Narayan]]
| [[Cooch Behar State]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1783}}
| {{Dts|1839}}
|-
|
| [[Idris Ibn Abi Bakr]]
| '''{{em|{{ill|Dar Qimr|ca|vertical-align=sup}}}}''' ([[Sudan]])
| {{Dts|1879}}
| {{Dts|1935}}
|-
|
| [[Mun of Balhae|Mun]]
| '''{{em|[[Balhae]]}}''' ([[Korea]])
| {{Dts|737}}
| {{Dts|793}}
|-
|
| [[Nripati Beta I Garuda]]
| '''{{em|[[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Dynasty]]}}''' ([[India]])
| {{Dts|995}}
| {{Dts|1051}}
|-
|
| [[Prithvisimhji Gajsinhji]]
| [[Danta State]] ([[British India]] from 1712)
| {{Dts|1687}}
| {{Dts|1743}}
|-
|
| [[Qasim Yaqut Khan]]
| [[Jafarabad State]] ([[British India]] from 1712)
| 1678
| 1734
|-
|
| [[Sartanji II Vikmatj]]i
| [[Porbandar State]] ([[British India]])
| {{Dts|1757}}
| {{Dts|1813}}
|-
|
| [[Sultan Mustafa of Kota Pinang|Sultan Mustafa]]
| [[Kota Pinang]] ([[Dutch Indonesia]] from 1816)
| {{Dts|1815}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1871|8|28}}
|-
|
|[[Theodoric III of Montbéliard|Theodoric III]]
|[[County of Montbéliard]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]])
|{{Dts|1227}}
|{{Dts|1283}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign]]
* [[List of shortest-reigning monarchs]]
* [[List of oldest living state leaders]]
* [[Lists of state leaders by age]]
* [[Lists of state leaders]]
* [[Records of heads of state]]
* [[List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Lists of the oldest people by specific groups|state=expanded}}
{{Longevity}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Monarchies}}
{{Crowns}}
}}

[[Category:Lists of monarchs by length of reign| ]]
[[Category:History-related lists of superlatives|Longest-reigning monarchs]]
[[Category:Lists of longest serving people by occupation|Monarchs]]

Province of Soria

2022-05-26T07:02:24Z

Peyerk: /* Municipalities */

{{Short description|Province of Spain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Soria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| type = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag Soria province.svg
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Soria Province.svg
| shield_size =
| shield_alt =
| motto =
| anthem =
| image_map = Soria in Spain.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Spain with Soria highlighted
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|41|40|N|02|40|W|region:ES_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Castile and León]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Soria]]
| government_type =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 10,303
| area_rank = [[List of Spanish provinces by area|Ranked 23rd]]
| area_note = 2.04% of Spain
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s)
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Castilian language|Castilian]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 90040
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_rank = [[List of Spanish provinces by population|Ranked 50th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = {{lang-es|Soriano/a}}
| population_note = 0.20% of Spain
| blank_name_sec2 = Parliament
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Cortes Generales]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress seats]]
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Spanish Senate|Senate seats]]
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| blank3_name_sec2 =
| blank3_info_sec2 =
| time_zone =
| utc_offset =
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| website = [http://www.dipsoria.es/ dipsoria.es]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Soria''' is a [[Province (Spain)|province]] of central [[Spain]], in the eastern part of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Castile-Leon|Castile and León]]. Most of the province is in the [[mountainous]] [[Sistema Ibérico]] area.

== Demographics ==

It is bordered by the provinces of [[La Rioja (autonomous community)|La Rioja]], [[Zaragoza (province)|Zaragoza]], [[Guadalajara (province)|Guadalajara]], [[Segovia (province)|Segovia]], and [[Burgos (province)|Burgos]]. Soria is the least populous of all of Spain's provinces,<ref name=Crw>{{cite web|title=Soria Province|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es-cl-so.html|website=Crwflags|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> with a density of around 9 inhabitants/km2—one of the lowest in the [[European Union]]. The average population density of provinces in Spain and European Union are 83.6 and 116 inhabitants per square km respectively.<ref name=Demographics>{{cite web|title=Plan de Actuación Específico para Soria, 2005|trans-title=Specific Action Plan for Soria, 2005|url=http://www.la-moncloa.es/NR/rdonlyres/25A235D3-0D46-4D80-9EA6-52C24EA2C34D/72820/PlanSoria_2005_2007.pdf|publisher=Council of Ministers of Spain|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es}}</ref> In comparison, the Soria province is less dense than some northern parts of the [[Nordic countries]].

Of the province's population of 91,487 (2002), nearly 40% live in the capital, [[Soria]]. 26.7% of its population was above 65 years of age while the nation's average is 16.9%.<ref name=Demographics/> There are 183 municipalities in Soria, of which nearly half are hamlets of under 100 people<ref name=Demographics/> and of which only 12 have more than 1000 people. The cathedral town of the province is [[Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma, Soria|El Burgo de Osma]].

===Population development===
The historical population is given in the following chart:
<timeline>
Colors=
id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
id:darkgrey value:gray(0.7)
id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)

ImageSize = width:600 height:auto barincrement:30
PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:200
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
AlignBars = late
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:20 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

PlotData=
color:skyblue width:20 shift:(-50,-5) fontsize:M anchor:till
bar:1900 from:0 till:155 text:155,277
bar:1910 from:0 till:162 text:162,011
bar:1920 from:0 till:159 text:159,392
bar:1930 from:0 till:163 text:162,681
bar:1940 from:0 till:166 text:165,855
bar:1950 from:0 till:165 text:164,575
bar:1960 from:0 till:152 text:152,426
bar:1970 from:0 till:117 text:117,462
bar:1981 from:0 till:101 text:100,719
bar:1991 from:0 till:95 text:94,537
bar:2000 from:0 till:91 text:90,911
bar:2010 from:0 till:95 text:95,258
bar:2020 from:0 till:88 text:88,884
TextData=
pos:(35,20) fontsize:M
text:"Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE"
</timeline>

==Economy==
The province's most important agricultural products are cereals. In the 1950s there were a total of 70,000 hectares cultivated land, but excessive fragmentation and lack of mechanization resulted in a very low productivity.<ref name=Emilio>Ruiz, Emilio (2001). Historia Economica de Soria. CSIC</ref> In 1960, while the agricultural sector accounted for 69% of workers in the province, 70% of farms were used exclusively for animal rearing. There are currently about 100,000 hectares of land in the province dedicated to the cultivation of wheat and other 100,000 hectares for barley cultivation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Villarroel|first1=Isabel G.|title=Soria registró en 2013 una veintena menos de profesionales agrarios|trans-title=Soria recorded in 2013 less than twenty agricultural professionals|url=http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/20131230/local/soria/soria-registro-2013-veintena-201312301750.html|website=Elnorte de Castilla|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|date=30 December 2013}}</ref>

The indigenous forest resources are also being exploited for timber, resin and collecting mushrooms. Marble quarries are located in Espejón while Sierra de Toranzo and Ólvega have iron mines. Magnetite sources are also being exploited in Borobia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Respaldo unánime a la mina de Borobia y al desarrollo industrial|trans-title=Unanimous support for mine and industrial development Borobia|url=http://www.diariodesoria.es/respaldo-unanime-a-la-mina-de-borobia-y-al-desarrollo-industrial.html|website=Diario de Soria|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108021758/http://www.diariodesoria.es/respaldo-unanime-a-la-mina-de-borobia-y-al-desarrollo-industrial.html|archive-date=8 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The capital city Soria is an important tourist destination. While the agricultural sector has a very high contribution to [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of the province, the industrial sector represents a small proportion, just over 20% of GDP.<ref name=Demographics/> Apart from these the province also has important food, [[wood processing]], furniture production and auxiliary automotive components industries.

== Subdivision ==
=== Comarcas ===

[[File:Comarcas de Soria mapa.svg|250px|thumb|left|Map showing the comarcas of the Province of Soria]]
Soria has 183 municipalities divided in 10 comarcas:

* [[Comarca de Almazán]]
* [[Comarca de Berlanga]]
* [[Comarca de Burgo de Osma]]
* [[Comarca de Campo de Gómara]]
* [[El Valle (Soria)|Comarca de El Valle]]
* [[Comarca de Pinares]]
* [[Comarca de Soria]]
* [[Tierras Altas (Soria)|Comarca de Tierras Altas]]
* [[Comarca del Moncayo]]
* [[Tierra de Medinaceli]]

==Coat of arms==
The province's coat of arms bears the motto ''Soria pura, cabeza de estremadura'', which means "Soria the pure, head of the borderland",<ref>{{cite web|title=Escudo official|url=http://www.dipsoria.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descargar/fichero.documentos_Escudo_Oficial_fabf1d19%232E%23pdf|website=Dipsoria|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915113917/http://www.dipsoria.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descargar/fichero.documentos_Escudo_Oficial_fabf1d19%232E%23pdf|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> as Soria was centuries ago on the expanding borders between the northern Christian kingdoms and the territories then held by the Muslims.

== Municipalities ==
{{Main|List of municipalities in Soria}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Province of Soria}}

{{Provinces of Spain}}
{{Municipalities in Soria}}
{{Portal bar|Spain}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soria, Province of}}
[[Category:Province of Soria| ]]

Province of Soria

2022-05-26T06:59:03Z

Peyerk: /* Demographics */Ridiculous claim on Iceland removed.

{{Short description|Province of Spain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Soria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| type = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag Soria province.svg
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Soria Province.svg
| shield_size =
| shield_alt =
| motto =
| anthem =
| image_map = Soria in Spain.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Spain with Soria highlighted
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|41|40|N|02|40|W|region:ES_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Castile and León]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Soria]]
| government_type =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 10,303
| area_rank = [[List of Spanish provinces by area|Ranked 23rd]]
| area_note = 2.04% of Spain
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s)
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Castilian language|Castilian]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 90040
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_rank = [[List of Spanish provinces by population|Ranked 50th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = {{lang-es|Soriano/a}}
| population_note = 0.20% of Spain
| blank_name_sec2 = Parliament
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Cortes Generales]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress seats]]
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Spanish Senate|Senate seats]]
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| blank3_name_sec2 =
| blank3_info_sec2 =
| time_zone =
| utc_offset =
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| website = [http://www.dipsoria.es/ dipsoria.es]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Soria''' is a [[Province (Spain)|province]] of central [[Spain]], in the eastern part of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Castile-Leon|Castile and León]]. Most of the province is in the [[mountainous]] [[Sistema Ibérico]] area.

== Demographics ==

It is bordered by the provinces of [[La Rioja (autonomous community)|La Rioja]], [[Zaragoza (province)|Zaragoza]], [[Guadalajara (province)|Guadalajara]], [[Segovia (province)|Segovia]], and [[Burgos (province)|Burgos]]. Soria is the least populous of all of Spain's provinces,<ref name=Crw>{{cite web|title=Soria Province|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es-cl-so.html|website=Crwflags|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> with a density of around 9 inhabitants/km2—one of the lowest in the [[European Union]]. The average population density of provinces in Spain and European Union are 83.6 and 116 inhabitants per square km respectively.<ref name=Demographics>{{cite web|title=Plan de Actuación Específico para Soria, 2005|trans-title=Specific Action Plan for Soria, 2005|url=http://www.la-moncloa.es/NR/rdonlyres/25A235D3-0D46-4D80-9EA6-52C24EA2C34D/72820/PlanSoria_2005_2007.pdf|publisher=Council of Ministers of Spain|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es}}</ref> In comparison, the Soria province is less dense than some northern parts of the [[Nordic countries]].

Of the province's population of 91,487 (2002), nearly 40% live in the capital, [[Soria]]. 26.7% of its population was above 65 years of age while the nation's average is 16.9%.<ref name=Demographics/> There are 183 municipalities in Soria, of which nearly half are hamlets of under 100 people<ref name=Demographics/> and of which only 12 have more than 1000 people. The cathedral town of the province is [[Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma, Soria|El Burgo de Osma]].

===Population development===
The historical population is given in the following chart:
<timeline>
Colors=
id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
id:darkgrey value:gray(0.7)
id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)

ImageSize = width:600 height:auto barincrement:30
PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:200
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
AlignBars = late
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:20 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

PlotData=
color:skyblue width:20 shift:(-50,-5) fontsize:M anchor:till
bar:1900 from:0 till:155 text:155,277
bar:1910 from:0 till:162 text:162,011
bar:1920 from:0 till:159 text:159,392
bar:1930 from:0 till:163 text:162,681
bar:1940 from:0 till:166 text:165,855
bar:1950 from:0 till:165 text:164,575
bar:1960 from:0 till:152 text:152,426
bar:1970 from:0 till:117 text:117,462
bar:1981 from:0 till:101 text:100,719
bar:1991 from:0 till:95 text:94,537
bar:2000 from:0 till:91 text:90,911
bar:2010 from:0 till:95 text:95,258
bar:2020 from:0 till:88 text:88,884
TextData=
pos:(35,20) fontsize:M
text:"Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE"
</timeline>

==Economy==
The province's most important agricultural products are cereals. In the 1950s there were a total of 70,000 hectares cultivated land, but excessive fragmentation and lack of mechanization resulted in a very low productivity.<ref name=Emilio>Ruiz, Emilio (2001). Historia Economica de Soria. CSIC</ref> In 1960, while the agricultural sector accounted for 69% of workers in the province, 70% of farms were used exclusively for animal rearing. There are currently about 100,000 hectares of land in the province dedicated to the cultivation of wheat and other 100,000 hectares for barley cultivation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Villarroel|first1=Isabel G.|title=Soria registró en 2013 una veintena menos de profesionales agrarios|trans-title=Soria recorded in 2013 less than twenty agricultural professionals|url=http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/20131230/local/soria/soria-registro-2013-veintena-201312301750.html|website=Elnorte de Castilla|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|date=30 December 2013}}</ref>

The indigenous forest resources are also being exploited for timber, resin and collecting mushrooms. Marble quarries are located in Espejón while Sierra de Toranzo and Ólvega have iron mines. Magnetite sources are also being exploited in Borobia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Respaldo unánime a la mina de Borobia y al desarrollo industrial|trans-title=Unanimous support for mine and industrial development Borobia|url=http://www.diariodesoria.es/respaldo-unanime-a-la-mina-de-borobia-y-al-desarrollo-industrial.html|website=Diario de Soria|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108021758/http://www.diariodesoria.es/respaldo-unanime-a-la-mina-de-borobia-y-al-desarrollo-industrial.html|archive-date=8 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The capital city Soria is an important tourist destination. While the agricultural sector has a very high contribution to [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of the province, the industrial sector represents a small proportion, just over 20% of GDP.<ref name=Demographics/> Apart from these the province also has important food, [[wood processing]], furniture production and auxiliary automotive components industries.

== Subdivision ==
=== Comarcas ===

[[File:Comarcas de Soria mapa.svg|250px|thumb|left|Map showing the comarcas of the Province of Soria]]
Soria has 183 municipalities divided in 10 comarcas:

* [[Comarca de Almazán]]
* [[Comarca de Berlanga]]
* [[Comarca de Burgo de Osma]]
* [[Comarca de Campo de Gómara]]
* [[El Valle (Soria)|Comarca de El Valle]]
* [[Comarca de Pinares]]
* [[Comarca de Soria]]
* [[Tierras Altas (Soria)|Comarca de Tierras Altas]]
* [[Comarca del Moncayo]]
* [[Tierra de Medinaceli]]

==Coat of arms==
The province's coat of arms bears the motto ''Soria pura, cabeza de estremadura'', which means "Soria the pure, head of the borderland",<ref>{{cite web|title=Escudo official|url=http://www.dipsoria.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descargar/fichero.documentos_Escudo_Oficial_fabf1d19%232E%23pdf|website=Dipsoria|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915113917/http://www.dipsoria.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descargar/fichero.documentos_Escudo_Oficial_fabf1d19%232E%23pdf|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> as Soria was centuries ago on the expanding borders between the northern Christian kingdoms and the territories then held by the Muslims.

=== Municipalities ===
{{Main|List of municipalities in Soria}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Province of Soria}}

{{Provinces of Spain}}
{{Municipalities in Soria}}
{{Portal bar|Spain}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soria, Province of}}
[[Category:Province of Soria| ]]

Province of Soria

2022-05-26T06:56:48Z

Peyerk: Undefined and unfounded claim removed.

{{Short description|Province of Spain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Soria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| type = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag Soria province.svg
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Soria Province.svg
| shield_size =
| shield_alt =
| motto =
| anthem =
| image_map = Soria in Spain.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Spain with Soria highlighted
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|41|40|N|02|40|W|region:ES_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Castile and León]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Soria]]
| government_type =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 10,303
| area_rank = [[List of Spanish provinces by area|Ranked 23rd]]
| area_note = 2.04% of Spain
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s)
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Castilian language|Castilian]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 90040
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_rank = [[List of Spanish provinces by population|Ranked 50th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = {{lang-es|Soriano/a}}
| population_note = 0.20% of Spain
| blank_name_sec2 = Parliament
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Cortes Generales]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress seats]]
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Spanish Senate|Senate seats]]
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| blank3_name_sec2 =
| blank3_info_sec2 =
| time_zone =
| utc_offset =
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| website = [http://www.dipsoria.es/ dipsoria.es]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Soria''' is a [[Province (Spain)|province]] of central [[Spain]], in the eastern part of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Castile-Leon|Castile and León]]. Most of the province is in the [[mountainous]] [[Sistema Ibérico]] area.

== Demographics ==

It is bordered by the provinces of [[La Rioja (autonomous community)|La Rioja]], [[Zaragoza (province)|Zaragoza]], [[Guadalajara (province)|Guadalajara]], [[Segovia (province)|Segovia]], and [[Burgos (province)|Burgos]]. Soria is the least populous of all of Spain's provinces,<ref name=Crw>{{cite web|title=Soria Province|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es-cl-so.html|website=Crwflags|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> with a density of around 9 inhabitants/km2—one of the lowest in the [[European Union]]. The average population density of provinces in Spain and European Union are 83.6 and 116 inhabitants per square km respectively.<ref name=Demographics>{{cite web|title=Plan de Actuación Específico para Soria, 2005|trans-title=Specific Action Plan for Soria, 2005|url=http://www.la-moncloa.es/NR/rdonlyres/25A235D3-0D46-4D80-9EA6-52C24EA2C34D/72820/PlanSoria_2005_2007.pdf|publisher=Council of Ministers of Spain|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es}}</ref> In comparison, the Soria province is less dense than a lot of the northern parts of the [[Nordic countries]] including glacier-filled [[Iceland]].

Of the province's population of 91,487 (2002), nearly 40% live in the capital, [[Soria]]. 26.7% of its population was above 65 years of age while the nation's average is 16.9%.<ref name=Demographics/> There are 183 municipalities in Soria, of which nearly half are hamlets of under 100 people<ref name=Demographics/> and of which only 12 have more than 1000 people. The cathedral town of the province is [[Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma, Soria|El Burgo de Osma]].

===Population development===
The historical population is given in the following chart:
<timeline>
Colors=
id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
id:darkgrey value:gray(0.7)
id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)

ImageSize = width:600 height:auto barincrement:30
PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:200
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
AlignBars = late
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:20 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

PlotData=
color:skyblue width:20 shift:(-50,-5) fontsize:M anchor:till
bar:1900 from:0 till:155 text:155,277
bar:1910 from:0 till:162 text:162,011
bar:1920 from:0 till:159 text:159,392
bar:1930 from:0 till:163 text:162,681
bar:1940 from:0 till:166 text:165,855
bar:1950 from:0 till:165 text:164,575
bar:1960 from:0 till:152 text:152,426
bar:1970 from:0 till:117 text:117,462
bar:1981 from:0 till:101 text:100,719
bar:1991 from:0 till:95 text:94,537
bar:2000 from:0 till:91 text:90,911
bar:2010 from:0 till:95 text:95,258
bar:2020 from:0 till:88 text:88,884
TextData=
pos:(35,20) fontsize:M
text:"Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE"
</timeline>

==Economy==
The province's most important agricultural products are cereals. In the 1950s there were a total of 70,000 hectares cultivated land, but excessive fragmentation and lack of mechanization resulted in a very low productivity.<ref name=Emilio>Ruiz, Emilio (2001). Historia Economica de Soria. CSIC</ref> In 1960, while the agricultural sector accounted for 69% of workers in the province, 70% of farms were used exclusively for animal rearing. There are currently about 100,000 hectares of land in the province dedicated to the cultivation of wheat and other 100,000 hectares for barley cultivation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Villarroel|first1=Isabel G.|title=Soria registró en 2013 una veintena menos de profesionales agrarios|trans-title=Soria recorded in 2013 less than twenty agricultural professionals|url=http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/20131230/local/soria/soria-registro-2013-veintena-201312301750.html|website=Elnorte de Castilla|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|date=30 December 2013}}</ref>

The indigenous forest resources are also being exploited for timber, resin and collecting mushrooms. Marble quarries are located in Espejón while Sierra de Toranzo and Ólvega have iron mines. Magnetite sources are also being exploited in Borobia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Respaldo unánime a la mina de Borobia y al desarrollo industrial|trans-title=Unanimous support for mine and industrial development Borobia|url=http://www.diariodesoria.es/respaldo-unanime-a-la-mina-de-borobia-y-al-desarrollo-industrial.html|website=Diario de Soria|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108021758/http://www.diariodesoria.es/respaldo-unanime-a-la-mina-de-borobia-y-al-desarrollo-industrial.html|archive-date=8 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The capital city Soria is an important tourist destination. While the agricultural sector has a very high contribution to [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of the province, the industrial sector represents a small proportion, just over 20% of GDP.<ref name=Demographics/> Apart from these the province also has important food, [[wood processing]], furniture production and auxiliary automotive components industries.

== Subdivision ==
=== Comarcas ===

[[File:Comarcas de Soria mapa.svg|250px|thumb|left|Map showing the comarcas of the Province of Soria]]
Soria has 183 municipalities divided in 10 comarcas:

* [[Comarca de Almazán]]
* [[Comarca de Berlanga]]
* [[Comarca de Burgo de Osma]]
* [[Comarca de Campo de Gómara]]
* [[El Valle (Soria)|Comarca de El Valle]]
* [[Comarca de Pinares]]
* [[Comarca de Soria]]
* [[Tierras Altas (Soria)|Comarca de Tierras Altas]]
* [[Comarca del Moncayo]]
* [[Tierra de Medinaceli]]

==Coat of arms==
The province's coat of arms bears the motto ''Soria pura, cabeza de estremadura'', which means "Soria the pure, head of the borderland",<ref>{{cite web|title=Escudo official|url=http://www.dipsoria.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descargar/fichero.documentos_Escudo_Oficial_fabf1d19%232E%23pdf|website=Dipsoria|access-date=29 September 2014|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915113917/http://www.dipsoria.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descargar/fichero.documentos_Escudo_Oficial_fabf1d19%232E%23pdf|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> as Soria was centuries ago on the expanding borders between the northern Christian kingdoms and the territories then held by the Muslims.

=== Municipalities ===
{{Main|List of municipalities in Soria}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Province of Soria}}

{{Provinces of Spain}}
{{Municipalities in Soria}}
{{Portal bar|Spain}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soria, Province of}}
[[Category:Province of Soria| ]]

Romanian rural systematization program

2022-02-04T17:03:37Z

Peyerk: /* Background */ I guess it should be 1961 but I am not sure.

{{Communist Romania}}

The '''Romanian rural systematization program''' was a [[Social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] program undertaken by [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] primarily at the end of the 1980s. The legal framework for this program was established as early as 1974, but it only began in earnest in March 1988, after the Romanian authorities renounced [[most favoured nation]] status and the American human rights scrutiny which came with it. The declared aim of this program was to eliminate the differences between urban and rural, by the means of razing half of Romania's 13,000 villages and moving their residents into hundreds of new "agro-industrial centers" by 2000. The program gained notoriety in Europe, with protests from multiple countries – chiefly Hungary – as well as a Belgian-led initiative to save the Romanian villages by "adopting" them. Within a year, on 18 April 1989, the first batch of 23 new agro-industrial towns was completed. Only one new town was created between 1974 and 1988, as Ceaușescu focused his attention on other projects. Although cut short by the [[Romanian Revolution]] in December 1989, at least three more rural settlements in an advanced state of systematization were, ultimately, transformed into towns as well.

==Background==
[[File:2006 0610Rovinari0099.JPG|thumb|Rovinari – the only town created under the Systematization Law before the batch of 23 in 1989]]
Nicolae Ceaușescu's 1988 idea to raze about half of Romania's 13,000 villages and rebuild others into "agro-industrial centers" was not new. It had been written into law in 1974. At that time, about 3,000 villages were scheduled to die out gradually, while 300–400 more were to be transformed into towns. However, industrial construction assumed priority, overshadowing the rural reconstruction and resettlement program, which was not pursued with any vigor. In the spring of 1988, however, the rural systematization program reemerged as a top priority on Ceaușescu's agenda.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=vzytrVPDiXcC&pg=PA1&dq=ceausescu%201988&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ceausescu%201988&f=false U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989, ''Revolt Against Silence: The State of Human Rights in Romania (an Update)'', p. 1]</ref> The concept was first developed by [[Nikita Khrushchev]], aiming to raise the standard of rural life by amalgamating villages in order to stop the migration of younger people from rural to urban. However, the project was forgotten while Ceaușescu focused on other projects, such as the [[Centrul Civic]] and the [[Danube–Black Sea Canal]], but it was relaunched in March 1988.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=B3a0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false Darren (Norm) Longley, Tim Burford, Rough Guides UK, Jun 1, 2011, ''The Rough Guide to Romania'', p. 85]</ref> The 1974 law for urban and rural territorial reorganization provided for the development of the countryside by focusing on the more viable villages while the rest would be gradually starved of investment. However, momentum was lost in the late 1970s, and of the 140 new towns promised by 1985, only one – [[Rovinari]] – was completed in 1981. No explanation was ever given, but likely Ceaușescu transferred his attention to the aforementioned projects.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Y_uhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false Professor David Turnock, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Jun 28, 2013, ''Aspects of Independent Romania's Economic History with Particular Reference to Transition for EU Accession'', p. 51]</ref>

===Details of the plan===
The villages most likely to be phased out were those with minimal prospects for growth. By the year 2000, 85% of communes were to have piped drinking water and 82% modern sewage.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=bVkgAQAAIAAJ&q=ceausescu%20villages%20march%201988&hl=en Dennis Deletant, Hurst & Company, 1995, ''Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989'', p. 307]</ref> According to a statement by the regime, by the year 2000, Romania expected "to eradicate basic differences between villages and cities and to ensure the harmonious development of all sections of the country".<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=y_1jCaz3HVEC&pg=PA24&dq=ceausescu%20villages%201988&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ceausescu%20villages%201988&f=false U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989, ''Reform and Human Rights in Eastern Europe: Report Submitted to the Congress of the United States, Volume 4'', p. 24]</ref> Ceauşescu's declared aim - based on an original idea in the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'' - was "to wipe out radically the major differences between towns and villages; to bring the living and working conditions of the working people in the countryside closer to those in the towns". He thought that by gathering people together into apartment buildings so that "the community fully dominates and controls the individual", systematization would produce Romania's "new socialist man". Ceaușescu was determined to revolutionize agriculture by increasing the cultivation area, while also stifling individual initiative and increasing centralization. The peasants were to receive derisory compensation for their demolished homes and then be charged rent for their new blocks, in which there was no accommodation for animals.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=B3a0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false Darren (Norm) Longley, Tim Burford, Rough Guides UK, Jun 1, 2011, ''The Rough Guide to Romania'', p. 85]</ref> As Romanian historian [[Dinu Giurescu]] put it: "The ultimate goal is the proletarianization of our society. The final step in this process is the loss of the individual house.". It was an all-out effort at social engineering: kitchens and bathrooms were communal space in the government-owned and controlled apartments.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=y_1jCaz3HVEC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989, ''Reform and Human Rights in Eastern Europe: Report Submitted to the Congress of the United States, Volume 4'', p. 78]</ref> The number of villages was to be reduced to 5,000–6,000 (grouped in 2,000 communes), implying that 7,000–8,000 would be destroyed. Workers and intellectuals were to be settled in 3–4 storey buildings, with small blocks of 4 apartments or individual two-storey houses for the farmers. The countryside would be urbanized through 558 new agro-industrial towns. Although aspects of the program were absolutely necessary (improvement of services, diversification and stabilization of the workforce), it allowed little scope for local consultation and its implementation timespan was far too short (hence compulsory resettlement) with no realistic compensation for the required expropriation.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Y_uhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false Professor David Turnock, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Jun 28, 2013, ''Aspects of Independent Romania's Economic History with Particular Reference to Transition for EU Accession'', pp. 51-52]</ref>

===The last stop: MFN status===
Between 3 August 1975 and 3 July 1988, Romania was accorded [[most favoured nation]] status from the [[United States]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=EpwSAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA18&dq=Romania%20mfn%201975%20july%201988&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Romania%20mfn%201975%20july%201988&f=false U.S. International Trade Commission, 1990, ''U.S. Laws and U.S. and EC Trade Agreements Relating to Nonmarket Economies, Volume 1'', p. 18]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Fxg5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA3&dq=Romania%20mfn%201975%20july%201988&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Romania%20mfn%201975%20july%201988&f=false U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995, ''Congressional Serial Set, Issue 14164'', p. 3]</ref> In 1988, Ceaușescu renounced Romania's MFN status with the United States, just as the latter was about to suspend it over human rights violations.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=KopJAQAAIAAJ&q=ceausescu%20mfn%201988&dq&hl=en Carswell Company for the UNB law journal, 1994, ''UNB Law Journal, Volumes 43-44'', p. 269]</ref> In July 1987, the [[United States Congress]] voted to suspend Romania's MFN status. Although the suspension was meant to last at least 6 months, in order to avoid further humiliation, Ceaușescu renounced his country's MFN status.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=zPi2AAAAIAAJ&dq=mfn George Schöpflin, Hugh Poulton, Minority Rights Group, 1990, ''Romania's Ethnic Hungarians'', p. 23]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=y_1jCaz3HVEC&pg=PA53&dq=Romania%20mfn%201975%20july%201988&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Romania%20mfn%201975%20july%201988&f=false U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989, ''Reform and Human Rights in Eastern Europe: Report Submitted to the Congress of the United States, Volume 4'', p. 53]</ref> More than 85 oral testimonies and 995 written statements were submitted to support the suspension of Romania's MFN status. On 26 February 1988, in order to save face, Romania announced that it did not need MFN status. The House and Senate votes were rejected as unacceptable "interference in the internal affairs" of Romania. To underline this rejection, the village-bulldozing program was made public in April 1988.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=TLRnAAAAMAAJ&q=ceausescu%20mfn%20february%201988&hl=en Akadémiai Kiadó, 1990, ''Hungarian Studies: HS., Volumes 6-7'', pp. 84-85]</ref> Romania's renunciation of MFN status in February 1988 resulted from Ceaușescu's growing irritation with American pressure over Romania's human rights situation, such as Ceaușescu's treatment of his opponents.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=zyP8mwJoD1EC&pg=PA60&dq=Romania%20mfn%2026%20february%201989&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Romania%20mfn%2026%20february%201989&f=false Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, 1990, ''1990 Trade Policy Agenda, And, 1989 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program'', p. 60]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=JIe3AAAAIAAJ&q=ceausescu%20mfn%20february%201988&hl=en Dennis Deletant, Center for Romanian Studies, 1999, ''Romania Under Communist Rule'', p. 148]</ref> Ceaușescu's renunciation of MFN made its suspension by the United States Congress meaningless.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Tp_tAAAAMAAJ&q=ceausescu%20mfn%201988&hl=en Stephen Sisa, Vista Books, 1990, ''The Spirit of Hungary: A Panorama of Hungarian History and Culture'', p. 193]</ref> His action showed that he would not submit to pressure from either side, East or West.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=eYUsAQAAIAAJ&dq=indignity Dennis Deletant, Mihail E. Ionescu, Politeia-SNSPA, 2004, ''Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1989: Selected Documents'', p. 42]</ref>

==Implementation and results==
Ceaușescu felt fed-up by continuous United States Congressional scrutiny of Romania's human rights record, a scrutiny hindering his long-cherished "grand design". Shortly after his "cocky" gesture on MFN, Ceaușescu announced the most sweeping and ominous plan of his regime up to that point, involving the liquidation of up to 8,000 villages.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Tp_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=cocky Stephen Sisa, Vista Books, 1990, ''The Spirit of Hungary: A Panorama of Hungarian History and Culture'', p. 193]</ref> On 3 March 1988, speaking at an official conference, Ceaușescu announced: by the year 2000, 7,000 - 8,000 of Romania's 13,123 villages would be "modernized", as in transformed into 558 "agro-industrial" centers.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=HQe3AAAAIAAJ&q=ceausescu%201988 Janet Fleischman, U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee, 1989, ''Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Hungarians of Romania'', p. 49]</ref> The [[Ilfov County|Ilfov Agricultural Sector]] around Bucharest was chosen by Ceaușescu as a showpiece (to be completed by 1992-1993), as a model for emulation by the rest of the country. The first evictions and demolitions took place in August 1988. Only 2-3 days were given before shops were closed down and bus services were stopped, forcing the inhabitants into the selected villages. Whole communities were moved to blocks in [[Otopeni]] and [[Snagov|Ghermănești]], where as much as 10 families had to share one kitchen and the sewage system had not been completed. In other villages across the country, "ugly" concrete Civic Center buildings began to emerge in the centers of the planned new towns. Around 18 villages had suffered major demolitions by the end of 1989 while 5 others were completely razed.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=B3a0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false Darren (Norm) Longley, Tim Burford, Rough Guides UK, Jun 1, 2011, ''The Rough Guide to Romania'', p. 85]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Y_uhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false Professor David Turnock, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 28 iun. 2013, ''Aspects of Independent Romania's Economic History with Particular Reference to Transition for EU Accession'', p. 56]</ref> According to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'': "In the countryside, smashed hamlets and villages are making way for the same prefabricated housing blocks of Orwellian Bucharest.".<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=y_1jCaz3HVEC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989, ''Reform and Human Rights in Eastern Europe: Report Submitted to the Congress of the United States, Volume 4'', p. 78]</ref> The systematization program encountered resistance from villagers and local authorities alike. Local revolts against systematization were reported in the villages of [[Petrova, Maramureș|Petrova]], [[Monor, Bistrița-Năsăud|Monor]] and [[Parva, Bistrița-Năsăud|Parva]]. Local officials were threatened, while in other places officials refused to carry out orders. The director of the [[Miercurea Ciuc]] [[Harghita County|County]] Savings Bank resigned in protest over pressure to designate his native village of [[Păuleni-Ciuc]] a street of the nearby town of [[Frumoasa, Harghita|Frumoasa]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=vzytrVPDiXcC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989, ''Revolt Against Silence: The State of Human Rights in Romania (an Update)'', p. 2]</ref> The systematization program was terminated on 26 December 1989, the day after the [[trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=696AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false Ian Jeffries, Routledge, Feb 7, 2002, ''Eastern Europe at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition'', p. 341]</ref>

===Towns created under Systematization===
The program fell behind schedule, with only 24 new towns declared in 1989 out of the 100 expected by 1990.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Y_uhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false Professor David Turnock, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 28 iun. 2013, ''Aspects of Independent Romania's Economic History with Particular Reference to Transition for EU Accession'', p. 53]</ref> These 24 agro-industrial towns are listed below:<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=bumbesti Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 3 (1st paragraph)]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=rovinari Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 3 (2nd paragraph)]</ref>
*'''[[Transylvania]]'''
**[[Bihor County]]
***[[Valea lui Mihai]] - Although agriculture remained predominant, small-scale industries were being developed. Around 30 apartment blocks were built in the center.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=valea Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 6]</ref>
**[[Hunedoara County]]
***[[Aninoasa]] - A mining center in the upper [[Jiu Valley]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=aninoasa Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 6]</ref>
**[[Maramureș County]]
***[[Seini]] - Main industries: agriculture, animal breeding and fruit growing.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=seini Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 8]</ref>
**[[Mureș County]]
***[[Iernut]]
**[[Sibiu County]]
***[[Avrig]] - The Mechanical Works at Mârșa ({{ill|Mecanica Mârșa|ro}}) was the most important industrial plant in the area.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=avrig Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 6]</ref>
***[[Tălmaciu]] - Several timber factories and a textile plant. Blocks totalling 480 apartments were built.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=talmaciu Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 8]</ref>

[[File:2nd Squadron, 2nd CR joins Operation Atlantic Resolve-South in Romania 150324-A-EM105-864.jpg|thumb|Însurăței]]
[[File:Sistematizarea comunei Nehoiu (Buzau).JPG|thumb|Nehoiu]]
[[File:Stadionul Viitorul Scornicesti.jpg|thumb|[[Stadionul Viitorul (Scornicești)]]]]
*'''[[Wallachia]]'''
**[[Argeș County]]
***[[Mioveni|Colibași]] - Location of [[Automobile Dacia]], Romania's first car manufacturing plant. Two national research institutes - for automotive engineering and nuclear technology - were also located there.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=colibasi Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', pp. 6-7]</ref>
**[[Brăila County]]
***[[Ianca]] - A model for agro-industrial towns in flat regions.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=ianca Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 7]</ref>
***[[Însurăței]] - Blocks totalling 330 apartments were built, of which 200 were located in the center.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=insuratei Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 7]</ref>
**[[Buzău County]]
***[[Nehoiu]] - A model for agro-industrial towns in mountainous regions.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=nehoiu Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 8]</ref>
***[[Pogoanele]] - Blocks totalling 200 apartments were built in the center.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=pogoanele Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 8]</ref>
**[[Călărași County]]
***[[Budești]]
***[[Lehliu Gară]] - Its main industrial plant was a subsidiary of a clothes factory based in Bucharest.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=lehliu Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 7]</ref>
***[[Fundulea]] - Three important agricultural research institutes were based there, most of their staff commuting from Bucharest.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=fundulea Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 7]</ref>
**[[Giurgiu County]]
***[[Bolintin-Vale]] - A satellite of Bucharest.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=bolintin Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 6]</ref>
***[[Mihăilești]] - Most of the former village razed and rebuilt to make way for the [[Danube–Bucharest Canal]]. Visited by Ceaușescu multiple times.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=mihailesti Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 8]</ref> Blocks totalling 3,500 apartments were built.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Y_uhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false Professor David Turnock, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 28 iun. 2013, ''Aspects of Independent Romania's Economic History with Particular Reference to Transition for EU Accession'', p. 56]</ref>
**[[Gorj County]]
***[[Bumbești-Jiu]]
***[[Rovinari]] - Already a town as of 9 December 1981.<ref>[http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/150643 DECRET nr. 366 din 9 decembrie 1981 (in Romanian)]</ref>
**[[Olt County]]
***[[Piatra Olt]]
***[[Scornicești]] - The town with the most impressive record of medals, distinctions and titles in Socialist Romania, including that of "Hero of the New Agrarian Revolution". The new town had a factory making automobile spare parts, a clothes factory, a brewery, a dairy plant and a poultry farm.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=scornicesti Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 5]</ref>

[[File:MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG|thumb|The Danube-Black Sea Canal at Basarabi/Murfatlar]]
*'''[[Dobruja]]'''
**[[Constanța County]]
***[[Murfatlar|Basarabi]] - An [[inland harbor]] for the [[Danube–Black Sea Canal]]. There were also two large wineries.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=basarabi Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 6]</ref>
***[[Negru Vodă, Constanța|Negru Vodă]] - Blocks totalling 341 apartments were built.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=uUUpAQAAMAAJ&dq=negru Radio Free Europe, 1989, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 14, Issues 22-26'', p. 8]</ref>
***[[Ovidiu]]

*'''[[Moldavia]]'''
**[[Bacău County]]
***[[Dărmănești]]

===Other rural settlements decisively impacted by Systematization which later became towns===
[[Bragadiru]], [[Cornetu]], [[Balotești]] and [[Otopeni]] were likewise to become agro-industrial towns.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=YkApAQAAMAAJ&dq=otopeni Radio Free Europe, 1988, ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 13, Issues 26-30'']</ref> Two hundred dump trucks were required to carry the rubble resulted from the demolition of many private houses in Otopeni, [[Tunari|Dimieni]] and [[Otopeni|Odăile]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=bVkgAQAAIAAJ&q=otopeni Dennis Deletant, Hurst & Company, 1995, ''Ceauşescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989'', p. 315]</ref> In Bragadiru, [[Măgurele]], Otopeni and [[1 Decembrie|30 Decembrie]] blocks totalling thousands of apartments were built.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=Y_uhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false Professor David Turnock, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Jun 28, 2013, ''Aspects of Independent Romania's Economic History with Particular Reference to Transition for EU Accession'', p. 56]</ref> Otopeni became a town on 28 November 2000.<ref>[http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/25279 LEGE nr. 220 din 28 noiembrie 2000 (in Romanian)]</ref> Bragadiru and Măgurele became towns on 29 December 2005.<ref>[http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/67546 LEGE nr. 415 din 29 decembrie 2005 (in Romanian)]</ref><ref>[http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/67544 LEGE nr. 414 din 29 decembrie 2005 (in Romanian)]</ref>

==International reactions==
===Hungary===
[[File:Hősök tere, az erdélyi falurombolás elleni tüntetés 1988. június 27-én. Fortepan 74141.jpg|thumb|The 27 June 1988 protest rally in Budapest]]
In Hungary, the program is called "''romániai falurombolás''" (lit. "Romanian village destruction"). After May 1988, Transylvanian "atrocity stories" abounded in the Hungarian press. The Romanian regime drew unfavorable world opinion and came under increasing attack from the global press.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=zPi2AAAAIAAJ&dq=atrocity George Schöpflin, Hugh Poulton, Minority Rights Group, 1990, ''Romania's Ethnic Hungarians'', p. 23]</ref> In June 1988, 50,000 people protested in [[Budapest]] because the thousands of villages proposed for destruction by the Romanian Government included 1,500 ethnic Hungarian ones.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=ES20AAAAIAAJ&dq=proposed%20destruction Europa Publications, 2007, ''Central and South-Eastern Europe'', p. 303]</ref> That demonstration, taking place on 27 June, was the largest organized in Hungary [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|after 1956]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=NRAUAQAAMAAJ&dq=1956%20villages The Service, 1990, ''Daily Report: East Europe, Issues 222-231'', p. 65]</ref> The plan was also criticised by leading members of the [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]]. In retaliation for the 27 June protest rally held in Budapest, Ceaușescu closed the Hungarian consulate in [[Cluj]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=6pztAAAAMAAJ&dq=agro-industrial John B. Allcock, Longman Group, 1992, ''Border and Territorial Disputes'', p. 116]</ref> To address these issues, and to comply with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s request, [[Károly Grósz]] met with Ceaușescu in [[Arad, Romania|Arad]] on 28 August 1988. The talks were fruitless, with Ceaușescu unwilling to concede or compromise on any point. He simply used the fact that talks were being held at all as a means to win time and regain some of his lost credibility. The meeting was seen in [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]] as a capitulation of the country's national interests and significantly damaged Grósz's own prestige.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?&id=zwySAAAAIAAJ&dq=fruitless Ignác Romsics, Corvina, 1999, ''Hungary in the Twentieth Century'', p. 430]</ref>

===''Opération Villages Roumains''===
The scale of the potential destruction caused an international outcry to such an extent that it led to the creation of organizations such as the Belgian-based ''Opération Villages Roumains'', which provided for the twinning of threatened Romanian villages with Western communities. Few of the villages were actually destroyed, systematization only really succeeding in "imprinting Romania onto the consciousness of Europe".<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=N84UAQAAIAAJ&dq=roumains Peter Siani-Davies, Andrea Deletant, Mary Siani-Davies, Clio Press, 1998, ''Romania'', p. 20]</ref> ''Opération Villages Roumains'' was founded on 22 December 1988 in [[Brussels]], being officially launched on 3 February 1989.<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=operation%20villages%20roumains%20december%201988&lr=lang_en&biw=360&bih=648&tbs=lr%3Alang_1en&tbm=bks&sxsrf=ALeKk01Mu8YLX3Bbsxc6m1HQIfP1U8_ZhQ%3A1619120532528&ei=lNGBYPzrH8PKrgSDiY7YCw&oq=operation%20villages%20roumains%20december%201988&gs_lcp=Cg9tb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXNlcnAQAzoECAAQHjoGCAAQFhAeOgUIIRCgAToECCEQFToHCCEQChCgAVCLxwNY74IEYImGBGgEcAB4AIABmgKIAfUakgEGMC4xNy4ymAEAoAEBqgEZbW9iaWxlLWd3cy13aXotc2VycC1tb2Rlc8ABAQ&sclient=mobile-gws-serp&fbclid=IwAR0qMKCvCIyDP6qIEDx4WjL97vZKfwkmjWJ_kdDUNHKBxauVYRTdu0braT8#ip=1 Union of International Associations, K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH, 2004, ''Yearbook of International Organizations 2004/2005'', p. 2277]</ref> By the beginning of May 1989, Romanian villages had been adopted by 231 communes in [[Belgium]], 95 in [[France]], and 42 in [[Switzerland]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=eYUsAQAAIAAJ&dq=Belgium Dennis Deletant, Mihail E. Ionescu, Politeia-SNSPA, 2004, ''Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1989: Selected Documents'', p. 43]</ref> The Belgian effort was almost exclusively [[Wallonia|Walloon]].<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=LlIIVV3AYuEC&dq=Belgium Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1989, ''Official Journal of the European Communities: Debates of the European Parliament, Issues 374-377'', p. 221]</ref> In its March 1989 session, the [[Council of Europe]] strongly condemned the liquidation of the villages, asking the authorities to cease the campaign. Shortly afterwards, in a speech broadcast by the [[BBC]], the [[Prince of Wales]] publicly criticized this policy.<ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=FiOhAAAAMAAJ&dq=Belgium Susana Andea, Romanian Cultural Institute, 2006, ''History of Romania: Compendium'', p. 665]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Socialist Republic of Romania]]
[[Category:Romanian society]]
[[Category:Urban planning in Romania]]
[[Category:Nicolae Ceaușescu]]
[[Category:Social engineering (political science)]]

Talk:Pol Pot

2022-02-04T16:39:43Z

Peyerk: /* Overuse of the term "Marxist-Leninist" */ indeed

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== Overuse of the term "Marxist-Leninist" ==

The article uses the term "Marxist-Leninist" 39 times and particularly emphasizes "Marxism-Leninism" as the subject's ideology. However, the article later elaborates that the subject's ideological leanings were in many ways distinct from "Marxism-Leninism" and details the subject's abandonment of the ideology in the 1980s. This makes the article less clear, as it contradicts itself in this respect. Should this be changed? Or are the references to "Marxism-Leninism" properly placed within the article? [[User:Wackword|Wackword]] ([[User talk:Wackword|talk]]) 01:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)Wackword

The former, indeed. This makes the article less clear, as it contradicts itself in this respect, therefore it should be changed in this respect. 16:39, 4 February 2022 (UTC)[[User:Peyerk|peyerk]] ([[User talk:Peyerk|talk]])

== Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2021 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Pol Pot|answered=yes}}
In the section on his early life it says the Japanese ousted the french from Cambodia in 1945, this is incorrect as Japan surrendered in 45, it should say 1941 when Japan occupied french Indochina. [[Special:Contributions/172.56.26.20|172.56.26.20]] ([[User talk:172.56.26.20|talk]]) 17:02, 13 November 2021 (UTC)
:{{done}}. [[User:Excommunicato|Excommunicato]] ([[User talk:Excommunicato|talk]]) 17:13, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 22 January 2022 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Pol Pot|answered=yes}}
further information about family. [[User:Morth25|Morth25]] ([[User talk:Morth25|talk]]) 17:00, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
: You need to tell us what further information about his family you think should be aided. [[User:JBW|JBW]] ([[User talk:JBW|talk]]) 17:03, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Jeju Province

2022-02-02T07:44:48Z

Peyerk: m

{{Short description|Special Self-Governing Province of South Korea}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jeju Province
| native_name = {{nobold|제주도}}
| native_name_lang = ko
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of South Korea|Special Self-Governing Province]]
| translit_lang1 = Korean
| translit_lang1_type = [[Hangul]]
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|제|주|특|별|자|치|도}}}}
| image_skyline = Jeju Island montage.png
| image_flag = Flag of Jeju.svg
| image_seal =
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| image_blank_emblem = Seal of Jeju.svg
| image_map = Jeju-teukbyeoljachi-do in South Korea.svg
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[South Korea]]
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = Jeju
| seat_type = [[List of capitals in South Korea|Capital]]
| seat = [[Jeju City]]
| parts_type = Subdivisions
| parts_style = 
| parts = 2 cities; 0 counties
| leader_title = [[Governor of Jeju Province|Governor]]
| leader_name = Goo Man-Sup (Acting)
| leader_party =
| leader_title1 = Body
| leader_name1 = [[Jeju Provincial Council]]
| leader_title2 = National Representation  - [[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = {{Composition bar|3|253}}1.19% (constituency seats) 
| area_total_km2 = 1,849
| area_rank = 9th
| population_total = 604,771
| population_as_of = October, 2014
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 327.1
| population_rank = 9th
| demographics_type1 = Metropolitan Symbols
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Flower
| demographics1_info5 =
| postal_code = 63XXX
| area_code = +82-64
| blank_name_sec1 = Languages
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Jeju language|Jeju]], [[Korean language|Korean]]
| website = {{url|1=http://english.jeju.go.kr/ |2=Official website (English)}}
| footnotes =
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hanja]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|濟|州|特|別|自|治|道}}}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = McCune‑Reischauer
| translit_lang1_info2 = Cheju T'ŭkpyŏl Chach'ido
| translit_lang1_type3 = Revised Romanization
| translit_lang1_info3 = Jeju Teukbyeoljachi-do
| demographics1_info1 = [[Rhododendron]]
| demographics1_title2 = Tree
| demographics1_info2 = [[Cinnamomum camphora]]
| demographics1_title3 = Bird
| demographics1_info3 = [[Woodpecker]]
| demographics1_title4 = Jeju
| demographics1_info4 =
| demographics1_title5 =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.888<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref> {{color|green|very high}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Jeju Province''', officially '''Jeju Special Self-Governing Province''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/|title=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619165541/http://english.jeju.go.kr/|archive-date=19 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> is one of the nine [[provinces of South Korea]]. The province comprises [[Jeju Island]] ({{korean|rr=Jejudo|제주도}}; {{IPA-ko|t͡sed͡zudo|IPA}}), formerly transliterated as '''Cheju''' or '''Cheju Do''', the country's largest [[island]]. It was previously known as '''Quelpart''' to [[Europeans]] and during the [[Japanese occupation of Korea|Japanese occupation]] as '''Saishū'''. The island lies in the [[Korea Strait]], southwest of [[South Jeolla Province]], of which it was a part before it became a separate province in 1946. Its capital is [[Jeju City]] and it is home to [[South Korea|South Korea's]] tallest mountain, [[Mt. Halla]].

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2008}}

===Early history===
According to the legend, three demigods emerged from [[Samseong mythology|Samseong]], which is said to have been on the northern slopes of [[Halla Mountain|Mt. Halla]] and became the progenitors of the Jeju people, who founded the Kingdom of [[Tamna]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2020|title=History Of Jeju-Island|url=https://www.yatra.com/international-tourism/Jeju-island/history}}</ref>

It has also been claimed that three brothers, including Ko-hu, who were the 15th descendants of Koulla, one of the progenitors of the Jeju people, were received by the court of [[Silla]], at which time{{when|date=October 2014}} the name Tamna was officially recognized, while the official government posts of Commander, Prince and Governor were conferred by the court upon the three. However, there is no concrete evidence of when the "Three Names" (Samseong-Ko, Yang and Pu) appeared nor the exact date of when Ko-hu and his brothers were received by Silla. The "Three Names" Founding Period may be assumed to have occurred during the Three Kingdoms ([[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]] and [[Silla]]) Period on the mainland of Korea.<ref name=":2" />

[[Taejo of Goryeo|Taejo]], founder of [[Goryeo]], attempted to establish the same relationship between Goryeo and Tamna as Tamna had had with Silla. Tamna refused to accept this position and the Goryeo court dispatched troops to force Tamna to submit. Ko ja-gyeon, chief of Tamna, submitted to Goryeo in 938 and sent his son, Prince Mallo, to Goryeo's court as a de facto hostage. In 1105, (King Sukjong's 10th year), the Goryeo court abolished the name Takna, which had been used up to this time and, from that year on, the island was known as "Tamna-gun" (district) and Goryeo officials were sent to handle the affairs of the island.

Tamna-country was changed to Tamna-county in 1153, during the reign of King Uijong and Choi Cheok-kyeong was posted as Tamna-Myeong or Chief of Tamna. During the reign of [[Gojong of Goryeo]], Tamna was renamed "Jeju", which means "province across the sea".<ref name="hilty">{{cite book |last=Hilty |first=Anne |year=2011 |title=Jeju Island: Reaching to the Core of Beauty |series=Korea Essentials |volume=5 |location=Republic of Korea |publisher=The Korea Foundation |isbn=9788991913837}}</ref>{{rp|93}}

In 1271, General [[Kim Tong-jeong]] escaped with what remained of his [[Sambyeolcho]] force from Jindo and built the Hangpadu Fortress at Kwiil-chon from where they continued their fight against the combined Korean government-Mongolian army, but within two years, faced by an enemy army of over 10,000 troops, the Sambyeolcho was annihilated.

After the [[Sambyeolcho Rebellion]] was crushed by the Yuan authorities, [[Tamna prefectures]] were established and were used to graze horses, until 1356.<ref name="encytmon">{{cite web|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0058823|title=탐라총관부|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref><ref name="doo">{{cite web|url=https://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000863313|website=[[doopedia]]|title=탐라총관부}}</ref>

During the [[Joseon Dynasty]] (1392-1910), Jeju islanders were treated as foreigners and Jeju was considered as a place for horse breeding and exile for political prisoners.<ref name="hilty" />{{rp|95}} In the 17th Century, [[Injo of Joseon]] issued an edict prohibiting islanders from travelling to the Korean mainland.<ref name="hilty" />{{rp|95}} Consequently, Jeju islanders staged several major uprisings, including the Kang Je Geom Rebellion (1862), Bang Seong Chil Rebellion (1898), and the Lee Jae Su Rebellion (1901).<ref name="hilty" />{{rp|95}}

===Modern history===

====Japanese occupation====
In 1910, [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910|Japan annexed Korea]], including Jeju, inaugurating a period of hardship and deprivation for the islanders, many of whom were compelled to travel to the mainland or Japan for work.<ref name="hilty" />{{rp|99}} Residents of Jeju were active in the [[Korean independence movement]] during the period of Japanese rule.<ref name="hilty" />{{rp|100}} On Jeju, the peak of resistance came in 1931–32 when ''[[haenyeo]]'' ("sea women") from six eastern villages launched a protest against the Japanese-controlled Divers Association.<ref name="hilty" />{{rp|101}} Before it was brutally crushed, the protests spread and eventually 17,000 people participated, with over 100 arrested in Korea's largest protest movement ever led by women and fisheries workers.<ref name="hilty" />{{rp|101}}

====Jeju Uprising, 1948====
{{main|Jeju Uprising}}
On April 3, 1948, against a background of an ongoing ideological struggle for control of Korea and a variety of grievances held by islanders against the local authorities, many communist sympathizers on the island attacked police stations and government offices. The brutal and often indiscriminate suppression of the rebellion resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians and insurgents, and the imprisonment of thousands more in internment camps. 14,000 to 30,000 people were killed in total during the 13 month uprising.<ref>{{citation |last=Wheeler |first=Wolcott |url=http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/43wh.htm |title=The 1948 Cheju-do Civil War | work =Korea WebWeekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012020858/http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/43wh.htm |archive-date=1999-10-12 |access-date=2014-04-21 }}</ref>

While claims have been made that the U.S. government oversaw and supported "anti-communist" activities administratively if not openly in the field, this remains unproven.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Doopedia(두산백과): 제주 4.3 사건(The Jeju 4.3 Affair)|url = http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1141380&cid=40942&categoryId=31778}}</ref> The Northwest Youth League, a Korean government-sponsored watchdog group made up of refugees who had fled [[North Korea]], actively repressed any and all "communist sympathizers" including a policy of shooting anyone entering or leaving the president's declared "enemy zone". This led to the deaths of hundreds of islanders. Many islanders were also raped and tortured. The isolation of Jeju and a cover up by the Korean government led to public ignorance of the Jeju uprising by mainland Koreans for many years.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dictionary of common current affair(시사상식사전): 제주 4.3 사건(The Jeju 4.3 Affair)|url = http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1398214&cid=43667&categoryId=43667}}</ref> A 1988 documentary by Thames TV, ''[[Korea: The Unknown War]]''<ref>[https://ceaslibrary.uchicago.edu/asset.php?assetid=0001650 Korea: The Unknown War, Thames TV, 1988, 360 min. The Center for East Asian Studies, The University of Chicago]</ref> and many activities and publications, including Sun-i Samch'on by [[Hyun Ki Young]], by organizations and persons from within Cheju-do and around the world continue to attempt shedding the light on this event. The Uprising has become a symbol of Jeju's Independence from [[Korean Peninsula]].<ref name="JF20110814">{{cite web |url = http://www.japanfocus.org/events/view/108|title = Jeju: From peace island to war island |publisher = The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus | access-date = 2013-05-04 |work = [[Asia Times]] | last =Eperjesi | first = John |date = August 14, 2011}}</ref>

The provincial administrative building was burned to the ground in September 1948 and a new building was completed in 1-do, 2-dong in December 1952.

====World Heritage====

[[Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes]], unanimously at the 31st World Heritage Committee on June 27, 2007, was inscribed on the World Heritage list.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=Jeju Island introduced to global audience via UNESCO media campaign|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2020/04/16/jeju-island-introduced-to-global-audience-via-unesco-media-campaign.html|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref>

===Refugees on Jeju Island===
{{Main|Refugees on Jeju Island}}
In 2018, 500 refugees fleeing the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|civil war]] in [[Yemen]] came to Jeju Island, causing unease among the residents of Jeju Island.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/how-hundreds-of-yemenis-fleeing-the-worlds-worst-humanitarian-crisis-ended-up-on-a-resort-island-in-south-korea/2018/06/20/cf0b49fc-7381-11e8-805c-4b67019fcfe4_story.html|title=How hundreds of Yemenis fleeing the world's worst humanitarian crisis ended up on a resort island in South Korea|first=Brian|last=Murphy|date=22 June 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3388f37a-79ae-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d|title=South Koreans outraged as 500 Yemeni refugees flee to island|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2018/06/177_250806.html|title=Yemeni refugees' fate tested on Jeju Island|date=17 June 2018|newspaper=Korea Times|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korea-to-tighten-laws-amid-influx-of-yemeni-asylum-seekers-to-resort-island-of|title=South Korea to tighten laws amid influx of Yemeni asylum-seekers to resort island of Jeju|newspaper=Straits Times |date=29 June 2018|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180629000691|title=Justice Ministry proposes reinforcement measures to amend refugee act|newspaper=The Korea Herald|date=29 June 2018|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://v.media.daum.net/v/20180619201912143|title=제주 온 예멘인 500여 명 난민 신청..엇갈리는 시선|date=2018-06-19|work=다음 뉴스|access-date=5 May 2021|language=ko}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==

===Historical===
In 1273, the Mongolian [[Yuan Dynasty]] established a military governor on the island, and for nearly a hundred years the island was effectively under the complete control of these governors.

During the [[Joseon Dynasty]], all of the administrative rights and systems of Jeju island, which had maintained some independence until this time, were absorbed into the centralized form of government established by Joseon.

In 1402, the titles of Commander and Prince were abolished. In 1416, the island was divided into three major administrative districts: The area lying generally north of Mt. Halla was headed by a 'Moksa' or county magistrate, while the eastern area of Jeongui-county (today's Seongeup Folk village) and the southwestern area of Daejeong-county (today's Moseulpo, Daejeong-eup, and Mt. Sanbang) were each headed by a Hyeon-gam (also county magistrate).

In August 1864, both Jeongui and Daejeong hyeons were removed from the control of the 'moksa' north of the mountain in today's Jeju-si area and were renamed 'Gun" (county) and came under the direct control of the Gwanchalsa (governor) of Jeolla province. Because of strife between these 'Guns' and the Jeju 'moksa', the system was abolished in January 1880, and the two 'Guns' reverted again to 'hyeon'.

In 1895, Jeju-mok was redesigned as Jeju-Bu with a governor (Gwanchalsa) and Vice-governor (Chamsagwan) and a police agency was newly established, while in both Jeongui and Daejeong the offices of 'Gunsu' (county chief) were re-established. The very next year, the office of 'Gunsu' was abolished and the old system was restored.

Then in 1906, abolishing the Moksa system altogether, the Gunsu or County chief system was adopted. In 1910, Jeongui and Daejeong were included in Jeju gun while Chuja-myeon was placed under the jurisdiction of Wando-gun, part of South Jeolla province.

===Modern===
Japan annexed Korea in 1910. In 1915, the ''gun'' or county system that had been adopted in 1906 was abolished and Jeju island was designated as part of the 'island' system and called Jeju myeon under South Jeolla province. In 1931, Jeju-myeon was raised to the status of Jeju-eup or 'township,' which gave the island one township (today's Jeju-si area) and 12 'myeon'. In 1945, Japan relinquished sovereignty over Korea and on September 1, 1955, Jeju Township was elevated to city status with 40 administrative wards, which, on January 1, 1962, were reduced to 14 wards. On July 8, 1956, Seogwi, Daejeong and Hallim-myeons were raised to the status of townships while the southwestern portion of Hallim Township was separated and newly designated as the Hankyeong district (myeon), which gave the province one city, two counties, three townships and 10 myeon or districts with 14 wards in Jeju City. May 23, 1979, saw the restructuring of the Jeju-si wards and the addition of three more, giving 17 wards.

In March 1980, the construction of a new provincial office was started in Yeon-dong of Jeju-si and in December of that year the four myeon of Aewol, Gujwa, Namwon and Seongsan were elevated to the status of townships giving the administrative area one city, two counties, seven townships, six districts and, within Jeju-si, 17 wards.

In 1981, the development of the Jungmun Tourist Complex brought about the unification of Seogwi township and Jungmun-myeon (district) into one as Seogwipo-si consisting of 12 wards (dong) giving the province two cities, two counties, six townships, five districts and 29 wards. On October 1, 1983, Jeju-si's Samdo ward was divided into two wards to give a total of 30 wards in the province.

Yongdam ward in Jeju-si was restructured into Yongdam ward one and Yongdam ward two on October 1, 1985. On April 1, 1986, Jocheon myeon (district) was elevated to the status of Township and Yeonpyeong-ri Gujwa township was raised to the status of Udo district (myeon). The provincial area now administered 2 cities, 2 counties, 7 townships, 5 districts and 31 wards, the status of the province as of December 3, 1996.

===Current===

Until 2005, Jeju Province was divided into two cities (''si''), Jeju and Seogwipo, and two counties (''gun''), [[Bukjeju County|Bukjeju]] (North Jeju), and [[Namjeju County|Namjeju]] (South Jeju), respectively. The two cities were further divided into thirty-one neighborhoods (''dong''). In contrast, the two counties were split into seven towns (''eup'') and five districts (''myeon''). The seven cities and five districts were then divided into 551 villages (''ri'').

In 2005, Jeju residents approved, by referendum, a proposal to merge Bukjeju County into Jeju City, and Namjeju County into Seogwipo City. Effective July 1, 2006, the province was also renamed Jeju Special Self-Governing Province with two minor subdivisions, Jeju City and Seogwipo City. In addition to the changes in name, the province was given extensive administrative powers that had previously been reserved for the central government. This is part of a plans to turn Jeju into a "Free International City."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200507/kt2005072817091154050.htm|title=Cheju Consolidation Vote|work=Korea Times July 28, 2005|access-date=July 29, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129091740/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200507/kt2005072817091154050.htm |archive-date=November 29, 2005 }}</ref>

Jeju, on July 1, 2006, was made into the first and only Self-Governing Province of South Korea.

====Naming====
In Korean, ''do'' is the phonetic transcription of two distinct ''[[hanja]]'' ([[Chinese character]]s) meaning "island" (島) and "province" (道). However, '''Jejudo''' generally refers to the island, while '''Jeju-do''' refers to the government administrative unit. The table below also includes the name of Jeju City, the provincial capital.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English Name !! Korean Name !! [[Hangul]] !! [[Hanja]]
|-
| Jeju Island || Jejudo || 제주도 || 濟州島
|-
| Jeju Special Self-Governing Province || Jeju-teukbyeoljachido || 제주특별자치도 || 濟州特別自治道
|-
| Jeju Province || Jeju-do || 제주도 || 濟州道
|-
| Jeju City || Jeju-si || 제주시 || 濟州市
|}

====National Assembly constituencies====
Jeju is represented by 3 constituencies in the [[National Assembly of South Korea]]: Jeju-gap, Jeju-eul (in Jeju City) and Seogwipo.

===Cities===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
|-
! Map
! #
! Name
! [[Hangul]]
! [[Hanja]]
! Population (2013)
! Subdivisions
|-
|rowspan=4|[[File:Jeju Municipal.svg|95px]]
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''— [[Cities of South Korea|Administrative City]] —'''
|-
|1
|[[Jeju City|Jeju]]
|제주시
|濟州市
|445,457
|4 ''eup'', 3 ''myeon'', 19 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|2
|[[Seogwipo]]
|서귀포시
|西歸浦市
|159,213
|3 ''eup'', 2 ''myeon'', 12 ''haengjeong-dong''
|}

===Symbols===
*Provincial [[flower]]: [[Rhododendron]] (''Rhododendron Weyrichii'' / Max ''(Chamkkot)'')
*Provincial [[tree]]: Camphor Laurel (''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]'' siebold / ''Noknamu'')
*Provincial [[bird]]: [[Woodpecker]] (''Dendrocopos leucotos quelpartensis'')

==Society and culture==
[[File:Korea jeju harubang.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Dol hareubang]]
Because of the relative isolation of the island, the [[Jeju people]] have developed a [[culture]] and [[Jeju language|language]] that are distinct from those of mainland Korea. Jeju is home to thousands of local legends. Perhaps the most distinct cultural artifact is the [[Omnipresence|ubiquitous]] ''[[dol hareubang]]'' ("stone [[Grandparent|grandfather]]") carved from a block of [[basalt]].

Another distinct aspect of Jeju is the [[matriarchy|matriarchal]] family structure, found especially in Udo and Mara, but also present in the rest of the province. The best-known example of this is found among the ''[[haenyeo]]'' ("sea women"), who were often the heads of families, because they controlled the income. They earned their living from [[freediving]], often all year round in quite cold water without [[Scuba set|scuba gear]], in order to harvest [[abalone]]s, [[conch]]es, and a myriad of other marine products. It is thought that [[Woman|women]] are better at spending all day deep-water diving because they resist the cold better.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ernest S Campbell, MD |url=http://www.scuba-doc.com/coldacclim.html |title=Acclimatization to Cold Water |publisher=Scuba-doc.com |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref> In the early 1960s, 21% of women on the island were free divers, providing 60% of the island's [[Fishery|fisheries]] revenue.<ref name=nyt-20140329>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/30/world/asia/hardy-divers-in-korea-strait-sea-women-are-dwindling.html |title=Hardy Divers in Korea Strait, 'Sea Women' Are Dwindling |author=Choe Sang-Hun |newspaper=New York Times |date=29 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> However, because of rapid economic development and modernization, {{As of|2014|lc=y}} only about 4,500 haenyeo, most aged over 60, were still actively working.<ref name=nyt-20140329/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.jejusamda.com/common/c_dataView.php?id=F04030500&lang=_eng |title=Jeju Cyber Samdakwan :: Diving into the sea out of Jeju |publisher=English.jejusamda.com |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2013-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629084839/http://english.jejusamda.com/common/c_dataView.php?id=F04030500&lang=_eng |archive-date=June 29, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McConvey |first=Joel |url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/28043/lady-good-divers/ |title=Lady Good Divers | BLOUIN ARTINFO |publisher=Artinfo.com |date=2008-09-16 |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref>

;Bangsatap
Bangsatap are small, round towers made of many stones. There are many Bangsataps and they are visible in the countryside in Jeju.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} People usually pile up many stones, making a shape like a tower in order to protect themselves from bad luck in their village. They built Bangsatap according to the theory of divination because they believe that geography is very important in choosing the right place for them. It is also a good example to demonstrate religious belief in Jeju island because it is an object in which people put faith: people put a rice paddle inside the Bangsatap to gather as much money as possible, as well as an iron pot to overcome disaster and fight fire in their village. Nobody knows that when the Bangsatap was built over the year previous.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webtrans.wordia.co.kr:7000/etgiweb/httpURLwww.jeju.go.kr/culture/culturalAssets.htm?act=view&seq=27920|title=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province|website=Bangsa tower(folk cultural assets)}}</ref>
{{clearleft}}

=== Controversies ===

==== Influx of Chinese tourists and developers ====
In recent years, Jeju province has become a popular destination for Chinese tourists and commercial developers. These Chinese are enticed to travel to Jeju for a number of reasons, including the island's proximity to China (just a two-hour flight from Beijing), Jeju's policy of allowing foreigners to travel to Jeju without a visa and the willingness of Jeju officials to grant Chinese condominium owners permanent resident status.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title = Chinese Wealth Transforms South Korea's Jeju Island|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-tourists-take-south-koreas-jeju-island-by-storm-1424842046|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|access-date = 2015-11-09|issn = 0099-9660|first = In-Soo|last = Nam}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title = South Korean Island Grows Wary After Welcoming the Chinese|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/world/south-korean-island-grows-wary-after-welcoming-the-chinese.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-02-25|access-date = 2015-11-09|issn = 0362-4331|first = Choe|last = Sang-hun}}</ref> Because of these attractive policies, the presence of Chinese citizens on Jeju has increased dramatically. According to the ''New York Times'', nearly half of the 6.1 million Chinese tourists who visited South Korea last year visited Jeju, a fivefold increase from 2011. Additionally, Chinese now own {{convert|2050|acres|0|abbr=on}} on Jeju, up from just five acres in 2009.<ref name=":1" />

While it may be beneficial to Jeju's economy, this phenomenon has a lot of Jeju residents worried. With the legacy of Japanese occupation still fresh in their minds, some Jeju inhabitants fear their island home is now turning into a "Chinese colony". These fears are exacerbated by China's increased military activity in the East and South China Seas and South Korea's growing economic reliance on China.<ref name=":1" />

More day-to-day concerns include the fact that while the Chinese certainly spend a lot of money on Jeju, much of the money is spent in restaurants and hotels owned by Chinese, not by Jeju residents.<ref name=":1" /> Similarly, some residents have expressed anger over Chinese owned hotels and casinos popping up near schools.<ref name=":0" /> In a recent poll, 68% of Jeju residents said the influx of Chinese tourists did not help Jeju's development.<ref name=":1" /> The sentiment among many Jeju residents that the Chinese do not respect South Korea or local customs has led to frequent scuffles between locals and Chinese tourists in bars and shops.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==== Jeju Naval Base ====
{{Further|Jeju Naval Base}}
In June 2007, the South Korean government selected Gangjeong, a village on the southern coast of the island, as the site of a controversial $970 million naval base.<ref name="Controversy">{{cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20110807000217 |work=Korea Herald |date=August 7, 2011 |title=Controversy over Jeju naval base mounts |author=Song Sang-ho}}</ref> Villagers have protested and filed lawsuits to try to block construction and have widely publicized their opposition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/opinion/sunday/Steinem-the-arms-race-intrudes-on-a-south-korean-paradise.html?scp=2&sq=steinem&st=nyt |title=The Arms Race intrudes on Paradise|author=Gloria Steinem|author-link=Gloria Steinem|work=New York Times |date=August 6, 2011}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Jeju (2005)<ref name="2005religionmap">[http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg 2005 Census - Religion Results] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=2015-09-04 }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Korean shamanism]] or not religious
|value1 = 49.8
|color1 = DarkRed
|label2 = [[Buddhism]]
|value2 = 32.7
|color2 = Gold
|label3 = [[Protestantism]]
|value3 = 10.3
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
|value4 = 7.2
|color4 = DarkOrchid
}}
According to the census of 2005, of the people of Jeju 32.7% follow [[Buddhism]] and 17.5% follow [[Christianity]] (10.3% [[Protestantism]] and 7.2% [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]).<ref name="2005religionmap"/> 49.8% of the population is mostly not religious or follows [[Korean Shamanism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Similar but Superior: Rhetoric of Coexistence Employed by Religions in Jeju Island, Korea|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340838636|access-date=2020-08-28|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Jeju World Cup Stadium, Jeju Island.jpg|thumb|[[Jeju World Cup Stadium]].]]

===International competition===
Jeju Island served as one of the host cities of the [[FIFA World Cup 2002|2002 FIFA World Cup]], with matches hosted at [[Jeju World Cup Stadium]]. [[Jeju City]] hosted the [[International Boxing Association (amateur)|AIBA]] [[2014 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2014 Women's World Boxing Championships]] at the Halla Gymnasium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/sports/summer/boxing/1018478-south-korea-to-host-2014-aiba-women-s-boxing-world-championships-after-canada-withdraw|title=South Korea to host 2014 AIBA Women's Boxing World Championships after Canada withdraw|author=Paul Osborne|work=insidethegames.biz - Olympic, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games News}}</ref>

===Association football===
[[Jeju United FC|Jeju United]] is the only professional sports club on Jeju-do. Jeju United was runner-up in the [[K League]] in [[2010 K-League|2010]]. Jeju-do has a famous high-school association football tournament that began in 1971.

==Cuisine==
[[File:Korean abalone porridge-Jeonbokjuk-03.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[Jeonbokjuk]]'', [[abalone]] porridge]]

Jeju Island is the southernmost and largest island isolated from the [[Korean peninsula]]. Due to its lack of fresh water, paddy farming is only done on a small scale, with the cultivation of [[cereal crop]]s such as [[millet]], [[barnyard millet]], buckwheat, and barley being the main feature of agriculture. Therefore, the traditional Jeju meal generally consists of ''[[japgokbap]]'', which is a bowl of steamed multiple grains as a main dish, with salted dried fish called ''[[jaban (fish)|jaban]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://engdic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=216857 |title=자반 |access-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155711/http://engdic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=216857 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=249408&v=44 |title=자반 |access-date=2011-06-10 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610075137/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=249408&v=44 |archive-date=June 10, 2011 }}</ref> as [[banchan]] (side dishes), and a soup based on ''[[doenjang]]'' (soybean paste) such as ''baechuguk'' made with [[Napa cabbage]], ''kongnipguk'' made with soybean leaves, or ''muguk'' made with [[radish]]. Jeju dishes are made with simple ingredients, and the taste is generally salty

Raw seafood called ''[[Hoe (food)|hoe]]'' is commonly consumed as a part of the meal. The warm weather affects Jeju cuisine in that ''gimjang'', preparing kimchi in late autumn for winter consumption, is not necessary to Jeju, as it is in the other provinces. Only a small amount of kimchi is pickled by Jeju locals. Representative main dishes in Jeju cuisine are porridge made with fish, seafood, seaweed, or mushrooms. Examples include ''[[jeonbokjuk]]'' made with [[abalone]], ''okdomjuk'' made with [[red tilefish]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?&masterno=828687&contentno=828687 |title=doopedia |work=encyber.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306033021/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php |archive-date=2010-03-06 }}</ref> ''gejuk'' made with crabs, ''gingijuk'' made with small crabs called ''bangge'' (''[[Helice tridens]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=827986&contentno=827986 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102154617/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=827986&contentno=827986 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-02 |title=doopedia |work=encyber.com }}</ref> ''maeyeoksae juk'' made with young miyeok (미역) ([[wakame]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=828654&contentno=828654 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729002522/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=828654&contentno=828654 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-29 |title=doopedia |work=encyber.com }}</ref> and ''chogijuk'' made with [[shiitake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=828143&contentno=828143 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729162126/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=828143&contentno=828143 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-29 |title=doopedia |work=encyber.com }}</ref>

Gamgyul is a type of orange similar to the [[Mandarin orange]] or [[tangerine]], commonly harvested in Jeju island. Black pig is a delicacy on the island as well. Black pigs are famous for their black hair and their meat for its chewy texture. The meat is nutritious and does not have the unique smell of pork. Black pigs' other notable features are their long faces, narrow snouts and small ears that stand up. Horse meat is also a delicacy of the island.
{{clearleft}}

==Myths and legends==
Within the Jeju province, numerous mythological tales and legends remain particularly prevalent; these are encompassed by the word ''yetmal'' ({{Korean|hangul=옛말}}, means ‘old language’), responsible for conveying the entirety of the substance of a myth or folk tale, which, within the large majority of instances, occurs within the form of a proverb or philosophical statement. The aforementioned stories remain disseminated within the form of prose between speaker and listener, constituting oral tradition; each story contains a component of truth derived from events within the Jeju province. A. This fictional story could be oral literature but in the eye of ideological aspect, the story also becomes a philosophy. Upon the basis of the aforementioned, these stories may remain classified as proverbs, philosophical statements or folklore derived from the history of the island.<ref>{{cite web|title=<국어국문학자료사전> |url= http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=692445&cid=41708&categoryId=41711|website=www.terms.naver.com }}</ref>

The characteristics of the stories of Jeju Province can be found within the form of natural and historical legend; for instance, within the ''Ahunahopgol'' legend ({{Korean|hangul=아흔아홉골 전설}}, means ’myth of 99 canyons’), historical circumstances responsible for a lack of individuals with talent within leadership remains displayed, expressing the geometrical destiny perspective. The historical legends of the province generally concerned an individual of particular strength; however, the limitations of the island remain represented within the form of the alternative to the hero, the starving strong man. A primary example remains the ''malmurlee'' legend ({{Korean|hangul=말머리전설}}, ‘head of horse’); This kind of story shows the limit of the people of the province, with the primary character remaining born as a strong hero as previously listed, yet remaining incapable of overcoming historical isolation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee |first=Hyeon-sook |title=설문대 할망이 제주시인을 만났다 |url= http://www.ihalla.com/read.php3?aid=1466694000539586084 |website=www.ihalla.com|date=24 June 2016 }}</ref>

A particular example of mythology within the province remains the myth of ''Seolmundae Halmang'', well known within Jeju; according to this myth, Seolmundae Halmang ("Grandmother Seolmundae") could reach from [[Seongsan Ilchulbong]] ("Sunrise Peak", a volcanic tuff cone on the seaboard of Jeju Island) to Guan Tal island at [[Aewol-eup]] in a single stride and to [[Hallasan|Mount Halla]] within 2 strides. She was very strong, possessed 500 children and built Mount Halla with seven scoops of earth. One day, Seolmundae Halmang was making soup for her sons while they were out hunting; while they were gone, she fell into the pot and drowned. On their return, they hungrily ate the soup, without knowing that it contained their mother; however, the youngest son knew, informing the remainder of the family, with the entirety of the family crying and transforming into 500 stones within their stead.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim |first=Nam-jung |title=설문대할망, 오돌또기 탐라에 얽힌 이야기 집대성 |url=http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0923536373&code=13150000&cp=nv |work=the kukminilbo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829023405/http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0923536373&code=13150000&cp=nv |archive-date=2016-08-29 }}</ref>

==Economy==

The Jeju economy has traditionally been supported by primary industry, agriculture and fishing, but tourism has taken a more and more important role as the island receives ten million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeju Island: South Korea's volcanic holiday destination |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/16/travel/jeju-island-introduction/ |date=2014-04-17 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=2015-04-15}}</ref> These are mostly Korean mainlanders but through the opening of the 2010 decade hundreds of thousands of Chinese tourists have been arriving and the number is increasing.

In 2006, the [[GDP]] of the province was projected at 8.5 trillion [[South Korean won|won]] (about [[United States dollar|US$]]8.5 billion), approximately 15 million won per capita. The provincial government's budget for 2006 was projected at 1.1 trillion won, an increase of 10% over 2005.

Jeju is also a home for key functions of [[Daum Communications]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1183|title=How Daum fell under Jeju's spell - JEJU WEEKLY|work=jejuweekly.com}}</ref> a leading Korean internet site, and sole owner of [[Lycos]] until August 2010.

Jeju is also famous for hosting many conferences and international meetings, including the [[World Scout Conference]] in July 2008. Jeju has its own international convention center called ICC Jeju. The [[ASEAN-KOREA Commemorative Summit 2009]] was held at ICC Jeju.

In 2010, the South Korean federal government tasked Jeju Island to develop itself as an international [[Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions]] destination, and since then, the island has hosted a number of notable events such as the 10,000-passenger China Baozhen Group incentive and 8,000-passenger Amway South Korean incentive. In 2010, the destination welcomed 67 events, enabling it to reach 27th spot globally and seventh in Asia in the UIA ranking of global meetings destinations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Little Jeju, big dreams|url=http://www.ttgmice.com/article/little-jeju-big-dreams/|publisher=TTGmice|access-date=8 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018013148/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/little-jeju-big-dreams/|archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Jeju Statue Park Statue.JPG|thumb|left|Jeju Stone Statue Park Statue.]]
[[File:제주도 유채꽃밭.jpeg|thumb|Rapeseed fields in Jeju Island]]
Tourism commands a large fraction of Jeju's economy. Jeju's temperate climate, natural scenery, and beaches make it a popular [[tourism|tourist]] destination for South Koreans as well as visitors from other parts of East Asia. The most popular tourist spots on the island are [[Cheonjeyeon Waterfall|Cheonjeyeon]] and [[Cheonjiyeon Waterfall|Cheonjiyeon]] waterfalls, [[Hallasan|Mount Halla]], Hyeobje cave, and Hyeongje island. There is a variety of leisure sports that tourists can take part in Jeju including golf, horse riding, hunting, fishing, mountain climbing, etc. Depending on the season, Jeju hosts many festivals for tourists including a penguin swimming contest in winter, cherry blossom festival in spring, the midsummer night beach festival in summer, and [[Jeju horse]] festival in autumn, among others. For most tourists, traffic to and from the island is mainly taken through [[Jeju International Airport]] and transport within the island by rental cars. Some local products are popular with tourists, including Jeju's special tile fish and mandarin oranges, as well as souvenirs and [[duty-free shop]]ping.

Jeju was chosen as one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature through the [[New7Wonders of Nature|New 7 Wonders of Nature]] campaign by the New7Wonders Foundation. The campaign saw hundreds of millions of votes and the top seven wonders were announced on 11/11/11.

Museums on the island include [[Nexon Computer Museum]].

===Tourist attractions===
[[File:Cheonjiyeon Waterfall at Night.jpg|thumb|upright|Cheonjiyeon Waterfall in Jeju]]
{{See also|Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes}}

'''Hallim Park'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hallimpark.co.kr/|title=Hallim Park|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> is one of the oldest and most popular tourist attractions on Jeju. It is on the west coast.

There is an annual fire festival on the island that stems from a custom of removing harmful insects and old grass in villages in winter. The fire festival is held on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. Dal-gip (to pile up much wood) is burned when the moon rises while praying for good harvests and making good wishes. Jeju traditional food is eaten at the site of the festival. This festival was held 13 times until 2009. The "Jeju Jeongwol Daeboreum Fire Festival" started in 1997 and become a leading festival of Jeju. This takes place in Saebyeol Oreum in Bongseong ri, Aewol Eup. It takes up to 25 minutes to reach it from Jeju International Airport by car. Jeju citizens do their utmost to prepare the Fire Festival so as to pass down, develop, and ultimately develop branding for the unique folk culture resources of Jeju.

Saebyeol oreum has a characteristic of a complex volcano. It has a horseshoe-shaped crater that is both very wide and slightly split. It rises high with the little peaks making an oval from the south peak to northwest. The scale is [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] {{convert|519.3|m|sp=us}}, height of {{convert|119|m|abbr=on}}, circumference of {{convert|2,713|m|abbr=on}}, area of {{convert|522,216|m2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}. Saebyeol oreum is the middle size among the 360 oreums on Jeju island. It is named after the saying "it brightens like a star."

'''Olle'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jejuolle.org/|title=제주올레|work=jejuolle.org}}</ref> is a word in the local dialect that refers to the paths between houses and public roads.

The [[Olle road|Jeju Olle Trail]], called Jeju Olle Gil or simply "jejuolle" in Korean, is a long-distance footpath on Jeju Island. The course, mostly following the coastline, consists of 21 connected, numbered main courses, 5 major spurs, and a short spur that connects to Jeju Airport. The courses have an average length of {{convert|16|km|sp=us}} and all together total {{convert|404|km|abbr=on}}. The exact length and locations change over time as trails are modified or re-routed.

The courses pass through small villages, cross beaches, wind through farms and orchards, twist through forests, and climb oreums ("low parasitic volcanoes") across Jeju Island.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

'''Manjanggul'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1304|title=Take a unique 1-kilometer subterranean stroll - JEJU WEEKLY|work=jejuweekly.com}}</ref> is one of the longest lava tubes in the world. Manjang Cave, at Donggimnyeong-ri, Gujwa-eup, North Jeju, {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} east of Jeju City, was designated as Natural Monument No. 98 on March 28, 1970. The annual temperature inside the cave ranges from 11℃ to 21℃, thus facilitating a favorable environment throughout the year.

The cave is academically significant as rare species live in the cave. Created by spewing lava, "the [[lava turtle]]", "lava pillar", and "wing-shaped wall" look like the work of the gods. It is considered to be a world-class tourist attraction.

The Geomunoreum lava tube system is the most impressive and significant series of protected lava tubes in the world and includes a spectacular array of secondary carbonate speleothems (stalactites and other formations). It overwhelms other lava tubes with its abundance and diversity. The Geomunoreum lava tube system, which is regarded as the finest such cave system in the world, has an outstanding visual impact even for those experienced with such phenomena. It displays the unique spectacle of multi-colored carbonate decorations adorning the roofs and floors, and dark-colored lava walls, partially covered by a mural of carbonate deposits.

In addition, lava tubes are like those in limestone karst in scale, shape, and internal decoration, but completely different in origin. Lava tubes are known from basaltic terrain in most of the world's volcanic regions. The lava tubes of the Geomunoreum system are, however, regarded as internationally important due to their length, massive volume, intricate passage configuration, well preserved internal lava features, abundant and spectacular secondary carbonate formations, ease of access, and their scientific and educational values. Another feature making Geomunoreum globally significant and distinctive is the presence of carbonate deposits and formations. Very small deposits of calcite are common in lava tubes and are more significantly developed as speleothems in Duck Creek cave in the U.S. state of [[Utah]]. However, in abundance, density and diversity they are far less impressive than those of Yongcheongul and Dangcheomuldonggul lava tubes in Jeju, and the scale of these decorations within the [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325971928_Geological_Heritage_Values_of_the_Yongcheon_Cave_Lava_Tube_Cave_Jeju_Island_Korea lava caves of Jeju Island] far exceeds any other comparable examples. The nomination is supported by the Commission on Volcanic Caves of the [[International Union of Speleology]] — the world's most authoritative scientific body on volcanic caves — which regards Jeju's lava caves as being of the highest international ranking. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325971928_Geological_Heritage_Values_of_the_Yongcheon_Cave_Lava_Tube_Cave_Jeju_Island_Korea Yongcheon Gul Lava Tube] has been discovered subsequently and is of equivalent value.

[[File:Sangumburi volcanic crater.jpg|thumb|Sangumburi volcanic crater]]
'''Sangumburi Crater'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangumburi.net/|title=넓고 넓은 신비의 화구, 끝없이 펼쳐진 대평원.. 산굼부리...|website=www.sangumburi.net}}</ref> is the crater of an extinct volcano. Unlike its brethren Halla-san and Songsan Ilch'ubong, this one exploded quickly but did not spew much lava nor did it form much of a surrounding cone. This phenomenon is called maru in Korean, and Sangumburi is the only one of its kind in the country, making it Natural Monument #263. The remaining crater is {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} deep and an average of {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}}s across. Over 400 species of plants and animals live inside the crater.

Visitors can walk around part of the rim (the rest is private property and fenced off), but they cannot venture down inside the crater. A well-paved path leads from the parking area to the viewing area, which has a small pavilion and several vista points. Also on the grounds are gravesites made in traditional Jeju fashion: a wide, trapezoidal stone wall surrounding the burial mound. Several of the sites have small stone figures that guard the mound against evil spirits. At the park entrance are large rocks from the crater. During the eruption, molten rock flew from the volcano into the air and cooled into many exotic shapes.

'''[[Seongsan Ilchulbong]]''', also called ‘Sunrise Peak’, is an archetypal [[Phreatomagmatic eruption|tuff cone]] formed by [[hydrovolcanic eruption]]s upon a shallow seabed about 5,000 years ago. On the eastern seaboard of [[Jeju Island]] and said to resemble a gigantic ancient castle, this tuff cone is 182 meters high, has a preserved bowl-like crater, and displays diverse inner structures resulting from the sea cliff. These features are considered to be of geologic worth, providing information on eruptive and depositional processes of hydromagnetic volcanoes worldwide as well as past volcanic activity of Seongsan Ilchulbong itself.

'''[http://english.jeju.go.kr/index.php/contents/Tour/TouristAttractions?cat=TU08&act=view&seq=345 Oedolgae]''' is a 20-meter-tall pillar-shaped rock in Sammaebong, [[Seogwipo]]. It was created 1.5 million years ago by a volcanic eruption. At the top of Oedolgae, there are pine trees growing naturally. According to legend, an old woman became a rock after waiting for her husband who went to sea to catch fish and didn't return for a long time. So people call it 'halmang bawi' meaning grandmother rock. On the left side of Oedolgae, there is a rock called someri bawi. A large grass area covers the rock, and the surrounding area is great for fishing. Oedolgae is a popular tourist destination, particularly with foreigners.

'''Mt. Halla'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.tour2jeju.net |title=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province |publisher=English.tour2jeju.net |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref> is the mountain of one of the three gods. It stands at the center of Jeju Island, spreading east and west. The east face is steep, the north side is gentle, and the east and west form a flat, wide highland.
Mount Halla is a dormant volcano created by volcanic activities during the [[quaternary period]] of the [[Cenozoic era]]. It is primarily covered with basalt. On its top is a crater and Baeknok Lake. This mountain is home to alpine plants and houses as many as 1,800 species of flora. It also boasts luxuriant natural forests and vast grasslands.

The {{convert|43|km|adj=on|sp=us}} long Road 5.16 crossing the eastern waist of the mountain from Jeju City to Seogwipo City is considered to be one of the best tourist roads in Korea. Along this road, there are many tourist attractions such as Sancheondan and Seongpanak. People can enjoy the royal azalea blossoms in spring, lush, green woods in summer, colorful foliage in fall, and a landscape of snow in winter.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

The {{convert|37|km||adj=mid|-long|sp=us}} Road 110 crossing the western waist of the mountain from Jeju-si to Jungmun runs through a high area that is {{convert|1,100|m|sp=us}} high above sea level. It passes by the Eoseungsang Reservoir, which is a source of water for Jeju islanders. The 99 Passes where, a legend says, neither a king nor a tiger is born because it is one short to 100 passes.{{??}} It also passes closely by Youngsil Giam (Youngsil Grotesque Rocks). It is possible to climb up to Wetse Oreum along Eorimok Trail and Youngsil Trail and to the top along Seongpanak Trail and Kwaneumsa Temple Trail.

'''[[Udo (island)|Udo]]''', (also called U-island, since do means island) is on the northeast of Seongsan-ri, 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) off the coast. This is the largest of the islands included in [[Jeju-si]]. Udo, literally "Cow Island" in Chinese, has this name because it looks like a cow lying down. The whole of Udo is a [[lava plateau]] and a fertile flatland where major agricultural products such as sweet potatoes, garlic, and peanuts are produced. There is a [[parasitic cone]], called ''shoi meori oreum'', in the southeast.

'''[[Jungmun Saekdal Beach]]''' is at the Saekdal-dong, [[Seogwipo]]-si. It is near the hotel zone it has convenient accessibility: Sinla Jeju hotel, Lotte hotel, Jeju Hana hotel are around 2 kilometers near the beach. Jungmun Saekdal Beach has a particular geographical feature. The beach shore is faced to the north and the water level is steady knee height until about 200 meters off the shore. There are many big and small waves under the influences of the Maparam ({{Korean|hangul=마파람}}, which means the wind from the north in Korean) so the beach is clouded by the people who came from many other regions to enjoy surfing in summer.

'''[[Aqua Planet Jeju]]'''　In Seogwipo City, there is the largest [[public aquarium]] "Aqua Planet Jeju (아쿠 아플라넷 제주)" in Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hanwharesort.co.kr/irsweb/resort3/tpark/aqua_tp_intro.do　|title=Hanwha Aqua Planet Jeju|website=hanwha resort |access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref> Korea's largest tank of {{Convert|5300|m3|gal|abbr=on}} "The Sea of Jeju" is popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.joins.com/article/10435056　|title=한화 아쿠아플라넷 제주, 바닷속 친구들 다 모였네|website=중앙일보|language=en|access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref>

===Visa policy===
Jeju has an independent visa policy that varies from that of the South Korean mainland. So all ordinary passport holders excluding those from [[Afghanistan]], [[Cuba]], [[Ghana]], [[Iraq]], [[Kosovo]], [[Libya]], [[Nigeria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[North Korea]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], [[Somalia]] and [[Yemen]] can stay visa-free 30 days in Jeju, even if they normally require a visa for the South Korean mainland.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/GK/GK_EN_2_1_1.jsp|title=Korea Visa & Passports - Official Korea Tourism Organization|work=visitkorea.or.kr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929145201/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/GK/GK_EN_2_1_1.jsp|archive-date=2014-09-29}}</ref>
Domestic flights from the mainland do not require identification; however, passengers who try to enter the mainland from Jeju must bring identification such as [[South Korean identity card|National ID Card]], Jeju Resident Card,<ref>[http://www.leisuretimes.co.kr/news/photo/201108/432_712_4048.jpg]</ref><ref>[http://www.leisuretimes.co.kr/news/photo/201108/432_711_4042.jpg]</ref> South Korean [[drivers licence]] issued by [[National Police Agency (South Korea)|National Police Agency]] or [[:ko:제주특별자치도자치경찰단|Jeju Municipal Police Agency]] or passport with [[Visa policy of South Korea|proper visa]] or visa-free passport or passport with valid [[United States visa]].

Thus, all ordinary passport holders except the following can stay visa-free 30 days in Jeju Province, even if they normally require a visa for South Korea:<ref>https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/my-en/brd/m_1914/view.do?seq=761537&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=1</ref>

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*{{flagcountry|Sudan}}
*{{flagcountry|Syria}}
|valign=top|
*{{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
*{{flagcountry|Yemen}}
|
|}

== Transportation ==
[[Jeju City]] is the principal transportation center for Jeju Province. It is home to the island's sole airport, [[Jeju International Airport]]; the Jeju-Seoul route is the world's busiest airline route.

The [[port of Jeju]] is the largest on the island, serving the great majority of passenger, cargo, and fishing vessels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Port of Jeju (Cheju)|url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/KOR_Port_of_Jeju_Cheju__1486.php|access-date=2021-11-15|website=World Port Source}}</ref>

In 2019, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province announced the launching of a service focused on public transportation mobile IOT.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-05|title=Jeju City, Public Transportation Mobile IOT Integrated Information Construction: Smart City Comprehensive Portal|url=https://smartcity.go.kr/en/2020/02/06/제주시-대중교통-이동형-iot-통합-정보-구축/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=SMART CITY KOREA|language=en}}</ref>

==Media==
There are five local newspapers on Jeju Island: the Cheju Daily News,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chejunews.co.kr |title=제주일보 |publisher=Chejunews.co.kr |access-date=2013-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322121431/http://www.chejunews.co.kr/ |archive-date=2006-03-22 }}</ref> Jeminilbo,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jemin.com |title=제주도민의 자존심 제민일보 |publisher=Jemin.com |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref> Hallailbo,<ref>http://www.hallailbo.co.kr</ref> Seogwipo-News,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seogwipo.co.kr |title=서귀포신문 : 인터넷일간신문 |publisher=Seogwipo.co.kr |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref> Jejumaeil.<ref>http://www.jejutimes.co.kr</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/index.php/contents/living/other/mass-media |title=Mass Media - Jeju Special Self-Governing Province |publisher=English.jeju.go.kr |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref> The Jeju Weekly is the only print English-language newspaper on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2057 |title=Don't let print pass you by |publisher=Jeju Weekly |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref> JejuWorldWide.com is a daily online news and events Web site that opened in early 2013.<ref>{{cite web |author=Robert Neff |url=http://www.jejuworldwide.com/2013/01/01/a-new-year-and-a-new-newspaper/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018013148/http://www.jejuworldwide.com/2013/01/01/a-new-year-and-a-new-newspaper/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-10-18 |title=A New Year and a new newspaper |publisher=Jeju World Wide |date=2013-01-01 |access-date=2013-08-25 }}</ref>

TV and radio stations include [[Jeju Free International City Broadcasting System]] (an affiliate of [[SBS (Korea)|SBS]]), [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS Jeju]], and [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|Jeju MBC]], and KCTV Jeju.

==Sister provinces==
Jeju's international sister provinces are also primarily islands (with the exception of [[California]]):
*{{flagdeco|PRC}} – [[Hainan Province]]
*{{flagdeco|IDN}}{{flagdeco|Bali}} – [[Bali|Bali Province]]
*{{flagdeco|RUS}}{{flagdeco|Sakhalin}} – [[Sakhalin|Sakhalin Oblast]]
*{{flagdeco|TLS}} – [[Aileu|Aileu Municipality]]
*{{flagdeco|US}}{{flagdeco|Hawaii}} – [[Hawaii|State of Hawaii]]
*{{flagdeco|PRT}}{{flagdeco|Madeira}} – [[Madeira|Autonomous Region of Madeira]]
*{{flagdeco|ITA}}{{flagdeco|Sardinia}} – [[Sardinia|Autonomous Region of Sardinia]]
*{{flagdeco|US}}{{flagdeco|California}} – [[California|State of California]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/acr_42_bill_20050718_chaptered.html|title=ACR 42 Assembly Concurrent Resolution - CHAPTERED|work=ca.gov}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Korea-related topics]]
*[[Subdivisions of South Korea]]
*[[Geography of South Korea]]
*[[Jeju language|Jeju language (dialect)]]
*[[Jeju people]]
*[[Love Land (Korea)|Love Land]], a sex-themed sculpture park on the island

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jeju-do}}
{{Wikivoyage|Jeju}}
*{{url|1=http://english.jeju.go.kr/ |2=Official website}} {{in lang|en}}
*[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?areaCode=39 Official Site of Korea Tourism Org]
*{{curlie|Regional/Asia/South_Korea/Jeju|Jeju}}
*[http://jejuweekly.com/ The Jeju Weekly newspaper]
*[http://geopark.jeju.go.kr/index.php?mid=EN Jeju Island Global geopark]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130728125742/http://jejuwnh.jeju.go.kr/english.php Jeju World Natural Heritage]
*[http://english.tour2jeju.net/ Jeju Tour Information]
*[http://birdsinjeju.com/bbs/zboard.php?id=birdsinjeju Birds of Jeju]
*[https://archive.today/20140403111647/http://jpi.or.kr/index_en.html/ Jeju Peace Institute]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jeju
|North = [[South Jeolla Province]] ''[[Korean Strait]]''
|Northeast = [[South Gyeongsang Province]] [[Busan]] ''[[Korean Strait]]''
|East = ''[[Korean Strait]]'' {{flag|Nagasaki}} Prefecture, {{flagu|Japan}}
|Southeast = ''[[East China Sea]]'' {{flag|Kumamoto}} Prefecture, {{flagu|Japan}}
|South = [[East China Sea]]
|Southwest = ''[[East China Sea]]'' [[Shanghai]], {{flagu|China}}
|West = ''[[East China Sea]]'' [[Jiangsu]], {{flagu|China}}
|Northwest =
}}
{{Jeju}}
{{Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}}
{{New7Wonders of Nature}}

{{Coord|33|22|N|126|32|E|type:isle_scale:2500000|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeju-Do}}
[[Category:Jeju Province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of South Korea]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:Autonomous provinces]]

Tiszaszederkény

2022-02-01T09:27:15Z

Peyerk: Tiszaszederkény and Tiszaújváros are the same in legal terms

{{Orphan|date=September 2013}}

'''Tiszaszederkény''' is a former village, part of the town [[Tiszaújváros]] in [[Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County]] of Hungary. The town was built up in the outskirts of the village from the 1950s. This territory was conquered by the prehistoric man more than 6,000 years ago. The village was mentioned first in an official charter in the 13th century. During the Turkish invasion, many people escaped from the village and it became depopulated. Through the centuries, the place became well-knowned and more and more people arrived. The place was affected by the regulation of the river [[Tisza]] in the early 19th century. The population decreased during the first and second World War.

In legal terms the old village of Tiszaszederkény and the new town of Tiszaújváros are the same: the village became a town in 1966 and was renamed twice: in 1970 it became Leninváros (Lenin Town) then in 1991 it recieved its present name Tiszaújváros (literally Tisza New Town, i.e. New Town on the Tisza River).<ref>[https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=HU&p_id=28352 Data sheet of Tiszaújváros, Gazetteer of Hungary, Central Statistical Office]</ref> In the second half of the 20th century, Tiszaszederkény got the "Town" title and became the 66th town of [[Hungary]].
[[File:16884 (j4128) orszagzaszlo tiszaujvaros tiszaszederkeny 1938 2.jpg|thumb|Hungarian national flag at the Column of Heroes, Tiszaszederkény]]

==History==
The history of Tiszaszederkény goes back to the ancient times. The first humans were settled down 6,000 years ago, during the [[Neolithic]] period. The closeness of the river [[Tisza]] and the flat, fertile land provided a very good place to settle down. After the establishment of the county system, this dwelling-place and its neighbourhood became part of the [[Borsod]] county system. It was a good place to cross the river Tisza, so later the village functioned as a crossing-place.

1268 was the first time when Szederkény was mentioned in an official charter as "VILLA SCEDERKYN", and in 1319, it was referred to as "Villa Zederken". Under the reign of the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Anjou]]s, several estates were expropriated and gifted away. Because of this reason, the settlement got into the hands of Dózsa Debreceni and later into the hands of the Czudar family. However, the male line of the family died out in 1470, so the domain was acquired by the Rozgonyi family and later by [[Péter Perényi]].
[[File:Unknown Zsuzsanna Lórántffy 17. c..jpg|thumbnail|Zsuzsanna Lorántffy]]
During the [[Turkish invasion]], many people escaped from the village. Because of this decrease, the village was recorded as an extinct place in 1615 and 1616. Later, as a solution for populating the village, [[Zsuzsanna Lorántffy]] settled 32 Hajdu families here in 1651. Between 1670-1672, [[protestant]] pursuits and fightings were taking place to forcefully catholicize people, however, the villagers remained Protestant.

After 1767, based on the regularisation of copy-holders, ordered by [[Maria Theresa]], the central government arrangements regulated the compilation of the [[Urbarium]] in a unitary manner. Copy-holder plate was attached to the urbarium, which included the names of landlords and villagers, their land, quantity and composition of their annual surrender. Urbarium of Szederkény was prepared and authenticated by József Ragályi and Joan Baroy de Fáy, on 14 June 1771. In 1898, it was decreed that all Hungarian village's name had to be regularised. The village was located close to river Tisza and its name was modified to Tiszaszederkény on 1 January 1905.

The World Wars demanded a lot from Tiszaszederkény, both lives and material losses. Thatched cottages disappeared and the old buildings were renewed. 9 September 1955, the construction of a new town began in the outskirts of Tiszaszederkény, providing home for people working in the surrounding industrial plants. The local administration moved to the new town in 1961.<ref name="Cseterki">Cseterki, S. (1989). Tiszaszederkény története . Leninváros: Városi Tanács</ref>

==Tourism==
The village existed in the ancient times, however, there are not much historical buildings or museums. The ''"Villa Scederkyn"''<ref name="Netaview">{{cite web|url=http://itthon.hu/magyarorszagrol/-/netaview/915161 |title=Magyarországról |publisher=itthon.hu |date= |accessdate=2012-10-14}}</ref> provincial house and a Reformed Church<ref name="Netaview2">{{cite web|author=Református templom Kedvencekből kivétel Kedvencekhez adás |url=http://itthon.hu/magyarorszagrol/-/netaview/46261 |title=Magyarországról |publisher=itthon.hu |date= |accessdate=2012-10-14}}</ref> are waiting the visitors on every day.
The first version of the Church was built in 1600 by wood, but later it was consecrated in 1799.
The "Legyen Szerederkény vendége"<ref name="Boon">{{cite web|url=http://www.boon.hu/hirek/Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen/cikk/vendegsegben-tiszaszederkenyben/cn/news-20100513-04075376 |title=Vendégségben Tiszaszederkényben | BOON |publisher=Boon.hu |date=2010-05-14 |accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref> event is a festival being held in every year.
Nature lovers can visit the backwater under the dam, called "Morotva" which is located half-round the village. Due to the spring rain, the floodplain fills up with water. As a result of the spring rains, the floodplain is filled with water, providing a home for highly protected wader/shorebird species: great egrets, grey herons, white and black storks, grebes have nesting places here.

==See also==
* [[List of places in Hungary whose names were changed]]
* [[Planned community]]
* [[List of palatines of Hungary]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Cseterki">Cseterki, S. (1989). Tiszaszederkény története . Leninváros: Városi Tanács</ref>
<ref name="Boon">{{cite web|url=http://www.boon.hu/hirek/Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen/cikk/vendegsegben-tiszaszederkenyben/cn/news-20100513-04075376 |title=Vendégségben Tiszaszederkényben | BOON |publisher=Boon.hu |date=2010-05-14 |accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Netaview">{{cite web|url=http://itthon.hu/magyarorszagrol/-/netaview/915161 |title=Magyarországról |publisher=itthon.hu |date= |accessdate=2012-10-14}}</ref>
<ref name="Netaview2">{{cite web|author=Református templom Kedvencekből kivétel Kedvencekhez adás |url=http://itthon.hu/magyarorszagrol/-/netaview/46261 |title=Magyarországról |publisher=itthon.hu |date= |accessdate=2012-10-14}}</ref>
</references>

{{coord|47|56|N|21|05|E|display=title|region:HU_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiszaszederkeny}}
[[Category:Former municipalities of Hungary]]

Tiszaújváros

2022-02-01T09:03:22Z

Peyerk: /* History */ legal aspect

{{Infobox settlement 
|settlement_type = [[List of cities and towns of Hungary|Town]]
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{HUN}}
|image_skyline = Tiszaújváros légifotó1.jpg
|image_caption = Aerial view
|image_shield =HUN Tiszaújváros Címer.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Tiszaújváros.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|47.92281|21.05219|region:HU|display=inline}}


|pushpin_map = Hungary
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|timezone=[[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset=+1
|timezone_DST=[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST=+2
|official_name=Tiszaújváros
|subdivision_type1=[[Counties of Hungary|County]]
|subdivision_name1=[[Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén]]
|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Hungary|District]]
|subdivision_name2=[[Tiszaújváros District|Tiszaújváros]]
|area_total_km2=46.04
|population_as_of=2009
|population_total=18021
|population_footnotes=
|population_density_km2=auto
|postal_code_type=[[Postal codes in Hungary|Postal code]]
|postal_code=3580
|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in Hungary|Area code]]
|area_code=(+36) 49
|website={{URL|http://www.tiszaujvaros.hu/}}
}}
'''Tiszaújváros''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈtisɒuːjvaːroʃ}}; {{lang-sk|Nové Mesto nad Tisou}}) is an industrial town in [[Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén|Ballok heee-Zemplén]] county, Northern [[Hungary]], {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south-east of [[Miskolc]], near the river [[Tisza]].

==History==
Tiszaújváros as a town owes its existence to the [[industrialization]] wave that took over the then-[[Socialism|socialist]] Hungary after [[World War II]]. The government wanted to speed up industrial development and to create new job opportunities in the north-eastern part of the country.
The town was built up in the outskirts of the old village [[Tiszaszederkény]]. In legal terms the old village and the new town are the same: the village became a town in 1966 and was renamed twice, in 1970 and in 1991.<ref>[https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=HU&p_id=28352 Data sheet of Tiszaújváros, Gazetteer of Hungary, Central Statistical Office]</ref>

The construction of the town began on 9 September 1955; among the first buildings was a thermal power station and some blocks of flats around it. In the next stage of construction the [[MOL Petrolkémia|Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát]] (TVK, "Chemical Factory") was built. It is one of the major chemical complexes in Hungary and, according to their website, represents more than 20% of petrochemical capacities in [[Central Europe]]. The first production unit, the [[paint]] [[factory]] started operating in 1961. Newer production units produce [[chemical fertilizer]]s, [[polyethylene]], and [[carbon black]]. An oil refinery was built too.

The factories needed workers, so living quarters were needed in the town. By 1962 several houses were built, mainly using prisoner labor force, and shops and restaurants were opened as well. On 1 June 1961 the [[town council|council]] of Tiszaszederkény moved to the new town. The first stage of construction was over. During the second stage (1962–1965) more houses and shops were built. By 1966 there were 1,464 flats for the workers, and on 1 April 1966 the town was officially granted town status. Between 1966 and 1970 – in the 3rd stage of town construction – two [[primary school]]s, a [[secondary school]] and a [[community centre]] were built. The town was now inhabited by 10,000 people.

On 22 April 1970 – the 100th anniversary of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin's]] birth – the town's name was changed to ''Leninváros'' (Lenin Town).

In the 1980s the town developed slower, but steadily. In 1989 the socialist regime ended in Hungary, and in 1991<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tiszaujvaros.hu/index.php/varosunkrol/varosunk-toertenelme |title=History of the town at its own website |author= |language=hu |access-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221064526/http://tiszaujvaros.hu/index.php/varosunkrol/varosunk-toertenelme |archive-date=21 February 2015 }} </ref> the town's name was changed to Tiszaújváros (literally: "Tisza New Town", i.e., 'New Town on the Tisza River'; another Hungarian industrial town, ''Sztálinváros'' – Stalin Town – similarly changed its name to ''[[Dunaújváros]]'' – "New Town on the Danube" – three decades earlier). During the 1990s the town developed fast, three churches and several new houses were built.

==Sights==
One of the most popular tourist attractions is a thermal bath and water park with chutes.

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary}}
Tiszaújváros is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiszaújvárosi Nyár 2018/24|url=http://www.tiszaujvaros.hu/images/stories/tartalom/2018/24/2018_24_ok.pdf|website=tiszaujvaros.hu|publisher=Tiszaújváros|page=11|language=hu|date=2018-06-14|access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=21em}}
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Berehove]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dexing, Jiangxi|Dexing]], China
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Ludwigshafen#Friesenheim|Friesenheim (Ludwigshafen)]], Germany
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Miercurea Ciuc]], Romania
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Neuhofen an der Krems]], Austria
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Rimavská Sobota]], Slovakia
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Świętochłowice]], Poland
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Zawiercie County]], Poland
{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Tiszaújváros légifotó1.jpg
Tiszaújváros légifotó2.jpg
Tiszaújváros légifotó3.jpg
16884 (j4128) orszagzaszlo tiszaujvaros tiszaszederkeny 1938 2.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tiszaújváros}}
*{{Official website|http://www.tiszaujvaros.hu/}} in Hungarian

{{Tiszaújváros District}}
{{Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|47|56|N|21|05|E|region:HU_type:city|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiszaujvaros}}
[[Category:Populated places established in 1955]]
[[Category:Populated places in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County]]
[[Category:Socialist planned cities]]
[[Category:Planned cities in Hungary]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Hungary]]

Talk:Heinrich XXIX, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf

2022-01-30T19:09:00Z

Peyerk:

{{WikiProject Biography

|class=stub

|living=no

|listas=Heinrich 29, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf
|royalty-work-group=yes

|royalty-priority=low
}}

{{WikiProject Germany|class=stub}}

{{Translated page|de|Heinrich XXIX. (Reuß-Ebersdorf)}}
== Numbering seems off ==

How can his son be Heinrich XXIV? Did his son precede him as count? [[Special:Contributions/155.213.224.59|155.213.224.59]] ([[User talk:155.213.224.59|talk]]) 16:43, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

Numbering is correct. [[Imperial County of Reuss|Check the numbering system explained here.]] [[User:Peyerk|peyerk]] ([[User talk:Peyerk|talk]]) 19:09, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Aswan Governorate

2022-01-19T11:41:03Z

Peyerk: m

{{short description|Governorate of Egypt}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Aswan Governorate
| settlement_type = [[Governorates of Egypt|Governorate]]
| image_flag = Governadorat dAswan.svg
| flag_size = 120px
| image_blank_emblem = Emblem Aswan Governorate.jpg
| blank_emblem_size = 75px
| image_map = Aswan in Egypt.svg
| map_caption = Aswan Governorate on the map of Egypt
| coordinates = {{coord|23.59|N|32.82|E|region:EG|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{EGY}}
| seat = [[Aswan]] (capital)
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-governors/egypt-names-six-provincial-governors-mostly-ex-generals-idUSKCN11D285|title=رسمياً.. المحافظون الجدد ونوابهم يؤدون اليمين الدستورية أمام الرئيس|work=Almasry Alyoum|language=ar|date=30 August 2018|access-date=2018-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211714/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-governors/egypt-names-six-provincial-governors-mostly-ex-generals-idUSKCN11D285#|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=live}}</ref>
| government_footnotes =
| area_footnotes = <ref name=area>Britannica Book of the Year 2014, p.589</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 62726
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1501000<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Estimates By Governorate ( Urban /Rural ) 1/1/2018 |url=https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035 |website=www.capmas.gov.eg |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102023819/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035# |archive-date=2018-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_as_of = January 2018
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset1 = +2
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.686<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref> {{color|#fc0|medium}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.aswan.gov.eg}}
| iso_code =
| calling_code =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aswān Governorate''' is one of the [[governorates of Egypt]]. The southernmost governorate in [[Upper Egypt]], its capital is [[Aswan]].

The Aswan Governorate borders [[Qena Governorate]] to the north, [[Red Sea Governorate]] to the east, [[New Valley Governorate]] to the west, and [[Sudan]]'s [[Northern state, Sudan|Northern state]] to the south. It has a population of 1,394,687 inhabitants (2014), and occupies an area of 62,726 km².

==Overview==
The rate of poverty is more than 60% in this governorate but recently some social safety networks have been provided in the form of financial assistance and job opportunities. The funding has been coordinated by the [[Ministry of Finance (Egypt)|country's Ministry of Finance]] and with assistance from international organizations.<ref name="Takaful and Karama">{{cite news |title=Social Solidarity Ministry to provide citizens with disabilities financial support |url=https://ww.egyptindependent.com/social-solidarity-ministry-financial-support/ |access-date=11 December 2018 |work=Egypt Independent |date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

==Municipal divisions==
The governorate is divided into the following [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Municipal divisions|municipal divisions]] for administrative purposes with a total estimated population as of July 2017 of 1,481,446. In some instances there is a markaz and a kism with the same name.<ref name="Population by Subdivision">{{cite web |title= Aswan Governorates Subdivisions |url= https://www.citypopulation.de/php/egypt-admin.php?adm1id=28 |website= CityPopulation.de |access-date= 2018-11-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181125033335/https://www.citypopulation.de/php/egypt-admin.php?adm1id=28# |archive-date= 2018-11-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gwillim Law">{{cite web |title=Markazes of Egypt |url=http://statoids.com/yeg.html |website=statoids.com |publisher=Gwillim Law |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019030709/http://statoids.com/yeg.html# |archive-date=2017-10-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
Municipal Divisions
! Anglicized name !! Native name !! [[Arabic transliteration]] !! Population (July 2017 Est.)!! Type
|-
| [[Abu Simbel (village)|Abu Simbel]] || style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|مركز أبو سنبل}} || {{transl|ar|Abū Sunbul}} || style="text-align:right;"|7,652 || [[Markaz (country subdivision)|Markaz]]
|-
| Aswan || style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|مركز أسوان}} || {{transl|ar|Aswān}}|| style="text-align:right;"|71,810 || Markaz
|-
| Aswan 1|| style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|قسم اول أسوان}} || {{transl|ar|Aswān 1}} || style="text-align:right;"|152,899 || Kism (fully urban)
|-
| Aswan 2|| style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|قسم ثان أسوان}} || {{transl|ar|Aswān 2}} || style="text-align:right;"|168,862 || Kism (fully urban)
|-
| Daraw || style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|مركز دراو}} ||{{transl|ar| Daraw}}|| style="text-align:right;"|137,245 || Markaz
|-
| Edfu || style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|مركز أدفو}} || {{transl|ar|Idfū}}|| style="text-align:right;"|462,400 || Markaz
|-
| Kom Ombo || style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|مركز كوم امبو}} || {{transl|ar|Kawm Umbū}} || style="text-align:right;"|388,555 || Markaz
|-
| New Aswan || style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|مدينة أسوان الجديدة }} || {{transl|ar|Madīnat Aswān al-Jadīdah}} ||style="text-align:right;"|96 || New City
|-
| New Tushka || style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|مدينة توشكى الجديدة}}|| {{transl|ar|Madīnat Tūshka al-Jadīdah}} || style="text-align:right;"| || New City
|-
| Nasser City || style="text-align:right;"| {{lang|ar|مركز نصر}} || {{transl|ar|Naṣr}} || style="text-align:right;"|91,927 || Markaz
|}

==Population==
According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate live in rural areas, with an urbanization rate of only 42.3%. Out of an estimated 1,431,488 people residing in the governorate, 826,543 people live in rural areas as opposed to only 604,945 in urban areas.<ref name="pop">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/1/2015|url=http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf|website=CAPMAS|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019093240/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf#|archive-date=2015-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cities==
[[File:Mohamed Abdelzaher - Wiki Loves Africa (8).jpg|thumb|Colourful houses on Heissa island]]
The following are in Aswan Governorate.

*[[Aswan]]
*[[Daraw]]
*[[Edfu]]
*[[El Basaliya]]
* El Radisia - الرديسية
*[[Kom Ombo]]
*[[New Aswan]]
*[[New Kalabsha]]
*[[Sebaiya]]

==Industrial zone==
According to the Egyptian Governing Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI), in affiliation with the Ministry of Investment (MOI), there is an industrial zone called El Shalalat located in this governorate:<ref name="IndustrialZones">{{cite web |title=Industrial Zones of Governorate |url=http://www.gafi.gov.eg/English/StartaBusiness/InvestmentZones/Pages/Industrial-Zones.aspx |website=Ministry of Investment Egypt |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201111/http://www.gafi.gov.eg/English/StartaBusiness/InvestmentZones/Pages/Industrial-Zones.aspx# |archive-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Important sites==
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Kalabsha]]
*[[Nekheb]]
*[[Nekhen]]

==See also==
*[[Governorates of Egypt]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.aswan.gov.eg/English/default.aspx Official Website in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215040048/http://www.aswan.gov.eg/English/default.aspx |date=2011-12-15 }}
* [https://www.elwatannews.com/subsection/148 El Wattan News of Aswan Governorate]

{{Governorates of Egypt}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Aswan Governorate| ]]
[[Category:Governorates of Egypt]]

Simunjan District

2022-01-07T12:05:38Z

Peyerk: m

{{for|the state constituency represented in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly|Simunjan (state constituency)}}
{{Other uses|Simunjan (disambiguation){{!}}Simunjan}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simunjan District
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|1.38333|110.75|region:MY|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Borneo
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Sarawak}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sarawak#Administrative divisions|Administrative Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = Simunjan
| elevation_m = 54
}}
[[File:Map of Simunjan District, Sarawak.svg|thumb|Map of Simunjan District]]

The '''Simunjan District''' is a district in the [[Samarahan Division]] of [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]],<ref name="Gaz"/><ref name="Geonames"/> located between [[Serian, Sarawak|Serian]] and [[Sri Aman]]. It borders [[Sebuyau]] and [[Samarahan Division|Samarahan]] and lies approximately {{convert|51.4|km|mi|0}} east-south-east of the state capital [[Kuching]].

Most of its inhabitants are made up of the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] and the [[Iban people|Iban]] people.

==Etymology==
There are a few deviations regarding the origin of Simunjan name. The first being when a Chinese merchant went to dry tobaccos during cloudy weather. Based on this folklore, a Chinese merchant came to Simunjan on a boat known as Wangkang ([[Djong (ship)]]) to rest. While at Simunjan, he tried to dry his tobaccos in the sun, but the weather was cloudy. The local told them that his "''Jan''" ("tobacco" in Chinese) will be "''Semun''" (or "damp"); "'''''Semunlah jan''''' kau kelak" ("Your tobacco will get damp.") Since this encounter, the place have been known as "Simunjan."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sejarah|url=http://simunjan.pjk.com.my/index.php/warga-pi1m/maklumat-pi1m/sejarah/45-sejarah|url-status=live|access-date=25 April 2021|website=Pusat Internet Pejabat Daerah Lama Simunjan}}</ref>

Another oral tradition speaks of Simunjan coming from the word "''Semun''" and "''Hujan''" (or "rain".) In this version, Simunjan people originated from an area known as "Ensengei" that migrated to Simunjan. Most of them worked as miners. While trying to start a match, the match was damp due to the frequent rainfall. Because this area was still unnamed, people combined "''Semun''" and "''Hujan''" to refer this place, hence "Simunjan."<ref name=":0" />

Based on another source, Simunjan got its name from "''Burung Munjan"'' ("Munjan Bird.") Burung Munjan was to believe a bird native to Simunjan that was abundant within Gunung Ngeli forest. Simunjan derived from the phrase "'''''Si Munjan'''''" (or "The Munjan") hence its name. However, there are little resources that elaborate further regarding this version, except for a few mentions from locals. A statue of Burung Munjan was erected around 1990, at Padang Sentral (Central Park) before was moved to Majlis Daerah Simunjan. It is believed that Burung Munjan went extinct due to rampant human activities in Simunjan.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Abdullah Chek|date=1 January 2016|title=1/1/16 THE ERODING SIMUNJAN NAN HILANG.|url=https://abchek.blogspot.com/2016/01/1116-eroding-simunjan-nan-hilang-draft.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 April 2021|website=ABC Sadong}}</ref>

==Famous persons==
* [[Sapok Biki]] - Malaysian boxer who won a gold medal during the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]] is a Simunjan native.

==Climate==
Simunjan has a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Simunjan
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 29.9
| Feb high C = 30.2
| Mar high C = 31.1
| Apr high C = 32.0
| May high C = 32.4
| Jun high C = 32.2
| Jul high C = 32.1
| Aug high C = 32.0
| Sep high C = 31.8
| Oct high C = 31.7
| Nov high C = 31.4
| Dec high C = 30.7

| Jan mean C = 26.2
| Feb mean C = 26.4
| Mar mean C = 26.9
| Apr mean C = 27.4
| May mean C = 27.8
| Jun mean C = 27.5
| Jul mean C = 27.2
| Aug mean C = 27.2
| Sep mean C = 27.2
| Oct mean C = 27.2
| Nov mean C = 27.0
| Dec mean C = 26.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 22.5
| Feb low C = 22.6
| Mar low C = 22.8
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 23.2
| Jun low C = 22.8
| Jul low C = 22.4
| Aug low C = 22.5
| Sep low C = 22.6
| Oct low C = 22.7
| Nov low C = 22.6
| Dec low C = 22.5
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain mm=471
|Feb rain mm=358
|Mar rain mm=284
|Apr rain mm=272
|May rain mm=246
|Jun rain mm=188
|Jul rain mm=180
|Aug rain mm=254
|Sep rain mm=275
|Oct rain mm=308
|Nov rain mm=349
|Dec rain mm=445
|source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/765946/
|title = Climate: Simunjan
|publisher=Climate-Data.org
|access-date = 29 October 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Neighbouring settlements==
Neighbouring settlements include:
* [[Kampung Sageng]] {{convert|0|km|mi|1}} north
* [[Kampung Lintang]] {{convert|0|km|mi|1}} north
* [[Kampung Sungai Jong]] {{convert|1.9|km|mi|1}} south
* [[Kampung Jagong]] {{convert|1.9|km|mi|1}} west
* [[Kampung Segunduk]] {{convert|2.6|km|mi|1}} southeast
* [[Kampung Lobang Empat]] {{convert|4.1|km|mi|1}} southeast
* [[Kampung Malanjok]] {{convert|5.2|km|mi|1}} southeast
* [[Kampung Dundong]] {{convert|5.6|km|mi|1}} west
* [[Kampung Sabang]] {{convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} northwest
* [[Kampung Lingkau]] {{convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} southeast
* [[Kampung Sungai Ba]] {{convert|2.0|km|mi|1}} west

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Gaz">{{cite book|title=A Sarawak Gazetteer|author=M. Mohizah, S. Julia and W. K. Soh|year=2006|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department Malaysia and Forest Research Institute Malaysia|location=Kuala Lumpur|isbn=983-2181-86-0|oclc=85818866|url=http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Sarawak_Gazetteer.pdf|access-date=1 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722232834/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Sarawak_Gazetteer.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="Geonames">{{cite web|url=http://www.geonames.org/1735681|work=Geonames|title=Simunjan, Malaysia|date=9 August 2010|access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{wikivoyage inline|Simunjan}}
{{Sarawak}}

[[Category:Districts of Sarawak]]

Simunjan District

2022-01-07T11:55:43Z

Peyerk: m

{{for|the state constituency represented in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly|Simunjan (state constituency)}}
{{Other uses|Simunjan (disambiguation){{!}}Simunjan}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simunjan District
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|1.38333|110.75|region:MY|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Borneo
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Sarawak}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sarawak#Administrative divisions|Administrative Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = Simunjan
| elevation_m = 54
}}
[[File:Map of Simunjan District, Sarawak.svg|thumb|Map of Simunjan District]]

The '''Simunjan District''' is a district in the [[Samarahan division]] of [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]],<ref name="Gaz"/><ref name="Geonames"/> located between [[Serian, Sarawak|Serian]] and [[Sri Aman]]. It borders [[Sebuyau]] and [[Samarahan Division|Samarahan]] and lies approximately {{convert|51.4|km|mi|0}} east-south-east of the state capital [[Kuching]].

Most of its inhabitants are made up of the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] and the [[Iban people|Iban]] people.

==Etymology==
There are a few deviations regarding the origin of Simunjan name. The first being when a Chinese merchant went to dry tobaccos during cloudy weather. Based on this folklore, a Chinese merchant came to Simunjan on a boat known as Wangkang ([[Djong (ship)]]) to rest. While at Simunjan, he tried to dry his tobaccos in the sun, but the weather was cloudy. The local told them that his "''Jan''" ("tobacco" in Chinese) will be "''Semun''" (or "damp"); "'''''Semunlah jan''''' kau kelak" ("Your tobacco will get damp.") Since this encounter, the place have been known as "Simunjan."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sejarah|url=http://simunjan.pjk.com.my/index.php/warga-pi1m/maklumat-pi1m/sejarah/45-sejarah|url-status=live|access-date=25 April 2021|website=Pusat Internet Pejabat Daerah Lama Simunjan}}</ref>

Another oral tradition speaks of Simunjan coming from the word "''Semun''" and "''Hujan''" (or "rain".) In this version, Simunjan people originated from an area known as "Ensengei" that migrated to Simunjan. Most of them worked as miners. While trying to start a match, the match was damp due to the frequent rainfall. Because this area was still unnamed, people combined "''Semun''" and "''Hujan''" to refer this place, hence "Simunjan."<ref name=":0" />

Based on another source, Simunjan got its name from "''Burung Munjan"'' ("Munjan Bird.") Burung Munjan was to believe a bird native to Simunjan that was abundant within Gunung Ngeli forest. Simunjan derived from the phrase "'''''Si Munjan'''''" (or "The Munjan") hence its name. However, there are little resources that elaborate further regarding this version, except for a few mentions from locals. A statue of Burung Munjan was erected around 1990, at Padang Sentral (Central Park) before was moved to Majlis Daerah Simunjan. It is believed that Burung Munjan went extinct due to rampant human activities in Simunjan.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Abdullah Chek|date=1 January 2016|title=1/1/16 THE ERODING SIMUNJAN NAN HILANG.|url=https://abchek.blogspot.com/2016/01/1116-eroding-simunjan-nan-hilang-draft.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 April 2021|website=ABC Sadong}}</ref>

==Famous persons==
* [[Sapok Biki]] - Malaysian boxer who won a gold medal during the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]] is a Simunjan native.

==Climate==
Simunjan has a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Simunjan
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 29.9
| Feb high C = 30.2
| Mar high C = 31.1
| Apr high C = 32.0
| May high C = 32.4
| Jun high C = 32.2
| Jul high C = 32.1
| Aug high C = 32.0
| Sep high C = 31.8
| Oct high C = 31.7
| Nov high C = 31.4
| Dec high C = 30.7

| Jan mean C = 26.2
| Feb mean C = 26.4
| Mar mean C = 26.9
| Apr mean C = 27.4
| May mean C = 27.8
| Jun mean C = 27.5
| Jul mean C = 27.2
| Aug mean C = 27.2
| Sep mean C = 27.2
| Oct mean C = 27.2
| Nov mean C = 27.0
| Dec mean C = 26.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 22.5
| Feb low C = 22.6
| Mar low C = 22.8
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 23.2
| Jun low C = 22.8
| Jul low C = 22.4
| Aug low C = 22.5
| Sep low C = 22.6
| Oct low C = 22.7
| Nov low C = 22.6
| Dec low C = 22.5
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain mm=471
|Feb rain mm=358
|Mar rain mm=284
|Apr rain mm=272
|May rain mm=246
|Jun rain mm=188
|Jul rain mm=180
|Aug rain mm=254
|Sep rain mm=275
|Oct rain mm=308
|Nov rain mm=349
|Dec rain mm=445
|source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/765946/
|title = Climate: Simunjan
|publisher=Climate-Data.org
|access-date = 29 October 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Neighbouring settlements==
Neighbouring settlements include:
* [[Kampung Sageng]] {{convert|0|km|mi|1}} north
* [[Kampung Lintang]] {{convert|0|km|mi|1}} north
* [[Kampung Sungai Jong]] {{convert|1.9|km|mi|1}} south
* [[Kampung Jagong]] {{convert|1.9|km|mi|1}} west
* [[Kampung Segunduk]] {{convert|2.6|km|mi|1}} southeast
* [[Kampung Lobang Empat]] {{convert|4.1|km|mi|1}} southeast
* [[Kampung Malanjok]] {{convert|5.2|km|mi|1}} southeast
* [[Kampung Dundong]] {{convert|5.6|km|mi|1}} west
* [[Kampung Sabang]] {{convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} northwest
* [[Kampung Lingkau]] {{convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} southeast
* [[Kampung Sungai Ba]] {{convert|2.0|km|mi|1}} west

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Gaz">{{cite book|title=A Sarawak Gazetteer|author=M. Mohizah, S. Julia and W. K. Soh|year=2006|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department Malaysia and Forest Research Institute Malaysia|location=Kuala Lumpur|isbn=983-2181-86-0|oclc=85818866|url=http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Sarawak_Gazetteer.pdf|access-date=1 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722232834/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Sarawak_Gazetteer.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="Geonames">{{cite web|url=http://www.geonames.org/1735681|work=Geonames|title=Simunjan, Malaysia|date=9 August 2010|access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{wikivoyage inline|Simunjan}}
{{Sarawak}}

[[Category:Districts of Sarawak]]

Dalian

2022-01-01T20:22:33Z

Peyerk: /* Administration */ m

{{short description|City in Liaoning, China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Dalian
| native_name = 大连市
| image_flag =
| native_name_lang = zh-Hans
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] & [[Sub-provincial city]]

| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1 = Xigang, Dalian, Liaoning, China - panoramio (18).jpg
| alt1 = Dalian skyline
| image2 = Xinghai Square (Dalian).jpg
| alt2 = Xinghai Square
| image3 = Bank of China, Zhangshan Square, Dalian.JPG
| alt3 = Zhongshan Square
| image4 = Dalian International Conference Center.jpg
| alt4 = Dalian International Conference Center
| image5 = Dalian Skyline Enhanced.jpg
| alt5 = Aerial view of Dalian
}}
| image_size =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: Skyline of [[Qingniwaqiao|Qingniwa CBD]], [[Zhongshan Square (Dalian)|Zhongshan Square]], aerial view of Dalian, International Conference Center, [[Xinghai Square]]
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=5|frame-lat=39.44|frame-long=122.27}}
| image_map1 = Location of Dalian Prefecture within Liaoning (China).png
| map_caption1 = Location of Dalian City jurisdiction in Liaoning
| pushpin_map = Liaoning#China
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city center in Liaoning##Location of the city center in China

| coordinates = {{Coord|38|54|N|121|36|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-21_dim:128km|format=dms|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint = Dalian municipal government
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Liaoning]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1899
| established_title1 = – [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|Transfer of sovereignty to Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki)]]
| established_date1 = 17 April 1895
| established_title2 = – [[Russian Dalian|Russian occupation]] – [[Kwantung Leased Territory|Japanese occupation]]
| established_date2 = 3 March 1898 – 2 January 1905 1905 – 15 August 1945
| established_title3 = – Transfer of sovereignty to China
| established_date3 = 16 April 1955
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Municipal seat
| seat = [[Xigang District, Dalian|Xigang District]]
| parts_type = [[County-level division|County-level]] divisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 7 districts
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Sub-provincial division|Sub-provincial city]]
|governing_body = [[Dalian Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
|leader_name = Hu Yuting
| leader_title1 = [[Dalian Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1 = Xiao Shengfeng
|leader_title2 = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name2 = Chen Shaowang
| leader_title3 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3 = Wang Qiyao
| total_type = 

| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 13237
| area_land_km2 = 12573.85
| area_blank2_title = [[District (China)|Districts]]<ref name="CUCSY_2017"/>
| area_blank2_km2 = 5244.0
| area_urban_km2 = 1523.00
| area_urban_footnotes =  (2017)<ref name="CUCSY_2017">{{cite book |editor1=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]] |title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017 |date=2019 |publisher=China Statistics Press |location=Beijing |page=50 |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 29
| elevation_min_m =

| population_total = 6690432
| population_as_of = 2010 census
| population_footnotes = <ref name = "Dalian 6th Census">{{cite web|language=zh-cn|script-title=zh:大连市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报|url=https://www.cnstats.org/rkpc/201112/dls-2010-itkzy.html|access-date=2021-11-19|date=2011-12-09|url-status=live|publisher=Dalian Municipal Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 532.09
| population_blank1_title = [[Hukou system|Hukou]] population (2014)
| population_blank1 = 5943000<ref name=stats />
| population_note =
| population_blank2_title = Districts<ref name="CUCSY_2017"/>
| population_blank2 = 4607000
| population_urban = 4009700
| population_urban_footnotes =  (2017)<ref name="CUCSY_2017"/>
| demographics_type1 = GDP (nominal)
| demographics1_footnotes =  2016<ref name=stats>{{cite web |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:2014年大连市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |url=http://www.stats.dl.gov.cn/view.jsp?docid=31408|publisher=Dalian Municipal Bureau of Statistics|access-date=15 April 2015|date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075243/http://www.stats.dl.gov.cn/view.jsp?docid=31408|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in China|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 116000
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in China|0411]]
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-LN-02]]
| registration_plate = {{lang|zh-cn|[[License Plate (China)|辽B]]}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China#Division codes for statistic use|Division code]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 210200
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2011)
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.86 – {{color|#090|very high}}<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-cn |url=http://news.lnd.com.cn/htm/2011-06/23/content_1844869.htm |script-title=zh:人类发展指数达到0.86 大连市已进入高人类发展水平 |script-work=zh:半岛晨报 |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029200513/http://news.lnd.com.cn/htm/2011-06/23/content_1844869.htm |archive-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.dl.gov.cn}}
| footnotes =
| unemployment_rate =
| p2 = 2 [[County-level cities|county cities]]
| p3 = 1 county

| elevation_max_m =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 823.42 billion PPP $119.76 billion
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 = CNY 117,850 USD 17,141
| demographics1_title3 = Growth
| demographics1_info3 = {{increase}} 6.5%
| timezone = [[Time in China|China Standard]]
| utc_offset = +8

| blank2_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|1906|km|0|abbr=on}} (excluding islands)
| blank3_name_sec1 = City flower
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Rosa chinensis|China rose]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = City tree
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Juniperus chinensis|Dragon juniper]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Dalian_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Dalian" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright=0.425
| s = 大连
| t = 大連
| p = Dàlián
| w = Ta4-lien2
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Da4Lian2.ogg|d|a|4|.|l|ian|2}}
| j = Daai6-lin4
| y = Daaih-lìhn
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|.|l|in|4}}
| poj = Tāi-liân
| l = "Great Connection"
| order = st
| kanji = 大連
| hiragana = だいれん
| romaji = Dairen
| psp = Dalny (1898–1905) Dairen (1905–1945)
| hangul = 대련
| hanja = 大連
| rr = Daeryeon
| altname = Lüda {{small|(1950–1981)}}
| c2 = 旅大
| psp2 = Luta
| w2 = Lü3-ta4
| p2 = Lǚdà
}}
{{external media
| topic = Dalian Aerial Photography
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/embed/GqkQRYg00PE Dalian Aerial Photography] by ''New China TV'', 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author1=New China TV |title=Dalian: Light of Photography|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqkQRYg00PE |website=YouTube |access-date=28 March 2020 |date=30 June 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{stack end}}

'''Dalian''' {{IPAc-en|,|d|a:|l|j|ɑː|n|}}<ref>{{Lexico|Dalian}}</ref> is a major [[sub-provincial]] [[port city]] in [[Liaoning province]], [[People's Republic of China]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |script-website=zh:豆丁网 |trans-website=Douding network |date=19 February 1995 |access-date=28 May 2014 | language = zh-hans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 }}</ref> and is Liaoning's second largest city (after the [[provincial capital]] [[Shenyang]]) and the fourth-most populous city of [[Northeast China]]. Located on the southern tip of [[Liaodong peninsula]], it is the southernmost city in both Liaoning and the entire Northeast. Dalian borders the [[prefectural city|prefectural cities]] of [[Yingkou]] and [[Anshan]] to the north and [[Dandong]] to the northeast, and also shares [[maritime boundaries]] with [[Qinhuangdao]] and [[Huludao]] across the [[Liaodong Bay]] to west and northwest, [[Yantai]] and [[Weihai]] on the [[Shandong peninsula]] across the [[Bohai Strait]] to the south, and [[North Korea]] across the [[Korea Bay]] to the east.

Today a financial, shipping, and logistics center for [[East Asia]], Dalian has a significant history of being used by foreign powers for its ports. Dalian was previously known as both "[[Russian Dalian|Dalniy]]"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://d40x525.blog.sohu.com/225385194.html |title=Old photos of "Dalniy" |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150217042017/http://d40x525.blog.sohu.com/225385194.html |archive-date=17 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{lang-ru|Дальний}}; {{transl|ru|''Dal'nii''}}) and "[[Kwantung Leased Territory|Dairen]]" ({{lang-ja|大連}}). However, the city used to be better known as "Port Arthur" and "Ryojun" ({{lang-ja|旅順|links=no}}) from the original Port Arthur, now the city's [[Lüshunkou District|Lüshunkou district]].

In 2016, Dalian ranked 48th in the [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name=GFCI>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/global-financial-centre-index-19/976-gfci-19-the-overall-rankings.html|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 19|date=March 2016|publisher=Long Finance|access-date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408123054/http://www.longfinance.net/global-financial-centre-index-19/976-gfci-19-the-overall-rankings.html|archive-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, Dalian ranked 82nd in the [[Global city#Global City Competitiveness Index|Global City Competitiveness Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |title=The Global City Competitiveness Index |publisher=Managementthinking.eiu.com |date=12 March 2012 |access-date= 1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414121921/http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, Dalian was named China's most livable city by ''[[China Daily]]''.<ref>{{cite news| last= Jing| first= Fu| url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-01/03/content_508828.htm| title= Beijing drops out of top 10 'best city' list| publisher= [[China Daily]]| date= 3 January 2006| access-date= 12 February 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130820035830/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-01/03/content_508828.htm| archive-date= 20 August 2013| url-status= live| df= dmy-all}}</ref> It is now a "[[Global City|Beta - Global City]]" according to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref>

Dalian is also one of the top 100 [[List of cities by scientific output|science cities]] in the world by scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature Index 2020 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index|url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2020-science-cities/tables/overall|access-date=2020-10-16|website=www.natureindex.com}}</ref> The city is home to [[List of universities and colleges in Liaoning|several major universities]], notably [[Dalian University of Technology]] and [[Dalian Maritime University]], members of [[List of universities in China|China's prestigious universities]] in the [[Project 211]], and the [[Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]].

== Etymology ==
Modern Dalian originated from '''Qingniwa''' ({{zh|c=青泥洼|p=Qīngníwā|l=cyan mud swamp|links= no}}) or [[Qingniwaqiao]] ({{zh|c=青泥洼桥|p=Qīngníwāqiáo|l= bridge over the cyan mud swamp|links=no}}), a small fishing village. The [[Russian Empire]] built a [[commercial town]] for the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]] after [[Russian Dalian|assuming control]] in 1898 and called it "Dalniy" ({{lang-ru|Дальний|translit= Dal'nii}} - "a remote one" or "far-away", in reference to the town's location,<ref name="shp">
{{Cite book|title= The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places|author= Britannica Educational Publishing|publisher= The Rosen Publishing Group|year= 2010|chapter= The Major Cities of Northern China|isbn= 978-1-61530-182-9|pages= 165–168}}</ref>
rendered as {{zh|c=达里尼|p=Dálǐní|links=no}}) from 1898 to 1905. After the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905, Japan occupied the Kwantung Leased Territory and renamed the city {{Nihongo|Dairen|大連/だいれん|lead= yes}}<ref name="shp"/> after the Chinese name for [[Dalian Bay]] ({{zh|t=大連灣|s=大连湾|hp=Dàlián Wān|links=no}}) - a name in use since at least 1879. English-language sources called the city "Dairen" in this period (1905-1945), from Japanese.

In 1950 Dalian, once again under Chinese control, merged with the nearby town called [[Lüshun]] ({{zh|s=旅顺|links=no}}) (formerly "Ryojun" and before that, "Port Arthur") to form the city of '''Lüda'''<ref name="shp"/> ({{zh|c=旅大|hp=Lǚdà|links=no}}), a name (formed from the first syllable of each constituent's name) which was usually rendered as '''Luta''' in English during that era. In 1981, the Chinese [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] again renamed the city, from Lüda to "Dalian" ({{zh|t=大連|s=大连|hp=Dàlián|links= no}}, using the same Chinese characters as Japanese ''Dairen''), effective 5 March 1981.<ref name="shp"/>

==History==
===Ancient===
In the [[Qin Dynasty|Qin]] and [[Han Dynasty|Han]] periods (221 BC–AD 220), the Chinese state expanded its territories into northern [[Korea]] through the Dalian region, then under the jurisdiction of [[Liaodong]] county.<ref name="shp"/> During the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] era (3rd through 5th centuries), the Korean kingdom of [[Goguryeo]] controlled this region. In the early [[Tang Dynasty]] (618–907), the Dalian region formed part of [[Andong]] Prefecture in Jili state; during the [[Liao Dynasty]] (916–1125), it was part of Dong Jing Tong Liaoyang county. Dalian was named Sanshan in the period of [[Cao Wei|Wei]] [[Jin Dynasty (265–420)|Jin]] (220–420), San Shanpu in the Tang Dynasty (618–907), Sanshan Seaport in the [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368–1644), and Qingniwakou during the [[Qing Dynasty]] (1644–1911).

===Qing Dynasty===
In the 1880s, Jinzhou, the north of downtown Dalian, now [[Jinzhou District]], was a walled town and a center for political intrigue and economic activity. The Qing government built bridges and heavily fortified the peninsula. Mining camps on the northern coast of [[Dalian Bay]] became the small town of Qingniwa ({{lang|zh-hans|青泥洼}}) or [[Qingniwaqiao]] ({{lang|zh-hans|青泥洼桥}}), near what became the downtown core of modern-day Dalian.

===British, Russian, and Japanese occupations===

{{Main|Russian Dalian|Kwantung Leased Territory}}
[[File:Dairen Oohiroba.jpg|thumb|left|[[Zhongshan Square (Dalian)|Zhongshan Square]], then Ōhiroba (大広場), ca. 1940]]
[[File:Dalian Hotel 大连宾馆.jpg|thumb|left|Dalian Hotel, formerly [[Yamato Hotel]], built in 1914]]
[[File:Dalian Liaoning China Public-clock-at-the-customs-office-01.jpg|thumb|left|An old clock on a heritage building near the port]]
The British briefly occupied Qingniwa during the [[Second Opium War]] in 1858,<ref>They also renamed the bay for [[Queen Victoria]]. Kuramoto p. 19.</ref> but returned it to Chinese (Qing) control in 1860. Port Arthur at the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula took its English name from Royal Navy Lieutenant [[William Arthur (Royal Navy)|William Arthur]], while the Chinese called it [[Lüshun]]. Although China heavily fortified the area, in which it allowed trade with foreigners, in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] Japan swiftly overcame those defenses{{citation needed|date= January 2015}} on 21 November 1894 in the [[Battle of Lüshunkou]], immediately committing the [[Port Arthur massacre (China)|Port Arthur massacre]]. In April 1895 China conceded defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, ceding [[Liaodong Peninsula]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Penghu]], and making many other concessions in the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] (17 April 1895).

In the [[Triple Intervention]] of 23 April 1895, Russia, France and Germany forced Japan to return the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] to China, despite the treaty's terms; instead the [[Russian Empire]] coerced a lease of the peninsula from the Qing Dynasty in 1898. Russia had a particular interest in the region of the peninsula as one of the few areas in the region that had the potential to develop [[Port#Warm-water port|ice-free ports]].<ref>Hess, Christian A. (2006). "From colonial jewel to socialist metropolis: Dalian, 1895–1955." PhD dissertation (University of California, San Diego), p. 17.</ref> The Russians built a modern commercial port city, which they wanted to become the Paris of the Far East, and called it Dal'niy ({{lang-ru|Дальний|links=no}}).<ref>Kuramoto p. 20.</ref> Linked by 1902 with the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] via the branch line [[Chinese Eastern Railway]] through [[Harbin]], Dal'niy became Russia's primary port-city in Asia, and also served Western traders. Russia signed the [[Pavlov Agreement (1898)]] with China, which granted Russia a 25-year lease on Dalian and Lüshun and exclusive right to build a branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway—what would become from 1905 the Japanese-operated [[South Manchurian Railway]].<ref>Hess, p. 21.</ref> Russia spent more than 10 million golden rubles (equivalent to 11.5 billion of today's [[rubles]]) building the new ice-free port city.<ref>March, G. Patrick. ''Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific'' (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 1996)</ref>

Russia heavily fortified both Dalniy (Qingniwaqiao of Zhongshan District) and the Port Arthur naval base (Lüshunkou) before and after the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1899-1901. Missionaries and converts were killed{{by whom|date=June 2021}} in the peninsula during the insurrection, although the massive massacres of ethnic Chinese Christians including [[Metrophanes, Chi Sung]] occurred at [[Harbin]].<ref name="Orthodox.cn">{{cite web|url= http://www.orthodox.cn/history/martyrs/1_en.htm|title= Accounts of the Martyrs of the Chinese Orthodox Church who fell victim in Beijing in 1900|publisher=Nina Tkachuk Dimas|access-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927141141/http://www.orthodox.cn/history/martyrs/1_en.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Western expeditionary forces suppressed the [[Boxers (group)|Boxers]] across the Yellow Sea in [[Shandong]].

During the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904-1905, the Liaodong Peninsula became a major battleground. Major-General Baron [[Anatoly Stoessel]] defended a [[siege of Port Arthur|besieged Port Arthur]], for five months (August 1904 to January 1905), but the Japanese army, using long-distance fire, sank several Russian ships at the Port Arthur naval base in early December 1904. Admiral [[Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev|Eugene Alexeyeff]] was blamed{{by whom|date=June 2021}} for splitting precious resources shipped {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} across the single tracked Trans-Siberian Railway and [[Manchurian Railway]] between Dalniy and Port Arthur. After the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] crippled the remaining Russian battleship ''[[Russian battleship Sevastopol (1895)|Sevastopol]]'' in three weeks of constant attacks, and explosives detonated in tunnels destroyed Port Arthur's remaining defenses in the final days of 1904, Russia negotiated a ceasefire and surrendered Port Arthur in January 1905.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Steiger
| first1 = George Nye
| last2 = Beyer
| first2 = Henry Otley
| author-link2 = H. Otley Beyer
| last3 = Benitez
| first3 = Conrado O.
| title = A History of the Orient
| year = 1929
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3qA2AAAAMAAJ
| location = Boston
| publisher = Ginn
| publication-date = 1929
| page = 411
| access-date = 24 June 2021
| quote = On January 2, 1905, after a desperate siege, Port Arthur surrendered [...].
}}
</ref>

The [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] (signed 5 September 1905) ceded Port Arthur to Japan, which set up the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]] or ''Guandongzhou'' ({{lang|zh-hant|關東州}}), on roughly the southern half (Jinzhou District and south) of present-day Dalian. Japanese invested heavily in the region, which became the main trading port between [[Manchuria]] and Japan. Japan leased the area from [[Manchukuo]] after establishing that puppet state in 1932. In 1937, as the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] began, Japan enlarged and modernized the trade zone as two cities: the northern Dairen (Dalian) and the southern Ryojun (Lüshun or Port Arthur).

===Post-World War II===

[[File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nj51-5.jpg|left|thumb|Dalian (labelled as TA-LIEN (DAIREN) {{lang|zh-hant|大連}}) (1956)]]
[[File:China Railways SY in Dalian.JPG|thumb|A retired [[China Railways SY]], built jointly by [[CRRC Dalian|Dalian Locomotive Works]] and [[Tangshan Railway Vehicle|Tangshan Locomotive Works]] in 1959, on display in front of Dalian Modern Museum]]
With the unconditional [[surrender of Japan]] in August–September 1945, Dairen passed to the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], whose [[Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation]] had liberated the city on 22 August 1945. The Soviets and [[Chinese Communists]] cooperated to develop the city, relatively undamaged during the war,<ref name="shp"/> especially its industrial infrastructure and the port. The Soviet government rented the port and in 1945 the first Chinese Communist mayor of the new Lüda Administrative Office ({{zh|s=旅大行政公署|labels=no}}) was appointed.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

In 1950 the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] presented the city to the Chinese Communist government without any compensation. Dalian and [[Lüshun]] (former Port Arthur) merged as Lüda on 1 December 1950. From 12 March 1953 to 1 August 1954 it was a [[Direct-controlled municipality of the People's Republic of China|direct-controlled municipality]] and not part of Liaoning. Soviet troops left the city in 1955.<ref name="shp"/> After the Soviets left, the PRC made Lüda a major shipbuilding center.

In 1981 the city was renamed Dalian, with [[Lüshunkou]] becoming a constituent district.<ref name="shp"/> In 1984 the Chinese Government designated the city a [[Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China|Special Economic Zone]]. At the time, Dalian was China's largest foreign-trade port.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VSozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RO8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1332,976704&dq=dalian+economic-zone&hl=en China widens doors for foreign capital] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155148/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VSozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RO8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1332,976704&dq=dalian+economic-zone&hl=en |date=22 December 2015 }}. Ottawa Citizen (3 October 1984)</ref>

=== 1990 to 2010 ===
[[File:青泥洼桥.JPG|thumb|right|Modern day [[Qingniwaqiao]] [[shopping district]]]]
The city was upgraded from a [[prefecture-level city]] to a [[sub-provincial city]] in May 1994, with no change in its administrative subdivisions. In the 1990s the city benefited from the attention of [[Bo Xilai]] (later Party secretary of [[Chongqing]]). Bo served both as the mayor of the city and as one of the major leaders in the province; among other things, he banned motorcycles and planted large, lush parks in the city's many traffic circles. He also preserved much of Dalian's [[Japanese architecture|Japanese]] and [[Russian architecture|Russian]] architectural heritage. He also worked as former [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|Minister of Commerce]] of China (in office: 2004-2007).

In 2008 about 1,000 people protested and blocked traffic as a response to the [[2008 Tibetan anti-Chinese protests]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,351886,00.html | work=Fox News | title=Anti-Western Protests Flare in Several Chinese Cities – Fox News | date=20 October 2011 | access-date=15 September 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104022557/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,351886,00.html | archive-date=4 November 2012 | url-status= live }}</ref> and forced the temporary closure of the local [[Carrefour]] store.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 April 2008 |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-04/21/content_6630934.htm |title=Protests continue; restraint urged |work= China Daily |access-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080422223042/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-04/21/content_6630934.htm |archive-date= 22 April 2008 }}</ref>

In 2010 [[Xingang Port oil spill|one of the worst recorded oil-spills in China's history]] occurred in Dalian.

Since 2007 Dalian has hosted the [[World Economic Forum#Summer annual meeting|Annual Meeting of the New Champions]] ("Summer Davos"), organized by the [[World Economic Forum]], in alternating years with [[Tianjin]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.china.org.cn/english/business/222969.htm |title=World Economic Forum: The Inaugural Annual Meeting of the New Champions |publisher=China.org |access-date=29 August 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232350/http://www.china.org.cn/english/business/222969.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The venue for the forum is the Dalian International Conference Center in Donggang CBD.

===Post 2010===
[[File:Zhongshan Square.jpg|thumb|Modern day [[Zhongshan Square (Dalian)|Zhongshan Square]]]]
* 14 August 2011 – the [[Dalian PX protest]] occurred.
* June 2014 – China's tenth national new area, Dalian Jinpu New Area officially established.
* 5 August 2016 – The Dalian [[Huabiao]] incident occurred. A huabiao in [[Xinghai Square]] was demolished for some unknown political reason.
{{Simple Horizontal timeline|width=1250px|border=none|row1=note|row1-1-text=[[History of Dalian|Dalian]]|row1-1-arrow= |row1-1-at=1858|row1-2-text=|row1-2-at=1858|row1-3-text= [[Port Arthur massacre (China)|Port Arthur Massacre]]|row1-3-at=1894.8|row1-4-text= [[Treaty of Portsmouth]]|row1-4-at=1905.75|row1-10-text= [[Soviet–Japanese War|Soviet Invasion]]|row1-10-at=1945.67|row1-11-text= Dalian transferred to China|row1-11-at=1955|row2=timeline|row2-height=3em|row2-bordertop=1px solid #000;|row2-borderbottom=1px solid #000;|row2-1-text=|row2-1-colour=#FFF28E|row2-1-to=1858|row2-2-text= UK {{flagicon|UK|1858}}|row2-2-colour=#DDDDDD|row2-2-to=1860|row2-3-text= [[Qing Empire]] {{flagicon|China|1889}}|row2-3-colour=#FFF28E|row2-3-to=1894.92|row2-4-text=|row2-4-colour=white|row2-4-to=1895.33|row2-5-text=|row2-5-colour=#FFF28E|row2-5-to=1898.25|row2-6-text= [[Russian Dalian|Russian]] {{flagicon|RUS|1900}}|row2-6-colour=#CCFF00|row2-6-to=1905.75|row2-7-text= [[Kwantung Leased Territory|Japanese rule]] {{flagicon|Japan|1906}}|row2-7-colour=white|row2-7-to=1945.67|row2-8-text= [[Dalian under Soviet rule|Soviet]] {{flagicon|URS}}|row2-8-colour=#CCFF00|row2-8-to=1955|row2-9-text= {{nowrap|[[History of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]}} {{flagdeco|PRC}}|row2-9-colour=#ED8B8B|row3=note|row3-1-text= [[History of China|China]]|row3-1-arrow= |row3-1-at=1858|row3-2-text= [[Second Opium War]]|row3-2-shift=3.5em|row3-2-at=1858|row3-3-text= [[First Sino-Japanese War|Jiawu War]]|row3-3-at=1894|row3-4-text= [[Xinhai Revolution]]|row3-4-at=1911.75|row3-5-text= [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese Invasion]]|row3-5-at=1931.75|row3-6-text= [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Civil War]]|row3-6-at=1945.67|row3-7-text= [[Sino-Soviet split]]|row3-7-at=1960|row4=timeline|row4-height=3em|row4-bordertop=1px solid #000;|row4-borderbottom=1px solid #000;|row4-1-text= [[Qing Dynasty|Qing Empire]] {{flagicon|China|1889}}|row4-1-colour=#FFF28E|row4-1-to=1912|row4-2-text= {{nowrap|[[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]}} {{flagicon|China|1912}}   {{flagicon| Republic of China|1929}}|row4-2-colour=#9FCCFC|row4-2-to=1949.75|row4-3-text= {{nowrap|[[History of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]}} {{flagdeco|PRC}}|row4-3-colour=#ED8B8B

|row5=scale|from=1858|to=1975|inc=10|axis-nudge=-0.8em}}

==Geography==
{{climate chart
| Dalian
| −6.4 | −0.2 | 8.0
| −4.2 | 2.2 | 6.7
| 0.7 | 7.6 | 13.5
| 7.0 | 15.0 | 29.1
| 12.7 | 20.6 | 49.8
| 17.6 | 24.6 | 76.6
| 21.3 | 26.9 | 127.6
| 21.9 | 27.5 | 147.1
| 17.9 | 24.2 | 60.4
| 11.1 | 17.9 | 33.5
| 2.9 | 9.7 | 19.1
| −3.4 | 3.0 | 8.4
| float = left
| clear = none
| source = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical"/>}}
[[File:Dalian, China, satellite image, LandSat-5, 2010-08-03.jpg|thumb|right|Dalian and vicinities, [[Landsat 5]] satellite image, 3 August 2010]]
[[File:Shore in Dalian (2).jpg|thumb|Shore in Dalian]]
One of the most heavily developed industrial areas of China, Dalian municipal area today consists of Dalian proper and the smaller [[Lüshunkou]] (formerly Lüshun city, known in Western and Russian historic references as Port Arthur), about {{convert|40|nmi|km mi|spell=in|lk=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} farther along the [[Liaodong Peninsula]]. Historical references note that the Russian designed city of Dalniy (Alt. Dalney), on the south side of [[Dalian Bay]] was {{convert|40|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} from Port Arthur/Lüshun (known today as Lüshunkou or literally, Lüshun Port).

Dalian is located on [[Korea Bay]] north of the [[Yellow Sea]] and roughly in the middle of the Liaodong peninsula at its narrowest neck or [[isthmus]]. With a coastline of {{convert|1906|km|abbr=on}}, it governs the majority of the Liaodong Peninsula and about 260 surrounding islands and reefs. It is seated at south-south-west of the [[Yalu River]], and its harbor entrance forms a sub-bay known as [[Dalian Bay]].

===Climate===
[[File:Autumn mountain foliage in dalian (2).jpg|thumb|Autumn mountain foliage]]
Dalian has a [[monsoon]]-influenced [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dwa''), characterized by warm wet summers due to the [[East Asian monsoon]], and cold, windy, dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast [[Siberian anticyclone]]. Except for winter, the city experiences a one-month seasonal lag due to its position on the Liaodong Peninsula. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−3.6|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|24.4|°C|1}} in August. Annual precipitation averages {{convert|580|mm|1|sp=us}} but is heavily concentrated in the summer months and can vary greatly from year to year. Due to the coastal location, the mean [[diurnal temperature variation]] annually is small, at {{convert|6.66|C-change|1}}. The monthly percent of possible sunshine ranges from 49% in July to 68% in September and October, with 2,740 hours of bright sunshine annually. The annual mean temperature is {{convert|11.26|°C|1}}. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−21.1|°C|0}} on 4 January 1970 to {{convert|36.6|°C|0}} on 14 July 2015.<ref name=CMA/>

{{Weather box|location = Dalian (1981–2010 normals)
| width=auto
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed =
|Jan record high C= 10.2
|Feb record high C= 14.2
|Mar record high C= 20.1
|Apr record high C= 28.5
|May record high C= 33.8
|Jun record high C= 35.6
|Jul record high C= 36.6
|Aug record high C= 34.4
|Sep record high C= 33.4
|Oct record high C= 28.2
|Nov record high C= 21.7
|Dec record high C= 14.4

| Jan high C = −0.2
| Feb high C = 2.2
| Mar high C = 7.6
| Apr high C = 15.0
| May high C = 20.6
| Jun high C = 24.6
| Jul high C = 26.9
| Aug high C = 27.5
| Sep high C = 24.2
| Oct high C = 17.9
| Nov high C = 9.7
| Dec high C = 3.0

|Jan mean C = −3.6
|Feb mean C = −1.4
|Mar mean C = 3.7
|Apr mean C = 10.6
|May mean C = 16.4
|Jun mean C = 20.7
|Jul mean C = 23.7
|Aug mean C = 24.4
|Sep mean C = 20.8
|Oct mean C = 14.2
|Nov mean C = 6.1
|Dec mean C = −0.5

| Jan low C = −6.4
| Feb low C = −4.2
| Mar low C = 0.7
| Apr low C = 7.0
| May low C = 12.7
| Jun low C = 17.6
| Jul low C = 21.3
| Aug low C = 21.9
| Sep low C = 17.9
| Oct low C = 11.1
| Nov low C = 2.9
| Dec low C = −3.4

|Jan record low C = −21.1
|Feb record low C = −17.1
|Mar record low C = −15.3
|Apr record low C = −4.2
|May record low C = 3.7
|Jun record low C = 10.5
|Jul record low C = 14.2
|Aug record low C = 14.5
|Sep record low C = 6.4
|Oct record low C = −1.9
|Nov record low C = −12.8
|Dec record low C = -19.0

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 8.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 6.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 13.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 29.1
| May precipitation mm = 49.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 76.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 127.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 147.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 60.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 33.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 19.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 8.4

| Jan humidity = 57
| Feb humidity = 57
| Mar humidity = 55
| Apr humidity = 56
| May humidity = 62
| Jun humidity = 73
| Jul humidity = 84
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 70
| Oct humidity = 63
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 58

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 3.3
| Feb precipitation days = 2.9
| Mar precipitation days = 3.7
| Apr precipitation days = 5.4
| May precipitation days = 7.0
| Jun precipitation days = 9.3
| Jul precipitation days = 11.8
| Aug precipitation days = 9.2
| Sep precipitation days = 6.0
| Oct precipitation days = 5.2
| Nov precipitation days = 5.3
| Dec precipitation days = 3.4

| Jan sun = 198.0 |Jan percentsun = 66
| Feb sun = 200.2 |Feb percentsun = 66
| Mar sun = 238.8 |Mar percentsun = 65
| Apr sun = 256.9 |Apr percentsun = 65
| May sun = 277.6 |May percentsun = 63
| Jun sun = 254.7 |Jun percentsun = 57
| Jul sun = 220.7 |Jul percentsun = 49
| Aug sun = 240.8 |Aug percentsun = 57
| Sep sun = 251.5 |Sep percentsun = 68
| Oct sun = 234.6 |Oct percentsun = 68
| Nov sun = 182.1 |Nov percentsun = 60
| Dec sun = 183.9 |Dec percentsun = 63

| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days, sunshine data 1971–2000)<ref name=CMA>
{{cite web
|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger
|script-title=zh:中国气象局国家气象信息中心
|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]]
| language = zh-hans
|access-date=19 November 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger
|archive-date=18 March 2013
}}</ref><ref name="cma graphical">
{{cite web
|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html
|script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data
|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]]
|access-date=9 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923231541/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherbk.html
|archive-date=23 September 2017
|url-status=live
|title=Index
}}
</ref>
}}

===Environmental issues===
[[File:Xiaoshuikou 小水口 in Xiaochangshan Island, Dalian.jpg|thumb|View from Xiaochangshan Island ({{lang|zh-hans|小长山岛}}) in [[Changhai County]]]]
[[File:Sunset in Dalian.jpg|thumb|Beach side sunset]]
[[File:Heishijiao Park, Dalian.jpg|thumb|upright|Seascape at Heishijiao ({{lang|zh|黑石礁}}) Geological Park]]
In 2001, the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] awarded the Dalian Municipal Government for its outstanding contribution to the protection of the environment.<ref>[http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=201&ArticleID=2862&l=en Dalian Municipal Government of China, one of 18 Individuals and Organizations, to Receive United Nations Environment Award – United Nations Environment Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829033911/http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=201&ArticleID=2862&l=en |date=29 August 2011 }}. Unep.org (28 May 2001). Retrieved on 2 January 2013.</ref>

The average content of the four pollutants in the air reached Class II of National Ambient Air Quality Standards and there were 353 days with [[Air Pollution Index]] (API) over Class II (Good), including 108 excellent days with Class I (Superior).<ref name="AQ Rating">{{cite web|url=http://english.dl.gov.cn/info/156785_192083.htm |website=Dalian China |title=Environmental Protection |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118083900/http://english.dl.gov.cn/info/156785_192083.htm |archive-date=18 January 2010 |date=7 April 2008}}</ref> Dalian frequently ranks Grade 2 for air pollution according to [[State Environmental Protection Administration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://datacenter.mep.gov.cn/TestRunQian/air_dairy_en.jsp |title=Air Quality Daily |publisher=Ministry of Environmental Protection of China |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505061300/http://datacenter.mep.gov.cn/TestRunQian/air_dairy_en.jsp |archive-date=5 May 2010 }}</ref> However, the environmental effects of economic growth are of concern, according to Dalian Environmental Protection Agency, during the first half of 2011, respirable particles in the air increased significantly, with an average 40% higher than 2010.<ref name="naut">{{cite web |url=http://www.nautilus.org/publications/essays/napsnet/reports/WenBo_Dalian_Case_Study |title=Urban Security in China – A Case Study of Dalian |publisher=The Nautilus Institute |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=2 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172311/http://www.nautilus.org/publications/essays/napsnet/reports/WenBo_Dalian_Case_Study |archive-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The water quality of offshore marine space remained stable overall. The annual average content of monitoring indicators for water quality met Class-II of the National Seawater Quality Standard, with the exception of Inorganic Nitrogen in [[Dalian Bay]] and the city's southern coast. The water quality of drinking water sources is considered good and complies with Class-III of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water.<ref name = "AQ Rating"/>

Recent events have had a major environmental impact on the city. In July 2010, the [[Xingang Port oil spill|explosion of two petroleum pipelines]] released 11,000 barrels of oil into the [[Yellow Sea]], according to official statements. Rick Steiner, an American marine conservationist working with [[Greenpeace]], says that the figure could be upwards of 400,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Group Says China's Official Oil Spill Figure May Be Too Low |first=Andrew |last=Jacobs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/31/world/asia/31dalian.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=17 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116090741/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/31/world/asia/31dalian.html |archive-date=16 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported as the largest oil spill to occur in China,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.boston.com/2010-07-21/lifestyle/29289880_1_oil-spill-oil-last-year-environmental-group | work=The Boston Globe | title=Rush is on to stem Yellow Sea oil spill | access-date=14 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516081656/http://articles.boston.com/2010-07-21/lifestyle/29289880_1_oil-spill-oil-last-year-environmental-group | archive-date=16 May 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/national-news/2010/07/24/265902/1st-details.htm 1st details on China oil spill's cause emerge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930092654/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/national-news/2010/07/24/265902/1st-details.htm |date=30 September 2012 }}. The China Post (24 July 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2013.</ref> and involved 2,000 firefighters.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-17/oil-leak-from-dalian-pipeline-explosion-fires-is-under-control-cnpc-says.html | work=Bloomberg | title=Oil Leak From Dalian Pipeline Explosion, Fires Is Under Control, CNPC Says | date=17 July 2010 | access-date=6 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042110/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-17/oil-leak-from-dalian-pipeline-explosion-fires-is-under-control-cnpc-says.html | archive-date=29 November 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> The oil spill stretched for at least {{convert|50|km2|sp=us}}. 800 fishing boats were mobilized for the cleanup.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/20/china-fishing-boats-oil-slick | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Jonathan | last=Watts | title=China recruits 800 fishing boats to disperse Yellow Sea oil slick | date=20 July 2010 | access-date=11 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305010658/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/20/china-fishing-boats-oil-slick | archive-date=5 March 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> The incident caused President [[Hu Jintao]] and Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] to intervene, and Vice Premier [[Zhang Dejiang]] moved in to help direct the rescue work.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/7070249.html China port city cleans up pollution belt after fire – People's Daily Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126000203/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/7070249.html |date=26 November 2010 }}. English.peopledaily.com.cn (18 July 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2013.</ref> A researcher with the China Environmental Science Research Institute, said that "the impact on marine life and on humans – as the pollution enters the food chain – could last 10 years."<ref>Martin, Dan (22 July 2010) [http://www.mysinchew.com/node/42202 Clean-up crews use bare hands against China oil spill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114160742/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/42202 |date=14 January 2012 }}. AFP via mysinchew.com</ref> This has compounded aquatic pollution, affecting the city's fishing industry.<ref name="naut"/>

In August 2011, a [[Levee|dike]] protecting the petrochemical Fujia Factory in [[Jinzhou District]] was breached due to a typhoon. Authorities have ordered the plant to be shut down.<ref>{{cite news |title=China orders petrochemical plant shutdown after protests |first=Jonathan |last=Watts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/14/china-petrochemical-plant-shutdown-protest |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930192549/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/14/china-petrochemical-plant-shutdown-protest |archive-date=30 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 12,000 residents protested as the factory, which originally was intended to be based in [[Xiamen]], did not receive official approval to operate in Dalian.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9P3PRPO0.htm Thousands protest against Chinese chemical plant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102115319/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9P3PRPO0.htm |date=2 November 2012 }}. BusinessWeek (14 August 2011). Retrieved on 2 January 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/world/asia/16dalian.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Sharon | last1=Lafraniere | first2=Michael | last2=Wines | title=Plant Protest Shows China's Officials Under Pressure | date=15 August 2011 | access-date=24 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909201254/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/world/asia/16dalian.html | archive-date=9 September 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> Municipal authorities ruled that the facility must move, leaving taxpayers to pay the expensive cost of relocation.<ref name="chinadialogue">Tang Hao (6 September 2011) [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4511 Public storm in Dalian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221234832/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4511 |date=21 February 2012 }}. chinadialogue. Retrieved on 2 January 2013.</ref>

Concerns have been raised over mounting traffic due to "bad urban design" and that the growing rate of car ownership is affecting air quality.<ref name="naut"/><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/in-fast-growing-china-a-warning-about-when-prosperity-isnt-enough/244603/ In Fast-Growing China, a Warning About When Prosperity Isn't Enough – Christina Larson – International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619194445/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/in-fast-growing-china-a-warning-about-when-prosperity-isnt-enough/244603/ |date=19 June 2017 }}. The Atlantic. Retrieved on 2 January 2013.</ref> The United States [[National Academy of Engineering]] have raised concern about rising traffic in Dalian stating that "rapid growth of traffic in Dalian and in similar Chinese cities will repeat the air quality and energy consumption mistakes of [[Los Angeles]] and other U.S. cities, if not better managed."<ref>[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12001&page=11 Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution: Challenges for China and the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114105801/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12001&page=11 |date=14 January 2012 }}. Nap.edu (1 June 2003). Retrieved on 2 January 2013.</ref>

==Administration==
Dalian is the second largest city of Liaoning province, after [[Shenyang]], the provincial capital. Dalian City is governed by the Dalian Municipal People's Government.

===Municipal government===
The municipal government is located in the main building on the north side of People's Square on [[Zhongshan Road]], originally built as the Administrative Office of [[Kwantung Leased Territory]], and other buildings in downtown Dalian. There are the Commerce, Foreign Economy & Trade, Hygiene, Information Industry, Police, Religion, Science & Technology, Transportation and other city-level bureaus, which work closely with the corresponding agencies at the district level.

There are, in addition, 4 national leading open zones ({{zh|s=对外开放先导区|labels=no}}):
* [[Dalian Development Zone|The Development Zone]] ({{lang|zh-hans-CN|开发区}})
* The Free Trade Zone ({{lang|zh-hans-CN|保税区}})
* [[Dalian Hi-Tech Zone|The Hi-Tech Industrial Zone]] ({{lang|zh-hans-CN|高新技术产业园区}})
* The Jīnshítān (''"Golden Pebble Beach"'') National Holiday Resort ({{lang|zh-hans-CN|金石滩国家旅游度假区}})

===Administrative divisions===
(see [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China]])

The city administers 7 [[District of China|districts]], 2 [[County-level city|county-level cities]], and 1 [[County (People's Republic of China)|county]]:
* There are 92 sub-districts and 69 towns and townships.<ref name="08Yearbook">Dalian Statistics Yearbook 2008</ref>
* Zhongshan, Xigang, Shahekou and Ganjingzi Districts make up the urban core. Changhai County is made up entirely of islands east of the peninsula.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
! colspan="8" | Map
|-
| colspan="8" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Dalian 2.png|width=678|link=}}
{{Image label|x=650|y=1440|scale=678/2260|text=[[Zhongshan District, Dalian|'''1''']]}}
{{Image label|x=605|y=1440|scale=678/2260|text=[[Xigang District, Dalian|'''2''']]}}
{{Image label|x=565|y=1440|scale=678/2260|text=[[Shahekou District|'''3''']]}}
{{Image label|x=400|y=1350|scale=678/2260|text=[[Ganjingzi District|'''Ganjingzi''']]}}
{{Image label|x=220|y=1480|scale=678/2260|text=[[Lüshunkou District|'''Lüshunkou''']]}}
{{Image label|x=780|y=1080|scale=678/2260|text=[[Jinzhou District|'''Jinzhou''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1140|y=620|scale=678/2260|text=[[Pulandian District|'''Pulandian''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1370|y=1040|scale=678/2260|text=[[Changhai County|'''Changhai County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=670|y=510|scale=678/2260|text=[[Wafangdian|'''Wafangdian {{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1670|y=380|scale=678/2260|text=[[Zhuanghe|'''Zhuanghe {{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=950|y=1380|scale=678/2260|text=[[Zhongshan District, Dalian|'''1.Zhongshan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=950|y=1440|scale=678/2260|text=[[Xigang District, Dalian|'''2.Xigang''']]}}
{{Image label|x=950|y=1500|scale=678/2260|text=[[Shahekou District|'''3.Shahekou''']]}}
{{image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! Chinese
! [[Standard Mandarin]]
![[Jiaoliao Mandarin]]
! Population (est. 2015)
! Area (km2)
! Density (/km2)
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" |'''City proper'''
|-
|[[Zhongshan District, Dalian|Zhongshan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|中山区}}
|Zhōngshān Qū
|Zhong2 san4 Qu4
|360,722
|40.1
|8,996
|-
|[[Xigang District, Dalian|Xigang District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|西岗区}}
|Xīgǎng Qū
|Xi4 gang4 Qu4
|293,316
|23.94
|12,252
|-
|[[Shahekou District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|沙河口区}}
|Shāhékǒu Qū
|Sa4 he2 kou3 Qu4
|648,719
|34.71
|18,690
|-
|[[Ganjingzi District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|甘井子区}}
|Gānjǐngzi Qū
|Gan4 jinge3 Qu4
|843,342
|451.52
|1,868
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" |'''Suburban'''
|-
|[[Lüshunkou District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|旅顺口区}}
|Lǚshùnkǒu Qū
|Lü3 sun4 kou3 Qu4
|221,356
|512.15
|432
|-
|[[Jinzhou District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|金州区}}
|Jīnzhōu Qū
|Jin4 zhou0 Qu4
|681,543
|1,352.54
|504
|-
|[[Pulandian District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|普兰店区}}
|Pǔlándiàn Qū
|Pulan4 dian4 Qu4
|915,595
|2,769.9
|331
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" |'''Satellite cities'''
|-
|[[Wafangdian]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|瓦房店市}}
|Wǎfángdiàn Shì
|Wa4 fang4 dian4 Si4
|997,830
|3,576.4
|279
|-
|[[Zhuanghe]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|庄河市}}
|Zhuānghé Shì
|Zuang4 he0 Si4
|901,182
|3,655.7
|247
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" |'''Rural'''
|-
|[[Changhai County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|长海县}}
|Chánghǎi Xiàn
|Chang2 hai0 Xian4
|72,033
|156.89
|459
|}

==Demographics==
The population of Dalian according to the 2010 census totaled 6.69 million. The total registered population on household at year end 2014 was 5.943 million, with a net increase of 29,000 over the previous year.<ref name=stats />

==Economy==
[[File:Wang Jianlin - Annual Meeting of the New Champions Dalian 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Wang Jianlin]], Chairman of the [[Dalian Wanda Group]], at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of [[World Economic Forum]], Dalian 2009]]
{{main|Economy of Dalian}}

The city has had a continuous annual double-digit percentage increase in GDP since 1992.<ref name="cbm">{{Cite book|title=Business Guide to Beijing and North-East China|author=China Briefing Media|publisher=China Briefing Media|year=2006|chapter=Dalian|pages=199–200|isbn=9889867338}}</ref> In 2014, the city's GDP registered a 5.8% increase, reaching RMB 765.56 billion, while per capita GDP hit RMB 109,939.<ref name=stats /> According to a nationwide appraisal by the [[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China|National Bureau of Statistics]], Dalian ranks eighth among Chinese cities in terms of overall strength.<ref name="cbm"/> The city's main industries include machine manufacturing, petrochemicals and oil refining, and electronics.<ref>{{Cite book|title=All the Tea in China: How to Buy, Sell, and Make Money on the Mainland|isbn=978-1591841593|first=Jeremy|last=Haft|publisher=Penguin|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/allteainchinaho00haft/page/76 76]|quote=[Dalian's] Key industries include food processing, machinery, IT, electronics, garments, petrochemicals, household goods, textiles, locomotives, shipbuilding, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and petroleum refining.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/allteainchinaho00haft/page/76}}</ref>

===Agriculture and aquaculture===
Dalian was originally an agriculture and aquaculture-based area, which, after the opening of the ferry between [[Yantai]] and Lüshun during the early 20th century, began to be populated by the farmers and fishers of [[Shandong]], across the [[Yellow Sea]] during the [[Chuang Guandong]] era.

===Heavy, light and distribution industries===
[[File:Dalian Liaoning China CNS Liaoning (CV-16)-02.jpg|thumb|left|Ex-''Varyag'' undergoing refit in [[Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company]] (2011), which later became China's first [[aircraft carrier]] ''[[Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning|Liaoning]]'']]
Even before and during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the shipbuilding and locomotives industries were located in the city such as the companies which later became [[Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company]] and [[CRRC Dalian|Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works (DLoco)]]. After the WWII, Dalian became an important center of the heavy and light industries, including companies such as Dalian Heavy Industry Co., Dalian Chemical Group, and Wafangdian Bearing Co.; and of the distribution industry, such as the [[Dashang Group]].

[[Port of Dalian|Dalian Port]] is an important port for international trade. It has established trading and shipping links with more than 300 ports in 160 countries and regions of the world. There are over 100 international and domestic [[containerisation|container shipping]] routes.<ref name="port">{{cite web |script-title=zh:集团概况 |url=http://www.portdalian.com/news/JTGM2014/2014/72/1472955316IKJ6JEF4DB557I38J75.html |website=Official website of Port of Dalian |access-date=17 December 2014 |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217195745/http://www.portdalian.com/news/JTGM2014/2014/72/1472955316IKJ6JEF4DB557I38J75.html |archive-date=17 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> A harbor for oil tankers (the largest by tonnage in China),<ref name="port" /> at the terminus of an oil [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] from the [[Daqing oilfields]], was completed in 1976. Dalian is the 6th largest port in China;<ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2011 |url=http://www.thenational.ae/featured-content/channel-page/business/middle-article-list/dalian-port-ideally-placed-on-the-cusp-of-prosperity |title=Dalian port ideally placed on the cusp of prosperity |work=The National |access-date=2 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011222245/http://www.thenational.ae/featured-content/channel-page/business/middle-article-list/dalian-port-ideally-placed-on-the-cusp-of-prosperity |archive-date=11 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and according to [[American Association of Port Authorities|AAPA]] world port ranking data, Dalian is the [[List of world's busiest ports by cargo tonnage|8th busiest port]] in the world by cargo tonnage in 2012, and the [[List of world's busiest container ports|12th busiest container port]] in the world by total number of [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]] handled in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.joc.com/port-news/joc-top-50-world-container-ports_20130815.html |title=The JOC Top 50 World Container Ports |url-access=registration |website=JOC.com |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223050247/http://www.joc.com/port-news/joc-top-50-world-container-ports_20130815.html |archive-date=23 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://europe.nxtbook.com/nxteu/informa/ci_top100ports2014/#/6 |title=The Lloyd's List of the World's Busiest Container Ports 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328065403/http://europe.nxtbook.com/nxteu/informa/ci_top100ports2014/ |archive-date=28 March 2015 }}</ref> Accordingly, Dalian is a major center for [[oil refineries]], diesel engineering, and chemical production.

Also completed in 1993 is a newer port called Dayaowan Port ({{zh|s=大窑湾港|p=Dàyáowān Gǎng}}), on Dagushan ({{zh|labels=no|s=大孤山|p=Dàgūshān}}) Peninsula in the northern suburbs, specializing in import-export of mining and oil products. Together with the [[Dalian Railway Station]], [[Dalian North Railway Station]], [[Dalian International Airport]] and two major express roads to [[Shenyang]] ([[Shenda Expressway]]), [[Changchun]] ([[Changda Expressway]]), [[Harbin]] ([[Hada Expressway]]) in the north and to [[Dandong]] to the east, Dalian has been an important distribution center.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Source Code China: The New Global Hub of IT Outsourcing |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcecodechinan00elts_008 |url-access=limited |first=Cyrill |last=Eltschinger |publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/sourcecodechinan00elts_008/page/n146 118]|isbn=978-0470106969}}</ref>

[[File:Street view on Renmin Road, Dalian.jpg|thumb|upright|Street view on Renmin Road, Dalian]]
[[File:Xinghai CBD.JPG|thumb|Xinghai CBD houses the headquarters of [[Dalian Commodity Exchange]]]]
[[File:Donggang Dalian.jpg|thumb|Donggang ({{zh|c=东港|l=East Harbour}}) CBD houses the Dalian International Conference Center]]
[[File:Dalian hi-tech zone.JPG|thumb|[[Dalian Hi-Tech Zone]]]]

===Industrial zones===

{{Main|Dalian Development Zone}}

Dalian has been given many benefits by the Chinese government, including the title of "open-city" (1984), which allows it to receive considerable [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] (see [[Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China|Special Economic Zone]]). The Development Zone was established in Jinzhou District, to which many Japanese companies, such as [[Canon (company)|Canon]], [[Mitsubishi Electric]], [[Nidec]], [[Sanyo Electric]] and [[Toshiba]], followed by South Korean, American and European companies (such as [[Pfizer]]). In 2007, [[Intel]] announced plans to build a semiconductor fabrication facility (commonly known as a fab) in the Development Zone, Dalian. It is Intel's first fab to be built at an entirely new site since 1992. The facility began operation in October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Intel debuts new Dalian fab|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/7179613.html|publisher=People's Daily Online|access-date=26 January 2012|date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516101126/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/7179613.html|archive-date=16 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalian also houses auto-manufacturing plants for [[Chery]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zhang|first1=Xiaomin|last2=Hu|first2=Shi|title=Chery Auto starts mass production in Dalian|url=http://dalian.chinadaily.com.cn/2012-09/03/content_15729107.htm|website=China Daily|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084154/http://dalian.chinadaily.com.cn/2012-09/03/content_15729107.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dongfeng Motor#Dongfeng Nissan|Dongfeng Nissan]] Passenger Vehicle Company,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dongfeng Nissan Dalian Plant Commences Production|url=http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2014/_STORY/141020-01-e.html|website=nissan-global.com|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229230452/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2014/_STORY/141020-01-e.html|archive-date=29 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[BYD Automobile]] (a production base for [[BYD electric bus|BYD K9 electric buses]]).<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:港媒：比亚迪纯电动巴士大连下线电池项目已正式启动 |url=http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20141229/13391461_0.shtml|work=[[Ifeng]] Finance |access-date=29 December 2014|language=zh-hans|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229221623/http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20141229/13391461_0.shtml|archive-date=29 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other zones in the city include the [[Dalian Development Area|Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone]], Dalian Export Processing Zone, Dalian Free Trade Zone, and [[Dalian Hi-Tech Zone|Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Zone]].

===Financial and IT industry===
{{Main|Dalian Hi-Tech Zone}}

Dalian is the financial center of [[Northeast China]]. There are the Dalian branches of China's five major banks: [[Bank of China]], [[Industrial & Commercial Bank of China]], [[China Construction Bank]], [[Bank of Communications]], and [[Agricultural Bank of China]]. Dalian City Commercial Bank is now called [[Bank of Dalian]], which among other things handles processing of the Dalian Mingzhu IC Card for [[public transportation]]. Bank of Dalian has opened branches in [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]] and [[Shenyang]], among five other cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Bank of Dalian|url=http://www.bankofdl.com/Channel/17309|website=Official Website of Bank of Dalian|access-date=22 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040733/http://www.bankofdl.com/Channel/17309|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Founded in 1993, [[Dalian Commodity Exchange]] (DCE) is the only [[futures exchange]] in Northeast China. The futures industry leaped forward in its development. Among its 19 listed futures products approved by the [[China Securities Regulatory Commission]] (CSRC) are corn, corn starch, soybeans, soybean meal, soybean oil, RBD palm olein, polished round-grained rice, [[linear low-density polyethylene]] (LLDPE), [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC), [[polypropylene]] (PP), [[ethylene glycol]] (EG), [[ethenylbenzene]] (EB), metallurgical coke, coking coal, iron ore, egg, fiberboard and blockboard. 3 options are also listed for trading, which includes soybean meal, corn and iron ore options. In 2019, DCE achieved 1,331 million lots and RMB 68.92 trillion respectively in trading volume and turnover. According to the [[Futures Industry Association]] (FIA) of the U.S., DCE was 11th largest exchange in the world by trading volume in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=The DCE at a Glance |url=http://www.dce.com.cn/DCE/About_Us/The%20DCE%20at%20Glance/index.html |website=Official website of the Dalian Commodity Exchange |access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, Dalian has emphasized the development of the IT industry, especially in [[Dalian Hi-Tech Zone]] and [[Dalian Software Park]] in the western suburbs near [[Dalian University of Technology]]. Dalian High-Tech Zone is the base of high-tech industries, housing more than 4,700 enterprises, including 80 [[Fortune Global 500]] companies.<ref name="high">{{cite web|title=Overview of Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Zone|url=http://www.ddport.com/dlhitech2Intro.html|website=Official website of Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Zone|access-date=29 November 2014|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204175236/http://www.ddport.com/dlhitech2Intro.html|archive-date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Not only Chinese IT companies, such as [[Dalian Hi-Think Computer|DHC]], [[hiSoft Technology International|Hisoft]] and [[Neusoft Group]], but also American, European, Indian and Japanese IT companies are located there, including [[Infosys]], [[IBM]], [[Dell]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Ericsson]], [[Panasonic]], [[Sony]], [[Accenture]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Hitachi]] and [[Cisco]].<ref name="high" /> Nine professional [[business incubators]] are also located in the area, including the Hi-tech Business Incubator, animation and software incubators, with over 400 companies incubated.<ref name="high" /> Currently, the "[[Lushun South Road|Lüshun South Road]] Software Industry Belt" Plan is proceeding, including Dalian Software Park Phase 3.

[[Intel]]'s [[List of Intel manufacturing sites#Fab sites|Fab 68]] is located in Dalian. The plan was announced on 26 March 2007, and operations started on 26 October 2010. It is Intel's first chip-manufacturing fabrication in [[East Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9193038/Intel_opens_first_chip_manufacturing_plant_in_China|title=Intel opens first chip manufacturing plant in China|first=Dan|last=Nystedt|date=25 October 2010|access-date=2 September 2011|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110330093325/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9193038/Intel_opens_first_chip_manufacturing_plant_in_China|archive-date=30 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Xinghai Square .jpg|thumb|[[Xinghai Square]] is the [[List of city squares by size|largest city square in the world]]]]
Dalian is a popular destination among domestic tourists and foreign visitors, especially from Japan, South Korea and Russia.<ref name="shp"/> Its mild climate and multiple beaches as well as its importance in the modern history of China have attracted tourists. Some of the most famous beaches are Jinshitan Golden Coast ({{zh|labels=no|s=金石滩黄金海岸}}) beach, Fujiazhuang ({{zh|labels=no|付家庄}}) beach, Bangchuidao ({{zh|labels=no|棒棰岛}}) beach, Xinghai Park ({{zh|labels=no|星海公园}}) beach, Xinghai Bay ({{zh|labels=no|星海湾}}) beach, and Xiajiahezi ({{zh|labels=no|夏家河子}}) beach. In 2007, it was one of the three cities named "China's best tourist city", along with [[Hangzhou]] and [[Chengdu]], recognized by the [[National Tourism Administration]] and the [[United Nations World Tourism Organization]].<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2007-02/10/content_1199624.htm Hangzhou, Chengdu, Dalian Named 'Best Tourist City'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119111405/http://china.org.cn/archive/2007-02/10/content_1199624.htm |date=19 November 2010 }}. china.org.cn (10 February 2007). Retrieved on 2 January 2013.</ref>
[[File:Xinghai Square east.JPG|thumb|Xinghai Square amusement park with the Castle Hotel in the background]]
[[File:Xinghai Bay Bridge Dalian China.jpg|thumb|right|Xinghai Bay Bridge]]
[[File:Panorama Sep 2006.jpg|thumb]]

===Four inner-city districts===
* [[Zhongshan Square (Dalian)|Zhongshan Square]]
:Originally designed by Russians in the 19th century, Zhongshan Square ({{zh|labels=no|s=中山广场}}) is especially noted for the [[Modern Buildings on Zhongshan Square in Dalian|several classical buildings]] located around the square built during the first half of the 20th century by the Japanese.
* Laohutan Ocean Park: the park contains the Polar Region Marine Animals World,<ref name="laohutan">{{cite web|title=Brief information on Laohutan Ocean Park|url=http://www.chinatouronline.com/china-travel/dalian/dalian-attractions/Laohutan-Ocean-Park_668.html|website=China Tour Online|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205151631/http://www.chinatouronline.com/china-travel/dalian/dalian-attractions/Laohutan-Ocean-Park_668.html|archive-date=5 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Coral Aquarium, and the World of Birds.<ref name="laohutan" /> The [[white whale]] and dolphin show is a major attraction in the Polar Region Marine Animals World.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laohutan Ocean Park|url=http://www.laohutan.com.cn|website=Official website of Laohutan Ocean Park|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164837/http://laohutan.com.cn/|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tigers Sculpture Square is nearby, whose tiger sculpture is the symbol of Tiger Beach ({{zh|p=Lǎohǔtān|s=老虎滩|labels=no}}). A retired [[Anshan-class destroyer|''Anshan''-class destroyer]] ''Taiyuan'' is open to visitors.
[[File:Dalian Laohutan Ocean Park.JPG|thumb|Dalian Laohutan Ocean Park]]
* [[Xinghai Square]]: situated at the Xinghai Bay, Xinghai Square ({{zh|s=星海广场|l=Square of the Sea of Stars|labels=no}}) was built at the centennial of the City of Dalian (1998) and is the [[List of city squares by size|largest city square in the world]].
* Heishijiao Geological Park and Dalian Natural History Museum
* Sunasia Ocean World
* Dalian Forest Zoo
* Bangchuidao Scenic Area: a well-maintained park used as a State Guesthouse since 1960, the Bangchuidao Scenic Area is now open to the public with upgraded features including lavish greens, Chinese and Western style villas, hot spring, tennis courts, badminton courts, a recreation center, a golf course and the Bangchuidao beach.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:休闲运动 |url=http://www.bcdhotel.com/intro_sports.asp|website=Official Website of Dalian Bangchuidao Hotel|access-date=20 December 2014|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219224559/http://www.bcdhotel.com/intro_sports.asp|archive-date=19 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Bangchui Island ({{zh|s=棒棰岛|p=Bàngchuí Dǎo|labels=no}}, named for an [[islet]] in the shape of an ancient washing tool Bangchui)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangchui Island|url=http://www.focusondalian.com/community/bangchui-island/|website=Focus on Dalian|access-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219161952/http://www.focusondalian.com/community/bangchui-island/|archive-date=19 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> can be seen from the beach. As a State Guesthouse, the scenic area has received numerous Chinese and foreign leaders and high-profile officials, including [[Zhou Enlai]], [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[Jiang Zemin]], [[Hu Jintao]], [[Xi Jinping]], [[Kim Jong-un]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Boris Yeltsin]], [[Gerhard Schröder]], [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]] and so on.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Bangchuidao Beach.webm|thumb|Video showing Bangchuidao beach during winter season]]
* Dalian Sightseeing Tower
[[File:Dalian Sightseeing Tower (3).jpg|thumb|Dalian Sightseeing Tower, formerly Dalian Radio & TV Tower]]
[[File:Dalian Modern History Museum.JPG|thumb|Dalian Modern Museum]]
* Donggang Music Fountain
* Fujiazhuang Beach

===Jinzhou District and Development Zone (in the northern suburbs)===
* [[Dahei Mountain]]
* Jinshitan National Holiday Resort and the [[Dalian Discovery Kingdom|Discoveryland]] ({{zh|s=金石滩|p=Jīnshítān|l=Golden Pebble Beach|links=no}}) is composed of eastern peninsula, western peninsula, open ground between two peninsulas and the {{convert|10|mi|km|order=flip|adj=on|sp=us}} Golden Coast beach. Major sightseeing points include, Golden Pebble Waxworks Museum, Geological Museum, Coastal National Geopark, International Vehicle Campsite, Tang Dynasty Hot Spring Resort, Golden Rock Park, Wanfuding Park, China Martial Arts Hall, [[Dalian Discovery Kingdom|Discoveryland Theme Park]], [[Chairman Mao badge|Mao Zedong Badge]] Exhibition Hall, Model Movie & TV Art Center, Golden Pebble Hunting Club, Golden Pebble Equestrianism Base, Golden Pebble International Convention Center & Resort, Golden Pebble Golf Club, and Golden Gulf Golf Course. Several themed events, such as Dalian International Beach Carnival, International Winter Swimming Festival and Grape Festival, take place in Jinshitan annually.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Jinshitan|url=http://english.jinshitan.com/content/about.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141130060130/http://english.jinshitan.com/content/about.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2014|website=Official website of Jinshitan National Holiday Resort|access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref>

:The [[Dalian Discovery Kingdom|Discoveryland Theme Park]] ({{zh|s=发现王国|labels=no}}, also translated as "the Discovery Kingdom") was built in 2006 and covers an area of {{convert|470000|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name="dis">{{cite web|title=Dalian Discoveryland Theme Park|url=http://english.jinshitan.com/picture/show/96.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220142502/http://english.jinshitan.com/picture/show/96.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2014|website=Official website of Jinshitan National Holiday Resort|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> It was designed by [[Romero Petrilli VanRell Associates]] who participated in the design of the [[Disney theme park]].<ref name="dis" />

===Lüshunkou District (in the southwestern suburbs)===
* [[Lushun Museum|Lüshun Museum]]
* [[Lushun Railway Station|Lüshun Railway Station]]
* East Jiguan Mountain ({{zh|labels=no|东鸡冠山}}), [[203 Hill]] and [[Shuishiying]] Meeting Place
:The fiercest battle site and the signing site of the ceasefire treaty, of the Battle of Lüshun during the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–05).
* Japanese and Russian Prison Site Museum in Lüshun
:The prison was built by Russians in 1902 and later expanded by the Japanese. During [[World War II]], the prison was used to detain people of various nationalities who were against the Japanese invasion. [[An Jung-geun]], the [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence activist]] who assassinated [[Itō Hirobumi]], was imprisoned and killed there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum Introduction|url=http://www.lsprison.com/e/introduction.asp|website=Official website of Japanese and Russian Prison Site Museum in Lushun|access-date=28 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204180841/http://www.lsprison.com/e/introduction.asp|archive-date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lüshun Snake Museum, and Lüshun Bird Port and Snake Island Reservation
* Hengshan Temple and [[Longwangtang Cherry Blossom Park]]
:Hengshan Temple ({{zh|labels=no|横山寺}}) is near [[Longwangtang Reservoir]] ({{zh|labels=no|龙王塘水库}}). The temple dates back to the [[Han Dynasty]], and was rebuilt in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:横山寺－大连－辽宁寺院|url=http://www.fjdh.cn/ffzt/fjhy/ahsy2012/12/141834200657.html|script-website=zh:佛教导航
|trans-website=Buddhism Guide |access-date=9 December 2014|language=zh-hans|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420221627/http://www.fjdh.cn/ffzt/fjhy/ahsy2012/12/141834200657.html|archive-date=20 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Hengshan Temple.JPG|thumb|Hengshan Temple in [[Lüshunkou District]]]]

===Pulandian District===
* Anbo Hotspring and Ski Course ({{zh|labels=no|安波温泉滑雪场}}), in [[Pulandian District]]

===Wafandian===
* [[Changxing Island (Dalian)|Changxing Island]] International Golf Course, in [[Wafangdian]]

===Zhuanghe===
* [[Bingyu Valley]] Scenic Area and Buyun Mountain Hot Spring ({{zh|labels=no|步云山温泉}}), in [[Zhuanghe]]

===Changhai County===
* Islands of [[Changhai County]]

===Hot Spring and Ski Resorts===
There are various hot spring hotels in Dalian. Notable ones include Laotieshan Hot Spring Hotel in Lüshun, Tang Dynasty Hot Spring Resort in Jinshitan, Minghu Hot Spring Hotel in Wafangdian City, Chengyuan Hot Spring Villa in Ganjingzi District, and Tianmu Hot Spring Hotel in Lüshun.

Skiing has become increasingly popular in Dalian. Famous ski resorts are Linhai Ski Resort in Ganjingzi District, Anbo Ski Resort in Pulandian District, Minghu Ski Resort & Minghu International Skiing Holiday Village in Wafangdian City, and Dalian Happy Snow World in Ganjingzi District near the airport.<ref>{{cite book|title=Focus on Dalian Issue 43|publisher=Oriental Vision Communications Co., Ltd. Dalian|page=27|url=https://issuu.com/focus-on-dalian/docs/issue_43|access-date=28 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204195409/http://issuu.com/focus-on-dalian/docs/issue_43|archive-date=4 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Dalian Metro Line 2.JPG|thumb|[[Dalian Metro]], [[Line 2, Dalian Metro|Line 2]]]]
[[File:Dalian Liaoning China Historical-Tramway-01.jpg|thumb|left|Dalian historical tramway, still used in a limited area of the city.]]

===Local transportation===
Not many people ride bicycles in Dalian because of the hilly roads. Dalian is also one of the many cities in China where there are few motorcycles, because motorcycle riding on most roads is banned by law.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Chi-Jen|title=Launching strategy for electric vehicles: Lessons from China and Taiwan|journal=Technological Forecasting & Social Change|date=26 January 2010|volume=77|issue=5|pages=831–834|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2010.01.010|url=http://people.duke.edu/~cy42/EV.pdf|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606192738/http://people.duke.edu/~cy42/EV.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city has a comprehensive bus system and an efficient metro system. As of November 2015, the [[Dalian Metro]] consists of the underground [[Line 1, Dalian Metro|Line 1]], [[Line 2, Dalian Metro|Line 2]], and the overground [[Line 12 (Dalian Metro)|Line 12]] (Formerly called [[Line R2, Dalian Metro|line R2]]) and [[Line 3, Dalian Metro|Line 3]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dlsubway.com.cn/xianlutu.php|script-title=zh:大连地铁集团有限公司|website=www.dlsubway.com.cn|language=zh-hans|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034518/http://www.dlsubway.com.cn/xianlutu.php|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> New lines and expansion of the metro system are under way. The [[Trams in Dalian|Dalian Tram]] system is the second oldest in China. Most of the public transportation in the city can be accessed using the Mingzhu [[Smart card|IC Card]] ({{zh|labels=no|明珠卡}}).

===Domestic and international===
[[File:Dalian North Railway Station Interior.jpg|thumb|Internal view of [[Dalian North railway station]]]]
In 2005 Dalian expanded the international airport, [[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport]], with direct flights to the most major cities in China, and to cities in South Korea and Japan as well as countries in [[Southeast Asia]]. In 2014, the airport was the [[List of the busiest airports in China|20th busiest]] airport in China with 13,551,223 passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/I1/K3/201504/P020150403321490187521.xls |script-title=zh:2014年民航机场吞吐量排名 |access-date=3 April 2015 |date=3 April 2015 |publisher=[[Civil Aviation Administration of China]] | language = zh-hans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419022627/http://www.caac.gov.cn/I1/K3/201504/P020150403321490187521.xls |archive-date=19 April 2015 }}</ref> The airport is the hub of [[Dalian Airlines]].

The city's location means that train trips to most Chinese cities outside China's northeastern region require changing trains in [[Beijing]] or [[Shanghai]]. With the [[High-speed rail in China|high-speed rail system]], trips from Dalian to [[Shenyang]] can be completed in 1.5 hours, to [[Changchun]] 2.5 hours and to [[Harbin]] 3.5 hours. The city has two railway stations, namely [[Dalian railway station]] and [[Dalian North railway station]] {{airport codes|DBL}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}, the latter being part of the [[Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway]].

In addition to local and express bus services to Beijing and other areas in the northeast, Dalian is connected by passenger ship service to neighboring coastal cities, including [[Tianjin]], [[Yantai]], [[Weihai]], [[Penglai City|Penglai]] and [[Dongying]], as well as [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]].<ref name="port" />

==Culture==
[[File:Dalian Peking Opera House.JPG|thumb|Dalian [[Peking Opera]] House]]

In 2006, Dalian was selected as the most liveable city in China according to ''[[China Daily]]''.<ref>
{{cite news
| last= Jing
| first= Fu
| url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-01/03/content_508828.htm
| title= Beijing drops out of top 10 'best city' list
| publisher= [[China Daily]]
| date= 3 January 2006
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071027082820/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-01/03/content_508828.htm
| archive-date= 27 October 2007
| url-status= live
| df= dmy-all
}}
</ref>

===Dalian dialect===
{{main|Dalian dialect}}
[[Standard Mandarin]] is usually spoken in Dalian because it is a city with people from various locations. But Dalian natives use [[Dalian dialect]], which belongs to the [[Jiaoliao Mandarin]] subgroup spoken in parts of [[Shandong]] and [[Liaoning]] provinces. Most of the residents of Dalian were farmers and fishermen who had come from Shandong Province in a large population move, the ''[[Chuang Guandong]]'', during which era Dalian was occupied by the Japanese as the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]]. The Dalian dialect incorporates a few [[loanword]]s from [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] (very rare in Chinese), reflecting the history of foreign occupation.<ref>Mikami, Yoshi (27 June 2002): [http://www.logos3.net/china/dalianhuacn.html The Dalian Dialect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032720/http://www.logos3.net/china/dalianhuacn.html |date=17 November 2015 }} (in Chinese)</ref> Dalian dialect is mostly distinguishable from [[Standard Mandarin]] based on a low-falling Yinping {{lang|zh-Hans|阴平}} (31), and it is often referred to as "oyster flavored" ({{lang|zh-hans|海蛎子味}}) by the locals.<ref>{{cite web |author1=掌上辽宁 |title=潜伏在东北话中的"海蛎子味儿" |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/61881411_217139 |website=sohu.com |access-date=11 August 2020 |language=zh |date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 165
| image1 = Salted fish Dalian.JPG
| caption1 = Salted fish with corn cake
| image2 = Dalian Menzi.JPG
| caption2 = Dalian Menzi, a popular local snack
}}
[[File:大连中山美术馆.JPG|thumb|Zhongshan Art Museum]]
Dalian cuisine is a branch of [[Shandong cuisine]], with influence from [[Northeastern Chinese cuisine]], and is widely known for its unique style of seafood dishes. The variety of seafood in Dalian includes fish, prawns, clams, crabs, scallops, sea urchins, oysters, sea cucumbers, mussels, lobsters, [[conch]]es, [[abalone]], [[algae]], [[Razor shell|razor clams]], [[urechis unicinctus]], [[mantis shrimps]], [[jellyfish]] and so on. During the winter, many seafoods such as clams, mussels and abalone gain the most fat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/1992172/dalian-dining-all-about-abalone-sea-cucumbers-and-sea-urchins-5|title=Dalian dining is all about abalone, sea cucumbers and sea urchins – 5 places to try them|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=21 September 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921105131/http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/1992172/dalian-dining-all-about-abalone-sea-cucumbers-and-sea-urchins-5|archive-date=21 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Colorful snowflake scallops ({{zh|s=五彩雪花扇贝|labels=no}}) is a local seafood dish, where egg white is made into snowflake-shape to embrace the scallops, with seasonal greens, carrot and hot pepper cut into small pieces as decorations on top.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dalian Cuisine|url=http://www.visitourchina.com/dalian/guide/dalian-cuisine.html|website=Visit Our China|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001925/http://www.visitourchina.com/dalian/guide/dalian-cuisine.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another popular local dish is Salted fish with corn cake ({{zh|s=咸鱼饼子|labels=no}}), where steamed or fried corn cake is served with fried salted fish. Legend goes that, in the old days fishermen going out fishing in the morning couldn't return home to have lunch, so they baked fresh fish to eat with corn cakes, and the habit passed down from generation to generation and eventually became a famous food among local people.<ref name="dine">{{cite web|title=Dalian Dining|url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/liaoning/dalian/dining.htm|website=Travel China Guide|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129074759/http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/liaoning/dalian/dining.htm|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dalian Menzi ({{zh|s=焖子|labels=no}}) is a traditional local snack. A protein-rich starch paste coagulated from an extract of potatoes is cut into pieces and fried on a pan to create a crisp cover. A mixed seasoning of smashed garlic, sesame, and sauces is added on eating.<ref name="dine" />

Other popular local specialties include Dalian-style grilled squid, seafood noodles, roast full prawns, salt baked conches, and lantern-shaped steamed abalone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dalian Dining|url=http://www.tour-beijing.com/newsys/china_travel_guide/dalian/dining/|website=Tour-Beijing.com|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060922/http://www.tour-beijing.com/newsys/china_travel_guide/dalian/dining/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Theaters===
Well-known theaters in Dalian are: [[Dalian People's Culture Club]] (mainly for [[music]]), [[Hongqi Grand Stage]] (for [[Beijing Opera]]), Working People's Theater-Doudou Grand Stage ({{zh|labels=no|s=工人剧院/豆豆大舞台}}, mainly for [[Errenzhuan]]) and [[Dalian Development Area|Development Area]] Grand Theater ({{zh|labels=no|s=开发区大剧院}}).<ref>[http://www.ddatheater.com/_d269912570.htm Development Area Grand Theater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142622/http://www.ddatheater.com/_d269912570.htm |date=6 March 2018 }} (in Chinese)</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:中华武馆.JPG|thumb|China Martial Arts Hall, at Jinshitan National Holiday Resort]]
Sports play a big role in the local culture. Dalian's former [[association football]] club, [[Dalian Shide]] (formerly known as Dalian Wanda as the club was originally sponsored by the [[Dalian Wanda Group]]), achieved a total of [[Chinese Super League#Most successful clubs|eight titles]] from China's top-tier football league, the [[Chinese Jia-A League]] and the later rebranded [[Chinese Super League]], and was widely considered one of the most successful clubs in Chinese football history.<ref name="Shide">{{cite web|last1=van de Ven|first1=Johan|title=Death of an Institution: The Dalian Shide Story|url=http://wildeastfootball.net/2013/04/death-of-an-institution-the-dalian-shide-story/|website=Wild East Football|access-date=22 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129045846/http://wildeastfootball.net/2013/04/death-of-an-institution-the-dalian-shide-story/|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Asian Football Confederation]], the club reached the [[1997–98 Asian Club Championship]] and [[2000–01 Asian Cup Winners' Cup]] finals. Several of China's greatest players, including [[Sun Jihai]], [[Hao Haidong]] and [[Li Ming (footballer, born 1971)|Li Ming]], made their names with [[Dalian Shide F.C.|Dalian Shide]]. Dalian also produced many top Chinese football players thanks to its youth training system and grassroots football culture.<ref name="football culture">{{cite web|script-title=zh:没有中超咱大连仍是足球城 71连籍球员遍布中超|url=http://sports.163.com/14/1113/05/AATJNORG00051C89.html|publisher=[[163.com]] Sports |access-date=22 December 2014|language=zh-hans|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222090821/http://sports.163.com/14/1113/05/AATJNORG00051C89.html|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of the [[2014 Chinese Super League|2014 season]] of the [[Chinese Super League]], out of the 448 registered Chinese players, a total of 71 players are from Dalian.<ref name="football culture" /> Therefore, Dalian earned its nickname of China's "Football City" ({{zh|s=足球城|labels=no}}),<ref>{{cite web|last1=van de Ven|first1=Johan|title=CHINA'S "FOOTBALL CITY" FACING WIPEOUT – DALIAN AERBIN IN CRISIS|url=http://wildeastfootball.net/2014/09/chinas-football-city-facing-wipeout-dalian-aerbin-in-crisis/|website=Wild East Football|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203152158/http://wildeastfootball.net/2014/09/chinas-football-city-facing-wipeout-dalian-aerbin-in-crisis/|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and a giant football statue was placed in the Labor Park near downtown Dalian in its honor. Current football clubs in the city are [[Dalian Professional F.C.|Dalian Pro]] playing in the [[Chinese Super League]] and [[Dalian Professional W.F.C.|Dalian Pro W.F.C.]] playing in the [[Chinese Women's Football League]]. Both of their home stadiums are [[Dalian Sports Center Stadium]].

The 60,663-capacity [[Dalian Sports Center Stadium]], the 30,777-capacity [[Jinzhou Stadium]], the 30,000-capacity [[Puwan New District Stadium]] and the 8,000-capacity [[Dalian Medical University Stadium]] are located in Dalian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cafe.daum.net/stade|title = Daum 카페}}</ref>

Some other popular sports played in Dalian are swimming, skiing, golf, cycling, bowling and billiards. The government hold various events every year in Dalian, like marathon, tennis and so on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tyj.dl.gov.cn/?COLLCC=2610362844& |script-title=zh:大连市体育局|website=www.tyj.dl.gov.cn|language=zh-CN|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

As part of the [[2013 National Games of China]] in [[Liaoning]] in 2013, Dalian was a host city for 12 events, including [[synchronized swimming]], [[field hockey]], [[gymnastics]], [[sailing]] and [[canoeing]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:全运会大连赛区正式赛12个项目大会竞赛日程表|url=http://dalian.runsky.com/attachment/site1/20130820/74d02b310431137d568316.doc|website=Official Website of 2013 National Games of China|access-date=19 December 2014|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417055642/http://dalian.runsky.com/attachment/site1/20130820/74d02b310431137d568316.doc|archive-date=17 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In February 2018, [[Dalian Wanda Group]] decided to take over [[Dalian Yifang F.C.]] football club, after lapse of 20 years Wanda Group come back to reinvest Dalian football club. Wanda Group announced long-term investment plan to help Dalian build football infrastructure, and concentrate on youth training and revitalize Dalian football and Chinese football.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1593109770947127272&wfr=spider&for=pc |script-title=zh:万达接手大连一方！"永不回头"的王健林要和许家印掰一掰手腕|website=baidu|language=zh-CN|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

===City-wide festivals and events===
[[File:滨海中路约5000米(retouched).jpg|thumb|Binhai Road is the main route for Dalian International Walking Festival. View of mountain on one side and sea on the other makes it a popular exercise destination for local people.]]
[[Xinghai Square]], Dalian Xinghai Convention & Exhibitions Center, the Dalian World Expo Center and the hotels on Renmin Road are the main places where Dalian's major annual events are held.

Every year from January to February, the Bingyugou Ice Lantern Festival is held in Bingyugou Scenic Area in [[Zhuanghe|Zhuanghe City]]. The event features a large number of ice sculptures, snow sculptures and colorful ice lanterns. Visitors can also participate in a series of ice-sports including ice-skating, ice hockey and [[iceboating]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Fairy Bingyu Valley Scenic Spot|url=http://www.chinatouradvisors.com/blog/The-Fairy-Bingyu-Valley-Scenic-Spot-2297.html|website=China Tour Advisors|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202853/http://www.chinatouradvisors.com/blog/The-Fairy-Bingyu-Valley-Scenic-Spot-2297.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

From late April to May, the Lüshun International Cherry Blossom Festival is held. The main site is [[203 Hill]], and the other site is [[Longwangtang Cherry Blossom Park]]. It is said that the very first cherry trees were planted by Japanese soldiers stationed in [[Lüshun]] during [[World War II]], in order to ease their homesickness. Today, the 203 Hill site has more than 3000 cherry trees, and boasts to be the largest [[cherry blossom]] park in China with the most varieties.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:2014旅顺樱花节时间|url=http://www.lvmama.com/info/chinayouji/2013-0304-157707.html|script-website=zh:驴妈妈旅游网|access-date=25 November 2014|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823034521/http://www.lvmama.com/info/chinayouji/2013-0304-157707.html|archive-date=23 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Each May, the Dalian International Walking Festival takes place. The purpose of the festival is to foster health and peace for the whole community. It is widely popular among citizens and attracts many foreign participants. Dalian is the only city in China recognized by the [[IML Walking Association]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Dalian Walking Association|url=http://www.dlwalking.com/English/About.asp?id=151&classname=Association|website=Official website of Dalian Walking Association|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224080124/http://www.dlwalking.com/English/About.asp?id=151&classname=Association|archive-date=24 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Four different routes of {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}, {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}, {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are provided for participants, with the longest route going from [[Xinghai Square]] along Binhai Road to Laohutan Ocean Park, Bangchuidao Scenic Area and finally reaching Dalian International Conference Center. Starting from 2012, Jinshitan National Holiday Resort also serves as a venue for the festival.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:2014大连徒步大会时间、路线、地址及报名信息|url=http://www.mafengwo.cn/travel-news/213973.html|website=[[:zh:马蜂窝|Mafengwo]] |access-date=25 November 2014|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129231554/http://www.mafengwo.cn/travel-news/213973.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Every May, [[Dalian International Marathon]] is held. With the first marathon held in 1987, it is one of the four oldest marathon races in China.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:大连国际马拉松城市名片不可丢|url=http://dl.sina.com.cn/news/m/2014-11-24/detail-iavxeafr5093631.shtml|website=dl.sina.com.cn|script-work=zh:大连晚报|access-date=25 November 2014|language=zh-cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001934/http://dl.sina.com.cn/news/m/2014-11-24/detail-iavxeafr5093631.shtml|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The main venue is the Jinshitan National Holiday Resort.

Every June, the China International Software & Information Service Fair is held in Dalian World Expo Center. Officials from overseas government departments, CEOs of World Top 500, well-known consulting firms and overseas IT associations attend the fair each year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why CISIS?|url=http://www.cisis.com.cn/News/735/2879/Newsdis3556.aspx|website=CISIS official website|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423234315/http://www.cisis.com.cn/News/735/2879/Newsdis3556.aspx|archive-date=23 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dalian International Beer Festival takes place in [[Xinghai Square]] every year from July to August. It is similar to [[Oktoberfest]] in [[Munich]] and is a widely popular event in the city. Activities of the Beer Festival include exhibitions by beer manufacturers, a beer disco plaza, a beer culture exhibition, a beer drinking contest, a photography contest, the Beer Industry Summit, and a beer quiz.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dalian Festivals|url=http://beijing-travels.com/china_tour/liaoning/dalian/festival.html|website=beijing-travels.com|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215700/http://beijing-travels.com/china_tour/liaoning/dalian/festival.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dalian International Automotive Exhibition is held in August in Dalian Xinghai Convention & Exhibitions Center and Dalian World Expo Center.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dalian International Auto Exhibition|url=http://www.auto-show.com.cn|website=Official website of Dalian International Auto Exhibition|access-date=25 November 2014|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218131838/http://auto-show.com.cn/|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The annual Dalian International Fashion Festival is held in September in Dalian Xinghai Convention & Exhibitions Center and Dalian World Expo Center. For the past decade, the festival has been attracting the world's top fashion designers, businessmen and models to Dalian. Arrangement for the show includes various theme activities including the Garment Export Fair, fashion exhibitions, fashion competitions and a model contest.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 24th Fashion Carnival of Dalian International Fashion Festival|url=http://www.chinaexhibition.com/trade_events/4426-The_24th_Fashion_Carnival_of_Dalian_International_Fashion_Festival.html|website=China Exhibition|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202816/http://www.chinaexhibition.com/trade_events/4426-The_24th_Fashion_Carnival_of_Dalian_International_Fashion_Festival.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Inter-governmental===
Japan maintains a branch office for its [[Consulate General]] of Japan at Shenyang and a [[JETRO]] office in Dalian, reflecting a relatively large Japanese population.

Japan Chamber of Commerce & Industry has about 700 corporate members.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} Those Japanese who had lived in Dalian before the War have organized the Dalian Society.

===Religion===
[[File:Lianhuashan Temple.jpg|thumb|left|Lianhuashan (lit. "lotus flower mountain") Temple, Dalian]]
{{as of|2005}}, Dalian had 29 Christian churches (27 of them Protestant, 2 of them Catholic), 10 mosques, 34 Buddhist temples, and 7 [[Taoist]] temples, according to the statistics of the city government.<ref name="MZW">{{Cite journal|url=http://mzw.dl.gov.cn/zj/33685_34708.htm|script-title=zh:宗教概况 |publisher=Ethnic Affairs Commission|location=Dalian|access-date=11 September 2010|journal=—|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126023527/http://mzw.dl.gov.cn/zj/33685_34708.htm|archive-date=26 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Taoist temples can be found in various districts including downtown Dalian (Hua Temple in Zhongshan Park), in Lüshunkou District (Longwang Temple), and in Jinzhou District (Jinlong Temple in Daweijia, Xiangshui Temple at the foot of [[Dahei Mountain]], and Zhenwu Temple in Liangjiadian).

Buddhist temples are in downtown Dalian (Songshan Temple on Tangshan Street and Lianhuashan Temple on Yingchun Road), on the northern side of Anzi Mountain (Anshan Temple), at Daheishi (Thousand-Hand Buddha & 500 Luohan Statues), in Lüshunkou District (Hengshan Temple at Longwangtang), and in Jinzhou District (Guanyinge-Shengshui Temple on Dahei Mountain).

[[Dalian Catholic Church]] (built in 1926) is in downtown Dalian, west of Dalian Railway Station. Protestant churches are near Zhongshan Square ([[Yuguang Street Church]], the former [[Dalian Anglican Church]], built in 1928 in the British Consulate General's premises by the [[Church of England]] and [[Nippon Sei Ko Kai|Anglican Church of Japan]] jointly), on Changjiang Road ([[Beijing Street Church]], now called Cheng-en Church, originally built in 1914 by the [[Danish National Church|Danish Lutheran Church]]), on Xi'an Road (Christian Church for Korean Chinese and South Koreans), east of the airport (the newly built Harvest Church, which can seat 4000 people), in Jinzhou (the newly built Jinzhou Church) and in Lüshunkou District (Lüshun Church, a former Danish Lutheran church). [[Dalian Mosque]] is on Beijing Street.<ref name="MZW"/>

==Notable people==
[[File:Liu Changchun.jpg|thumb|[[Liu Changchun]] statue at Olympic Square, Dalian]]
* [[Xia Deren]] ({{lang|zh|夏德仁}}), former mayor from October 2006 to May 2009.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lippincott|first=Jonathan|title=The World is Flat|year=2006|publisher=Farrar, Straus, and Giroux|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-374-29279-5|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan's logistics giant Evergreen Int'l Corp to expand investments in Dalian|url=http://www.whatsondalian.com/tag-Dalian%20mayor%20Li%20Wancai.html|publisher=What's on Dalian|access-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107113850/http://www.whatsondalian.com/tag-Dalian%20mayor%20Li%20Wancai.html|archive-date=7 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Li Changchun]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|李长春}}), politician, former member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China]].
* [[Bo Xilai]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|薄熙来}}), former mayor (February 1993–August 2000), removed from Politburo under corruption charges.
* [[Lai Yawen]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|赖亚文}}), retired middle blocker, former captain and current team manager of the [[China women's national volleyball team]].
* [[Liu Yanan]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|刘亚男}}), retired middle blocker of the [[China women's national volleyball team]].
* [[Yang Hao (volleyball)|Yang Hao]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|杨昊}}), retired outside spiker of the [[China women's national volleyball team]].
* [[Hui Ruoqi]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|惠若琪}}), retired outside spiker and former captain of the [[China women's national volleyball team]].
* [[Li Yongbo]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|李永波}}), retired badminton player and former head coach of the [[China national badminton team|China National Badminton Team]].
* [[Liu Changchun]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|刘长春}}), [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]], first athlete to represent China in competition at the Olympic Games.
* [[Qu Yunxia]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|曲云霞}}), [[Middle-distance running|middle-distance]] athlete.
* [[Zhang Wenxiu]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|张文秀}}), hammer thrower.
* [[Zhang Enhua]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|张恩华}}), footballer.
* [[Sun Jihai]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|孙继海}}), footballer.
* [[Bi Fujian]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|毕福剑}}), director, host and professor.
* {{ill|Wang Lei (actor)|zh|王雷|lt=Wang Lei}} ({{lang|zh|王雷}}), actor.
* [[Yu Nan]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|余男}}), actress.
* [[Lou Yixiao]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|娄艺潇}}), actress.
* [[Dong Jie]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|董洁}}), actress.
* [[Lin Peng]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|林鹏}}), actress.
* [[Yang Hongji]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|杨洪基}}), [[baritone]] singer and professor.
* [[Sun Nan]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|孙楠}}), singer.
* [[Kelly Yu]] ({{lang|zh|于文文}}), singer.
* [[Xue Jiye]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|薛继业}}), painter and sculptor.
* [[Toshiko Fujita]] ({{lang|ja|藤田淑子}}), Japanese voice actress.
* [[Song Weilong (actor)|Song Weilong]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|宋威龙}}), actor and model.
* [[Yang Zhuo]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|杨茁}}), professional [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]] fighter and [[kickboxer]].

==Education==
{{Clarify span|text=There were|reason=when?|date=November 2017}} 23 general institutions of higher education (and another 7 privately run colleges), 108 secondary vocational schools, 80 ordinary middle high schools, 1,049 schools for nine-year compulsory education and 1,432 kindergartens in Dalian. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled 1108 thousand.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

There are the following schools of higher education and research centers:

===Colleges and universities===
* [[Dalian University of Technology]] ([[Project 985]], [[Project 211]], founded in 1949)
* [[Dalian Maritime University]] (Project 211, founded in 1909)
* [[Dongbei University of Finance and Economics]] (Founded in 1952)
* [[Liaoning Normal University]] (Founded in 1951)
* [[Dalian University]] (Founded in 1987)
* [[Dalian Jiaotong University]] (Founded in 1956)
* [[Dalian Medical University]] (Founded in 1947)
* [[Dalian Minzu University]] (Founded in 1997)
* [[Dalian Ocean University]] (Founded in 1952)
* [[Dalian Polytechnic University]] (Founded in 1958)
* [[Dalian University of Foreign Languages]] (Founded in 1964)
* [[Dalian Naval Academy]] of the [[People's Liberation Army Navy|PLA Navy]] (Founded in 1949)
* [[Liaoning Police College]] (Founded in 1960)
* [[Dalian Neusoft University of Information]] (Founded in 2000)

===Research centers===
[[File:Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics.jpg|thumb|[[Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics]], of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]]]
* [[Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]

===High schools===
Notable high schools include:
* [[Dalian No. 1 High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连市第一中学}}), founded in 1922 by Japanese, which was the first school institute in Dalian.
* [[Dalian No. 8 High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连市第八中学}})
* [[Dalian No. 12 High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连市第十二中学}})
* [[Dalian No. 20 High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连市第二十中学}})
* [[Dalian No. 23 High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连市第二十三中学}})
* [[Dalian No. 24 High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连市第二十四中学}})
* [[Dalian Yuming Senior High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连育明高级中学}})
* [[The High School Affiliated to Liaoning Normal University]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|辽宁师范大学附属中学}})
* [[Dalian Lüshun Senior High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连市旅顺中学}})
* [[Dalian Jinzhou Senior High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连市金州高级中学}})
* [[Dalian Haiwan Senior High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|大连海湾高级中学}})
* [[Wafangdian Senior High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|瓦房店市高级中学}})
* [[Zhuanghe Senior High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|庄河市高级中学}})
* [[Changhai County Senior High School]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|长海县高级中学}})

===International schools===
* [[Japanese School of Dalian]]
* {{ill |Dalian Korean International School |ko|대련한국국제학교}}
* [[Dalian American International School]]
* [[Dalian Maple Leaf International School]]

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}
Dalian is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wb.dl.gov.cn/index.php/home/index/news_list/id/890/column_id/2.html |script-title=zh:大连市友好城市及友好合作关系城市|website=www.wb.dl.gov.cn|language=zh-CN|access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>

{{div col |colwidth=27em}}
* {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[City of Adelaide|Adelaide]], [[South Australia]], Australia
* {{flagdeco|GEO}} [[Adjara]], Georgia
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|ARG}} [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina
* {{flagdeco|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand
* {{flagdeco|NOR}} [[Bergen]], Norway
* {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], Germany<ref name="Bremen twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.rathaus.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen54.c.2259.de|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110718204253/http://www.rathaus.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen54.c.2259.de|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2011|title=Bremen – Referat 32 Städtepartnerschaften / Internationale Beziehungen|trans-title=Bremen – Unit 32 Twinning / International Relations|access-date=9 August 2013|last=Frohmader|first=Andrea|work=Das Rathaus Bremen Senatskanzlei [Bremen City Hall – Senate Chancellery]|language=de}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Cape Breton Island]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Chuncheon]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Cienfuegos]], Cuba
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Dallas, Texas]], United States<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2008/apr/29/dallas-mayor-inks-friendship-pact-north-china-port/ |title=Dallas mayor inks friendship pact with North China port city |website=www.pegasusnews.com |location=Dallas/Fort Worth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013021751/http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2008/apr/29/dallas-mayor-inks-friendship-pact-north-china-port/ |archive-date=13 October 2012 |date=29 April 2008 |access-date=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dallas sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.dallas-ecodev.org/international/sister-cities/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Dallas-ecodev.org|access-date=23 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528113422/http://www.dallas-ecodev.org/international/sister-cities|archive-date=28 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Northern Ireland|union}} [[Derry and Strabane]], Northern Ireland, UK
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=International exchange activated with globalization|publisher=[[Ehime Prefecture]]|url=http://www.pref.ehime.jp/h30100/global/industry/grobal.html|access-date=27 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930043647/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/h30100/global/industry/grobal.html|archive-date=30 September 2018}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|NED}} [[Enschede]], Netherlands
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Fortaleza]], Brazil
* {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Genoa]], Italy
* {{flagdeco|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Gwangju]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Gwangyang]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Houston, Texas]], United States
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Imari, Saga]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Incheon]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Jeju Province]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kanazawa]], [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kitakyushu]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|BOL}} [[La Paz]], Bolivia
* {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Le Havre]], [[Seine-Maritime]], France<ref name="Le Havre twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://archives.lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/guichet_virtuel/rubrique/article_id-1626/topic_id-707/les-villes-jumelees.html|title=Le Havre – Les villes jumelées|access-date=7 August 2013|last=Florence|first=Jeanne|language=fr|trans-title=Le Havre – Twin towns|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807181850/http://archives.lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/guichet_virtuel/rubrique/article_id-1626/topic_id-707/les-villes-jumelees.html|archive-date=7 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Le Havre twins">{{cite web | url=http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire | title=Le Havre – Les villes jumelées |trans-title=Le Havre – Twin towns | work=City of Le Havre | access-date=7 August 2013 | language=fr | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729215238/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire | archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Los Angeles County, California]], United States
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Maizuru, Kyoto]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Milan]], Italy
* {{flagdeco|UK}} [[Northampton]], UK
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Oakland, California]], United States
* {{flagdeco|NMK}} [[Ohrid]], North Macedonia
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Ōta, Tokyo]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Pohang]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|CGO}} [[Pointe-Noire]], Republic of the Congo
* {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Pyeongtaek]], South Korea
* {{flagdeco|CRO}} [[Rijeka]], [[Primorje-Gorski Kotar]], Croatia
* {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Rostock]], [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], Germany
* {{flagdeco|BIH}} [[Sarajevo Canton]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
* {{flagdeco|THA}} [[Surin Province]], Thailand
* {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Tomsk]], [[Tomsk Oblast]], Russia
* {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Vladivostok]], [[Primorsky Krai]], Russia
* {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Wolfsburg]], [[Lower Saxony]], Germany
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Subject bar|portal1=China}}

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Bibliography==
* Kuramoto, Kazuko. ''Manchurian Legacy: Memoirs of a Japanese Colonist'', 1st edition. Michigan State University Press. 1 October 1999. {{ISBN|0-87013-510-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87013-510-1}}, {{ISBN|0-87013-725-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87013-725-9}}.

==Further reading==
* Hess, Christian A. (2006). "From colonial jewel to socialist metropolis: Dalian, 1895–1955." PhD dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
* McKnight, Tom, (ed.). ''Geographica: The Complete Illustrated Atlas of the World'', 3rd revision. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7607-5974-X}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7607-2714-0}}.
* Perrins, Robert John (1998). "'Great connections': The creation of a city, Dalian, 1905–1931. China and Japan on the Liaodong Peninsula." PhD dissertation, York University (Canada).
* Song Li. ''Everyday Dalian: Life in Modern Manchuria'' (Photography Book), Foreword by Phil Borges. 1st edition. DigitalKu. 8 February 2008. {{ISBN|0-9763168-5-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-9763168-5-5}}.
* Theiss, Frank. ''The Voyage of Forgotten Men'', 1st Ed. Indianapolis & New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1937.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dalian}}{{Wiktionary|Dalian|Dairen|Talien|Ta-lien}}{{Wikivoyage|Dalian}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814062812/http://en.dl.gov.cn/pub/dl_gov/english/ Dalian Government website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140920044929/http://www2.dl.gov.cn/main.html Dalian Government website] {{in lang|zh}}

{{Liaoning topics}}
{{Liaoning}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}
{{SEZ}}
{{Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China|class=nav}}
{{Bo Hai}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dalian| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Liaoning]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in China]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in China]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Liaoning]]
[[Category:National Forest Cities in China]]
[[Category:China–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Kwantung Leased Territory]]
[[Category:Yellow Sea]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]

Békés County

2021-11-10T14:25:24Z

Peyerk: m

{{About|the current administrative entity called Békés county|the historical county|Békés County (former)|the town|Békés}}
{{short description|County of Hungary}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Békés County
| native_name = ''Békés megye'' 
| native_name_lang = hu
| settlement_type = [[Counties of Hungary]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = The river Körös near the Hungarian town Mezőberény.jpg{{!}}Körös near Mezőberény
| photo2a = Szarvas arborétum4.jpg{{!}}Szarvas Arboretum
| photo2b = Andrassy ut bekescsaba.jpg{{!}}Andrássy Street, Békéscsaba
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 255
| foot_montage = Descending, from top: [[Körös]] river near [[Mezőberény]], Arboretum of [[Szarvas]], and Downtown of [[Békéscsaba]]}}
| image_flag = Flag of Békés megye.svg
| image_shield = COA Békés County.svg
| image_map = HU county Bekes.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Békés County within Hungary
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{HUN}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Hungary|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Southern Great Plain]]
| seat_type = County seat
| seat = [[Békéscsaba]]
| parts_type = [[Districts of Hungary|Districts]]
| parts = 9 districts
| p1 = [[Békéscsaba District]]
| p2 = [[Békés District]]
| p3 = [[Gyomaendrőd District]]
| p4 = [[Gyula District]]
| p5 = {{nowrap|[[Mezőkovácsháza District]]}}
| p6 = [[Orosháza District]]
| p7 = [[Sarkad District]]
| p8 = [[Szarvas District]]
| p9 = [[Szeghalom District]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title = President of the General Assembly
| leader_name = Mihály Zalai
| leader_party = [[Fidesz]]-[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]
| area_total_km2 = 5629.71
| area_rank = [[Counties of Hungary|7th in Hungary]]
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_total = 351148<ref>[http://nepesseg.com/bekes/, nepesseg.com, population data of Hungarian settlements]</ref>
| population_rank = [[Counties of Hungary|11th in Hungary]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Hungary|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 55xx – 59xx
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Hungary|Area code(s)]]
| area_code = (+36) 66, 68
| iso_code = {{mono|HU-BE}}
|website = {{URL|http://www.bekesmegye.hu/}}
}}
'''Békés''' ({{Lang-hu|Békés megye}}, {{IPA-hu|ˈbeːkeːʃ|pron}}, {{lang-ro|Județul Bichiș}}) is an administrative division ([[Counties of Hungary|county]] or ''megye'') in south-eastern [[Hungary]], on the border with [[Romania]]. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties [[Csongrád (county)|Csongrád]], [[Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok]], and [[Hajdú-Bihar]]. The capital of Békés county is [[Békéscsaba]]. The county is also part of the [[Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa]] euroregion.

==Etymology==
In [[Slovak language|Slovak]], it is known as ''Békešská župa'' and in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] as ''Județul Bichiș''.

After [[Conquest of Hungary|Hungarians conquered]] the area, [[Békés]] and its surroundings were the property of the ''[[Csolt]]'' clan. Békés (the name means "peaceful") was originally the name of the castle which gave its name to the comitatus, and, like many castles, was possibly named after its first steward.

==Geography==
This county has a total area of {{convert|5630|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} – 6.05% of Hungary.

Békés County lies on the [[Pannonian Plain]] (Great Plain) and is a flat area with good soil. The average rainfall is 645 mm per year. One-fifth of the natural gas resources of Hungary can be found in Békés. The river [[Körös (river)|Körös]] runs through the county.

===Neighbours===
* [[Hajdú-Bihar County]] on the north.
* {{ROU}} on the east and south – Counties of [[Arad County|Arad]] and [[Bihor County|Bihor]].
* [[Csongrád County|Csongrád-Csanád]] and [[Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County]] on the west.

==History==
[[Image:Bekes county map.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Old county map with settlements, roads an railways]]
The area has been inhabited since 5000-4000 BC. Before the arrival of the [[Hungarians]] several other tribes lived in the area.

The castle of [[Gyula (town)|Gyula]] was built in the early 15th century. Gyula was the most significant town of the county at that time, and became the county seat under [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias I]]. It was an important fortress during the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]] but it was captured in 1566. During this time, several towns were destroyed in the area.

In the early 18th century, after the Ottomans were expelled, the county was repopulated, not only with Hungarians, but with [[Slovaks]] (in the towns Békéscsaba, Endrőd, Szarvas, Tótkomlós), [[Serbs]] (Battonya), [[Danube Swabians|Germans]] (Németgyula, Elek), and [[Romanians]] (Kétegyháza). Most of the non-Magyar population was assimilated by the mid-19th century.

The agricultural importance of the county and the new railway line between [[Pest (city)|Pest]] and Békéscsaba (finished in 1858) brought development, which was quickened when Hungary lost its southern territories to Romania after [[World War I]] and Békéscsaba had to take over the role of the lost cities.

The population growth peaked in 1950 (472,000), in the same year when Békéscsaba became the county seat. During the following years, the county was industrialized, like most of Hungary, and the population of the cities and towns grew.

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Békés County (2011 census)
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|value1 = 19.3
|color1 = DarkOrchid
|label2 = Greek Catholic
|value2 = 0.2
|color2 = MediumOrchid
|label3 = [[Calvinism]]
|value3 = 12.9
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Lutheranism]]
|value4 = 7.7
|color4 = DeepSkyBlue
|label5 = [[Orthodoxy]]
|value5 = 1.0
|color5 = FireBrick
|label6 = Other religions
|value6 = 1.9
|color6 = Chartreuse
|label7 = [[Irreligion|Non-religious]]
|value7 = 31.4
|color7 = Honeydew
|label8 = [[Atheism|Atheists]]
|value8 = 1.2
|color8 = Grey
|label9 = Undeclared
|value9 = 24.4
|color9 = Black
}}
{{see also|Demographics of Hungary}}
In 2015, it had a population of 351,148 and the [[population density]] was 62/km2. 
More than 60% of the population lives in towns.

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! County population<ref>népesség.com, ''[http://nepesseg.com/bekes/ "Békés megye népessége 1870-2015"]''</ref>
! Change
|-
| 1949
| 471,561
|align="right"| n/a
|-
| 1960
|{{decrease}} 467,861
|align="right"| -0.78%
|-
| 1970
|{{decrease}} 438,971
|align="right"| -6.17%
|-
| 1980
|{{decrease}} 436,910
|align="right"| -0.47%
|-
| 1990
|{{decrease}} 411,887
|align="right"| -5.73%
|-
| 2001
|{{decrease}} 397,791
|align="right"| -3.42%
|-
| 2011
|{{decrease}} 359,948
|align="right"| -9.51%
|}

===Ethnicity===
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Roma (approx. 9,500), Slovak (7,500), Romanian (5,000), German (2,500) and Serb (500).

Total population (2011 census): 359,948 
Ethnic groups (2011 census):<ref>[http://www.ksh.hu/nepszamlalas/tablak_teruleti_04 1.1.6. A népesség anyanyelv, nemzetiség és nemek szerint – Frissítve: 2013.04.17.; Hungarian Central Statistical Office] {{in lang|hu}}</ref>
Identified themselves: 325,597 persons:
*[[Hungarians]]: 300,213 (92.20%)
*[[Romani people in Hungary|Gypsies]]: 9,290 (2.85%)
*[[Slovaks in Hungary|Slovaks]]: 7,267 (2.23%)
*[[Romanians in Hungary|Romanians]]: 5,137 (1.58%)
*Others and indefinable: 3,690 (1.13%)
Approx. 53,000 persons in Békés County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.

===Religion===
{{see also|Religion in Hungary}}
Religious adherence in the county according to 2011 census:<ref>2011. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS, 3. Területi adatok, 3.4 Békés megye, {{in lang|hu}} ''[http://www.terezvaros.hu/testuleti/nepsz2011-3/pdf/nepsz2011_03_04.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220071608/http://www.terezvaros.hu/testuleti/nepsz2011-3/pdf/nepsz2011_03_04.pdf |date=2016-12-20 }}''</ref>

*Catholic – 70,307 ([[Roman Catholicism in Hungary|Roman Catholic]] – 69,478; [[Hungarian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic]] – 809);
*[[Reformed Church in Hungary|Reformed]] – 46,366;
*[[Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary|Evangelical]] – 27,870;
*[[Eastern Orthodoxy in Hungary|Orthodox]] – 3,491;
*Other religions – 6,936;
*[[Irreligion|Non-religious]] – 113,094;
*[[Atheism]] – 4,150;
*''Undeclared'' – 87,734.

==Regional structure==
[[File:Békés districts.png|thumb|right|350px|District of '''Békés County''']]
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-bgcolor="D0D8DD"
| align="center"|No.
|style=width:175px; align="center"|'''English''' and ''Hungarian'' names
| align="center"|'''Area''' (km2)
| align="center"|'''Population''' (2011)
| align="center"|'''Density''' (pop./km2)
| align="center"|'''Seat'''
| align="center"|No. of '''municipalities'''
|-
|align="center"|1
|[[Békéscsaba District]] ''Békéscsabai járás''
| align="right"| 636.16
|align="right"| 83,541
| align="right"| 131
|[[Békéscsaba]]
| align="center"|9
|-
|align="center"|2
|[[Békés District]] ''Békési járás''
| align="right"| 525.24
|align="right"| 37,409
| align="right"| 71
|[[Békés]] (town)
| align="center"|7
|-
|align="center"|3
|[[Gyomaendrőd District]] ''Gyomaendrődi járás''
| align="right"| 686.21
|align="right"| 23,943
| align="right"| 35
|[[Gyomaendrőd]]
| align="center"|5
|-
|align="center"|4
|[[Gyula District]] ''Gyulai járás''
| align="right"| 413.22
|align="right"| 41,627
| align="right"| 101
|[[Gyula, Hungary|Gyula]]
| align="center"|4
|-
|align="center"|5
|[[Mezőkovácsháza District]] ''Mezőkovácsházai járás''
| align="right"| 881.49
|align="right"| 40,550
| align="right"| 46
|[[Mezőkovácsháza]]
| align="center"|18
|-
|align="center"|6
|[[Orosháza District]] ''Orosházi járás''
| align="right"| 717.18
|align="right"| 51,482
| align="right"| 72
|[[Orosháza]]
| align="center"|8
|-
|align="center"|7
|[[Sarkad District]] ''Sarkadi járás''
| align="right"| 570.97
|align="right"| 22,908
| align="right"| 40
|[[Sarkad, Hungary|Sarkad]]
| align="center"|11
|-
|align="center"|8
|[[Szarvas District]] ''Szarvasi járás''
| align="right"| 485.06
|align="right"| 28,779
| align="right"| 59
|[[Szarvas]]
| align="center"|6
|-
|align="center"|9
|[[Szeghalom District]] ''Szeghalmi járás''
| align="right"| 714.19
|align="right"| 29,709
| align="right"| 42
|[[Szeghalom]]
| align="center"|7
|-
|-bgcolor="E5E4E2"
!colspan="2"| Békés County
| align="right"| '''5,629.71'''
|align="right"| '''359,948'''
| align="right"| '''64'''
|'''[[Békéscsaba]]'''
| align="center"|'''75'''
|}

==Politics==

===Members of the National Assembly===
The following members elected of the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] during the [[2018 Hungarian parliamentary election|2018 parliamentary election]]:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>https://www.valasztas.hu/egyeni-valasztokeruletek-eredmenye</ref>!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz-KDNP/meta/color}}" |
| [[Békés County 1st constituency]]
| [[Tamás Herczeg]]
| [[Fidesz–KDNP]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz-KDNP/meta/color}}" |
| [[Békés County 2nd constituency]]
| [[Béla Dankó]]
| [[Fidesz–KDNP]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz-KDNP/meta/color}}" |
| [[Békés County 3rd constituency]]
| [[József Kovács (politician)|József Kovács]]
| [[Fidesz–KDNP]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz-KDNP/meta/color}}" |
| [[Békés County 4th constituency]]
| [[György Simonka]]
| [[Fidesz–KDNP]]
|}

===County Assembly===
{{Main|Békés County Assembly}}
The Békés County Council, elected at the [[2019 Hungarian local elections|2019 local government elections]], is made up of 17 counselors,<ref>{{cite web|title=Megyei közgyűlés tagjai 2019-2024 (Békés megye)|url=https://www.valasztas.hu/megye-adatlap_onk2019?_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_formDate=32503680000000&p_p_id=onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=3&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_prpVlId=294&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_prpVltId=687&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_prpMegyeKod=04&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_prpTelepulesKod=&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_settlement=b%C3%A9k%C3%A9s|agency=valasztas.hu|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> with the following party composition:

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#ccc" colspan="2" | Party
! style="background:#ccc" | Seats
! style="background:#ccc" colspan="10" | Current County Assembly
|-
| style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|[[Fidesz]]-[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''10'''
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Fidesz/meta/color}} |  
|-
| style="background-color: {{Jobbik/meta/color}} |  
| [[Jobbik]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''2'''
|style="background-color: {{Jobbik/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Jobbik/meta/color}} |  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
| style="background-color: {{Democratic Coalition/meta/color}} |  
| [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''2'''
|style="background-color: {{Democratic Coalition/meta/color}} |  
|style="background-color: {{Democratic Coalition/meta/color}} |  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
| style="background-color: #8E6FCE |  
| [[Momentum Movement]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''1'''
|style="background-color: #8E6FCE |  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
| style="background-color: {{Hungarian Socialist Party/meta/color}} |  
| [[Hungarian Socialist Party]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''1'''
|style="background-color: {{Hungarian Socialist Party/meta/color}} |  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
| style="background-color: #568203 |  
| [[Our Homeland Movement]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''1'''
|style="background-color: #568203 |  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}

===Presidents of the General Assembly===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-left:1em;"
|- "
! colspan="2"|List of Presidents, from 1990<ref>[http://valtor.valasztas.hu/valtort/jsp/t0.jsp Önkormányzati választások eredményei] {{in lang|hu}}</ref>
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Mihály Zalai]] ([[Fidesz]]-[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]])||2014–
|}
{{clear}}

==Municipalities==
[[Image:Megyeszékhely - Békés megye - Békéscsaba.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Békéscsaba]]
Békés County has '''1''' [[Town with county rights|urban county]], '''21''' [[List of cities and towns of Hungary|towns]], '''8''' large villages and '''45''' villages.

The regional structure of Békés county is typical of the Great Plain: it has a small number of villages, but those are large, both by area and by population. There are several farmsteads as well. 70% of the population lives in cities and towns, while 17% are in the county seat. A large village network is characteristic of the county which currently has 75 administratively independent settlements, of which 19 are cities and 56 are villages. The oldest towns, and with the largest populations, are: Békéscsaba, the county seat - a city carrying a rank of county right, Orosháza, Gyula, Békés, and Szarvas.

;City with county rights
(ordered by population, as of 2011 [[census]])
*[[Békéscsaba]] (62,050) – county seat

;Towns
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Gyula, Hungary|Gyula]] (31,067)
*[[Orosháza]] (29,081)
*[[Békés]] (20,088)
*[[Szarvas]] (16,956)
*[[Gyomaendrőd]] (13,680)
*[[Mezőberény]] (10,632)
*[[Sarkad, Hungary|Sarkad]] (10,020)
*[[Szeghalom]] (9,290)
*[[Dévaványa]] (7,899)
*[[Vésztő]] (6,986)
*[[Mezőkovácsháza]] (6,177)
*[[Battonya]] (6,042)
*[[Tótkomlós]] (6,016)
*[[Füzesgyarmat]] (5,734)
*[[Mezőhegyes]] (5,712)
*[[Kondoros]] (5,228)
*[[Újkígyós]] (5,196)
*[[Csorvás]] (5,060)
*[[Elek]] (4,927)
*[[Körösladány]] (4,674)
*[[Medgyesegyháza]] (3,698)
{{Div col end}}

;Villages
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Almáskamarás]]
*[[Békéssámson]]
*[[Békésszentandrás]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]
*[[Bélmegyer]]
*[[Biharugra]]
*[[Bucsa, Hungary|Bucsa]]
*[[Csabacsűd]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]
*[[Csabaszabadi]]
*[[Csanádapáca]]
*[[Csárdaszállás]]
*[[Doboz]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]
*[[Dombegyház]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]
*[[Dombiratos]]
*[[Ecsegfalva]]
*[[Gádoros]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]
*[[Gerendás]]
*[[Geszt]]
*[[Hunya]]
*[[Kamut, Hungary|Kamut]]
*[[Kardos]]
*[[Kardoskút]]
*[[Kaszaper]]
*[[Kertészsziget]]
*[[Kevermes]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]
*[[Kétegyháza]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]
*[[Kétsoprony]]
*[[Kisdombegyház]]
*[[Körösnagyharsány]]
*[[Köröstarcsa]]
*[[Körösújfalu]]
*[[Kötegyán]]
*[[Kunágota]]
*[[Lőkösháza]]
*[[Magyarbánhegyes]]
*[[Magyardombegyház]]
*[[Medgyesbodzás]]
*[[Mezőgyán]]
*[[Méhkerék]]
*[[Murony]]
*[[Nagybánhegyes]]
*[[Nagykamarás]]
*[[Nagyszénás]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]
*[[Okány]]
*[[Örménykút]]
*[[Pusztaföldvár]]
*[[Pusztaottlaka]]
*[[Sarkadkeresztúr]]
*[[Szabadkígyós]]
*[[Tarhos]]
*[[Telekgerendás]]
*[[Újszalonta]]
*[[Végegyháza]]
*[[Zsadány]]
{{Div col end}}
[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] municipalities are ''large'' villages.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200px" perrow="6" style="border: 5px solid #a86; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); border-radius: 0.5em;">
File:Békéscsaba városháza.JPG|[[Békéscsaba]], the capital of the county
File:Vár (2485. számú műemlék) 2.jpg|[[Gyula (town)|Gyula Castle]]
File:Szabadkigyós, castle.jpg|''Wenckheim Mansion'' in [[Szabadkígyós]]
File:Virginiai mocsárciprusok a szarvasi Holt-Körös partján.jpg|Taxodium in the [[Körös|River Körös]]
File:Batthyány-Geist-vadászkastély parkja (16258. számú műemlék).jpg|''Batthyány Mansion'''s park in [[Kondoros]]
File:Kondorosi csárda (2495. számú műemlék).jpg|Tavern in [[Kondoros]]
File:Szarvas arborétum4.jpg|Arboretum in [[Szarvas]]
File:Békéscsaba kat templom.JPG|Roman Catholic Church of [[Békéscsaba]]
</gallery>

==Notable people==
Natives of the county include:
{{Columns-list|
* [[Vilmos Apor]], Bishop of Győr
* [[Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky]], politician and an important voice
* [[Zoltán Lajos Bay]], physicist, professor, and engineer
* [[András Balczó]], modern pentathlete (olympic champion)
* [[Béla H. Bánáthy]], founder of the White Stag Leadership Development Program
* [[Ferenc Berényi]], painter
* [[Imre Bródy]], physicist
* [[József Darvas]], politician, [[Minister of Education (Hungary)|Minister of Religion and Education]] (1950-51)
* [[Albrecht Dürer the Elder]], goldsmith in Nuremberg
* [[Ferenc Erkel]], composer, conductor and pianist, father of Hungarian grand opera
* [[Ágnes Gergely]], writer, educator, journalist and translator
* [[János Jankó]], painter and graphicist
* [[Ferenc Kállai]], actor
* [[István Kiss (architect)|István Kiss]], architect
* [[László Krasznahorkai]], novelist and screenwriter
* [[Gyula Kristó]], historian
* [[Menyhért Lakatos]], writer
* [[Gyula Lázár]], footballer
* [[Soma Orlai Petrich]], painter
* [[Henrietta Ónodi]], artistic gymnast
* [[Károly Palotai]], association football player and referee
* [[János Pásztor]], academic sculptor
* [[Paulina Pfiffner]], freedom fighter in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
* [[George Pomutz]], officer during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the [[American Civil War]]
* [[Frigyes Puja]], politician, [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hungary)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] (1973-83)
* [[Emil Purgly]], politician, [[Minister of Agriculture (Hungary)|Minister of Agriculture]] (1934)
* [[Kálmán Rózsahegyi]], actor and teacher
* [[Mihály Schéner]], sculptor, painter, graphic artist, and ceramist
* [[Árpád Szendy]], pianist, composer and teacher
* [[Ferenc Szisz]], race car driver
* [[Hajnalka Tóth]], fencer (world champion)
* [[Béla Turi-Kovács]], politician, Minister of the Environment (2000-02)
* [[Béla Wenckheim]], politician, [[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister]] (1875)
* [[Pál Závada]], writer
}}

==International relations==
Békés County has a [[Twin towns and sister cities|partnership]] relationship with:

{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Covasna County]], Romania
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Harghita County]], Romania
||
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Arad County]], Romania
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bihor County]], Romania
|}

==References==
{{Commons category|Békés County}}
{{Wikivoyage|Békés County}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211032633/http://www.bekesmegye.hu/ Official site] in Hungarian, German, English, Slovak and Romanian
* [http://www.beol.hu Békés Megyei Hírlap (beol.hu) - The county portal]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035909/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/hungary.aspx Hungary at GeoHive]
*Roaming in Békés County free guide 2010 Published by Békés County Government Text by Barát Tünde
{{Coord|46|44|15|N|21|2|41|E|source:huwiki_region:HU_scale:1000000_type:adm1st|display=title}}

{{Bekes}}
{{Districts of Békés County}}
{{Hungarian counties}}
{{Regions of Hungary}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bekes}}
[[Category:Békés County| ]]
[[Category:Counties of Hungary]]

Thiruvananthapuram Corporation

2021-08-11T13:31:59Z

Peyerk: /* Corporation Election 2020 */ m

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
| native_name = തിരുവനന്തപുരം നഗരസഭ
| native_name_lang = ml
| coa_pic = Seal of Thiruvananthapuram.png
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic = Thiruvananthapuram Ward Map.png
| coa-res = 200px
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Thiruvananthapuram
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = [[Arya Rajendran]]
| party1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = [[P K Raju]]
| party2 = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| leader3_type = Leader Of Opposition
| leader3 = M.R. Gopan
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| structure1 = File:India Kerala Parliament 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| members = 100
| last_election1 = 2020
| political_groups1 =
*{{colorbox|#FF0000}} [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (52)
*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (35)
*{{colorbox|#1F75FE}} [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (10)
*{{colorbox|#D3D3D3}}Others (3)
| website = {{url|http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in}}
}}
'''Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation''' ({{lang-ml|തിരുവനന്തപുരം നഗരസഭ}}) is the city corporation in [[Kerala]] state in [[India]] by area and population. It is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] that administrates the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (Trivandrum), the capital of Kerala. The city corporation is spread over 214.86 km2 with 100 wards and a population of 9,57,730 inhabitants. It includes the Legislative Assembly constituencies of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Vattiyoorkavu]], [[Nemom]], [[Kazhakkoottam]] and 5 wards of the [[Kovalam]] constituency. Mayor [[Arya Rajendran]] is presently the [[List of the youngest mayors in India|youngest mayor in the country]]. BJP is the main and official opposition in the Corporation.

==History==
The conservancy department was started in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1877 during the reign of the king [[Ayilyam Thirunal]]. Following this, the town was divided into 5 divisions, namely Kottaykkakam, [[Chalai, Thiruvananthapuram|Chalai]], Sreevaraham, Manacaud and [[Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram|Pettah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

The first president of the Committee was Dewan Peshkar Iraviperur Pillai. There were 19 members in the committee. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920. After two decades, during the reign of [[Sree Chithira Thirunal]], Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }} Year of becoming a corporation</ref>

[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Office 2021 January.jpg|thumb|Corporation office]]

==Administration==
The city [[corporation]] is ruled by the council of 100 members, headed by the [[Mayor]]. The Mayor (elected from among the councilors) chairs the Council meetings, and is responsible for the overall, supervision and control of the administrative functions of the Municipal Corporation.

The Council is composed of all elected councilors. The administration of the TMC vests in the Council. The term of office of the council is five years. The TMC through the Council has all the powers, authority and responsibilities of the Government, to enable it to function as an institution of self-government in respect of the matters entrusted to it. The Council, constitute Standing Committees for exercising its powers, discharging such duties or performing such functions, as is provided for in the Kerala Municipalities Act.

The Deputy Mayor is the Chairman of the Finance Standing Committee and also presides over the Council meetings during the absence of the Mayor. The Secretary of the TMC is an officer appointed by the Government. The law and order of the city is handled by the City Police Commissioner. The total police strength in the city including the Armed Reserve camp at Nandavanam and the SAP camp at Peroorkada, is about 4,500.

The corporation was divided into 24 wards covering an area of 30.66 km² in 1940. Through years, the city corporation has grown up to 100 wards, and now the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Council is the second largest democratically elected body in Kerala after the Legislative Assembly [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310175015/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121916210300.htm].

Official Website '''https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/'''

==Wards of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation==

The 100 wards of the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation and their councilors are listed below in the alphabetical order of the ward name.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Councilor!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Suresh Kumar||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|A. Sreedevi ||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|S. Sulochanan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|N. Ajithkumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Bindhu Menon
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|R. Unnikrishnan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Milani Periera
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|J. Sudheer
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|M. Santha
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Simi Jyothish
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||M. Binu||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Gayathri Devi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Chempazhathy Udayan
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||Bindhu S.R.||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|V. Meena Dinesh
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|L.S Saju
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||L. Soumya||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| S. Janaki Ammal
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|Nizam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Sheeja Madhu
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P. Rama
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|P.K Gopakumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Shivakumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|D. Sajulal
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Vijayakumari
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|S.S Sumi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|S.S Saranya
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|G.S Manju
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|D.G Kumaran
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||D. Rameshan||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||Kavitha S. L.||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Amshu Vamadevan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|R. Surakumari
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|M. Padma
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|Paniyadima
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|S. Sathikumari
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|S. Jayachandran Nair
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|B. Naja
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|Mary Pushpam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P. Shyamkumar
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||Mohanan Nair||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|K.K Suresh
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|S. M Basheer
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|Vanaja Rajendrababu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|D.R Anil
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||S. K. Sreedevi||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|[[Arya Rajendran|Arya Rajendran S]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|C. Omana
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|T.P Renoy
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|B. Rajendran
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|Johnson Joseph
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|K.S Reena
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||Karamana Ajith||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||Deepika U||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|Nanda Bhargav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Asha Babu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|V.G Girikumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Palayam Rajan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|P. Asok Kumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|Medayil Vikraman
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|O. Padmalekha
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|G.S. Ashanath||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|M.S Kasthuri
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P.K Raju
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|Jameela Sreedhar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|P. Padmakumar
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Sujadevi C.S
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||M.R. Gopakumar||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||V.V. Rajesh||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|Jisha John
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Archana G Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||D. Sivankutty||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||V. Prameela||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|P.V Manju
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|Mary Gypsy
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||S. Saleem||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Serafin Freddy
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Madhusoodanan Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Rajendran Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Stanley Dcruz
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|S. Vijayakumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|Harikumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|K. Anilkumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|P.S Jayalekshmi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Sathyavathi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|O. Rajalekshmi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|G. Madhavadas
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|L.S Athira
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||S. Krishnakumar||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Iyrine
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|P.S Devima
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Shajitha Nazar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Gayathri Babu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|I.M Parvathi
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Rani Vikraman
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Rakhi Ravikumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|Nedumom Mohanan
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|Sindhu Vijayan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Sabu Jose
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|Sameera S Milhad
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2010 ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|140px]] || 51 ||{{N/A}}
|-
| 02 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|140px]] || 40 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 03 ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ||[[File:BJP election symbol.png|140px]] || 6 ||{{N/A}}
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 3 ||{{N/A}}
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2015 ==

=== Political performance<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Body Elections 2015 Results {{!}} Corporation|url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/News/2015/Election2015/corporation.html?id=english|access-date=2020-09-27|website=specials.manoramaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/general-election-in-2015 | title=General Election 2015 | publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala | access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref>===

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|100px]] || 43 ||{{decrease}} 8
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[File:BJP election symbol.png|100px]] || 35 ||{{increase}} 29
|-
| 03 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|100px]] || 21 || {{decrease}} 19
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 01 || {{decrease}} 2
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2020 ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|100px]] || 52 ||{{increase}} 9
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[File:BJP election symbol.png|100px]] || 35 ||{{steady}}
|-
| 03 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|100px]] || 10 || {{decrease}} 11
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 3 ||{{increase}} 2
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
Official website: - '''https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/'''

== External links ==
* [https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/ Corporation Official Website]
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Category:Government of Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Kerala]]
[[Category:1940 establishments in India]]

Thiruvananthapuram Corporation

2021-08-11T13:31:19Z

Peyerk: /* Corporation Election 2015 */ m

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
| native_name = തിരുവനന്തപുരം നഗരസഭ
| native_name_lang = ml
| coa_pic = Seal of Thiruvananthapuram.png
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic = Thiruvananthapuram Ward Map.png
| coa-res = 200px
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Thiruvananthapuram
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = [[Arya Rajendran]]
| party1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = [[P K Raju]]
| party2 = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| leader3_type = Leader Of Opposition
| leader3 = M.R. Gopan
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| structure1 = File:India Kerala Parliament 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| members = 100
| last_election1 = 2020
| political_groups1 =
*{{colorbox|#FF0000}} [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (52)
*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (35)
*{{colorbox|#1F75FE}} [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (10)
*{{colorbox|#D3D3D3}}Others (3)
| website = {{url|http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in}}
}}
'''Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation''' ({{lang-ml|തിരുവനന്തപുരം നഗരസഭ}}) is the city corporation in [[Kerala]] state in [[India]] by area and population. It is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] that administrates the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (Trivandrum), the capital of Kerala. The city corporation is spread over 214.86 km2 with 100 wards and a population of 9,57,730 inhabitants. It includes the Legislative Assembly constituencies of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Vattiyoorkavu]], [[Nemom]], [[Kazhakkoottam]] and 5 wards of the [[Kovalam]] constituency. Mayor [[Arya Rajendran]] is presently the [[List of the youngest mayors in India|youngest mayor in the country]]. BJP is the main and official opposition in the Corporation.

==History==
The conservancy department was started in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1877 during the reign of the king [[Ayilyam Thirunal]]. Following this, the town was divided into 5 divisions, namely Kottaykkakam, [[Chalai, Thiruvananthapuram|Chalai]], Sreevaraham, Manacaud and [[Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram|Pettah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

The first president of the Committee was Dewan Peshkar Iraviperur Pillai. There were 19 members in the committee. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920. After two decades, during the reign of [[Sree Chithira Thirunal]], Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }} Year of becoming a corporation</ref>

[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Office 2021 January.jpg|thumb|Corporation office]]

==Administration==
The city [[corporation]] is ruled by the council of 100 members, headed by the [[Mayor]]. The Mayor (elected from among the councilors) chairs the Council meetings, and is responsible for the overall, supervision and control of the administrative functions of the Municipal Corporation.

The Council is composed of all elected councilors. The administration of the TMC vests in the Council. The term of office of the council is five years. The TMC through the Council has all the powers, authority and responsibilities of the Government, to enable it to function as an institution of self-government in respect of the matters entrusted to it. The Council, constitute Standing Committees for exercising its powers, discharging such duties or performing such functions, as is provided for in the Kerala Municipalities Act.

The Deputy Mayor is the Chairman of the Finance Standing Committee and also presides over the Council meetings during the absence of the Mayor. The Secretary of the TMC is an officer appointed by the Government. The law and order of the city is handled by the City Police Commissioner. The total police strength in the city including the Armed Reserve camp at Nandavanam and the SAP camp at Peroorkada, is about 4,500.

The corporation was divided into 24 wards covering an area of 30.66 km² in 1940. Through years, the city corporation has grown up to 100 wards, and now the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Council is the second largest democratically elected body in Kerala after the Legislative Assembly [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310175015/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121916210300.htm].

Official Website '''https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/'''

==Wards of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation==

The 100 wards of the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation and their councilors are listed below in the alphabetical order of the ward name.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Councilor!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Suresh Kumar||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|A. Sreedevi ||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|S. Sulochanan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|N. Ajithkumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Bindhu Menon
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|R. Unnikrishnan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Milani Periera
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|J. Sudheer
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|M. Santha
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Simi Jyothish
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||M. Binu||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Gayathri Devi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Chempazhathy Udayan
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||Bindhu S.R.||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|V. Meena Dinesh
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|L.S Saju
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||L. Soumya||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| S. Janaki Ammal
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|Nizam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Sheeja Madhu
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P. Rama
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|P.K Gopakumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Shivakumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|D. Sajulal
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Vijayakumari
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|S.S Sumi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|S.S Saranya
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|G.S Manju
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|D.G Kumaran
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||D. Rameshan||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||Kavitha S. L.||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Amshu Vamadevan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|R. Surakumari
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|M. Padma
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|Paniyadima
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|S. Sathikumari
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|S. Jayachandran Nair
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|B. Naja
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|Mary Pushpam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P. Shyamkumar
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||Mohanan Nair||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|K.K Suresh
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|S. M Basheer
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|Vanaja Rajendrababu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|D.R Anil
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||S. K. Sreedevi||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|[[Arya Rajendran|Arya Rajendran S]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|C. Omana
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|T.P Renoy
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|B. Rajendran
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|Johnson Joseph
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|K.S Reena
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||Karamana Ajith||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||Deepika U||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|Nanda Bhargav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Asha Babu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|V.G Girikumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Palayam Rajan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|P. Asok Kumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|Medayil Vikraman
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|O. Padmalekha
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|G.S. Ashanath||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|M.S Kasthuri
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P.K Raju
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|Jameela Sreedhar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|P. Padmakumar
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Sujadevi C.S
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||M.R. Gopakumar||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||V.V. Rajesh||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|Jisha John
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Archana G Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||D. Sivankutty||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||V. Prameela||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|P.V Manju
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|Mary Gypsy
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||S. Saleem||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Serafin Freddy
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Madhusoodanan Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Rajendran Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Stanley Dcruz
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|S. Vijayakumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|Harikumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|K. Anilkumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|P.S Jayalekshmi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Sathyavathi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|O. Rajalekshmi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|G. Madhavadas
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|L.S Athira
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||S. Krishnakumar||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Iyrine
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|P.S Devima
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Shajitha Nazar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Gayathri Babu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|I.M Parvathi
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Rani Vikraman
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Rakhi Ravikumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|Nedumom Mohanan
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|Sindhu Vijayan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Sabu Jose
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|Sameera S Milhad
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2010 ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|140px]] || 51 ||{{N/A}}
|-
| 02 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|140px]] || 40 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 03 ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ||[[File:BJP election symbol.png|140px]] || 6 ||{{N/A}}
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 3 ||{{N/A}}
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2015 ==

=== Political performance<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Body Elections 2015 Results {{!}} Corporation|url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/News/2015/Election2015/corporation.html?id=english|access-date=2020-09-27|website=specials.manoramaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/general-election-in-2015 | title=General Election 2015 | publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala | access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref>===

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|100px]] || 43 ||{{decrease}} 8
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[File:BJP election symbol.png|100px]] || 35 ||{{increase}} 29
|-
| 03 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|100px]] || 21 || {{decrease}} 19
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 01 || {{decrease}} 2
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2020 ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|100px]] || 52 ||{{increase}} 9
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[File:BJP election symbol.png]] || 35 ||{{steady}}
|-
| 03 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|140px]] || 10 || {{decrease}} 11
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 3 ||{{increase}} 2
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
Official website: - '''https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/'''

== External links ==
* [https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/ Corporation Official Website]
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Category:Government of Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Kerala]]
[[Category:1940 establishments in India]]

Thiruvananthapuram Corporation

2021-08-11T13:15:37Z

Peyerk: /* Corporation Election 2010 */ m

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
| native_name = തിരുവനന്തപുരം നഗരസഭ
| native_name_lang = ml
| coa_pic = Seal of Thiruvananthapuram.png
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic = Thiruvananthapuram Ward Map.png
| coa-res = 200px
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Thiruvananthapuram
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = [[Arya Rajendran]]
| party1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = [[P K Raju]]
| party2 = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| leader3_type = Leader Of Opposition
| leader3 = M.R. Gopan
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| structure1 = File:India Kerala Parliament 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| members = 100
| last_election1 = 2020
| political_groups1 =
*{{colorbox|#FF0000}} [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (52)
*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (35)
*{{colorbox|#1F75FE}} [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (10)
*{{colorbox|#D3D3D3}}Others (3)
| website = {{url|http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in}}
}}
'''Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation''' ({{lang-ml|തിരുവനന്തപുരം നഗരസഭ}}) is the city corporation in [[Kerala]] state in [[India]] by area and population. It is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] that administrates the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (Trivandrum), the capital of Kerala. The city corporation is spread over 214.86 km2 with 100 wards and a population of 9,57,730 inhabitants. It includes the Legislative Assembly constituencies of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Vattiyoorkavu]], [[Nemom]], [[Kazhakkoottam]] and 5 wards of the [[Kovalam]] constituency. Mayor [[Arya Rajendran]] is presently the [[List of the youngest mayors in India|youngest mayor in the country]]. BJP is the main and official opposition in the Corporation.

==History==
The conservancy department was started in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1877 during the reign of the king [[Ayilyam Thirunal]]. Following this, the town was divided into 5 divisions, namely Kottaykkakam, [[Chalai, Thiruvananthapuram|Chalai]], Sreevaraham, Manacaud and [[Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram|Pettah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

The first president of the Committee was Dewan Peshkar Iraviperur Pillai. There were 19 members in the committee. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920. After two decades, during the reign of [[Sree Chithira Thirunal]], Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }} Year of becoming a corporation</ref>

[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Office 2021 January.jpg|thumb|Corporation office]]

==Administration==
The city [[corporation]] is ruled by the council of 100 members, headed by the [[Mayor]]. The Mayor (elected from among the councilors) chairs the Council meetings, and is responsible for the overall, supervision and control of the administrative functions of the Municipal Corporation.

The Council is composed of all elected councilors. The administration of the TMC vests in the Council. The term of office of the council is five years. The TMC through the Council has all the powers, authority and responsibilities of the Government, to enable it to function as an institution of self-government in respect of the matters entrusted to it. The Council, constitute Standing Committees for exercising its powers, discharging such duties or performing such functions, as is provided for in the Kerala Municipalities Act.

The Deputy Mayor is the Chairman of the Finance Standing Committee and also presides over the Council meetings during the absence of the Mayor. The Secretary of the TMC is an officer appointed by the Government. The law and order of the city is handled by the City Police Commissioner. The total police strength in the city including the Armed Reserve camp at Nandavanam and the SAP camp at Peroorkada, is about 4,500.

The corporation was divided into 24 wards covering an area of 30.66 km² in 1940. Through years, the city corporation has grown up to 100 wards, and now the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Council is the second largest democratically elected body in Kerala after the Legislative Assembly [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310175015/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121916210300.htm].

Official Website '''https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/'''

==Wards of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation==

The 100 wards of the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation and their councilors are listed below in the alphabetical order of the ward name.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Councilor!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Suresh Kumar||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|A. Sreedevi ||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|S. Sulochanan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|N. Ajithkumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Bindhu Menon
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|R. Unnikrishnan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Milani Periera
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|J. Sudheer
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|M. Santha
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Simi Jyothish
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||M. Binu||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Gayathri Devi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Chempazhathy Udayan
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||Bindhu S.R.||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|V. Meena Dinesh
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|L.S Saju
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||L. Soumya||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| S. Janaki Ammal
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|Nizam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Sheeja Madhu
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P. Rama
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|P.K Gopakumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Shivakumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|D. Sajulal
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Vijayakumari
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|S.S Sumi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|S.S Saranya
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|G.S Manju
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|D.G Kumaran
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||D. Rameshan||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||Kavitha S. L.||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Amshu Vamadevan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|R. Surakumari
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|M. Padma
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|Paniyadima
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|S. Sathikumari
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|S. Jayachandran Nair
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|B. Naja
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|Mary Pushpam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P. Shyamkumar
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||Mohanan Nair||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|K.K Suresh
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|S. M Basheer
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|Vanaja Rajendrababu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|D.R Anil
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||S. K. Sreedevi||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|[[Arya Rajendran|Arya Rajendran S]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|C. Omana
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|T.P Renoy
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|B. Rajendran
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|Johnson Joseph
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|K.S Reena
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||Karamana Ajith||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||Deepika U||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|Nanda Bhargav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Asha Babu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|V.G Girikumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Palayam Rajan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|P. Asok Kumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|Medayil Vikraman
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|O. Padmalekha
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|G.S. Ashanath||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|M.S Kasthuri
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|P.K Raju
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|Jameela Sreedhar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|P. Padmakumar
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Sujadevi C.S
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||M.R. Gopakumar||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||V.V. Rajesh||style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|Jisha John
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Archana G Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||D. Sivankutty||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||V. Prameela||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|P.V Manju
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|Mary Gypsy
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||S. Saleem||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Serafin Freddy
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Madhusoodanan Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Rajendran Nair
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|Stanley Dcruz
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|S. Vijayakumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|Harikumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|K. Anilkumar
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|P.S Jayalekshmi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|V. Sathyavathi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|O. Rajalekshmi
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|G. Madhavadas
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|L.S Athira
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||S. Krishnakumar||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Iyrine
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|P.S Devima
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Shajitha Nazar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Gayathri Babu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|I.M Parvathi
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|Rani Vikraman
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Rakhi Ravikumar
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|Nedumom Mohanan
|style="background:#FF9933|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|Sindhu Vijayan
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Sabu Jose
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|Sameera S Milhad
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2010 ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|140px]] || 51 ||{{N/A}}
|-
| 02 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|140px]] || 40 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 03 ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ||[[File:BJP election symbol.png|140px]] || 6 ||{{N/A}}
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 3 ||{{N/A}}
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2015 ==

=== Political performance<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Body Elections 2015 Results {{!}} Corporation|url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/News/2015/Election2015/corporation.html?id=english|access-date=2020-09-27|website=specials.manoramaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/general-election-in-2015 | title=General Election 2015 | publisher=State Election Commission, Kerala | access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref>===

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|100px]] || 43 ||{{decrease}} 8
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[File:BJP election symbol.png]] || 35 ||{{increase}} 29
|-
| 03 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|140px]] || 21 || {{decrease}} 19
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 01 || {{decrease}} 2
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2020 ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:LDF LOGO.svg|100px]] || 52 ||{{increase}} 9
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[File:BJP election symbol.png]] || 35 ||{{steady}}
|-
| 03 || [[United Democratic Front (India)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF kerala.jpg|140px]] || 10 || {{decrease}} 11
|-
| 04 || colspan="2" | Independents || 3 ||{{increase}} 2
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group
|-
|96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം
|Vattoyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം
|Kazhakootam
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്
|Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്
|Vattiyoorkavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്
|[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20||PATHIRAPALLI
|പാതിരപ്പളളി
|Vattiyoorkaavu
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|17||PATTOM||പട്ടം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|93||PETTAH||പേട്ട
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്
|Kazhakoottam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:grey;"|IND
|-
|74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:lightskyblue;"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
|22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം
|Vattiyoorkaav
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
|style="background:#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്
|Thiruvananthapuram
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam
|style="background:red;"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
Official website: - '''https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/'''

== External links ==
* [https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/ Corporation Official Website]
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Category:Government of Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Kerala]]
[[Category:1940 establishments in India]]

Avanti ragazzi di Buda

2021-08-03T16:42:36Z

Peyerk: /* Success and diffusion */ let's say "there are traces"

{{short description|Italian song about the Hungarian Revolution of 1956}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Avanti ragazzi di Buda
| genre = [[Folk music]]
| written = October 1966
| published = 1966
| writer = [[Pier Francesco Pingitore]]
| composer = [[Dimitri Gribanovski]]
| language = [[Italian language|Italian]]
}}

"'''Avanti ragazzi di Buda'''" ({{lang-hu|Előre budai srácok}}) is an Italian [[anti-communist]] song<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/10/06/la-provocazione-della-lega-avanti-ragazzi-di-buda-sia-canzone-dei-valori-della-repubblica-non-bella-ciao-che-e-connotata-politicamente/5956631/|title=La provocazione della Lega: "Avanti ragazzi di Buda sia canzone dei valori della Repubblica, non Bella Ciao che è connotata politicamente"|newspaper=[[il Fatto Quotidiano]]|date=6 October 2020|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/10/06/news/senato_lega_disegno_legge_canzone_avanti_ragazzi_buda-269635379/|title="Avanti ragazzi di Buda è la canzone della libertà, non Bella Ciao": la proposta-provocazione del leghista Barbaro|newspaper=[[la Repubblica]]|date=6 October 2020|language=it}}</ref> written by [[Pier Francesco Pingitore]] and composed by [[Dimitri Gribanovski]]. It commemorates the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] and is a widespread and well-known song in [[Italy]], having some presence in [[Hungary]] as well.

==History==
"Avanti ragazzi di Buda" was written by [[Pier Francesco Pingitore]] in October 1966 to commemorate of the tenth anniversary of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] and in response, according to him, to the "institutional silence on the event".<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://loccidentale.it/lautore-di-ragazzi-di-buda-il-mio-inno-contro-il-conformismo/|title=L'autore di 'Ragazzi di Buda': "Il mio inno contro il conformismo"|first=Claudia|last=Passa|newspaper=L'Occidentale|date=1 April 2020|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2019/10/avanti-ragazzi-di-buda-ecco-la-storia-della-canzone-e-torna-virale-nel-giorno-della-rivolta-video/|title="Avanti ragazzi di Buda", ecco la storia della canzone. E torna virale nel giorno della rivolta (video)|newspaper=[[Secolo d'Italia]]|date=23 October 2019|language=it}}</ref> [[Dimitri Gribanovski]] composed a song for Pingitore's work and it was initially interpreted by [[Pino Caruso]]. The song immediately enjoyed great success within the newborn ''[[il Bagaglino]]'', later spreading among [[Rome|Roman]] [[universities]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.lavocedelpatriota.it/storia-avanti-ragazzi-di-buda-la-storia-della-canzone-che-ha-commosso-orban-ad-atreju/|title="Avanti ragazzi di Buda". La storia della canzone che ha commosso Orban ad Atreju|first=Paolo|last=di Caro|newspaper=La Voce del Patriota|date=24 September 2019|language=it}}</ref>

Its first recording dates back to 1984, done by the [[Youth Front (Italy)|Youth Front]] of [[Trieste]].<ref name=":1" />

==Success and diffusion==
There are traces that "Avanti ragazzi di Buda" is also known in [[Hungary]], among some extremist movements,<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2012/02/nella-nuova-ungheria-i-saluti-romani-degli-ultras-laziali/|title=Nella nuova Ungheria i saluti romani degli ultras laziali|first=Roberto|last=Zichittella|newspaper=[[Linkiesta]]|date=24 February 2012|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.destra.it/la-bella-destra-nelle-scuole-gli-studenti-ungheresi-cantano-avanti-ragazzi-buda/|title=La bella Destra/ Nelle scuole gli studenti ungheresi cantano "Avanti ragazzi di Buda"|first=Eugenio|last=Pasquinucci|newspaper=Destra.it|date=9 April 2017|language=it}}</ref> where it is known as {{lang|hu|Előre budai srácok}}.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.magyarhirlap.hu/kultura/20201019-magyar-allami-kituntetest-kap-az-elore-budai-sracok-dal-szerzoje|title=Magyar állami kitüntetést kap az Előre budai srácok-dal szerzője|newspaper=[[Magyar Hírlap]]|date=19 October 2020|language=hu}}</ref> In September 2019, the [[Prime Minister of Hungary|Hungarian Prime Minister]] [[Viktor Orbán]], who was then a guest of a demonstration of the [[political party]] [[Brothers of Italy]], defined the song as "the most beautiful one ever composed about the 1956 revolution".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2019/09/il-tg-ungherese-immortala-platea-di-atreju-che-intona-ragazzi-di-buda-video/|title=Il Tg ungherese immortala platea di Atreju che intona "Ragazzi di Buda" (video)|first=Elsa|last=Corsini|newspaper=Secolo d'Italia|date=23 September 2019|language=it}}</ref>

The song is also often sung as a [[football chant]] by [[ultras]] of the [[S.S. Lazio]] [[football team]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/sport/calcio/lazio_saluti_romani_glasgow_celtic_ultime_notizie-4818857.html|title=Lazio, saluti romani degli ultrà per le strade di Glasgow|newspaper=[[Il Messaggero]]|date=24 October 2019|language=it}}</ref>

In 2020, it was announced that Pingitore would be awarded the {{ill|Knight's Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit|hu|A Magyar Érdemrend lovagkeresztje}} for writing the song.<ref name=":3" />

==See also==
*[[Hungary–Italy relations]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|0cGNnFj_jvw|"Avanti ragazzi di Buda"}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1966 songs]]
[[Category:Italian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Hungarian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Italian-language songs]]
[[Category:Italian folk songs]]
[[Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
[[Category:Anti-communism]]
[[Category:Protest songs]]

Avanti ragazzi di Buda

2021-08-03T16:37:29Z

Peyerk: No it is not. I am 50, have a long history in music and I haven't heard it until today. Sorry for correcting. I don't know about Italy.

{{short description|Italian song about the Hungarian Revolution of 1956}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Avanti ragazzi di Buda
| genre = [[Folk music]]
| written = October 1966
| published = 1966
| writer = [[Pier Francesco Pingitore]]
| composer = [[Dimitri Gribanovski]]
| language = [[Italian language|Italian]]
}}

"'''Avanti ragazzi di Buda'''" ({{lang-hu|Előre budai srácok}}) is an Italian [[anti-communist]] song<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/10/06/la-provocazione-della-lega-avanti-ragazzi-di-buda-sia-canzone-dei-valori-della-repubblica-non-bella-ciao-che-e-connotata-politicamente/5956631/|title=La provocazione della Lega: "Avanti ragazzi di Buda sia canzone dei valori della Repubblica, non Bella Ciao che è connotata politicamente"|newspaper=[[il Fatto Quotidiano]]|date=6 October 2020|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/10/06/news/senato_lega_disegno_legge_canzone_avanti_ragazzi_buda-269635379/|title="Avanti ragazzi di Buda è la canzone della libertà, non Bella Ciao": la proposta-provocazione del leghista Barbaro|newspaper=[[la Repubblica]]|date=6 October 2020|language=it}}</ref> written by [[Pier Francesco Pingitore]] and composed by [[Dimitri Gribanovski]]. It commemorates the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] and is a widespread and well-known song in [[Italy]].

==History==
"Avanti ragazzi di Buda" was written by [[Pier Francesco Pingitore]] in October 1966 to commemorate of the tenth anniversary of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] and in response, according to him, to the "institutional silence on the event".<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://loccidentale.it/lautore-di-ragazzi-di-buda-il-mio-inno-contro-il-conformismo/|title=L'autore di 'Ragazzi di Buda': "Il mio inno contro il conformismo"|first=Claudia|last=Passa|newspaper=L'Occidentale|date=1 April 2020|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2019/10/avanti-ragazzi-di-buda-ecco-la-storia-della-canzone-e-torna-virale-nel-giorno-della-rivolta-video/|title="Avanti ragazzi di Buda", ecco la storia della canzone. E torna virale nel giorno della rivolta (video)|newspaper=[[Secolo d'Italia]]|date=23 October 2019|language=it}}</ref> [[Dimitri Gribanovski]] composed a song for Pingitore's work and it was initially interpreted by [[Pino Caruso]]. The song immediately enjoyed great success within the newborn ''[[il Bagaglino]]'', later spreading among [[Rome|Roman]] [[universities]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.lavocedelpatriota.it/storia-avanti-ragazzi-di-buda-la-storia-della-canzone-che-ha-commosso-orban-ad-atreju/|title="Avanti ragazzi di Buda". La storia della canzone che ha commosso Orban ad Atreju|first=Paolo|last=di Caro|newspaper=La Voce del Patriota|date=24 September 2019|language=it}}</ref>

Its first recording dates back to 1984, done by the [[Youth Front (Italy)|Youth Front]] of [[Trieste]].<ref name=":1" />

==Success and diffusion==
"Avanti ragazzi di Buda" is also known in [[Hungary]],<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2012/02/nella-nuova-ungheria-i-saluti-romani-degli-ultras-laziali/|title=Nella nuova Ungheria i saluti romani degli ultras laziali|first=Roberto|last=Zichittella|newspaper=[[Linkiesta]]|date=24 February 2012|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.destra.it/la-bella-destra-nelle-scuole-gli-studenti-ungheresi-cantano-avanti-ragazzi-buda/|title=La bella Destra/ Nelle scuole gli studenti ungheresi cantano "Avanti ragazzi di Buda"|first=Eugenio|last=Pasquinucci|newspaper=Destra.it|date=9 April 2017|language=it}}</ref> where it is known as {{lang|hu|Előre budai srácok}}.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.magyarhirlap.hu/kultura/20201019-magyar-allami-kituntetest-kap-az-elore-budai-sracok-dal-szerzoje|title=Magyar állami kitüntetést kap az Előre budai srácok-dal szerzője|newspaper=[[Magyar Hírlap]]|date=19 October 2020|language=hu}}</ref> In September 2019, the [[Prime Minister of Hungary|Hungarian Prime Minister]] [[Viktor Orbán]], who was then a guest of a demonstration of the [[political party]] [[Brothers of Italy]], defined the song as "the most beautiful one ever composed about the 1956 revolution".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2019/09/il-tg-ungherese-immortala-platea-di-atreju-che-intona-ragazzi-di-buda-video/|title=Il Tg ungherese immortala platea di Atreju che intona "Ragazzi di Buda" (video)|first=Elsa|last=Corsini|newspaper=Secolo d'Italia|date=23 September 2019|language=it}}</ref>

The song is also often sung as a [[football chant]] by [[ultras]] of the [[S.S. Lazio]] [[football team]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/sport/calcio/lazio_saluti_romani_glasgow_celtic_ultime_notizie-4818857.html|title=Lazio, saluti romani degli ultrà per le strade di Glasgow|newspaper=[[Il Messaggero]]|date=24 October 2019|language=it}}</ref>

In 2020, it was announced that Pingitore would be awarded the {{ill|Knight's Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit|hu|A Magyar Érdemrend lovagkeresztje}} for writing the song.<ref name=":3" />

==See also==
*[[Hungary–Italy relations]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|0cGNnFj_jvw|"Avanti ragazzi di Buda"}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1966 songs]]
[[Category:Italian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Hungarian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Italian-language songs]]
[[Category:Italian folk songs]]
[[Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
[[Category:Anti-communism]]
[[Category:Protest songs]]