Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Norman Robson (botanist)

2022-08-05T11:06:43Z

Pharaoh han: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/births-marriages-and-deaths-october-5-2021-0kr53fg3v

{{Infobox scientist
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| name = Norman Robson
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| fields = Botany
| workplaces = Natural History Museum, London
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| education = Aberdeen University
| alma_mater = University of Edinburgh
| thesis_title = Studies in the genus Hypericum L.
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| thesis_year = 1956
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'''Norman Keith Bonner Robson''' (1928-2021) was a Scientific Associate in the Plants Division, Department of Life Sciences at the [[Natural History Museum, London]]. He was a member of staff at the Museum from 1962–1988, retiring as Principal Scientific Officer with responsibility for General Herbarium Section I.

Norman produced a worldwide taxonomic [[monograph]]<ref name="hypericum online">{{Cite web|url=http://hypericum.myspecies.info/|title=Hypericum online | A site dedicated to Hypericum – The St John's Worts|website=hypericum.myspecies.info}}</ref> of genus ''[[Hypericum]]'' between 1977 and 2012.

Norman’s interest in ''Hypericum'' was stimulated by a final year project on the British species whilst at [[Aberdeen University]]. He continued work on the genus for his PhD at the [[University of Edinburgh]] (Robson, 1956) with a thesis entitled ‘Studies in the genus ''Hypericum'' L.’ that examined floral anatomy and evolution. At the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and subsequently at the Natural History Museum, Norman contributed accounts of Hypericum for [[Floras]] of various parts of the world. Roy Lancaster encouraged him to start work on a ''Hypericum'' [[monograph]] in the early 1970s. The monograph, published in a series of papers from 1977–2012, was recently completed and accounts for all 490 species of the genus.

Norman has published more than 90 papers and flora accounts on ''Hypericum'' and has described more than 80 new species.

{{botanist|N.Robson}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Robson|first1=Norman K. B.|title=Yojiro Kimura's Contribution to the Study of Japanese ''Hypericum''|journal=J. Jpn. Bot.|date=2007|volume=82|issue=2|page=114|url=https://www.tsumura.co.jp/english/kampo/plant/082/author.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204001/https://www.tsumura.co.jp/english/kampo/plant/082/author.html|archive-date=2016-03-04}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robson, Norman}}
[[Category:English botanists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Taxon authorities of Hypericum species]]

Norman Robson (botanist)

2022-08-05T09:31:33Z

Pharaoh han: https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?botanistid=20832

{{Infobox scientist
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| alma_mater = University of Edinburgh
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'''Norman Keith Bonner Robson''' (1928-2021) was a Scientific Associate in the Plants Division, Department of Life Sciences at the [[Natural History Museum, London]]. He was a member of staff at the Museum from 1962–1988, retiring as Principal Scientific Officer with responsibility for General Herbarium Section I.

Norman produced a worldwide taxonomic [[monograph]]<ref name="hypericum online">{{Cite web|url=http://hypericum.myspecies.info/|title=Hypericum online | A site dedicated to Hypericum – The St John's Worts|website=hypericum.myspecies.info}}</ref> of genus ''[[Hypericum]]'' between 1977 and 2012.

Norman’s interest in ''Hypericum'' was stimulated by a final year project on the British species whilst at [[Aberdeen University]]. He continued work on the genus for his PhD at the [[University of Edinburgh]] (Robson, 1956) with a thesis entitled ‘Studies in the genus ''Hypericum'' L.’ that examined floral anatomy and evolution. At the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and subsequently at the Natural History Museum, Norman contributed accounts of Hypericum for [[Floras]] of various parts of the world. Roy Lancaster encouraged him to start work on a ''Hypericum'' [[monograph]] in the early 1970s. The monograph, published in a series of papers from 1977–2012, was recently completed and accounts for all 490 species of the genus.

Norman has published more than 90 papers and flora accounts on ''Hypericum'' and has described more than 80 new species.

{{botanist|N.Robson}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Robson|first1=Norman K. B.|title=Yojiro Kimura's Contribution to the Study of Japanese ''Hypericum''|journal=J. Jpn. Bot.|date=2007|volume=82|issue=2|page=114|url=https://www.tsumura.co.jp/english/kampo/plant/082/author.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204001/https://www.tsumura.co.jp/english/kampo/plant/082/author.html|archive-date=2016-03-04}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robson, Norman}}
[[Category:English botanists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Taxon authorities of Hypericum species]]

Louisa Lane Clarke

2021-04-09T16:01:50Z

Pharaoh han: /* Scientific contributions */ open access to reference

{{short description|British biologist, author, and illustrator}}
'''Louisa Lane Clarke''' (1812 – 8 November 1883) was a British botanist and travel writer, best known for her [[microscopy]] work on plants.

==Early life==
Louisa Lane was born in 1812 in the [[Channel Islands]], the eldest daughter of Major-General Ambrose Lane and Elizabeth Lane, ''née'' Le Mesurier. On 14 September 1841, Lane married the Revd. Thomas Clarke (c.1805 – 1864), Rector of [[Woodeaton]], [[Oxfordshire]]. They then relocated to [[East Bergholt]], [[Suffolk]].<ref name=wlv>{{cite web |last1=www.wlv.ac.uk |first1=Ben Colbert, University of Wolverhampton |title=Louisa Lane (Author) {{!}} British Travel Writing |url=http://www4.wlv.ac.uk/btw/authors/1086 |website=www4.wlv.ac.uk |publisher=University of Wolverhampton |accessdate=22 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.priaulxlibrary.co.uk/articles/article/guernsey-folk-lore |title=Guernsey Folk Lore |work=The Priaulx Library}}</ref>

Clarke wrote numerous travel guides including:
* ''Recollections and Legends of Serk''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=L |title=Recollections and Legends of Serk |date=1840 |publisher=General Books LLC |isbn=978-1151565020 |pages=24 }}</ref>
* ''Redstone's Guernsey Guide''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=L |title=Redstone's Guernsey Guide, or, the Stranger's Companion for the Island of Guernsey |date=1841 |publisher=BiblioLife |isbn=978-0554810768 }}</ref>
* ''The Country Parson's Wife''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=L |title=The Country Parson's Wife; Being Intended as a Continuation of and Companion for Herbert's Country Parson |date=1842 |isbn=978-1290758246 }}</ref>
* ''The New Parish Church of St. Ann'' (1850)
* ''The Island of Alderney''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=L |title=The Island of Alderney |date=1851 |isbn=978-1375537322 }}</ref>

==Scientific contributions==
Louisa Lane Clarke is best known for her later [[Botany|botanical]] work popularizing microscopy.<ref name=desmond>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=thmPzIltAV8C&pg=PA150 |pages=150–51 |last1=Desmond |first1=Rey |title=Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists including Plant Collectors and Botanical Artists. |date=1977 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780850660890 }}</ref>

Louisa Lane Clarke's scientific works include:
* ''The Microscope: Being a Popular Description of the Most Instructive and Beautiful Subjects for Exhibition''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane Clark |first1=L |title=The microscope: being a popular description of the most instructive and beautiful subjects for exhibition |date=1858 |isbn=978-1314715385 }}</ref> was published in successive editions into the 1880s.
* ''The Common Seaweeds of the British Coast and Channel Islands; with Some Insight into the Microscopic Beauties of Their Structure and Fructification''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane Clark |first1=L |title=The Common Seaweeds of the British Coast and Channel Islands: With Some Insight Into the Microscopic Beauties of Their Structure and Fructification |date=1865 |publisher=Frederick Warne and Co.| doi=10.5962/bhl.title.134970 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Her husband died in 1864 and she relocated to [[Guernsey]] with her daughter by the following year. She died in L'Hyvreuse, Guernsey.<ref name=desmond/><ref name=wlv/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Louisa Lane}}
[[Category:1812 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from the Channel Islands]]
[[Category:English botanical writers]]
[[Category:English botanists]]
[[Category:Women botanists]]
[[Category:British women travel writers]]
[[Category:English travel writers]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:19th-century women writers]]

Christoffel Brand (trader)

2020-12-01T13:44:26Z

Pharaoh han: /* Freemasons */

{{For|the Jurist, politician, statesman and Speaker|Christoffel Brand}}
{{short description|South African trader}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Christoffel Brand
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1738|6|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cape Town]], [[Cape Province]], South Africa
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1815|1|27|1738|6|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Simon’s Town]], Cape Province, South Africa
| spouse = Catharina Maria Blankenberg
| other_names =
| occupation = trader, host
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Christoffel Brand''' (1738–1815) was a South African trader, a well-known host at [[Simon’s Town]] near [[Cape Town]], welcoming ships using it as a refreshment station and a participant in establishing Freemasonry in South Africa.

==Personal life==
Brand was youngest child and only son of Burchard Heinrich Brand and Anna van der Bijl. He was born in Cape Town on 29 June 1738. He married Catharina Maria Blankenberg the second oldest child of Anna Margaretha van der Heyde and Johannes Hendricus Blankenberg. He died in Simon's Town on 27 January 1815.<ref name="Corbett">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTXXg9eA7OAC&dq=%22Christoffel+Brand%22+1738 |title= The Quest for Justice: Essays in Honour of Michael McGregor Corbett, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Africa | publisher= Juta and Company Ltd|date= 1995|isbn= 9780702134401|author=Kahn, E.}}</ref>

==Work life==
He joined the [[Dutch East India Company]] (DEIC) in 1755. His profession was that of a trader in goods. He was one of the partners in an enterprise called Cruijwagen and Company. His other partners were Gerrit Hendrik Cruijwagen, Petrus Johannes de Wit, Adam Gabriël Muller and two accountants [[Abraham Chiron]] and Hendrik Justinus de Wet. These employees of the DEIC felt their salaries from the Company were to low and therefore used their own enterprise to obtain income. They boarded ships before they docked in the harbour to sell their goods. Cape Town was a refreshment station in these years for ships on their way to India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/63541/Onvrede%20in%20overvloed.pdf?sequence=1 |title= Onvrede in overvloed (Dutch-translated: Very unsatisfied)|publisher=Universiteit Leiden, the Netherlands|author= van der Galiën, D.|date=2018|accessdate=11 October 2018}}</ref> He was also a prominent player in the slave trade in the Cape Colony.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/6849/thesis_hum_2013_young_j.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Cape Town|title=The enslaved people of Simon's Town 1743 to 1843|author=Young, J.|date=2013}}</ref> When the Colebrooke ship wrecked at [[Hangklip]], he was granted permission to sell goods retrieved from the ship.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-4gnAQAAIAAJ&q=Forgotten+Shipwrecks+of+the+Western+Cape&dq=Forgotten+Shipwrecks+of+the+Western+Cape|title= Forgotten Shipwrecks of the Western Cape |author=Walker, M. |isbn=9780620389020|date=2007}}</ref>

==Chief official in charge of the Trading Post in [[False Bay]], South Africa==
Brand was the chief official in charge of the Trading Post in False Bay, situated in Simon's Town. He was employed by the Government of the day. While on duty here, he received [[James Cook]] in 1771, 1772 and 1775. Cook was a British cartographer. Cook's ship in 1771 was [[HMS Endeavour]], and in 1772 and 1775 was [[HMS Resolution (1771)]]. He befriended [[Joseph Banks]], who was one of HMS ''Endeavour''{{'}}s passengers. Banks was a British botanist. [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] docked in 1776 and Brand accommodate him. Nelson came on the ship {{HMS|Dolphin|1751|6}}. Nelson was a Royal Navy British Officer. He was send home after attracting malaria. In 1788 [[William Bligh]] with {{HMS|Bounty}} stopped over. Bligh was known for being an administrator in the British Colonies. All four of these men had a close friendship with Brand.<ref name="Corbett"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/225-years-ago-october-december-1772 |title= 225 Years Ago: October – December 1772 |publisher=Captain Cook Society|accessdate=9 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nelson-museum.co.uk/ships-voyages.html |publisher= Nelson Museum|title= Ships and Voyages}}</ref> Brand's grandson [[Christoffel Brand|C. J.Brand]] was the godson of Banks. Brand had an interest in plant collection.<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000059002 | title=Brand, Christoffel |journal=Global Plants|accessdate=11 October 2018}}</ref> In 1795 when the British took over Brand acted as intermediary during the negotiations of the first British occupation of the Cape in 1795.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factsfound.co.za/index.php/2016/08/16/simons-town-marine-anchorage/ |title= Simon's Town Marine Anchorage|accessdate=11 October 2018}}</ref>

==Freemasons==
In 1772 a German bookkeeper on a ship from Germany, travelling via the Netherlands, to South Africa called [[Abraham Chiron]] after being influenced by [[Abraham van der Weijden]] started the Freemasons in South Africa. The lodge was called Lodge de Goede Hoop. Brand was one of the founding members elected as treasury. The founding members were, apart from Chiron: Jacobus Alexander le Febre, [[Johann Gie|Johann Coenraad Gie]], Pieter Soermans, Jan Adriaan van Schoor, [[Olof de Wet|Olof Godlieb de Wet]] and Petrus Johannes de Wit <ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/18082/thesis_hum_1980_cooper_alan_amos.pdf?sequence=1 |title=The origins and growth of Freemasonry in South Africa, 1772 – 1876, page 16|publisher=University of Cape Town|author=Cooper, A.A|website=uct.ac., za|date=January 1980 |accessdate=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gie.co.za/downloads/files/Gie%20Family%20in%20the%20Cape.pdf|title=The first Settler at the cape Hans Conrad Guy (J.C. Gie), page 38|accessdate=30 September 2018}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1738 births]]
[[Category:1815 deaths]]
[[Category:South African Freemasons]]

Halgania

2019-09-25T09:18:23Z

Pharaoh han: /* Systematics */

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{automatic taxobox
|image = Halgania cyanea.jpg
|image_caption = ''Halgania tuberculosa''
|taxon = Halgania
|authority = [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
|}}

'''''Halgania''''' is a [[genus]] of small shrubs in the family [[Boraginaceae]]. The genus comprises about 20 species that are endemic to [[Australia]]. ''Halgania'' is named for [[Emmanuel Halgan]], a vice-admiral in the French Navy.

==Features==
''Halgania'' species are spreading to erect shrubs or subshrubs up to 1.2 m high. Leaves are simple, alternating along the stem and membranaceous or leathery. The leaf margin is entire or toothed to serrate and often revolute. Herbaceous stems and leaves can be glabrous but also covered with glandular hairs, simple or bifurcating (resembling cleats, "dolabriform") hairs. In some species, the surface is also covered with a viscose layer of exudates.

The flowers have a calyx of five more or less connected sepals. The 5-parted corolla is blue to violet, rarely white and flat or widely cup-shaped, similar to ''[[Solanum]]''-flowers. The five stamens have short filaments and long yellow to yellow-violet anthers. They are connected via intertwining hairs to an anther cone.<ref name=holstein2018a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Gottschling | first2 = M. | title = Flowers of ''Halgania'' (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) are set up for being buzzed and the role of intertwining anther trichomes | doi = 10.1016/j.flora.2017.12.005 | journal = Flora | volume = 240 | pages = 7–15 | year = 2017}}</ref> The pollen sacs open into a central channel, through which the style later emerges. Dusty pollen is released through a pore made by beak-like appendage of the anthers through [[buzz pollination]]. Fruits are two- or four chambered dry drupes.<ref name=holstein2018b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Gottschling | first2 = M. | title = Waking sleeping beauties: a molecular phylogeny and nomenclator of ''Halgania'' (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) | doi = 10.1071/SB17017 | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–119 | year = 2018}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Halgania_andromedifolia_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_Thiele.jpg|''Halgania andromedifolia''
File:Halgania_erecta_flowers.jpg|''Halgania erecta''
File:Halgania solanacea - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg|''Halgania solanacea''
</gallery>

==Systematics==
''Halgania'' is a genus that only occurs in Australia, its sister group is still unknown. There are three clades in the genus.<ref name=holstein2018b /> The ''H. andromedifolia''-clade (''H. andromedifolia'' and ''H. rigida'') occurs exclusively in [[Western Australia]] and the sepals are often conspicuously inqually sized. The anther appendage is short. Species of the ''H. anagalloides''-clade are the only ones to have dolabriform hairs, and they occur in all states of Australia. Their anther appendage is of variable size. The ''H. littoralis''-clade contains the type species of the genus. Its members have neither dolabriform hairs, nor inqually sized sepals, and always long anther appendages. All species of the ''H. littoralis''-clade occur in Western Australia or [[Northern Territory]]. Also four-chambered drupes only occur in this group.<ref name=holstein2018b />

==Distribution==
''Halgania'' species occur in all states of Australia. They grow in well-drained soils and sand in dry climates, except to the hyper-arid regions of the [[Nullarbor Plain]]. The species are also absent from temperate and tropical areas.

==Selected species==
*''[[Halgania anagalloides]]'' [[Endl.]]
*''[[Halgania andromedifolia]]'' [[Hans_Hermann_Behr|Behr]] & [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] – Lavender halgania, smooth halgania
*''[[Halgania argyrophylla]]'' [[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]
*''[[Halgania bebrana]]'' [[Augustus_Frederick_Oldfield|Oldfield]] & [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] 
*''[[Halgania brachrhyncha]]'' [[Peter G.Wilson]]
*''[[Halgania corymbosa]]'' [[Lindl.]]
*''[[Halgania cyanea]]'' [[Lindl.]] – Rough halgania
*''[[Halgania erecta]]'' [[Alfred James Ewart|Ewart]] & [[B.Rees]]
*''[[Halgania glabra]]'' [[J.M.Black]]
*''[[Halgania gustafsenii]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]
*''[[Halgania integerrima]]'' [[Endl.]]
*''[[Halgania lavandulacea]]'' [[Endl.]] – Blue bush
*''[[Halgania littoralis]]'' [[Gaudich.]]
*''[[Halgania preissiana]]'' [[Lehm.]]
*''[[Halgania rigida]]'' [[S.Moore]]
*''[[Halgania sericiflora]]'' [[Benth.]]
*''[[Halgania solanacea]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]


==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&search=yes&namesearch=halgania&showsyn=OK&dist= New South Wales Flora online: ''Halgania'']
*[http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?PHPSESSID=7537d5485a3413350e47cc52f1a44219&q=halgania&page=2 FloraBase: the Western Australian Flora: ''Halgania'']
*[http://www.anbg.gov.au/win/index.html What's Its Name?]
*[http://asgap.org.au/h-cya.html Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP): ''Halganea cyanea'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5409022}}

[[Category:Ehretioideae]]
[[Category:Boraginaceae genera]]

{{Australia-asterid-stub}}

Galgala

2018-10-28T13:55:47Z

Pharaoh han:

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|footnotes =
}}

'''Galgala''' is a town in [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] region of [[Somalia]]. The town has ancient markings of religious symbols and [[cross]]es and ancient remains of a [[cairn]]s which commonly found in [[Sanaag]] and [[Bari, Somalia]] regions.<ref>[[Cairn]]</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} The town has a population nearing 20,000.

==Galgala Campaign==
{{Main|Galgala campaign}}
The Galgala campaign started on 24 July 2010 when militants led by the notorious [[Arms Dealer]] and [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al Shabaab]] operative,<ref>{{cite news |title=Security Council Committee on Somalia and Eritrea Issues List of Individuals |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/sc9904.doc.htm|accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> [[Mohamed Said Atom]] attacked a checkpoint in the town of Karin,<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201007300837.html</ref> just south of commercial town of [[Bosaaso]]. [[Military of Puntland|Puntland Security Forces]] responded by attacking the main base of Atom's militants in Galgala on 13 August 2010.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201008130550.html</ref> The campaign was finished October 31, 2010.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201010220131.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline}}
*[http://www.laasqoray.net laasqoray.net]
*[http://www.maakhir.net maakhir.net]
*[http://www.galgalanews.com galgalanews.com]
*[http://www.spr.fm Somali Public Radio]

{{coord|10|59|25|N|49|3|25|E|display=title|type:city}}

[[Category:Populated places in Bari, Somalia]]
[[Category:Cities in Maakhir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Somalia]]

[[it:Galgala]]

Galgala

2018-10-28T13:54:53Z

Pharaoh han: correct coordinates from U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Series Y629; Karin map (http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/somalia/karin-somalia-100k-1989.pdf)

{{Infobox settlement


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|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Somalia

|subdivision_type = Country
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'''Galgala''' is a town in [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] region of [[Somalia]]. The town has ancient markings of religious symbols and [[cross]]es and ancient remains of a [[cairn]]s which commonly found in [[Sanaag]] and [[Bari, Somalia]] regions.<ref>[[Cairn]]</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} The town has a population nearing 20,000.

==Galgala Campaign==
{{Main|Galgala campaign}}
The Galgala campaign started on 24 July 2010 when militants led by the notorious [[Arms Dealer]] and [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al Shabaab]] operative,<ref>{{cite news |title=Security Council Committee on Somalia and Eritrea Issues List of Individuals |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/sc9904.doc.htm|accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> [[Mohamed Said Atom]] attacked a checkpoint in the town of Karin,<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201007300837.html</ref> just south of commercial town of [[Bosaaso]]. [[Military of Puntland|Puntland Security Forces]] responded by attacking the main base of Atom's militants in Galgala on 13 August 2010.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201008130550.html</ref> The campaign was finished October 31, 2010.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201010220131.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline}}
*[http://www.laasqoray.net laasqoray.net]
*[http://www.maakhir.net maakhir.net]
*[http://www.galgalanews.com galgalanews.com]
*[http://www.spr.fm Somali Public Radio]

{{coord|11|09|47|N|048|12|00|E|display=title|type:city}}

[[Category:Populated places in Bari, Somalia]]
[[Category:Cities in Maakhir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Somalia]]

[[it:Galgala]]

Selkirkia (plant)

2018-08-23T20:39:34Z

Pharaoh han: /* Morphology */

{{automatic taxobox
|image =
|image_caption =
|taxon = Selkirkia (plant)
|authority = [[William Hemsley (botanist)|Hemsl.]], 1884
|type_species = ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]''
|type_species_authority = (Colla) Hemsl.
}}

'''''Selkirkia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae.<ref name="KadereitBittrich2016">{{cite book|author1=Joachim W. Kadereit|author2=Volker Bittrich|title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, Dipsacales, Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Solanales (except Convolvulaceae), Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tr7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|date=9 April 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-28534-4|pages=86–7}}</ref> Three species occur on the [[South America]]n mainland and one, ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' (sometimes written ''berteri''), the first of the genus to be reported, is an [[endemism|endemic]] on [[Robinson Crusoe Island]] off the coast of [[Chile]]. It was previously considered a monotypic genus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYlAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|page=142}}</ref>

== Morphology==
''Selkirkia'' species are perennial, either a shrub (''S. berteroi'') or decumbent, ascending or erect herbs to subshrubs. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate, and mostly occurring along the stem, not in rosettes. The corolla is white (''S. berteroi'') or blue to violet. The fruits consist of four nutlets, which are beset with barbed [[glochid]]s, and superficially similar to the fruits of [[Cynoglossum|hound's tongues]]. The fruits of ''S. berteroi'' are somewhat winged and seemingly attached to the style but in fact, like the other three species, on a pyramidal gynobase.

== Distribution and conservation ==
The four species occur in forested areas of South America and [[Robinson Crusoe Island]].<ref name=Holsteinetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked - ''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref> ''Selkirkia berteroi'' is an endemic shrub on Robinson Crusoe Island, and due to the narrow distribution to be considered critically endangered according to ''IUCN'' criteria. ''[[Selkirkia trianae]]'' is a species in the undergrowth of dense, primary cloud forests of [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]. Although there are not many data, land conversion into pastures might pose a threat to the species. The remaining two species, ''[[Selkirkia limense]]'' and ''[[Selkirkia pauciflora]]'' occur in the forests of the Mediterranean climates of [[Chile]]. They are likely endangered (not officially assessed though) due to deforestation and land conversion for agriculture.

==Systematics==
Boraginaceae systematics relied strongly on fruit morphology, so all four species were initially thought to belong to ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', where the four nutlets typically are beset with barbed glochidia. However, fruit morphology turned out to be unreliable for classification.<ref name=Weigendetal2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weigend | first1 = M. | last2 = Luebert | first2 = F. | last3 = Selvi | first3 = F. | last4 = Brokamp | first4 = G. | last5 = Hilger | first5 = H. H. | title = Multiple origins for Hound's tongues (''Cynoglossum'' L.) and Navel seeds (''Omphalodes'' Mill.) - The phylogeny of the borage family (Boraginaceae s.str.) | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.009 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 68 | pages = 604–618 | year = 2013}}</ref> When ''Selkirkia pauciflora'' (under its illegitimate name ''Cynoglossum paniculatum'') was found to be closely related to ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]'' and ''[[Omphalodes]]'', Serrano et al. placed the species into a new genus, ''Mapuchea''.<ref name=Serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1–14 | year = 2016}}</ref> However, after inclusion of the two other native South American "''Cynoglossum''" species and ''Selkirkia berteroi'', it turned out that these four species are closely related to each other and sister to ''Myosotidium hortensia''.<ref name=Holsteinetal2016 /> Due to the similar growth habit (more or less shrubby) and the glochidiate nutlets, the four species are now considered as more widely circumscribed genus ''Selkirkia''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1449392}}

[[Category:Selkirkia (plant)| ]]
[[Category:Boraginales genera]]

List of Betula species

2018-06-28T11:52:47Z

Pharaoh han: /* Subgenus Betulaster - Large-leaf birches */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Betula'' species}}
Subgenera of genus ''[[Betula]]'' (Birch), are;

==Subgenus ''Betulenta'' - Wintergreen oil birches==
Bark on twigs rich in [[methyl salicylate]] (oil of wintergreen). Female catkins erect.
*''Diploid'' (2''n'' = 28).
**''[[Betula lenta]]'' - Sweet Birch or Cherry Birch
***''Betula lenta'' subsp. ''uber'' - Cherry Creek Birch
*''Hexaploid'' (6''n'' = 84).
**''[[Betula alleghaniensis|Betula allegheniensis]]'' - Yellow Birch (''B. lutea'')
*''Decaploid'' (10''n'' = 140).
**''[[Betula austrosinensis]]'' - South China Birch
**''[[Betula globispica]]'' -
**''[[Betula insignis]]'' -
**''[[Betula medwediewii]]'' - Caucasian Birch
*''Duodecaploid'' (12''n'' = 168).
**''[[Betula megrelica]]'' -
*''chromosome number not reported''
**''[[Betula corylifolia]]'' - Hazel-leaf Birch
**''[[Betula grossa]]'' - Japanese Cherry Birch
**''[[Betula insignis]]'' -

==Subgenus ''Betulaster'' - Large-leaf birches==
Bark on twigs contains some methyl salicylate. Female catkins pendulous.
**''[[Betula alnoides]]'' - Alder-leaf Birch
***''Betula alnoides'' subsp. ''luminifera'' -
**''[[Betula maximowicziana]]'' - Monarch Birch

==Subgenus ''Neurobetula'' - Costate birches==
Bark on twigs without methyl salicylate. Female catkins erect.
*''Diploid'' (2''n'' = 28).
**''[[Betula calcicola]]'' -
**''[[Betula chichibuenis]]'' -
**''[[Betula costata]]'' - Korean birch<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=373|access-date=16 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017|df=}}</ref>
**''[[Betula nigra]]'' - River Birch or Black Birch
**''[[Betula potaninii]]'' - Potanin's Birch
*''Tetraploid'' (4''n'' = 56).
**''[[Betula albosinensis]]'' - Chinese Red Birch
***''Betula albosinensis'' var. ''septentrionalis'' - North Chinese Red Birch
**''[[Betula ermanii]]'' - Erman's Birch
**''[[Betula jacquemontii]]'' (''B. utilis'' subsp. ''jacquemontii'') - White-barked Himalayan Birch
**''[[Betula utilis]]'' - Himalayan Birch
*''Hexaploid'' (6''n'' = 84).
**''[[Betula dahurica]]'' - Dahurian Birch
**''[[Betula delavayi]]'' - Delavay's Birch
**''[[Betula raddeana]]'' - Radde's Birch
*''Octoploid'' (8''n'' = 112).
**''[[Betula chinensis]]'' - Chinese Birch
*''chromosome number not reported''
**''[[Betula fargesii]]'' - Farges's Birch
**''[[Betula schmidtii]]'' - Schmidt's Birch
*''chromosome number unknown''
**''[[Betula leopoldae]]''<ref name="WolfeWehr1987">{{aut|Wolfe, Jack A.}} & {{aut|Wehr, Wesley C.}} 1987. Middle Eocene Dicotyledonous Plants from Republic, Northeastern Washington. ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' '''1597''':13</ref> <ref name="Crane1987">{{aut|Crane P.R.}} & {{aut|Stockey R.A.}} 1987; "Betula leaves and reproductive structures from the Middle Eocene of British Columbia, Canada." ''Canadian Journal of Botany'' '''65'''(12): 2490-2500.</ref>

==Subgenus ''Betula'' - Typical birches==
Bark on twigs without methyl salicylate. Female catkins pendulous.
*''Diploid'' (2''n'' = 28).
**''[[Betula cordifolia]]'' - Heart-leaf Birch or Mountain Paper Birch
**''[[Betula pendula]]'' - Silver Birch
**''[[Betula mandschurica]]'' - Manchurian Birch
***''Betula mandschurica'' var. ''japonica'' - Japanese Birch
**''[[Betula neoalaskana]]'' - Alaska Birch or Yukon Birch
**''[[Betula occidentalis]]'' - Water Birch or Red Birch (''B. fontinalis'')
**''[[Betula platyphylla]]'' (''Betula pendula'' var. ''platyphylla'') - Siberian Silver Birch
**''[[Betula populifolia]]'' - Gray Birch
**''[[Betula szechuanica]]'' (''Betula pendula'' var. ''szechuanica'') - Sichuan Birch
*''Tetraploid'' (4''n'' = 56).
**''[[Betula celtiberica]]'' - Iberian White Birch
**''[[Betula pubescens]]'' - White Birch, European White Birch or Downy Birch
***''Betula pubescens'' subsp. ''tortuosa'' - Arctic White Birch
*''Pentaploid'' (5''n'' = 70).
**''[[Betula kenaica]]'' - Kenai Birch
*''Hexaploid'' (6''n'' = 84).
**''[[Betula papyrifera]]'' - Paper Birch, Canoe Birch or American White Birch (sometimes tetraploid or pentaploid)

==Subgenus ''Chamaebetula'' - Dwarf birches==
Small shrubs with small rounded leaves. Female catkins pendulous.
*''Diploid'' (2''n'' = 28).
**''[[Betula glandulosa]]'' (''B. nana'' subsp. ''glandulosa'') - American Dwarf Birch
**''[[Betula nana]]'' - Dwarf Birch
*''Tetraploid'' (4''n'' = 56).
**''[[Betula minor]]'' - Quebec Dwarf Birch
**''[[Betula pumila]]'' - Swamp Birch
*''chromosome number not reported''
**''[[Betula fruticosa]]'' -
**''[[Betula hallii]]'' - Cascades Dwarf Birch
**''[[Betula humilis]]'' - Arctic Dwarf Birch
**''[[Betula michauxii]]'' - Newfoundland Dwarf Birch
**''[[Betula microphylla]]'' -
**''[[Betula middendorffii]]'' -

==Notes==
There is no consensus at all on species limits in ''Betula'', with different authors differing wildly in what species they accept, from under 30 species, to over 60. The above (incomplete) list was compiled from the references cited below. Birches will hybridise very freely, particularly in cultivation but also in the wild where conditions and species present permit. While differing [[chromosome]] number ([[diploid]], [[Ploidy|tetraploid]], etc.) may reduce interbreeding, it is not an absolute bar to it. Many botanists regard differing chromosome number as a specific discriminant, though not all do so (e.g. some include ''B. cordifolia'' and ''B. neoalaskana'' as varieties within ''B. papyrifera'').

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Bean, W. J. 1976, 1988. ''Trees & Shrubs hardy in the British Isles''. Eighth edition, revised, vol. 1 (1976) & Supplement (1988); editor D. L. Clarke.
*Hunt, D. 1993. ''Betula. Proceedings of the IDS Betula Symposium 2-4 October 1992''. International Dendrology Society.
*{{cite journal| last = Li, J.| first = Shoup, S. & Chen, Z.| title = Phylogenetic Relationships of Diploid Species of Betula (Betulaceae) Inferred from DNA Sequences of Nuclear Nitrate Reductase| journal = Systematic Botany| volume = 32| issue = 2| year = 2007| pages = 357–365| doi = 10.1600/036364407781179699| last2 = Shoup| first2 = Suzanne| last3 = Chen| first3 = Zhiduan}}
*Rushforth, K. D. 1999. ''Trees of Britain & Europe''. Collins. (Useful details on chromosome numbers of many European & Asian birches).
*Skvortsov, A. K. 2002. A new system of the genus Betula. ''Byulleten Moskovoskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologie'' 107: 73–76.
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=103887 Flora of North America online - ''Betula''.]
*Grimshaw, J. 2009, ''New Trees, Recent introductions to cultivation''. Kew Publishing

== See also ==
* [[Birch]]

[[Category:Betula|*]]
[[Category:Lists of plant species|Betula]]
[[Category:Lists of trees|Betula]]

Halgania

2018-04-13T17:18:35Z

Pharaoh han:

{{automatic taxobox
|image = Halgania cyanea.jpg
|image_caption = ''Halgania tuberculosa''
|taxon = Halgania
|authority = [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
|}}

'''''Halgania''''' is a [[genus]] of small shrubs in the family [[Boraginaceae]]. The genus comprises about 20 species that are endemic to [[Australia]]. ''Halgania'' is named for [[Emmanuel Halgan]], a vice-admiral in the French Navy.

==Features==
''Halgania'' species are spreading to erect shrubs or subshrubs up to 1.2 m high. Leaves are simple, alternating along the stem and membranaceous or leathery. The leaf margin is entire or toothed to serrate and often revolute. Herbaceous stems and leaves can be glabrous but also covered with glandular hairs, simple or bifurcating (resembling cleats, "dolabriform") hairs. In some species, the surface is also covered with a viscose layer of exudates.

The flowers have a calyx of five more more or less connected sepals. The 5-parted corolla is blue to violet, rarely white and flat or widely cup-shaped, similar to ''[[Solanum]]''-flowers. The five stamens have short filaments and long yellow to yellow-violet anthers. They are connected via intertwining hairs to an anther cone.<ref name=holstein2018a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Gottschling | first2 = M. | title = Flowers of ''Halgania'' (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) are set up for being buzzed and the role of intertwining anther trichomes | doi = 10.1016/j.flora.2017.12.005 | journal = Flora | volume = 240 | pages = 7–15 | year = 2017}}</ref> The pollen sacs open into a central channel, through which the style later emerges. Dusty pollen is released through a pore made by beak-like appendage of the anthers through [[buzz pollination]]. Fruits are two- or four chambered dry drupes.<ref name=holstein2018b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Gottschling | first2 = M. | title = Waking sleeping beauties: a molecular phylogeny and nomenclator of ''Halgania'' (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) | doi = 10.1071/SB17017 | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–119 | year = 2018}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Halgania_andromedifolia_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_Thiele.jpg|''Halgania andromedifolia''
File:Halgania_erecta_flowers.jpg|''Halgania erecta''
File:Halgania solanacea - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg|''Halgania solanacea''
</gallery>

==Systematics==
''Halgania'' is a genus that only occurs in Australia, its sister group is still unknown. There are three clades in the genus.<ref name=holstein2018b /> The ''H. andromedifolia''-clade (''H. andromediafolia'' and ''H. rigida'') occurs exclusively in [[Western Australia]] and the sepals are often conspicuously inqually sized. The anther appendage is short. Species of the ''H. anagalloides''-clade are the only ones to have dolabriform hairs, and they occur in all states of Australia. Their anther appendage is of variable size. The ''H. littoralis''-clade contains the type species of the genus. Its members have neither dolabriform hairs, nor inqually sized sepals, and always long anther appendages. All species of the ''H. littoralis''-clade occur in Western Australia or [[Northern Territory]]. Also four-chambered drupes only occur in this group.<ref name=holstein2018b />

==Distribution==
''Halgania'' species occur in all states of Australia. They grow in well-drained soils and sand in dry climates, except to the hyper-arid regions of the [[Nullarbor Plain]]. The species are also absent from temperate and tropical areas.

==Selected species==
*''[[Halgania anagalloides]]'' [[Endl.]]
*''[[Halgania andromedifolia]]'' [[Hans_Hermann_Behr|Behr]] & [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] – Lavender halgania, smooth halgania
*''[[Halgania argyrophylla]]'' [[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]
*''[[Halgania bebrana]]'' [[Augustus_Frederick_Oldfield|Oldfield]] & [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] 
*''[[Halgania brachrhyncha]]'' [[Peter G.Wilson]]
*''[[Halgania corymbosa]]'' [[Lindl.]]
*''[[Halgania cyanea]]'' [[Lindl.]] – Rough halgania
*''[[Halgania erecta]]'' [[Alfred James Ewart|Ewart]] & [[B.Rees]]
*''[[Halgania glabra]]'' [[J.M.Black]]
*''[[Halgania gustafsenii]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]
*''[[Halgania integerrima]]'' [[Endl.]]
*''[[Halgania lavandulacea]]'' [[Endl.]] – Blue bush
*''[[Halgania littoralis]]'' [[Gaudich.]]
*''[[Halgania preissiana]]'' [[Lehm.]]
*''[[Halgania rigida]]'' [[S.Moore]]
*''[[Halgania sericiflora]]'' [[Benth.]]
*''[[Halgania solanacea]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]


==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&search=yes&namesearch=halgania&showsyn=OK&dist= New South Wales Flora online: ''Halgania'']
*[http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?PHPSESSID=7537d5485a3413350e47cc52f1a44219&q=halgania&page=2 FloraBase: the Western Australian Flora: ''Halgania'']
*[http://www.anbg.gov.au/win/index.html What's Its Name?]
*[http://asgap.org.au/h-cya.html Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP): ''Halganea cyanea'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5409022}}

[[Category:Ehretioideae]]
[[Category:Boraginales genera]]

{{Australia-asterid-stub}}

Omphalodes

2018-04-08T11:01:01Z

Pharaoh han: /* Systematics */

{{automatic taxobox
|image = Cynoglossum_omphalodes_1797.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|taxon = Omphalodes
|authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]], 1754
|type_species = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|type_species_authority = Moench
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = [[List of Omphalodes species|See species list]]
}}

'''''Omphalodes''''' ('''navelwort''') is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. Widely distributed in the [[temperateness|temperate]] Northern Hemisphere. In spring they produce blue or white flowers similar to [[forget-me-nots]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1-4053-3296-4|pages=1136}}</ref>

Both the Greek ''Omphalodes'' (navel-like) and the English "navelwort" refer to the shape of the seeds.<ref name=AZPLA>{{cite book|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=The A to Z of plant names|year=2012|publisher=Timber Press|location=USA|isbn=978-1-60469-196-2|pages=312}}</ref>

''[[Omphalodes verna|O. verna]]'' and cultivars of ''[[Omphalodes cappadocica|O. cappadocica]]'' are grown in gardens for their blue flowers which in spring appear above the leaves in loose sprays. They are woodland plants, preferring some shade.

==Systematics==
The genus ''Omphalodes'' traditionally contained many species that have been split-off in 2014 and 2016<ref name=oteroetal2014>{{Cite journal | last1 = Otero | first1 = A. | last2 = Jiménez-Mejías | first2 = P. | last3 = Valcárcel | first3 = V. | last4 = Vargas | first4 = P. |title = Molecular phylogenetics and morphology support two new genera (''Memoremea'' and ''Nihon'') of Boraginaceae s.s. | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 173 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–277 | year = 2014}}</ref><ref name=serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1–14 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref> The Japanese "''Omphalodes''" and "''Omphalodes scorpioides''" turned out not to be closely related to ''Omphalodes'', and were separated as distinct genera, ''[[Nihon (genus)|Nihon]]'' and ''[[Memoremea]]'' respectively.<ref name=oteroetal2014 /> Serrano et al. separated the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] annual species as ''[[Iberodes]]''.<ref name=serranoetal2016 /> This left the remainder of species from Western Eurasia as sister to New World species, including the [[Chatham Islands]] (off the coast of [[New Zealand]]) endemic species ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]''. The clade of the New World species also included the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] (off the coast of Chile) endemic ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' and three species formerly placed in ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', which were then transferred to a more broadly circumscribed genus ''[[Selkirkia (plant)|Selkirkia]]''.<ref name=holsteinetal2016a /> The majority of the North American "''Omphalodes''" species were then split-off as ''[[Mimophytum]]''.<ref name=holsteinetal2016b />

''Omphalodes'' in its strict sense comprises Western Eurasian perennial species with a creeping [[rhizome]].<ref name=holsteinetal2016b />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

<gallery>
Image:Omphalodes cappadocica 1.jpg|''[[Omphalodes cappadocica]]''
Image:Omphalodes_verna_(4).jpg|''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
</gallery>

{{Commons category|Omphalodes}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q158879}}

[[Category:Omphalodes| ]]

Nungba

2018-03-14T14:34:13Z

Pharaoh han: /* Location / Connectivity */

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nungba
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Lwangba
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|45|25|N|93|25|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 400
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 120
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795147
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03877
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Imphal
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest Airport
| blank2_info_sec1 = Tulihal International Airport Imphal
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 74% (Approx)
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Constituency]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = Nungba
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Temperate and calm]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|30|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|02|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|http://nungba.nic.in/welcome.asp}}
}}

'''Nungba''' (originally "Lwangba") is a small town surrounded by a low-lying hill ranges and rivers, an extension of eastern Indian Himalayas. The highest point of Nungba "Ramphaan But" which means "Viewpoint" stands high at the centre of the town.

Nungba is also the administrative Headquarter of Nungba Sub-Division, Tamenglong District, Manipur State, India.

Nungba has a number of educational institutions including, Nungba Government High School, St. John English High School, and Maranatha Academy. It also houses Nungba Government Hospital and clinics.

It is connected by roadways (NH 53 Passing through Nungba from Imphal to Jiri). The soon coming under- construction Indian Railway station is an hour drive away from Nungba.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

==Demographics ==
===Population===
According to 2011 Census, Nungba has a population of approximately 2200 from more than 350 household.<ref>http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/269214-nungba-manipur.html</ref> The latest awaited Census report of 2015-16 is expected for more growth. Inhabitant here is Rongmei Naga Tribe. "Rongmei" is the main spoken language followed by English, Manipuri and Hindi.

===Religion===
The whole population of Nungba practice Christianity (Baptist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist, Assembly of Yaweh).

==Administration/Office==
Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Police Officer, Post Master, Chief Medical Officer functions from their respective offices headquartered in Nungba.

[[File:Nungba.jpeg|thumb|Nungba Town]]

== Geography ==
Nungba is located on the eastern end of Indian Himalayas with an area of approximately 120 Sq. km. It lies on the India's highest Seismicity zone V. The latest seismic activity of 6.7 magnitude was recorded on early morning of 3 January 2016, with an epicenter 50 km from Nungba.

===Physiography===
Hills and rivers marks as the boundary of Nungba. It is marked by a steep slope at the East and gently elongated more towards West and South.

Nungba is closely surrounded by several other small hill towns namely - Rwangdai, Rengpang, Taodaijang, Mukti, Namgaylung(known as Mukti naa), Tajeikaiphun and Puiluan. The rivers that flows out and surround Nungba includes river Lemga, Khatha, Thingdingluangthuak and Luangphai. Other rivers that mark as a natural boundaries includes Alang (Irang), Agu (Barak).

==Climate==
Nungba has a sub-tropical highland climate. It experience a pleasant and comfortable climatic conditions throughout the year with temperature ranging between 5-20 degree Celsius during winter and 15-30 degree Celsius during summer. The scenic town spreads along several hillocks.

===Rainfall===
Nungba town receives approx. 1100 millimeters annually. The rain bearing South West Monsoon brings shower from the month of April/May till August/September, a boon for agriculture.

Monsoon season is accompanied by frequent landslides along the National Highway 53 hindering flow of traffic sometime.

==Flora and fauna==
The forest reserves in Nungba offers the local populace to practice a Jhum (Shifting) cultivation. Primary agricultural product includes Rice, Colocasia roots, Hot Red King Chilly, Maize, Cucumber, Ladies Finger, Mustards, Cabbage, Beans and other vegetables. Different kinds of fruits grown and produces includes Orange, Lemon, Banana, Grapes, Mango, Pine apples, Berries etc.

The huge forest covers includes Bamboos, Oaks and other large tropical trees which in turn provides a fresh water, fresh air and other forest resources. The forest woods are also used as a fuel for kitchen.

Different Animals and Birds includes Tiger (hardly spotted) Bear, Wild dogs, Wild Pigs, Deer, Monkey, Squirrel, Bulbul, Sparrow, Parrot, Crow, Eagle etc. The fresh river water is blessed with variety of fishes whose name are locally known.

Nungba is located at an elevation of 400 m from MSL.<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/17/Nungba.html Map and weather of Nungba</ref>

==Economy==

More than 70% engaged in Agricultural activities. While the remaining 30% are engaged in Govt. Sectors and other private commercial activities.[[Taudaijang]] is a nearby village.

The latest discovery of Fossil Fuels in and around Nungba promises better economic condition.

== Location / Connectivity ==
Located in Tamenglong District, [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]] passes through Nungba. It is 110 km from Imphal (Capital City of Manipur). The under-construction India Railway station is just an hour distance from Nungba.

Nearest Airport is Tulihal International Airport Imphal, 110 km away from Nungba.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/manipur/tamenglong/nungba/ Satellite map of Nungba]
* [http://wikimapia.org/9027756/Nungba Wikimapia]
* [[Rongmei Naga]]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tamenglong district]]

Nungba

2018-03-14T14:33:09Z

Pharaoh han: /* Physiography */

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nungba
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Lwangba
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|45|25|N|93|25|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 400
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 120
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795147
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03877
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Imphal
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest Airport
| blank2_info_sec1 = Tulihal International Airport Imphal
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 74% (Approx)
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Constituency]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = Nungba
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Temperate and calm]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|30|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|02|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|http://nungba.nic.in/welcome.asp}}
}}

'''Nungba''' (originally "Lwangba") is a small town surrounded by a low-lying hill ranges and rivers, an extension of eastern Indian Himalayas. The highest point of Nungba "Ramphaan But" which means "Viewpoint" stands high at the centre of the town.

Nungba is also the administrative Headquarter of Nungba Sub-Division, Tamenglong District, Manipur State, India.

Nungba has a number of educational institutions including, Nungba Government High School, St. John English High School, and Maranatha Academy. It also houses Nungba Government Hospital and clinics.

It is connected by roadways (NH 53 Passing through Nungba from Imphal to Jiri). The soon coming under- construction Indian Railway station is an hour drive away from Nungba.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

==Demographics ==
===Population===
According to 2011 Census, Nungba has a population of approximately 2200 from more than 350 household.<ref>http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/269214-nungba-manipur.html</ref> The latest awaited Census report of 2015-16 is expected for more growth. Inhabitant here is Rongmei Naga Tribe. "Rongmei" is the main spoken language followed by English, Manipuri and Hindi.

===Religion===
The whole population of Nungba practice Christianity (Baptist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist, Assembly of Yaweh).

==Administration/Office==
Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Police Officer, Post Master, Chief Medical Officer functions from their respective offices headquartered in Nungba.

[[File:Nungba.jpeg|thumb|Nungba Town]]

== Geography ==
Nungba is located on the eastern end of Indian Himalayas with an area of approximately 120 Sq. km. It lies on the India's highest Seismicity zone V. The latest seismic activity of 6.7 magnitude was recorded on early morning of 3 January 2016, with an epicenter 50 km from Nungba.

===Physiography===
Hills and rivers marks as the boundary of Nungba. It is marked by a steep slope at the East and gently elongated more towards West and South.

Nungba is closely surrounded by several other small hill towns namely - Rwangdai, Rengpang, Taodaijang, Mukti, Namgaylung(known as Mukti naa), Tajeikaiphun and Puiluan. The rivers that flows out and surround Nungba includes river Lemga, Khatha, Thingdingluangthuak and Luangphai. Other rivers that mark as a natural boundaries includes Alang (Irang), Agu (Barak).

==Climate==
Nungba has a sub-tropical highland climate. It experience a pleasant and comfortable climatic conditions throughout the year with temperature ranging between 5-20 degree Celsius during winter and 15-30 degree Celsius during summer. The scenic town spreads along several hillocks.

===Rainfall===
Nungba town receives approx. 1100 millimeters annually. The rain bearing South West Monsoon brings shower from the month of April/May till August/September, a boon for agriculture.

Monsoon season is accompanied by frequent landslides along the National Highway 53 hindering flow of traffic sometime.

==Flora and fauna==
The forest reserves in Nungba offers the local populace to practice a Jhum (Shifting) cultivation. Primary agricultural product includes Rice, Colocasia roots, Hot Red King Chilly, Maize, Cucumber, Ladies Finger, Mustards, Cabbage, Beans and other vegetables. Different kinds of fruits grown and produces includes Orange, Lemon, Banana, Grapes, Mango, Pine apples, Berries etc.

The huge forest covers includes Bamboos, Oaks and other large tropical trees which in turn provides a fresh water, fresh air and other forest resources. The forest woods are also used as a fuel for kitchen.

Different Animals and Birds includes Tiger (hardly spotted) Bear, Wild dogs, Wild Pigs, Deer, Monkey, Squirrel, Bulbul, Sparrow, Parrot, Crow, Eagle etc. The fresh river water is blessed with variety of fishes whose name are locally known.

Nungba is located at an elevation of 400 m from MSL.<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/17/Nungba.html Map and weather of Nungba</ref>

==Economy==

More than 70% engaged in Agricultural activities. While the remaining 30% are engaged in Govt. Sectors and other private commercial activities.[[Taudaijang]] is a nearby village.

The latest discovery of Fossil Fuels in and around Nungba promises better economic condition.

== Location / Connectivity ==
[[National Highway 37 (India)|Located in Tamenglong District, Manipur India 795147. National Highway 37]] passes through Nungba. It is 110 km from Imphal (Capital City of Manipur). The under-construction India Railway station is just an hour distance from Nungba.

Nearest Airport is Tulihal International Airport Imphal, 110 km away from Nungba.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/manipur/tamenglong/nungba/ Satellite map of Nungba]
* [http://wikimapia.org/9027756/Nungba Wikimapia]
* [[Rongmei Naga]]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tamenglong district]]

Nungba

2018-03-14T14:32:19Z

Pharaoh han: correct links to languages in box

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nungba
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Lwangba
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|45|25|N|93|25|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 400
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 120
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795147
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03877
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Imphal
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest Airport
| blank2_info_sec1 = Tulihal International Airport Imphal
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 74% (Approx)
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Constituency]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = Nungba
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Temperate and calm]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|30|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|02|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|http://nungba.nic.in/welcome.asp}}
}}

'''Nungba''' (originally "Lwangba") is a small town surrounded by a low-lying hill ranges and rivers, an extension of eastern Indian Himalayas. The highest point of Nungba "Ramphaan But" which means "Viewpoint" stands high at the centre of the town.

Nungba is also the administrative Headquarter of Nungba Sub-Division, Tamenglong District, Manipur State, India.

Nungba has a number of educational institutions including, Nungba Government High School, St. John English High School, and Maranatha Academy. It also houses Nungba Government Hospital and clinics.

It is connected by roadways (NH 53 Passing through Nungba from Imphal to Jiri). The soon coming under- construction Indian Railway station is an hour drive away from Nungba.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

==Demographics ==
===Population===
According to 2011 Census, Nungba has a population of approximately 2200 from more than 350 household.<ref>http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/269214-nungba-manipur.html</ref> The latest awaited Census report of 2015-16 is expected for more growth. Inhabitant here is Rongmei Naga Tribe. "Rongmei" is the main spoken language followed by English, Manipuri and Hindi.

===Religion===
The whole population of Nungba practice Christianity (Baptist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist, Assembly of Yaweh).

==Administration/Office==
Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Police Officer, Post Master, Chief Medical Officer functions from their respective offices headquartered in Nungba.

[[File:Nungba.jpeg|thumb|Nungba Town]]

== Geography ==
Nungba is located on the eastern end of Indian Himalayas with an area of approximately 120 Sq. km. It lies on the India's highest Seismicity zone V. The latest seismic activity of 6.7 magnitude was recorded on early morning of 3 January 2016, with an epicenter 50 km from Nungba.

===Physiography===
Hills and rivers marks as the boundary of Nungba. It is marked by a steep slope at the East and gently elongated more towards West and South.

Nungba is closely surrounded by several other small hill towns namely- Rwangdai, Rengpang, Taodaijang, Mukti, Namgaylung(known as Mukti naa), Tajeikaiphun
and Puiluan. The rivers that flows out and surround Nungba includes river Lemga, Khatha, Thingdingluangthuak and Luangphai. Other rivers that mark as a natural boundaries includes Alang (Irang), Agu (Barak).

==Climate==
Nungba has a sub-tropical highland climate. It experience a pleasant and comfortable climatic conditions throughout the year with temperature ranging between 5-20 degree Celsius during winter and 15-30 degree Celsius during summer. The scenic town spreads along several hillocks.

===Rainfall===
Nungba town receives approx. 1100 millimeters annually. The rain bearing South West Monsoon brings shower from the month of April/May till August/September, a boon for agriculture.

Monsoon season is accompanied by frequent landslides along the National Highway 53 hindering flow of traffic sometime.

==Flora and fauna==
The forest reserves in Nungba offers the local populace to practice a Jhum (Shifting) cultivation. Primary agricultural product includes Rice, Colocasia roots, Hot Red King Chilly, Maize, Cucumber, Ladies Finger, Mustards, Cabbage, Beans and other vegetables. Different kinds of fruits grown and produces includes Orange, Lemon, Banana, Grapes, Mango, Pine apples, Berries etc.

The huge forest covers includes Bamboos, Oaks and other large tropical trees which in turn provides a fresh water, fresh air and other forest resources. The forest woods are also used as a fuel for kitchen.

Different Animals and Birds includes Tiger (hardly spotted) Bear, Wild dogs, Wild Pigs, Deer, Monkey, Squirrel, Bulbul, Sparrow, Parrot, Crow, Eagle etc. The fresh river water is blessed with variety of fishes whose name are locally known.

Nungba is located at an elevation of 400 m from MSL.<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/17/Nungba.html Map and weather of Nungba</ref>

==Economy==

More than 70% engaged in Agricultural activities. While the remaining 30% are engaged in Govt. Sectors and other private commercial activities.[[Taudaijang]] is a nearby village.

The latest discovery of Fossil Fuels in and around Nungba promises better economic condition.

== Location / Connectivity ==
[[National Highway 37 (India)|Located in Tamenglong District, Manipur India 795147. National Highway 37]] passes through Nungba. It is 110 km from Imphal (Capital City of Manipur). The under-construction India Railway station is just an hour distance from Nungba.

Nearest Airport is Tulihal International Airport Imphal, 110 km away from Nungba.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/manipur/tamenglong/nungba/ Satellite map of Nungba]
* [http://wikimapia.org/9027756/Nungba Wikimapia]
* [[Rongmei Naga]]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tamenglong district]]

Coccinia sessilifolia

2018-01-06T09:49:07Z

Pharaoh han: /* Description */ typos

{{one source|date=January 2017}}

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Coccinia sessilifolia-IMG 5464.jpg
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. sessilifolia'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia sessilifolia''
|binomial_authority = ([[Otto Wilhelm Sonder|Sond.]]) [[Alfred Cogniaux|Cogn.]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia sessilifolia''''' is a species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' from southern Africa.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. The plants produce a woody [[hypocotyl]] [[tuber]] and herbaceous, up to 5 m long shoots. The shoots are glabrous and have a waxy bluish green cover. Leaves are alternate usually sessile. Only the first leaves leaves of the shoots and in rare cases on mature shoots, short petioles can be observed. The lamina is 1.5–12.5 × 2.2–13.5 cm, usually profoundly 5-lobate, more or less amplexicaulous. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, glabrous, often with small dark glands along the main nerves. Tendrils are simple, very rarely unequally bifid. [[Probract]]s up to 1.7 mm long but usually missing.

Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes male flowers are in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 1.5–3.5 mm long, lanceolate to (narrow) triangulate, erect to reflexed. Corolla 1.5–3 cm long, whitish cream to pale
yellow, rarely dull orange-brown with conspicuous green venation, lobes 0.9–2 cm. Stamens 3, reduced to staminodia in female flowers. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Ovary cylindrical, glabrous. Style in male flowers missing, in female flowers columnar, greenish yellow. Stigmas bulging, greenish yellow. Fruit 8–12 × 3–4 cm, ellipsoid to oblong, when immature green with white longitudinal spots to stripes with waxy bloom, ripe red. Seeds 6–8 × 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, more or less symmetrically obovate, face flat.

Male and female plants have (2''n''=) 24 equally sized chromosomes .

== Distribution ==
''Coccinia sessilifolia'' occurs in [[South Africa]] ([[Gauteng]], [[Free State]], [[Limpopo]], [[Mpumalanga]], [[North West (South African province)|North West]], and western [[Northern Cape]]), [[Namibia]] ([[Erongo]], [[Khomas]], [[Oshana]], [[Otjozondjupa]]), and [[Botswana]] ([[Central District (Botswana)|Central District]]. [[Kgatleng]], [[North-West District (Botswana)|North-West District]], [[South-East District (Botswana)|South-East District]]).

== Ecology ==
Semi-arid open habitats, except for Cape region and high mountains. Flowering January–May, October–December.

== Systematics and evolution ==
According to molecular DNA analyses, ''Coccinia sessilifolia'' is related to other [[South Africa]]n species, such as ''[[Coccinia hirtella]]'', ''[[Coccinia mackenii]]'', and ''[[Coccinia quinqueloba]]''. Some populations from the western part of Limpopo province have long petioles, but share all other characters with ''Coccinia sessilifolia''. These were described as a distinct species: ''Coccinia variifolia'' [[Adrianus Dirk Jacob Meeuse|A.Meeuse]]. Due to the strong similarities and the close relationship in the molecular phylogeny, Holstein (2015) interpreted that these populations are better dealt with as a variety of ''C. sessilifolia''. Since long petioles are the dominant character state in all closer relatives, ''Coccinia sessilifolia'' var. ''variifolia'' can either be interpreted as a relict of long-petiolate ancestors or a secondary development of an ancestral character.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Botanical Gardens at Asheville

2017-10-03T20:46:52Z

Pharaoh han:

[[File:Asheville Botanical Gardens 2003.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Crayton Trail at the Botanical Gardens at Asheville in fall.]][[Image:Elegant Stinkhorn Mutinus elegans.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Mutinus]] ravenelii'' in May, from the Botanical Gardens at Asheville.]]

The '''Botanical Gardens at Asheville''' (10 acres), also known as the '''Asheville Botanical Gardens''', are non-profit [[botanical garden]]s located at 151 W. T. Weaver Boulevard, [[Asheville, North Carolina]]. The gardens are open daily with free admission, though donations are welcome.

The gardens were established in 1961 on eroded, abandoned timberland. Cleanup and trail-building took place from 1962-1963, and planting started in 1964 following an overall design by [[Doan Ogden]], a nationally-known landscape artist. At that time more than 5,000 plants were transplanted into the garden from private lands and national forests. Although the Gardens is located on land belonging to the adjacent [[University of North Carolina at Asheville]], the Gardens operate independently and are overseen by a Board of Directors elected from and by the general membership of the Botanical Gardens.

Today the gardens emphasize plants native to the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]], representing approximately 700 species of native and exotic trees, shrubs, [[vine]]s, [[wildflower]]s, [[herb]]s, [[grass]]es, [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s, aquatic plants, [[fern]]s, [[moss]]es, and [[lichen]]s.

== See also ==
* [[List of botanical gardens in the United States]]

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Botanical gardens in Asheville, North Carolina}}
* [http://www.ashevillebotanicalgardens.org/ Botanical Gardens at Asheville]
*[http://www.unca.edu/ University of North Carolina Asheville website]

{{University of North Carolina at Asheville}}
{{coord|35.613|-82.567|display=title}}

[[Category:Botanical gardens in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Culture of Asheville, North Carolina]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Asheville]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Buncombe County, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Asheville, North Carolina]]

Selkirkia (plant)

2017-06-04T16:01:25Z

Pharaoh han: /* Systematics */

{{automatic taxobox
|image =
|image_caption =
|rank=genus
|taxon = Selkirkia (plant)
|authority = [[William Hemsley (botanist)|Hemsl.]], 1884
|type_species = ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]''
|type_species_authority = (Colla) Hemsl.
}}

'''''Selkirkia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae.<ref name="KadereitBittrich2016">{{cite book|author1=Joachim W. Kadereit|author2=Volker Bittrich|title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, Dipsacales, Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Solanales (except Convolvulaceae), Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tr7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|date=9 April 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-28534-4|pages=86–7}}</ref> Three species occur on the [[South America]]n mainland and one, ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' (sometimes written ''berteri''), the first of the genus to be reported, is an [[endemism|endemic]] on [[Robinson Crusoe Island]] off the coast of [[Chile]]. It was previously considered a monotypic genus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYlAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|page=142}}</ref>

== Morphology==
''Selkirkia'' species are perennial, either a shrub (''S. berteroi'') or decumbent, ascending or erect herbs to subshrubs. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate, and mostly occuring along the stem, not in rosettes. The corolla is white (''S. berteroi'') or blue to violet. The fruits consist of four nutlets, which are beset barbed [[glochid]]s, and superficially similar to the fruits of [[Cynoglossum|hound's tongues]]. The fruits of ''S. berteroi'' are somewhat winged and seemingly attached to the style but in fact, like the other three species, on a pyramidal gynobase.

== Distribution and conservation ==
The four species occur in forested areas of South America and [[Robinson Crusoe Island]]<ref name=Holsteinetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked - ''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref>. ''Selkirkia berteroi'' is an endemic shrub on Robinson Crusoe Island, and due to the narrow distribution to be considered critically endangered according to ''IUCN'' criteria. ''[[Selkirkia trianae]]'' is a species in the undergrowth of dense, primary cloud forests of [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]. Although there are not many data, land conversion into pastures might pose a threat to the species. The remaining two species, ''[[Selkirkia limense]]'' and ''[[Selkirkia pauciflora]]'' occur in the forests of the Mediterranean climates of [[Chile]]. They are likely endangered (not officially assessed though) due to deforestation and land conversion for agriculture.

==Systematics==
Boraginaceae systematics relied strongly on fruit morphology, so all four species were initially thought to belong to ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', where the four nutlets typically are beset with barbed glochidia. However, fruit morphology turned out to be unreliable for classification<ref name=Weigendetal2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weigend | first1 = M. | last2 = Luebert | first2 = F. | last3 = Selvi | first3 = F. | last4 = Brokamp | first4 = G. | last5 = Hilger | first5 = H. H. | title = Multiple origins for Hound's tongues (''Cynoglossum'' L.) and Navel seeds (''Omphalodes'' Mill.) - The phylogeny of the borage family (Boraginaceae s.str.) | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.009 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 68 | pages = 604–618 | year = 2013}}</ref>. When ''Selkirkia pauciflora'' (under its illegitimate name ''Cynoglossum paniculatum'') was found to be closely related to ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]'' and ''[[Omphalodes]]'', Serrano et al. placed the species into a new genus, ''Mapuchea''.<ref name=Serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1–14 | year = 2016}}</ref> However, after inclusion of the two other native South American "''Cynoglossum''" species and ''Selkirkia berteroi'', it turned out that these four species are closely related to each other and sister to ''Myosotidium hortensia''.<ref name=Holsteinetal2016 /> Due to the similar growth habit (more or less shrubby) and the glochidiate nutlets, the four species are now considered as more widely circumscribed genus ''Selkirkia''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}
[[Category:Selkirkia (plant)| ]]
[[Category:Boraginoideae]]

Selkirkia (plant)

2017-06-04T16:00:05Z

Pharaoh han: /* Distribution and conservation */

{{automatic taxobox
|image =
|image_caption =
|rank=genus
|taxon = Selkirkia (plant)
|authority = [[William Hemsley (botanist)|Hemsl.]], 1884
|type_species = ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]''
|type_species_authority = (Colla) Hemsl.
}}

'''''Selkirkia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae.<ref name="KadereitBittrich2016">{{cite book|author1=Joachim W. Kadereit|author2=Volker Bittrich|title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, Dipsacales, Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Solanales (except Convolvulaceae), Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tr7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|date=9 April 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-28534-4|pages=86–7}}</ref> Three species occur on the [[South America]]n mainland and one, ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' (sometimes written ''berteri''), the first of the genus to be reported, is an [[endemism|endemic]] on [[Robinson Crusoe Island]] off the coast of [[Chile]]. It was previously considered a monotypic genus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYlAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|page=142}}</ref>

== Morphology==
''Selkirkia'' species are perennial, either a shrub (''S. berteroi'') or decumbent, ascending or erect herbs to subshrubs. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate, and mostly occuring along the stem, not in rosettes. The corolla is white (''S. berteroi'') or blue to violet. The fruits consist of four nutlets, which are beset barbed [[glochid]]s, and superficially similar to the fruits of [[Cynoglossum|hound's tongues]]. The fruits of ''S. berteroi'' are somewhat winged and seemingly attached to the style but in fact, like the other three species, on a pyramidal gynobase.

== Distribution and conservation ==
The four species occur in forested areas of South America and [[Robinson Crusoe Island]]<ref name=Holsteinetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked - ''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref>. ''Selkirkia berteroi'' is an endemic shrub on Robinson Crusoe Island, and due to the narrow distribution to be considered critically endangered according to ''IUCN'' criteria. ''[[Selkirkia trianae]]'' is a species in the undergrowth of dense, primary cloud forests of [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]. Although there are not many data, land conversion into pastures might pose a threat to the species. The remaining two species, ''[[Selkirkia limense]]'' and ''[[Selkirkia pauciflora]]'' occur in the forests of the Mediterranean climates of [[Chile]]. They are likely endangered (not officially assessed though) due to deforestation and land conversion for agriculture.

==Systematics==
Boraginaceae systematics relied strongly on fruit morphology, so all four species were initially thought to belong to ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', where the four nutlets typically are beset with barbed glochidia. However, fruit mrphology turned out to be unrealiable for classification<ref name=Weigendetal2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weigend | first1 = M. | last2 = Luebert | first2 = F. | last3 = Selvi | first3 = F. | last4 = Brokamp | first4 = G. | last5 = Hilger | first5 = H. H. | title = Multiple origins for Hound's tongues (''Cynoglossum'' L.) and Navel seeds (''Omphalodes'' Mill.) - The phylogeny of the borage family (Boraginaceae s.str.) | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.009 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 68 | pages = 604–618 | year = 2013}}</ref>. When ''Selkirkia pauciflora'' (under its illegitimate name ''Cynoglossum paniculatum'') was found to be closely related to ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]'' and ''[[Omphalodes]]'', Serrano et al. placed the species into a new genus, ''Mapuchea''.<ref name=Serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1–14 | year = 2016}}</ref> However, after inclusion of the two other native South American "''Cynoglossum''" species and ''Selkirkia berteroi'', it turned out that these four species are closely related to each other and sister to ''Myosotidium hortensia''.<ref name=Holsteinetal2016 /> Due to the similar growth habit (more or less shrubby) and the glochidiate nutlets, the four species are now considered as more widely circumscribed genus ''Selkirkia''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}
[[Category:Selkirkia (plant)| ]]
[[Category:Boraginoideae]]

Mimophytum

2017-06-04T15:58:18Z

Pharaoh han: /* Systematics */

{{automatic taxobox
|image =
|image_caption =
|rank=genus
|taxon = Mimophytum
|authority = [[Jesse More Greenman|Greenm.]], 1905
|type_species = ''[[Mimophytum omphalodoides]]''
|type_species_authority = Greenm.
}}

'''''Mimophytum''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. The species occur in Northeastern [[Mexico]] and adjacent areas of [[Texas]], [[USA]]. They are similar to the closely related genus ''[[Omphalodes]]'' but a distinct group.

== Morphology==
''Mimophytum'' species are (sub-)perennial herbs, either with a [[rhizome]] or erect. The leaves have petioles and are heart-shaped or rhombic.
They produce blue flowers similar to [[forget-me-nots]].<ref name=Nesom2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nesom | first1 = G.L. | title = A third species of ''Mimophytum'' s.str. and three new species of ''Omphalodes'' (Boraginaceae) from North America | journal = Phytoneuron | volume = 2013-64 | pages = 1–23 | year = 2013}}</ref> The [[fruit]]s consist of four winged nutlets. The nutlet wing can be turned upwards, creating a navel-like shape, similar to the fruits of ''[[Omphalodes]]''. In two species, ''[[Mimophytum alienum|M. alienum]]'' and ''[[Mimophytum alienoides|M. alienoides]]'', there are two differently shaped fruits: two navel-like nutlets and two nutlets with flat wings. In three species, ''[[Mimophytum omphalodoides|M. omphalodoides]]'', ''[[Mimophytum benitomartinezii|M. benitomartinezii]]'', and ''[[Mimophytum richardsonii|M. richardsonii]]'', the wings of the navel-shaped nutlets are beset with small barbed [[glochid]]ia.

==Systematics==
The barbed glochidia on the nutlet wing was a character that led [[Jesse More Greenman|Greenman]] to describe his new species, ''Mimophytum omphalodoides'', in new genus.<ref name=Greenman1905>{{Cite journal | last1 = Greenman | first1 = J.M. | title = Descriptions of Spermatophytes from the Southwestern United States, Mexico and Central America | doi = 10.2307/20013502 | journal = Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences | volume = 41 | pages = 233–270 | year = 1905}}</ref> However, Greenman already recognized the similarity of many characters of his new species to ''Omphalodes''. The species without these glochidiate nutlet wings were considered as belonging to ''Omphalodes''<ref name=Nesom2013 />, but the similarity was always recognized. New phylogenetic work showed that the native Mexican and Texan "''Omphalodes''" species are a [[clade]], distinct from the true ''Omphalodes'' from Europe.<ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref> A later phylogenetic placement of the type species of ''Mimophytum'' within the North American clade of ''Omphalodes'' confirmed the suggested close relationship, leading to the taxonomic transfer of most of the native North American ''Omphalodes'' names to ''Mimophytum''.<ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref> A single remaining ''Omphalodes'' species from Mexico, ''[[Omphalodes erecta|O. erecta]]'' was excluded from this process so far, because it is morphologically too deviant to infer an unquivocal classification to ''Mimophytum'' from morphology alone.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Mimophytum| ]]

Mimophytum

2017-06-04T15:57:11Z

Pharaoh han: /* Morphology */

{{automatic taxobox
|image =
|image_caption =
|rank=genus
|taxon = Mimophytum
|authority = [[Jesse More Greenman|Greenm.]], 1905
|type_species = ''[[Mimophytum omphalodoides]]''
|type_species_authority = Greenm.
}}

'''''Mimophytum''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. The species occur in Northeastern [[Mexico]] and adjacent areas of [[Texas]], [[USA]]. They are similar to the closely related genus ''[[Omphalodes]]'' but a distinct group.

== Morphology==
''Mimophytum'' species are (sub-)perennial herbs, either with a [[rhizome]] or erect. The leaves have petioles and are heart-shaped or rhombic.
They produce blue flowers similar to [[forget-me-nots]].<ref name=Nesom2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nesom | first1 = G.L. | title = A third species of ''Mimophytum'' s.str. and three new species of ''Omphalodes'' (Boraginaceae) from North America | journal = Phytoneuron | volume = 2013-64 | pages = 1–23 | year = 2013}}</ref> The [[fruit]]s consist of four winged nutlets. The nutlet wing can be turned upwards, creating a navel-like shape, similar to the fruits of ''[[Omphalodes]]''. In two species, ''[[Mimophytum alienum|M. alienum]]'' and ''[[Mimophytum alienoides|M. alienoides]]'', there are two differently shaped fruits: two navel-like nutlets and two nutlets with flat wings. In three species, ''[[Mimophytum omphalodoides|M. omphalodoides]]'', ''[[Mimophytum benitomartinezii|M. benitomartinezii]]'', and ''[[Mimophytum richardsonii|M. richardsonii]]'', the wings of the navel-shaped nutlets are beset with small barbed [[glochid]]ia.

==Systematics==
The barbed teeth on the nutlet wing was a character that led [[Jesse More Greenman|Greenman]] to describe his new species, ''Mimophytum omphalodoides'', in new genus.<ref name=Greenman1905>{{Cite journal | last1 = Greenman | first1 = J.M. | title = Descriptions of Spermatophytes from the Southwestern United States, Mexico and Central America | doi = 10.2307/20013502 | journal = Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences | volume = 41 | pages = 233–270 | year = 1905}}</ref> However, Greenman already recognized the similarity of many characters of his new species to ''Omphalodes''. The species without these barbed nutlet wings were considered as belonging to ''Omphalodes''<ref name=Nesom2013 />, but the similarity was always recognized. New phylogenetic work showed that the native Mexican and Texan "''Omphalodes''" species are a [[clade]], distinct from the true ''Omphalodes'' from Europe.<ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref> A later phylogenetic placement of the type species of ''Mimophytum'' within the North American clade of ''Omphalodes'' confirmed the suggested close relationship, leading to the taxonomic transfer of most of the native North American ''Omphalodes'' names to ''Mimophytum''.<ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref> A single remaining ''Omphalodes'' species from Mexico, ''[[Omphalodes erecta|O. erecta]]'' was excluded from this process so far, because it is morphologically too deviant to infer an unquivocal classification to ''Mimophytum'' from morphology alone.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Mimophytum| ]]

Selkirkia (plant)

2017-06-03T16:08:02Z

Pharaoh han:

{{automatic taxobox
|image =
|image_caption =
|rank=genus
|taxon = Selkirkia (plant)
|authority = [[William Hemsley (botanist)|Hemsl.]], 1884
|type_species = ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]''
|type_species_authority = (Colla) Hemsl.
}}

'''''Selkirkia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae.<ref name="KadereitBittrich2016">{{cite book|author1=Joachim W. Kadereit|author2=Volker Bittrich|title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, Dipsacales, Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Solanales (except Convolvulaceae), Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tr7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|date=9 April 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-28534-4|pages=86–7}}</ref> Three species occur on the [[South America]]n mainland and one, ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' (sometimes written ''berteri''), the first of the genus to be reported, is an [[endemism|endemic]] on [[Robinson Crusoe Island]] off the coast of [[Chile]]. It was previously considered a monotypic genus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYlAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|page=142}}</ref>

== Morphology==
''Selkirkia'' species are perennial, either a shrub (''S. berteroi'') or decumbent, ascending or erect herbs to subshrubs. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate, and mostly occuring along the stem, not in rosettes. The corolla is white (''S. berteroi'') or blue to violet. The fruits consist of four nutlets, which are beset barbed [[glochid]]s, and superficially similar to the fruits of [[Cynoglossum|hound's tongues]]. The fruits of ''S. berteroi'' are somewhat winged and seemingly attached to the style but in fact, like the other three species, on a pyramidal gynobase.

== Distribution and conservation ==
The four species occur in forested areas of South America and [[Robinson Crusoe Island]]<ref name=Holsteinetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked - ''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref>. ''Selkirkia berteroi'' is an endemic shurb on Robinson Crusoe Island, and due to the narrow distribution to be considered critically endangered according to ''IUCN'' criteria. ''[[Selkirkia trianae]]'' is a species in the undergrowth of dense, primary cloud forests of [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]. Although there are not many data, land conversion into pastures might pose a threat to the species. The remaining two species, ''[[Selkirkia limense]]'' and ''[[Selkirkia pauciflora]]'' occur in the forests of the Mediterranean climates of [[Chile]]. They are likely endangered (not officially assessed though) due to deforestation and land conversion for agriculture.

==Systematics==
Boraginaceae systematics relied strongly on fruit morphology, so all four species were initially thought to belong to ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', where the four nutlets typically are beset with barbed glochidia. However, fruit mrphology turned out to be unrealiable for classification<ref name=Weigendetal2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weigend | first1 = M. | last2 = Luebert | first2 = F. | last3 = Selvi | first3 = F. | last4 = Brokamp | first4 = G. | last5 = Hilger | first5 = H. H. | title = Multiple origins for Hound's tongues (''Cynoglossum'' L.) and Navel seeds (''Omphalodes'' Mill.) - The phylogeny of the borage family (Boraginaceae s.str.) | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.009 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 68 | pages = 604–618 | year = 2013}}</ref>. When ''Selkirkia pauciflora'' (under its illegitimate name ''Cynoglossum paniculatum'') was found to be closely related to ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]'' and ''[[Omphalodes]]'', Serrano et al. placed the species into a new genus, ''Mapuchea''.<ref name=Serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1–14 | year = 2016}}</ref> However, after inclusion of the two other native South American "''Cynoglossum''" species and ''Selkirkia berteroi'', it turned out that these four species are closely related to each other and sister to ''Myosotidium hortensia''.<ref name=Holsteinetal2016 /> Due to the similar growth habit (more or less shrubby) and the glochidiate nutlets, the four species are now considered as more widely circumscribed genus ''Selkirkia''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}
[[Category:Selkirkia (plant)| ]]
[[Category:Boraginoideae]]

Selkirkia (plant)

2017-06-03T14:51:20Z

Pharaoh han: ←Created page with '{{automatic taxobox |image = |image_caption = |rank=genus |taxon = Selkirkia (plant) |authority = Hemsl., 1884 |type_species = '...'

{{automatic taxobox
|image =
|image_caption =
|rank=genus
|taxon = Selkirkia (plant)
|authority = [[William Hemsley (botanist)|Hemsl.]], 1884
|type_species = ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]''
|type_species_authority = (Colla) Hemsl.
}}

'''''Selkirkia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. Three species occur on the [[South America]]n and one, [[Selkirkia berteroi]], is an [[endemism|endemic]] on [[Robinson Crusoe Island]] off the coast of [[Chile]].

== Morphology==
''Selkirkia'' species are perennial, either a shrub (''S. berteroi'') or decumbent, ascending or erect herbs to subshrubs. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate, and mostly occuring along the stem, not in rosettes. The corolla is white (''S. berteroi'') or blue to violet. The fruits consist of four nutlets, which are beset barbed [[glochid]]s, and superficially similar to the fruits of [[Cynoglossum|hound's tongues]]. The fruits of ''S. berteroi'' are somewhat winged and seemingly attached to the style but in fact, like the other three species, on a pyramidal gynobase.

== Distribution and conservation ==
The four species occur in forested areas of South America and [[Robinson Crusoe Island]]<ref name=Holsteinetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked - ''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref>. ''Selkirkia berteroi'' is an endemic shurb on Robinson Crusoe Island, and due to the narrow distribution to be considered critically endangered according to ''IUCN'' criteria. ''[[Selkirkia trianae]]'' is a species in the undergrowth of dense, primary cloud forests of [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]. Although there are not many data, land conversion into pastures might pose a threat to the species. The remaining two species, ''[[Selkirkia limense]]'' and ''[[Selkirkia pauciflora]]'' occur in the forests of the Mediterranean climates of [[Chile]]. They are likely endangered (not officially assessed though) due to deforestation and land conversion for agriculture.

==Systematics==
Boraginaceae systematics relied strongly on fruit morphology, so all four species were initially thought to belong to ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', where the four nutlets typically are beset with barbed glochidia. However, fruit mrphology turned out to be unrealiable for classification<ref name=Weigendetal2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weigend | first1 = M. | last2 = Luebert | first2 = F. | last3 = Selvi | first3 = F. | last4 = Brokamp | first4 = G. | last5 = Hilger | first5 = H. H. | title = Multiple origins for Hound's tongues (''Cynoglossum'' L.) and Navel seeds (''Omphalodes'' Mill.) - The phylogeny of the borage family (Boraginaceae s.str.) | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.009 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 68 | pages = 604–618 | year = 2013}}</ref>. When ''Selkirkia pauciflora'' (under its illegitimate name ''Cynoglossum paniculatum'') was found to be closely related to ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]'' and ''[[Omphalodes]]'', Serrano et al. placed the species into a new genus, ''Mapuchea''.<ref name=Serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1–14 | year = 2016}}</ref> However, after inclusion of the two other native South American "''Cynoglossum''" species and ''Selkirkia berteroi'', it turned out that these four species are closely related to each other and sister to ''Myosotidium hortensia''.<ref name=Holsteinetal2016 /> Due to the similar growth habit (more or less shrubby) and the glochidiate nutlets, the four species are now considered as more widely circumscribed genus ''Selkirkia''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Selkirkia (plant)| ]]

Template:Taxonomy/Selkirkia (plant)

2017-06-03T14:41:21Z

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}}

Boraginoideae

2017-06-03T14:41:12Z

Pharaoh han: /* Genera */

{{automatic taxobox
|image = Ogórecznik.JPG
|image_caption = ''[[Borago officinalis]]''
|taxon = Boraginoideae
|authority = Arn.
|subdivision_ranks = Tribes
|subdivision =
[[Echiochileae]] 
[[Boragineae]] 
[[Lithospermeae]] 
[[Cynoglosseae]]
|}}

'''Boraginoideae''' is a [[subfamily]] of the [[flowering plant]] [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Boraginaceae]], as that family is [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|defined]] in the [[APG III system]] of [[Plant systematics|classification]] for flowering plants. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] has not actually specified subfamilies within Boraginaceae. Some [[taxonomist]]s place the [[genera]] ''[[Codon]]'' and ''[[Wellstedia]]'' in Boraginoideae. Others place one or both of these in separate, [[monogeneric]] subfamilies. ''Codon'' was long regarded as an odd member of [[Hydrophylloideae]], but in 1998, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] [[Research|study]] showed that it is closer to Boraginoideae.<ref name=ferguson1998>Diane M. Ferguson. 1998. "Phylogenetic Analysis and Relationships in Hydrophyllaceae Based on ndhF Sequence Data". ''Systematic Botany'' '''23'''(3):253-268.</ref>

Many of the [[botanist]]s who work with Boraginaceae do not follow the APG III system.<ref name=weigend2014>Maximilian Weigend, Federico Luebert, Marc Gottschling, Thomas L.P. Couvreur, Hartmut H. Hilger and James S. Miller. 2014. "From capsules to nutlets — phylogenetic relationships in the Boraginales". ''Cladistics'' '''30'''(5):508-518. {{doi|10.1111/cla.12061}}.</ref> Instead, they recognize five to eight families in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Boraginales]].<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens. (2001 onwards). "Boraginaceae". At: [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref>

Comparisons of [[DNA sequence]]s by [[cladistic]] methods have [[Resampling (statistics)|strongly supported]] the division of Boraginoideae into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: Echiochileae, Boragineae, Lithospermeae, and Cynoglosseae.<ref name=cohen2014>James I. Cohen. 2014. "A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution". ''Cladistics'' '''30'''(2):139-169. {{doi|10.1111/cla.12036}}</ref>

== Genera ==
The following list of genera consists of ''Codon'' plus the genera listed for Boraginoideae at the [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2089 |title=Genera of ''Boraginaceae'' subfam. ''Boraginoideae'' |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref>

{| border=0
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Actinocarya]]'' Benth.
*''[[Adelocaryum]]'' Brand
*''[[Afrotysonia]]'' Rauschert
*''[[Alkanna]]'' Tausch
*''[[Amblynotus]]'' (A.DC.) I. M. Johnst.
*''[[Amphibologyne]]'' Brand
*''[[Amsinckia]]'' Lehm.
*''[[Anchusa]]'' L.
*''[[Ancistrocarya]]'' Maxim.
*''[[Anoplocaryum]]'' Ledeb.
*''[[Antiotrema]]'' Hand.-Mazz.
*''[[Antiphytum]]'' DC. ex Meisn.
*''[[Arnebia]]'' Forssk.
*''[[Asperugo]]'' L.
*''[[Auxemma]] Miers
*''[[Borago]] L.
*''[[Bothriospermum]]'' Bunge
*''[[Brachybotrys]]'' Maxim. ex Oliv.
*''[[Brunnera]]'' Steven
*''[[Buglossoides]]'' Moench
*''[[Caccinia]]'' Savi
*''[[Carmona (plant)|Carmona]]'' Cav.
*''[[Cerinthe]]'' L.
*''[[Chionocharis]]'' I. M. Johnst.
*''[[Choriantha]]'' Riedl
*''[[Codon (genus)|Codon]]'' [[Linnaeus|L.]]
*''[[Craniospermum]]'' Lehm.
*''[[Cryptantha]]'' Lehm. ex G.Don
*''[[Cynoglossopsis]]'' Brand
*''[[Cynoglossum]]'' L.
*''[[Cynoglottis]]'' (Gusul.) Vural & Kit Tan
*''[[Cystostemon]]'' Balf.f.
*''[[Dasynotus]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Decalepidanthus]]'' Riedl
*''[[Echiochilon]]'' Desf.
*''[[Echiostachys]]'' Levyns
*''[[Echium]]'' L.
*''[[Elizaldia]]'' Willk.
*''[[Embadium]]'' J.M.Black
*''[[Eritrichium]]'' Schrad. ex Gaudin
*''[[Gastrocotyle]]'' Bunge
*''[[Gyrocaryum]]'' Valdés
*''[[Hackelia]]'' Opiz.
*''[[Halacsya]]'' Dörfl.
*''[[Heliocarya]]'' Bunge
*''[[Heterocaryum]]'' A.DC.
*''[[Huynhia]]'' Greuter
*''[[Ivanjohnstonia]]'' Kazmi
*''[[Lacaitaea]]'' Brand
*''[[Lappula]]'' Moench
*''[[Lasiarrhenum]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Lasiocaryum]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Lepechiniella]]''Popov
*''[[Lindelofia]]'' Lehm.
*''[[Lithodora]]'' Griseb.
*''[[Lithospermum]]'' L.
*''[[Lobostemon]]'' Lehm.
*''[[Macromeria]]'' D.Don
*''[[Maharanga]]'' A.DC.
|
*''[[Mairetis]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Mattiastrum]]'' (Boiss.) Brand
*''[[Mertensia]]'' Roth
*''[[Metaeritrichium]]'' W.T.Wang
*''[[Microcaryum]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Microula]]'' Benth.
*''[[Mimophytum]]'' Greenm.
*''[[Moltkia (plant)|Moltkia]]'' Lehm.
*''[[Moltkiopsis]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Moritzia]]'' DC. ex Meisn.
*''[[Myosotidium]]'' Hook.
*''[[Myosotis]]'' L.
*''[[Neatostema]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Nesocaryum]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Nogalia]]'' Verdc.
*''[[Nomosa]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Nonea]]'' Medik.
*''[[Ogastemma]]'' Brummitt
*''[[Omphalodes]]'' Mill.
*''[[Omphalolappula]]'' Brand
*''[[Omphalotrigonotis]]'' W.T.Wang
*''[[Onosma]]'' L.
*''[[Oxyosmyles]]'' Speg.
*''[[Paracaryum]]'' (A.DC.) Boiss.
*''[[Pardoglossum]]'' E.Barbier & Mathez
*''[[Pectocarya]]'' DC. ex Meisn.
*''[[Pentaglottis]]'' Tausch
*''[[Perittostema]]'' I.M. Johnst.
*''[[Plagiobothrys]]'' Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
*''[[Pseudomertensia]]'' Riedl
*''[[Psilolaemus]]'' I.M.Johnst.
*''[[Pulmonaria]]'' L.
*''[[Rindera]]'' Pall.
*''[[Rochelia]]'' Rchb.
*''[[Scapicephalus]]'' Ovcz. & Czukav.
*''[[Selkirkia (plant)|Selkirkia]]'' Hemsl.
*''[[Sericostoma]]'' Stocks
*''[[Sinojohnstonia]]'' Hu
*''[[Solenanthus]]'' Ledeb.
*''[[Stenosolenium]]'' Turcz.
*''[[Stephanocaryum]]'' Popov
*''[[Suchtelenia]]'' Kar. ex Meisn.
*''[[Symphytum]]'' L.
*''[[Thaumatocaryon]]'' Baill.
*''[[Thyrocarpus]]'' Hance
*''[[Tianschaniella]]'' B.Fedtsch. ex Popov
*''[[Trachelanthus]]'' Kunze
*''[[Trachystemon]]'' D.Don
*''[[Traxara]]'' Raf.
*''[[Trichodesma]]'' R.Br.
*''[[Trigonocaryum]]'' Trautv.
*''[[Trigonotis]]'' Steven
*''[[Ulugbekia]]'' Zakirov
*''[[Valentiniella]]'' Speg.
*''[[Wellstedia]]'' Balf.f.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/boraginaceae.gif Distribution Map] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/boraginaceaegen.html Genus list] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/boraginalesweb.htm#Boraginaceae Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/boraginalesweb.htm#Boraginales Boraginales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2419504 Preview]

{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Plant subfamilies]]
[[Category:Boraginoideae| ]]

Mimophytum

2017-06-03T13:46:48Z

Pharaoh han: ←Created page with '{{automatic taxobox |image = |image_caption = |rank=genus |taxon = Mimophytum |authority = Greenm., 1905 |type_species = ''Mimophytum...'

{{automatic taxobox
|image =
|image_caption =
|rank=genus
|taxon = Mimophytum
|authority = [[Jesse More Greenman|Greenm.]], 1905
|type_species = ''[[Mimophytum omphalodoides]]''
|type_species_authority = Greenm.
}}

'''''Mimophytum''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. The species occur in Northeastern [[Mexico]] and adjacent areas of [[Texas]], [[USA]]. They are similar to the closely related genus ''[[Omphalodes]]'' but a distinct group.

== Morphology==
''Mimophytum'' species are (sub-)perennial herbs, either with a [[rhizome]] or erect. The leaves have petioles and are heart-shaped or rhombic.
They produce blue flowers similar to [[forget-me-nots]].<ref name=Nesom2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nesom | first1 = G.L. | title = A third species of ''Mimophytum'' s.str. and three new species of ''Omphalodes'' (Boraginaceae) from North America | journal = Phytoneuron | volume = 2013-64 | pages = 1–23 | year = 2013}}</ref> The [[fruit]]s consist of four winged nutlets. The nutlet wing can be turned updards, creating a navel-like shape, similar to the fruits of ''[[Omphalodes]]''. In two species, ''[[Mimophytum alienum|M. alienum]]'' and ''[[Mimophytum alienoides|M. alienoides]]'', there are two differently shaped fruits: two navel-like nutlets and two nutlets with flat wings. In three species, ''[[Mimophytum omphalodoides|M. omphalodoides]]'', ''[[Mimophytum benitomartinezii|M. benitomartinezii]]'', and ''[[Mimophytum richardsonii|M. richardsonii]]'', the wings of the navel-shaped nutlets are beset with small barbed teeth.

==Systematics==
The barbed teeth on the nutlet wing was a character that led [[Jesse More Greenman|Greenman]] to describe his new species, ''Mimophytum omphalodoides'', in new genus.<ref name=Greenman1905>{{Cite journal | last1 = Greenman | first1 = J.M. | title = Descriptions of Spermatophytes from the Southwestern United States, Mexico and Central America | doi = 10.2307/20013502 | journal = Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences | volume = 41 | pages = 233–270 | year = 1905}}</ref> However, Greenman already recognized the similarity of many characters of his new species to ''Omphalodes''. The species without these barbed nutlet wings were considered as belonging to ''Omphalodes''<ref name=Nesom2013 />, but the similarity was always recognized. New phylogenetic work showed that the native Mexican and Texan "''Omphalodes''" species are a [[clade]], distinct from the true ''Omphalodes'' from Europe.<ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref> A later phylogenetic placement of the type species of ''Mimophytum'' within the North American clade of ''Omphalodes'' confirmed the suggested close relationship, leading to the taxonomic transfer of most of the native North American ''Omphalodes'' names to ''Mimophytum''.<ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref> A single remaining ''Omphalodes'' species from Mexico, ''[[Omphalodes erecta|O. erecta]]'' was excluded from this process so far, because it is morphologically too deviant to infer an unquivocal classification to ''Mimophytum'' from morphology alone.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Mimophytum| ]]

Template:Taxonomy/Mimophytum

2017-06-03T13:35:22Z

Pharaoh han: ←Created page with '{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=Mimophytum |parent=Boraginoideae |refs= }}'

{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
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|parent=Boraginoideae
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Category:Mimophytum

2017-06-03T13:27:06Z

Pharaoh han: ←Created page with '{{wikispecies}} Category:Boraginoideae'

{{wikispecies}}
[[Category:Boraginoideae]]

Coccinia pwaniensis

2017-02-17T09:32:22Z

Pharaoh han: /* Description */

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image =
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. pwaniensis'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia pwaniensis''
|binomial_authority = [[Norbert Holstein|Holstein]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia pwaniensis''''' is an East African species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' that was first described in 2010.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 3 m. Young shoots are glabrous and green and later make a grey to reddish-grey bark. Leaves are alternate with 0.6 to 4.1 cm long petiole, lamina 2–10 × 2.7–11.4 cm, shallowly to profoundly 3-lobate (rarely 5-lobate). Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina and petiole with sparse hairs that appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. [[Probract]]s 2–3 mm long.

Flowers in male plants in long many-flowered [[raceme]]s, in female plants solitary. [[Calyx (flower)|Calyx]] with 5 very acute ("subulate"), 2.5–3.5  mm long lobes. [[Corolla (botany)|Corolla]] 1.7–2.6 cm long, pale yellowish-orange. [[Stamen]]s in male flowers 3, combined to a single column. [[Anther]]s sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short cylindrical, 6.2–8.0 cm long and 1.8–2.3 cm in diameter. Seeds 6.5–7.0 × 4.0–4.5 × ca. 1.5 mm (L/W/H), symmetrically obovate, face lenticular.

== Distribution ==
[[File:Coastal forest @ Pugu Hills.JPG|thumb|''Coccinia pwaniensis'' also grows in the coastal forests of the [[Pugu Hills]] near [[Daressalam]].]]
''Coccinia pwaniensis'' occurs along the margins of northern East African coastal forests in SE [[Kenya]], E and NE [[Tanzania]].

== Etymology ==
The epithet is derived from the [[Swahili language|Swahili]] word for "coast", referring to the distribution of the species.

== Hybridization ==
The species is known to produce sterile hybrids with ''[[Coccinia grandis]]'' in the wild.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Renner | first2 = S.S. | title = ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) gains two new species from East Africa, three new synonyms, and one new combination | doi = 10.1007/s12225-010-9229-9 | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 435–441 | year = 2010}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Omphalodes

2017-02-06T07:59:34Z

Pharaoh han: /* Systematics */

{{taxobox
|name =
|image = Cynoglossum_omphalodes_1797.jpg
|image_width =
|image_caption = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = ([[Incertae sedis|unplaced]])
|familia = [[Boraginaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Boraginoideae]]
|genus = '''''Omphalodes'''''
|genus_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill]], 1754
|type_species = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|type_species_authority =
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = [[List of Omphalodes species|see species list]]
|}}

'''''Omphalodes''''' ('''navelwort''') is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. Widely distributed in the [[temperateness|temperate]] Northern Hemisphere. In spring they produce blue or white flowers similar to [[forget-me-nots]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1-4053-3296-4|pages=1136}}</ref>

Both the Greek ''Omphalodes'' (navel-like) and the English "navelwort" refer to the shape of the seeds.<ref name=AZPLA>{{cite book|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=The A to Z of plant names|year=2012|publisher=Timber Press|location=USA|isbn=978-1-60469-196-2|pages=312}}</ref>

''[[Omphalodes verna|O. verna]]'' and cultivars of ''[[Omphalodes cappadocica|O. cappadocica]]'' are grown in gardens for their blue flowers which in spring appear above the leaves in loose sprays. They are woodland plants, preferring some shade.

==Systematics==
The genus ''Omphalodes'' traditionally contained many species that have been split-off in 2014 and 2016<ref name=oteroetal2014>{{Cite journal | last1 = Otero | first1 = A. | last2 = Jiménez-Mejías | first2 = P. | last3 = Valcárcel | first3 = V. | last4 = Vargas | first4 = P. |title = Molecular phylogenetics and morphology support two new genera (''Memoremea'' and ''Nihon'') of Boraginaceae s.s. | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 173 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–277 | year = 2014}}</ref><ref name=serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1–14 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American "''Omphalodes''" based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref> The Japanese "''Omphalodes''" and "''Omphalodes scorpioides''" turned out not to be closely related to ''Omphalodes'', and were separated as own genera, ''[[Nihon (genus)|Nihon]]'' and ''[[Memoremea]]'' respectively.<ref name=oteroetal2014 /> Serrano et al. separated the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] annual species as ''[[Iberodes]]''.<ref name=serranoetal2016 /> This left the remainder of species from Western Eurasia as sister to New World species, including the [[Chatham Islands]] (off the coast of [[New Zealand]]) endemic species ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]''. The clade of the New World species also included the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] (off the coast of Chile) endemic ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' and three species formerly placed in ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', which were then transferred to a more broadly circumscribed genus ''[[Selkirkia (plant)|Selkirkia]]''.<ref name=holsteinetal2016a /> The majority of the North American "''Omphalodes''" species were then split-off as ''[[Mimophytum]]''.<ref name=holsteinetal2016b />

''Omphalodes'' in its strict sense comprises Western Eurasian perennial species with a creeping [[rhizome]].<ref name=holsteinetal2016b />

==References==
{{reflist}}

<gallery>
Image:Omphalodes cappadocica 1.jpg|''[[Omphalodes cappadocica]]''
Image:Omphalodes_verna_(4).jpg|''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
</gallery>

{{commons category|Omphalodes}}

{{Omphalodes}}

[[Category:Omphalodes| ]]

Coccinia abyssinica

2017-02-05T22:15:06Z

Pharaoh han: /* Use */

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Coccinia_abyssinica_-_male_flower.jpg
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. abyssinica'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia abyssinica''
|binomial_authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[Alfred Cogniaux|Cogn.]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia abyssinica''''' is an [[Ethiopia]]n species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' which was first described by [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]. The [[tuber]] is under its [[Oromo language|Oromo]] name ''anchote'' a well-known local crop, but also the leaves are eaten.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 5 m, more or less densely covered with white hairs. Leaves are alternate with 1.5-14.0 cm long petiole, lamina 7.5–12.0 × 6.5–12.0 cm, often cordate to profoundly 3- or 5-lobate. If lobate, then the central lobe is dominating and has a sharp tip. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules, sometimes with white hairs. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, with white hairs, that can appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. [[Probract]]s up to 3 mm long.

Flowers of male plants solitary or in few-flowered [[raceme]]s. Flowers in female plant solitary. Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 2–4 mm long, lineal-subulate. Corolla ca. 1.4 cm long, yellow to slightly orange, lobes ca. 0.5 cm. Stamens in male flowers 3, connected to a central column. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short elliptical, 5.5-6.0 cm long and 3.5–4.0 cm in diameter, glabrous, when unripe green, ripe orange-red, sometimes with remaining yellowish longitudinal mottling. Seeds 5-6 × 3 × 1.5 mm (L/W/H), slightly asymmetrically obovate, face flat.

== Distribution ==
Widespread in the highlands of [[Ethiopia]] between 1300 and 2800 m.

== Ecology ==
Along lake shores, in forest clearings and degraded forests, evergreen shrublands. Cultivated. Flowering between June and October.

== Use ==
''Coccinia abyssinica'' tubers are an important staple crop in the Ethiopian highlands. The tubers are rich in [[starch]] and are cooked. Also the young shoots and the leaves are cooked and eaten around Dembi Dolo, Oromia State<ref name="Hora1995">Hora, A. (1995). "Anchote: an endemic tuber crop". Jimma College of Agriculture, Jimma, Ethiopia, 75 pp.</ref>. There are also beliefs about medical use, but none is scientifically verified so far. The relatively high content of [[calcium]] might be the reason for the local belief that eating ''C. abyssinica'' helps against fractured bones.<ref name="Hora1995"/> The edibility of the fruits is disputed, eventually, there are different races.

== Systematics and evolution ==
According to molecular analyses,<ref name="Holstein&Renner2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2= Renner | first2 = Susanne S. | title = A dated phylogeny and collection records reveal repeated biome shifts in the African genus ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-28 | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 11 | pages = 28 | year = 2011}}</ref> ''Coccinia abyssinica'' is closely related to ''[[Coccinia megarrhiza]]''. Both species look similar, but, among other character traits, they differ by the leaf shape. The leaves of ''C. abyssinica'' have a long pointed (central) tip, while the tip of ''C. megarrhiza'' leaves are acute or obtuse. ''Coccinia abyssinica'' is distributed in the more humid highlands, while ''C. megarrhiza'' occurs in the dry lowlands.<ref name="Holstein&Renner2011"/>. Both species belong to the ''[[Coccinia rehmannii|C. rehmannii]]''-clade that shares the character of usually producing a dark green halo around the white spots on ripening fruits.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Coccinia abyssinica

2017-02-05T16:28:49Z

Pharaoh han:

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Coccinia_abyssinica_-_male_flower.jpg
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. abyssinica'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia abyssinica''
|binomial_authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[Alfred Cogniaux|Cogn.]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia abyssinica''''' is an [[Ethiopia]]n species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' which was first described by [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]. The [[tuber]] is under its [[Oromo language|Oromo]] name ''anchote'' a well-known local crop, but also the leaves are eaten.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 5 m, more or less densely covered with white hairs. Leaves are alternate with 1.5-14.0 cm long petiole, lamina 7.5–12.0 × 6.5–12.0 cm, often cordate to profoundly 3- or 5-lobate. If lobate, then the central lobe is dominating and has a sharp tip. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules, sometimes with white hairs. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, with white hairs, that can appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. [[Probract]]s up to 3 mm long.

Flowers of male plants solitary or in few-flowered [[raceme]]s. Flowers in female plant solitary. Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 2–4 mm long, lineal-subulate. Corolla ca. 1.4 cm long, yellow to slightly orange, lobes ca. 0.5 cm. Stamens in male flowers 3, connected to a central column. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short elliptical, 5.5-6.0 cm long and 3.5–4.0 cm in diameter, glabrous, when unripe green, ripe orange-red, sometimes with remaining yellowish longitudinal mottling. Seeds 5-6 × 3 × 1.5 mm (L/W/H), slightly asymmetrically obovate, face flat.

== Distribution ==
Widespread in the highlands of [[Ethiopia]] between 1300 and 2800 m.

== Ecology ==
Along lake shores, in forest clearings and degraded forests, evergreen shrublands. Cultivated. Flowering between June and October.

== Use ==
''Coccinia abyssinica'' tubers are an important staple crop in the Ethiopian highlands. The tubers are rich in [[starch]] and are cooked. Also the young shoots and the leaves are cooked and eaten around Dembi Dolo, Oromia State<ref name="Hora1995">Hora, A. (1995). "Anchote: an endemic tuber crop". Jimma College of Agriculture, Jimma, Ethiopia, 75 pp.</ref>. The edibility of the fruits is disputed, eventually, there are different races. There are also beliefs about medical use, but none is scientifically verified so far. The relatively high content of [[calcium]] might be the reason for the local belief that eating ''C. abyssinica'' helpsagainst fractured bones.<ref name="Hora1995"/>

== Systematics and evolution ==
According to molecular analyses,<ref name="Holstein&Renner2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2= Renner | first2 = Susanne S. | title = A dated phylogeny and collection records reveal repeated biome shifts in the African genus ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-28 | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 11 | pages = 28 | year = 2011}}</ref> ''Coccinia abyssinica'' is closely related to ''[[Coccinia megarrhiza]]''. Both species look similar, but, among other character traits, they differ by the leaf shape. The leaves of ''C. abyssinica'' have a long pointed (central) tip, while the tip of ''C. megarrhiza'' leaves are acute or obtuse. ''Coccinia abyssinica'' is distributed in the more humid highlands, while ''C. megarrhiza'' occurs in the dry lowlands.<ref name="Holstein&Renner2011"/>. Both species belong to the ''[[Coccinia rehmannii|C. rehmannii]]''-clade that shares the character of usually producing a dark green halo around the white spots on ripening fruits.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Coccinia abyssinica

2017-02-05T16:22:00Z

Pharaoh han: ←Created page with '{{italic title}} {{taxobox |image = Coccinia_abyssinica_-_male_flower.jpg |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicot...'

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Coccinia_abyssinica_-_male_flower.jpg
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. abyssinica'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia abyssinica''
|binomial_authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[Alfred Cogniaux|Cogn.]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia abyssinica''''' is an [[Ethiopia]]n species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' which was first described by [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]. The [[tuber]] is a well-known local crop, and also the leaves are eaten.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 5 m, more or less densely covered with white hairs. Leaves are alternate with 1.5-14.0 cm long petiole, lamina 7.5–12.0 × 6.5–12.0 cm, often cordate to profoundly 3- or 5-lobate. If lobate, then the central lobe is dominating and has a sharp tip. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules, sometimes with white hairs. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, with white hairs, that can appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. [[Probract]]s up to 3 mm long.

Flowers of male plants solitary or in few-flowered [[raceme]]s. Flowers in female plant solitary. Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 2–4 mm long, lineal-subulate. Corolla ca. 1.4 cm long, yellow to slightly orange, lobes ca. 0.5 cm. Stamens in male flowers 3, connected to a central column. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short elliptical, 5.5-6.0 cm long and 3.5–4.0 cm in diameter, glabrous, when unripe green, ripe orange-red, sometimes with remaining yellowish longitudinal mottling. Seeds 5-6 × 3 × 1.5 mm (L/W/H), slightly asymmetrically obovate, face flat.

== Distribution ==
Widespread in the highlands of [[Ethiopia]] between 1300 and 2800 m.

== Ecology ==
Along lake shores, in forest clearings and degraded forests, evergreen shrublands. Cultivated. Flowering between June and October.

== Use ==
''Coccinia abyssinica'' tubers are an important staple crop in the Ethiopian highlands. The tubers are rich in [[starch]] and are cooked. Also the young shoots and the leaves are cooked and eaten around Dembi Dolo, Oromia State<ref name="Hora1995">Hora, A. (1995). "Anchote: an endemic tuber crop". Jimma College of Agriculture, Jimma, Ethiopia, 75 pp.</ref>. The edibility of the fruits is disputed, eventually, there are different races. There are also beliefs about medical use, but none is scientifically verified so far. The relatively high content of [[calcium]] might be the reason for the local belief that eating ''C. abyssinica'' helpsagainst fractured bones.<ref name="Hora1995"/>

== Systematics and evolution ==
According to molecular analyses,<ref name="Holstein&Renner2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2= Renner | first2 = Susanne S. | title = A dated phylogeny and collection records reveal repeated biome shifts in the African genus ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-28 | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 11 | pages = 28 | year = 2011}}</ref> ''Coccinia abyssinica'' is closely related to ''[[Coccinia megarrhiza]]''. Both species look similar, but, among other character traits, they differ by the leaf shape. The leaves of ''C. abyssinica'' have a long pointed (central) tip, while the tip of ''C. megarrhiza'' leaves are acute or obtuse. ''Coccinia abyssinica'' is distributed in the more humid highlands, while ''C. megarrhiza'' occurs in the dry lowlands.<ref name="Holstein&Renner2011"/>. Both species belong to the ''[[Coccinia rehmannii|C. rehmannii]]''-clade that shares the character of usually producing a dark green halo around the white spots on ripening fruits.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Coccinia pwaniensis

2017-02-05T15:40:04Z

Pharaoh han: /* Description */

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image =
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. pwaniensis'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia pwaniensis''
|binomial_authority = [[Norbert Holstein|Holstein]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia pwaniensis''''' is an East African species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' that was first described in 2010.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 3 m. Young shoots are glabrous and green and later make a grey to reddish-grey bark. Leaves are alternate with 0.6 to 4.1 cm long petiole, lamina 2–10 × 2.7–11.4 cm, shallowly to profoundly 3-lobate (rarely 5-lobate). Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina and petiole with sparse hairs that appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. [[Probract]]s 2-3 mm long.

Flowers in male plants in long many-flowered [[raceme]]s, in female plants solitary. [[Calyx]] with 5 very acute ("subulate"), 2.5–3.5  mm long lobes. [[Corolla]] 1.7–2.6 cm long, pale yellowish-orange. [[Stamen]]s in male flowers 3, combined to a single column. [[Anther]]s sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short cylindrical, 6.2–8.0 cm long and 1.8–2.3 cm in diameter. Seeds 6.5-7.0 × 4.0-4.5 × ca. 1.5 mm (L/W/H), symmetrically obovate, face lenticular.

== Distribution ==
[[File:Coastal forest @ Pugu Hills.JPG|thumb|''Coccinia pwaniensis'' also grows in the coastal forests of the [[Pugu Hills]] near [[Daressalam]].]]
''Coccinia pwaniensis'' occurs along the margins of northern East African coastal forests in SE [[Kenya]], E and NE [[Tanzania]].

== Etymology ==
The epithet is derived from the [[Swahili]] word for "coast", referring to the distribution of the species.

== Hybridization ==
The species is known to produce sterile hybrids with ''[[Coccinia grandis]]'' in the wild.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Renner | first2 = S.S. | title = ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) gains two new species from East Africa, three new synonyms, and one new combination | doi = 10.1007/s12225-010-9229-9 | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 435–441 | year = 2010}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Coccinia pwaniensis

2017-02-05T15:39:42Z

Pharaoh han: References are listed under "Literature"

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image =
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. pwaniensis'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia pwaniensis''
|binomial_authority = [[Norbert Holstein|Holstein]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia pwaniensis''''' is an East African species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' that was first described in 2010.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 3 m. Young shoots are glabrous and green and later make a grey to reddish-grey bark. Leaves are alternate with 0.6 to 4.1 cm long petiole, lamina 2–10 × 2.7–11.4 cm, shallowly to profoundly 3-lobate (rarely 5-lobate). Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina and petiole with sparse hairs that appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. [[Probract]]s 2-3 mm long.

Flowers in male plants in long many-flowered [[raceme]]s, in female plants solitary. [[Calyx]] with 5 very acute ("subulate"), 2.5–3.5  mm long lobes. [[Corolla]] 1.7–2.6 cm long, pale yellowish-orange. [[Stamen]]s in male flowers 3, combined to a single column. [[Anther]]s sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short cylindrical, 6.2–8.0 cm long and 1.8–2.3 cm in diameter. Seeds 6.5-7.0 × 4.0-4.5 × ca. 1.5 mm (L/W/H), symmetrically obovate, facelenticular.

== Distribution ==
[[File:Coastal forest @ Pugu Hills.JPG|thumb|''Coccinia pwaniensis'' also grows in the coastal forests of the [[Pugu Hills]] near [[Daressalam]].]]
''Coccinia pwaniensis'' occurs along the margins of northern East African coastal forests in SE [[Kenya]], E and NE [[Tanzania]].

== Etymology ==
The epithet is derived from the [[Swahili]] word for "coast", referring to the distribution of the species.

== Hybridization ==
The species is known to produce sterile hybrids with ''[[Coccinia grandis]]'' in the wild.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Renner | first2 = S.S. | title = ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) gains two new species from East Africa, three new synonyms, and one new combination | doi = 10.1007/s12225-010-9229-9 | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 435–441 | year = 2010}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

User talk:NeedAGoodUsername

2017-02-05T15:39:03Z

Pharaoh han: /* Coccinia pwaniensis */ new section

My talk page. [[User:NeedAGoodUsername|NeedAGoodUsername]] ([[User talk:NeedAGoodUsername#top|talk]]) 23:01, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

== [[Coccinia pwaniensis]] ==

The only two existing sources for information on this species are cited under "Literature". --[[User:Pharaoh han|Pharaoh han]] ([[User talk:Pharaoh han|talk]]) 15:39, 5 February 2017 (UTC)

User talk:Ludwig20

2017-02-05T15:37:59Z

Pharaoh han: /* Coccinia pwaniensis */ new section

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[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello Adem20. You tagged "[[Alexander Gaalema]]" for speedy deletion, but you did not notify the article's creator that it had been so tagged. There is strong consensus that the creators of articles tagged for speedy deletion should be warned and that the person placing the tag has that responsibility. All of the major speedy deletion templates contain a pre-formatted warning for this purpose—just copy and paste to the creator's talk page. Thank you.{{z19}} [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 14:44, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

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If you wish to edit any article it is part of the guideline that an author must indicate or provide an explanation of what action he had just carried out. Do follow due process next time so as to avoid strenuous activities & unnecessary complications that are likely to occur due to our negligence of the rules and regulations.

That being said, Do have you a wonderful day. [[User:Celestina007|Celestina007]] ([[User talk:Celestina007|talk]]) 21:09, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

No, I'm trying to help the occasional editors. --[[User:Adem20|Adem20]] ([[User talk:Adem20#top|talk]]) 07:41, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

:How does leaving an edit summary prevent you being helpful to occasional editors?
:{{myprefs|3|check=Prompt me when entering a blank edit summary}}
:-- [[User:Cabayi|Cabayi]] ([[User talk:Cabayi|talk]]) 10:18, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

No, it does not prevent me, I can help the editors even without using edit summary. --[[User:Adem20|Adem20]] ([[User talk:Adem20#top|talk]]) 12:13, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

== [[Jonathan Michael Lindsay]] ==

Hi there! I very much appreciate your work patrolling new pages. However, I'd like to draw your attention to Wikipedia's policy on [[WP:BITE|biting the newcomers]]. Tagging a page for deletion moments after creation is considered uncivil and may drive away newcomers whose edits are made in [[WP:FAITH|good faith]]. It's generally a good idea to give a page no less than 10 minutes before tagging unless, of course, it's an attack page or some other sort of vandalism. If I can be of any assistance, [[User talk:Non-dropframe|you know where to find me]]. —[[User:Non-dropframe|Non-Dropframe]] [[User talk:Non-dropframe|talk]] 21:32, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

== [[John Plankinton statue]] ==

Adem - I think you were a little quick to tag my new article as ''unreferenced'' and ''uncategorized'' BOTH within 1 minute of when I created it as a new article. Perhaps you should wait a day or 2 to see what happens to a new article. I have a pretty good idea what to do with [[User:Doug Coldwell/Did You Know articles|my background of a few Did You Know articles]] and [[User:Doug Coldwell|a few GAs]]. I would recommend to wait at least 1 day to see what happens to a new article = probably many of these things will be ironed out AND THEN you can save your a lot of work. Just some ideas for you, as obviously you are new at this.--[[User:Doug Coldwell|Doug Coldwell]] ([[User talk:Doug Coldwell|talk]]) 13:20, 4 February 2017 (UTC)
Excuse me, I'm be very careful after that. --[[User:Adem20|Adem20]] ([[User talk:Adem20#top|talk]]) 14:12, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

== New Page Review - newsletter No.2 ==

<div style="border:2px solid #90C0FF; background:#F0F0FF; width:99%; padding:4px">
Hello {{BASEPAGENAME}},[[File:Wikipedia New page reviewer.svg|right|120px]]
;<big>A '''HUGE''' backlog</big>
We now have {{NUMBERINGROUP:patroller}} New Page Reviewers! 
Most of us requested the user right at [[WP:PERM|PERM]], expressing a wish to be able to do something about the huge backlog, but the chart on the right does not demonstrate any changes to the pre-user-right levels of October.
[[File:New_Pages_backlog_2016_-5_Feb_2017.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Hitting {{red|17,000}} soon]]
The backlog is still steadily growing at a rate of 150 a day or 4,650 a month. '''Only 20 reviews a day''' by each reviewer over the next few days would bring the backlog down to a managable level and the daily input can then be processed by each reviewer doing '''only 2 or 3 reviews a day''' - that's about 5 minutes work! 
It didn't work in time to relax for the Xmas/New Year holidays. Let's see if we can achieve our goal before Easter, otherwise by Thanksgiving it will be closer to {{red|70,000}}.
;<big>'''Second set of eyes'''</big>
Remember that we are the only guardians of quality of new articles, we alone have to ensure that pages are being correctly tagged by non-Reviewer patrollers and that new authors are not being bitten.
;Abuse
This is even more important and extra vigilance is required considering [[Orangemoody]], and
#[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents&oldid=762820989#Kavdiamanju_and_unconfessed_paid_advertising this very recent case] of paid advertising by a Reviewer resulting in a community [[WP:BAN|ban]].
#[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents&oldid=758687308#Proposal_to_ban_FoCuSandLeArN_due_to_undisclosed_paid_editing this case in January] of paid advertising by a Reviewer, also resulting in a community [[WP:BAN|ban]].
#[[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Scorpion293/Archive|This Reviewer]] is indefinitely blocked for sockpuppetry.
===Coordinator election===
[[user:Kudpung|Kudpung]] is stepping down after 6 years as unofficial coordinator of New Page Patrolling/Reviewing. There is enough work for two people and two coords are now required. Details are at [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Coordination#New Page Review Coordinators|NPR Coordinators]]; nominate someone or nominate yourself. Date for the actual suffrage will be published later.
<hr>
Discuss this newsletter [[Wikipedia talk:New pages patrol/Reviewers|here]]. If you wish to opt-out of future mailings, please remove yourself from [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers/Newsletter list|the mailing list]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:11, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
</div>


== [[Coccinia pwaniensis]] ==

The only two existing sources for information on this species are cited under "Literature". --[[User:Pharaoh han|Pharaoh han]] ([[User talk:Pharaoh han|talk]]) 15:37, 5 February 2017 (UTC)

Coccinia pwaniensis

2017-02-05T13:57:39Z

Pharaoh han: ←Created page with '{{italic title}} {{taxobox |image = |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo...'

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image =
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. pwaniensis'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia pwaniensis''
|binomial_authority = [[Norbert Holstein|Holstein]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia pwaniensis''''' is an East African species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' that was first described in 2010.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 3 m. Young shoots are glabrous and green and later make a grey to reddish-grey bark. Leaves are alternate with 0.6 to 4.1 cm long petiole, lamina 2–10 × 2.7–11.4 cm, shallowly to profoundly 3-lobate (rarely 5-lobate). Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina and petiole with sparse hairs that appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. [[Probract]]s 2-3 mm long.

Flowers in male plants in long many-flowered [[raceme]]s, in female plants solitary. [[Calyx]] with 5 very acute ("subulate"), 2.5–3.5  mm long lobes. [[Corolla]] 1.7–2.6 cm long, pale yellowish-orange. [[Stamen]]s in male flowers 3, combined to a single column. [[Anther]]s sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short cylindrical, 6.2–8.0 cm long and 1.8–2.3 cm in diameter. Seeds 6.5-7.0 × 4.0-4.5 × ca. 1.5 mm (L/W/H), symmetrically obovate, facelenticular.

== Distribution ==
[[File:Coastal forest @ Pugu Hills.JPG|thumb|''Coccinia pwaniensis'' also grows in the coastal forests of the [[Pugu Hills]] near [[Daressalam]].]]
''Coccinia pwaniensis'' occurs along the margins of northern East African coastal forests in SE [[Kenya]], E and NE [[Tanzania]].

== Etymology ==
The epithet is derived from the [[Swahili]] word for "coast", referring to the distribution of the species.

== Hybridization ==
The species is known to produce sterile hybrids with ''[[Coccinia grandis]]'' in the wild.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Renner | first2 = S.S. | title = ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) gains two new species from East Africa, three new synonyms, and one new combination | doi = 10.1007/s12225-010-9229-9 | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 435–441 | year = 2010}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Tremandraceae

2017-01-27T14:31:31Z

Pharaoh han:

[[File:Tetratheca pilosa - Lemaire.jpg|thumb|''Tetratheca pilosa'']]

'''Tremandraceae''' [[Robert Brown (botanist)| R. Br.]] ex [[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]] is the [[Botanical name|name]] of a defunct [[Family (biology)| family]] of [[flowering plant]]s. It contained three [[genera]]: ''[[Platytheca]]'', ''[[Tetratheca]]'', and ''[[Tremandra]]''. In 2006, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study showed that Tremandraceae is embedded in [[Elaeocarpaceae]]. <ref name="crayn2006"> Darren M. Crayn, Maurizio Rossetto, and David J. Maynard. 2006. "Molecular phylogeny and dating reveals an Oligo-Miocene radiation of dry-adapted shrubs (former Tremandraceae) from rainforest tree progenitors (Elaeocarpaceae) in Australia". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''93'''(9):1328-1342. [[doi:10.3732/ajb.93.9.1328]]</ref> Recognizing Tremandraceae as a separate family would make Elaeocarpaceae [[paraphyletic]].

Tremandraceae was first recognized by [[Robert Brown (botanist)| Robert Brown]] in 1814, as Tremandreae, before the suffix - aceae was used to denote plant families. Brown's name was not validly published, but the name was [[Valid name (botany)| validated]] by [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] in 1824. The name Tremandreae is still sometimes used for this group, but at the [[taxonomic rank]] of [[Tribe (biology)| tribe]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/tremandr.htm Tremandraceae]

[[Category:Oxalidales]]
[[Category:Historically recognized angiosperm families]]
{{Oxalidales-stub}}

Coccinia sessilifolia

2017-01-15T16:39:52Z

Pharaoh han: /* Description */

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Coccinia sessilifolia-IMG 5464.jpg
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. sessilifolia'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia sessilifolia''
|binomial_authority = ([[Otto Wilhelm Sonder|Sond.]]) [[Alfred Cogniaux|Cogn.]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia sessilifolia''''' is a species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' from southern Africa.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. The plants produce a woody [[hypocotyl]] [[tuber]] and herbaceous, up to 5 m long shoots. The shoorts are glabrous and have a waxy bluish green cover. Leaves are alternate usually sessile. Only the first leaves leaves of the shoots and in rare cases on mature shoots, short petioles cann be observed. The lamina is 1.5–12.5 × 2.2–13.5 cm, usually profoundly 5-lobate, more or less amplexicaulous. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, glabrous, often with small dark glands along the main nerves. Tendrils are simple, very rarely unequally bifid. [[Probract]]s up to 1.7 mm long but usually missing.

Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes male flowers are in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 1.5–3.5 mm long, lanceolate to (narrow) triangulate, erect to reflexed. Corolla 1.5–3 cm long, whitish cream to pale
yellow, rarely dull orange-brown with conspicuous green venation, lobes 0.9–2 cm. Stamens 3, reduced to staminodia in female flowers. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Ovary cylindrical, glabrous. Style in male flowers minning, in female flowers columnar, greenish yellow. Stigmas bulging, greenish yellow. Fruit 8–12 × 3–4 cm, ellipsoid to oblong, when immature green with white longitudinal spots to stripes with waxy bloom, ripe red. Seeds 6–8 × 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, more or less symmetrically obovate, face flat.

Male and female plants have (2''n''=) 24 equally sized chromosomes .

== Distribution ==
''Coccinia sessilifolia'' occurs in [[South Africa]] ([[Gauteng]], [[Free State]], [[Limpopo]], [[Mpumalanga]], [[North West (South African province)|North West]], and western [[Northern Cape]]), [[Namibia]] ([[Erongo]], [[Khomas]], [[Oshana]], [[Otjozondjupa]]), and [[Botswana]] ([[Central District (Botswana)|Central District]]. [[Kgatleng]], [[North-West District (Botswana)|North-West District]], [[South-East District (Botswana)|South-East District]]).

== Ecology ==
Semi-arid open habitats, except for Cape region and high mountains. Flowering January–May, October–December.

== Systematics and evolution ==
According to molecular DNA analyses, ''Coccinia sessilifolia'' is related to other [[South Africa]]n species, such as ''[[Coccinia hirtella]]'', ''[[Coccinia mackenii]]'', and ''[[Coccinia quinqueloba]]''. Some populations from the western part of Limpopo province have long petioles, but share all other characters with ''Coccinia sessilifolia''. These were described as a distinct species: ''Coccinia variifolia'' [[Adrianus Dirk Jacob Meeuse|A.Meeuse]]. Due to the strong similarities and the close relationship in the molecular phylogeny, Holstein (2015) interpreted that these populations are better dealt with as a variety of ''C. sessilifolia''. Since long petioles are the dominant character state in all closer relatives, ''Coccinia sessilifolia'' var. ''variifolia'' can either be interpreted as a relict of long-petiolate ancestors or a secondary development of an ancestral character.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Coccinia sessilifolia

2017-01-15T16:28:26Z

Pharaoh han: ←Created page with '{{italic title}} {{taxobox |image = Coccinia sessilifolia-IMG 5464.jpg |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots...'

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Coccinia sessilifolia-IMG 5464.jpg
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. sessilifolia'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia sessilifolia''
|binomial_authority = ([[Otto Wilhelm Sonder|Sond.]]) [[Alfred Cogniaux|Cogn.]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia sessilifolia''''' is a species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' from southern Africa.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. The plants produce a woody [[hypocotyl]] [[tuber]] and herbaceous, up to 5 m long shoots. The shoorts are glabrous and have a waxy bluish green cover. Leaves are alternate usually sessile. Only the first leaves leaves of the shoots and in rare cases on mature shoots, short petioles cann be observed. The lamina is 1.5–12.5 × 2.2–13.5 cm, usually profoundly 5-lobate, more or less amplexicaulous. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, glabrous, often with small dark glands along the main nerves. Tendrils are simple, very rarely unequally bifid. [[Probract]]s up to 1.7 mm long but usually missing.

Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes male flowers are in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 1.5–3.5 mm long, lanceolate to (narrow) triangulate, erect to reflexed. Corolla 1.5–3 cm long, whitish cream to pale
yellow, rarely dull orange-brown with conspicuous green venation, lobes 0.9–2 cm. Stamens 3, reduced to staminodia in female flowers. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Ovary cylindrical, glabrous. Style in male flowers minning, in female flowers columnar, greenish yellow. Stigmas bulging, greenish yellow. Fruit 8–12 × 3–4 cm, ellipsoid to oblong, when immature green with white longitudinal spots to stripes with waxy bloom, ripe red. Seeds 6–8 × 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, more or less symmetrically obovate, face flat.

Male and female plants have (2''n'') 24 equally sized chromosomes .

== Distribution ==
''Coccinia sessilifolia'' occurs in [[South Africa]] ([[Gauteng]], [[Free State]], [[Limpopo]], [[Mpumalanga]], [[North West (South African province)|North West]], and western [[Northern Cape]]), [[Namibia]] ([[Erongo]], [[Khomas]], [[Oshana]], [[Otjozondjupa]]), and [[Botswana]] ([[Central District (Botswana)|Central District]]. [[Kgatleng]], [[North-West District (Botswana)|North-West District]], [[South-East District (Botswana)|South-East District]]).

== Ecology ==
Semi-arid open habitats, except for Cape region and high mountains. Flowering January–May, October–December.

== Systematics and evolution ==
According to molecular DNA analyses, ''Coccinia sessilifolia'' is related to other [[South Africa]]n species, such as ''[[Coccinia hirtella]]'', ''[[Coccinia mackenii]]'', and ''[[Coccinia quinqueloba]]''. Some populations from the western part of Limpopo province have long petioles, but share all other characters with ''Coccinia sessilifolia''. These were described as a distinct species: ''Coccinia variifolia'' [[Adrianus Dirk Jacob Meeuse|A.Meeuse]]. Due to the strong similarities and the close relationship in the molecular phylogeny, Holstein (2015) interpreted that these populations are better dealt with as a variety of ''C. sessilifolia''. Since long petioles are the dominant character state in all closer relatives, ''Coccinia sessilifolia'' var. ''variifolia'' can either be interpreted as a relict of long-petiolate ancestors or a secondary development of an ancestral character.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Coccinia grandiflora

2017-01-15T16:00:56Z

Pharaoh han:

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Coccinia grandiflora @ Amani, TNZ.JPG
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. grandiflora'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia grandiflora''
|binomial_authority = [[Alfred Cogniaux|Cogn.]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia grandiflora''''' is an East African species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' which was first described in 1895 by Alfred Cogniaux.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 20 m and up to 6 cm in diameter. Leaves are alternate with 2.5-13 cm long petiole, lamina 12–20 × 11–20 cm, profoundly 5-lobate, more or less auriculate. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, glabrous, often with small dark glands along the main nerves. Fresh shoots, lower sides of petioles and leaves are glabrous, sometimes with soft white hairs. Tendrils unequally bifid. [[Probract]]s up to 5 mm long.

Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 4–13 mm long, lineal, narrowly lanceolate to triangulate, tip subulate to subacute. Corolla 4–6.5 cm long, apricot, salmon, yellowish-buff to yellow, lobes 2–4.7 cm. Stamens 3, reduced to staminodia in female flowers. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Ovary cylindrical, glabrous.
Style columnar, yellowish to buff. Stigmas 2-lobed, yellow. Fruits cylindrical, up to 30 cm long and 2–4 cm in diameter, glabrous, when unripe green, ripe (orange-)red. Seeds 4.5 × 2.5 × 1–1.2 mm (L/W/H), symmetrically obovate, face flatly lenticular.

Chromosomes 2''n'' = 24.

== Distribution ==
SE [[Kenya]], NE to S [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], W [[Mocambique]], E [[Zimbabwe]].

== Ecology ==
Lowland rainforest communities, gallery forests, humid woodlands that degraded from rainforest. Flowering around the year.

== Etymology ==
The epithet refers to the large flowers, however, similarily large flowers are also found in the closely related<ref name="Holstein&Renner2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2= Renner | first2 = Susanne S. | title = A dated phylogeny and collection records reveal repeated biome shifts in the African genus ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-28 | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 11 | pages = 28 | year = 2011}}</ref> ''[[Coccinia schliebenii]]''.

== Systematics and evolution ==
According to molecular analyses,<ref name="Holstein&Renner2011"/> ''Coccinia grandiflora'' is closely related to ''[[Coccinia schliebenii]]''. Both species share large flowers and cylindrical fruits and ocur in rainforests and humid woodland communities. Their common ancestor likely evolved from a species occurring in drier woodlands.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Coccinia grandiflora

2017-01-14T16:29:52Z

Pharaoh han: ←Created page with '{{italic title}} {{taxobox |image = Coccinia grandiflora @ Amani, TNZ.JPG |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicot...'

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|image = Coccinia grandiflora @ Amani, TNZ.JPG
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Coccinia]]''
|species = '''''C. grandiflora'''''
|binomial = ''Coccinia grandiflora''
|binomial_authority = [[Alfred Cogniaux|Cogn.]]
|}}

'''''Coccinia grandiflora''''' is an East African species of ''[[Coccinia]]'' which was first described in 1895 by Alfred Cogniaux.

== Description ==
Perennial, [[dioecy|dioecious]] climber. Shoot length up to 20 m and up to 6 cm in diameter.Leaves alternate with 2.5-13 cm long petiole, lamina 12–20 × 11–20 cm, profoundly 5-lobate, more or less auriculate. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, glabrous, often with small dark glands along the main nerves. Fresh shoots, lower sides of petioles and leaves are glabrous, sometimes with soft white hairs. Tendrils unequally bifid. [[Probract]]s up to 5 mm long.

Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 4–13 mm long, lineal, narrowly lanceolate to triangulate, tip subulate to subacute. Corolla 4–6.5 cm long, apricot, salmon, yellowish-buff to yellow, lobes 2–4.7 cm. Stamens 3, reduced to staminodia in female flowers. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Ovary cylindrical, glabrous.
Style columnar, yellowish to buff. Stigmas 2-lobed, yellow. Fruits cylindrical, up to 30 cm long and 2–4 cm in diameter, glabrous, when unripe green, ripe (orange-)red. Seeds 4.5 × 2.5 × 1–1.2 mm (L/W/H), symmetrically obovate, face flatly lenticular.

Chromosomes 2''n'' = 24.

== Distribution ==
SE [[Kenya]], NE to S [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], W [[Mocambique]], E [[Zimbabwe]].

== Ecology ==
Lowland rainforest communities, gallery forests, humid woodlands that degraded from rainforest. Flowering around the year.

== Etymology ==
The epithet refers to the large flowers, however, similarily large flowers are also found in the closely related<ref name=Holstein&Renner2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2= Renner | first2 = Susanne S. | title = A dated phylogeny and collection records reveal repeated biome shifts in the African genus ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-28 | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 11 | pages = 28 | year = 2011}}</ref> ''[[Coccinia schliebenii]]''.

== Systematics and evolution ==
According to molecular analyses<ref name=Holstein&Renner2011" />, ''Coccinia grandiflora'' is closely related to ''[[Coccinia schliebenii]]''. Both species share large flowers and cylindrical fruits and ocur in rainforests and humid woodland communities. Their common ancestor likely evolved from a species occurring in drier woodlands.

== Literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1–166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Omphalodes

2017-01-09T14:55:29Z

Pharaoh han:

{{taxobox
|name =
|image = Cynoglossum_omphalodes_1797.jpg
|image_width =
|image_caption = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = ([[Incertae sedis|unplaced]])
|familia = [[Boraginaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Boraginoideae]]
|genus = '''''Omphalodes'''''
|genus_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill]], 1754
|type_species = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|type_species_authority =
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = [[List of Omphalodes species|see species list]]
|}}

'''''Omphalodes''''' ('''navelwort''') is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. Widely distributed in the [[temperateness|temperate]] Northern Hemisphere. In spring they produce blue or white flowers similar to [[forget-me-nots]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1-4053-3296-4|pages=1136}}</ref>

Both the Greek ''Omphalodes'' (navel-like) and the English "navelwort" refer to the shape of the seeds.<ref name=AZPLA>{{cite book|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=The A to Z of plant names|year=2012|publisher=Timber Press|location=USA|isbn=978-1-60469-196-2|pages=312}}</ref>

''[[Omphalodes verna|O. verna]]'' and cultivars of ''[[Omphalodes cappadocica|O. cappadocica]]'' are grown in gardens for their blue flowers which in spring appear above the leaves in loose sprays. They are woodland plants, preferring some shade.

==Systematics==
The genus ''Omphalodes'' traditionally contained many species that have been split-off in 2014 and 2016<ref name=oteroetal2014>{{Cite journal | last1 = Otero | first1 = A. | last2 = Jiménez-Mejías | first2 = P. | last3 = Valcárcel | first3 = V. | last4 = Vargas | first4 = P. |title = Molecular phylogenetics and morphology support two new genera (''Memoremea'' and ''Nihon'') of Boraginaceae s.s. | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 173 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–277 | year = 2014}}</ref><ref name=serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1-14 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American “''Omphalodes''” based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref> The Japanese "''Omphalodes''" and "''Omphalodes scorpioides''" turned out not to be closely related to ''Omphalodes'', and were separated as own genera, ''[[Nihon (genus)|Nihon]]'' and ''[[Memoremea]]'' respectively<ref name=oteroetal2014 />. Serrano et al. separated the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] annual species as ''[[Iberodes]]''<ref name=serranoetal2016 />. This left the remainder of species from Western Eurasia as sister to New World species, including the [[Chatham Islands]] (off the coast of [[New Zealand]]) endemic species ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]''. The clade of the New World species also included the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] (off the coast of Chile) endemic ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' and three species formerly placed to ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', which were then transferred to a more broadly circumscribed genus ''[[Selkirkia (plant)|Selkirkia]]''<ref name=holsteinetal2016a />. The majority of the North American "''Omphalodes''" species were then split-off as ''[[Mimophytum]]''<ref name=holsteinetal2016b />.

''Omphalodes'' in its strict sense comprises Western Eurasian perennial species with a creeping [[rhizome]] <ref name=holsteinetal2016b />.

==References==
{{reflist}}

<gallery>
Image:Omphalodes cappadocica 1.jpg|''[[Omphalodes cappadocica]]''
Image:Omphalodes_verna_(4).jpg|''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
</gallery>

{{commons category|Omphalodes}}

{{Omphalodes}}

[[Category:Omphalodes| ]]

Omphalodes

2017-01-09T14:55:09Z

Pharaoh han: O. scorpioides (not Omphalodes anymore) image changed to O. aliena (type species)

{{taxobox
|name =
|image = Cynoglossum_omphalodes_1797
|image_width =
|image_caption = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = ([[Incertae sedis|unplaced]])
|familia = [[Boraginaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Boraginoideae]]
|genus = '''''Omphalodes'''''
|genus_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill]], 1754
|type_species = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|type_species_authority =
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = [[List of Omphalodes species|see species list]]
|}}

'''''Omphalodes''''' ('''navelwort''') is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. Widely distributed in the [[temperateness|temperate]] Northern Hemisphere. In spring they produce blue or white flowers similar to [[forget-me-nots]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1-4053-3296-4|pages=1136}}</ref>

Both the Greek ''Omphalodes'' (navel-like) and the English "navelwort" refer to the shape of the seeds.<ref name=AZPLA>{{cite book|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=The A to Z of plant names|year=2012|publisher=Timber Press|location=USA|isbn=978-1-60469-196-2|pages=312}}</ref>

''[[Omphalodes verna|O. verna]]'' and cultivars of ''[[Omphalodes cappadocica|O. cappadocica]]'' are grown in gardens for their blue flowers which in spring appear above the leaves in loose sprays. They are woodland plants, preferring some shade.

==Systematics==
The genus ''Omphalodes'' traditionally contained many species that have been split-off in 2014 and 2016<ref name=oteroetal2014>{{Cite journal | last1 = Otero | first1 = A. | last2 = Jiménez-Mejías | first2 = P. | last3 = Valcárcel | first3 = V. | last4 = Vargas | first4 = P. |title = Molecular phylogenetics and morphology support two new genera (''Memoremea'' and ''Nihon'') of Boraginaceae s.s. | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 173 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–277 | year = 2014}}</ref><ref name=serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1-14 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American “''Omphalodes''” based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref> The Japanese "''Omphalodes''" and "''Omphalodes scorpioides''" turned out not to be closely related to ''Omphalodes'', and were separated as own genera, ''[[Nihon (genus)|Nihon]]'' and ''[[Memoremea]]'' respectively<ref name=oteroetal2014 />. Serrano et al. separated the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] annual species as ''[[Iberodes]]''<ref name=serranoetal2016 />. This left the remainder of species from Western Eurasia as sister to New World species, including the [[Chatham Islands]] (off the coast of [[New Zealand]]) endemic species ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]''. The clade of the New World species also included the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] (off the coast of Chile) endemic ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' and three species formerly placed to ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', which were then transferred to a more broadly circumscribed genus ''[[Selkirkia (plant)|Selkirkia]]''<ref name=holsteinetal2016a />. The majority of the North American "''Omphalodes''" species were then split-off as ''[[Mimophytum]]''<ref name=holsteinetal2016b />.

''Omphalodes'' in its strict sense comprises Western Eurasian perennial species with a creeping [[rhizome]] <ref name=holsteinetal2016b />.

==References==
{{reflist}}

<gallery>
Image:Omphalodes cappadocica 1.jpg|''[[Omphalodes cappadocica]]''
Image:Omphalodes_verna_(4).jpg|''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
</gallery>

{{commons category|Omphalodes}}

{{Omphalodes}}

[[Category:Omphalodes| ]]

Omphalodes

2017-01-09T14:32:21Z

Pharaoh han: Taxonomic update. O. scorpioides is not an Omphalodes anymore (see text)

{{taxobox
|name =
|image = Omphalodes scorpioides2 eF.jpg
|image_width =
|image_caption = ''[[Omphalodes scorpioides]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = ([[Incertae sedis|unplaced]])
|familia = [[Boraginaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Boraginoideae]]
|genus = '''''Omphalodes'''''
|genus_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill]], 1754
|type_species = ''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
|type_species_authority =
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = [[List of Omphalodes species|see species list]]
|}}

'''''Omphalodes''''' ('''navelwort''') is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] Boraginaceae. Widely distributed in the [[temperateness|temperate]] Northern Hemisphere. In spring they produce blue or white flowers similar to [[forget-me-nots]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1-4053-3296-4|pages=1136}}</ref>

Both the Greek ''Omphalodes'' (navel-like) and the English "navelwort" refer to the shape of the seeds.<ref name=AZPLA>{{cite book|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=The A to Z of plant names|year=2012|publisher=Timber Press|location=USA|isbn=978-1-60469-196-2|pages=312}}</ref>

''[[Omphalodes verna|O. verna]]'' and cultivars of ''[[Omphalodes cappadocica|O. cappadocica]]'' are grown in gardens for their blue flowers which in spring appear above the leaves in loose sprays. They are woodland plants, preferring some shade.

==Systematics==
The genus ''Omphalodes'' traditionally contained many species that have been split-off in 2014 and 2016<ref name=oteroetal2014>{{Cite journal | last1 = Otero | first1 = A. | last2 = Jiménez-Mejías | first2 = P. | last3 = Valcárcel | first3 = V. | last4 = Vargas | first4 = P. |title = Molecular phylogenetics and morphology support two new genera (''Memoremea'' and ''Nihon'') of Boraginaceae s.s. | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 173 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–277 | year = 2014}}</ref><ref name=serranoetal2016>{{Cite journal | last1 = Serrano | first1 = M. | last2 = Carbajal | first2 = R. | last3 = Pereira Coutinho | first3 = A. | last4 = Ortiz | first4 = S. |title = Two new genera in the ''Omphalodes'' group (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) | journal = Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) | volume = 234 | pages = 1-14 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American “''Omphalodes''” based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref> The Japanese "''Omphalodes''" and "''Omphalodes scorpioides''" turned out not to be closely related to ''Omphalodes'', and were separated as own genera, ''[[Nihon (genus)|Nihon]]'' and ''[[Memoremea]]'' respectively<ref name=oteroetal2014 />. Serrano et al. separated the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] annual species as ''[[Iberodes]]''<ref name=serranoetal2016 />. This left the remainder of species from Western Eurasia as sister to New World species, including the [[Chatham Islands]] (off the coast of [[New Zealand]]) endemic species ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]''. The clade of the New World species also included the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] (off the coast of Chile) endemic ''[[Selkirkia berteroi]]'' and three species formerly placed to ''[[Cynoglossum]]'', which were then transferred to a more broadly circumscribed genus ''[[Selkirkia (plant)|Selkirkia]]''<ref name=holsteinetal2016a />. The majority of the North American "''Omphalodes''" species were then split-off as ''[[Mimophytum]]''<ref name=holsteinetal2016b />.

''Omphalodes'' in its strict sense comprises Western Eurasian perennial species with a creeping [[rhizome]] <ref name=holsteinetal2016b />.

==References==
{{reflist}}

<gallery>
Image:Omphalodes cappadocica 1.jpg|''[[Omphalodes cappadocica]]''
Image:Omphalodes_verna_(4).jpg|''[[Omphalodes verna]]''
</gallery>

{{commons category|Omphalodes}}

{{Omphalodes}}

[[Category:Omphalodes| ]]

Myosotidium

2017-01-09T14:02:13Z

Pharaoh han:

{{Italic title}}{{taxobox
|name = ''Myosotidium''
|image = mysotidium.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Myosotidium hortensia]]''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = (unplaced)
|familia = [[Boraginaceae]]
|genus = '''''Myosotidium'''''
|genus_authority = [[Hook.]]
|species = '''''M. hortensia'''''
|binomial = ''Myosotidium hortensia''
|binomial_authority = ([[Decne.]]) [[Baill.]]
|synonyms = ''Myosotis hortensia'' Decne.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24811| title= Taxon: ''Myosotis hortensia'' Decne.| accessdate=2008-07-20 | work=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area}}</ref>
}}
'''''Myosotidium''''' is a genus of plants belonging to the family [[Boraginaceae]]. This genus is represented by the single species '''''Myosotidium hortensia''''', the '''giant forget-me-not'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=MYHO4|taxon=Myosotidium hortensia|accessdate=15 July 2015}}</ref> or '''Chatham Islands forget-me-not''', which is [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the [[Chatham Islands]], [[New Zealand]]. The biogeography is yet unresolved, but its ancestors are likely from the American continent, as ''Myosotidium hortensia'' was found to be sister to the South American plant genus ''[[Selkirkia (plant)|Selkirkia]]''<ref name=holsteinetal2016a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Hilger | first3 = H. H. | last4 = Weigend | first4 = M. | title = No longer shipwrecked—''Selkirkia'' (Boraginaceae) back on the mainland with generic rearrangements in South American “''Omphalodes''” based on molecular data | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.4.1 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 231–251 | year = 2016}}</ref> and both genera being sister to the North American genus ''[[Mimophytum]]''<ref name=holsteinetal2016b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holstein | first1 = N. | last2 = Chacón | first2 = J. | last3 = Otero | first3 = A. | last4 = Jiménez-Mejías | first4 = P. | last5 = Weigend | first5 = M. | title = Towards a monophyletic ''Omphalodes''—or an expansion of North American ''Mimophytum'' | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3 | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 288 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | year = 2016}}</ref>.
''Myosotidium hortensia'' is a fleshy [[Herbaceous plant|herb]] with large orbicular somewhat fleshy leaves and appearingly parallel leaf venation. The inflorescence bears numerous blue flowers in the late spring. The relative large blackish seeds are winged. It is much planted as a garden ornamental flower in New Zealand and elsewhere. In addition to the blue-flowered species, 'Alba', a white flowered cultivar is also popular in cultivation. In its natural habitat, ''M. hortensia'' occurs near beaches under the direct influence of sea-water spray and sea-winds<ref name=holsteinetal2016a />.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Boraginaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of the Chatham Islands]]
[[Category:Monotypic asterid genera]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]

{{asterid-stub}}
{{NewZealand-plant-stub}}

Coccinia

2017-01-09T13:32:00Z

Pharaoh han: /* Primary literature */

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|name = ''Coccinia''
|image = Coccinia grandis.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Coccinia grandis]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Cucurbitoideae]]
|tribus = [[Benincaseae]]
|subtribus = [[Benincasinae]]
|genus = '''''Coccinia'''''
|genus_authority = [[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker Arnott|Arn.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision =
* ''[[Coccinia abyssinica|C. abyssinica]]'' (Ethiopian scarlet gourd)
* ''[[Coccinia adoensis|C. adoensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia barteri|C. barteri]]''
* ''[[Coccinia grandiflora|C. grandiflora]]''
* ''[[Coccinia grandis|C. grandis]]'' (ivy gourd)
* ''[[Coccinia heterophylla|C. heterophylla]]''
* ''[[Coccinia hirtella|C. hirtella]]''
* ''[[Coccinia intermedia|C. intermedia]]''
* ''[[Coccinia keayana|C. keayana]]''
* ''[[Coccinia longicarpa|C. longicarpa]]''
* ''[[Coccinia mackenii|C. mackenii]]''
* ''[[Coccinia megarrhiza|C. megarrhiza]]''
* ''[[Coccinia microphylla|C. microphylla]]''
* ''[[Coccinia mildbraedii|C. mildbraedii]]''
* ''[[Coccinia ogadensis|C. ogadensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia pwaniensis|C. pwaniensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia quinqueloba|C. quinqueloba]]''
* ''[[Coccinia racemiflora|C. racemiflora]]''
* ''[[Coccinia rehmannii|C. rehmannii]]''
* ''[[Coccinia samburuensis|C. samburuensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia schliebenii|C. schliebenii]]''
* ''[[Coccinia senensis|C. senensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia sessilifolia|C. sessilifolia]]''
* ''[[Coccinia subsessiliflora|C. subsessiliflora]]''
* ''[[Coccinia trilobata|C. trilobata]]''
| synonyms =
*''Cephalandra'' [[Schrad.]] ex [[Eckl.]] & [[Zeyh.]]
*''Physedra'' [[Hook.f.]]
*''Staphylosyce'' [[Hook.f.]]
|}}
The '''scarlet gourds''' are a genus ('''''Coccinia''''' from the Greek, ''kokkinia'' or ''kokkinias'' - "red" or "scarlet") with 25 species. It is distributed in sub-[[Sahara]]n [[Africa]] and with one species, [[Coccinia grandis|''C. grandis'']] also in South and South-east Asia, and it is also introduced into the New World. Incidentally, ''C. grandis'' is also a cultivated crop and it is used for culinary and medical purposes.

== Description ==
''Coccinia'' species are perennial climbing or creeping herbs. Climbing is supported by simple of unequally bifid tendrils. Most species develop a [[tuber]] from the [[hypocotyl]], sometimes on [[roots]]. The [[cotyledon]]s are simple, entire and have an blunt tip. The [[leaf|leaves]] are usually [[Petiole (botany)|stalked]], rarely [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]]. The leaves are simple to deeply lobed, usually with teeth along the margin. The lower leaf side often bears small [[nectar]]-producing glands.

''Coccinia'' species are [[dioecy|dioecious]], meaning that individual plants produce flowers with only male or only female organs. The [[sepal]]s are connected and have five triangulate to lineal lobes. The [[Petal|corolla]] is also connected at the base and has five free lobes. The color of the corolla is creamy white to yellowish orange, rarely also snow-white or pinkish.
The male flowers are solitary, in fascicles or often in [[raceme]]s, female flowers are usually solitary, sometimes also in racemes. Male flowers have three [[stamen]]s that are connected to a single filament column. The anthers form a globose head. The [[pollen]] is produced in S-shaped thecae. Female flowers have an inferior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] consisting of three [[carpel]]s and producing a single style. Each carpel ends in a bulging or 2-lobed stigma. Whereas male flowers lack any sign of female organs, female flowers contain three sterile stamens (staminodes). The fruit is a berry with red flesh and a red skin that rarely exhibits a white longitudinal mottling. The seeds are enclosed in a juicy hull ([[aril]]), grayish-beige, flat to lentil-shaped.

== Distribution ==
All species occur in sub-[[Sahara]]n Africa, from semi-arid [[savanna]]s to [[rain forest]]s, rarely also mountain forests. The species adapted to these different habitats one to several times independently.
<ref>Holstein, N., and S. S. Renner. 2011. A dated phylogeny and collection records reveal repeated biome shifts in the African genus ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 28. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/28 online]</ref> One species, ''C. grandis'' also occurs in tropical Asia, but is also spreading to Australia, several Pacific Islands and the tropical Americas. Sometimes it behaves invasive, e.g. in Hawaii, where it is regarded as obnoxious weed.

== Use ==
The genus ''Coccinia'' is best known for ''C. grandis'', commonly known as "ivy gourd". It fruits can be eaten raw when ripe or cooked when unripe. In the latter case, it is used in [[Curry|curries]]. Young leaves and shoots are also edible. All used plants are a good source of [[carotenoid]]s. The tuber of ''Coccinia abyssinica'' is cooked and a source of starch for the [[Oromo people]] in [[Ethiopia]]. Local culinary uses also exist. However, many species and also populations within species can be bitter due to [[cucurbitacin]]s.

''Coccinia grandis'' is also well known in [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] medicine for [[Diabetes|diabetes treatment]]. Also modern research seems to confirm this.

== Primary literature ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Holstein | first = N. | title = Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae) | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285 | journal = PhytoKeys | volume = 54 | pages = 1-166 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26312043| pmc =4547038 }}

==Gallery==

<gallery mode=packed caption="Ovary and fruit" heights=200>
Phytokeys.54.3285 oo 48746.jpg|Holstein (2015<ref name="Holstein 2015" />): "'''a''' Cross-section through an ovary of ''C. hirtella''. The ovules are anatropous with the micropyle facing outwards '''b''' Cross- and longitudinal section of a ''C. megarrhiza'' fruit. The seeds are enclosed in a hyaline hull (aril) and seemingly attached to the periphery '''c''' Cross-section through a fruit of ''C. sessilifolia''. Note that the vascular bundles in the lower left of the picture bend in the periphery, so the placentation is not parietal but involute."
Phytokeys.54.3285 oo 48747.jpg|Holstein (2015<ref name="Holstein 2015">Holstein, N. 2015. Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae). ''PhytoKeys'' 54: 1-166, [[doi:10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285]]</ref>): "'''a''' Ripening fruit of ''C. hirtella''. Note the typical lobulate leaves of this species in the lower right '''b''' Ripening fruit of ''C. sessilifolia''. The fruit, like the plant, bears a waxy bloom '''c''' Ripening fruits of ''C. megarrhiza'' have a dark green halo around the white longitudinal mottling. The left fruit is derived from pollination with ''C. megarrhiza'' pollen, whereas the smaller fruit on the right is derived from cross-pollination with ''C. trilobata'' (both pollinations were conducted on the same day)."
Coccinia grandis Ivy gourd compose.jpg|''Coccinia grandis'' is the only one distributed also out of Africa, its immature fruits are consumed cooked as a vegetable,<ref name="Holstein 2015" /> ripe fuits are edible raw.<ref name="Holstein 2015" />
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{Commonscat-inline}}
{{unimelb|Coccinia.html|Coccinia}}
{{AfricanPlants|Coccinia}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae genera]]

Buzz pollination

2016-08-09T10:53:08Z

Pharaoh han: +video

[[File:Buzz Pollination (Sonication) (10243478783).jpg|thumbnail|A bee using buzz pollination]]
[[File:Bumblebee buzzpollinating Solanum dulcamara.webm|thumb|Bumble bee buzz-pollinates ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'']]
'''Buzz pollination''' or '''sonication''' is a technique used by some bees, such as the ''[[Bombus morio]]'' and many other bumble bees, to release [[pollen]] which is more or less firmly held by the [[anthers]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Reproductive biology of six Brazilian Myrtaceae:‐is there a syndrome associated with buzz-pollination?|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2009.9672712|journal = New Zealand Journal of Botany|date = 2009-12-01|issn = 0028-825X|pages = 355–365|volume = 47|issue = 4|doi = 10.1080/0028825x.2009.9672712|first = Adriana De O.|last = Fidalgo|first2 = Astrid De M. P.|last2 = Kleinert}}</ref> The anther of buzz-pollinated species of plants is typically tubular, with an opening at only one end, and the pollen inside is smooth-grained and firmly attached. With self-fertile plants such as tomatoes, wind may be sufficient to shake loose the pollen through pores in the anther and accomplish [[pollination]]. Visits by bees may also shake loose some pollen. However, the most efficient pollination is accomplished by a few species who specialize in ''sonication'' or buzz pollination{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}.

In order to release the pollen, [[bumblebee]]s and some species of [[solitary bees]] are able to grab onto the flower and move their flight muscles rapidly, causing the flower and anthers to vibrate, dislodging pollen. This [[resonance|resonant vibration]] is called ''buzz pollination''. The [[honeybee]] cannot perform buzz pollination.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.pollinator.ca/bestpractices/images/Pollination%20in%20Agricultural%20Landscape_Woodcock_Final.pdf |title=Pollination in the Agricultural Landscape: Best Management Practices for Crop Pollination |author=Thomas S. Woodcock |publisher=Canadian Pollination Initiative (NSERC-CANPOLIN) |year=2012}}</ref> About 8% of the flowers of the world are primarily pollinated using buzz pollination{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}.

== Plants pollinated by buzz pollination ==
The following plants are pollinated more efficiently by buzz pollination:

* All ''[[Dodecatheon]]'' (shooting stars)
* ''[[Heliamphora]]''
* Many members of the [[Solanaceae]] family
** Many species of the genus ''[[Solanum]]''
*** [[Eggplant]]s
*** [[Potato]]es
*** [[Tomato]]es
*** ''Solanum cinereum'', an [[Australia]]n shrub
** ''[[Hibbertia]]''
** ''Dianella'' ([[Flax lily|flax lilies]])
* Some members of the genus ''[[Vaccinium]]''
** [[Blueberries]]
** [[Cranberry|Cranberries]]
* ''[[Arctostaphylos]]'' – manzanita
* Some [[Fabaceae]]
** ''[[Senna (plant)|Senna]]''

== Techniques for agricultural pollination of species normally requiring buzz pollination ==

[[Greenhouse]] grown tomatoes are unproductive without [[pollination management|aid in pollination]]. Traditionally, pollination has been done by shaking using electric vibrators (one brand name was "Electric Bee"), however, it has been found to be less expensive in human labor and plant breakage to use bumblebees within the greenhouses. In Australia, as bumblebees are not native, and Australia has a number of widely publicised environmental disasters caused by escaped introduced species ("[[feral species]]"), research is under way to adapt the use of the [[Fauna of Australia|Australian native]] ''[[Amegilla cingulata]]'' (blue banded bees) for the same task.<ref>Dollin A. (2006). "[http://www.aussiebee.com.au/abol-010.html Blue Banded Bee Pollination Trials at Adelaide Uni.]" ''Aussie Bee'', September 2006. Australian Native Bee Research Centre.</ref> This research is, however, competing with lobbying by potential importers of bumblebees, who would rather use those, disregarding the risk and the potential for developing a "home grown" solution.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Buzz pollination}}
* [http://www.anneleonard.com/buzz-pollination Buzz Pollination], Anne Leonard Lab.
* {{cite journal |author1=De Luca, P.A. |author2=Vallejo-Marín, M. |year=2013 |title=What's the 'buzz' about? The ecology and evolutionary significance of buzz-pollination |journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=429–435 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526613000630|doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2013.05.002}}
* Carl Zimmer, [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/11/science/unraveling-the-pollinating-secrets-of-a-bees-buzz.html Unraveling the Pollinating Secrets of a Bee’s Buzz], ''New York Times'', July 11, 2013.
* Sue Rosenthal, [http://baynature.org/articles/buzz-pollination/ Buzz Pollination], ''Bay Nature'', June 11, 2008.

[[Category:Beekeeping]]
[[Category:Bees]]
[[Category:Pollination]]

Buzz pollination

2016-08-09T10:50:44Z

Pharaoh han: /* External links */ +link to WP:commons

[[File:Buzz Pollination (Sonication) (10243478783).jpg|thumbnail|A bee using buzz pollination]]
'''Buzz pollination''' or '''sonication''' is a technique used by some bees, such as the ''[[Bombus morio]]'' and many other bumble bees, to release [[pollen]] which is more or less firmly held by the [[anthers]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Reproductive biology of six Brazilian Myrtaceae:‐is there a syndrome associated with buzz-pollination?|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2009.9672712|journal = New Zealand Journal of Botany|date = 2009-12-01|issn = 0028-825X|pages = 355–365|volume = 47|issue = 4|doi = 10.1080/0028825x.2009.9672712|first = Adriana De O.|last = Fidalgo|first2 = Astrid De M. P.|last2 = Kleinert}}</ref> The anther of buzz-pollinated species of plants is typically tubular, with an opening at only one end, and the pollen inside is smooth-grained and firmly attached. With self-fertile plants such as tomatoes, wind may be sufficient to shake loose the pollen through pores in the anther and accomplish [[pollination]]. Visits by bees may also shake loose some pollen. However, the most efficient pollination is accomplished by a few species who specialize in ''sonication'' or buzz pollination{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}.

In order to release the pollen, [[bumblebee]]s and some species of [[solitary bees]] are able to grab onto the flower and move their flight muscles rapidly, causing the flower and anthers to vibrate, dislodging pollen. This [[resonance|resonant vibration]] is called ''buzz pollination''. The [[honeybee]] cannot perform buzz pollination.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.pollinator.ca/bestpractices/images/Pollination%20in%20Agricultural%20Landscape_Woodcock_Final.pdf |title=Pollination in the Agricultural Landscape: Best Management Practices for Crop Pollination |author=Thomas S. Woodcock |publisher=Canadian Pollination Initiative (NSERC-CANPOLIN) |year=2012}}</ref> About 8% of the flowers of the world are primarily pollinated using buzz pollination{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}.

== Plants pollinated by buzz pollination ==
The following plants are pollinated more efficiently by buzz pollination:

* All ''[[Dodecatheon]]'' (shooting stars)
* ''[[Heliamphora]]''
* Many members of the [[Solanaceae]] family
** Many species of the genus ''[[Solanum]]''
*** [[Eggplant]]s
*** [[Potato]]es
*** [[Tomato]]es
*** ''Solanum cinereum'', an [[Australia]]n shrub
** ''[[Hibbertia]]''
** ''Dianella'' ([[Flax lily|flax lilies]])
* Some members of the genus ''[[Vaccinium]]''
** [[Blueberries]]
** [[Cranberry|Cranberries]]
* ''[[Arctostaphylos]]'' – manzanita
* Some [[Fabaceae]]
** ''[[Senna (plant)|Senna]]''

== Techniques for agricultural pollination of species normally requiring buzz pollination ==

[[Greenhouse]] grown tomatoes are unproductive without [[pollination management|aid in pollination]]. Traditionally, pollination has been done by shaking using electric vibrators (one brand name was "Electric Bee"), however, it has been found to be less expensive in human labor and plant breakage to use bumblebees within the greenhouses. In Australia, as bumblebees are not native, and Australia has a number of widely publicised environmental disasters caused by escaped introduced species ("[[feral species]]"), research is under way to adapt the use of the [[Fauna of Australia|Australian native]] ''[[Amegilla cingulata]]'' (blue banded bees) for the same task.<ref>Dollin A. (2006). "[http://www.aussiebee.com.au/abol-010.html Blue Banded Bee Pollination Trials at Adelaide Uni.]" ''Aussie Bee'', September 2006. Australian Native Bee Research Centre.</ref> This research is, however, competing with lobbying by potential importers of bumblebees, who would rather use those, disregarding the risk and the potential for developing a "home grown" solution.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Buzz pollination}}
* [http://www.anneleonard.com/buzz-pollination Buzz Pollination], Anne Leonard Lab.
* {{cite journal |author1=De Luca, P.A. |author2=Vallejo-Marín, M. |year=2013 |title=What's the 'buzz' about? The ecology and evolutionary significance of buzz-pollination |journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=429–435 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526613000630|doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2013.05.002}}
* Carl Zimmer, [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/11/science/unraveling-the-pollinating-secrets-of-a-bees-buzz.html Unraveling the Pollinating Secrets of a Bee’s Buzz], ''New York Times'', July 11, 2013.
* Sue Rosenthal, [http://baynature.org/articles/buzz-pollination/ Buzz Pollination], ''Bay Nature'', June 11, 2008.

[[Category:Beekeeping]]
[[Category:Bees]]
[[Category:Pollination]]

Coccinia

2016-06-07T21:28:21Z

Pharaoh han: /* Description */ "laso" was a typo

{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
|name = ''Coccinia''
|image = Coccinia grandis.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Coccinia grandis]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Cucurbitoideae]]
|tribus = [[Benin caseae]]
|subtribus = [[Benincasinae]]
|genus = '''''Coccinia'''''
|genus_authority = [[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker Arnott|Arn.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision =
* ''[[Coccinia abyssinica|C. abyssinica]]'' (Ethiopian scarlet gourd)
* ''[[Coccinia adoensis|C. adoensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia barteri|C. barteri]]''
* ''[[Coccinia grandiflora|C. grandiflora]]''
* ''[[Coccinia grandis|C. grandis]]'' (ivy gourd)
* ''[[Coccinia heterophylla|C. heterophylla]]''
* ''[[Coccinia hirtella|C. hirtella]]''
* ''[[Coccinia intermedia|C. intermedia]]''
* ''[[Coccinia keayana|C. keayana]]''
* ''[[Coccinia longicarpa|C. longicarpa]]''
* ''[[Coccinia mackenii|C. mackenii]]''
* ''[[Coccinia megarrhiza|C. megarrhiza]]''
* ''[[Coccinia microphylla|C. microphylla]]''
* ''[[Coccinia mildbraedii|C. mildbraedii]]''
* ''[[Coccinia ogadensis|C. ogadensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia pwaniensis|C. pwaniensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia quinqueloba|C. quinqueloba]]''
* ''[[Coccinia racemiflora|C. racemiflora]]''
* ''[[Coccinia rehmannii|C. rehmannii]]''
* ''[[Coccinia samburuensis|C. samburuensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia schliebenii|C. schliebenii]]''
* ''[[Coccinia senensis|C. senensis]]''
* ''[[Coccinia sessilifolia|C. sessilifolia]]''
* ''[[Coccinia subsessiliflora|C. subsessiliflora]]''
* ''[[Coccinia trilobata|C. trilobata]]''
| synonyms =
*''Cephalandra'' [[Schrad.]] ex [[Eckl.]] & [[Zeyh.]]
*''Physedra'' [[Hook.f.]]
*''Staphylosyce'' [[Hook.f.]]
|}}
The '''scarlet gourds''' are a genus ('''''Coccinia''''' from the Greek, ''kokkinia'' or ''kokkinias'' - "red" or "scarlet") with 25 species. It is distributed in sub-[[Sahara]]n [[Africa]] and with one species, [[Coccinia grandis|''C. grandis'']] also in South and South-east Asia, and it is also introduced into the New World. Incidentally, ''C. grandis'' is also a cultivated crop and it is used for culinary and medical purposes.

== Description ==
''Coccinia'' species are perennial climbing or creeping herbs. Climbing is supported by simple of unequally bifid tendrils. Most species develop a [[tuber]] from the [[hypocotyl]], sometimes on [[roots]]. The [[cotyledon]]s are simple, entire and have an blunt tip. The [[leaf|leaves]] are usually [[Petiole (botany)|stalked]], rarely [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]]. The are simple to deeply lobed, usually with teeth along the margin. The lower leaf side often bears small [[nectar]]-producing glands.

''Coccinia'' species are [[dioecy|dioecious]], meaning that individual plants produce flowers with only male or only female organs. The [[sepal]]s are connected and have five triangulate to lineal lobes. The [[Petal|corolla]] is also connected at the base and has five free lobes. The color of the corolla is creamy white to yellowish orange, rarely also snow-white or pinkish.
The male flowers are solitary, in fascicles or often in [[raceme]]s, female flowers are usually solitary, sometimes also in racemes. Male flowers have three [[stamen]]s that are connected to a single filament column. The anthers form a globose head. The [[pollen]] is produced in S-shaped thecae. Female flowers have an inferior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] consisting of three [[carpel]]s and producing a single style. Each carpel ends in a bulging or 2-lobed stigma. Whereas male flowers lack any sign of female organs, female flowers contain three sterile stamens (staminodes). The fruit is a berry with red flesh and a red skin that rarely exhibits a white longitudinal mottling. The seeds are enclosed in a juicy hull ([[aril]]), grayish-beige, flat to lentil-shaped.

== Distribution ==
All species occur in sub-[[Sahara]]n Africa, from semi-arid [[savanna]]s to [[rain forest]]s, rarely also mountain forests. The species adapted to these different habitats one to several times independently.
<ref>Holstein, N., and S. S. Renner. 2011. A dated phylogeny and collection records reveal repeated biome shifts in the African genus ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 28. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/28 online]</ref> One species, ''C. grandis'' also occurs in tropical Asia, but is also spreading to Australia, several Pacific Islands and the tropical Americas. Sometimes it behaves invasive, e.g. in Hawaii, where it is regarded as obnoxious weed.

== Use ==
The genus ''Coccinia'' is best known for ''C. grandis'', commonly known as "ivy gourd". It fruits can be eaten raw when ripe or cooked when unripe. In the latter case, it is used in [[Curry|curries]]. Young leaves and shoots are also edible. All used plants are a good source of [[carotenoid]]s. The tuber of ''Coccinia abyssinica'' is cooked and a source of starch for the [[Oromo people]] in [[Ethiopia]]. Local culinary uses also exist. However, many species and also populations within species can be bitter due to [[cucurbitacin]]s.

''Coccinia grandis'' is also well known in [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] medicine for [[Diabetes|diabetes treatment]]. Also modern research seems to confirm this.

== Primary literature ==

* Holstein, N. 2015. Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae). ''PhytoKeys'' 54: 1-166, [[doi:10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285]]

==Gallery==

<gallery mode=packed caption="Ovary and fruit" heights=200>
Phytokeys.54.3285 oo 48746.jpg|Holstein (2015<ref name="Holstein 2015" />): "'''a''' Cross-section through an ovary of ''C. hirtella''. The ovules are anatropous with the micropyle facing outwards '''b''' Cross- and longitudinal section of a ''C. megarrhiza'' fruit. The seeds are enclosed in a hyaline hull (aril) and seemingly attached to the periphery '''c''' Cross-section through a fruit of ''C. sessilifolia''. Note that the vascular bundles in the lower left of the picture bend in the periphery, so the placentation is not parietal but involute."
Phytokeys.54.3285 oo 48747.jpg|Holstein (2015<ref name="Holstein 2015">Holstein, N. 2015. Monograph of ''Coccinia'' (Cucurbitaceae). ''PhytoKeys'' 54: 1-166, [[doi:10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285]]</ref>): "'''a''' Ripening fruit of ''C. hirtella''. Note the typical lobulate leaves of this species in the lower right '''b''' Ripening fruit of ''C. sessilifolia''. The fruit, like the plant, bears a waxy bloom '''c''' Ripening fruits of ''C. megarrhiza'' have a dark green halo around the white longitudinal mottling. The left fruit is derived from pollination with ''C. megarrhiza'' pollen, whereas the smaller fruit on the right is derived from cross-pollination with ''C. trilobata'' (both pollinations were conducted on the same day)."
Coccinia grandis Ivy gourd compose.jpg|''Coccinia grandis'' is the only one distributed also out of Africa, its immature fruits are consumed cooked as a vegetable,<ref name="Holstein 2015" /> ripe fuits are edible raw.<ref name="Holstein 2015" />
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{Commonscat-inline}}
{{unimelb|Coccinia.html}}
{{AfricanPlants|Coccinia}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae genera]]