Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Commercial astronaut

2024-09-25T13:34:43Z

Plejek:

{{Short description|Astronaut employed by a company instead of a government}}
{{About|commercial spacefarers|paying space travellers|Space tourism}}
{{Infobox occupation
| name = Commercial astronaut
| image = Patti-presenting-wings-web.jpg
| caption = [[Patti Grace Smith]] presents [[SpaceShipOne]] pilot [[Mike Melvill]] the department's first commercial astronaut wings.
| type = [[Profession]]
| competencies = See [[astronaut training]]
| employment_field = [[Space exploration]]
| related_occupation = [[Astronaut]]
}}

A '''commercial astronaut''' is a person who has commanded, piloted, or served as an active crew member of a privately-funded [[spacecraft]]. This is distinct from an otherwise non-government [[astronaut]], for example [[Charles D. Walker|Charlie Walker]], who flies while representing a non-government corporation but with funding or training or both coming from government sources.

==Criteria==
The definition of "astronaut" and the criteria for determining who has achieved [[human spaceflight]] vary. The {{lang|fr|[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]|italic=no}} defines spaceflight as any flight over {{convert|100|km|mi|sp=us}} of altitude. In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of {{convert|50|mi|km|sp=us}} are eligible to be awarded [[Astronaut Badge|astronaut wings]]. Until 2003, professional space travelers were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, whether by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the first sub-orbital flight by the privately funded [[Scaled Composites Tier One]] program in 2004, the commercial astronaut category was created.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-20|title=SpaceShipOne|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/spaceshipone|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705182126/http://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/spaceshipone|archive-date=5 July 2016|access-date=2019-06-12|website=National Air and Space Museum|language=en}}</ref> The next commercial program to achieve sub-orbital flight was [[Virgin Galactic]]'s [[SpaceShipTwo]] program in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=2018-12-13|title=Virgin Galactic flies its first astronauts to the edge of space, taking one step closer to space tourism|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/13/virgin-galactic-flight-could-send-first-astronauts-to-edge-of-space.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> Criteria for commercial astronaut status in other countries have yet to be made public.

By 2021, with the substantial increase in commercial spaceflight—with the first [[suborbital spaceflight|suborbital]] passenger flight by both Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo and [[Blue Origin]]'s [[New Shepard]] in July, and with [[SpaceX]]'s [[Inspiration4|first orbital private spaceflight]] completed on September 18, 2021—the roles and functions of people going to space are expanding. Criteria for the broader designation "astronaut" has become open to interpretation. Even in the US alone, the "FAA, [[U.S. military]] and [[NASA]] all have different definitions of what it means to be designated as an 'astronaut' and none of them fit perfectly with the way Blue Origin or Virgin Galactic are doing business."<ref name=axios20210720/> It is even possible that by the FAA commercial astronaut definition, one company's July flight participants may receive FAA commercial astronaut wings while the other will not.<ref name=axios20210720>{{cite news |title=New wrinkle for space tourism: Deciding who counts as an astronaut |url=https://www.axios.com/new-wrinkle-for-space-tourism-deciding-who-counts-as-an-astronaut-5894692c-879d-4e80-8215-338ecd813b14.html |last=Kramer|first=Miriam |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 }}</ref> [[SpaceNews]] reported that "Blue Origin awarded their version of astronaut wings" to the four participants of the first Blue Origin passenger flight but was unclear on whether these included the FAA astronaut designation.<ref name=sn20210720>{{cite news |title=New Shepard astronauts rave about suborbital spaceflight experience as Bezos faces backlash |url=https://www.axios.com/new-wrinkle-for-space-tourism-deciding-who-counts-as-an-astronaut-5894692c-879d-4e80-8215-338ecd813b14.htmlhttps://spacenews.com/new-shepard-astronauts-rave-about-suborbital-spaceflight-experience-as-bezos-faces-backlash/ |last=Foust|first=Jeff|work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 }}</ref>

==FAA Commercial Astronaut rating==
With the advent of private commercial space flight ventures in the U.S., the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] has been faced with the task of developing a certification process for the pilots of commercial spacecraft. The [[Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984]] established the FAA's [[Office of Commercial Space Transportation]] and required companies to obtain a [[launch license]] for vehicles, but at the time crewed commercial flight – and the licensing of crewmembers – was not considered. The Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act has led to the issuance of draft guidelines by the FAA in February 2005 for the administration of vehicle and crew certifications.<ref>[http://www.faa.gov/airports/regional_guidance/northwest_mountain/airports_news_events/annual_conference/2005/media/commercial_space_nield.ppt ''Commercial Space Flight - New Legislation and the Industry and Developments which Impact Commercial Airports'', FAA NW Mountain Region 2005-04-05, accessed 2007-02-20]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/programs/international_affairs/media/Industry_Standards_paper_IAC_Sept_2013_FAAfinal.pdf|title=IAC-13-E6.4.5 – Industry Standards for Commercial Space Transportation}}</ref> Currently, the FAA has not issued formal regulatory guidance for the issuance of a Commercial Astronaut Certificate, but as an interim measure, has established the practice of awarding "Commercial Astronaut Wings" to commercial pilots who have demonstrated the requisite proficiency. The content of 14 CFR Part 460 implies that an instrument rating and second-class medical certificate issued within the 12 months prior to the proposed qualifying flight will be included as a minimum standard.

The FAA's Commercial Astronaut Wings Program is designed to recognize flight crewmembers who further the FAA's mission to promote the safety of vehicles designed to carry humans. Astronaut Wings are given to flight crew who have demonstrated a safe flight to and return from space on an FAA/AST licensed mission. To be eligible for FAA Commercial Space Astronaut Wings, commercial launch crewmembers must meet the following criteria:
* Meet the requirements for flight crew qualifications and training under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 460.
* Demonstrated flight beyond 50 statute miles above the surface of the Earth as flight crew on an FAA/AST licensed or permitted launch or reentry vehicle.
* Demonstrated activities during flight that were essential to public safety, or contributed to human spaceflight safety.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FAA Commercial Space Astronaut Wings Program|url=https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/FAA_Order_8800.2.pdf|access-date=2021-07-22|website=FAA|language=en}}</ref>

===Astronaut Wings===
{{main|United States Astronaut Badge}}
The emblem for the first set of FAA Commercial Astronaut Wings issued in 2004 has in its center a green globe on a blue background, with the three-prong astronaut symbol superimposed on top. In yellow block text around the globe are the words "Commercial Space Transportation" in all capital letters. In a gold ring outside the blue are the words "Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration" in black. Beginning with the wings awarded for flights in 2018, the design has been simplified to be the astronaut symbol, surrounded by the words "Commercial Space Transportation", all in gold on a black background. In December 2021, the FAA reconsidered the Commercial Astronaut Wings program as commercial space travel increased, and decided to end the program in January 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/10/politics/astronaut-wings-bezos-branson-shatner/index.html|title=First on CNN: The US gives Bezos, Branson and Shatner their astronaut wings|date=10 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Despite this, the FAA will still continue to recognize future commercial astronauts and will maintain a list of commercial astronauts who have flown to an altitude of 50 miles or higher.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-12-faa-commercial-astronaut-wings.html FAA: No more commercial astronaut wings, too many launching] [[Phys.org]]</ref><ref>[https://www.orlandosentinel.com/space/os-bz-faa-ends-commercial-astronaut-wings-20211210-v3q7afg65zbjfbcvk3itar4sf4-story.html FAA to no longer award commercial astronaut wings] [[Orlando Sentinel]]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years awarded !! Country !! Commercial Astronaut Wings
|-
| 2004 || US || [[File:US - FAA Astronaut Wings.png|220px]]
|-
| 2018 – 2021|| US || [[File:US - FAA Astronaut Wings version 2.png|220px]]
|}

===List of commercial astronauts===

Beginning in January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.faa.gov/space/human_spaceflight/recognition/ |title=FAA Commercial Human Spaceflight Recognition |work=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106123806/https://www.faa.gov/space/human_spaceflight/recognition/ |archive-date=2022-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the FAA started to maintain a list of individuals who have received FAA human spaceflight recognition. As of July 2022, there are the names of 45 individuals on that list that qualify for FAA human spaceflight recognition, but only 30 individuals on that list received FAA Commercial Space Astronaut Wings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.faa.gov/space/human_spaceflight/recognition/ |title=FAA Commercial Human Spaceflight Recognition |work=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703010201/https://www.faa.gov/space/human_spaceflight/recognition/ |archive-date=2022-07-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! Name
! Vehicle
! Company
! Awarding Body
! Qualification Date
! Max Altitude
! Notes
|-
|1
|[[Mike Melvill]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Press Release – Statement of FAA Assistant Administrator Bailey Edwards on the Successful Virgin Galactic Flight|url=https://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsid=23395|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213180215/https://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=23395|archive-date=13 December 2018|access-date=2021-07-25|website=www.faa.gov|language=en-us}}</ref>
|[[Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne|SpaceShipOne]]
|[[Scaled Composites]]
|FAA
|21 June 2004
|{{convert|100|km|mi|sp=us}}
|First set of Commercial Astronaut wings; [[SpaceShipOne flight 15P|flight 15P]]
|-
|2
|[[Brian Binnie]]<ref name=":0" />
|[[Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne|SpaceShipOne]]
|[[Scaled Composites]]
|FAA
|31 October 2014
|{{convert|112|km|mi|sp=us}}
|[[SpaceShipOne flight 17P|flight 17P]]
|-
|3
|[[Michael Alsbury]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=FAA Commercial Human Spaceflight Recognition|url=https://www.faa.gov/space/licenses/human_spaceflight/recognition/|url-status=live|website=www.faa.gov|language=en-us|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210183427/https://www.faa.gov/space/licenses/human_spaceflight/recognition/ |archive-date=2021-12-10 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=https://spacenews.com/faa-to-end-commercial-astronaut-wings-program/ |title=FAA to end commercial astronaut wings program |first=Jeff |last=Foust |date=2021-12-10 |work=SpaceNews |access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref>
|[[VSS Enterprise|SpaceShipTwo ''Enterprise'']]
|[[Scaled Composites]]
|FAA
|31 October 2014
|
|Honorary; awarded posthumously; [[VSS Enterprise crash|flight PF04]]
|-
|4
|[[Peter Siebold]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|[[VSS Enterprise|SpaceShipTwo ''Enterprise'']]
|[[Scaled Composites]]
|FAA
|31 October 2014
|
|Honorary; [[VSS Enterprise crash|flight PF04]]
|-
|5
|[[Mark Stucky]]<ref name=":0" />
|[[VSS Unity|SpaceShipTwo ''Unity'']]
|[[Virgin Galactic]]
|FAA
|13 December 2018
|{{convert|83|km|mi|sp=us}}
|[[VSS Unity VP-03|flight VP-03]]
|-
|6
|[[Frederick W. Sturckow|CJ Sturckow]]<ref name=":0" />
|[[VSS Unity|SpaceShipTwo ''Unity'']]
|[[Virgin Galactic]]
|FAA
|13 December 2018
|{{convert|83|km|mi|sp=us}}
|First to hold both NASA ([[STS-88]]) and Commercial Astronaut ([[VSS Unity VP-03|flight VP-03]]) wings
|-
|7
|[[David Mackay (pilot)|David Mackay]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=53933|title = Three Virgin Galactic Crew Presented with Commercial Astronaut Wings at 35th National Space Symposium}}</ref>
|[[VSS Unity|SpaceShipTwo ''Unity'']]
|[[Virgin Galactic]]
|FAA
|22 February 2019
|{{convert|90|km|mi|sp=us}}
|First person born in Scotland to enter space; [[VSS Unity VF-01|flight VF-01]]
|-
|8
|[[Michael Masucci]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[VSS Unity|SpaceShipTwo ''Unity'']]
|[[Virgin Galactic]]
|FAA
|22 February 2019
|{{convert|90|km|mi|sp=us}}
|[[VSS Unity VF-01|flight VF-01]]
|-
|9
|[[Beth Moses]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[VSS Unity|SpaceShipTwo ''Unity'']]
|[[Virgin Galactic]]
|FAA
|22 February 2019
|{{convert|90|km|mi|sp=us}}
|First passenger, first woman (Chief Astronaut Instructor and Interiors Program Manager); [[VSS Unity VF-01|flight VF-01]]
|-
|10
|[[Richard Branson]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[VSS Unity|SpaceShipTwo ''Unity'']]
|[[Virgin Galactic]]
|FAA
|11 July 2021
|86 kilometers (53 mi)
|Founder of Virgin Galactic; [[Virgin Galactic Unity 22|Unity 22]]
|-
|11
|Colin Bennett
|[[VSS Unity|SpaceShipTwo ''Unity'']]
|[[Virgin Galactic]]
|FAA
|11 July 2021
|86 kilometers (53 mi)
|[[Virgin Galactic Unity 22|Unity 22]]
|-
|12
|Sirisha Bandla
|[[VSS Unity|SpaceShipTwo ''Unity'']]
|[[Virgin Galactic]]
|FAA
|11 July 2021
|86 kilometers (53 mi)
|[[Virgin Galactic Unity 22|Unity 22]]
|-
|13
|[[Mark Bezos]]
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|20 July 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|[[Blue Origin NS-16|NS-16]]
|-
|14
|[[Jeff Bezos]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|20 July 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|Founder of Blue Origin; [[Blue Origin NS-16|NS-16]]
|-
|15
|[[Wally Funk]]
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|20 July 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|Member of the [[Mercury 13]]; [[Blue Origin NS-16|NS-16]]
|-
|16
|[[Oliver Daemen]]
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|20 July 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|Currently the youngest person to have flown in space; [[Blue Origin NS-16|NS-16]]
|-
|17
|[[Jared Isaacman]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]
|[[SpaceX]]
|FAA
|16 September 2021
|585 kilometers (364 mi)
|[[Shift4|Shift4 Payments]] CEO; [[Inspiration4]]
|-
|18
|[[Sian Proctor]]
|[[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]
|[[SpaceX]]
|FAA
|16 September 2021
|585 kilometers (364 mi)
|First female commercial astronaut spaceship pilot. First African-American woman to pilot a spacecraft. First African-American artist in space. [[Inspiration4]]
|-
|19
|[[Hayley Arceneaux]]
|[[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]
|[[SpaceX]]
|FAA
|16 September 2021
|585 kilometers (364 mi)
|First astronaut with a prosthesis. [[Inspiration4]]
|-
|20
|[[Christopher Sembroski]]
|[[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]
|[[SpaceX]]
|FAA
|16 September 2021
|585 kilometers (364 mi)
|[[Inspiration4]]
|-
|21
|[[Audrey Powers]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|13 October 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|[[Blue Origin NS-18|NS-18]]
|-
|22
|[[William Shatner]]
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|13 October 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|Actor, currently the oldest person to have flown in space; [[Blue Origin NS-18|NS-18]]
|-
|23
|[[Chris Boshuizen]]
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|13 October 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|[[Blue Origin NS-18|NS-18]]
|-
|24
|[[Glen de Vries]]
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|13 October 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|[[Blue Origin NS-18|NS-18]]
|-
|25
|Laura Shepard Churchley<ref name=":2" />
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|11 December 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|Daughter of the first U.S. astronaut, [[Alan Shepard]]; [[Blue Origin NS-19|NS-19]]
|-
|26
|[[Michael Strahan]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|11 December 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|[[Blue Origin NS-19|NS-19]]
|-
|27
|Evan Dick<ref name=":2" />
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|11 December 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|[[Blue Origin NS-19|NS-19]]
|-
|28
|[[Dylan Taylor (executive)|Dylan Taylor]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|11 December 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|[[Blue Origin NS-19|NS-19]]
|-
|29
|Cameron Bess<ref name=":2" />
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|11 December 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|First parent-child spaceflight, with Lane Bess; [[Blue Origin NS-19|NS-19]]
|-
|30
|[[Lane Bess]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[New Shepard]]
|[[Blue Origin]]
|FAA
|11 December 2021
|107 kilometers (66 mi)
|First parent-child spaceflight, with Cameron Bess; [[Blue Origin NS-19|NS-19]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|Space|Solar System|Astronomy}}
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
*[[List of commercial space stations]]
*[[List of private spaceflight companies]]
*[[NewSpace]]
*[[Pilot certification in the United States]]
*[[Private spaceflight]]
*[[Space Adventures]]
*[[Space colonization]]
*[[Space tourism]]
*[[Spaceport]]
*[[Sub-orbital spaceflight]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.faa.gov/space/human_spaceflight/recognition/ FAA Commercial Human Spaceflight Recognition (includes list of commercial astronauts)]

{{Spaceflight}}
{{Blue Origin}}
{{SpaceX}}
{{Virgin Galactic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Commercial Astronaut}}
[[Category:Astronauts]]
[[Category:Commercial astronauts| ]]
[[Category:2004 introductions]]

Andrzej Duda

2024-08-08T16:27:45Z

Plejek: better image in infobox

{{Short description|President of Poland since 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Andrzej Duda
| image = Donald Tusk, Andrzej Duda nominacja (cropped 2).jpg
| caption = Andrzej Duda, 2023
| office = [[President of Poland]]
| term_start = 6 August 2015
| term_end =
| primeminister = [[Ewa Kopacz]] [[Beata Szydło]] [[Mateusz Morawiecki]] [[Donald Tusk]]
| predecessor = [[Bronisław Komorowski]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| constituency1 = [[Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie (European Parliament constituency)|10 – Kraków]]
| term_start1 = 1 July 2014
| term_end1 = 25 May 2015
| office2 = [[Sejm|Member of the Sejm]]
| term_start2 = 8 November 2011
| term_end2 = 1 July 2014
| constituency2 = [[Kraków II (parliamentary constituency)|13 – Kraków II]]
| office3 = [[Local government in Kraków|Member of the Kraków City Council]]
| term_start3 = 2 December 2010
| term_end3 = 8 November 2011
| constituency3 = 2 – [[Prądnik Biały]]/[[Krowodrza]]
| office4 = [[Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland|Undersecretary of State in the Chancellery of the President]]
| term_start4 = 16 January 2008
| term_end4 = 6 July 2010
| president4 = [[Lech Kaczyński]] ''vacant'' 
| office5 = [[Ministry of Justice (Poland)|Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Justice]]
| term_start5 = 1 August 2006
| term_end5 = 15 November 2007
| minister5 = [[Zbigniew Ziobro]]
| birth_name = Andrzej Sebastian Duda
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|05|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kraków]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2015–present)
| otherparty = [[Law and Justice (Poland)|Law and Justice]] (2005–2015) [[Freedom Union (Poland)|Freedom Union]] (2000–2001)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Agata Kornhauser-Duda|Agata Kornhauser]]|1994}}
| children = Kinga Duda
| residence = [[Presidential Palace, Warsaw|Presidential Palace]]
| alma_mater = [[Jagiellonian University]]
| signature = Andrzej Duda Signature 02.svg
}}
'''Andrzej Sebastian Duda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|n|dʒ|eɪ|_|ˈ|d|uː|d|ə}} {{respell|AHN|jay|_|DOO|də}}, {{IPA-pl|'andʐɛj ˈduda|lang|Pl-Andrzej Duda.ogg}}; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish lawyer and politician who has been serving as [[President of Poland]] since 2015. Before becoming President, he served as Member of the [[Sejm]] (MP) from 2011 to 2014 and as Member of the [[European Parliament]] (MEP) from 2014 to 2015.

Duda was the presidential candidate for the [[Law and Justice (Poland)|Law and Justice]] party (PiS) during the [[2015 Polish presidential election|presidential election in May 2015]]. In the first round of voting, he received 5,179,092 votes – 34.76% of valid votes. In the second round of voting, he received 51.55% of the vote, beating the incumbent president [[Bronisław Komorowski]], who received 48.45% of the vote. On 26 May 2015, Duda resigned his party membership as the president-elect.

On 24 October 2019, he received the official support of PiS ahead of his re-election campaign in [[2020 Polish presidential election|2020]]. He finished first in the first round and then went on to defeat [[Rafał Trzaskowski]] in the runoff with 10,440,648 votes or 51.03% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wybory Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w 2020 r.|url= https://wybory.gov.pl/prezydent20200628/pl/wyniki/pl|access-date=13 July 2020|website=wybory.gov.pl|language=pl}}</ref> Throughout his first and second terms, Duda has largely aligned himself with the right-wing ideologies espoused by PiS and its leader [[Jarosław Kaczyński]]. Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, Duda has played an important role in coordinating [[List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international efforts]] to support Ukraine's military.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zerofsky |first=Elisabeth |date=2023-04-04 |title=Poland's War on Two Fronts|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/04/magazine/poland-eu-ukraine-war.html|access-date=6 May 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Duda was born on 16 May 1972 in [[Kraków]], to Janina (Milewska) and Jan Tadeusz Duda, professors at the [[AGH University of Science and Technology]]. His grandfather fought in the [[Polish–Soviet War]] and later was a member of the [[Home Army (Poland)|Home Army]] during the [[Second World War]].<ref name="niezalezna.pl">{{cite news|title=Duda story – historia miłości, podboju gór i niespodziewanego wejścia w politykę|url=http://niezalezna.pl/64196-duda-story-historia-milosci-podboju-gor-i-niespodziewanego-wejscia-w-polityke|accessdate=30 May 2015|date=14 February 2015}}</ref>

Between 1987 and 1991, Duda attended [[Jan III Sobieski High School, Kraków]], where he excelled in [[Humanities]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rodzina Dudów: nowy prezydent jest zapalonym narciarzem i molem książkowym. Jego żona to wymagająca nauczycielka|url=http://www.tvp.info/20194423/rodzina-dudow-nowy-prezydent-jest-zapalonym-narciarzem-i-molem-ksiazkowym-jego-zona-to-wymagajaca-nauczycielka|accessdate=26 May 2015|agency=TVP}}</ref> He subsequently studied law at the [[Jagiellonian University]], and earned a law degree. In 2001, he was appointed as a [[research assistant]] in the Department of [[Administrative law|Administrative Law]] of the Jagiellonian University's [[Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University|Faculty of Law and Administration]]. In January 2005, Duda earned a [[Doctor of Law]] degree (LL.D.) at the Jagiellonian University. Due to his political career, he has been mostly on [[unpaid leave]] from the university since September 2006, except for a 13-month interval beginning in September 2010, when he returned to the university.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andrzej Duda od blisko 9 lat jest na urlopie bezpłatnym z UJ|url=http://www.rmf24.pl/raport-wybory-prezydenckie2015/najnowsze-fakty/news-andrzej-duda-od-blisko-9-lat-jest-na-urlopie-bezplatnym-z-uj,nId,1735152|accessdate=26 May 2015|agency=RMF FM|date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Additionally, he was a [[lecturer]] at Mieszko I College of Education and Administration, Poznań.<ref>{{Cite web|title=dr Andrzej Sebastian Duda|url=https://nauka-polska.pl/#/profile/scientist?id=125568&_k=gvrr6y|website=Information Processing Centre Database|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Andrzej Duda Lech Kaczyński.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Lech Kaczyński]] appointing Duda as undersecretary of state in the Chancellery of the President, 16 January 2008]]
Duda began his political career with the now defunct [[Freedom Union (Poland)|Freedom Union]] Party in the early 2000s. After the parliamentary elections in 2005, he began his collaboration with the [[Law and Justice (Poland)|Law and Justice]] Party (PiS).<ref name="Michał Krzymowski Anna Szulc2015">{{cite web |url=http://polska.newsweek.pl/andrzej-duda-byl-dzialaczem-unii-wolnosci,artykuly,359002,1.html#fp=nw |author=Michał Krzymowski, Anna Szulc |title=Andrzej Duda był działaczem Unii Wolności |website=newsweek.pl |date=14 March 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423090718/http://polska.newsweek.pl/andrzej-duda-byl-dzialaczem-unii-wolnosci,artykuly,359002,1.html#fp=nw |archive-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was an undersecretary of state in the [[Ministry of Justice (Poland)|Ministry of Justice]] between 2006 and 2007 before becoming a member of [[Polish State Tribunal]] from 2007 until 2008.

From 2008 to 2010, during the presidency of [[Lech Kaczyński]], Duda was an undersecretary of state in the [[Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland|Chancellery of the President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.andrzejduda.pl/o-mnie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526110639/http://m.andrzejduda.pl/o-mnie |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2015 |title=Andrzej Duda |work=andrzejduda.pl }}</ref> In 2010, he was an unsuccessful candidate to become the Mayor of Kraków as a PiS candidate,<ref name="Serwis PKW Wybory 2010">{{cite web |url = http://wybory2010.pkw.gov.pl/geo/pl/120000/126101.html#tabs-4 |title=Serwis PKW – Wybory 2010 |access-date=24 November 2010|language=pl}}</ref> but was more successful in the 2011 parliamentary election, where he received 79,981 votes for the Kraków area, and thus became a member of the [[Sejm]].<ref name="Serwis PKW Wybory 2011">{{cite web |url = http://wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/pl/sjm-13.html |title=Serwis PKW – Wybory 2011 |access-date=28 October 2011|language=pl}}</ref>

In September 2013, the [[news magazine]] ''[[Polityka]]'' commended Duda for being one of the most active members of parliament, describing him as being open to opposition arguments and as refraining from personal attacks, as part of his role at the Commission for Constitutional Responsibility.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Paradowska|first1=Janina|last2=Dąbrowska|first2=Anna|title=Posłowie na medal i posłowie z naganą|url=http://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/1556381,1,ranking-poslow-polityki-rozstrzygniety.read|accessdate=26 May 2015|agency=Polityka|date=26 September 2013}}</ref> Duda remained a member of the Sejm until he was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in 2014.<ref name="Serwis PKW Wybory 2014">{{cite web|url=http://pe2014.pkw.gov.pl/pl/|title=Serwis PKW – Wybory 2014|access-date=27 May 2014|language=pl|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140824100453/http://pe2014.pkw.gov.pl/pl/|archive-date=24 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2015 presidential campaign ===
{{main|2015 Polish presidential election}}
As [[Bronisław Komorowski]]'s presidential term was expiring, Komorowski was able to seek re-election in a scheduled presidential election. Duda was Komorowski's [[Law and Justice (Poland)|Law and Justice]] rival in the election.

In the first round of the [[2015 Polish presidential election|2015 presidential election]], Duda came first, receiving 5,179,092 votes and thus 34.76% of valid votes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://prezydent2015.pkw.gov.pl/pliki/1_Obwieszczenie.pdf |title=Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 11 maja 2015 r. o wynikach głosowania i wyniku wyborów Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, zarządzonych na dzień 10 maja 2015 r. |access-date=12 May 2015 |website=pkw.gov.pl|language=pl}}</ref>

In the second round Duda took 51.55% of the vote against the 48.45% share of his rival, the incumbent president [[Bronisław Komorowski]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prezydent2015.pkw.gov.pl/325_Ponowne_glosowanie|title=PKW – www.prezydent.2015.pkw.gov.pl|work=pkw.gov.pl|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825214157/http://prezydent2015.pkw.gov.pl/325_Ponowne_glosowanie|archive-date=25 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 26 May 2015, he officially resigned from party membership;<ref>{{cite news|title=Andrzej Duda już poza PiS. Zrzekł się członkostwa|url=http://www.tvp.info/20215021/andrzej-duda-juz-poza-pis-zrzekl-sie-czlonkostwa|website=[[Telewizja Polska]]|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> recent precedent calls for the president to not be a formal member of a political party.

=== 2020 presidential campaign ===
{{main|2020 Polish presidential election}}
In the first round of the [[2020 Polish presidential election|2020 presidential election]], Duda appeared to come in first, receiving almost 44% of the votes. Warsaw mayor [[Rafał Trzaskowski]] came in second, with just over 30% of the vote. The second round took place on 12 July.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vanessa |first1=Gera |last2=Scislowska |first2=Monika |title=Polish president attacks LGBT rights as he heads to runoff |url=https://apnews.com/c3e4e1a9c62397715ca76de5375abdd7 |work=Associated Press |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> Duda won reelection.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wybory Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w 2020 r.|url=https://wybory.gov.pl/prezydent20200628/pl/wyniki/pl|access-date=13 July 2020|website=wybory.gov.pl|language=pl}}</ref>

== Presidency (2015–present) ==
[[File:Andrzej Duda Bogdan Borusewicz Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska Zgromadzenie Narodowe 6 sierpnia 2015 01.JPG|thumb|Andrzej Duda taking the oath of office, 6 August 2015]]
[[File:Wspólne oświadczenie w sprawie ustanowienia wszechstronnego strategicznego partnerstwa.jpg|thumb|Duda and [[Xi Jinping]] signed a declaration on strategic partnership]]
[[File:President Biden met with President of Poland Duda in Warsaw to support Ukraine (1).jpg|thumb|Duda with U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] in Warsaw]]
The first five-year term of Andrzej Duda began on 6 August 2015 with taking an oath of office during a [[Parliament of Poland#National Assembly|National Assembly]] session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/art,5,uroczystosci-inauguracji-prezydenta-rp-andrzeja-dudy.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150806134223/http://prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/art,5,uroczystosci-inauguracji-prezydenta-rp-andrzeja-dudy.html|url-status=dead|title=Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności /…|date=6 August 2015|archivedate=6 August 2015|website=archive.is|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>

Duda rejected the [[European Union]]'s proposal of [[European migrant crisis#Relocation and resettlement of asylum seekers|migrant quotas to redistribute asylum seekers]], saying: "I won't agree to a dictate of the strong. I won't back a Europe where the economic advantage of the size of a population will be a reason to force solutions on other countries regardless of their national interests".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-08/polish-president-blasts-eu-dictate-of-the-strong-on-migrants |title=Poland's Duda Blasts EU 'Dictate of the Strong' on Migrants|work= Bloomberg|date= 8 September 2015}}</ref>

In September 2015 Prime Minister [[Ewa Kopacz]] declared that Poland, as an expression of "European solidarity", would take in 2,000 people over the next two years, mainly from Syria and Eritrea (out of 3,700 originally requested).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/opinion/poland-shouldnt-shut-out-refugees.html|title=Opinion - Poland Shouldn't Shut Out Refugees|first=Konstanty|last=Gebert|work=The New York Times |date=9 September 2015|publisher=|access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref>

Duda and Croatian President [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]] were the originators of the [[Three Seas Initiative]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wielki plan małych państw. Jak Trójmorze wzmocni lub podzieli Unię|url=http://www.tvn24.pl/magazyn-tvn24/wielki-plan-malych-panstw-jak-trojmorze-wzmocni-lub-podzieli-unie,106,1968|website=[[TVN24]]|access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref>

Duda repeatedly met with [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|general secretary]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]], [[Xi Jinping]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Xi Jinping Holds Talks with President Andrzej Duda of Poland, Two Heads of State Decide to Promote Development Level of China-Poland Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.chinaembassy.se/eng/wjdt/t1319025.htm |work=Chinaembassy.se |date=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Duda sends sympathy message to President Xi Jinping |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/president-duda-sends-sympathy-message-to-president-xi-jinping-10277 |work=Polish Press Agency |date=3 February 2020}}</ref> stating that "Polish companies will benefit hugely" from China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Polish president says Xi Jinping understands central European dynamic |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016xivisitee/2016-06/19/content_25763414.htm |work=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=19 June 2016}}</ref> Duda and Xi signed a declaration on [[strategic partnership]] in which they reiterated that Poland and China viewed each other as long-term strategic partners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Xi welcomes Chinese freight train to 'strategic partner' Poland |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-poland-china-xi/xi-welcomes-chinese-freight-train-to-strategic-partner-poland-idUKKCN0Z6205 |work=Reuters |date=20 June 2016}}</ref> Duda said that he hopes Poland will become a gateway to Europe for China.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland and China sign universal strategic partnership pact |url=http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/257974,Poland-and-China-sign-universal-strategic-partnership-pact |work=Radio Poland |date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

In September 2017, his approval rating stood at 71% and in February 2018, at 72%, a record surpassed only by [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]], whose approval ratings surpassed 75% from 1995 to 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sondaż CBOS: Wielki wzrost poparcia dla prezydenta Dudy|trans-title=CBOS poll: Great increase in support for President Duda|url=https://dorzeczy.pl/kraj/40293/Sondaz-CBOS-Wielki-wzrost-poparcia-dla-prezydenta-Dudy.html|language=pl|website=dorzeczy.pl|date=1 September 2017|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fakt.pl/wydarzenia/polityka/cbos-prezydent-duda-z-najwiekszym-poparciem-premier-morawiecki-na-drugim-miejscu/lr073kx|title=Prezydent Duda z największym poparciem|website=fakt.pl|language=pl|date=20 February 2018|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

On 6 June 2023, Duda presented three goals of Poland's [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|presidency in the European Union]] in the first half of 2025. The first goal is to deepen transatlantic cooperation and strengthen the relationship between the European Union and the United States. The second goal is to further expand the community to include Ukraine, Moldova, and the Western Balkans, and in the future, other aspiring countries as well. The third goal will be to enhance Europe's energy security.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President announces bill on Poland's 2025 EU presidency - English Section - polskieradio.pl |url=https://polskieradio.pl/395/7784/artykul/3184268,president-announces-bill-on-poland’s-2025-eu-presidency|website=polskieradio.pl|date=9 June 2023|language=pl}}</ref>

===Pardon of Mariusz Kamiński===
In November 2015, on the basis of Article 139 of the [[Constitution of Poland]], Duda pardoned former [[Central Anticorruption Bureau]] (CBA) head [[Mariusz Kamiński]] and three CBA officers convicted by a court of 1st instance in the so-called {{ill|Land Affair|pl|Afera gruntowa|lt="Land Affair"}},<ref>{{Cite news|title=Peezydent ułaskawił m.in. b. szefa CBA Mariusza Kamińskiego|url=http://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news,432779,prezydent-ulaskawil-min-b-szefa-cba-mariusza-kaminskiego.html|website=[[Polish Press Agency]]|date=17 November 2015|access-date=27 August 2018|language=pl}}</ref> marking the first pardon granted by a president before reaching a final verdict.
<ref>{{Cite news|first=Marek|last=Domagalski|title=Prezydencka łaska dzieli prawników|url=https://archiwum.rp.pl/artykul/1292623-Prezydencka-laska-dzieli-prawnikow.html|website=[[Rzeczpospolita]]|date=19 November 2015|language=pl}}</ref> According to some lawyers (including professors Jan Zimmermann – Andrzej Duda's doctorate promoter, Leszek Kubicki – former [[Ministry of Justice (Poland)|Minister of Justice]] and [[Andrzej Zoll]] – former president of the [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]]) Duda breached the Constitution of Poland.<ref>{{cite web|title="Prezydent złamał konstytucję przynajmniej trzykrotnie". Promotor Andrzeja Dudy krytykuje swojego doktoranta|url=https://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/opinie/artykuly/507262,prof-jan-zimmermann-z-uj-prezydent-andrzej-duda-zlamal-konstytucje-trzykrotnie.html|website=[[Dziennik Gazeta Prawna]]|date=3 December 2015|access-date=29 April 2019|language=cs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Czy prezydent złamał konstytucję? Prawnicy podzieleni|url=https://wyborcza.pl/7,75398,19210341,czy-prezydent-zlamal-konstytucje-prawnicy-podzieleni.html?disableRedirects=true|website=wyborcza.pl|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Maria|last=Mazurek|title=Prof. Andrzej Zoll: Prezydent Duda złamał prawo|url=https://polskatimes.pl/prof-andrzej-zoll-prezydent-duda-zlamal-prawo/ar/9099824|website=Polska Times|date=19 November 2015|access-date=29 April 2019|language=pl}}</ref>

===Constitutional crisis===
{{main|2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis}}
[[File:Andrzej Duda Spotkanie z Konwenetem Seniorów 6 sierpnia 2015 02.JPG|thumb|Andrzej Duda during a meeting with the Council of Seniors of the Sejm and the Council of Seniors of the Senate at the Sejm]]
Andrzej Duda refused to [[Oath of office|swear in]] any of the five [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]] judge candidates selected by the [[Sejm]] of the VII term. Three of them had been selected since 7 November 2015 whose election was declared constitutional.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Dziennik Ustaw'' from 2015, pos. 2129|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20150002129|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref> Between 3 and 9 December 2015, Duda swore in five other candidates for the same office selected by the Sejm of the VIII term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/art,75,prezydent-odebral-slubowanie-od-sedziow-tk.html|title=Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności / Wydarzenia / Prezydent odebrał ślubowanie od sędziów Trybunału Konstytucyjnego|date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203124052/http://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/art,75,prezydent-odebral-slubowanie-od-sedziow-tk.html |accessdate=18 November 2022|archive-date=3 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/art,80,prezydent-przyjal-slubowanie-od-sedzi-tk-julii-przylebskiej.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226082006/https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/art,80,prezydent-przyjal-slubowanie-od-sedzi-tk-julii-przylebskiej.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2015|title=prezydent.pl, 9 December 2015|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>

On 28 December 2015, Duda signed the Constitutional Tribunal bill (passed on 22 December 2015 by the Sejm), which unequivocally breaches the Constitution of Poland according to the National Council of the Judiciary of Poland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krs.pl/pl/aktualnosci/d,2015,12/3872,stanowisko-prezydium-krajowej-rady-sadownictwa-w-sprawie-uchwalonej-22-grudnia-2015-r-zmiany-ustawy-o-trybunale-konstytucyjnym-dz-u-poz-1064-ze-zm|title=Aktualności - Stanowisko Prezydium Krajowej Rady Sądownictwa w sprawie uchwalonej 22 grudnia 2015 r. zmiany ustawy o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym (Dz. U. poz. 1064 ze zm.) - Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa|website=krs.pl|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003050/http://www.krs.pl/pl/aktualnosci/d,2015,12/3872,stanowisko-prezydium-krajowej-rady-sadownictwa-w-sprawie-uchwalonej-22-grudnia-2015-r-zmiany-ustawy-o-trybunale-konstytucyjnym-dz-u-poz-1064-ze-zm|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Public Prosecutor General (Poland)|Public Prosecutor General]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/508968,prokurator-generalny-o-nowelizacji-ustawy-o-trybunale-konstytucyjnym.html|title=Nowelizacja ustawy o TK. Prokurator Generalny straszy paraliżem prac|author=|date=23 December 2015|website=wiadomosci.dziennik.pl|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref> and the [[Polish Ombudsman]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=RPO i HFPC apelują do prezydenta ws. noweli ustawy o TK|url=http://www.rp.pl/Sedziowie-i-sady/312249956-RPO-i-HFPC-apeluja--do-prezydenta-ws-noweli-ustawy-o-TK.html|url-status=dead|date=24 December 2015|website=Rzeczpospolita|language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102013150/http://www.rp.pl/Sedziowie-i-sady/312249956-RPO-i-HFPC-apeluja--do-prezydenta-ws-noweli-ustawy-o-TK.html|archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

In July 2017, Duda informed the public he had decided to veto two controversial judicial bills backed by the government and passed by both houses of the Polish parliament. The President's spokesman subsequently said that the third act – the common courts bill – would be signed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.pl/en/news/art,508,president-to-veto-two-judicial-bills-says-will-sign-bill-on-common-courts.html|title=President of the Republic of Poland / News / President to veto two judicial bills, says will sign bill on common courts|website=president.pl|accessdate=6 February 2018}}</ref> The veto was just one example of Duda opposing the policies of PiS.<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|title=Poland's president turns on his former boss|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21730165-ruling-law-and-justice-partys-plan-nobble-polish-institutions-hits-roadblock-polands|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

===Politics of memory and the Holocaust===
In February 2018, Duda said that he would sign into law the [[Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance]], making it illegal to accuse 'the Polish nation' of complicity in the Holocaust and other Nazi German atrocities, a measure that has roiled relations with Israel, with Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] going as far as accusing the Polish government of "[[Holocaust denial]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/01/27/it-could-soon-be-a-crime-to-blame-poland-for-nazi-atrocities-and-israel-is-appalled/|title=Analysis {{!}} It could soon be a crime to blame Poland for Nazi atrocities, and Israel is appalled|last=Selk|first=Avi|date=27 January 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=28 January 2018|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/world/europe/poland-holocaust-law.html|title=Poland's President Supports Making Some Holocaust Statements a Crime|first=Marc|last=Santora|date=6 February 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=9 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-poland/polands-president-duda-says-will-sign-holocaust-bill-into-law-idUSKBN1FQ1EQ|title=Polish president signs Holocaust bill, triggers Israeli, U.S. criticism|first=Pawel|last=Sobczak|date=6 February 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=9 February 2018}}</ref>

In September 2022, Duda and his wife attended the funeral of Holocaust survivor [[Edward Mosberg]] in the United States, and Duda announced that he was awarding Mosberg the [[Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]], the highest Polish award in its class.<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/malzonka-prezydenta/aktywnosc/pozegnanie-edwarda-mosberga,59078|title=Pożegnanie Edwarda Mosberga|date=September 22, 2022|website=Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej}}</ref> He awarded it in recognition of Mosberg's achievements in advancing Polish-Jewish dialogue and developing cooperation between nations, and for preserving the memory of and communicating what happened in the Holocaust.<ref name="auto12"/>

=== Stance on LGBT rights ===
{{Main|LGBT rights in Poland|LGBT ideology-free zone}}
In June 2020, Duda said that he would not allow gay couples to [[Same-sex marriage|marry]] or [[LGBT adoption|adopt children]], while describing the [[LGBT social movements|LGBT movement]] as "a foreign ideology" and comparing it to [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|indoctrination in the Soviet Union]]. He also pledged he would ban LGBT teaching in schools.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Polish president says he would ban LGBT teaching in schools|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-election-lgbt-idUSKBN23H2BU|website=Reuters|date=10 June 2020|access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Polish Leader Casts Gays as Enemy in Bid to Revive Campaign|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/polish-leader-casts-gays-as-the-enemy-in-bid-to-revive-campaign|website=BloombergQuint|date=10 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Polish president compares 'LGBT ideology' to Soviet indoctrination|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-election-lgbt-idCAKBN23K0GN|website=Reuters|date=13 June 2020|access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Polish President Calls 'LGBT Ideology' More Harmful Than Communism|url=https://time.com/5853277/andrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism/|access-date=14 June 2020|magazine=Time|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613203428/https://time.com/5853277/andrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to Duda's comments, former [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] [[Elio Di Rupo]] publicly asked the [[European Commission]] for an official reaction.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Daniel|last=Tilles|title=Polish president condemns LGBT "ideology of evil" in new speech as EU Commissioner issues criticism |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/06/15/polish-president-condemns-lgbt-ideology-of-evil-in-new-speech-as-eu-commissioner-issues-criticism/|website=Notes From Poland|date=15 June 2020|access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Elio Di Rupo geschokt door uitlatingen Poolse president over "LGBT-ideologie"|url=https://www.msn.com/nl-be/nieuws/other/elio-di-rupo-geschokt-door-uitlatingen-poolse-president-over-lgbt-ideologie/ar-BB15t4SB|access-date=15 June 2020|website=MSN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2020|title=Były premier Belgii oburzony słowami Dudy. Chce konsekwencji dla Polski w UE|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/andrzej-duda-krytykowany-przez-bylego-premiera-belgii-chce-on-konsekwencji-dla-polski/b7y77h1|access-date=15 June 2020|website=Onet Wiadomości|language=pl}}</ref> Soon after his comments, Duda invited presidential candidate [[Robert Biedroń]] (who had asked to meet the president)<ref>{{Cite web|first=Karolina|last=Kołodziejczyk|title=Wybory 2020. Andrzej Duda zaprosił Roberta Biedronia do Pałacu Prezydenckiego|url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/wybory-2020-andrzej-duda-zaprosil-roberta-biedronia-do-palacu-prezydenckiego-6522132417980033a|website=wiadomosci.wp.pl|date=16 June 2020|access-date=18 June 2020|language=pl}}</ref> and an LGBT activist, [[Bartosz Staszewski]], to the Presidential Palace,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|first=Vanessa Gera|last=AP|title=LGBT activist ends meeting with Polish president in protest|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/lgbt-activist-ends-meeting-with-polish-president-in-protest/2020/06/17/427aa736-b0b4-11ea-98b5-279a6479a1e4_story.html|access-date=19 June 2020|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2020|title=Duda zaprasza Biedronia z matką do pałacu. Zaprasza także aktywistę LGBT|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/wybory-prezydenckie-2020-duda-zaprasza-biedronia-spor-o-lgbt/dbm9ye2|access-date=18 June 2020|website=[[Onet.pl|Onet Wiadomości]]|language=pl}}</ref> though Robert Biedroń eventually turned down the invitation, refusing to meet President Duda until he apologized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biedroń nie przyjdzie na spotkanie z Dudą. "Nie przeprosił za swoje słowa, chce nas wykorzystać"|url=https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,26038684,biedron-nie-przyjdzie-na-spotkanie-z-duda-nie-przeprosil-za.html|access-date=18 June 2020|website=wiadomosci.gazeta.pl|date=16 June 2020 |language=pl}}</ref> According to Staszewski, during their meeting Duda cited [[freedom of speech]] to defend his words about "[[LGBT ideology]]".<ref name=":0" />

On 4 July 2020, Duda proposed changing the constitution to ban LGBT couples from adopting children. On 6 July 2020, he signed a document with a presidential draft of the amendment to the [[Constitution of Poland|Polish Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2020|title=Poland's homophobic barbarian – sorry, president – Andrzej Duda just vowed to ban same-sex couples from adopting children|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/07/04/andrzej-duda-poland-same-sex-adoption-ban-constitution-lgbt-gay/|access-date=12 July 2020|website=PinkNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Daniel|last=Tiles|title=Polish president proposes constitutional ban on same-sex adoption, calling it "enslavement"|url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/07/04/polish-president-proposes-constitutional-ban-on-same-sex-adoption-calling-it-enslavement/|date=4 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020|website=Notes From Poland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Polish president proposes constitutional ban on gay adoption|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/polish-president-proposes-constitutional-ban-gay-adoption-n1232957|access-date=12 July 2020|website=NBC News|date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

===Foreign policy===
[[File:Official Visit of the President of the Republic of Poland Andrzej Duda to the Republic of Bulgaria 11.jpg|thumb|Duda with Bulgarian President [[Rumen Radev]] in Sofia, in 27 November 2018]]
[[File:President Trump Visits with the President of Poland (50043757886).jpg|thumb|Duda was the first foreign leader to travel to the White House since the start of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump's first foreign visitor amid pandemic is Poland's president |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/24/politics/donald-trump-andrzej-duda-coronavirus/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=24 June 2020}}</ref>]]
[[File:21 09 2021 - Encontro com o Presidente da República da Polônia, Andrzej Duda (51500663314).jpg|thumb|Duda with Brazilian President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] in New York, 21 September 2021]]
[[File:Prezydent Andrzej Duda w zniszczonej Borodziance.jpg|thumb|Andrzej Duda in [[Ukraine]] in April 2022]]
[[File:Mattarella Duda 1.jpg|thumb|Duda with Italian President [[Sergio Mattarella]] in Rome, in 18 October 2022]]
[[File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Andrzej Duda and Gitanas Nausėda held a meeting in the format of the Lublin Triangle in Lviv. (52719602164).jpg|thumb|Duda, [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] and [[Gitanas Nausėda]] held a meeting in the format of the [[Lublin Triangle]] in Lviv, Ukraine, 11 January 2023]]
In October 2017, he met with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] and supported [[Turkey]]'s [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession to the European Union]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland supports Turkey's EU bid, says President Duda |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-supports-turkeys-eu-bid-says-duda/ |work=Politico Europe|date=17 October 2017}}</ref>

U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] praised Duda, saying: "He's doing a terrific job."<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland's clash of values in presidential election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53190016 |work=BBC News |date=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andrzej Duda, Law and Justice win 2nd presidential term in close Polish election |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/poland-election-andrzej-duda-president-1.5647162 |work=CBC News |date=13 July 2020}}</ref> In September 2019, Trump and Duda agreed to send 1,000 U.S. troops to Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2019/09/24/us-polish-presidents-sign-pact-to-boost-american-military-presence-in-poland/|title=US, Polish presidents sign pact to boost American military presence in Poland|website=DefenseNews|date=24 September 2019}}</ref>

On 24 June 2020, Trump said at a press conference with Duda that the United States planned to move some [[List of United States Army installations in Germany|U.S. troops from Germany]] to Poland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland's Duda promises 'stronger alliance' with Donald Trump during U.S. visit |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/24/polish-president-duda-meets-donald-trump-for-pre-election-boost |work=[[Euronews]] |date=25 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump: Poland to get some US troops withdrawn from Germany |url=https://www.startribune.com/logistical-hurdles-could-slow-troop-withdrawal-from-germany/571457732/ |work=[[Star Tribune]] |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022141239/https://www.startribune.com/logistical-hurdles-could-slow-troop-withdrawal-from-germany/571457732/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Trump said that "Poland is one of the few countries that are fulfilling their obligations under [[NATO]] — in particular, their monetary obligations — and they asked us if we would send some additional troops. They're going to pay for that."<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump's plan to 'probably' move troops to Poland reveals a dangerous lack of a real strategy|first=Bonnie|last=Kristian|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-plan-to-move-troops-to-poland-lack-of-strategy-2020-7 |work=Business Insider |date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

In February 2022, Duda attended the opening ceremony of the [[2022 Winter Olympics|Olympic Winter Games]] in Beijing and met with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]]. Some Polish diplomats criticised Duda's visit to China because some of Poland's Western allies boycotted the Winter Olympics in China due to the alleged [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China|Uyghur genocide]] and other [[Human rights in China|human rights abuses in China]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland's Duda meets Xi Jinping at Olympics amid boycott from other countries |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/polands-duda-meets-xi-jinping-at-olympics-amid-boycott-from-other-countries/ |website=Euractiv |date=7 February 2022}}</ref>

In October 2022, Duda declared that Poland would be willing to [[Nuclear sharing|host]] [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|U.S. nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland Says It Approached US About Sharing Nuclear Weapons|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-05/poland-is-in-talks-with-us-about-nuclear-weapons-president-says|website=Bloomberg|date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

In March 2023, Duda visited gas-rich [[Qatar]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]]. He focused on energy security and cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polish president to discuss food and energy in Qatar, UAE says aide |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/polish-president-to-discuss-food-and-energy-in-qatar-uae-says-aide-36941 |work=The First News |date=4 March 2023}}</ref>

On 7 October 2023, he condemned [[Hamas]]' actions during the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|Israel–Hamas war]] and expressed his support to [[Israel]] and its right to self-defense.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duda assures Herzog of Poland's solidarity with Israel |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/duda-assures-herzog-of-polands-solidarity-with-israel-41883 |work=The First News |date=8 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Lex Tusk ===
{{See also|2023 Polish protests#Lex Tusk law}}
On 29 May 2023, during a press conference, Duda announced the intention to sign the "Lex Tusk", a law establishing a commission to investigate Russian influence in Poland. According to the law, the commission is expected to publish its first report in September before the parliamentary elections. The law reached the president's desk after the [[Sejm]] rejected the [[Senate of Poland|Senate's]] veto on the matter on 26 May. The Senate recommended the rejection of the law in its entirety due to its anti-democratic nature, numerous errors, and 13 potential violations of the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prezydent Andrzej Duda podpisał "lex Tusk" - |url=https://oko.press/prezydent-duda-lex-tusk |access-date=9 June 2023|website=oko.press|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Poland's lawmakers approve contentious law targeting opposition |url=https://apnews.com/article/poland-politics-controversial-law-eu-funds-tusk-ab7abb234aa326c804f30f614be46206|date=26 May 2023|access-date=9 June 2023|website=AP News}}</ref> On 7 June 2023, the European Commission initiated legal proceedings against Poland regarding the extensively debated law. Brussels was concerned that the law might be used to target opposition politicians in the country's general election which was scheduled, and took place, in late 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foy |first=Henry |date=8 June 2023|title=Brussels takes legal action against Warsaw's 'Lex Tusk' |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9d205c6e-7976-40c0-b644-a2482f98bf5e |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2023|title=Brussels launches action against Poland over 'Russian influence' law|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/06/07/the-european-commission-launches-legal-action-against-poland-over-russian-influence-law|access-date=9 June 2023|website=EuroNews}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Duda is married to [[Agata Kornhauser-Duda]], a teacher of [[German language|German]] at Jan III Sobieski High School in Kraków.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sobieski.krakow.pl/nauczyciele/|title=Nauczyciele | II Liceum Ogólnokształcące|website=www.sobieski.krakow.pl|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref> They met as high school students, at a party.<ref name="niezalezna.pl"/> The couple have been married since 21 December 1994.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dominika|last=Wantuch|title=Agata Kornhauser-Duda. Pierwsza Dama w stylu zachodnim|url=http://krakow.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,44425,17983045,Agata_Kornhauser_Duda__Pierwsza_Dama_w_stylu_zachodnim.html|accessdate=28 May 2015|agency=Gazeta Wyborcza|date=25 May 2015}}</ref> They have one daughter named Kinga (b. 1995).<ref>{{cite web|title=Andrzej Duda opublikował zdjęcie córki na Instagramie. Pochwalił się jej sukcesem|url=https://natemat.pl/272777,kinga-duda-skonczyla-studia-andrzej-duda-pochwalil-sie-na-instagramie|website=naTemat.pl|accessdate=25 May 2019|language=pl}}</ref> Duda's father-in-law is [[Julian Kornhauser]], a well-known writer, translator and literary critic.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Marek|last=Bartosik|title=Andrzej Duda: spóźniony pociąg do polityki|url=http://www.gazetakrakowska.pl/artykul/334041,andrzej-duda-spozniony-pociag-do-polityki,id,t.html|website=[[Gazeta Krakowska]]|date=19 November 2010|language=pl}}</ref>

Duda is a keen skier, and he participated in the Polish Academic Championships in [[Alpine skiing]] while he was a university student.<ref name="niezalezna.pl"/>

Duda is a practising [[Roman Catholic]]. He took part in religious ceremonies on many occasions, including [[Midnight Mass]], the [[Święconka|blessing of food]] on [[Holy Saturday]], and the [[Corpus Christi procession]] in [[Kraków]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.se.pl/wiadomosci/polityka/prezydent-andrzej-duda-z-rodzina-na-pasterce-zdjecia_755537.html |title=Prezydent Andrzej Duda z rodziną na pasterce [ZDJĘCIA] |publisher=Super Express |work=katk |date=27 December 2015 |accessdate=21 April 2016 |language=pl |archive-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214524/http://www.se.pl/wiadomosci/polityka/prezydent-andrzej-duda-z-rodzina-na-pasterce-zdjecia_755537.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fakt.pl/politycy/andrzej-duda-i-kinga-duda-w-kosciele-ze-swieconka,galeria,621054.html |title=Andrzej Duda z córką święci jajeczko |publisher=Fakt |work=js |date=26 March 2016 |accessdate=21 April 2016 |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://natemat.pl/151749,prezydent-i-koscioly-od-wyborow-andrzej-duda-ma-wiecej-zdjec-ze-mszy-niz-z-panstwowych-uroczystosci |title=Prezydent i kościoły. Od wyborów Andrzej Duda ma więcej zdjęć ze mszy niż z państwowych uroczystości |publisher=natemat.pl |last=Sikora |first=Kamil |date=17 August 2015 |accessdate=21 April 2016}}</ref>

== Honours ==
=== National honours===
* {{flag|Poland}}: [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]] (''[[ex officio]]'')
* {{flag|Poland}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]] (''ex officio'')

===Foreign honours===
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (2015)
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}: I Class [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Bulgaria#Orders 4|Order of Stara Planina]] (Стара планина) (14 April 2016)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2136801460 |title=Указ № 99 от 14.04.2016 г. За награждаване на г-н Анджей Дуда – президент на Република Полша, с орден "Стара планина" с лента |access-date=3 May 2016 |website=lex.bg |language=bg}}</ref>
* {{flag|Czech Republic}}: Collar of the [[Order of the White Lion]] (15 March 2016)
* {{flag|Finland}}: Grand Cross with Collar [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]] (2017)
* {{flag|Greece}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]] (2017)
* {{flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (17 April 2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Oficjalna wizyta Prezydenta Włoch |url=https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/oficjalna-wizyta-prezydenta-wloch,67100 |website=prezydent.pl |access-date=9 May 2023 |language=pl |date=17 April 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* {{flag|Latvia}}: Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the [[Order of the Three Stars]] (2018)
* {{flag|Lithuania}}: Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the [[Order of Vytautas the Great]] (21 February 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lrp.lt/en/|title=President of the Republic of Lithuania|author=|date=|website=lrp.lt|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619100155/https://www.lrp.lt/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}}: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian [[Order of St. Olav]] (23 May 2016)
* {{flag|Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|Order of Merit Grand Cross]] (2008)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://dre.pt/pdf2sdip/2009/02/040000000/0769107691.pdf |title=Chancelaria das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas |access-date=12 September 2010 |website=dre.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
* {{flag|Romania}}: Collar of the [[Order of the Star of Romania]] (10 July 2016)
* {{flag|Slovakia}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Double Cross]] (2019)
* {{flag|Hungary}}: Grand Cross of the [[Hungarian Order of Merit]] (2020)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wypowiedzi-prezydenta-rp/wystapienia/przemowienie-prezydenta-podczas-uroczystosci-odznaczenia-przez-prezydenta-wegier,34522 | title=Uroczystość odznaczenia przez Prezydenta Węgier – wystąpienie | date=9 September 2021 | access-date=11 August 2022 | archive-date=12 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112125436/https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wypowiedzi-prezydenta-rp/wystapienia/przemowienie-prezydenta-podczas-uroczystosci-odznaczenia-przez-prezydenta-wegier,34522 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flag|Ukraine}}: [[Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise]], 1st class (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №391/2021|url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/3912021-39773|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України|language=uk}}</ref>
* {{Flag|International Olympic Committee}}: Gold [[Olympic Order]] (23 July 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=Nietypowe odznaczenie dla Andrzeja Dudy. Takiej nagrody nie mógł się spodziewać |url=https://sport.onet.pl/inne-sporty/andrzej-duda-otrzymal-nietypowe-odznaczenie-nie-mogl-sie-go-spodziewac/9f1npf6 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Onet Sport |language=pl |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724061542/https://sport.onet.pl/inne-sporty/andrzej-duda-otrzymal-nietypowe-odznaczenie-nie-mogl-sie-go-spodziewac/9f1npf6 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flag|North Macedonia}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order 8-September]] (24 October 2022)<ref>{{cite web | title=Претседателот Пендаровски во Варшава одликуван со Орден на Белиот Орел, претседателот Дуда со Орден "8 Септември" | website=Претседател на Република Северна Македонија | date=24 October 2022 | url=https://pretsedatel.mk/polska-odlikuvanja-24-10-2022/ | language=mk | access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Korea}}: [[Grand Order of Mugunghwa]] (13 July 2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230714000500315 |title=Yoon confers S. Korea's top order on Polish president |publisher=Yonhap News Agency |date=13 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Poland|Biography}}
{{Commonscatinline}}
* [http://www.president.pl/en/president/biography Official Biography of President Andrzej Duda]
* [http://www.president.pl/en/ The official website of the President of the Republic of Poland]
* [http://www.sejm.gov.pl/english.html Polish Sejm]
* [http://ludzie.wprost.pl/sylwetka/4102128/Andrzej-Duda.html Wprost] {{in lang|pl}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bronisław Komorowski]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Poland]]|years=2015–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-prec|poland}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Polish order of precedence|Order of precedence of Poland]] ''{{small|as President}}''|years=}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Szymon Hołownia]]}}|as=[[Marshal of the Sejm]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Heads of state of Poland}}
{{Heads of state of the European Union Member states}}
{{Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 2015}}
{{Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 2020}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duda, Andrzej}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2015 Polish presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2020 Polish presidential election]]
[[Category:Jagiellonian University alumni]]
[[Category:Law and Justice politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:MEPs for Poland 2009–2014]]
[[Category:MEPs for Poland 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Kraków]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Kraków]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kraków]]
[[Category:Polish lawyers]]
[[Category:Polish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Presidents of Poland]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 2011–2015]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta]]
[[Category:Collars of the Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit (Portugal)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Olympic Order]]
[[Category:Nationalist Heads of State or Government]]

List of billionaire spacetravellers

2024-07-20T13:47:49Z

Plejek: images update

{{Short description|List of billionaire space travellers}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
This is a list of [[billionaire]] (USD) [[space traveller]]s.<ref name=Slate-20210608/><ref name=SraitsTimes-20210712/>

==List==
{|class=wikitable
|+ Key
|-
!|Color
!|Value
|-
||  
|| Flown
|-
|style="background:lightgreen;"|  
|| Currently in space
|-
|style="background:lightblue;"|  
|| Scheduled future flight
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"|
|- class="is-sticky"
!class=unsortable| 
!| Billionaire
!class=unsortable| 
!| Spaceflight
!| Launch Date
!| Arrival Date
!class=unsortable colspan=2| Notes
!class=unsortable colspan=2| 
|-
|| [[File:Dennis Tito (cropped).jpg|alt=Dennis Tito|link=Commons:Category:Dennis Tito|frameless|50px]]
|| {{sort|Tito, Dennis|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dennis Tito]]}}
|| [[File:ISS-02 Soyuz TM-32 Taxi crewmembers.jpg|alt=Dennis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, Yury Baturin, aboard the International Space Station|frameless|50px]]
|| [[Space Adventures]] / [[MirCorp]] [[ISS EP-1]] (Soyuz [[Soyuz TM-32|TM-32]]/[[Soyuz TM-31|TM-31]])
|| {{sort|2001-04-28|28 April 2001}}
|| {{sort|2001-05-06|6 May 2001}}
|colspan=2| First billionaire in space, orbital space; first space tourist to the International Space Station
|colspan=2|<ref name=NASA-ISS20-SFP> {{cite web |url= https://www.nasa.gov/feature/space-station-20th-space-flight-participants |work= NASA Johnson Space Center: NASA History |title= Space Station 20th: Space Flight Participants |date= 30 April 2020 |author= John Uri |publisher= NASA }} </ref><ref name=Slate-20210608> {{cite web |url= https://slate.com/technology/2021/06/jeff-bezos-history-space-tourism-iss.html |title= A Very Brief History of Billionaires Going to Space |author= Delia Marinescu |date= 8 June 2021 |publisher= Slate }} </ref><ref name=TorStar-20131120> {{cite news |url= https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/20/billionaire_plans_manned_flyby_mission_to_mars.html |title= Billionaire plans manned flyby mission to Mars |newspaper= The Toronto Star |author= Joel Achenbach |date= 20 November 2013 }} </ref>
|-
|| [[File:Markshuttleworth-dublin-20101116.jpg|alt=Dennis Tito|frameless|75x75px]]
|| {{sort|Shuttleworth, Mark|{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Mark Shuttleworth]]}}
|| [[File:Mark Shuttleworth NASA.jpg|alt=Mark Shuttleworth aboard the International Space Station|frameless|50px]]
|| [[Space Adventures]] ISS EP-3 (Soyuz [[Soyuz TM-34|TM-34]]/[[Soyuz TM-33|TM-33]])
|| {{sort|2002-04-25|25 April 2002}}
|| {{sort|2002-05-02|2 May 2002}}
|colspan=2| First insured space tourist; First South African, first person from Africa in space, orbital space; second space tourist to the International Space Station
|colspan=2|<ref name=NASA-ISS20-SFP/><ref name=Slate-20210608/><ref name=NewScientist-20020420> {{cite magazine |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2190-space-tourist-insists-on-pioneering-role/ |title= "Space tourist" insists on pioneering role |date= 20 April 2002 |magazine= New Scientist |author= Will Knight }} </ref><ref name=TechRepublic-20170119> {{cite web |url= https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-mark-shuttleworth-became-the-first-african-in-space-and-launched-a-software-revolution/ |title= How Mark Shuttleworth became the first African in space and launched a software revolution |author= Steve Ranger |date= 19 January 2017 |publisher= Tech Republic }} </ref><ref name=Bloomberg-20020424> {{cite magazine |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2002-04-24/south-african-to-become-first-insured-space-tourist |title= South African to Become First Insured Space Tourist |date= 24 April 2002 |magazine= Bloomberg }} </ref><ref name=BusinessTech-20150618> {{cite web |url= https://businesstech.co.za/news/wealth/90984/sa-billionaire-shuttleworth-loses-r250-million-tax-case/ |title= SA billionaire Shuttleworth loses R250 million tax case |date= 18 June 2015 |agency= RDM News |publisher= BusinessTech }} </ref>
|-
|rowspan=2| [[File:Charles simonyi2.jpg|alt=Charles Simonyi|link=Commons:Category:Charles Simonyi|frameless|50px]]
|rowspan=2| {{sort|Simonyi, Charles|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Charles Simonyi]]}}
||
|| [[Space Adventures]] Soyuz [[Soyuz TMA-10|TMA-10]]/[[Soyuz TMA-9|TMA-9]]
|| {{sort|2007-04-07|7 April 2007}}
|| {{sort|2007-04-21|21 April 2007}}
|| First spaceflight
|rowspan=2| First two-time space tourist
||<ref name=NBC-20070421> {{cite news |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18244287 |title= Space billionaire returns to Earth |author= Maria Danilova |date= 21 April 2007 |publisher= NBC News }} </ref>
|rowspan=2|<ref name=NASA-ISS20-SFP/><ref name=CNBC-20200227> {{cite news |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/27/microsoft-billionaire-charles-simonyi-still-goes-to-work.html |title= Microsoft 71-year-old billionaire Charles Simonyi still goes to work |author= Jordan Novet |date= 27 February 2020 |publisher= CNBC }} </ref>
|-
||
|| [[Space Adventures]] Soyuz [[Soyuz TMA-13|TMA-13]]/[[Soyuz TMA-12|TMA-12]]
|| {{sort|2009-03-26|26 March 2009}}
|| {{sort|2009-04-08|8 April 2009}}
|| Second spaceflight
||<ref name=Space-20090324> {{cite news |url= https://www.space.com/6487-billionaire-set-2nd-trip-space.html |title= U.S. Billionaire Set For 2nd Trip to Space |author= Clara Moskowitz|author-link=Clara Moskowitz |date= 24 March 2009 |publisher= SPACE.com }} </ref>
|-
|| [[File:Laliberté Soyuz TMA16.jpg|alt=Guy Laliberté|link=Commons:Category:Guy Laliberté|frameless|50px]]
|| {{sort|Laliberte, Guy|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Guy Laliberté]]}}
||
|| [[Space Adventures]] Soyuz [[Soyuz TMA-16|TMA-16]]/[[Soyuz TMA-14|TMA-14]]
|| {{sort|2009-09-30|30 September 2009}}
|| {{sort|2009-10-11|11 October 2009}}
|colspan=2| First Canadian space tourist; Last space tourist before the U.S. STS Space Shuttle programme shut down, and increase in long-term ISS crew to 6, leading to a decade without space tourist flights to the ISS
|colspan=2|<ref name=NASA-ISS20-SFP/><ref name=Slate-20210608/><ref name=Forbes-20110609> {{cite magazine |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenbertoni/2011/06/09/why-cirque-du-soleil-billionaire-guy-laliberte-traveled-to-space/ |title= Why Cirque Du Soleil Billionaire Guy Laliberte Traveled To Space |author= Steven Bertoni |date= 9 June 2011 |magazine= Forbes }} </ref><ref name=CBC-20090604> {{cite news |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cirque-du-soleil-founder-to-become-1st-canadian-space-tourist-1.820446 |title= Cirque du Soleil founder to become 1st Canadian space tourist |date= 4 June 2009 |author= CBC News |publisher= CBC }} </ref>
|-
|| [[File:Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg|alt=Richard Branson|frameless|72x72px]]
|| {{sort|Branson, Richard|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Richard Branson]]}}
||
|| [[Virgin Galactic]] [[Unity 22]]
|| {{sort|2021-07-11|11 July 2021}}
|| {{sort|2021-07-11|11 July 2021}}
|colspan=2| First billionaire to fly in his own spacecraft into space, above the 80km McDowell line to suborbital space; First fully occupied SpaceShipTwo flight
|colspan=2|<ref name=SraitsTimes-20210712> {{cite news |url= https://www.straitstimes.com/world/billionaire-tycoons-set-for-joyrides-to-space |title= Billionaire tycoons set for joyrides to space |date= 12 July 2021 |newspaper= The Straits Times }} </ref><ref name=Verge-20210126> {{cite news |url= https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/26/22250327/space-tourists-axiom-private-crew-iss-price |title= Axiom names first private crew paying $55 million for a trip to the ISS |date= 26 January 2021 |publisher= The Verge |author= Joey Roulette }} </ref><ref name=SciAm-20210712> {{cite magazine |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/virgin-galactic-launches-richard-branson-to-space-in-1st-fully-crewed-flight-of-vss-unity/ |title= Virgin Galactic Launches Richard Branson to Space in First Fully Crewed Flight of VSS Unity |author= Chelsea Gohd |date= 12 July 2021 |magazine= Scientific American }} </ref>
|-
|| [[File:Jeff Bezos 2016 crop.jpg|alt=Jeff Bezos|link=Commons:Category:Jeff Bezos|frameless|50px]]
|| {{sort|Bezos, Jeff|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Bezos]]}}
||
|| [[Blue Origin]] [[Blue Origin NS-16|NS-16]]
|| {{sort|2021-07-20|20 July 2021}}
|| {{sort|2021-07-20|20 July 2021}}
|colspan=2| First billionaire to fly in his own spacecraft above the 100km Karman line into suborbital space; First wholly commercial civilian flightcrew-less flight into space, suborbital space; First crewed Blue Origin launch
|colspan=2|<ref name=SraitsTimes-20210712/><ref name=Verge-20210126/><ref name=SciAm-20210712/><ref name=Hypebeast-20210720> {{cite web |url= https://hypebeast.com/2021/7/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-ns-16-space-launch-complete |title= Jeff Bezos and the Blue Origin Crew Successfully Complete Their Flight to Space |author= Elliot Santiago |date= 20 July 2021 |publisher= hypebeast }} </ref>
|-
|rowspan=2| [[File:Jared Isaacman (cropped).jpg |alt=Jared Isaacman|link=Commons:Category:Jared Isaacman|frameless|50px]]
|rowspan=2| {{sort|Isaacman, Jared|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jared Isaacman]]}}
|| [[File:Inspiration4 icon.svg|alt=(4)|link=Commons:Category:Inspirati4n|frameless|50px]]
|| [[SpaceX]] [[Shift4 Payments|Shift4]] [[Inspiration4]]
|| {{sort|2021-09-15|15 September 2021}}
|| {{sort|2021-09-18|18 September 2021}}
|colspan=2| First wholly commercial civilian flightcrew-less flight into orbital space; Fourth crewed SpaceX launch
|colspan=2| <ref name=SraitsTimes-20210712/>
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| [[File:Logo of Polaris Dawn.svg|alt=(4)|link=Commons:Category:Polaris Dawn|frameless|50px]]
|| [[SpaceX]] [[Polaris program]] [[Polaris Dawn]]
|| NET 2024
||NET 2024
|colspan=2| First flight from the [[Polaris program]].
|colspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jared Isaacman, who led the first all-private astronaut mission to orbit, has commissioned 3 more flights from SpaceX|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/02/14/jared-isaacman-polaris-spacex-starship-inspiration4/|access-date=2022-02-14|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Yusaku Maezawa (cropped).jpg|alt=Yusaku Maezawa|link=Commons:Category:Yusaku Maezawa|frameless|50px]]
| {{sort|Maezawa, Yusaku|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yusaku Maezawa]]}}
||[[File:The Soyuz MS-20 crew (cropped).jpg|alt=Maezawa, Misurking and Hirano, aboard the International Space Station|frameless|50px]]
|| [[Space Adventures]] [[Soyuz MS-20]]
|| {{sort|2021-12-08|8 December 2021}}
|| {{sort|2021-12-20|20 December 2021}}
|| First spaceflight
|
|| <ref name=SraitsTimes-20210712/>
|<ref name=Stuff-20210514> {{cite news |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/experiences/adventure-holidays/300307340/japanese-tycoon-to-warm-up-for-his-trip-to-the-moon-by-going-to-the-international-space-station |title= Japanese tycoon to warm up for his trip to the Moon by going to the International Space Station |author= Marcia Dunn |date= 14 May 2021 |publisher= STUFF.co.nz }} </ref>
|-
|| [[File:Larry Connor (cropped).jpg|alt=Larry Connor|link=Commons:Category:Larry Connor|frameless|50px]]
|| {{sort|Connor, Larry|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Larry Connor]]}}
|rowspan=2| [[File:Axiom Crew Portrait.jpg|50px|frameless|Crew from Ax-1 on board of the ISS.]]
|rowspan=2| [[Axiom Space|Axiom]]/[[SpaceX]] [[Axiom Ax-1|Ax-1]]
|rowspan=2| {{sort|2022-02-21|21 February 2022}}
|rowspan=2| {{sort|2022-02-21|21 February 2022}}
||
|rowspan=2| First flight for AxiomSpace, first private spaceflight to the International Space Station
|colspan=2|<ref name=Verge-20210126/><ref name=WashPost-20210126> {{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/26/private-space-flight-axiom/ |title= Meet the people paying $55 million each to fly to the space station |author= Christian Davenport |date= 26 January 2021 |newspaper= The Washington Post }} </ref><ref name=SN1-20210227> {{cite news |url= https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2021/02/26/entrepreneur-prepares-for-trip-to-space- |title= Meet Larry Connor — The Man Piloting First-Ever Private Mission to the International Space Station |publisher= Spectrum News 1 |author= Katie Kapusta |date= 27 February 2021 }} </ref>
|-
|| [[File:Eytan Stibbe. I.jpg|alt=Eytan Meir Stibbe|link=Commons:Category:Eytan Stibbe|frameless|50px]]
|| {{sort|Stibbe, Eytan|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Eytan Stibbe]]}}
||
|| First Israeli space tourist. Second Israeli in space, orbital space.
|colspan=2|<ref name=Verge-20210126/><ref name=WashPost-20210126/><ref name=Haaretz-20201117> {{cite news |url= https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-made-millions-in-africa-taking-tom-cruise-s-seat-israel-s-billionaire-space-passenger-1.9314160 |title= Made Millions in Africa, Taking Tom Cruise's Seat: Meet Eytan Stibbe, Billionaire Israeli Space Passenger |newspaper= Haaretz |date= 17 November 2020 |author1= Hagai Amit |author2= Shuki Sadeh }} </ref>
|-
|| [[File:John Shoffner (cropped).jpg|alt=John Shoffner|link=Commons:Category:John Shoffner|frameless|50px]]
|| {{sort|Shoffner, John|{{flagicon|USA}} [[John Shoffner]]}}
|| [[File:Iss069e014094.jpg|50px|frameless|Crew from Ax-2 on board of the ISS.]]
|| [[Axiom Space|Axiom]]/[[SpaceX]] [[Axiom Ax-2|Ax-2]]
|| {{sort|2023-05-21|21 May 2023}}
|| {{sort|2023-05-31|31 May 2023}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|<ref name=NatPost-20210526> {{cite news |url= https://www.pressreader.com/canada/national-post-national-edition/20210526/281573768605284 |date= 26 May 2021 |newspaper= The National Post |author= Christian Davenport |title= Billionaire is latest to buy trip to space }} </ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Billionaire space race]]
* [[List of billionaires]]
* [[List of astronauts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Billionaires}}
{{Spaceflight lists and timelines}}
{{Space tourists}}

[[Category:Billionaires|Spacetravellers]]
[[Category:Lists of astronauts|Billionaire space travellers]]
[[Category:Lists of people by wealth|Billionaire space travellers]]

Blue Origin

2024-06-26T18:25:34Z

Plejek: link fix

{{Short description|American aerospace company}}
{{redirect-multi|2|BE-1|BE-2|other uses|Be-1 (disambiguation)|and|BE2 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P.
| trade_name = Blue Origin
| logo = Blue Origin new logo.svg
| image = Blue Origin Feather.svg
| image_caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Aerospace]] and [[List of launch service providers|launch service provider]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|September 8, 2000}}
| founder = [[Jeff Bezos]]
| hq_location_city = [[Kent, Washington]], United States
| num_locations = 11 (4 production facilities & 7 field offices)
| area_served = United States of America
| key_people = Dave Limp ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| products = [[New Shepard]] [[New Glenn]] [[Blue Moon (spacecraft)|Blue Moon]] [[Blue Ring]] [[Orbital Reef]]
| revenue =
| owner = Jeff Bezos
| num_employees = 11,000 (2023)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-new-glenn-rocket-a328067 |title=Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin Plots Launch of It's Mega Rocket. Next Year. Maybe. |date=August 9, 2023 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |first=Micah |last=Maidenberg |access-date=August 9, 2023}}</ref>
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list|Blue Origin, LLC|Blue Origin Alabama, LLC|Blue Origin Federation, LLC|Blue Origin Florida, LLC|Blue Origin International, LLC|Blue Origin Management, LLC|Blue Origin Texas, LLC|[[Honeybee Robotics]], LLC}}
| website = {{url|https://www.blueorigin.com/|blueorigin.com}}
| module = {{infobox network service provider|child=yes}}
}}
'''Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P.''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Privacy Policy |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/privacy-policy |website=Blue Origin |quote=we at Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P. and our subsidiaries and affiliated companies, including Blue Origin, LLC, Blue Origin Alabama, LLC, Blue Origin Federation, LLC, Blue Origin Florida, LLC, Blue Origin Management, LLC, Blue Origin Texas, LLC, and Blue Origin International, LLC, Honeybee Robotics, LLC (referred together as “Blue Origin”|date=February 15, 2023|access-date=December 1, 2023}}</ref> commonly referred to as '''Blue Origin'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krietzberg |first=Ian |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Elon Musk's SpaceX is facing a major threat from a fellow billionaire |url=https://www.thestreet.com/personalities/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-is-purposefully-lagging-behind-elon-musks-spacex |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=TheStreet |language=en-us}}</ref> is an American [[aerospace manufacturer]], government contractor, [[List of launch service providers|launch service provider,]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2018 |title=Air Force awards three Launch Service Agreements |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1658765/air-force-awards-three-launch-service-agreements/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F1658765%2Fair-force-awards-three-launch-service-agreements%2F |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=Air Force |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=April 12, 2021 |title=DARPA selects Blue Origin, Lockheed Martin to develop spacecraft for nuclear propulsion demo |url=https://spacenews.com/darpa-selects-blue-origin-lockheed-martin-to-develop-spacecraft-for-nuclear-propulsion-demo/ |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Space technology|space technologies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin Awarded NASA Partnership to Turn Lunar Regolith into Solar-Power Systems on the Moon |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blue-origin-awarded-nasa-partnership-to-turn-lunar-regolith-into-solar-power-systems-on-the-moon |access-date=November 1, 2023 |website=Blue Origin |language=en-US}}</ref> company headquartered in [[Kent, Washington|Kent, Washington, United States]]. The company makes [[rocket engine]]s for [[United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance (ULA)]]'s [[Vulcan rocket]] and manufactures their own [[rocket]]s, [[spacecraft]], [[satellite]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2023 |title=Blue Ring: Blue Origin Announces New Logistical Spacecraft {{!}} Space Voyaging |url=https://www.spacevoyaging.com/blue-ring-blue-origin-announces-new-logistical-spacecraft/ |access-date=November 1, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[heavy-lift launch vehicle]]s. The company is the second provider of lunar lander services for [[NASA]]'s [[Artemis program]] and was awarded a $3.4 billion contract.<ref name="O’Shea">{{Cite web |last=O’Shea |first=Claire |date=May 19, 2023 |title=NASA Selects Blue Origin as Second Artemis Lunar Lander Provider |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=NASA |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519150415/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The four rocket engines the company has in production are the [[BE-3|BE-3U]], [[BE-3|BE-3PM]], [[BE-4]] and the [[BE-7]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BE-7 |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines/be-7 |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=Blue Origin |language=en-US}}</ref>

The organization was awarded the [[Collier Trophy|Robert J. Collier Trophy]] in 2016 for demonstrating rocket booster reusability with their [[New Shepard]] Rocket Program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collier 2010–2019 Recipients {{!}} National Aeronautic Association |url=https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/collier-2010-2019-winners/ |access-date=July 3, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324060930/https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/collier-2010-2019-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The award is administered by the [[National Aeronautic Association|U.S. National Aeronautic Association (NAA)]] and is presented to those who have made "the greatest achievement in [[aeronautics]] or [[astronautics]] in America, with respect to improving the performance, efficiency, and safety of air or space vehicles, the value of which has been thoroughly demonstrated by actual use during the preceding year."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collier Trophy {{!}} National Aeronautic Association |url=https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/ |access-date=July 3, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606204648/https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The company was founded in 2000 by [[Jeff Bezos]], the founder of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff Reporter |date=January 24, 2019 |title=Kent's Blue Origin racks up another successful New Shepard launch into space |url=https://www.kentreporter.com/business/kents-blue-origin-racks-up-another-successful-new-shepard-launch-into-space/ |access-date=October 3, 2020 |website=Kent Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214003933/https://www.kentreporter.com/business/kents-blue-origin-racks-up-another-successful-new-shepard-launch-into-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=April 2, 2016 |title=Why Blue Origin's latest launch is a huge deal for cheap space access |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/04/why-blue-origins-latest-launch-is-a-huge-deal-for-cheap-space-access/ |access-date=October 3, 2020 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108090243/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/04/why-blue-origins-latest-launch-is-a-huge-deal-for-cheap-space-access/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rob Meyerson]] joined the company in 2003 and served as the CEO before leaving the company in 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=November 8, 2018 |title=Former Blue Origin president Rob Meyerson leaves Jeff Bezos' space venture |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/veteran-aerospace-engineer-rob-meyerson-leaves-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-venture/ |access-date=March 16, 2023 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US |archive-date=March 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301162826/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/veteran-aerospace-engineer-rob-meyerson-leaves-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-venture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bob Smith served as CEO from 2018 to 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/bob-smith-is-finally-gone-from-blue-origin-his-replacement-comes-from-amazon/ | title=Jeff Bezos finally got rid of Bob Smith at Blue Origin | date=September 25, 2023 }}</ref> The current CEO is Dave Limp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2023/departing-amazon-exec-dave-limp-will-take-over-from-blue-origin-ceo-bob-smith/|title=Departing Amazon exec Dave Limp to become Blue Origin CEO}}</ref> Little is known about the company's activities in its early years. In 2006, the company purchased land for its [[New Shepard]] missions 30 miles North of [[Van Horn, Texas|Van Horn, Texas, United States]] called [[Corn Ranch|Launch Site One (LS1).]] In November 2006, the first test vehicle was launched, the Goddard rocket, which reached an altitude of 285 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NSE |date=March 3, 2023 |title=The History of Blue Origin |url=https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2023/03/03/blue-origin-a-short-history/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=New Space Economy |language=en-US |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521105000/https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2023/03/03/blue-origin-a-short-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After initiating the development of an orbital rocket system prior to 2012, and stating in 2013 on their website that the first stage would perform a powered vertical landing and be reusable, the company publicly announced their orbital [[launch vehicle]] intentions in September 2015. In January 2016, the company indicated that the new rocket would be many times larger than [[New Shepard]]. The company publicly released the high-level design of the vehicle and announced its name in September 2016 as "[[New Glenn]]". The [[New Glenn]] [[heavy-lift launch vehicle]] can be configured in both [[Two-stage-to-orbit|two-stage]] and [[Three-stage-to-orbit|three-stage]] variants. [[New Glenn]] is planned to launch in Q3 of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=April 13, 2023 |title=ESCAPADE confident in planned 2024 New Glenn launch |url=https://spacenews.com/escapade-confident-in-planned-2024-new-glenn-launch/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717231654/https://spacenews.com/escapade-confident-in-planned-2024-new-glenn-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 20, 2021, [[New Shepard]] performed its [[Blue Origin NS-16|first crewed mission]] to sub-orbital space called [[Blue Origin NS-16]]. The flight lasted approximately 10 minutes and crossed the [[Kármán line]]. The passengers were [[Jeff Bezos]], his brother [[Mark Bezos]], [[Wally Funk]], and [[Oliver Daemen]], after the unnamed auction winner (later revealed to have been [[Justin Sun]]) dropped out due to a scheduling conflict. Subsequent New Shepard passenger and cargo missions were: [[Blue Origin NS-17]], [[Blue Origin NS-18]], [[Blue Origin NS-19]], [[Blue Origin NS-20]], [[Blue Origin NS-20|Blue Origin NS-21]] and [[Blue Origin NS-23]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Shepard Flight History |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/new-shepard_history.htm |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=space.skyrocket.de |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529231410/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/new-shepard_history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The company primarily employs an incremental approach from [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital]] to [[orbital flight]],<ref name="A-N1">{{cite news |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Blue Origin NS-21 Mission Nears Launch |publisher=Aero-News Network |url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=853c2364-ee99-4c67-86ef-d9d219416fdf |url-status=live |access-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216054831/http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=853c2364-ee99-4c67-86ef-d9d219416fdf |archive-date=December 16, 2022}}</ref> with each developmental step building on its prior work. The company moved into the [[orbital spaceflight]] technology [[new product development|development]] business in 2014, initially as a [[rocket engine]] supplier via a contractual agreement to build the [[BE-4]] rocket engine, for major US launch system operator [[United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance (ULA)]]. [[United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance (ULA)]] has said that the first flight of its [[Vulcan Centaur]] [[heavy-lift launch vehicle]] is scheduled to launch in Q4 of 2023. The [[heavy-lift launch vehicle]]s main power is supported by two [[BE-4]] engines. On June 7, 2023, [[United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance (ULA)]] performed a Flight Readiness Firing of the [[Vulcan Centaur]] [[rocket]] at launch pad 41 at the [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]] in [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]], [[United States]]. The two [[BE-4]] [[rocket engine]]s worked as expected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ULA test-fires first Vulcan rocket at Cape Canaveral – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/06/07/vulcan-centaur-frf-coverage/ |access-date=November 1, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, the company won its first [[United States Space Force|NSSL]] contract, the vehicle to be used on the launches is New Glenn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=2024-06-13 |title=Blue Origin, SpaceX, ULA win $5.6 billion in Pentagon launch contracts |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-spacex-ula-win-5-6-billion-in-pentagon-launch-contracts/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Launch vehicles ==

[[File:New Shepard booster at Oshkosh Airventure 2017 02 (36143645465).jpg|thumb|New Shepard booster]]
[[File:Blue Origin M7.jpg|thumb|Flown Blue Shepard Capsule]]

=== New Shepard ===
{{main|New Shepard}}[[New Shepard]] is a [[Reusable launch vehicle|fully reusable]] [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|suborbital]] [[launch vehicle]] developed for [[space tourism]]. The vehicle is named after [[Alan Shepard]], the first American astronaut in space. The vehicle is capable of [[VTVL|vertical takeoff and landings]] and can carry humans and customer payloads to the [[edge of space]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2022 |title=Blue Origin launches six thrill seekers to the edge of space – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/blue-origin-launches-six-thrill-seekers-to-the-edge-of-space/ |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[New Shepard]] [[launch vehicle]] is a [[rocket]] that consists of a [[Booster (rocketry)|booster rocket]] and a crew capsule. The capsule can be configured to house up to six [[passenger]]s, [[cargo]], or a combination of both. The [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] [[rocket]] is powered by one [[BE-3|BE-3PM]] engine, which sends the capsule to an apogee ([[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-Orbital]]) of {{convert|100.5|km|mi}} and flies above the [[Kármán line]], where passengers and cargo can experience a few minutes of [[weightlessness]] before the capsule returns to Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Three minutes of microgravity is worth the cost of a small house, if you're a scientist |url=https://qz.com/1174480/blue-origins-new-shepard-and-virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-put-science-in-space-for-three-minutes-and-thats-a-game-changer |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=Quartz |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629201344/https://qz.com/1174480/blue-origins-new-shepard-and-virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-put-science-in-space-for-three-minutes-and-thats-a-game-changer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Watch Blue Origin New Shepard-22 Launch! (Full Flight) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbFXy30hUmA |access-date=July 14, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714153416/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbFXy30hUmA |url-status=live }}</ref>

The launch vehicle is designed to be fully reusable, with the capsule returning to [[Earth]] via three [[parachute]]s and a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket motor]]. The [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] lands vertically on the same launchpad it took off from. The company has successfully launched and landed the [[New Shepard]] [[launch vehicle]] 23 times with 1 partial failure deemed successful and 1 failure. The [[launch vehicle]] has a length of {{convert|15.0|m|ft}}, a diameter of {{convert|3.7|m|ft}} and a launch mass of {{convert|75|ST|lbs kg}}. The [[BE-3|BE-3PM]] engine produces 490 kN of thrust at [[takeoff]]. [[New Shepard]] allows the company to significantly reduce the cost of [[space tourism]], making the experience more [[accessible]] to the [[Public|general public]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Eric M. |last2=Shepardson |first2=David |date=July 12, 2021 |title=U.S. approves Blue Origin license for human space travel ahead of Bezos flight |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-approves-blue-origin-license-human-space-travel-ahead-bezos-flight-2021-07-12/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601165703/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-approves-blue-origin-license-human-space-travel-ahead-bezos-flight-2021-07-12/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frąckiewicz |first=Marcin |date=March 8, 2023 |title=The Economic Impacts of Blue Origin's Spaceflights |url=https://ts2.space/en/the-economic-impacts-of-blue-origins-spaceflights/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=TS2 SPACE |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717231634/https://ts2.space/en/the-economic-impacts-of-blue-origins-spaceflights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== New Glenn ===
{{main|New Glenn}}
[[New Glenn]] is a [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy-lift]] [[launch vehicle]] and is expected to launch in Q3 of 2024 on the [[EscaPADE|EscaPADE mission]]. The launch date has been set back because of numerous delays. Named after [[NASA]] [[astronaut]] [[John Glenn]], design work on the vehicle began in early 2012. Illustrations of the vehicle, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016. The full vehicle was first unveiled on a launch pad on February 21, 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blue-origin-debuts-new-glenn-on-our-launch-pad | title=Blue Origin Debuts New Glenn on Our Launch Pad }}</ref> The [[rocket]] has a diameter of 7 meters (23 ft), and its first stage is powered by seven [[BE-4]] engines. The 7 meter-diameter fairing is claimed to have twice the payload volume of "any commercial launch system" and to be the biggest [[payload fairing]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mooney |first=Justin |date=December 6, 2022 |title=Blue Origin conducts fairing testing amid quiet New Glenn progress |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/12/blue-origin-new-glenn/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228091937/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/12/blue-origin-new-glenn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Like the [[New Shepard]], [[New Glenn|New Glenn's]] first stage is also designed to be [[Reusable launch system|reusable]]. In 2021, the company initiated conceptual design work on approaches to potentially make the second stage [[reuse|reusable]] as well, with the project codenamed "[[Project Jarvis]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |title=First images of Blue Origin's "Project Jarvis" test tank |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/08/first-images-of-blue-origins-project-jarvis-test-tank/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=Ars Technica |date=August 24, 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824232002/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/08/first-images-of-blue-origins-project-jarvis-test-tank/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[NASA]] announced on February 9, 2023, that it had selected the [[New Glenn]] [[heavy-lift launch vehicle]] for the launch of two [[EscaPADE|Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers (ESCAPADE) spacecraft]]. The [[New Glenn]] [[heavy-lift launch vehicle]] will launch ESCAPADE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=February 10, 2023 |title=Blue Origin wins first NASA business for New Glenn |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-wins-first-nasa-business-for-new-glenn/ |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717231634/https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-wins-first-nasa-business-for-new-glenn/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA picks Blue Origin's New Glenn to fly a science mission to Mars |url=https://www.engadget.com/nasa-blue-origin-new-glenn-escapade-science-mission-mars-110049165.html |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=Engadget |date=February 10, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402210653/https://www.engadget.com/nasa-blue-origin-new-glenn-escapade-science-mission-mars-110049165.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in Q3 of 2024 with the ESCAPADE [[spacecraft]] entering [[Mars|Mars's]] orbit approximately one year after launch.

In 2024, Blue Origin received funding from the [[United States Space Force|USSF]] to assess New Glenn's ability to launch national security payloads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=January 24, 2024 |title=Blue Origin gets U.S. Space Force funding for New Glenn 'integration studies' |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-gets-u-s-space-force-funding-for-new-glenn-integration-studies/ |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Blue Moon ==
{{main|Blue Moon (spacecraft)}}
In May 2019, [[Jeff Bezos]] announced plans for a [[human spaceflight|crew-carrying]] [[lunar lander]] known as [[Blue Moon (spacecraft)|Blue Moon]].<ref name="cnbc20190509">{{Cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=May 9, 2019 |title=Jeff Bezos unveils Blue Origin's Blue Moon lunar lander for astronauts |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/09/jeff-bezos-unveils-blue-moon-lunar-lander.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510122842/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/09/jeff-bezos-unveils-blue-moon-lunar-lander.html |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=May 10, 2019 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> The standard version of the lander is intended to [[space transport|transport]] {{Convert|3.6|tonnes|lb|abbr=on}} to the [[lunar surface]], whereas a stretched tank variant could land up to {{Convert|6.5|tonnes|lb|abbr=on}} on the [[Moon]], both are vehicles designed to make a soft landing on the [[Selenography|Moon's surface]].

The [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] will use the [[#BE-7|BE-7]] [[hydrolox]] engine.<ref name="sfn20190509">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=May 9, 2019 |title=Jeff Bezos unveils 'Blue Moon' lander |work=Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/09/blue-origin-announcement/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510041940/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/09/blue-origin-announcement/ |archive-date=May 10, 2019}}</ref> On May 19, 2023, [[NASA]] contracted Blue Origin to develop, test and deploy its Blue Moon landing system for the agency's [[Artemis V]] mission, which explores the [[Moon]] and prepares future crewed missions to [[Mars]]. The project includes an uncrewed test mission followed by a crewed Moon landing in 2029. The contract value is $3.4 billion.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=NASA Selects Blue Origin as Second Artemis Lunar Lander Provider |date=May 19, 2023 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider |access-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519150415/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2023 |title=Bezos' Blue Origin wins NASA astronaut moon lander contract to compete with SpaceX's Starship |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/19/nasa-awards-blue-origin-sld-crew-lunar-lander-contract.html |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519144646/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/19/nasa-awards-blue-origin-sld-crew-lunar-lander-contract.html |url-status=live }}</ref>In mid 2024, the company announced initial acceptance testing completion on the thrusters for the MK1 variant of the Blue Moon lander.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More and more hardware is arriving – paving our way to the Moon. Our gaseous hydrogen/oxygen reaction control system thrusters have completed acceptance testing ahead of installation on MK1, our first lunar lander. Our RCS thrusters enable different thrust levels for precision attitude control and are an important step toward humanity’s sustained presence on the Moon. These will help us land anywhere on the Moon’s surface, and best of all, they use propellants that can be manufactured from resources on the lunar surface! |url=https://x.com/blueorigin/status/1788254387934052763}}</ref>

== Rocket engines ==
[[file:Public BE-4 Image.jpg|thumb|BE-4 on build stand]]
===BE-1===
Blue Origin's first engine was a "simple, single-propellant engine" called the Blue Engine-1 ('''BE-1''') which used [[High-test peroxide|peroxide]] propellant and generated only {{convert|2000|lbf|kN|disp=flip|abbr=on}} of [[thrust]].<ref name="blue20161025"/>

===BE-2===
The Blue Engine-2 ('''BE-2''') which was a bipropellant engine using [[RP-1|kerosene]] and peroxide, producing {{convert|31000|lbf|kN|disp=flip|abbr=on}} thrust.<ref name="blue20161025">{{cite web |url= https://www.blueorigin.com/technology |title= Blue Origin Technology |publisher= Blue Origin |access-date= October 25, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180110171630/https://www.blueorigin.com/technology |archive-date= January 10, 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

=== BE-3 (BE-3U and BE-3PM) ===
{{Main|BE-3}}
The [[BE-3]] is a family of rocket engines made by Blue Origin with two variants, the BE-3U and BE-3PM. The rocket engine is a [[liquid hydrogen]]/[[liquid oxygen]] (LH2/LOX) [[Cryogenic rocket engine|cryogenic engine]] that can produce {{convert|110000|lbf|kN||abbr=on|order=flip}} and 710 kN (160,000 lbf) of thrust, respectively. Early thrust chamber testing began at [[NASA|NASA Stennis]]<ref name="nsj20130117">{{Cite news |date=January 17, 2013 |title=Updates on commercial crew development |work=NewSpace Journal |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2013/01/17/updates-on-commercial-crew-development/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119091227/http://www.newspacejournal.com/2013/01/17/updates-on-commercial-crew-development/ |archive-date=January 19, 2013}}</ref> in 2013.<ref name="pa20131203vid" /> By late 2013, the [[BE-3]] had been successfully tested on a full-duration [[sub-orbital]] burn, with simulated coast phases and engine relights, "demonstrating deep throttle, full power, long-duration and [[Rocket engine restart|reliable restart]] all in a single-test sequence."<ref name="pa20131203">{{Cite news |last=Messier |first=Doug |date=December 3, 2013 |title=Blue Origin Tests New Engine in Simulated Suborbital Mission Profile |work=Parabolic Arc |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/blue-origin-tests-engine-simulated-suborbital-mission-profile/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206020133/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/blue-origin-tests-engine-simulated-suborbital-mission-profile/ |archive-date=December 6, 2013}}</ref> [[NASA]] has released a video of the test.<ref name="pa20131203vid">{{Cite news |last=Messier |first=Doug |date=December 3, 2013 |title=Video of Blue Origin Engine Test |work=Parabolic Arc |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/video-blue-origin-engine-test/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206023638/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/03/video-blue-origin-engine-test/ |archive-date=December 6, 2013}}</ref> {{as of|2013|12}}, the engine had demonstrated more than 160 starts and {{convert|9100|s|h}} of operation at the company's test facility near [[Van Horn, Texas]].<ref name="pa20131203" /><ref>[http://aviationweek.com/awin/blue-origin-tests-new-engine Blue Origin Tests New Engine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108122553/http://aviationweek.com/awin/blue-origin-tests-new-engine |date=January 8, 2016 }}, ''Aviation Week'', 2013-12-09, accessed September 16, 2014.</ref>

# The [[BE-3U]] is an open [[expander cycle]] variant of the BE-3. Two of these engines will be used to power the [[New Glenn]] heavy-lift launch vehicle's second stage. The amount of thrust the BE-3U produces is 710 kilonewtons (160,000 lbf).<ref name=":5"/>
# The [[BE-3|BE-3PM]], uses a [[Pump-fed engine|pump-fed]] engine design, with a [[combustion tap-off cycle]] to take a small amount of combustion gases from the main [[combustion chamber]] to power the engine's [[turbopump]]s. One engine is used to power the Propulsive Module (PM) of [[New Shepard]]. The amount of thrust the [[BE-3|BE-3PM]] produces is 490 kilonewtons (110,000 lbf).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Engines |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=Blue Origin |language=en-US |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140938/https://www.blueorigin.com/engines |url-status=live }}</ref> The rocket engine can be throttled down to as low as 110 kN (25,000 lbf) for use in controlled vertical landings.

=== BE-4 ===
{{Main|BE-4}}
The BE-4 is a [[liquid oxygen]]/liquified natural gas (LOX/LNG) rocket engine that can produce {{convert|550000|lbf|kN|order=flip|abbr=on}} of thrust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BE-4 Reverse Engineered |url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=45518.0 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=forum.nasaspaceflight.com |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420192148/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=45518.0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late 2014, the company signed an agreement with [[United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance (ULA)]] to develop the BE-4 engine, for ULA's [[Atlas V#Replacement with Vulcan|upgraded]] [[Atlas V]] and [[Vulcan Centaur]] [[rockets]] replacing the [[RD-180]] Russian-made rocket engine. The newly developed heavy-lift launch vehicle will use two of the {{convert|550000|lbf|kN|order=flip|abbr=on}} BE-4 engines on each [[first stage (rocketry)|first stage]]. The engine development program for the BE-4 began in 2011.<ref name="wp201409">{{Cite news |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin to supply engines for national security space launches |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/jeff-bezos-and-blue-origin-to-supply-engines-for-national-security-space-launches/2014/09/17/59f46eb2-3e7b-11e4-9587-5dafd96295f0_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925075923/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/jeff-bezos-and-blue-origin-to-supply-engines-for-national-security-space-launches/2014/09/17/59f46eb2-3e7b-11e4-9587-5dafd96295f0_story.html |archive-date=September 25, 2014}}</ref>

On October 31, 2022, a Twitter post by the official Blue Origin account announced that the first two BE-4 engines had been delivered to ULA and were in the process of being integrated on a Vulcan rocket. In a later tweet, ULA CEO [[Tory Bruno]] said that one of the engines had already been installed on the booster, and that the other would be joining it momentarily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=October 31, 2022 |title=Blue Origin completes delivery of BE-4 rocket engines for first ULA Vulcan launch |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2022/blue-origin-delivery-be-4-rocket-engines-ula-vulcan/ |access-date=November 7, 2022 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107165937/https://www.geekwire.com/2022/blue-origin-delivery-be-4-rocket-engines-ula-vulcan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 7, 2023, the two BE-4 rocket engines performed as expected when ULA performed a Flight Readiness Firing of the Vulcan Rocket at launch pad 41 at the [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]] in [[Cape Canaveral, Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ULA test-fires first Vulcan rocket at Cape Canaveral – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/06/07/vulcan-centaur-frf-coverage/ |access-date=July 3, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703024905/https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/06/07/vulcan-centaur-frf-coverage/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Live: Engine test firing for ULA's new Vulcan rocket |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDN8CzkXMqQ |access-date=July 3, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703024904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDN8CzkXMqQ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vulcan Centaur launched for the first time on January 8, 2024, successfully carrying [[Astrobotic Technology]]'s [[Peregrine Mission One|''Peregrine'' lunar lander]], the first mission on NASA's [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] (CLPS) program using the BE-4 engine.<ref name=spacenews-launch>{{cite web|author=Jeff Foust|url=https://spacenews.com/vulcan-centaur-launches-peregrine-lunar-lander-on-inaugural-mission/|title=Vulcan Centaur launches Peregrine lunar lander on inaugural mission|work=Spacenews|date=January 8, 2024|access-date=January 8, 2024}}</ref>

=== BE-7 ===
{{main|BE-7}}
The BE-7 engine is a liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen [[Expander cycle#Dual expander|dual expander cycle]] engine currently under development, designed for use on [[Blue Moon (spacecraft)|Blue Moon]].<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/9/18550258/blue-origin-moon-lunar-lander-jeff-bezos-space Jeff Bezos unveils mock-up of Blue Origin's lunar lander Blue Moon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509215433/https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/9/18550258/blue-origin-moon-lunar-lander-jeff-bezos-space |date=May 9, 2019 }}. Loren Grush, ''The Verge''. May 9, 2019.</ref> The engine produces {{convert|10000|lbf|kN|order=flip|abbr=on}} of thrust. Its first ignition tests were performed in June 2019, with thrust chamber assembly testing continuing through 2023.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/20/18692707/blue-origin-moon-lander-be7-engine-hot-fire-test-ignition Blue Origin fires up the engine of its future Moon lander for the first time]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509215433/https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/20/18692707/blue-origin-moon-lander-be7-engine-hot-fire-test-ignition|date=May 9, 2019}}. Loren Grush, ''The Verge''. June 20, 2019.</ref>

=== Pusher escape motor ===
The company partnered with [[Aerojet Rocketdyne]] to [[New product development|develop]] a pusher [[launch escape system]] for the [[New Shepard]] suborbital crew capsule. [[Aerojet Rocketdyne]] provides the Crew Capsule Escape [[Solid-propellant rocket|Solid Rocket Motor]] (CCE SRM) while the [[Thrust vectoring|thrust vector control]] system that steers the capsule during an abort is designed and manufactured by Blue Origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aerojet Motor Plays Key Role in Successful Blue Origin Pad Escape |url=http://www.rocket.com/article/aerojet-motor-plays-key-role-successful-blue-origin-pad-escape |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213926/http://www.rocket.com/article/aerojet-motor-plays-key-role-successful-blue-origin-pad-escape |archive-date=May 14, 2018 |access-date=May 14, 2018 |publisher=Aerojet Rocketdyne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aerojet Rocketdyne Motor Plays Key Role in Successful Blue Origin In-Flight Crew Escape Test |url=https://www.rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-motor-plays-key-role-successful-blue-origin-flight-crew-escape-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213800/https://www.rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-motor-plays-key-role-successful-blue-origin-flight-crew-escape-test |archive-date=May 14, 2018 |access-date=May 14, 2018 |publisher=Aerojet Rocketdyne}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
[[File:NASA Deputy Administrator Tours Blue Origin.jpg|thumb|NASA Deputy Administrator Tours Blue Origin Headquarters]]
The company has facilities across the United States which include five main locations and five field offices:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://craft.co/blue-origin/locations|title=Blue Origin Corporate Headquarters, Office Locations and Addresses | Craft.co|access-date=April 4, 2023|archive-date=April 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404233743/https://craft.co/blue-origin/locations|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kent, Washington]] (headquarters)
* [[Van Horn, Texas]]
* [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]], Florida
* [[Huntsville, Alabama]]
* [[Marshall Space Flight Center]], Alabama
* [[Arlington, Virginia]]
* [[Denver, Colorado]]
* [[Los Angeles, California]]
* [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
* [[Washington, DC]]

The company’s headquarters is in [[Kent, Washington]]. Rocket development takes place at its Headquarters. The company has continued to expand its [[Seattle metropolitan area|Seattle-area]] offices and rocket production facilities since 2016, purchasing an adjacent {{convert|120000|ft2|m2|order=flip|abbr=on|adj=on}}-building.<ref name="psbj20161020">{{Cite news |last=Stile |first=Marc |date=October 20, 2016 |title=Bezos' rocket company, Blue Origin, is the new owner of an old warehouse in Kent |work=[[American City Business Journals|bizjournals.com]] |publisher=Puget Sound Business Journal |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2016/10/jeff-bezos-rocket-blue-origin-real-estate-kent.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302004928/http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2016/10/jeff-bezos-rocket-blue-origin-real-estate-kent.html |archive-date=March 2, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, the company filed permits to build a new {{convert|236000|ft2|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} warehouse complex and an additional {{convert|102900|ft2|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of office space.<ref name="gw20170222">{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2017 |title=Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin space venture has plans for big expansion of Seattle-area HQ |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2017/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-hq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223033609/http://www.geekwire.com/2017/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-hq/ |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |website=Geekwire.com}}</ref> The company established a new headquarters and R&D facility, called the O'Neill Building on June 6, 2020.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin officially opens its new HQ and R&D center |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/01/07/blue-origin-officially-opens-its-new-hq-and-rd-center/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2020 |title=Blue Origin takes one giant leap across the street to space venture's new HQ in Kent |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2020/blue-origin-takes-one-giant-leap-across-street-new-headquarters-kent/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107004658/https://www.geekwire.com/2020/blue-origin-takes-one-giant-leap-across-street-new-headquarters-kent/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Launch Site One (LSO) ===
Corn Ranch, commonly referred to as [[Corn Ranch|Launch Site One (LSO)]] is the company's launch site 30 miles north of Van Horn, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Visit to see Blue Origin's Launch Site One |url=http://scopeviews.co.uk/BlueOriginVisit.htm |access-date=June 9, 2023 |website=scopeviews.co.uk |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813202847/http://scopeviews.co.uk/BlueOriginVisit.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The launch facility is located at 31.422927°N 104.757152°W.<ref>{{Cite web |title=31°25'22.5"N 104°45'25.8"W |url=https://www.google.com/maps/search/31.422927%C2%B0N+104.757152%C2%B0W?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwidrqqivo6AAxVznGoFHQnMD9sQ8gF6BAgaEAA&ved=2ahUKEwidrqqivo6AAxVznGoFHQnMD9sQ8gF6BAgbEAI |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=31°25'22.5"N 104°45'25.8"W |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to the sub-orbital launch pad, Launch Site One (LSO) includes a number of [[Rocket engine test facility|rocket engine test stands]] and engine test cells are at the site to support the [[hydrolox]], [[methalox]] and [[Storable propellant|storable]] propellant engines that are used. There are three test cells for testing the BE-3 and BE-4 engines. The test cells support full-thrust and full-duration burns, and one supports short-duration, high-pressure [[preburner]] tests.

=== Blue Engine ===
Engine production is located in Huntsville, Alabama, at a 600,000sqft facility called, "Blue Engine". The companies website states that, "The world-class engine manufacturing facility in The Rocket City conduct[s] high rate production of the BE-4 and BE-3U engines.

The company is planning a third major expansion in Huntsville and the company was approved for the sale of 14.83 acres adjacent to its already sprawling campus at the price of $1.427 million.<ref>{{Citation |title=Price, Winford Hugh Protheroe, (born 5 Feb. 1926), City Treasurer, Cardiff City Council, 1975–83 |date=December 1, 2007 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u31450 |work=Who's Who |access-date=June 9, 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u31450 |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717232153/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-31450;jsessionid=54E1242363290B6FDC263B650210B799 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Orbital Launch Site (OLS) ===
The Orbital Launch Site (OLS) at the [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]], develops rockets and does extensive testing. The company converted [[Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 36|Launch Complex 36]] (LC-36) to launch its [[New Glenn]] into orbit<ref name="S-BG-2016">[http://www.space.com/33293-blue-origin-construction-florida-rocket-factory.html Blue Origin's Rocket Factory Breaks Ground, June 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710093314/http://www.space.com/33293-blue-origin-construction-florida-rocket-factory.html |date=July 10, 2016 }}, accessed Feb 2022</ref> at the [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]]. The facility was initially completed in 2020 and is being used for the construction of New Glenn prototypes, rocket testing, and designs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2021 |title=Blue Origin is leaving a substantial footprint in Florida |url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/tech/science/space/blue-origin-florida/67-47c9de2f-cd89-4912-9718-ef9adcb3248e |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=wtsp.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717232144/https://www.wtsp.com/article/tech/science/space/blue-origin-florida/67-47c9de2f-cd89-4912-9718-ef9adcb3248e |url-status=live }}</ref>

The companies facility is situated on 306 acres of land assembled from former Launch Complexes 11, 36A, and 36B. The land parcel used to build a rocket engine test stand for the BE-4 engine, a [[launch mount]], called the Orbital Launch Site, (hence its name) and a reusable [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] [[Refurbishment (electronics)|refurbishment]] facility for the New Glenn launch vehicle, which is expected to land on a [[Droneship|drone ship]] and return to [[Port Canaveral]] for refurbishment. Manufacturing of "large elements, such as New Glenn's first and second stages as well as the [[payload fairing]]s and other large components will be made nearby in [[Exploration Park]], which is near the entrance to the [[Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex]] on [[Merritt Island, Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davenport |first=Justin |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Blue Origin picking up the pace at the Cape |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/05/blue-origin-pace-cape/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601000142/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/05/blue-origin-pace-cape/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Other projects ==
=== Blue Ring (Space Truck Vehicle)===
{{main|Blue Ring}}

The Blue Ring vehicle was announced in October 2023 by Blue Origin. It will have its own engine and is meant to handle orbital logistics and delivery. In March 2024, in partnership with the [[United States Space Force]], it was announced that the Blue Ring’s capabilities will be tested soon on a mission called DarkSky-1.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Malewar |first=Amit |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Blue Origin to test Blue Ring space truck capabilities on DarkSky-1 Mission |url=https://www.inceptivemind.com/blue-origin-test-blue-ring-space-truck-capabilities-darksky-1-mission/37028/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=Inceptive Mind |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Orbital Reef (commercial space station) ===
{{main|Orbital Reef}}
The company and its partners [[Sierra Space]], [[Boeing]], [[Redwire Space]] and Genesis Engineering Solutions won a $130{{nbsp}}million award to jump-start the design of their Orbital Reef commercial space station. The project is envisioned as an expandable business park, with Boeing's [[Boeing Starliner|Starliner]] and Sierra Space's [[Dream Chaser]] transporting passengers to and from [[Low Earth orbit|low Earth orbit (LEO)]] for [[tourism]], research and in-space manufacturing projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orbital Reef {{!}} Home |url=https://www.orbitalreef.com/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=www.orbitalreef.com |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026194229/https://www.orbitalreef.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Orbital Reef’s design will be modular in nature, to provide the greatest amount of customization and compatibility. It will reportedly be designed to accept docking from almost every in operation spacecraft like [[SpaceX Dragon 2]], [[Soyuz (spacecraft)]], [[Dream Chaser]], and [[Boeing Starliner]]. The initial modules will be: Life, Node, Core, and Research Modules.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zea |first1=Luis |last2=Warren |first2=Liz |last3=Ruttley |first3=Tara |last4=Mosher |first4=Todd |last5=Kelsey |first5=Laura |last6=Wagner |first6=Erika |date=March 29, 2024 |title=Orbital Reef and commercial low Earth orbit destinations—upcoming space research opportunities |journal=npj Microgravity |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=43 |doi=10.1038/s41526-024-00363-x |issn=2373-8065|doi-access=free |pmid=38553503 |pmc=10980796 |bibcode=2024npjMG..10...43Z }}</ref>

In 2024 NASA increased funding for Orbital Reef by $42 million, bringing the total award to $172 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=NASA Adjusts Agreements to Benefit Commercial Station Development - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/leo-economy/nasa-adjusts-agreements-to-benefit-commercial-station-development/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Nuclear rocket program ===
[[NASA]] plans to test [[spacecraft]], engines and other propellent systems powered by [[nuclear fission]] no later than 2027 as part of the agency's effort to demonstrate more efficient methods of traveling through outer space for [[space exploration]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roulette |first=Joey |date=January 25, 2023 |title=U.S. to test nuclear-powered spacecraft by 2027 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/us-test-nuclear-powered-spacecraft-by-2027-2023-01-24/ |access-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407031151/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/us-test-nuclear-powered-spacecraft-by-2027-2023-01-24/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One benefit to using [[nuclear fission]] as a propellent for spacecraft is that nuclear-based systems can have less mass than solar cells which means a [[spacecraft]] could be much smaller while absorbing and using the same amount of energy more efficiently. [[Nuclear fission]] concepts that can power both life support and propulsion systems could greatly reduce the cost and flight time during space exploration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bardan |first=Roxana |date=January 23, 2023 |title=NASA, DARPA Will Test Nuclear Engine for Future Mars Missions |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-darpa-will-test-nuclear-engine-for-future-mars-missions |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=NASA |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526043355/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-darpa-will-test-nuclear-engine-for-future-mars-missions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] awarded [[General Atomics]], [[Lockheed Martin]] and Blue Origin contracts to fund and build [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] spacecraft under the agency's [[Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations]] program or DRACO program. The company was awarded $2.9 million to develop [[spacecraft]] component designs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |title=DARPA awards nuclear spacecraft contracts to Lockheed Martin, Bezos' Blue Origin and General Atomics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/12/darpa-nuclear-spacecraft-lockheed-bezos-blue-origin-general-atomics.html |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=CNBC |date=April 12, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407024948/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/12/darpa-nuclear-spacecraft-lockheed-bezos-blue-origin-general-atomics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In partnership with Blue Origin, Ultra Safe Nuclear Corp., [[GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy]], [[GE Research]], [[Framatome]] and [[Materion]], USNC-Tech won a $5 million contract from [[NASA]] and the [[U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE) to develop a long range nuclear propulsion system called the Power Adjusted Demonstration Mars Engine, or PADME.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=January 24, 2023 |title=NASA joins forces with DARPA on effort to demonstrate nuclear rocket for Mars trips |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2023/nasa-darpa-nuclear-rocket-mars/ |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407024948/https://www.geekwire.com/2023/nasa-darpa-nuclear-rocket-mars/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Space Technology ===
NASA awarded $35 million to the company in 2023 for the company's work on lunar regrowth to be used for solar powered systems on the moon. The company's website states that "Blue Alchemist is a proposed end-to-end, scalable, autonomous, and commercial solution that produces solar cells from lunar regolith, which is the dust and crushed rock abundant on the surface of the Moon. Based on a process called molten regolith electrolysis, the breakthrough would bootstrap unlimited electricity and power transmission cables anywhere on the surface of the Moon. This process also produces oxygen as a useful byproduct for propulsion and life support."

Gary Lai, chief architect of the New Shepard rocket said during the pathfinder awards at the Seattle Museum of Flight that [The company] "aims to be the first company that harvests natural resources from the moon to use here on Earth,” He also mentioned that the company is building a novel approach to extract outer space's vast resources.

== Blue Origin flight data ==

{| width="100%"
| {{#invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 300
| width = 500
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0
| group 2 = 0 : 1 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0
| group 3 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0
| group 4 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 3 : 1 : 6 : 4 : 1 : 1
| colors = lightgrey : lightgreen : orange : skyblue
| group names = [[Blue Origin Charon|''Charon'']] : [[Blue Origin Goddard|Goddard]] : PM2 : [[New Shepard]]
| units suffix = _launches
| x legends = 2005 ::::: 2010 ::::: 2015 ::::: 2020 ::::
}}
| align="right" |{{suborbital_spaceflight_timeline.svg}}
|}

In the chart below, ♺ means "Flight Proven Booster"

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
|+New Shepard and test vehicle flight data
|-
! scope="col" | Flight No.
! Date
! Vehicle
! Apogee
! Outcome
! Notes
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1
| March 5, 2005
| ''[[Blue Origin Charon|Charon]]''
| 315 ft (0.05 mi)
| {{Success}}
|Test Flight
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2
| November 13, 2006
| [[Blue Origin Goddard|Goddard]]
| 279 ft (0.05 mi)
| {{Success}}
| First rocket-powered test flight<ref>{{Cite news |last=Graczyk |first=Michael |date=November 14, 2006 |title=Private space firm launches 1st test rocket |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.dfw.com/mld/dfw/news/state/16008383.htm |access-date=January 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107162505/http://www.dfw.com/mld/dfw/news/state/16008383.htm  |archive-date=January 7, 2007}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 3
| March 22, 2007
| [[Blue Origin Goddard|Goddard]] {{abbr|♺|Flight proven booster}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=March 23, 2007 |title=Rocket Revelations |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/23/99714.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=January 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119052945/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/23/99714.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2008 }}</ref>
|N/A
| {{Success}}
|Test Flight
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4
| April 19, 2007
| [[Blue Origin Goddard|Goddard]] ♺<ref>{{Cite news |title=Recently Completed/Historical Launch Data |publisher=FAA AST |url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/launch_data/permitted_historical_launch/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311023826/http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/launch_data/permitted_historical_launch/ |archive-date=March 11, 2008}}</ref>
|N/A
| {{Success}}
|Test Flight
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 5
| May 6, 2011
| PM2 (Propulsion Module)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Recently Completed/Historical Launch Data |publisher=FAA AST |url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/launch_data/permitted_historical_launch/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311023826/http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/launch_data/permitted_historical_launch/ |archive-date=March 11, 2008}}</ref>
|N/A
| {{Success}}
|Test Flight
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6
| August 24, 2011
| PM2 (Propulsion Module) ♺
|N/A
| {{No|Failure}}
|Test Flight
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 7
| October 19, 2012
| [[New Shepard]] capsule
|N/A
| {{Success}}
| Pad escape test flight<ref name="bo20121022">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2012 |title=Blue Origin Conducts Successful Pad Escape Test |url=http://www.blueorigin.com/media/press_release/blue-origin-conducts-successful-pad-escape-test |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050523/http://www.blueorigin.com/media/press_release/blue-origin-conducts-successful-pad-escape-test |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |publisher=Blue Origin}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 8
| April 29, 2015
| [[New Shepard 1]]
|307,000 ft (58 mi)
| {{partial success}}
| Flight to altitude 93.5 km, capsule [[Soft landing (rocketry)|recovered]], [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] crashed on landing<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harwood |first=Bill |date=April 30, 2015 |title=Bezos' Blue Origin completes first test flight of 'New Shepard' spacecraft |agency=Spaceflight Now via CBS News |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/04/30/bezos-blue-origin-completes-first-test-flight-of-new-shepard-spacecraft/ |access-date=May 11, 2015 |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609090314/https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/04/30/bezos-blue-origin-completes-first-test-flight-of-new-shepard-spacecraft/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{nowrap|November 23, 2015}}
| [[New Shepard 2]]
|329,839 ft (62 mi)
| {{Success}}
| Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasztor |first=Andy |date=November 24, 2015 |title=Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin Succeeds in Landing Spent Rocket Back on Earth |agency=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/blue-origin-succeeds-in-vertically-landing-spent-rocket-back-at-texas-launch-site-1448372666 |access-date=November 24, 2015 |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515121438/https://www.wsj.com/articles/blue-origin-succeeds-in-vertically-landing-spent-rocket-back-at-texas-launch-site-1448372666 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 10
| January 22, 2016
| {{nowrap|[[New Shepard 2]] ♺}}
|333,582 ft (63 mi)
| {{Success}}
| Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch. Land. Repeat. |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blog/launch-land-repeat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124032206/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blog/launch-land-repeat |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 11
| April 2, 2016
| [[New Shepard 2]] ♺
|339,178 ft (64 mi)
| {{Success}}
| Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster<ref name="techcrunch20160402">{{Cite web |last=Calandrelli |first=Emily |date=April 2, 2016 |title=Blue Origin launches and lands the same rocket for a third time |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/02/blue-origin-launches-and-lands-the-same-rocket-for-a-third-time/ |access-date=April 3, 2016 |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402215657/https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/02/blue-origin-launches-and-lands-the-same-rocket-for-a-third-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 12
| June 19, 2016
| [[New Shepard 2]] ♺
|331,501 ft (63 mi)
| {{Success}}
| Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster: The fourth launch and landing of the same rocket. The company published a live webcast of the takeoff and landing.<ref name="geekwire201606">{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=June 19, 2016 |title=Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin live-streams its spaceship's risky test flight |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-launch/ |access-date=June 21, 2016 |website=GeekWire |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620191823/http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 13
| October 5, 2016
| [[New Shepard 2]] ♺
|Booster:307,458 ft (58 mi)
Capsule:23,269 ft (4 mi)
| {{Success}}
| Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster. Successful test of the in-flight abort system. The fifth and final launch and landing of the same rocket (NS2).<ref name="sn20161005">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=October 5, 2016 |title=Blue Origin successfully tests New Shepard abort system |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-successfully-tests-new-shepard-abort-system/ |access-date=October 5, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 14
| December 12, 2017
| [[New Shepard 3]]
|Booster:322,032 ft(61 mi)
Capsule:322,405 ft(61 mi)
| {{Success}}
| Flight to just under 100 km and landing. The first launch of NS3 and a new Crew Capsule 2.0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2017 |title=Blue Origin flies next-generation New Shepard vehicle |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-flies-next-generation-new-shepard-vehicle/ |access-date=March 24, 2020 |website=SpaceNews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717232145/https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-flies-next-generation-new-shepard-vehicle/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 15
| April 29, 2018
| [[New Shepard 3]] ♺
|351,000 ft (66 mi)
| {{Success}}
| Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster.<ref name="flight8">{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/29/video-blue-origin-flies-new-shepard-rocket-for-eighth-time/|title=Video: Blue Origin flies New Shepard rocket for eighth time – Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|access-date=August 6, 2020|archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515121439/https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/29/video-blue-origin-flies-new-shepard-rocket-for-eighth-time/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 16
| July 18, 2018
| [[New Shepard 3]] ♺
|389,846 ft (74 mi)
| {{Success}}
| Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster, with the Crew Capsule 2.0–1 ''RSS H.G.Wells'', carrying a [[Crash test dummy|mannequin]]. Successful test of the in-flight abort system at high altitude. Flight duration was 11 minutes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Marcia Dunn |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin launches spacecraft higher than ever |url=https://apnews.com/1304ed77d0bb4e5c995a8b75a8d52499 |access-date=July 19, 2018 |website=Associated Press |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718205220/https://apnews.com/1304ed77d0bb4e5c995a8b75a8d52499 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 17
|January 23, 2019
|[[New Shepard 3]] ♺
|351,000 ft (66 mi)
| {{Success}}
|Sub-orbital flight, delayed from December 18, 2018. Eight NASA research and technology payloads were flown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Blue Origin reschedules New Shepard launch for Wednesday – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/01/19/blue-origin-aims-to-launch-delayed-new-shepard-flight-monday/ |access-date=January 23, 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120070148/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/01/19/blue-origin-aims-to-launch-delayed-new-shepard-flight-monday/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin New Shepard: Mission 10 (Q1 2019) – collectSPACE: Messages |url=http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum35/HTML/000903.html |access-date=January 23, 2019 |website=www.collectspace.com |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123121253/http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum35/HTML/000903.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 18
|May 2, 2019
|[[New Shepard 3]] ♺
|346,000 ft (65 mi)
| {{Success}}
|Sub-orbital flight. Max Ascent Velocity: {{cvt|2217|mph|km/h|abbr=on}},<ref name="SubOrbitalLaunch">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Blue Origin 'one step closer' to human flights after successful suborbital launch – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/02/blue-origin-one-step-closer-to-human-flights-after-successful-suborbital-launch/ |access-date=May 9, 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502153730/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/02/blue-origin-one-step-closer-to-human-flights-after-successful-suborbital-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> duration: 10 minutes, 10 seconds. Payload: 38 microgravity research payloads (nine sponsored by NASA).
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 19
|December 11, 2019
|[[New Shepard 3]] ♺
|343,000 ft (64 mi)
|{{Success}}
|Sub-orbital flight, Payload: Multiple commercial, research (8 sponsored by NASA) and educational payloads, including postcards from [[Club for the Future]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=December 8, 2019 |title=Watch Blue Origin send thousands of postcards to space and back on test flight |language=en-US |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2019/blue-origin-gets-set-send-thousands-postcards-space-back-test-flight/ |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210001022/https://www.geekwire.com/2019/blue-origin-gets-set-send-thousands-postcards-space-back-test-flight/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Shepard Mission NS-12 Updates |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-12-updates |access-date=December 10, 2019 |website=Blue Origin |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210085917/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-12-updates |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2019 |title=New Shepard sets reusability mark on latest suborbital spaceflight |url=https://spacenews.com/new-shepard-sets-reusability-mark-on-latest-suborbital-spaceflight/ |access-date=March 24, 2020 |website=SpaceNews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717232155/https://spacenews.com/new-shepard-sets-reusability-mark-on-latest-suborbital-spaceflight/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!20
|October 13, 2020
|[[New Shepard 3]] ♺
|346,000 ft (65 mi)
|{{Success}}
|7th flight of the same capsule/booster. Onboard 12 payloads include Space Lab Technologies, Southwest Research Institute, postcards and seeds for Club for the Future, and multiple payloads for NASA including SPLICE to test future lunar landing technologies in support of the [[Artemis program]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Shepard Mission NS-13 Launch Updates |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-13-launch-updates |access-date=January 10, 2021 |website=Blue Origin |language=en |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922141050/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-13-launch-updates |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!21
|January 14, 2021
|[[New Shepard 4]]
|350,858 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|Uncrewed qualification flight for NS4 rocket and "RSS First Step" capsule and maiden flight for NS4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin tests passenger accommodations on suborbital launch |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/01/14/blue-origin-new-shepard-ns-14/ |access-date=January 14, 2021 |website=Spaceflight Now |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132630/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/01/14/blue-origin-new-shepard-ns-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!22
|April 14, 2021
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|348,753 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|2nd flight of NS4 with Astronaut Rehearsal. [[Gary Lai]], Susan Knapp, Clay Mowry, and Audrey Powers, all Blue Origin personnel, are "stand-in astronauts". Lai and Powers briefly get in.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dress Rehearsal Puts Blue Origin Closer to Human Spaceflight|url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/dress-rehearsal-puts-blue-origin-closer-to-human-spaceflight/|access-date=April 15, 2021|website=spacepolicyonline.com|language=en|archive-date=April 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419145115/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/dress-rehearsal-puts-blue-origin-closer-to-human-spaceflight/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!23
|July 20, 2021
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|351,210 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|First crewed flight ([[Blue Origin NS-16|NS-16]]). Crew: [[Jeff Bezos]], [[Mark Bezos]], [[Wally Funk]], and [[Oliver Daemen]].<ref name="Verge NS 16">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/20/22582735/blue-origin-jeff-bezos-space-launch-landing|title=Blue Origin successfully sends Jeff Bezos and three others to space and back|last=Roulette|first=Joey|date=July 20, 2021|publisher=[[The Verge]]|language=English|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=July 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720132437/https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/20/22582735/blue-origin-jeff-bezos-space-launch-landing|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!24
|August 26, 2021<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Blue Origin|user=blueorigin|number=1430903439064584207|title=Capsule, touchdown! A wholly successful payload mission for New Shepard. A huge congrats to the entire Blue Origin team on another successful flight.|date=August 26, 2021}}</ref>
|[[New Shepard 3]] ♺
|347,434 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|Payload mission consisting of 18 commercial payloads inside the crew capsule, a NASA lunar landing technology demonstration installed on the exterior of the booster and an art installation installed on the exterior of the crew capsule.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Shepard Payload Mission NS-17 to Fly NASA Lunar Landing Experiment and Art Installation|url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-17-launch-updates|publisher=Blue Origin|access-date=August 18, 2021|archive-date=August 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818173530/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-17-launch-updates|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!25
|October 13, 2021
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|341,434 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|Second crewed flight ([[Blue Origin NS-18|NS-18]]). Crew: [[Audrey Powers]], Chris Boshuizen, [[Glen de Vries]], and [[William Shatner]].<ref name="WSJ NS 18">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-set-to-send-william-shatner-to-edge-of-space-11634117401|title=William Shatner Goes to Space on Blue Origin's Second Human Flight|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=October 13, 2021|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|language=English|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617230220/https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-set-to-send-william-shatner-to-edge-of-space-11634117401|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!26
|December 11, 2021
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|351,050 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|Third crewed flight ([[Blue Origin NS-19|NS-19]]). Crew: Laura Shepard Churchley, [[Michael Strahan]], [[Dylan Taylor (executive)|Dylan Taylor]], Evan Dick, [[Lane Bess]], and Cameron Bess.<ref name="NSF NS 19">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/ns-19/|title=Blue Origin launches NS-19 with full passenger complement|last=Beil|first=Adrian|date=December 11, 2021|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|language=English|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615072316/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/ns-19/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!27
|March 31, 2022
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|351,050 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|Fourth crewed flight ([[Blue Origin NS-20|NS-20]]). Crew: Marty Allen, Sharon Hagle, Marc Hagle, [[Jim Kitchen]], George Nield, and [[Gary Lai]].<ref name="Space.com NS 20">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/pete-davidson-replacement-blue-origin-spaceflight|title=Pete Davidson's spaceflight replacement is Blue Origin's Gary Lai|last=Wall|first=Mike|date=March 21, 2022|publisher=Space.com|language=English|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=May 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521103417/https://www.space.com/pete-davidson-replacement-blue-origin-spaceflight|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!28
|June 4, 2022
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|351,050 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|Fifth crewed flight ([[Blue Origin NS-21|NS-21]]). Crew: Evan Dick, [[Katya Echazarreta]], [[Hamish Harding]], Victor Correa Hespanha, [[Jaison Robinson]], and [[Victor Vescovo]].<ref name="BO NS 21">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=60093|title=New Shepard Mission NS-21 to Fly Six Customer Astronauts, Including First Mexican-Born Woman to Visit Space|date=May 9, 2022|publisher=Blue Origin|access-date=June 19, 2022}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
!29
|August 4, 2022
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|351,050 ft (66 mi)
|{{Success}}
|Sixth crewed flight ([[Blue Origin NS-22|NS-22]]). Crew: [[Coby Cotton]], [[Mário Ferreira]], [[Vanessa O'Brien]], Clint Kelly III, Sara Sabry, and Steve Young.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Egyptian and Portuguese Astronauts to join Dude Perfect Cofounder on New Shepard's 22nd Flight |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-ns-22-mission-announcement |access-date=July 25, 2022 |website=Blue Origin |language=en-US |archive-date=July 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725001844/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-ns-22-mission-announcement/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!30
|September 12, 2022
|[[New Shepard 3]] ♺
|37,402 ft (7 mi)
|{{Failure}}
|Uncrewed flight with commercial payloads onboard ([[Blue Origin NS-23|NS-23]]). A booster failure triggered the [[launch escape system]] during flight, and the capsule landed successfully. The Blue Origin incident investigation found that a thermal-structural failure occurred on the BE-3 nozzle leading to the launch failure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Origin NS-23 Findings |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/ns-23-findings |website=Blue Origin News |access-date=August 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531200911/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/ns-23-findings |archive-date=May 31, 2023}}</ref>
|-
!31
|December 19, 2023
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|{{cvt|351248|ft|km mi|order=out}}
|{{Success}}
|Successful Return to Flight mission ([[Blue Origin NS-24|NS-24]]) following failure of NS-23 more than a year prior. 33 payloads and 38,000 Club for the Future postcards from students around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Shepard's 24th Mission Will Carry 33 Science Payloads to Space |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-ns-24-mission-announcement |access-date=December 17, 2023 |website=Blue Origin |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!32
|19 May 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Shepard’s 25th Mission Includes America’s First Black Astronaut Candidate |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-ns-25-mission-announcement |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Blue Origin |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[New Shepard 4]] ♺
|c. 106 km<ref>{{cite web |first=Jeff |last=Foust |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-resumes-crewed-new-shepard-suborbital-flights/ |title=Blue Origin resumes crewed New Shepard suborbital flights |date= May 19, 2024 }}</ref>
|{{Success}}
|Seventh crewed New Shepard flight ([[Blue Origin NS-25|NS-25]]). Crew of six included: [[Kenneth Hess]], Sylvain Chiron, Mason Angel, [[Ed Dwight]], Carol Schaller, Gopi Thotakura
|}

== NASA partnerships and funding ==
The company has contracted to do work for [[NASA]] on several development efforts. The company was awarded $3.7 million in funding by [[NASA]] in 2009 via a [[Space Act Agreement]]<ref name="nasa20131205a">{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin Space Act Agreement |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/471971main_NNJ10TA02S_blue_origin_SAA_R.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122080728/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/471971main_NNJ10TA02S_blue_origin_SAA_R.pdf |archive-date=November 22, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |publisher=Nasa.gov}}</ref><ref name="nasa20131205b">{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin Space Act Agreement, Amendment One |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/471970main_NNJ10TA02S_blue_origin_amend_1_r.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122080736/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/471970main_NNJ10TA02S_blue_origin_amend_1_r.pdf |archive-date=November 22, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> under the [[CCDev1|first]] [[Commercial Crew Development]] (CCDev) program for development of concepts and technologies to support future human [[spaceflight]] operations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 1, 2010 |title=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds |work=press release |publisher=NASA |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203061828/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html |archive-date=February 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeff Foust |title=Blue Origin proposes orbital vehicle |publisher=Newspacejournal.com |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/02/18/blue-origin-proposes-orbital-vehicle/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426234819/http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/02/18/blue-origin-proposes-orbital-vehicle/ |archive-date=April 26, 2015}}</ref> [[NASA]] co-funded risk-mitigation activities related to ground testing of (1) an innovative 'pusher' escape system, that lowers cost by being reusable and enhances safety by avoiding the jettison event of a traditional 'tractor' Launch Escape System, and (2) an innovative composite pressure vessel cabin that both reduces weight and increases safety of astronauts.<ref name="nasa20131205a" /> This was later revealed to be a part of a larger system, designed for a bionic capsule, that would be launched atop an [[Atlas V]] rocket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |title=Commercial Crew and Cargo Program |website=www.aiaa.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610062208/http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |archive-date=June 10, 2010}}</ref> On November 8, 2010, it was announced that the company had completed all milestones under its CCDev Space Act Agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) Round One Companies Have Reached Substantial Hardware Milestones in Only 9 Months, New Images and Data Show |url=http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/Other%20Content/High-Resolution%20Version%20-%20CCDev%20Significant%20Hardware%20Milestones%20Reached%20-%20Nov%208%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421132450/http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/Other%20Content/High-Resolution%20Version%20-%20CCDev%20Significant%20Hardware%20Milestones%20Reached%20-%20Nov%208%202010.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |publisher=Commercialspaceflight.com }}</ref>

In April 2011, The company received a commitment from [[NASA]] for $22 million of funding under the [[CCDev2|CCDev phase 2 program]].<ref name="aw20110422">{{Cite news |last=Morring |first=Frank Jr. |date=April 22, 2011 |title=Five Vehicles Vie To Succeed Space Shuttle |work=Aviation Week |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2011/04/25/AW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle |url-status=dead |access-date=February 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221070704/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2Fawst%2F2011%2F04%2F25%2FAW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |quote=''the CCDev-2 awards...and went to Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corp. and Space Exploration Technologies Inc. (SpaceX).''}}</ref> Milestones included (1) performing a Mission Concept Review (MCR) and System Requirements Review (SRR) on the orbital Space Vehicle, which utilizes a bionic shape to optimize its launch profile and atmospheric reentry, (2) further maturing the pusher escape system, including ground and flight tests, and (3) accelerating development of its BE-3 LOX/LH2 {{Cvt|100,000|lbf|kN|lk=on|order=flip}} engine through full-scale thrust chamber testing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin CCDev 2 Space Act Agreement |url=http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215051509/http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |publisher=Procurement.ksc.nasa.gov}}</ref>

In 2012, [[NASA]]'s Commercial Crew Program released its follow-on CCiCap solicitation for the development of crew delivery to [[International Space Station|ISS]] by 2017. The company did not submit a proposal for CCiCap, but reportedly continued work on its development program with private funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA announces $1.1B in support for a trio of spaceships |url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/03/13103192-nasa-announces-11-billion-in-support-for-a-trio-of-spaceships?lite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529211209/http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/03/13103192-nasa-announces-11-billion-in-support-for-a-trio-of-spaceships?lite |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |publisher=Cosmicclog.nbcnews.com}}</ref> The company had a failed attempt to lease a different part of the [[Space Coast]], when they submitted a bid in 2013 to lease [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39A]] (LC39A) at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] – on land to the north of, and adjacent to, [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral AFS]] – following [[NASA|NASA's]] decision to lease the unused complex out as part of a bid to reduce annual operation and maintenance costs. The companies bid was for shared and non-exclusive use of the LC39A complex such that the launchpad was to have been able to interface with multiple [[Launch vehicle|vehicles]], and costs for using the launch pad were to have been shared across multiple companies over the term of the lease. One potential shared user in the companies proposed plan was [[United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance (ULA).]] [[private spaceflight|Commercial use]] of the LC39A launch complex was awarded to [[SpaceX]], which submitted a bid for exclusive use of the launch complex to support their [[human spaceflight|crewed missions]].<ref name="os20130818">{{Cite news |last=Matthews |first=Mark K. |date=August 18, 2013 |title=Musk, Bezos fight to win lease of iconic NASA launchpad |work=Orlando Sentinel |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-08-18/news/os-fight-over-ksc-launchpad-20130818_1_spacex-elon-musk-christina-ra |url-status=live |access-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827223013/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-08-18/news/os-fight-over-ksc-launchpad-20130818_1_spacex-elon-musk-christina-ra |archive-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref>

The company completed work for [[NASA]] on several small development contracts, receiving total funding of $25.7 million by 2013.<ref name="nasa20131205a" /><ref name="aw20110422" /> In September 2013 – before completion of the bid period, and before any public announcement by [[NASA]] of the results of the process – [[Florida Today]] reported that the company had filed a protest with the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S.]] [[Government Accountability Office|General Accounting Office (GAO)]] "over what it says is a plan by NASA to award an exclusive commercial lease to [[SpaceX]] for use of mothballed space shuttle launch pad 39A".<ref name="pa20130910" /> [[NASA]] had originally planned to complete the bid award and have the pad transferred by October 1, 2013, but the protest delayed a decision until the [[Government Accountability Office|U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO)]] reached a decision on the protest.<ref name="pa20130910">{{Cite news |last=Messier |first=Doug |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Blue Origin Files Protest Over Lease on Pad 39A |work=Parabolic Arc |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/09/09/49934/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925185437/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/09/09/49934/ |archive-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="pa20131212" /> [[SpaceX]] said that they would be willing to support a multi-user arrangement for pad 39A.<ref name="sp20130921">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=September 21, 2013 |title=A minor kerfuffle over LC-39A letters |work=Space Politics |url=http://www.spacepolitics.com/2013/09/20/a-minor-kerfuffle-over-lc-39a-letters/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925134552/http://www.spacepolitics.com/2013/09/20/a-minor-kerfuffle-over-lc-39a-letters/ |archive-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref> In December 2013, the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S.]] [[Government Accountability Office|General Accounting Office (GAO)]] denied the companies protest and sided with [[NASA]], which argued that the solicitation contained no preference on the use of the facility as either multi-use or single-use. "The [solicitation] document merely [asked] bidders to explain their reasons for selecting one approach instead of the other and how they would manage the facility".<ref name="pa20131212">{{Cite news |last=Messier |first=Doug |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Blue Origin Loses GAO Appeal Over Pad 39A Bid Process |work=Parabolic Arc |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/12/blue-origin-loses-gao-appeal-pad-39a-bid-process/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216130603/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/12/blue-origin-loses-gao-appeal-pad-39a-bid-process/ |archive-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref> [[NASA]] selected the [[SpaceX]] proposal in late 2013 and signed a 20-year lease contract for Launch Pad 39A to [[SpaceX]] in April 2014.<ref name="ft20140415">{{Cite news |last=Dean |first=James |date=April 15, 2014 |title=With nod to history, SpaceX gets launch pad 39A OK |work=Florida Today |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2014/04/15/nod-history-spacex-gets-ok/7721971/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730193947/http://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2014/04/15/nod-history-spacex-gets-ok/7721971/ |archive-date=July 30, 2014}}</ref>

The company placed their first bid via the [[NASA]] Sustaining Lunar Development (SLD) competition to fund and develop a lunar lander capable of transporting [[astronaut]]s to and from the lunar surface. The Blue Origin led team called the "National Team" included, [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], and [[Draper Laboratory|Draper]]. On April 30, 2020, the company and its partners won a $579 million contract to start developing and testing an integrated Human Landing System (HLS) for the [[Artemis program]] to return humans to the [[Moon]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=April 30, 2020 |title=NASA awards contracts to Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk to land astronauts on the moon |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/30/nasa-selects-hls-lunar-lander-teams-blue-origin-spacex-dynetics.html |access-date=September 12, 2020 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=April 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430230903/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/30/nasa-selects-hls-lunar-lander-teams-blue-origin-spacex-dynetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Christian |first=Davenport |date=April 30, 2020 |title=Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk win contracts for spacecraft to land NASA astronauts on the moon |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/30/jeff-bezos-elon-musk-win-contracts-spacecraft-land-nasa-astronauts-moon/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |archive-date=September 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910153807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/30/jeff-bezos-elon-musk-win-contracts-spacecraft-land-nasa-astronauts-moon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Blue Origin led team lost their first bid to work for [[NASA|NASA's]] Artemis program and on April 16, 2021, [[NASA]] officially selected the [[SpaceX|Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX)]] to develop, test and build their version of the Human Landing System (HLS) for [[Artemis program|Artemis]] missions 2 (II), 3 (III) and 4 (IV).

In early 2021, the company received over $275 million from [[NASA]] for [[Lunar lander|lunar lander projects]] and [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital]] research flights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=March 11, 2023 |title=NASA's economic impact report card for Washington state highlights Blue Origin |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2023/nasas-economic-impact-washington-blue-origin/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331115338/https://www.geekwire.com/2023/nasas-economic-impact-washington-blue-origin/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The company then announced on December 6, 2022, that it had submitted a second bid via the [[NASA]] Sustaining Lunar Development (SLD) competition to fund and develop a second lunar lander capable for transporting [[astronaut]]s to and from the lunar surface. The announcement fell within [[NASA|NASA's]] deadline for Sustaining Lunar Development (SLD) proposals. As with their first bid, the company is leading another team called the "National Team" which includes [[Draper Laboratory|Draper]], [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Astrobotic Technology|Astrobotic]], [[Honeybee Robotics]] and Blue Origin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=December 7, 2022 |title=Blue Origin and Dynetics bidding on second Artemis lunar lander |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-and-dynetics-bidding-on-second-artemis-lunar-lander/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717232145/https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-and-dynetics-bidding-on-second-artemis-lunar-lander/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On May 19, 2023 [[NASA]] contracted the company to develop, test and deploy its Blue Moon landing system for the agency's [[Artemis V]] mission, which explores the [[Moon]] and prepares future manned missions to [[Mars]]. The project includes an unmanned test mission followed by a manned [[Moon]] landing in 2029. The contract value is $3.4 billion.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="cnbc.com" />

== Internal and additional U.S Government funding ==
By July 2014, [[Jeff Bezos]] had invested over $500{{nbsp}}million into the company.<ref name="sn20140718">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Bezos Investment in Blue Origin Exceeds $500M |publisher=Space News |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/41299bezos-investment-in-blue-origin-exceeds-500-million |url-status=dead |access-date=July 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140719021511/http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/41299bezos-investment-in-blue-origin-exceeds-500-million |archive-date=July 19, 2014}}</ref> and the vast majority of further funding into 2016 was to support [[new product development|technology development]] and operations where a majority of funding came from [[Jeff Bezos|Jeff Bezos']] [[private investment fund]]. In April 2017, an annual amount was published showing that [[Jeff Bezos]] was selling approximately $1{{nbsp}}billion in [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] stock per year to [[Private equity|invest]] in the company.<ref name="nyt20170405">{{Cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |date=April 5, 2017 |title=Jeff Bezos Says He was Selling $1B a Year in Amazon Stock to Finance Race to Space |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/science/blue-origin-rocket-jeff-bezos-amazon-stock.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407064024/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/science/blue-origin-rocket-jeff-bezos-amazon-stock.html?_r=0 |archive-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> [[Jeff Bezos]] has been criticized for spending excessive amounts of his fortune on [[spaceflight]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocket fire of the vanities: Bezos space trip brings criticism from Earth-bound philanthropists-The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/07/20/business/rocket-fire-vanities-bezos-space-trip-brings-criticism-earth-bound-philanthropists/ |website=BostonGlobe.com |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917012405/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/07/20/business/rocket-fire-vanities-bezos-space-trip-brings-criticism-earth-bound-philanthropists/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The company received $181 million from the United States Air Force for launch vehicle development in 2019. The company was also eligible to benefit from further grants totaling $500M as part of the U.S. Space Force [[National Security Space Launch#Next generation vehicle competition|Launch Services Agreement competition]].<ref name="sn20190408">{{Cite news |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=April 8, 2019 |title=Blue Origin urging Air Force to postpone launch competition |work=SpaceNews.com |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-urging-air-force-to-postpone-launch-competition/ |access-date=October 19, 2019 |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717232156/https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-urging-air-force-to-postpone-launch-competition/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 18, 2022, the [[Space Systems Command|U.S. Space Systems Command]] announced that an agreement with the company that "paves the way" for the company's [[New Glenn]] [[rocket]] to compete for [[National security|national security launch contracts]] once it completes its required flight certifications for [[Classified information|Top Secret]] [[military]] payloads.

In an interview with the Bob Smith by the financial Times in 2023, Smith said that the company had "hundreds of millions in revenue as well as billions of dollars in orders".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hollinger |first=Peggy |date=July 3, 2023 |title=Blue Origin looks to expand beyond US with international launch site |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/886d8638-8f38-404f-882c-50e358c5509c |access-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703100812/https://www.ft.com/content/886d8638-8f38-404f-882c-50e358c5509c |url-status=live }}</ref>

The company is part of the [[DARPA lunar programs|DARPA Lunar Programs]], specifically Luna10, an architecture study for lunar surface operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Space Review: Architecting lunar infrastructure |url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4796/1 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.thespacereview.com}}</ref>

== Early test vehicles ==

=== Charon ===
[[File:Blue Origin Charon Test Vehicle - Flickr - brewbooks.jpg|thumb|''Charon'' on display at the [[Museum of Flight]] in Seattle, Washington.|219x219px]]
The companies first flight test vehicle, called ''[[Charon (moon)|Charon]]'' after [[Pluto]]'s moon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |title=Amazon.com billionaire's 5-ton flying jetpack lands in Seattle museum |url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/05/24/11862569-amazoncom-billionaires-5-ton-flying-jetpack-lands-in-seattle-museum?lite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081705/http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/05/24/11862569-amazoncom-billionaires-5-ton-flying-jetpack-lands-in-seattle-museum?lite |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |website=NBC News}}</ref> was powered by four vertically mounted [[Armstrong Siddeley Viper|Rolls-Royce Viper Mk. 301]] jet engines rather than rockets. The low-altitude vehicle was developed to test autonomous guidance and control technologies, and the processes that the company would use to develop its later rockets. ''Charon'' made its only test flight at Moses Lake, Washington on March 5, 2005. It flew to an altitude of {{Cvt|316|ft||order=flip}} before returning for a controlled landing near the liftoff point.<ref name="Blue Origin Charon Test Vehicle">{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin Charon Test Vehicle |url=http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/charon-test-vehicle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324015036/http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/charon-test-vehicle |archive-date=March 24, 2013 |access-date=March 4, 2013 |publisher=The Museum of Flight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin's Original Charon Flying Vehicle Goes on Display at The Museum of Flight |url=http://www.museumofflight.org/news/blue-origins-original-charon-flying-vehicle-goes-display-museum-flight |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328144750/http://www.museumofflight.org/news/blue-origins-original-charon-flying-vehicle-goes-display-museum-flight |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=March 4, 2013 |publisher=The Museum of Flight}}</ref> As of 2016, Charon is on display at the [[Museum of Flight]] in Seattle, Washington.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin Charon Test Vehicle |url=http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/charon-test-vehicle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324015036/http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/charon-test-vehicle |archive-date=March 24, 2013 |access-date=August 6, 2016 |publisher=Museum of Flight}}</ref>

=== Goddard ===
The next test vehicle, named ''[[Blue Origin Goddard|Goddard]]'' (also known as PM1), first flew on November 13, 2006. The flight was successful. A test flight for December 2 never launched.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alan Boyle |date=November 28, 2006 |title=Blue Origin Rocket Report |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2006/11/28/16017.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415154004/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2006/11/28/16017.aspx |archive-date=April 15, 2008 |access-date=May 28, 2008 |publisher=cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alan Boyle |date=December 2, 2006 |title=Blue Alert For Blastoff |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2006/12/02/16849.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507171757/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2006/12/02/16849.aspx |archive-date=May 7, 2008 |access-date=May 28, 2008 |publisher=cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com}}</ref> According to [[Federal Aviation Administration]] records, two further flights were performed by Goddard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launches |url=https://www.faa.gov/data_research/commercial_space_data/launches/?type=Permitted |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421174346/https://www.faa.gov/data_research/commercial_space_data/launches/?type=Permitted |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |website=www.faa.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Blue Engine 1, or BE-1, was the first rocket engine developed by the company and was used in the company's [[Blue Origin Goddard|Goddard]] development vehicle.

=== PM2 ===
Another early suborbital test vehicle, PM2, had two flight tests in 2011 in west Texas. The vehicle designation may be short for "Propulsion Module".<ref name="nsj20110902">{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin has a bad day (and so do some of the media) |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/09/02/blue-origin-has-a-bad-day-and-so-do-some-of-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126001453/http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/09/02/blue-origin-has-a-bad-day-and-so-do-some-of-the-media/ |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref> The first flight was a short hop (low altitude, VTVL takeoff and landing mission) flown on May 6, 2011. The second flight, August 24, 2011, failed when ground personnel lost contact and control of the vehicle. The company released its analysis of the failure nine days later. As the vehicle reached a speed of [[Mach number|Mach]] 1.2 and {{convert|14|km|ft|abbr=on}} altitude, a "flight instability drove an [[angle of attack]] that triggered [the] [[Range Safety and Telemetry System|range safety system]] to terminate thrust on the vehicle". The vehicle was lost.<ref name="PM2">{{cite news |date=September 12, 2011 |title=Blue Origin Acknowledges Test Flight Failure |publisher=Space News |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-acknowledges-test-flight-failure/ |access-date=November 3, 2022 |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717232705/https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-acknowledges-test-flight-failure/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Blue Engine 2, or BE-2, was a [[turbopump|pump-fed]] bipropellant engine burning [[RP-1|kerosene]] and [[High-test peroxide|peroxide]] which produced {{convert|31000|lbf|kN||abbr=on|order=flip}} of thrust.<ref name="BlueEngines">{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin Engines |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/engines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140938/https://www.blueorigin.com/engines |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=May 15, 2018 |publisher=Blue Origin}}</ref><ref name="BlueEngineChart">{{Cite tweet|number=972501472440213504|user=jeff_foust|title=Rob Meyerson shows this chart of the various engines Blue Origin has developed and the vehicle that have used, or will use, them. #spaceexploration|date=March 10, 2018}}</ref> Five BE-2 engines powered the companies PM-2 development vehicle on two test flights in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |date=April 29, 2018 |title=New Shepard |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/new-shepard.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516015221/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/new-shepard.htm |archive-date=May 16, 2018 |access-date=May 15, 2018 |website=Gunter's Space Page}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Billionaire space race]], Blue Origin vs. [[SpaceX]] vs. [[Virgin Galactic]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Blue Origin}}
{{Jeff Bezos}}
{{Space tourism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Blue Origin| ]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of the United States]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kent, Washington]]
[[Category:Culberson County, Texas]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Private spaceflight companies]]
[[Category:Space Act Agreement companies]]
[[Category:Space tourism]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Jeff Bezos]]

SpaceX Dragon 2

2024-04-19T17:38:21Z

Plejek: add some footnotes

{{Short description|2020s class of partially reusable spacecraft}}
{{About|the SpaceX spacecraft|other uses|Dragon II (disambiguation){{!}}Dragon II}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = Dragon 2
| image = Crew Dragon at the ISS for Demo Mission 1 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = {{ComV|Crew Dragon|full=nolink}} approaching the ISS in March 2019 during [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]]
| image_size = 290px
| country = [[United States]]
| operator = [[SpaceX]]
| applications = [[International Space Station|ISS]] crew and cargo transport; private astronaut transport
| manufacturer = [[SpaceX]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/dragon|spacex.com/vehicles/dragon}}
| launch_mass = {{cvt|12519|kg}} in-orbit mass at the time of undock from ISS. The reentry capsule weighs {{cvt|9616|kg}} including crew + {{cvt|150|kg}} payload ([[Crew Dragon Demo-2]])<ref name="nasa.gov">{{cite web|last1=Heiney|first1=Anna|title=Top 10 Things to Know for NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 Return|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/top-10-things-to-know-for-nasa-s-spacex-demo-2-return|website=nasa.gov|date=23 July 2020|access-date=24 July 2020|quote=At the time of undock, Dragon Endeavour and its trunk weigh approximately 27,600 pounds}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| dry_mass = {{cvt|7,700|kg}}<ref name="StarshipToMars"/> (reentry capsule only){{efn|name=dryweight|p.146: The Dragon 2 capsule weighs approximately 16,976 pounds without cargo }}
| payload_capacity = {{plainlist|
* {{cvt|6000|kg}} to orbit<ref name="spxdragonwebsite">{{cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/dragon|title=Dragon|last=SpaceX|date=1 March 2019|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235320/https://www.spacex.com/dragon|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{cvt|3307|kg}} to ISS (up to {{cvt|2507|kg}} pressurized and up to {{cvt|800|kg}} unpressurized)<ref name="Audit CRS 2018"/>
* {{cvt|2507|kg}} return cargo<ref name="Audit CRS 2018"/>
* {{cvt|800|kg}} disposed cargo<ref name="Audit CRS 2018"/>
}}
| crew_capacity = 4 {{efn|name=crewnum}}
| dimensions = {{plainlist|
* Diameter: {{cvt|4|m}}<ref name="spxdragonwebsite"/>
* Height: {{cvt|8.1|m}} (with trunk)<ref name="spxdragonwebsite"/>
* Sidewall angle: 15°
}}
| volume = {{plainlist|
* {{cvt|9.3|m3}} pressurized
* {{cvt|12.1|m3}} unpressurized<ref name="spxdragonwebsite"/>
* {{cvt|37|m3}} unpressurized with extended trunk
}}
| power =
| batteries =
| equipment = Crews and pressurized as well as unpressurized logistics
| orbits = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
| launch_vehicle = [[Falcon 9 Block 5]]
| design_life = {{plainlist|
* 10 days (free flight)<ref name="sx20090918">{{cite web|url=http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf|title=DragonLab datasheet|date=8 September 2009|publisher=SpaceX|location=Hawthorne, California|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104010401/http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2011}}</ref>
* 210 days (docked to ISS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/commercialcrew_press_kit.pdf|title="Commercial Crew Program American Rockets American Spacecraft American Soil" (page 15)|publisher=NASA|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218153814/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/commercialcrew_press_kit.pdf |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2021}}
}}

| stagedata = {{Infobox rocket/stage
| name = Engine details
| engines = {{plainlist|
* 8 [[SuperDraco]] thrusters as [[launch escape system]] (LES) (Crew Dragon only)
* 18 [[Draco thruster|Draco]] thrusters for in-space maneuvering
}}
| thrust = 18 × {{cvt|400|N}} (Draco)
| SI = 300s (vacuum)(Draco)
| time =
| fuel = {{cvt|2,562|kg}}<ref name="StarshipToMars">{{Cite web|url=https://www.faa.gov/space/environmental/nepa_docs/media/Final_EA_and_FONSI_for_SpaceX_In-flight_Dragon_Abort_508_A.pdf|title=Final Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact for Issuing SpaceX a Launch License for an In-Flight Dragon Abort Test|date=June 2019|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref>
[[Dinitrogen tetroxide|NTO]] / [[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] propellant<ref name=FAA2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/The_Annual_Compendium_of_Commercial_Space_Transporation_2012.pdf|title=The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012|date=February 2012|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|access-date=16 September 2014|archive-date=19 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619213345/http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/The_Annual_Compendium_of_Commercial_Space_Transporation_2012.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
}}
| status = Active
| built = 9 (4 crew, 3 cargo, 1 ECLSS, 1 retired) 1 under construction (crew)
| orders =
| launched = 10 cargo, 13 crew (+2 suborbital)
| operational = Yes
| retired = 1 (prototype)
| lost = 1 (in testing)
| first = 2 March 2019 (uncrewed test) 30 May 2020 (crewed) 6 December 2020 (cargo)
| lastretired =
| derivedfrom = [[SpaceX Dragon]] (23 cargo missions)
| Preceded = [[SpaceX Dragon 1]]
}}
{{Private spaceflight}}

'''Dragon 2''' is a class of partially [[reusable spacecraft]] developed, manufactured, and operated by American space company [[SpaceX]], primarily for flights to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). SpaceX also launches [[Private spaceflight|private missions]], such as [[Inspiration4]] and [[Axiom Space#Missions|Axiom Space Missions]]. There are two variants of the Dragon spacecraft: '''Crew Dragon''', a spacecraft capable of ferrying four<ref name="After redesigns, the finish line is">{{cite news|title=After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship|date=7 December 2019|first=Stephen|last=Clark|publisher=Spaceflight Now|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/|quote='With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us".|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606095625/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/|url-status=live}}</ref> crewmembers, and '''Cargo Dragon''', a replacement for the original [[SpaceX Dragon 1|Dragon 1]] used to carry freight to and from space. The spacecraft consists of a reusable [[space capsule]] and an expendable trunk module. The spacecraft launches atop a [[Falcon 9 Block 5]] rocket and the capsule returns to [[Earth]] through [[splashdown]].

Cargo Dragon [[space logistics|supplies cargo]] to the ISS under a [[Commercial Resupply Services#Commercial Resupply Services phase 2 - Awards and flights flown|Commercial Resupply Services-2]] contract with [[NASA]]. The [[SpaceX CRS-21|first flight]] of Dragon 2 in a cargo configuration launched in December 2020. It shares this duty with [[Northrop Grumman]]'s [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] spacecraft, and [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]'s [[Dream Chaser]] spaceplane is expected to join them {{Update after|2025|01|text=in 2024}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Chaser Lifting Body Set For Delivery To NASA Ahead Of 2024 Launch {{!}} Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/space/dream-chaser-lifting-body-set-delivery-nasa-ahead-2024-launch |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref> As of July 2023, it is the only reusable orbital [[cargo spacecraft]] in operation.

As of July 2023, Crew Dragon is the only U.S. [[Human-rating certification|human-rated]] orbital transport [[Human spaceflight|spacecraft]]. Crew Dragon's primary role is to transport crews to and from the ISS under NASA's [[Commercial Crew Program]], succeeding the crew orbital transportation capabilities of the [[Space Shuttle]], [[Retirement of the Space Shuttle|which retired]] from service in 2011. It will be joined by [[Boeing Starliner]] in this role {{Update after|2025|01| text= in 2025}}. Crew Dragon is also used for commercial flights, some of them to the ISS, and is expected to be used to shuttle people to and from [[Axiom Space]]'s [[Axiom Orbital Segment#Axiom Station|planned space station]].

== Development and variants ==
There are two variants of Dragon 2: Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon.<ref name="Audit CRS 2018">[https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf Audit of Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830175624/https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf|date=30 August 2018}} NASA 26 April 2018 Report No. IG-18-016 Quote: "For SpaceX, certification of the company's unproven cargo version of its Dragon 2 spacecraft for CRS-2 missions carries risk while the company works to resolve ongoing concerns related to software traceability and systems engineering processes" {{PD-notice}}</ref> Crew Dragon was initially called "DragonRider"<ref name=faa-eia201408>{{cite web|title=Final Environmental Assessment for Issuing an Experimental Permit to SpaceX for Operation of the DragonFly Vehicle at the McGregor Test Site, McGregor, Texas|url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/DragonFly_Final_EA_sm.pdf|pages=2–3|publisher=FAA|access-date=22 August 2014|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201175223/https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/dragonfly_final_ea_sm.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=tss20140321b>{{cite AV media|people=Gwynne Shotwell|title=Broadcast 2212: Special Edition, interview with Gwynne Shotwell|url=http://archived.thespaceshow.com/shows/2212-BWB-2014-03-21.mp3|date=21 March 2014|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322013556/http://archived.thespaceshow.com/shows/2212-BWB-2014-03-21.mp3|archive-date=22 March 2014|time=24:05–24:45 and 28:15–28:35|publisher=The Space Show|id=2212|quote=''we call it v2 for Dragon. That is the primary vehicle for crew, and we will retrofit it back to cargo''|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it was intended from the beginning to support a crew of seven or a combination of crew and cargo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-04/qa-former-astronaut-and-spacex-engineer-garrett-reisman-building-worlds-safest-spacecraft|title=Q+A: SpaceX Engineer Garrett Reisman on Building the World's Safest Spacecraft|date=13 April 2012|publisher=PopSci |quote=DragonRider, SpaceX's crew-capable variant of its Dragon capsule|access-date=15 April 2012|archive-date=16 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416023934/http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-04/qa-former-astronaut-and-spacex-engineer-garrett-reisman-building-worlds-safest-spacecraft|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20111020|title=SpaceX Completes Key Milestone to Fly Astronauts to International Space Station|date=20 October 2011|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503032852/http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20111020|archive-date=3 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Earlier spacecraft had a berthing port and were [[Berthing (spacecraft)|berthed]] to ISS by ISS personnel. Dragon 2 instead has an [[International Docking System Standard|IDSS]]-compatible docking port to dock to the [[International Docking Adapter]] ports on ISS. It is able to perform fully [[Autonomy|autonomous]] rendezvous and docking with manual override ability.<ref name=overview>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacex.com/dragon.php|title=Dragon Overview|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=16 April 2012 |archive-date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405074247/https://spacex.com/dragon.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dockingstandard.nasa.gov/Documents/AIAA_ATS_NDS-IDSS_Overview_Draft1.pdf|title=Overview of the NASA Docking System and the International Docking System Standard|last=Parma|first=George|date=20 March 2011|publisher=NASA|quote=iLIDS was later renamed the NASA Docking System (NDS), and will be NASA's implementation of an IDSS compatible docking system for all future U.S. vehicles|access-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015075220/http://dockingstandard.nasa.gov/Documents/AIAA_ATS_NDS-IDSS_Overview_Draft1.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> For typical missions, Crew Dragon will remain docked to the ISS for a nominal period of 180 days, but is designed to remain on the station for up to 210 days, matching the Russian [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]].<ref name="nasa20110726">{{cite web|url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107|title=Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough|last=Bayt|first=Rob|date=16 July 2011 |publisher=NASA|access-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055242/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107|archive-date=28 March 2012}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17815821|title=Space station trip will push the envelope|last=Oberg|first=Jim|date=28 March 2007|publisher=NBC News|access-date=9 May 2012|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710045514/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17815821|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nasa20120509">{{cite web |url=http://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/documents/responses/nasa/2012-05-09_NASA_Response.pdf|title=2012-05-09_NASA_Response|last=Bolden|first=Charles|date=9 May 2012|publisher=NASA|access-date=20 June 2012|archive-date=15 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215194938/http://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/documents/responses/nasa/2012-05-09_NASA_Response.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>With the exception of the [[Project Gemini]] spacecraft, which used twin ejection seats: [http://www.astronautix.com/craft/gemction.htm "Encyclopedia Astronautica: Gemini Ejection"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425095154/http://astronautix.com/craft/gemction.htm|date=25 April 2005}} Astronautix.com Retrieved 24 January 2013</ref><ref name="Space CCDEV R2 20110418">{{cite news |last=Chow|first=Denise|title=Private Spaceship Builders Split Nearly US$270 Million in NASA Funds|url=http://www.space.com/11421-nasa-private-spaceship-funding-astronauts.html|access-date=18 December 2011 |publisher=Space.com|date=18 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231133929/http://www.space.com/11421-nasa-private-spaceship-funding-astronauts.html|archive-date=31 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cl20101213">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101215151136/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/12/13/5645709-spaceship-teams-seek-more-funding "Spaceship teams seek more funding"] MSNBC 10 December 2010 Retrieved 14 December 2010</ref> SpaceX uses the Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle to launch Dragon 2.<ref name="spxdragonwebsite"/>

== Crew Dragon ==
Crew Dragon incorporates an integrated pusher [[launch escape system]] consisting of eight [[SuperDraco]] engines, capable of accelerating the capsule away from the launch vehicle in an emergency. SpaceX originally intended to use the SuperDraco engines to land Crew Dragon on land, with parachutes and an ocean splashdown employed only in the case of an aborted launch. Precision water landing under [[parachute]]s was proposed to NASA as "the baseline return and recovery approach for the first few flights" of Crew Dragon.<ref name="sx20150227"/> Propulsive landing was later cancelled, leaving ocean splashdown under parachutes as the only option.<ref name="sxu20110117">{{cite web|url=http://www.spacex.com/updates.php|title=SpaceX Updates – Taking the next step: Commercial Crew Development Round 2|publisher=SpaceX|date=17 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2011|archive-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727153858/http://www.spacex.com/updates.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, SpaceX was in talks with Orbital Outfitters about developing [[space suit]]s to wear during launch and re-entry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-10/deep-space-suit |title=The Deep-Space Suit|last=Sofge|first=Eric|date=19 November 2012|work=PopSci|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-date=27 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127172503/http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-10/deep-space-suit|url-status=live}}</ref> Each crew member wears a custom space suit fitted for them. The suit is primarily designed for use inside the Dragon (IVA type suit): however, in the case of a [[Uncontrolled decompression|rapid cabin depressurization]], the suit can protect the crew members. The suit can also provide cooling for astronauts during normal flight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dragon|url=https://www.spacex.com/dragon|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235320/https://www.spacex.com/dragon|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/space/a-first-look-at-the-spacesuits-of-the-future.aspx|title=A First Look at the Spacesuits of the Future|last1=Gibbens|first1=Sarah|work=National Geographic|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045202/https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/space/a-first-look-at-the-spacesuits-of-the-future.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]] mission, a test dummy nicknamed Ripley was fitted with the spacesuit and sensors. The spacesuit is made from [[Nomex]], a fire retardant fabric similar to [[Kevlar]].

The spacecraft's design was unveiled on 29 May 2014, during a press event at [[SpaceX Hawthorne|SpaceX headquarters]] in [[Hawthorne, California]].<ref name=aw20140530>{{cite news|last=Norris|first=Guy|title=SpaceX Unveils 'Step Change' Dragon 'V2'|url=http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2|access-date=30 May 2014|work=Aviation Week|date=30 May 2014|archive-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110355/http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sdc20140529>{{cite news|last=Kramer|first=Miriam|title=SpaceX Unveils Dragon V2 Spaceship, a Manned Space Taxi for Astronauts — Meet Dragon V2: SpaceX's Manned Space Taxi for Astronaut Trips|url=http://www.space.com/26063-spacex-unveils-dragon-v2-manned-spaceship.html |access-date=30 May 2014|newspaper=Space.com|date=30 May 2014|archive-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092038/http://www.space.com/26063-spacex-unveils-dragon-v2-manned-spaceship.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nsf20140530>{{cite news|title=SpaceX lifts the lid on the Dragon V2 crew spacecraft|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/spacex-lifts-the-lid-dragon-v2-crew-spacecraft/|access-date=30 May 2014|last=Bergin|first=Chris|newspaper=NASAspaceflight.com|date=30 May 2014|archive-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531104755/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/spacex-lifts-the-lid-dragon-v2-crew-spacecraft/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2014, NASA selected the Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to fly American [[astronaut|astronauts]] to the International Space Station, under the [[Commercial Crew Program]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spacex.com/news/2014/09/16/nasa-selects-spacex-be-part-americas-human-spaceflight-program|title=NASA Selects SpaceX to be Part of America's Human Spaceflight Program|last=Post|first=Hannah |date=16 September 2014|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315165820/https://www.spacex.com/news/2014/09/16/nasa-selects-spacex-be-part-americas-human-spaceflight-program|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=snc/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/so-spacex-is-having-quite-a-year/|title=So SpaceX is having quite a year|last1=Berger|first1=Eric|date=9 June 2017|access-date=9 June 2017|work=Ars Technica|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609161325/https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/so-spacex-is-having-quite-a-year/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2022, SpaceX President [[Gwynne Shotwell]] told Reuters that "We are finishing our final (capsule), but we still are manufacturing components, because we'll be refurbishing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roulette |first=Joey |date=2022-03-28 |title=EXCLUSIVE SpaceX ending production of flagship crew capsule |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/exclusive-spacex-ending-production-flagship-crew-capsule-executive-2022-03-28/ |access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref> SpaceX later decided to build a fifth Crew Dragon capsule, to be available by 2024.<ref name="sn2022-11-19"/> SpaceX also manufactures a new expendable trunk for each flight.

SpaceX's CCtCap contract values each seat on a Crew Dragon flight to be around US$88 million,<ref name="planetary-2">{{Cite web |last=Potter |first=Sean |date=Aug 31, 2022 |title=NASA Awards SpaceX More Crew Flights to Space Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-awards-spacex-more-crew-flights-to-space-station |access-date= |website=NASA.gov |publisher=[[NASA]] |quote=This is a firm fixed-price, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract modification for the Crew-10, Crew-11, Crew-12, Crew-13, and Crew-14 flights. The value of this modification for all five missions and related mission services is $1,436,438,446. The amount includes ground, launch, in-orbit, and return and recovery operations, cargo transportation for each mission, and a lifeboat capability while docked to the International Space Station. The period of performance runs through 2030 and brings the total CCtCap contract value with SpaceX to $4,927,306,350}}</ref> while the face value of each seat has been estimated by NASA's [[NASA Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] (OIG) to be around US$55 million.<ref name="forbes-2">{{Cite web|last=McCarthy|first=Niall|title=Why SpaceX Is A Game Changer For NASA [Infographic]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2020/06/04/why-spacex-is-a-game-changer-for-nasa-infographic/#4c5e22801656|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627030645/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2020/06/04/why-spacex-is-a-game-changer-for-nasa-infographic/#71bde5216ff2|archive-date=27 June 2020|date=4 June 2020|quote=According to the NASA audit, the SpaceX Crew Dragon's per-seat cost works out at an estimated $55 million while a seat on Boeing's Starliner is approximately $90 million ...|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider-2">{{Cite web|last1=McFall-Johnsen|first1=Morgan|last2=Mosher|first2=Dave|last3=Secon|first3=Holly|title=SpaceX is set to launch astronauts on Wednesday. Here's how Elon Musk's company became NASA's best shot at resurrecting American spaceflight|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/spacex-boeing-nasa-commercial-crew-program-launch-astronauts-2020-1|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627031056/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/spacex-boeing-nasa-commercial-crew-program-launch-astronauts-2020-1|archive-date=27 June 2020|date=26 January 2020|quote=Eventually, a round-trip seat on the Crew Dragon is expected to cost about $US55 million. A seat on Starliner will cost about $US90 million. That's according to a November 2019 report from the NASA Office of Inspector General.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="spacecom-17">{{Cite web|last=Wall|first=Mike|title=Here's How Much NASA Is Paying Per Seat on SpaceX's Crew Dragon & Boeing's Starliner|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-boeing-commercial-crew-seat-prices.html|website=[[Space.com]]|access-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627031359/https://www.space.com/spacex-boeing-commercial-crew-seat-prices.html|archive-date=27 June 2020 |date=16 November 2019|quote=NASA will likely pay about $90 million for each astronaut who flies aboard Boeing's CST-100 Starliner capsule on International Space Station (ISS) missions, the report estimated. The per-seat cost for SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule, meanwhile, will be around $55 million, according to the OIG's calculations.|url-status=live}}</ref> This contrasts with the 2014 Soyuz launch price of US$76 million per seat for NASA astronauts.<ref name="nasa0518">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sci-tech/space/spacex-scrubs-launch-iss-over-rocket-engine-problem-933|title=SpaceX scrubs launch to ISS over rocket engine problem|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=19 May 2012|access-date=23 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523003837/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sci-tech/space/spacex-scrubs-launch-iss-over-rocket-engine-problem-933|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> In case of private astronauts riding on Crew Dragon, SpaceX gives them Crew Dragon Astronaut Wings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum18/HTML/001704.html|title = SpaceX Crew Dragon astronaut wings |work=collectSPACE}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Forums are generally not [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]|date=April 2022}}

== Cargo Dragon ==
Although Dragon 2 was intended from the earliest design concept to carry crew, or with fewer seats, both crew and cargo, a [[Commercial Resupply Services|second round of multi-year cargo supply contracts]] (also known as [[Commercial Resupply Services|CRS-2]]) was solicited by NASA in 2014, to supply the ISS in 2020–2024. This led to SpaceX proposing a separately-named model, '''Cargo Dragon''', for this mission.<ref name=nsf201503>{{cite news|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/nasa-crs-missions-dragon-cygnus/|title=NASA lines up four additional CRS missions for Dragon and Cygnus|last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|work=NASASpaceFlight.com |access-date=19 April 2015|archive-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130164344/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/nasa-crs-missions-dragon-cygnus/|url-status=live}}</ref> SpaceX won a contract award for Cargo Dragon as a result of the CRS-2 bid competition, with contracts awarded in January 2016 for six flights.

'''Cargo Dragon''' has now completed 9 successful missions to and from the [[International Space Station|international space station]], with 6 more planned.

Cargo Dragons are different from the crewed variant by launching without seats, cockpit controls, astronaut life support systems, or [[SuperDraco]] abort engines.<ref name=teslarati-20200217>{{cite web |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-no-crew-dragon-spaceship-reuse-nasa-astronaut-launches/cargo-dragon-2-required-modifications/|title=Dragon 2 modifications to Carry Cargo for CRS-2 missions|last=Ralph |first=Eric|publisher=SpaceX/Teslarati|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001023048/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-no-crew-dragon-spaceship-reuse-nasa-astronaut-launches/cargo-dragon-2-required-modifications/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nasa-oig-18016>{{cite report|url=https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf|title=Audit of Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Center|author=|publisher=NASA|work=Office of Inspector General|volume=IG-18-016|pages=24, 28–30|date=26 April 2018|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=5 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405210438/https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Cargo Dragon improves on many aspects of the [[SpaceX Dragon|original Dragon]] design, including the recovery and refurbishment process.<ref name=sfn20190802>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/02/spacex-to-begin-flights-under-new-cargo-resupply-contract-next-year/|title=SpaceX to begin flights under new cargo resupply contract next year|last=Clark|first=Stephen|work=Spaceflight Now|date=2 August 2019|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803000441/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/02/spacex-to-begin-flights-under-new-cargo-resupply-contract-next-year/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Design ==
[[File:Dragon 2 DM-2 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Crew Dragon Launch Configuration]]
[[File:NASA Crew Demo-1 (31433487787).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Crew Dragon C204]] in the [[LC-39A]] [[Horizontal Integration Facility]] in December 2018 preparing for the launch of [[SpaceX Demo-1|DM-1]]]]

Dragon 2 includes the following features:<ref name=aw20140530/><ref name=sdc20140529/><ref name=sfn20141009>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=NASA clears commercial crew contractors to resume work |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1410/09cctcap/#.VDgLfBaum5d|access-date=10 October 2014|work=Spaceflight Now|date=9 October 2014|quote=a highly-modified second-generation Dragon capsule fitted with myriad upgrades and changes – including new rocket thrusters, computers, a different outer mold line, and redesigned solar arrays – from the company's Dragon cargo delivery vehicle already flying to the space station.|archive-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011123016/http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1410/09cctcap/#.VDgLfBaum5d|url-status=live}}</ref>

A Dragon 2 spacecraft consists of a capsule and a trunk. While a new trunk is expended on each mission, the capsule is reusable. After earlier plans of SpaceX to use new capsules for every crewed flight for NASA<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/10/spacex-aiming-for-may-astronaut-launch-will-reuse-crew-dragon.html|title=SpaceX on track to launch first NASA astronauts in May, president says|first=Michael|last=Sheetz |date=10 March 2020|work=CNBC|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525131345/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/10/spacex-aiming-for-may-astronaut-launch-will-reuse-crew-dragon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> both agreed to reuse Crew Dragon capsules for NASA flights.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/23/nasa-agrees-to-fly-astronauts-on-reused-crew-dragon-spacecraft/|title=NASA agrees to fly astronauts on reused Crew Dragon spacecraft|work=Spaceflight Now|date=23 June 2020|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716210200/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/23/nasa-agrees-to-fly-astronauts-on-reused-crew-dragon-spacecraft/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FoustReuse">{{cite tweet |user=jeff_foust|number=1286312153193029633|date=23 July 2020|title=McErlean: NASA's plans call for reusing the Falcon 9 booster from the Crew-1 mission on the Crew-2 mission, and to reuse the Demo-2 capsule for Crew-2 as well.}}</ref> In 2022, SpaceX stated that a capsule can be reused up to fifteen times.<ref name="sn2022-11-19"/> Cargo Dragon can carry {{cvt|3307|kg}} to the ISS. Crew Dragon has a capacity of four astronauts.{{efn|name=crewnum|SpaceX states the crew is "up to seven",<ref name="spxdragonwebsite"/> but the CEO said that a redesign reduced it to four.<ref name="After redesigns, the finish line is">{{cite news|title=After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship|date=7 December 2019|first=Stephen|last=Clark|publisher=Spaceflight Now|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/|quote='With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us".|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606095625/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Above the seats, there is a three-screen control panel, a toilet (with privacy curtain), and the docking hatch. Ocean landings are accomplished with four main parachutes in both variants. The parachute system was fully redesigned from the one used in the prior [[SpaceX Dragon|Dragon]] capsule, due to the need to deploy the parachutes under a variety of launch abort scenarios.<ref name=nsf20140828/>

Crew Dragon has eight side-mounted [[SuperDraco]] engines, clustered in redundant pairs in four engine pods, with each engine able to produce {{cvt|71|kN}} of thrust to be used for launch aborts.<ref name=aw20140530/> Each pod also contains four [[SpaceX Draco|Draco thruster]]s that can be used for attitude control and orbital maneuvers. The SuperDraco engine combustion chamber is printed of [[Inconel]], an alloy of [[nickel]] and [[iron]], using a process of [[Selective laser sintering|direct metal laser sintering]]. Engines are contained in a protective [[nacelle]] to prevent fault propagation if an engine fails.

Once in orbit, Dragon 2 is able to [[Spaceflight#Uncrewed|autonomously]] dock to the ISS. Dragon 1 was [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|berthed]] using the [[Mobile Servicing System|Canadarm2]] robotic arm, requiring substantially more involvement from ISS crew. Pilots of Crew Dragon retain the ability to [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|dock]] the spacecraft using manual controls interfaced with a static tablet-like computer. The spacecraft can be operated in full [[vacuum]], and "the crew will wear SpaceX-designed [[space suit]]s to protect them from a rapid cabin depressurization emergency event". Also, the spacecraft will be able to return safely if a leak occurs "of up to an equivalent orifice of {{cvt|6.35|mm|in|2|disp=sqbr}} in diameter".<ref name=sx20150227/>
[[File:NASA’s SpaceX Crew-4 Splashdown (NHQ202210140015).jpeg|thumb|Crew Dragon ''Freedom'' with its four Mk3<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ralph |first=Eric |date=2019-12-05 |title=SpaceX's Crew Dragon parachutes are almost ready for NASA astronauts |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-crew-dragon-parachutes-nasa-astronauts/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=TESLARATI |language=en-US}}</ref> main parachutes deployed]]
Propellant and helium pressurant for both launch aborts and on-orbit maneuvering is contained in [[Composite material|composite]]-[[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers|carbon]]-overwrap titanium spherical tanks. A [[Atmospheric entry#Phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator|PICA-X heat shield]] protects the capsule during [[Atmospheric entry|reentry]]. A reusable [[nose cone]] "protects the vessel and the docking adaptor during ascent and [[Atmospheric entry|reentry]]",<ref name="sx20150227" /> pivoting on a hinge to enable in-space docking and returning to the covered position for reentry and future launches.<ref name="nsf20140530" />

Dragon 2 uses a total of six parachutes to decelerate itself after atmospheric entry and before splashdown, compared to the five used by Dragon 1. As previously, the parachute compartments are located on the front of the capsule. Development of propulsive landing systems for Crew Dragon, using the same engines as the launch escape system, were abandoned in 2017. SpaceX was required by NASA to add an additional main parachute by default as a safety measure, after a Dragon 1 suffered a parachute malfunction. The company also improved on the design of the parachutes used on Dragon 1, developing new parachutes twice before being certified to fly with crew.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Dragon Resilience, perched atop her lair.jpg|thumb|Crew Dragon ''Resilience,'' with the solar panels integrated in its trunk]]
The trunk is the third structural element of the spacecraft, containing [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]], [[Spacecraft thermal control|heat-removal radiators]], and fins to provide [[Directional stability|aerodynamic stability]] during [[Launch escape system|emergency aborts]].<ref name=sx20150227>{{cite web|last=Reisman|first=Garrett|title=Statement of Garrett Reisman, Director of Crew Operations, Space Explorations Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) before the Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Reisman%20Testimony.pdf|publisher=United States House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology|access-date=5 June 2020|date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605163309/https://science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Reisman%20Testimony.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The previous Cargo Dragon's deployable solar arrays have been eliminated and are now built into the trunk itself. This increases volume space, reduces the number of mechanisms on the vehicle and further increases reliability.

Announced on 29 August 2021 during the [[CRS-23]] launch is a new feature called Extend-the-Lab installed in the Cargo Dragon. "Our new Cargo Dragon vehicle is also able to act as a laboratory in the advancement of science and research. We call this capability Extend-the-Lab. It allows some powered payloads to remain on Dragon for experimentation during the duration of the mission. This is especially helpful when there is limited to no space on station for additional science. And it also helps cut down the amount of time the crew has to move payloads in and out of Dragon. For CRS-23 there are 3 Extend-the-Lab payloads launching with the mission, and once docked, a 4th which is currently already on the space station will be added to Dragon".<ref>{{citation|title=CRS-23 Mission|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-KiDqxAMU0|access-date=2021-08-29|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829171335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-KiDqxAMU0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=CRS-21 Mission|url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/crs-21-splashdown/}}</ref>

For Crew Dragon missions not involving docking, the capsule docking adapter which is normally used to dock with the International Space Station can be replaced by a [[Inspiration4#Spacecraft|domed plexiglass window]]. This provides panoramic views of space and the Earth like the [[Cupola (ISS module)|Cupola Module]] on the [[ISS]] to provide interest and make up space left after removal of the docking adapter during flight.<ref name=sdc20210330>{{cite news|title=SpaceX's Dragon spaceship is getting the ultimate window for private Inspiration4 spaceflight|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-cupola-window-inspiration4|last=Howell|first=Elizabeth|work=Space.com|date=30 March 2021|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184746/https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-cupola-window-inspiration4|url-status=live}}</ref> The dome's first use was on the [[Inspiration4]] flight.

== Crewed flights ==
[[File:SpaceX Dragon 2 and astronauts 2018.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|The Crew Dragon mockup (background) and four of the astronauts of its first two crewed missions (foreground), from left to right: [[Douglas Hurley]], [[Robert Behnken]], [[Michael S. Hopkins]], and [[Victor J. Glover]]]]

Crew Dragon is used by both commercial and government customers. Axiom launches commercial astronauts to the ISS and intends to eventually launch to their own private space station. NASA flights to the [[International Space Station|ISS]] have four astronauts, with the added payload mass and volume used to carry pressurised cargo.<ref name="nsf20140828">{{cite news|last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|title=Dragon V2 will initially rely on parachute landings|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/08/dragon-v2-rely-parachutes-landing/|access-date=29 August 2014 |work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=28 August 2014|archive-date=28 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828214641/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/08/dragon-v2-rely-parachutes-landing/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 September 2014, NASA announced that SpaceX and Boeing had been selected to provide crew transportation to the ISS. SpaceX was to receive up to US$2.6 billion under this contract, to provide development test flights, and up to six operational flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international/ |publisher=NASA|access-date=16 September 2014|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320051537/https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Dragon was the less expensive proposal,<ref name="snc">{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/space/why-nasa-rejected-sierra-nevadas-commercial-crew-vehicle|title=Why NASA Rejected Sierra Nevada's Commercial Crew Vehicle|work=Aviation Week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027174620/http://aviationweek.com/space/why-nasa-rejected-sierra-nevadas-commercial-crew-vehicle|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> but NASA's [[William H. Gerstenmaier]] considered the [[Boeing Starliner]] proposal the stronger of the two. However, Crew Dragon's first operational flight, [[SpaceX Crew-1]], was on 16 November 2020 after several test flights while Starliner suffered multiple problems and delays, with its first operational flight slipping to no earlier than early 2025.<ref name="nasa-20231012">{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Heather |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2023/10/12/nasa-updates-commercial-crew-planning-manifest/ |title=NASA Updates Commercial Crew Planning Manifest |work=[[NASA]] |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

In a departure from the prior NASA practice, where construction contracts with commercial firms led to direct NASA operation of the spacecraft, NASA is purchasing space transport services from SpaceX, including construction, launch, and operation of the Dragon 2.<ref name="nsf20150305"/>

In August 2018, NASA and SpaceX agreed on the loading procedures for [[rocket propellant|propellants]], vehicle fluids and crew. High-pressure [[helium]] will be loaded first, followed by the passengers approximately two hours prior to scheduled launch; the ground crew will then depart the launch pad and move to a safe distance. The [[launch escape system]] will be activated approximately 40 minutes prior to launch, with propellant loading commencing several minutes later.<ref name="nasa20180817">{{cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-spacex-agree-on-plans-for-crew-launch-day-operations/|title=NASA, SpaceX Agree on Plans for Crew Launch Day Operations|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=17 August 2018|publisher=NASA|access-date=25 November 2018|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003104824/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-spacex-agree-on-plans-for-crew-launch-day-operations/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The first automated test mission launched to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) on 2 March 2019.<ref name="NASAblogcc">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2018/11/21/nasas-commercial-crew-program-target-test-flight-dates-5/|title=NASA's Commercial Crew Program Target Test Flight Dates|date=21 November 2018|publisher=NASA|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125212110/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2018/11/21/nasas-commercial-crew-program-target-test-flight-dates-5/|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> After schedule slips,<ref name="nasa-201902062">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|title=NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates|date=6 February 2019|work=NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302204511/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> the first crewed flight launched on 30 May 2020<ref name="Chan">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/soyuz-with-crew-of-three-lands-safely-in-kazakhstan/|title=Elon Musk Shares Simulation Video, Schedule Of Crew Dragon's First Crewed Flight|date=17 April 2020|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420193137/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/soyuz-with-crew-of-three-lands-safely-in-kazakhstan/|url-status=live|last=Chan|first=Athena|work=International Business Times|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> with the launch of the [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]] mission.

In June 2019, [[Bigelow Aerospace]] announced it had reserved with SpaceX up to four missions of four passengers each to ISS as early as 2020 and planned to sell them for around US$52 million per seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observer.com/2019/06/international-space-station-commercial-business-tourism/|title=So, You Want to Be a Space Tourist?|date=11 June 2019|work=[[Observer.com|Observer]]|access-date=12 June 2019 |archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611204116/https://observer.com/2019/06/international-space-station-commercial-business-tourism/|url-status=live}}</ref> These plans were cancelled by September 2019.

[[Space Adventures]] contracted SpaceX for a five-day high [[elliptic orbit]] [[space tourism]] mission with a Crew Dragon in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/space-adventures-to-fly-tourists-on-crew-dragon-mission/|title=Space Adventures to fly tourists on Crew Dragon mission|author=Jeff Foust|work=SpaceNews|date=February 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shelley|first=Tom|date=2020-03-05|title=Private Mission Available on the SpaceX Crew Dragon |url=https://spaceadventures.com/private-mission-available-on-the-spacex-dragon/|access-date=2021-04-23|publisher=Space Adventures}}</ref> In October 2021, Space Adventures stated that the contract had expired and would not be executed, but left open the possibility of a partnership with SpaceX in the future.<ref name="Clark">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Anastasia |url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/us-firm-sees-%27exciting%27-moment-as-space-tourism-booms1 |title=U.S. firm sees 'exciting' moment as space tourism booms |work=[[Japan Today]] |date=18 October 2021 |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Testing ==
SpaceX planned a series of four [[flight testing|flight tests]] for the Crew Dragon: a "pad abort" [[flight test|test]], an uncrewed orbital flight to the ISS, an in-flight abort test, and finally a 14-day crewed demonstration mission to the ISS,<ref name="sfn20161213">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/06/04/s-s-john-glenn-freighter-departs-space-station-after-successful-cargo-delivery/|title=S.S. John Glenn freighter departs space station after successful cargo delivery|work=Spaceflight Now|first=Justin|last=Ray|date=13 December 2016|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> which was initially planned for July 2019,<ref name="nasa-201902062"/> but after a Dragon capsule explosion, was delayed to May 2020.<ref name="Futurism tentative date">{{cite web|url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/nasa-tentative-spacex-launch-date |title=NASA sets tentative date for launching astronauts in SpaceX ship|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703031223/https://futurism.com/the-byte/nasa-tentative-spacex-launch-date|url-status=live|website=futurism.com|access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Pad abort and hover tests ===
{{Main|Dragon 2 Pad Abort Test}}
[[File:Crew Dragon Pad Abort Test (16814592054).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|alt=Dragon 2 hover test (24159153709)|Pad abort test of a Dragon 2 article on 6 May 2015 at [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|CCAFS]], [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|SLC-40]]]]

The pad abort test was conducted successfully on 6 May 2015 at SpaceX's leased [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|SLC-40]].<ref name="nsf20140828" /> Dragon landed safely in the ocean to the east of the launchpad 99 seconds after ignition of the SuperDraco engines.<ref name="sfn20150506">{{cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|title=SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test|date=6 May 2015|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610060727/http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|url-status=live|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|work=Spaceflight Now|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> While a flight-like Dragon 2 and trunk were used for the pad abort test, they rested atop a truss structure for the test rather than a full Falcon 9 rocket. A [[crash test dummy]] embedded with a suite of sensors was placed inside the test vehicle to record [[acceleration]] loads and forces at the crew seat, while the remaining six seats were loaded with weights to simulate full-passenger-load weight.<ref name="nsf20150305" /><ref name="nsf20150403">{{cite news |last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|title=SpaceX preparing for a busy season of missions and test milestones|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/04/spacex-preparing-busy-season-missions-test-milestones/|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=3 April 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407001148/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/04/spacex-preparing-busy-season-missions-test-milestones/|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> The test objective was to demonstrate sufficient total [[Impulse (physics)|impulse]], [[thrust]] and [[Spacecraft attitude control|controllability]] to conduct a safe pad abort. A fuel mixture ratio issue was detected after the flight in one of the eight SuperDraco engines causing it to under perform, but did not materially affect the flight.<ref name="nsf20150506">{{cite web|title=SpaceX Crew Dragon pad abort: Test flight demos launch escape system|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-050615a-spacex-dragon-pad-abort.html|website=collectspace.com|access-date=14 May 2015|date=6 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075950/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-050615a-spacex-dragon-pad-abort.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bergin|first=Chris|title=Dragon 2 conducts Pad Abort leap in key SpaceX test|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/05/dragon-2-pad-abort-leap-key-spacex-test/|work=NASASpaceFlight|access-date=6 May 2015|date=6 May 2015|archive-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522125801/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/05/dragon-2-pad-abort-leap-key-spacex-test/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen |title=SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test|work=Spaceflight Now|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|access-date=2020-06-23|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730070948/https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 24 November 2015, SpaceX conducted a test of Dragon 2's hovering abilities at the firm's [[SpaceX McGregor|rocket development facility]] in [[McGregor, Texas]]. In a video, the spacecraft is shown suspended by a hoisting cable and igniting its [[SuperDraco]] engines to hover for about 5 seconds, balancing on its 8 engines firing at reduced thrust to compensate exactly for gravity.<ref name="youtube-hovertest">{{cite AV media|title=Dragon 2 Propulsive Hover Test|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07Pm8ZY0XJI|publisher=SpaceX|date=21 January 2016|access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> The test vehicle was the same capsule that performed the pad abort test earlier in 2015; it was nicknamed [[SpaceX DragonFly|DragonFly]].<ref name="nsf20151021">{{cite news|last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|title=SpaceX DragonFly arrives at McGregor for testing|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/10/spacex-dragonfly-arrives-mcgregor-testing/|access-date=30 October 2015|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=21 October 2015|archive-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102064252/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/10/spacex-dragonfly-arrives-mcgregor-testing/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Demo-1: Orbital flight test ===
{{Main|Crew Dragon Demo-1}}
[[File:Crew Demo-1 Mission (46535573034).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Launch of [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]], Crew Dragon's maiden spaceflight]]

In 2015, NASA named its first Commercial Crew astronaut cadre of four veteran astronauts to work with SpaceX and Boeing – [[Robert Behnken]], [[Eric Boe]], [[Sunita Williams]], and [[Douglas Hurley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-070915a-commercial-crew-astronauts.html|title=NASA assigns 4 astronauts to commercial Boeing, SpaceX test flights|website=collectspace.com|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315165800/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-070915a-commercial-crew-astronauts.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]] mission completed the last milestone of the Commercial Crew Development program, paving the way to starting commercial services under an upcoming [[Commercial Crew Development|ISS Crew Transportation Services]] contract.<ref name=nsf20150305>{{cite news|title=Commercial crew demo missions manifested for Dragon 2 and CST-100 |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/commercial-crew-demo-missions-dragon-cst-100/|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617084812/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/commercial-crew-demo-missions-dragon-cst-100/|last1=Bergin |first1=Chris|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|url-status=live|date=5 March 2015|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=taxi>{{cite news|last1=Kramer|first1=Miriam|title=Private Space Taxis on Track to Fly in 2017|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/private-space-taxis-on-track-to-fly-in-2017/|access-date=27 January 2015|work=Scientific American|date=27 January 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128042337/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/private-space-taxis-on-track-to-fly-in-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 August 2018, NASA announced the crew for the DM-2 mission.<ref name=nasacc_crew>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-crews-to-first-test-flights-missions-on-commercial-spacecraft|title=NASA Assigns Crews to First Test Flights, Missions on Commercial Spacecraft|publisher=NASA|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320101243/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-crews-to-first-test-flights-missions-on-commercial-spacecraft|url-status=live|date=3 August 2018|access-date=4 August 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The crew of two consisted of NASA astronauts [[Bob Behnken]] and [[Doug Hurley]]. Behnken previously flew as mission specialist on the STS-123 and the STS-130 missions. Hurley previously flew as a pilot on the [[STS-127]] mission and on the final Space Shuttle mission, the [[STS-135]] mission.<ref>{{cite news|title=Commander of first crewed SpaceX launch Doug Hurley retires
|author=Rachael Nail|date=July 16, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2023 |url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2021/07/16/commander-first-crewed-spacex-launch-doug-hurley-retires/7991847002/|publisher=Florida Today}}</ref>

The first orbital test of Crew Dragon was an uncrewed mission, commonly designated "Demo-1"  and launched on 2 March 2019.<ref name=nasa-20190206>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|title=NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates|work=NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog|date=6 February 2019|access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302204511/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZL0tbOZYhE|title=Crew Demo-1 | Launch|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308142733/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZL0tbOZYhE|url-status=live}}</ref> The spacecraft tested the approach and automated docking procedures with the [[ISS]],<ref name=nasa-20190303>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2019/03/03/spacex-crew-dragon-hatch-open/|title=SpaceX Crew Dragon Hatch Open|publisher=NASA|date=3 March 2019|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304111704/https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2019/03/03/spacex-crew-dragon-hatch-open/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> remained docked until 8 March 2019, then conducted the full re-entry, splashdown and recovery steps to qualify for a crewed mission.<ref name=missionlength>{{cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/crew_demo-1_press_kit.pdf |title=Crew Demo 1 Mission Overview|publisher=SpaceX|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235308/https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/crew_demo-1_press_kit.pdf|url-status=live|date=March 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aAe0GWIWGI|title=SpaceX #CrewDragon Demonstration Flight Return to Earth|date=8 March 2019 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Life-support systems were monitored all along the test flight. The same capsule was planned to be re-used in June 2019 for an in-flight abort test before it exploded on 20 April 2019.<ref name=nasa-20190206/><ref name="NASA anomaly">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/spacexs-crew-dragon-spacecraft-anomaly-static-fire-testing/|title=SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft suffers an anomaly during static fire testing at Cape Canaveral|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|author=Baylor, Michael|date=20 April 2019|access-date=21 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401121754/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/spacexs-crew-dragon-spacecraft-anomaly-static-fire-testing/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Explosion during testing ===
On 20 April 2019, the Crew Dragon capsule used in the [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]] mission was destroyed in an explosion during static fire testing at the [[Landing Zone 1]] facility.<ref>{{cite tweet |last1=Bridenstine|first1=Jim|user=JimBridenstine|number=1119754804258062337|date=20 April 2019|title=NASA has been notified about the results of the @SpaceX Static Fire Test and the anomaly that occurred during the final test. We will work closely to ensure we safely move forward with our Commercial Crew Program.|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-crew-dragon-spaceship-test-explosion-2019-5|title=SpaceX confirmed that its Crew Dragon spaceship for NASA was 'destroyed' by a recent test. Here's what we learned about the explosive failure.|last=Mosher |first=Dave|work=Business Insider|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507103434/https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-crew-dragon-spaceship-test-explosion-2019-5|url-status=live}}</ref> On the day of the explosion, the initial testing of the Crew Dragon's [[SpaceX Draco|Draco thrusters]] was successful, with the anomaly occurring during the test of the [[SuperDraco]] abort system.<ref name="spacex_explosion_update">{{cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation|title=Update: In-Flight Abort Static Fire Test Anomaly Investigation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413005920/https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation|archive-date=13 April 2020 |last=Shanklin|first=Emily|date=15 July 2019|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref>

Telemetry, high-speed camera footage, and analysis of recovered debris indicate the problem occurred when a small amount of [[dinitrogen tetroxide]] leaked into a [[helium]] line used to pressurize the propellant tanks. The leakage apparently occurred during pre-test processing. As a result, the pressurization of the system 100 ms before firing damaged a check valve and resulted in the explosion.<ref name="spacex_explosion_update"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-explosion-destroyed-crew-dragon-spacecraft-blamed-on-leaking-valve/|title=Explosion that destroyed SpaceX Crew Dragon is blamed on leaking valve|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716024855/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-explosion-destroyed-crew-dragon-spacecraft-blamed-on-leaking-valve/ |url-status=live|first=Harwood |last=William|work=CBS News|date=15 July 2020|access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

Since the destroyed capsule had been slated for use in the upcoming in-flight abort test, the explosion and investigation delayed that test and the subsequent crewed orbital test.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journalpioneer.com/news/world/nasa-boss-says-no-doubt-spacex-explosion-delays-flight-program-323465/|work=[[Journal Pioneer]]|title=NASA boss says no doubt SpaceX explosion delays flight program|last=Johnson |first=Eric M. |date=18 June 2019|access-date=18 June 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618101321/https://www.journalpioneer.com/news/world/nasa-boss-says-no-doubt-spacex-explosion-delays-flight-program-323465/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The SuperDraco engine test that failed on 20 April 2019 was repeated successfully on 13 November 2019, on [[Crew Dragon C205]]. The full duration static fire test of Crew Dragon's launch escape system took place at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station at SpaceX's Landing Zone 1 at 20:08 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. The test was successful, showing that the modifications made to the vehicle to prevent a failure like the one that happened 20 April 2019 were successful. The vehicle used for this ground test would also be used for the following in-flight abort test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/13/spacex-fires-up-crew-dragon-thrusters-in-key-test-after-april-explosion/|title=SpaceX fires up Crew Dragon thrusters in key test after April explosion|work=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=13 November 2019|access-date=12 August 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606132003/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/13/spacex-fires-up-crew-dragon-thrusters-in-key-test-after-april-explosion/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of the modifications are:
* Replacement of the valves with [[burst disc]]s: Unlike valves, burst discs are designed for single use.
* Addition of flaps on each SuperDraco in order to reseal the thrusters prior to splashdown in the ocean, preventing water intrusion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-fires-redesigned-crew-dragon-superdraco-flaps/|title=SpaceX fires up redesigned Crew Dragon as NASA reveals SuperDraco thruster 'flaps'|first=Eric|last=Ralph|work=Teslarati|date=14 November 2019|access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116151800/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-fires-redesigned-crew-dragon-superdraco-flaps/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== In-flight abort test ===
{{main|Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test}}
[[File:KSC-20200119-PH-AWG04 0008.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Liftoff of Crew Dragon in-flight abort test]]

The Crew Dragon in-flight abort test was launched on 19 January 2020 at 15:30 UTC from [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]] on a [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|suborbital]] trajectory to conduct a separation and abort scenario in the [[troposphere]] at [[transonic]] velocities shortly after passing through [[Max q|max Q]], where the vehicle experiences maximum aerodynamic pressure. The Dragon 2 used its [[SuperDraco]] abort engines to push itself away from the Falcon 9 after an intentional premature engine cutoff, after which the Falcon was destroyed by aerodynamic forces. The Dragon followed its suborbital trajectory to apogee, at which point the spacecraft's trunk was jettisoned. The smaller [[SpaceX Draco|Draco]] engines were then used to orient the vehicle for the descent. All major functions were executed, including separation, engine firings, parachute deployment, and landing. Dragon 2 splashed down at 15:38:54 UTC just off the Florida coast in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-complete-final-major-flight-test-of-crew-spacecraft|title=NASA, SpaceX Complete Final Major Flight Test of Crew Spacecraft|first=Karen|last=Northon|date=19 January 2020|publisher=NASA|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=23 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123115852/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-complete-final-major-flight-test-of-crew-spacecraft|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The test objective was to demonstrate the ability to safely move away from the ascending rocket under the most challenging atmospheric conditions of the flight trajectory, imposing the worst structural stress of a real flight on the rocket and spacecraft.<ref name="nsf20140828" /> The abort test was performed using a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket with a fully fueled second stage with a mass simulator replacing the [[SpaceX Merlin|Merlin]] engine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/space-exploration-technologies/second-spacex-crew-flight-ordered-nasa/|title=Second SpaceX Crew Flight Ordered by NASA|work=Spaceflight Insider |first=Derek|last=Richardson|date=30 July 2016|access-date=9 August 2016|quote=Currently, the first uncrewed test of the spacecraft is expected to launch in May 2017. Sometime after that, SpaceX plans to conduct an in-flight abort to test the SuperDraco thrusters while the rocket is traveling through the area of maximum dynamic pressure – Max Q.|archive-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806174828/http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/space-exploration-technologies/second-spacex-crew-flight-ordered-nasa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Earlier, this test had been scheduled before the uncrewed orbital test,<ref name="shotwell-crewdragon">{{cite news|last=Foust|first=Jeff|url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-seeks-to-accelerate-falcon-9-production-and-launch-rates-this-year/|title=SpaceX seeks to accelerate Falcon 9 production and launch rates this year|work=SpaceNews|date=4 February 2016|quote=Shotwell said the company is planning an in-flight abort test of the Crew Dragon spacecraft before the end of this year, where the vehicle uses its thrusters to separate from a Falcon 9 rocket during ascent. That will be followed in 2017 by two demonstration flights to the International Space Station, the first without a crew and the second with astronauts on board, and then the first operational mission.|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160209152801/http://spacenews.com/spacex-seeks-to-accelerate-falcon-9-production-and-launch-rates-this-year/|url-status=live}}</ref> however, SpaceX and NASA considered it safer to use a flight representative capsule rather than the test article from the pad abort test.<ref name="nasa-fidelity">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/more-fidelity-for-spacex-in-flight-abort-reduces-risk/|title=More Fidelity for SpaceX In-Flight Abort Reduces Risk|last=Siceloff|first=Steven|date=1 July 2015|publisher=NASA|access-date=19 June 2016|quote=In the updated plan, SpaceX would launch its uncrewed flight test (DM-1), refurbish the flight test vehicle, then conduct the in-flight abort test prior to the crew flight test. Using the same vehicle for the in-flight abort test will improve the realism of the ascent abort test and reduce risk.|archive-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616202356/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/more-fidelity-for-spacex-in-flight-abort-reduces-risk/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

This test was previously planned to use the capsule C204 from Demo-1, however, C204 was destroyed in an explosion during a static fire testing on 20 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation|title=Update: In-Flight Abort Static Fire Test Anomaly Investigation|last=Shanklin|first=Emily|date=15 July 2019 |publisher=SpaceX|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715213628/https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Crew Dragon C205|Capsule C205]], originally planned for Demo-2 was used for the In-Flight Abort Test<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/01/spacex-crew-dragon-in-flight-abort-test/|title=SpaceX conducts successful Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|date=17 January 2020|website=NASA Spaceflight|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525051635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/01/spacex-crew-dragon-in-flight-abort-test/|url-status=live}}</ref> with C206 being planned for use during Demo-2. This was the final flight test of the spacecraft before it began carrying astronauts to the [[International Space Station]] under NASA's Commercial Crew Program.

Prior to the flight test, teams completed launch day procedures for the first crewed flight test, from suit-up to launch pad operations. The joint teams conducted full data reviews that needed to be completed prior to NASA astronauts flying on the system during SpaceX's Demo-2 mission.<ref name="NASA 19 January 2020">{{cite web|last1=Northon|first1=Karen|title=NASA, SpaceX Complete Final Major Flight Test of Crew Spacecraft|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-complete-final-major-flight-test-of-crew-spacecraft|publisher=NASA|access-date=26 January 2020|date=19 January 2020|archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125045217/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-complete-final-major-flight-test-of-crew-spacecraft|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Demo-2: crewed orbital flight test ===
{{Main|Crew Dragon Demo-2}}
[[File:The SpaceX Crew Dragon as it approached the International Space Station (iss063e021563).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|SpaceX Crew Dragon ''Endeavour'' as it approached the International Space Station]]On 17 April 2020, NASA Administrator [[Jim Bridenstine]] announced the first crewed [[Crew Dragon Demo-2]] to the International Space Station would launch on 27 May 2020.<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Bridenstine |first=Jim|user=JimBridenstine|number=1251178705633841167|date=17 April 2020|title=BREAKING: On May 27, @NASA will once again launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil! With our @SpaceX partners, @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken will launch to the @Space_Station on the #CrewDragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. Let's #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/RINb3mfRWI|access-date=17 April 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Astronauts [[Bob Behnken]] and [[Doug Hurley]] crewed the mission, marking the first crewed launch to the [[International Space Station]] from U.S. soil since [[STS-135]] in July 2011. The original launch was postponed to 30 May 2020 due to weather conditions at the launch site.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1265739654810091520|date=27 May 2020|title=Standing down from launch today due to unfavorable weather in the flight path. Our next launch opportunity is Saturday, May 30 at 19:22 UTC|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> The second launch attempt was successful, with capsule C206, later named ''[[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' by the crew, launching on 30 May 2020 19:22 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1266812530833240064|date=30 May 2020|title=Liftoff! |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=elonmusk|number=1266890648587776003|date=30 May 2020|title=Dragonship Endeavor}}</ref> The capsule successfully docked with the [[International Space Station]] on 31 May 2020 at 14:27 UTC.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1267098143805435904|date=31 May 2020|title=Docking confirmed – Crew Dragon has arrived at the @space_station!|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaceX's historic Demo-2 delivers NASA astronauts to ISS |url=https://www.cnet.com/science/spacexs-historic-demo-2-delivers-nasa-astronauts-to-iss/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=updated |first=Meghan Bartels last |date=2020-05-31 |title=SpaceX's 1st Crew Dragon with astronauts docks at space station in historic rendezvous |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-demo-2-docking-success.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> On 2 August 2020, Crew Dragon undocked and splashed-down successfully in the Atlantic Ocean.

Launching in the Dragon 2 spacecraft was described by astronaut Bob Behnken as "smooth off the pad" but "we were definitely driving and riding a dragon all the way up ... a little bit less g's [than the [[Space Shuttle]]] but more 'alive' is probably the best way I would describe it".<ref>"We were surprised a little bit at how smooth things were off the pad ... and our expectation was as we continued with the flight into second stage that things would basically get a lot smoother than the Space Shuttle did, but Dragon was huffing and puffing all the way into orbit, and we were definitely driving and riding a dragon all the way up, and so it was not quite the same ride, the smooth ride as the Space Shuttle was up to MECO. A little bit less g's but a little bit more 'alive' is probably the best way I would describe it". {{cite AV media|title=NASA Astronauts Arrive at the International Space Station on SpaceX Spacecraft|date=31 May 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyNl87mXOkc|access-date=31 May 2020|time=03:46:02}}</ref>[[File:SpaceX Demo-2 Landing (NHQ202008020028).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|''Endeavour'' capsule being recovered after splashdown]]

Regarding descent in the spacecraft, Behnken stated, "Once we descended a little bit into the atmosphere, Dragon really came alive. It started to fire thrusters and keep us pointed in the appropriate direction. The atmosphere starts to make noise—you can hear that rumble outside the vehicle. And as the vehicle tries to control, you feel a little bit of that shimmy in your body. ... We could feel those small rolls and pitches and yaws—all those little motions were things we picked up on inside the vehicle. ... All the separation events, from the trunk separation through the parachute firings, were very much like getting hit in the back of the chair with a baseball bat ... pretty light for the trunk separation but with the parachutes it was a pretty significant jolt".<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=SpaceX: Nasa crew describe rumbles and jolts of return to Earth |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53658837 |first=Paul |last=Rincon |date=4 August 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805021702/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53658837|archive-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

== List of vehicles ==
{{Import style|sticky}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.95; line-height:1.5em;"
|+ Dragon 2 vehicles<ref name="NSF1">{{cite web|title=NASA briefly updates status of Crew Dragon anomaly, SpaceX test schedule|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/05/nasa-briefly-crew-dragon-anomaly-spacex-schedule/|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821140952/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/05/nasa-briefly-crew-dragon-anomaly-spacex-schedule/|url-status=live |last1=Gebhardt|first1=Chris|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=29 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="SCR00CHY">{{cite web|author1=SCR00CHY|title=List of Dragon Capsules|url=https://www.elonx.net/list-of-dragon-capsules/|website=ElonX.net|access-date=3 June 2020|date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603193039/https://www.elonx.net/list-of-dragon-capsules/|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GunterSpacePage2">{{cite web|title=Crew Dragon |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dragon-v2.htm|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716191256/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dragon-v2.htm|url-status=dead |publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
|- class="is-sticky"
! | Serial
! | Name
! Type
! Status
! Flights
! Flight time
!Total flight time
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | <abbr title="Commons category">Cat.</abbr>
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[SpaceX DragonFly|C201]]}}
| ''DragonFly''
| Prototype
| {{Draw|Retired}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="4" | 100 seconds
([[Crew Dragon Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]])
|100s
| Prototype used for [[Dragon 2 Pad Abort Test|pad abort test]] at [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] and tethered hover tests at the [[SpaceX launch facilities|McGregor Test Facility]].
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Crew Dragon DragonFly]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|C202}}
| ''Qual Module''
| Prototype
| {{Draw|Retired}}
| {{Color|grey|N/A}}
| {{Color|grey|N/A}}
|{{Color|grey|N/A}}
| Pressure vessel qualification module used for structural testing.
|
|-
| {{Visible anchor|C203}}
| ''{{abbr|ECLSS|Environmental Control & Life Support System}} Module''
| Prototype
| {{yes2|Grounded}}
| {{Color|grey|N/A}}
| {{Color|grey|N/A}}
|{{Color|grey|N/A}}
| Environmental Control & Life Support System module. Still used for human-in-the-loop testing.
|
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Crew Dragon C204|C204]]}}
| {{color|grey|None}}
| Crew
| {{No|Destroyed}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="2" | {{Time interval|2019-03-2 07:49:03|2019-03-08 13:45:08|show=dhm|sep=,|abbr=on}} ([[Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]])
|{{Time interval|2019-03-2 07:49:03|2019-03-08 13:45:08|show=dhm|sep=,|abbr=on}}
| First Dragon 2 to fly in space. Only flight was [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]]; accidentally destroyed during ground testing of the abort thrusters weeks after the flight.
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Crew Dragon C204]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Crew Dragon C205|C205]]}}
| {{color|grey|None}}
| Crew
| {{Draw|Retired}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="3" | 8m, 54s ([[Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|In-Flight Abort Test]])
| 8m, 54s
| Was originally to be used on [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]] but instead flew the [[Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test]] due to the destruction of C204 and was retired afterwards.
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Crew Dragon C205]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206]]}}
| ''[[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Endeavour]]''
| bgcolor=lightblue|Crew
|{{active|Active}} (Docked to ISS)
| 5
| data-sort-value="1" | {{time interval|30 May 2020 19:22:45|2 August 2020 18:47:47|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]]'') {{time interval|23 April 2021 09:49:02|9 November 2021 03:33:15|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[SpaceX Crew-2|Crew-2]]'') {{time interval|8 April 2022 15:17:11|25 April 2022 17:06:23|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[Axiom-1]]'') 185d, 22h, 43m (''[[SpaceX Crew-6|Crew-6]]'') {{time interval|4 March 2024 03:54|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[SpaceX Crew-8|Crew-8]] in progress'')
| {{time interval|23 November 2022 11:11|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dh}}''(Mission in progress)''
| First vehicle to carry crew; named after {{OV|105}}. First flown during [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|Crew Demo-2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/27/falcon-9-crew-dragon-demo-2-mission-status-center/|title=NASA astronauts launch from U.S. soil for first time in nine years|work=Spaceflight Now|date=30 May 2020|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531005857/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/27/falcon-9-crew-dragon-demo-2-mission-status-center/|url-status=live}}</ref> Has since flown the [[SpaceX Crew-2|Crew-2]],<ref name="FoustReuse"/> [[Axiom-1]], and [[SpaceX Crew-6|Crew-6]] missions and has launched [[SpaceX Crew-8|Crew-8]] in March 2024. Which recently docket to the [[International Space Station|international space station]] (ISS) on the 5th of march 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA's SpaceX Crew-8 Launches to International Space Station - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-spacex-crew-8-launches-to-international-space-station/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Crew Dragon Endeavour]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Crew Dragon Resilience|C207]]}}
| ''[[Crew Dragon Resilience|Resilience]]''
| bgcolor=lightblue|Crew
| {{Active|Active}}
| 2
| data-sort-value="2" | {{time interval|16 November 2020 00:27:17|2 May 2021 06:56:43|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[SpaceX Crew-1|Crew-1]]'') {{time interval|16 September 2021 00:02:56|18 September 2021 23:06:49|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[Inspiration4]]'')
| 170d, 5h, 32m
| First full-production Crew Dragon used for [[SpaceX Crew-1|Crew-1]].<ref name="NASAMay02"/> Has since flown the [[Inspiration4]] mission, featuring the largest window ever flown in space called the cupola window which was in place of the docking adapter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.space.com/inspiration4-spacex-crew-dragon-toilet-dome-window|title=The private Inspiration4 astronauts on SpaceX's Dragon may have an epic view ... from the toilet|website=[[Space.com]]|date=14 September 2021|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916122211/https://www.space.com/inspiration4-spacex-crew-dragon-toilet-dome-window|url-status=live}}</ref>[[Crew Dragon Resilience|Resilience]] will return to space in (NET April 2024) hosting the [[Polaris Dawn]] crew.
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Crew Dragon Resilience]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Cargo Dragon C208|C208]]}}
| {{Color|grey|N/A}}
| bgcolor=orange|Cargo
| {{Active|Active}}
| 4
| 38d, 9h, 9m (''[[SpaceX CRS-21|CRS-21]]'') 32d, 19h, 42m (''[[SpaceX CRS-23|CRS-23]]'') 36d, 18h, 9m (''[[SpaceX CRS-25|CRS-25]]'') 24d, 22h, 43m (''[[SpaceX CRS-28|CRS-28]]'')
| 132d, 21h, 43m
| First Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the [[SpaceX CRS-21|CRS-21]], [[SpaceX CRS-23|CRS-23]], [[SpaceX CRS-25|CRS-25]] and [[SpaceX CRS-28|CRS-28]] missions.<ref name="SpaceX_Tweet_Splashdown">{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1349528716951474177|date=13 January 2021|title=Splashdown of Dragon confirmed, completing SpaceX's 21st @Space_Station resupply mission and the first return of a cargo resupply spacecraft off the coast of Florida|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528082831/https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1349528716951474177|archive-date=28 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Cargo Dragon C208]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Cargo Dragon C209|C209]]}}
| {{Color|grey|N/A}}
| bgcolor=orange|Cargo
| {{Active|Active}}
| 3
| 36d, 9h, 59m (''[[SpaceX CRS-22|CRS-22]]'') 34d, 10h, 57m (''[[SpaceX CRS-24|CRS-24]]'') 31d, 20h, 28m ([[SpaceX CRS-27|CRS-27]])
| 92d, 17h, 24m
| Second Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the [[SpaceX CRS-22|CRS-22]], [[SpaceX CRS-24|CRS-24]] and [[SpaceX CRS-27|CRS-27]] missions.
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Cargo Dragon C209]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Crew Dragon C210|C210]]}}<ref name="C210">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/spacex-nasa-prep-for-crew-3/|title=SpaceX and NASA beginning final preparations for Crew-3 mission|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=1 October 2021|access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
| [[Crew Dragon Endurance|''Endurance'']]
| bgcolor=lightblue|Crew
| {{active|Active}}
| 3
| {{time interval|11 November 2021 02:03:30|6 May 2022 04:43:23|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[SpaceX Crew-3|Crew-3]]'') {{time interval|5 October 2022 16:00:57|12 March 2023 02:02|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[SpaceX Crew-5|Crew-5]]'') {{time interval|26 August 2023 07:27|12 March 2024 09:47|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[SpaceX Crew-7|Crew-7]]'')
| 532d, 15h
| First flew the [[SpaceX Crew-3|Crew-3]] mission launched in November 2021.<ref name="nasa-20211025">{{cite web|last=Garcia|first=Mark|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/what-you-need-to-know-about-nasa-s-spacex-crew-3-mission/|title=What You Need to Know about NASA's SpaceX Crew-3 Mission|publisher=NASA|date=25 October 2021|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> It has since flown the [[SpaceX Crew-5]] and [[SpaceX Crew-7]] missions.
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Crew Dragon Endurance]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Cargo Dragon C211|C211]]}}
| {{Color|grey|N/A}}
| bgcolor=orange|Cargo
| {{Active|Active}}
| 2
| 45d, 14h, 59m (''[[SpaceX CRS-26|CRS-26]]'') 42d, 16h, 5m (''[[SpaceX CRS-29|CRS-29]]'')
| 88d, 7h, 4m
| Third Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the [[SpaceX CRS-26|CRS-26]] and [[SpaceX CRS-29|CRS-29]] missions.<ref name="sfn20211006"/><ref name="Kanayama">{{Cite web |last=Kanayama |first=Lee |date=2022-09-16 |title=SpaceX and NASA in final preparations for Crew-5 mission |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/crew-5-preperations/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Cargo Dragon C211]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|[[Crew Dragon Freedom|C212]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ax-1 Mission Briefing | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpHvNHfDLm0&t=2575s}}</ref>}}
| [[Crew Dragon Freedom|''Freedom'']]
| bgcolor=lightblue|Crew
| {{Active|Active}}
| 3
| {{time interval|27 April 2022 07:52:55|14 October 2022 20:55:03|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} (''[[SpaceX Crew-4|Crew-4]]'') {{time interval|21 May 2023 21:37:09|31 May 2023 03:04:24|abbr=on|sep=comma|show=dhm}} ([[Axiom Mission 2|Axiom-2]]) 21d, 15h, 41m ([[Axiom Mission 3|Axiom-3]])
| 201d, 10h, 11m
| First flew the [[SpaceX Crew-4|Crew-4]] mission launched on the 24th of April 2022.<ref name="sfn20211006">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/06/spacex-is-adding-two-more-crew-dragons-to-its-fleet/ |title=SpaceX is adding two more Crew Dragons to its fleet|first=Stephen|last=Clark|work=Spaceflight Now|date=6 October 2021|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> It has also flown the [[Axiom Mission 2|Axiom 2]] mission launched on the 21st of May 2023, as well as the [[Axiom Mission 3|Axiom-3]] mission launched on the 18th of January 2024.
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Crew Dragon Freedom]]
|-
| {{Visible anchor|C213}}
| N/A
| bgcolor=lightblue|Crew
| {{Included|Under construction}}<ref name="sn2022-11-19">{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |title=SpaceX to launch last new cargo Dragon spacecraft |url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-to-launch-last-new-cargo-dragon-spacecraft/ |website=SpaceNews |access-date=18 February 2023 |date=19 November 2022 |quote=Walker revealed at the briefing SpaceX plans to build a fifth and likely final Crew Dragon.}}</ref>
| 0
| {{Color|grey|TBD}}
| {{Color|grey|TBD}}
| Final Crew Dragon to be built. Construction is planned to finish in 2024.
|
|}

== List of flights ==
''List includes only completed or currently manifested missions. Launch dates are listed in [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]].''

=== Crew Dragon flights ===
''NET'' means 'no earlier than'. All dates are with respect to the launch point time zone, US [[Eastern Time Zone]] .
{{Import style|sticky}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.95; line-height:1.5em;"
|- class="is-sticky"
! Mission and [[Mission patch|Patch]]
! Capsule <ref name="GunterSpacePage2"/>
! Launch date
! Landing date
! Description
! Crew
! Outcome
|-
! colspan="8" | Test flights
|-
! [[Crew Dragon Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]] ([[:File:Crew Dragon Pad Abort Test.png|patch]])
| [[Dragon 2 DragonFly|C201 ''DragonFly'']]
| 6 May 2015
| 6 May 2015
| Pad Abort Test, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|work=Spaceflight Now|date=6 May 2015|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610060727/http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}
|-
![[Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]] ([[:File:Crew Dragon Demo-1.png|patch]])
| [[Crew Dragon C204|C204]]
| 2 March 2019<ref name=nasa-20190206/>
| 8 March 2019
| Uncrewed orbital test flight; docked to ISS 3 March 2019, 08:50 UTC; departed 8 March 2019, 05:32 UTC.
| {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|In-Flight Abort Test]] ([[:File:Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test.png|patch]])
| [[Crew Dragon C205|C205.1]]
| 19 January 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.launchphotography.com/Delta_4_Atlas_5_Falcon_9_Launch_Viewing.html|title=Rocket Launch Viewing Guide for Cape Canaveral|website=launchphotography.com|first=Ben |last=Cooper|date=2 November 2019|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209063848/http://www.launchphotography.com/Delta_4_Atlas_5_Falcon_9_Launch_Viewing.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 19 January 2020
| Used the capsule originally planned for Demo-2.<ref name="NASA Static Fire Investigation">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/05/28/nasa-provides-update-on-spacex-crew-dragon-static-fire-investigation/|title=NASA Provides Update on SpaceX Crew Dragon Static Fire Investigation – Commercial Crew Program|publisher=NASA|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528202821/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/05/28/nasa-provides-update-on-spacex-crew-dragon-static-fire-investigation/|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]] [[File:Crew Dragon Demo-2 Patch.png|50px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206.1 ''Endeavour'']]
| 30 May 2020<ref name= "ClarkApril17">{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=NASA, SpaceX set May 27 as target date for first crew launch|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/nasa-spacex-set-may-27-as-target-date-for-first-crew-launch/|work=Spaceflight Now|date=17 April 2020|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421094936/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/nasa-spacex-set-may-27-as-target-date-for-first-crew-launch/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SF>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/dragon_spx-dm2.htm|title=Crew Dragon SpX-DM2|work=Spacefacts|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703194414/http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/dragon_spx-dm2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2 August 2020
| First crewed flight test of Dragon 2. The mission was extended from two weeks to nine, in order to allow the crew to bolster activity on the ISS ahead of [[SpaceX Crew-1|Crew-1]], including partaking in four spacewalks.
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Doug Hurley|Douglas Hurley]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Behnken|Robert Behnken]]}}}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! colspan="8" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px; background: #ffeden;" | Operational flights
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-1|Crew-1]] [[File:SpaceX Crew-1 logo.svg|frameless|55x55px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Resilience|C207.1 ''Resilience'']]
| 16 November 2020<ref>{{cite web|last=Northon|first=Karen|date=2020-10-26|title=NASA, SpaceX Invite Media to Crew-1 Mission Update, Target New Date|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-invite-media-to-crew-1-mission-update-target-new-launch-date|access-date=2020-10-27|publisher=NASA|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030172549/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-invite-media-to-crew-1-mission-update-target-new-launch-date/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2020/10/10/nasa-spacex-crew-1-launch-update/|title=NASA, SpaceX Crew-1 Launch Update|date=10 October 2020 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010222517/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2020/10/10/nasa-spacex-crew-1-launch-update/|archive-date=10 October 2020|access-date=10 October 2020|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| 2 May 2021<ref name="NASAMay02">{{cite web|title=Crew-1 Makes Nighttime Splashdown, Ends Mission|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/crew-1/2021/05/02/crew-1-makes-nighttime-splashdown-ends-mission/|publisher=NASA|access-date=2 May 2021|date=2 May 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502072154/https://blogs.nasa.gov/crew-1/2021/05/02/crew-1-makes-nighttime-splashdown-ends-mission/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| First operational Commercial Crew flight, flying four astronauts to the ISS for a six-month mission. [[Roscosmos]] had not yet certified the Crew Dragon vehicle, so a third NASA astronaut was added instead of a Russian cosmonaut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-astronauts-for-crew-dragon-mission/|title=NASA selects astronauts for Crew Dragon mission|date=31 March 2020|access-date=1 April 2020 |last=Foust |first=Jeff|website=spacenews.com|archive-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200402052416/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-astronauts-for-crew-dragon-mission/|url-status=live}}</ref> Broke the record for the longest spaceflight by a U.S. crew vehicle, previously held by the [[Skylab 4]] mission.<ref name="SFN20210405">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/04/05/crew-1-dragon-relocation-mission-status-center/|title=Live coverage: SpaceX crew capsule set to move to new space station docking port|work=Spaceflight Now|date=5 April 2021|access-date=5 April 2021|archive-date=5 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405055233/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/04/05/crew-1-dragon-relocation-mission-status-center/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Michael S. Hopkins|Michael Hopkins]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Victor J. Glover|Victor Glover]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Soichi Noguchi]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Shannon Walker]]}}}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-2|Crew-2]] [[File:SpaceX Crew-2 logo.png|frameless|55x55px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206.2 ♺ ''Endeavour'']] <ref name="FoustReuse"/>
| 23 April 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-invite-media-to-next-commercial-crew-launch|title=NASA, SpaceX Invite Media to Next Commercial Crew Launch|last=Potter|first=Sean|publisher=NASA|date=5 March 2021|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310233109/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-invite-media-to-next-commercial-crew-launch/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| 9 November 2021<ref name="nasa-20210614">{{cite web|last=Sempsrott|first=Danielle|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/kennedy/2021/06/14/nasa-spacex-update-crew-launch-and-return-dates/|title=NASA, SpaceX Update Crew Launch and Return Dates|publisher=NASA|date=14 June 2021|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614203104/https://blogs.nasa.gov/kennedy/2021/06/14/nasa-spacex-update-crew-launch-and-return-dates/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| Second operational Commercial Crew flight, transferring crew to the ISS for a six-month mission. NASA agreed to allow SpaceX to reuse a booster and capsule for the first time on this flight. Crew includes the first [[European Space Agency|ESA]] astronaut to fly on Crew Dragon, mission specialist [[Thomas Pesquet]]. After spending almost 200 days in orbit, the Crew Dragon Endeavour set the record for the longest spaceflight by a U.S. crew vehicle previously set by her sibling Crew Dragon Resilience on May 2, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ralph |first1=Eric |title=SpaceX Dragon returns astronauts to Earth after record-breaking spaceflight |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-crew-2-dragon-astronauts-return/ |website=Teslarati |date=9 November 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Shane Kimbrough|R. Shane Kimbrough]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[K. Megan McArthur]]{{efn|Alongside the 3 other crew members, Megan McArthur is using the same seat of the [[SpaceX]] [[Crew Dragon]] ''[[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' in this mission which her husband, [[Bob Behnken]], used in [[SpaceX Demo-2]] mission, the first mission of the ''Endeavour'' capsule.<ref name="RefurbishedSeat">{{cite web|date=20 April 2020|title=Megan to reuse Bob's demo-2 seat in crew-2 mission|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/20/international-crew-recycled-capsule-spacex-prepares-to-launch|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=23 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423055510/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/20/international-crew-recycled-capsule-spacex-prepares-to-launch|url-status=live}}</ref> }}}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Akihiko Hoshide]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|France}} [[Thomas Pesquet]] {{efn|The European Portion of SpaceX Crew-2 is called Mission Alpha, which is headed by Thomas Pesquet shown by the logo }}<ref name="ESA20200728"/>}}}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[Inspiration4]] (patch [[:File:Inspiration4.png|1]] and [[:File:SpaceX Inspiration4 insignia.png|2]])
| [[Crew Dragon Resilience|C207.2 ♺ ''Resilience'']] <ref>{{cite tweet|last=Berger|first=Eric|user=SciGuySpace|number=1356373297987002368|date=1 February 2021|title=Takeaways from call on Inspiration4: • Jared Isaacman seems super-likable, a real space cadet • Musk emphasizing this is a step toward lower cost spaceflight • Musk says he will go to space one day, but not on this mission • Mission will use Resilience, help fund Starship|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201224629/https://twitter.com/SciGuySpace/status/1356373297987002368|archive-date=1 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 16 September 2021<ref>{{cite web|last=Atkinson|first=Ian|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/09/spacex-launch-inspiration4/|title=SpaceX launches Inspiration4, first all-private orbital mission|work=[[NASASpaceFlight]]|date=15 September 2021|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>
| 18 September 2021<ref>{{cite web|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=2021-09-18|title=SpaceX's private Inspiration4 mission splashes down safely in Atlantic Ocean|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/18/watch-spacex-livestream-inspiration4-splashdown-crew-dragon-returns.html|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918223057/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/18/watch-spacex-livestream-inspiration4-splashdown-crew-dragon-returns.html|url-status=live|work=CNBC|access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref>
| The first all-civilian mission to orbit. The flight reached a 585 km orbit and the crew conducted science and medical experiments and public outreach activities for 3 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/spacex/status/1438336379830915072|title=Second phasing burn complete|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916035116/https://twitter.com/spacex/status/1438336379830915072|url-status=live|website=Twitter|archive-date=16 September 2021|access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref> First standalone orbital Crew Dragon flight, and the first flight with the cupola.
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jared Isaacman]]}}|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Sian Proctor]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hayley Arceneaux]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Christopher Sembroski]]}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-3|Crew-3]] [[File:SpaceX Crew-3 logo.svg|55px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Endurance|C210.1 ''Endurance'']]
| 11 November 2021<ref name="nasa-20211030">{{cite web |last=Sempsrott |first=Danielle |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2021/10/30/nasa-spacex-adjust-next-space-station-crew-rotation-launch-date-2/ |title=NASA, SpaceX Adjust Next Space Station Crew Rotation Launch Date |publisher=NASA |date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>
| 6 May 2022<ref name="space-20220428">{{cite web |last=Chelsea |first=Gohd |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-crew3-astronauts-nasa-spacesuits-return-splashdown |title=SpaceX Crew-3 astronauts have fun testing spacesuits before coming home (photos) |publisher=space.com |date=28 April 2022 }}</ref>
| Third operational Commercial Crew flight, transporting four astronauts to the ISS for a six-month mission.
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Raja Chari]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Thomas Marshburn]]}}|{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Matthias Maurer]]{{efn|The European Portion of SpaceX Crew-3 is called Mission Cosmic Kiss, which is headed by Matthias Maurer shown by the logo}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kayla Barron]]}}<ref name="ESA20200728"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/barron-kayla|title=Kayla Barron|date=8 June 2017|publisher=NASA|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153945/https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/barron-kayla/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[Axiom Mission 1|Axiom-1]] ([[:File:Axiom Mission 1.png|patch]])
| [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206.3 ♺ ''Endeavour'']]
| 8 April 2022<ref name="nasa-ls">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/launchschedule/ |title=NASA Launch Schedule |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=28 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
| 25 April 2022
| First Crew Dragon flight contracted by [[Axiom Space]]. First fully private flight to the ISS, carrying [[Michael López-Alegría]] as Axiom professional astronaut,<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1306941899186593795|title=Space Hero mission is about 4th on @Axiom_Space manifest, Mike Suffredini tells @AviationWeek. First up in October 2021 is flight of 3 private individuals and former @NASA_Astronauts Mike Lopez-Algeria.|user=Free_Space|author=Irene Klotz|date=18 September 2020}}</ref> [[Eytan Stibbe]] to conduct educational experiments for a 10-day trip,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/science/axiom-space-station.html|title=There Are 2 Seats Left for This Trip to the International Space Station|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=5 March 2020|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528121556/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/science/axiom-space-station.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/5/21166657/spacex-tourists-iss-international-space-station-orbit-falcon-9-dragon|title=SpaceX will send three tourists to the International Space Station next year|first=Sean|last=O'Kane|date=5 March 2020|work=The Verge|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516040213/https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/5/21166657/spacex-tourists-iss-international-space-station-orbit-falcon-9-dragon|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Larry Connor]] and [[Mark Pathy]].<ref name="collectspaceAx1">{{cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-012621a-axiom-space-ax1-crew-announce.html|title=Axiom Space names first private crew to launch to space station|work=CollectSpace|date=26 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310132331/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-012621a-axiom-space-ax1-crew-announce.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}}/{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Michael López-Alegría]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Larry Connor]]}}|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Eytan Stibbe]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel names second Israeli to go to space: A millionaire who will fund the trip himself|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-former-fighter-pilot-named-second-israeli-to-go-to-space-1.9311356|access-date=2020-11-17|newspaper=Haaretz|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118004704/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-former-fighter-pilot-named-second-israeli-to-go-to-space-1.9311356|url-status=live}}</ref>| {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Mark Pathy]]}}}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-4|Crew-4]] [[File:SpaceX Crew 4 logo.png|55px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Freedom|C212.1 ''Freedom'']]
| 27 April 2022<ref name="ncc20220422">{{cite web |author=Amanda Griffin |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2022/04/22/nasa-and-spacex-adjust-agencys-crew-4-launch-date/ |title=NASA and SpaceX Adjust Agency's Crew-4 Launch Date |work=[[NASA]] |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>
| 14 October 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA, SpaceX Adjust Crew-5 Launch Date |date=25 August 2022 |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/crew-5/2022/08/25/nasa-spacex-adjust-crew-5-launch-date/ |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>
| The fourth flight contracted under [[Commercial Crew Program|CCP]] contract.<ref name="CRS4-6">{{cite web|url=https://www.govconwire.com/2017/01/boeing-spacex-secure-additional-crewed-missions-under-nasas-commercial-space-transport-program/|title=Boeing, SpaceX Secure Additional Crewed Missions Under NASA's Commercial Space Transport Program|date=4 January 2017|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222033223/https://www.govconwire.com/2017/01/boeing-spacex-secure-additional-crewed-missions-under-nasas-commercial-space-transport-program/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| {{ubl|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kjell Lindgren]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Robert Hines (astronaut)|Bob Hines]]<ref name="space20210223"/><ref name="Crew4"/><ref>{{cite tweet|author=NASA Commercial Crew|user=Commercial_Crew |number=1360307237709840394|date=12 February 2021|title=NASA astronauts @astro_kjell and Bob Hines have been assigned to launch on the agency's @SpaceX Crew-4 mission to the @Space_Station. The mission is expected to launch in 2022 from @NASAKennedy. Get to know more about the Crew-4 @NASA_Astronauts: https://t.co/p83i4IwpfQ https://t.co/a2Es9a8e3c|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323134741/https://twitter.com/Commercial_Crew/status/1360307237709840394|archive-date=23 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>|{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Samantha Cristoforetti]]<ref>{{cite tweet|author=ESA|author-link=ESA|user=esa|number=1398247845057208321|date=28 May 2021|title=ESA astronaut @AstroSamantha Cristoforetti is named to serve as @Space_Station commander on Expedition 68, following an in-principle agreement by international partners on 19 May 2021. As part of #Crew4, Samantha will fly on a @SpaceX #CrewDragon in 2022 👉https://t.co/XWin3BnInK https://t.co/kMtXswUvUD|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609025037/https://twitter.com/esa/status/1398247845057208321|archive-date=9 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Commanding_role_for_ESA_astronaut_Samantha_Cristoforetti|title=Commanding role for ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti|publisher=ESA |date=28 May 2021|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528115644/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Commanding_role_for_ESA_astronaut_Samantha_Cristoforetti|url-status=live}}</ref>|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Watkins]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Assigns Astronaut Jessica Watkins to NASA's SpaceX Crew-4 Mission|date=16 November 2021|language=en|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-astronaut-jessica-watkins-to-nasa-s-spacex-crew-4-mission}}</ref>}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-5|Crew-5]] [[File:SpaceX Crew-5 logo no names.png|55px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Endurance|C210.2 ♺ ''Endurance'']] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeYu4t4XxDo|title=Media Briefing: NASA's SpaceX Crew-4 Prelaunch |website=[[YouTube]] |date=26 April 2022|access-date=26 April 2022}} [https://archive.org/details/media-briefing-nasas-space-x-crew-4-prelaunch-you-tube Alt URL]</ref>
| 5 October 2022<ref>{{cite web |last=Cawley |first=James |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/crew-5/2022/08/25/nasa-spacex-adjust-crew-5-launch-date/ |title=NASA, SpaceX Adjust Crew-5 Launch Date |work=[[NASA]] |date=25 August 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref>
| 12 March 2023<ref>{{cite web |last=Lavelle |first=Heidi |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2023/03/11/dragon-endurance-undocks-from-the-space-station/ |date=11 March 2023 |title=Dragon Endurance Undocks from the Space Station |publisher=NASA |access-date=11 March 2023 }}</ref>
| The fifth flight contracted under [[Commercial Crew Program|CCP]] contract.<ref name="CRS4-6"/> The fourth astronaut is Russian cosmonaut [[Anna Kikina]], flying on this mission as a part of Dragon–Soyuz swap flights that ensure that both countries have a presence on the station, and the ability to maintain their separate systems, if either Soyuz or commercial crew vehicles are grounded for an extended period.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-26|title=Rogozin says Crew Dragon safe for Russian cosmonauts|url=https://spacenews.com/rogozin-says-crew-dragon-safe-for-russian-cosmonauts/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=SpaceNews|language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{ubl|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Aunapu Mann]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Josh A. Cassada|Josh Cassada]]|{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Koichi Wakata]]|{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Anna Kikina]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=anna |url=https://twitter.com/RussianSpaceWeb/status/1527661669341614082}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Распоряжение Правительства Российской Федерации от 10.06.2022 № 1532-р ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202206100047 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=publication.pravo.gov.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Премьер-министр РФ Михаил Мишустин подписал распоряжение, позволяющее Роскосмосу провести переговоры с NASA об исполнении соглашения по "перекрёстным полётам" |url=https://web.telegram.org/z/#-1475819126}}</ref>}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-6|Crew-6]] [[File:SpaceX Crew-6 logo.png|55px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206.4 ♺ ''Endeavour'']] <ref>{{cite web |last1=Cawley |first1=James |title=NASA Updates Commercial Crew Flight Manifest to Space Station |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/11/03/nasa-updates-commercial-crew-flight-manifest-to-space-station/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=5 November 2022 |date=3 November 2022 |quote=The Crew-6 mission will be Dragon Endeavour’s fourth flight to the space station}}</ref>
| 2 March 2023<ref name=sfn_ls>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/ |title=Launch Schedule |work=Spaceflight Now |date=1 April 2023 |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>
| 4 September 2023
| The sixth flight contracted under [[Commercial Crew Program|CCP]] contract.<ref name="CRS4-6"/>
| {{ubl|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Stephen Bowen (astronaut)|Stephen Bowen]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Warren Hoburg]]|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sultan Al Neyadi]]|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Fedyaev]]}}
| {{Success|Success}}
|-
! [[Axiom Mission 2|Axiom-2]] ([[:File:Axiom Mission 2 Patch.png|patch]])
| [[Crew Dragon Freedom|C212.2 ♺ ''Freedom'']]
| 21 May 2023<ref name="LaunchDate">{{cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6789 |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 - Axiom Mission 2 (AX-2) |work=Next Spaceflight |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
| 31 May 2023
| Second Crew Dragon flight contracted by [[Axiom Space]]. Second fully private flight to the ISS, carrying [[Peggy Whitson]] as Axiom professional astronaut.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harwood|first=William|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/05/25/whitson-to-command-planned-commercial-flight-to-space-station/|title=Whitson to command planned commercial flight to space station|work=Spaceflight Now|date=25 May 2021|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531015053/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/05/25/whitson-to-command-planned-commercial-flight-to-space-station/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 September 2022, [[Axiom Space]] partnered with the [[Saudi Space Commission]] to send two Saudi astronauts to research cancer, cloud seeding, and microgravity in space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Saudi astronauts to research cancer, cloud seeding, microgravity in space |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2023/03/23/Saudi-astronauts-to-research-cancer-cloud-seeding-microgravity-in-space |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> This mission included the first female Saudi astronaut to space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axiom Space Partners with Saudi Space Commission to Send First Female Saudi Astronaut to Space |url=https://www.axiomspace.com/news/ssc-partnership |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Axiom Space |date=22 September 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Peggy Whitson]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[John Shoffner]]}}|{{Flagicon|KSA}} [[Ali AlQarni]]| {{Flagicon|KSA}} [[Rayyanah Barnawi]]}}
| {{success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-7|Crew-7]] [[File:SpaceX Crew-7 logo.png|55px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Endurance|C210.3 ♺ ''Endurance'']]
| 26 August 2023<ref name="nxsf-crew7">{{cite web |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6879 |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 - SpaceX Crew-7 |date=25 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref>
| 12 March 2024
| In late 2021, NASA contracted SpaceX for three more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-7.<ref name="blogs.nasa.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2021/12/03/nasa-to-secure-additional-commercial-crew-transportation/|title = NASA to Secure Additional Commercial Crew Transportation – Commercial Crew Program| date=3 December 2021 }}</ref>
| {{ubl|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jasmin Moghbeli]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_astronaut_Andreas_Mogensen_set_to_return_to_space | title=ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen set to return to space }}</ref> |{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Andreas Mogensen]]<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1506922535010684929|user=esaspaceflight|title=@YannickJungman3 @Astro_Andreas @Space_Station @SpaceX @esa @UFM_MIN @DTUtweet @AschbacherJosef Pilot for Crew-7, a…|date=24 March 2022}}</ref> |{{Flagicon|JAP}} [[Satoshi Furukawa]] |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Konstantin Borisov]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tass.com/science/1497285 | title=Medics find Russian cosmonauts fit for flying on Crew Dragon to ISS }}</ref>}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[Axiom Mission 3|Axiom-3]] ([[:File:Axiom 3 mission patch.png|patch]])
| [[Crew Dragon Freedom|C212.3 ♺ ''Freedom'']]
| 18 January 2024<ref name="nxsf-ax3">{{cite web | url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6790 | title=Falcon 9 Block 5 - Axiom Mission 3 (AX-3) | access-date=14 February 2024| work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref>
| 9 February 2024
| Third Crew Dragon flight contracted by [[Axiom Space]]. This mission flew the first Turkish astronaut.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/exclusive-saudi-arabia-buys-pair-spacex-astronaut-seats-axiom-sources-2022-09-20/ | title=Exclusive: Saudi Arabia buys pair of SpaceX astronaut seats from Axiom -sources | newspaper=Reuters | date=21 September 2022 | last1=Roulette | first1=Joey }}</ref>
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} /{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Michael López-Alegría]]}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Walter Villadei]]}}|{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Alper Gezeravcı]]| {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Marcus Wandt]]}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-8|Crew-8]] [[File:SpaceX Crew-8 logo.png|55px]]
| [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206.5 ♺ ''Endeavour'']]
| 4 March 2024<ref name="nasa-20230414">{{cite web |last=Costa |first=Jason |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2023/04/14/nasa-updates-commercial-crew-planning-manifest-through-2024/ |title=NASA Updates Commercial Crew Planning Manifest Through 2024 |work=[[NASA]] |date=14 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
| Late 2024
| In late 2021, NASA contracted SpaceX for three more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-7.<ref name="blogs.nasa.gov"/>SpaceX sent the 50th astronaut on this Crew Dragon launch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 crewmembers launched and counting! Earlier tonight, Crew-8 signed the White Room at the end of the crew access arm ahead of boarding Dragon and liftoff |url=https://x.com/SpaceX/status/1764503795965567106?s=20 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Matthew Dominick]]}}|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Michael R. Barratt|Michael Barratt]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jeanette Epps]]|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Alexander Grebenkin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/space-station-assignments-out-for-nasa-s-spacex-crew-8-mission|title=Space Station Assignments Out for NASA's SpaceX Crew-8 Mission|date=5 August 2023|access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref>}}
| {{Operational|Docked to the ISS}}
|-
![[Polaris Dawn]] ([[:File:Polaris Dawn Patch.png|patch]])
| [[Crew Dragon Resilience|C207.3 ♺ ''Resilience'']] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2022/05/08/scott-poteet-discusses-inspiration4-and-polaris-dawn-missions-part-1/|title=Scott Poteet Discusses Inspiration4 and Polaris Dawn Missions (Part 1) |date=8 May 2022|access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
|NET Q3 2024<ref name=sn20240210>{{cite news |last=Foust|first=Jeff |date=February 10, 2024 |title=Polaris Dawn private astronaut mission slips to mid-2024 |url=https://spacenews.com/polaris-dawn-private-astronaut-mission-slips-to-mid-2024/ |work=SpaceNews |access-date=April 14, 2024}}</ref>
|NET Q3 2024
|First of planned three flights of [[Polaris program|Polaris Program]] by [[Jared Isaacman]]. First private flight to include spacewalk. Aimed to fly "farther than any other human spaceflight in 50 years".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polaris Dawn|url=https://polarisprogram.com/dawn/|access-date=2022-02-14|website=Polaris Program|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Jared Isaacman, who led the first all-private astronaut mission to orbit, has commissioned 3 more flights from SpaceX|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/02/14/jared-isaacman-polaris-spacex-starship-inspiration4/|access-date=2022-02-14|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|{{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jared Isaacman]]}}|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Poteet]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Sarah Gillis]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Anna Menon]]}}
|{{planned}}
|-
! [[SpaceX Crew-9|Crew-9]] [[File:SpaceX Crew-9 logo.png|55px]]
| TBA
| NET August 2024
| Early 2025
| In late 2021, NASA contracted SpaceX for three more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-7.<ref name="blogs.nasa.gov"/>
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Zena Cardman]]}}|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nick Hague]]|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Stephanie Wilson]]|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Aleksandr Gorbunov]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-assignments-for-its-spacex-crew-9-space-station-mission|title=NASA Shares Assignments for its SpaceX Crew-9 Space Station Mission|date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref>}}
| {{planned}}
|-
! [[Axiom Mission 4|Axiom-4]]
| TBA
| NET October 2024<ref>{{cite tweet |author=NASA Space Operations |user=NASASpaceOps |number=1715475921820393740 |title=With Axiom Mission 3 scheduled to liftoff from Florida no earlier than January 2024, @NASA, @Axiom_Space, & @SpaceX teams are now targeting no earlier than October 2024 to launch Axiom Mission 4 to the @Space_Station. |date=20 October 2023}}</ref>
| NET October 2024
| Fourth Crew Dragon flight contracted by [[Axiom Space]].
| {{ubl|TBA|TBA|TBA|TBA}}
| {{planned}}
|-
! Second [[Polaris program|Polaris Program]] flight
| TBA
| TBD
| TBD
| Second of planned three flights of Polaris Program. Last flight of the Polaris Program using Crew Dragon before planning to use [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] for the next flight.<ref name=":0" />
| TBA
| {{planned}}
|-
! [[Vast-1]]<ref name="vast">{{cite news|url=https://www.vastspace.com/updates/vast-announces-the-haven-1-and-vast-1-human-spaceflight-mission-launched-by-spacex-on-a-dragon-spacecraft|title=VAST Announces the Haven-1 and VAST-1 Missions.|work=Vast Space|last= |first= |author-link= |date=10 May 2023|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>
| TBA
| NET August 2025
| TBD
| Servicing of [[Haven-1]] Space Station
| {{ubl|TBA|TBA|TBA|TBA}}
| {{planned}}
|-
! [[Crew-10]]<ref name="Crew10to14">{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/06/nasa-just-bought-all-the-seats-needed-for-space-station-crews-into-2030/|title=NASA just bought the rest of the space station crew flights from SpaceX|work=Ars Technica|last=Berger|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Berger (meteorologist)|date=3 June 2022|access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref>
| TBA
| NET Early 2025
| TBA
| In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10.
| {{ubl|{{Flagicon|USA}} TBA|{{Flagicon|USA}} TBA|{{flagicon|EUR}}/{{flagicon|CAN}} TBA|TBA}}
| {{planned}}
|-
! Crew-11<ref name="Crew10to14"/>
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10.
| TBA
| {{planned}}
|-
! Crew-12<ref name="Crew10to14"/>
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10.
| TBA
| {{planned}}
|-
! Crew-13<ref name="Crew10to14"/>
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10.
| TBA
| {{planned}}
|-
! Crew-14<ref name="Crew10to14"/>
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10.
| TBA
| {{planned}}
|}

=== Cargo Dragon flights ===
{{Import style|sticky}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.95; line-height:1.5em;"
|- class="is-sticky"
! Mission
! Patch
! Capsule <ref name="GunterSpacePage2"/>
! Launch date
! Landing date
! Description
! Outcome
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-21|CRS-21]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-21 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C208|C208.1]]
| 6 December 2020
| 14 January 2021
| First SpaceX mission performed under the [[Commercial Resupply Services|CRS-2]] contract with [[NASA]] and the first flight of Cargo Dragon 2. Delivered the [[Nanoracks Bishop Airlock]] module to the ISS along with {{cvt|6400|lb|order=flip}} of cargo.
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-22|CRS-22]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-22 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C209|C209.1]]
| 3 June 2021
| 10 July 2021
| Second Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS; has delivered solar arrays [[iROSA]] 1 and iROSA 2
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-23|CRS-23]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-23 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C208|C208.2 ♺]]
| 29 August 2021, 07:14 UTC
| 1 October 2021
| Third Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-24|CRS-24]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-24 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C209|C209.2 ♺]]
| 21 December 2021, 10:07 UTC
| 24 January 2022
| Fourth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-25|CRS-25]]
| [[File:SpaceX_CRS-25_Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C208|C208.3 ♺]]
| 15 July 2022, 00:44 UTC
| 20 August 2022
| Fifth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-26|CRS-26]]
|[[File:SpaceX_CRS-26_Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C211|C211.1]] <ref name="Kanayama"/>
| 26 November 2022, 19:20:42 UTC<ref name="nasa-20221103">{{cite web |last=Herridge |first=Linda |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacex-crs-26/2022/11/03/nasa-invites-media-to-spacexs-26th-resupply-launch-to-space-station/ |title=NASA Invites Media to SpaceX's 26th Resupply Launch to Space Station |work=[[NASA]] |date=3 November 2022 |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>
| 11 January 2023
| Sixth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS; delivered iROSA 3 and iROSA 4.<ref>{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-launches-cargo-dragon-mission-to-iss/ |title=SpaceX launches cargo Dragon mission to ISS |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |quote=After CRS-25, the next commercial cargo mission is NG-18, a Northrop Grumman Cygnus mission tentatively scheduled for mid-October. The SpaceX CRS-26 Dragon mission will follow late in the year, delivering among other cargo a set of solar arrays to be installed on the station by spacewalking astronauts.}}</ref>
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-27|CRS-27]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-27 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C209|C209.3 ♺]]
| 15 March 2023, 00:30<ref name=sfn_ls />
| 15 April 2023
| Seventh Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-28|CRS-28]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-28 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C208|C208.4 ♺]]
| 5 June 2023, 15:47<ref name="launch_date">{{cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/5345 |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 - SpX CRS-28 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref>
| 30 June 2023
| Eighth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS; delivered iROSA 5 and iROSA 6<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |title=SpaceX launches Dragon cargo ship to deliver new solar arrays to space station – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/11/26/spacex-launches-dragon-cargo-ship-to-deliver-new-solar-arrays-to-space-station/ |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=Spaceflight Now |date=26 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Dragon 2 fleet's 1,324 days in orbit surpassed the [[Space Shuttle]]. 38th Dragon 1/2 mission to ISS exceeded Shuttle's 37.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=2023-06-09 |title=SpaceX Dragon breaks 2 space shuttle orbital records |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-dragon-breaks-space-shuttle-records |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-29|CRS-29]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-29 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C211|C211.2 ♺]]
| 10 November 2023, 01:28<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 {{!}} CRS SpX-29 |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/NextSpaceflight.com/launches/details/5346 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref>
| 22 December 2023
| Ninth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-30|CRS-30]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-30 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C209|C209.4 ♺]]
| 21 March 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=59082.0;attach=2216912;sess=61738 |title=DORA Satellite Technical Description |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=Arizona State University}}</ref>
|
| Tenth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS First Dragon 2 launch from [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|SLC-40]]
| {{Operational|Docked to the ISS}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-31|CRS-31]]
| [[File:SpaceX CRS-31 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Cargo Dragon C208|C208.5 ♺]]
| June 2024 (planned)<ref name="March2022orders" />
|
| Eleventh Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Planned}}
|-
! [[SpaceX CRS-32|CRS-32]]
|
| TBA
| October 2024 (planned)<ref name="March2022orders" />
|
| Twelfth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Planned}}
|-
! CRS-33
|
| TBA
| 2025 (planned)<ref name="March2022orders" />
|
| Thirteenth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Planned}}
|-
! CRS-34
|
| TBA
| 2026 (planned)<ref name="March2022orders" />
|
| Fourteenth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Planned}}
|-
! CRS-35
|
| TBA
| 2026 (planned)<ref name="March2022orders" />
|
| Fifteenth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS
| {{Planned}}
|}

NASA has ordered six additional flights, CRS-30 to CRS-35, to resupply the ISS through 2026.<ref name="March2022orders">{{cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-orders-additional-cargo-flights-to-space-station|title=NASA Orders Additional Cargo Flights to Space Station|publisher=NASA|date=25 March 2022|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

===Timeline===
Crew Dragon has flown eight operational CCP missions and six other missions. Cargo Dragon has flown ten missions.

{{#tag:timeline|
Define $lastday ={{#if: {{#expr: {{#time:d}}>28}} |{{#time:d}}|28}} 
Define $endofmonth ={{#time:m}}/$lastday/{{#time:Y}} 
Define $now ={{#time:m}}/{{#time:d}}/{{#time:Y}}
ImageSize = width:840 height:auto barincrement:40
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:44 right:20 left:0
DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/2019 till:$endofmonth
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2019
ScaleMinor = unit:month increment:1 start:01/01/2019

Colors =
id:bg value:white
id:docked value:rgb(0.894,0.882,0.871) 
id:undocked value:limegreen
id:CCP value:skyblue legend: Crew_Dragon_CCP 
id:nonCCP value:coral legend: Crew_dragon_non-CCP 
id:CRS value:orange legend: Cargo_dragon 

Legend = columns:3 left:150 top:25 columnwidth:200

PlotData=
fontsize:12 align:center shift:(0,-5)


bar:NonCCP
from:03/03/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:nonCCP text:Demo-1
from:05/31/2020 till:08/01/2020 color:nonCCP text:Demo-2
from:09/16/2021 till:09/18/2021 color:nonCCP text:Inspiration4
from:04/09/2022 till:04/25/2022 color:nonCCP text:Axiom-1
from:05/22/2023 till:05/30/2023 color:nonCCP text:Axiom-2
from:01/18/2024 till:02/09/2024 color:nonCCP text:Axiom-3

bar:CCPA
from:11/17/2020 till:05/02/2021 color:CCP text:Crew-1
from:11/11/2021 till:05/05/2022 color:CCP text:Crew-3
from:10/05/2022 till:03/11/2023 color:CCP text:Crew-5
from:08/27/2023 till:03/11/2024 color:CCP text:Crew-7
bar:CCPB
from:04/24/2021 till:11/08/2021 color:CCP text:Crew-2
from:04/27/2022 till:10/14/2022 color:CCP text:Crew-4
from:03/02/2023 till:09/03/2023 color:CCP text:Crew-6
from:03/05/2024 till:$now color:CCP text:Crew-8

bar:CRSA
from:12/07/2020 till:01/12/2021 color:CRS text:CRS-21
from:08/30/2021 till:09/30/2021 color:CRS text:CRS-23
from:07/16/2022 till:08/19/2022 color:CRS text:CRS-25
from:03/15/2023 till:04/15/2023 color:CRS text:CRS-27
from:11/11/2023 till:12/22/2023 color:CRS text:CRS-29
bar:CRSB
from:06/05/2021 till:07/08/2021 color:CRS text:CRS-22
from:12/22/2021 till:01/23/2022 color:CRS text:CRS-24
from:11/26/2022 till:01/11/2023 color:CRS text:CRS-26
from:06/05/2023 till:06/30/2023 color:CRS text:CRS-28
from:03/23/2024 till:$now color:CRS text:CRS-30

LineData=

layer:front
at:11/17/2020 width:0.1 color:docked
at:05/02/2021 width:0.1 color:undocked
at:04/24/2021 width:0.1 color:docked
at:11/08/2021 width:0.1 color:undocked
at:11/11/2021 width:0.1 color:docked
at:05/05/2022 width:0.1 color:undocked
at:04/27/2022 width:0.1 color:docked
at:10/14/2022 width:0.1 color:undocked
at:10/05/2022 width:0.1 color:docked
at:03/11/2023 width:0.1 color:undocked
at:03/02/2023 width:0.1 color:docked
at:09/03/2023 width:0.1 color:undocked
at:08/27/2023 width:0.1 color:docked
at:03/11/2024 width:0.1 color:undocked
at:03/05/2024 width:0.1 color:docked

}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Comparison of crewed space vehicles]]
* [[Comparison of space station cargo vehicles]]
* [[List of crewed spacecraft]]
* {{Annotated link|Private spaceflight}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="ESA20200728">{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Thomas_Pesquet_first_ESA_astronaut_to_ride_a_Dragon_to_space//|title=Thomas Pesquet first ESA astronaut to ride a Dragon to space|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728133726/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Thomas_Pesquet_first_ESA_astronaut_to_ride_a_Dragon_to_space|url-status=live|publisher=ESA Science and Exploration|archive-date=28 July 2020|date=28 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Crew4">{{cite web|last1=Finch|first1=Joshua|title=NASA Assigns Astronauts to Agency's SpaceX Crew-4 Mission to Space Station|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-astronauts-to-agency-s-spacex-crew-4-mission-to-space-station/|website=nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=12 February 2020|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012326/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-astronauts-to-agency-s-spacex-crew-4-mission-to-space-station/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="space20210223">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-4-astronaut-assignments|title=These 2 NASA astronauts will fly on SpaceX's Crew-4 mission to the International Space Station in 2022 |first=Elizabeth|last=Howell|website=Space.com|date=23 February 2021|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423225254/https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-4-astronaut-assignments|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://uphere.space/satellites/45623 Real-time orbital tracking] - [https://uphere.space uphere.space]
* [https://isstracker.pl/?satId=45623 Real-time orbital tracking] - [https://isstracker.pl isstracker.pl]

{{Dragon spaceflights}}
{{SpaceX}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}
{{Cargo spacecraft}}
{{Manned ISS flights}}
{{Uncrewed ISS flights}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dragon (spacecraft)}}
[[Category:SpaceX Dragon 2]]
[[Category:SpaceX spacecraft]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2019]]
[[Category:Supply vehicles for the International Space Station]]
[[Category:Reusable spacecraft]]
[[Category:SpaceX related lists]]

Nikolai Obruchev

2024-03-12T12:26:09Z

Plejek: better image in infobox

{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Nikolai Nikolayevich Obruchev
| image = Obruchev N.N..jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Nikolai Nikolayevich Obruchev
| birth_date = 1830
| death_date = {{death year and age|1904|1830}}
| birth_place = [[Warsaw]], [[Congress Poland]] [[Russian Empire]]
| death_place = [[France]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|Russian Empire}}
| branch = [[Imperial Russian Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[General officer|General]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Order of St. George|Order of St. George III Class]] [[Order of the Cross of Takovo]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=624}}</ref> [[Order of Prince Danilo I]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=624}}</ref>
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}

'''Nikolai Nikolayevich Obruchev''' (1830–1904) was a [[General Staff]] Officer in the [[Imperial Russian Army]], [[Statistician|military statistician]], planner and chief of the Main Staff.

==Biography==
{{Missing|section|Obruchev's involvement in founding [[Zemlya i volya]] (1861–1864)|date=September 2020}}

Obruchev was born in [[Warsaw]] to a military family. He entered the [[First Cadet Corps]] and went on to the [[Nicholas Military Academy]] in 1848. In 1858, he founded ''Voyenny Sbornik'' (Military Collection) as a professional military journal. However he was removed from the position after printing articles critical of Russian military logistics in the [[Crimea War]]. He became a protégé of [[Dmitry Milyutin]], who in 1863 appointed him secretary of the Military Academic Committee of the Main Staff. From this position he helped ensure Milyutin's military reforms were put into effect.

He played a key role in preparing for the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]] of 1877-1878. In July 1877, he was posted to the [[Caucasus]] front, where he successfully planned the defeat of the [[Turkish Army]]. He was then moved to the [[Balkan]] front, where his plan for winter operations helped lead to the capitulation of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

In 1881 [[Pyotr Vannovskiy]], the new [[Minister of War]], appointed him chief of the Main Staff. Obruchev now played a role in rearming the Russian Army, constructing fortifications on the western military frontier and laying plans for amphibious operation across the [[Bosphorus]]. He proposed reorganising the Main Staff into five directorates: First and Second Quartermaster Generals, Adjutant General, Military Communications and Military [[Topography]]. However, this structure was not implemented until 1903.<ref>''Secret Soldiers of the Revolution'' by Raymond W. Leonard, Greenwoodpress 1999</ref>

He attended the Franco-Russian Military Convention of 1892 and persuaded [[Nicholas II]] not to intervene in the [[First Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]] of 1894 - 1895.

Obruchev retired from active service in 1897 and died in [[France]] in June 1904.

==References==
* ''The Fateful Alliance'' by George F. Kennan, (1984), New York: Pantheon.
* ''The Tsar's Colonels: Professionalism, Strategy, and Subversion in Late Imperial Russia'' by David Alan Rich (1998),Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obruchev, Nikolai}}
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Nikolskoe Cemetery]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian Army generals]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo|Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo]]
[[Category:Russian nihilists]]

2024 in spaceflight

2024-01-26T21:10:03Z

Plejek: adding Ukraine (Galactic 06)

{{Short description|Spaceflight-related events during the year 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

{{Infobox Year in spaceflight
| year = 2024
| image = {{Photomontage|
| photo1a = Europa Clipper spacecraft model.png
| photo1b = 世界最大固体运载火箭引力一号成功首飞2.png
| photo2a =
| size = 250
| spacing = 3
| color =white
| color_border = transparent
}}
| caption = Highlights from spaceflight in 2024{{Efn|Clockwise from top left:{{Bulleted list|NASA's [[Europa Clipper]] spacecraft will be launched on a mission to study the Jovian moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] in 2024.|Maiden flight of [[Gravity-1]], the world's largest [[Rocket_propellant#Solid_chemical_propellants|solid-fuel]] powered carrier rocket as of 2024.}}}}
| first = 1 January
| last = 24 January
| total = 17
| success = 17
| failed = 0
| partial =
| catalogued = 16
| firstflight =
| firstsat =
| firstlaunch =
| firsttrav = {{TUR}} 
{{UKR}}
| maidens = {{plainlist|

* [[Gravity-1]] 
* [[Vulcan Centaur]] [[Vulcan Centaur#Capabilities|VC2S]]
}}
| retired =
| orbital = 1
| orbitcrew = 4
| suborbital =
| totalcrew = 4
}}
{{TLS-L|alignment=right|fixed=on}}

This article documents notable '''spaceflight events that have happened or are going to happen during the year 2024'''. Upcoming astronomical and space events for 2024 have been presented in ''The New York Times''.<ref name="NYT-20240101">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Sync Your Calendar With the Solar System - Never miss an eclipse, a meteor shower, a rocket launch or any other astronomical and space event that’s out of this world. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/explain/2024/astronomy-space-calendar |date=1 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240103065039/https://www.nytimes.com/explain/2024/astronomy-space-calendar |archivedate=3 January 2024 |accessdate=3 January 2024 }}</ref>

{{TOC level|3}}

== Overview ==
===Astronomy and Astrophysics===
On [[New Year's Day]] at 3:40 UTC, [[ISRO]] launched their [[XPoSat]] for studying [[X-ray]] [[Polarization (waves)|polarization]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Majkowska |first=Iwona |url=https://ts2.space/en/isro-plans-mars-lander-mission-after-successful-lunar-mission/ |title=ISRO Plans Mars Lander Mission After Successful Lunar Mission |date=26 September 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/isro-set-to-launch-shukrayaan-and-xposat-missions-to-exploring-the-universes-mysteries-71696664062649.html |title=ISRO set to launch Shukrayaan and XPoSat missions to exploring the universe's mysteries |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Halo-Orbit Insertion of Aditya-L1 Successfully Accomplished |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

[[Aditya-L1]] spacecraft launched by [[ISRO]] got inserted into a [[Halo orbit]] around L1 point on January 6. It will study the solar atmosphere, solar magnetic storms, and their impact on the environment around the Earth.

[[Einstein Probe]], [[X-ray]] [[space telescope]] mission by [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS) in partnership with [[ESA]] and the [[Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]] (MPE) dedicated to time-domain [[high-energy astrophysics]], was launched on 9 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/01/Einstein_Probe_lifts_off_on_a_mission_to_monitor_the_X-ray_sky|title=Einstein Probe lifts off on a mission to monitor the X-ray sky|website=www.esa.int}}</ref>

[[European Space Agency]] will launch their [[PROBA-3]] dual satellites for solar [[coronagraph]]y.

===Exploration of the Solar System===
''Ingenuity'' flew for 72nd and last flight, when one of its rotor blades was damaged, causing NASA to retire the craft.<ref name="NASA_20240125">{{cite web | url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/after-three-years-on-mars-nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-mission-ends | title=After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends | website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] }}</ref>

NASA plans to launch the [[Europa Clipper]] in October, which will study the Jovian moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] while in orbit around Jupiter.

[[Hera (space mission)|''Hera'']] will launch to [[Didymos (asteroid)|Didymos asteroid]] to study the after effects of [[Double Asteroid Redirection Test]].

NASA's [[EscaPADE]] mission to [[Mars]] is also planned to launch this year.

===Lunar exploration===

2024 will be a particularly eventful year for the [[exploration of Moon|exploration of the Moon]].

[[Peregrine Mission One|Peregrine]] lunar lander was successfully launched on 8 January, but after the launch a propellant leak was detected that precluded any attempt to perform a lunar landing. In the end, the Peregrine spacecraft never left the (highly elliptical) Earth orbit it was injected into by the carrier rocket, and the mission ended ten days later (after one orbit) on 18 January when the spacecraft re-entered the Earth's atmosphere (under control of the mission team) and was destroyed.

[[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon|SLIM]] achieved the first-ever lunar soft landing for a Japanese spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/science-environment-68019846 |title=Japan makes contact with 'Moon Sniper' on lunar surface |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> It landed on 19 January 2024 at 15:20 UTC, making Japan the 5th country to soft land on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/12/science/japan-moon-landing-slim |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Although it landed successfully, its in wrong attitude, because the solar panels are oriented westwards facing opposite the Sun at the start of [[lunar day]], thereby failing to generate enough power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=According to the telemetry data, SLIM’s solar cells are facing west. So if sunlight begins to shine on the lunar surface from the west, there is a possibility of generating power, and we are preparing for recovery. #SLIM can operate with power only from the solar cells. #JAXA |url=https://x.com/SLIM_JAXA/status/1749320575103995954?s=20 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref> The lander operated on internal battery power, which was fully drained that day. The mission's operators hope that the lander will wake up after a few days when sunlight should hit the solar panels.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan’s Slim spacecraft lands on moon but struggles to generate power |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/19/japan-slim-spacecraft-lands-on-moon-but-struggles-to-generate-power |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Irrespective of this solar array issue on lander, the two LEV 1 and 2 rovers, deployed during hovering just before final landing are working as expected and LEV-1 communicating independently to the ground stations.<ref name=":8" /> LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface. Images taken by LEV-2 show the wrong attitude landing with loss of an engine nozzle during descent and even possible sustained damage to lander's Earth bound antenna, that is not pointed towards Earth.<ref>{{Citation |title=小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等の記者会見 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk |access-date=2024-01-25 |language=en}}</ref> Irrespective of wrong attitude and loss of communication with the lander, the mission is already fully successful after confirmation of its primary goal landing within {{cvt|100|m}} of its landing spot was already achieved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2024-01-22 |title=Japan’s moon lander forced to power down but may yet be revived |url=https://spacenews.com/japans-moon-lander-forced-to-power-down-but-may-yet-be-revived/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SLIM Project Press Kit |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/countdown/slim/SLIM-mediakit-EN_2308.pdf |website=JAXA}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等の記者会見 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk |access-date=2024-01-25 |language=en}}</ref>

China plans to send [[Chang'e 6]] in May, which will conduct the first lunar sample return from the [[far side of the Moon]].<ref name="AJ_FI-20230425">{{cite tweet |author=Andrew Jones |user= AJ_FI |number=1650832520978526208 |title=China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W) |date=25 April 2023}}</ref> This will be China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was achieved by [[Chang'e 4]] from the lunar near side 4 years ago.
[[Pakistan]] will send a lunar orbiter called ICECUBE-Q along with Chang'e 6.

[[Nova-C]], [[VIPER (rover)|VIPER]] and [[Blue Ghost]] are all planned to launch to the Moon this year.

===Human spaceflight===

[[ISRO]] will launch their [[Gaganyaan]] uncrewed missions and [[SPADEX|SPADEX docking experiment]] this year. [[Polaris Dawn]], featuring the first commercial [[spacewalk]], is also on track to launch in first half of this year.

[[SpaceX]] launched [[Axiom Mission 3]] aboard a [[Crew Dragon]] spacecraft on a [[Falcon 9]] rocket to the International Space Station (ISS) on 18 January 2024.

SpaceX also plans to launch [[Axiom Mission 4]] to the ISS later in the year 2024.

===Rocket Innovation===

The maiden flight of [[United Launch Alliance]]'s [[Vulcan Centaur]] took place on 8 January 2024. Vulcan is the first methane fueled rocket to reach orbit on its first attempt, and the first methane fueled rocket to reach orbit from the US.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belam |first=Martin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

China's Orienspace's [[Gravity-1]] rocket completed its successful maiden flight on January 11, 2024, debuting on a new mobile sea platform in the Yellow Sea while breaking records as both the world's largest solid-fuel carrier rocket and China's most powerful commercial launch vehicle to date (as of 2024).

[[Space Pioneer]] (aka Tianbing) of China plans to launch its [[Falcon 9]] class kerolox rocket Tianlong-3 in June.

The maiden flight of [[Blue Origin]]'s [[New Glenn]] is planned for August 2024.<ref name="sn-20231121">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-mars-smallsat-mission-to-be-on-first-new-glenn-launch/ |title=NASA Mars smallsat mission to be on first New Glenn launch |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>

===Satellite technology===

[[NISAR (satellite)|NISAR]], the most expensive and largest [[Imaging radar|radar imaging satellite]] will be launched from India onboard [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk-II]] by late February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/three-launches-in-q1-isro-s-24-plan-101703183805729.html |title=Three launches in Q1: ISRO's upcoming missions in 2024 |date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem]] or PACE, a NASA Earth observing satellite in design phase, has a launch scheduled for 2024.

NASA's [[Dream Chaser]] spaceplane, developed by [[Sierra Space]], is scheduled to have its first flight in April. It will visit the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="aw-20231025">{{cite web |last1=Klotz |first1=Irene |last2=Reim |first2=Garrett |url=https://aviationweek.com/aerospace/commercial-space/ula-sets-dec-24-target-date-vulcans-debut |title=ULA Sets Dec. 24 As Target Date For Vulcan's Debut |work=Aviation Week |date=25 October 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

== Orbital launches ==
{{Main|List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024|List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2024}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ List of orbital launches
!width=25%|Month
!<abbr title="Number">Num.</abbr> of successes
!<abbr title="Number">Num.</abbr> of failures
!<abbr title="Number">Num.</abbr> of partial failures
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024#January|January]]||17||0||0
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024#February|February]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024#March|March]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024#April|April]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024#May|May]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024#June|June]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2024#July|July]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2023#August|August]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2024#September|September]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2024#October|October]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2024#November|November]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|-
|align=left|[[List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2024#December|December]]||''TBD''||''TBD''||''TBD''
|- class="sortbottom"
!Total||17||0||0
|}
{{TOC level|3}}

== Deep-space rendezvous ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:7em;" | Date (UTC)
! style="width:9em;" | Spacecraft
! Event
! Remarks
|-
| 19 January
| [[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon|SLIM]]
| Lunar landing
| Success<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/japan-makes-history-with-tense-successful-moon-landing/ |title=Japan makes history with tense, successful moon landing |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=SpaceNews.com}}</ref>
|-
| Late January
| ''[[Peregrine Mission One|Peregrine]]''
| Lunar orbit insertion
| Precluded due to propellant leak developing shortly after launch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Jackie Wattles, Kristin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3 February
| ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]''
| 58th perijove
| On the day of this perijove, ''Juno'' will fly by [[Io (moon)|Io]]. Orbital period around Jupiter reduced to 33 days.<ref name="Juno 2nd Extension">{{Cite web|last=Talbert|first=Tricia|date=2021-01-08|title=NASA Extends Exploration for Two Planetary Science Missions|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-extends-exploration-for-two-planetary-science-missions|access-date=2021-01-08|website=NASA}}</ref><ref name="Juno 2nd Extension 2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-mission-expands-into-the-future|title=NASA's Juno Mission Expands Into the Future|website=NASA.gov|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 23 August
| [[Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer|JUICE]]
| [[Gravity assist]] at Earth and Moon
|
|-
| 5 September
| ''[[BepiColombo]]''
| Fourth gravity assist at Mercury
|
|-
| 6 November
| ''[[Parker Solar Probe]]''
| Seventh gravity assist at Venus
|
|-
| 2 December
| ''[[BepiColombo]]''
| Fifth gravity assist at Mercury
|
|-
| 13 December
| ''[[Lucy (spacecraft)|Lucy]]''
| Second gravity assist at Earth
| Target altitude 350 km
|-
| 24 December
| ''[[Parker Solar Probe]]''
| 22nd [[perihelion]], closest approach to the [[Sun]]
|
|} 

== Extravehicular activities (EVAs) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!Start Date/Time
!Duration
!End Time
!Spacecraft
!Crew
!Remarks
|-

|} 

== Orbital launch statistics ==

=== By country ===
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]] rockets launched from the Mahia Peninsula in [[New Zealand]] are counted under the [[United States]] because [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]] is an American rocket.

<div style="float:left; padding-top:50px; padding-right:20px;">
{{#invoke:Chart|pie chart
| radius = 100
| slices =
( 6 : China : red )
( 0 : Europe : mediumblue )
( 0 : Germany : yellow )
( 1 : India : darkorange )
( 1 : Iran : darkgreen )
( 0 : Israel : teal )
( 1 : Japan : white )
( 0 : North Korea : crimson )
( 0 : Russia : brown )
( 0 : South Korea : purple )
( 8 : USA : blue )
| units suffix =
| hide group legends = true
}}</div>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|-
!colspan=2| Country
! Launches
! Successes
! Failures
! Partial failures
! Remarks
|-
| style="background:red;" | || align=left|{{CHN}} || 6 || 6 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
| style="background:darkorange;" | || align=left|{{IND}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="background:darkgreen;" | || align=left|{{IRN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
| style="background:white;" | || align=left|{{JPN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|style="background:blue;" | || align=left|{{USA}} || 8 || 8 || 0 || 0 ||align=left| Includes [[Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1|Electron launches from Mahia]]
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=2 | World || 17 || 17 || 0 || 0 ||
|}
{{clear}}

=== By rocket ===
{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart
| float = center
| width = 1120
| height = 440
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 2 = 0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 3 = 0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 4 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 5 = 0:0:0: 6:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 6 = 0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 7 = 0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 8 = 0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 9 = 0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 10 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 11 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 12 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 13 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 14 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 15 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 16 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 17 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 18 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 19 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 20 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0 
| group 21 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0 
| group 22 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0 
| group 23 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0 
| group 24 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 3 
| group 25 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:10:0:0 

| colors = MediumBlue : Goldenrod : Black : Teal : LightSeaGreen : DarkGreen : SandyBrown : Olive : DarkKhaki : HotPink : FireBrick : IndianRed : Salmon : Sienna : Tomato : PaleVioletRed : Pink : SaddleBrown : Gold : Chocolate : Peru : SkyBlue : SteelBlue : LightGrey : White
| group names = [[Ariane 6]] : [[Atlas V]] : [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]] : [[Falcon 9]] new : Falcon 9 reused : [[Falcon Heavy]] : [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] : [[H-IIA]] : [[H3 (rocket)|H3]] : [[Kuaizhou#Models|Kuaizhou-1A]] : [[Long March 2]] : [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March 3]] : [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March 4]] : [[Long March 5]] : [[Long March 6]] : [[Long March 7]] : [[Long March 8]] : [[LVM3]] : [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] : [[Soyuz-2]] : [[Proton-M]] : [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] : [[Vulcan Centaur]] : [[Comparison of orbital launch systems|Others]] :
| x legends = [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]] : [[Atlas (rocket family)|Atlas]] : [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]] : [[Falcon (rocket family)|Falcon]] : [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] : [[List of H-II and H3 launches|H-series]] : [[Kuaizhou]] : [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March]] : [[LVM3]] : [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] : [[R-7 (rocket family)|R-7]] : [[Universal Rocket|UR]] : [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] : [[Vulcan Centaur|Vulcan]] : [[Comparison of orbital launch systems|Others]]
| units suffix = _launches
}}

==== By family ====
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style=text-align:center
|-
! Family
! Country
! Launches
! Successes
! Failures
! Partial failures
! Remarks
|- 
|align=left| [[Falcon (rocket family)|Falcon]] ||align=left| {{USA}} || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Orienspace|Gravity]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||align=left| Maiden flight
|-
|align=left| [[List of H-II and H3 launches|H-series]] ||align=left| {{JPN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[CAS Space#Rockets|Kinetica]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Kuaizhou]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] ||align=left| {{IND}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Qaem 100|Qaem]] ||align=left| {{IRN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Vulcan Centaur|Vulcan]] ||align=left| {{USA}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||align=left|Maiden flight
|- 
|}

==== By type ====
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style=text-align:center
|-
! Rocket
! Country
! Family
! Launches
! Successes
! Failures
! Partial failures
! Remarks
|- 
|align=left| [[Falcon 9]] ||align=left| {{USA}} ||align=left| Falcon || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Orienspace|Gravity-1]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Gravity || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||align=left| Maiden flight
|-
|align=left| [[H-IIA]] ||align=left| {{JPN}} ||align=left| H-series || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[CAS Space#Kinetica 1|Kinetica 1]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Kinetica || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Kuaizhou#Models|Kuaizhou-1]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Kuaizhou || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Long March 2]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Long March || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Long March 7]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Long March || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] ||align=left| {{IND}} ||align=left| PSLV || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Qaem 100]] ||align=left| {{IRN}} ||align=left| Qaem || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Vulcan Centaur]] ||align=left| {{USA}} ||align=left| Vulcan || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||align=left| Maiden flight
|- 
|}

==== By configuration ====
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style=text-align:center
|-
! Rocket
! Country
! Type
! Launches
! Successes
! Failures
! Partial failures
! Remarks
|- 
|align=left| [[Falcon 9 Block 5]] ||align=left| {{USA}} ||align=left| Falcon 9 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Orienspace|Gravity-1]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Gravity-1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||align=left| Maiden flight
|-
|align=left| [[H-IIA#Variants|H-IIA 202]] ||align=left| {{JPN}} ||align=left| H-IIA || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[CAS Space#Kinetica 1|Kinetica 1]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Kinetica 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Kuaizhou#Models|Kuaizhou-1A]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Kuaizhou-1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Long March 2C]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Long March 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Long March 7]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} ||align=left| Long March 7 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-DL|PSLV-DL]] ||align=left| {{IND}} ||align=left| PSLV || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Qaem 100]] ||align=left| {{IRN}} ||align=left| Qaem 100 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Vulcan Centaur#Versions and configurations|Vulcan Centaur VC2S]] ||align=left| {{USA}} ||align=left| Vulcan Centaur || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||align=left| Maiden flight
|- 
|}

=== By spaceport ===
{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart
| float = center
| width = 990
| height = 440
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 3:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 2 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 3 = 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 4 = 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 5 = 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 6 = 0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 7 = 0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 8 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 9 = 0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 10 = 0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 11 = 0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 12 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0:0 
| group 13 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0 
| group 14 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0:0 
| group 15 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0 
| group 16 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0 
| group 17 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 4 
| group 18 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1 
| group 19 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0 
| group 20 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0 
| group 21 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0 
| group 22 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 3 
| group 23 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:10:0 
| colors = FireBrick : Crimson : IndianRed : LightCoral : Tan : MediumBlue : Orange : DarkGreen : MediumPurple : Plum : LightSeaGreen : Black : SteelBlue : LightSteelBlue : Purple : Navy : Blue : DodgerBlue : DeepSkyBlue : Indigo : SlateBlue : SkyBlue : White
| group names = [[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center|Jiuquan]] : [[Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center|Taiyuan]] : [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center|Wenchang]] : [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center|Xichang]] : [[Yellow Sea]] : [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]] : [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] : [[Shahroud Space Center|Shahroud]] : [[Tanegashima Space Center|Tanegashima]] : [[Uchinoura Space Center|Uchinoura]] : [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] : [[Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1|Mahia]] : [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]] : [[Vostochny Cosmodrome|Vostochny]] : [[Naro Space Center|Naro]] : [[SaxaVord Spaceport|SaxaVord]] : [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] : [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] : [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport|MARS]] : [[Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska|PSCA]] : [[SpaceX Starbase|Starbase]] : [[Vandenberg Space Force Base|Vandenberg]] :
| x legends = China : France : India : Iran : Japan : Kazakhstan : New Zealand : Russia : South Korea : United Kingdom : United States
| units suffix = _launches
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|-
! Site
! Country
! Launches
! Successes
! Failures
! Partial failures
! Remarks
|- 
|align=left| [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] ||align=left| {{USA}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center|Jiuquan]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] ||align=left| {{USA}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] ||align=left| {{IND}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Shahroud Space Center|Shahroud]] ||align=left| {{IRN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Tanegashima Space Center|Tanegashima]] ||align=left| {{JPN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Vandenberg Space Force Base|Vandenberg]] ||align=left| {{USA}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 ||
|- 
|align=left| [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center|Wenchang]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center|Xichang]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Yellow Sea]] ||align=left| {{CHN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
!colspan=2| Total || 16 || 16 || 0 || 0 ||
|}

=== By orbit ===
{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart
| float = center
| width = 990
| height = 440
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 0:0:0:0:0:0 
| group 2 = 0: 9:0:0:0:0 
| group 3 = 0: 1:0:0:0:0 
| group 4 = 0: 1:0:0:0:0 
| group 5 = 0: 4:0:0:0:0 
| group 6 = 0: 0:0:0:0:0 
| group 7 = 0: 0:0:0:0:0 
| group 8 = 0:0: 0:0:0:0 
| group 9 = 0:0: 0:0:0:0 
| group 10 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0 
| group 11 = 0:0:0: 0:0:0 
| group 12 = 0:0:0:0: 0:0 
| group 13 = 0:0:0:0: 1:0 
| group 14 = 0:0:0:0:0: 0 
| group 15 = 0:0:0:0:0:20 

| colors = DeepSkyBlue : Navy : MediumBlue : Red : RoyalBlue : LightBlue : DodgerBlue : LightSeaGreen : SkyBlue : SaddleBrown : Peru : Black : LightGrey : Gold : White
| group names = Transatmospheric : Low Earth : Low Earth (ISS) : Low Earth (CSS) : Low Earth (SSO) : Low Earth (polar) : Low Earth (retrograde) : Medium Earth : Molniya : Geosynchronous : Tundra : High Earth : Lunar transfer : Heliocentric :
| x legends = [[Transatmospheric Earth orbit|Transatmospheric]] : [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]] : [[Medium Earth orbit|Medium Earth]] / [[Molniya orbit|Molniya]] : [[Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous]] / [[Tundra orbit|Tundra]] / [[Geosynchronous transfer orbit|transfer]] : [[High Earth orbit|High Earth]] / [[Trans-lunar injection|Lunar transfer]] : [[Heliocentric orbit|Heliocentric]]
| units suffix = _launches
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|-
! Orbital regime
! Launches
! Achieved
! Not achieved
! Accidentally achieved
! Remarks
|-
|align=left| [[Transatmospheric Earth orbit|Transatmospheric]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]] / [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] || 15 || 15 || 0 || 0 ||align=left| Including flights to [[International Space Station|ISS]] and [[Tiangong space station|Tiangong]] (CSS)
|-
|align=left| [[Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous]] / [[Tundra orbit|Tundra]] / [[Geosynchronous transfer orbit|GTO]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Medium Earth orbit|Medium Earth]] / [[Molniya orbit|Molniya]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[High Earth orbit|High Earth]] / [[Trans-lunar injection|Lunar transfer]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Heliocentric orbit]] / [[Hohmann transfer orbit|Planetary transfer]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
|-class="sortbottom"
!Total || 17 || 17 || 0 || 0 ||
|}

== Suborbital launch statistics ==
=== By country ===
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of suborbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. Flights intended to fly below {{cvt|80|km}} are omitted.

{{void|<nowiki>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | Country
! Launches
! Successes
! Failures
! Partial failures
! Remarks

|}
{{clear}}</nowiki>}}
==Planned maiden flights==
* [[Ariane 6]] – [[Arianespace]] – Europe (ESA) – June<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Ariane/Ariane_6_joint_update_report_30_November_2023 |title=Ariane 6 joint update report, 30 November 2023 |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=ESA}}</ref>
* Aurora – Reaction Dynamics – Canada – Q4<ref name="bw-20221208">{{Cite tweet |number=1745872294482686288 |user=Reactiondyn |title=We're gearing up for qualification testing and preparing for our inaugural flight in the last quarter of 2024 as part of the Aurora test program. |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
* Darwin-II – Rocket Pi – China
* Daytona – [[Phantom Space Corporation]] – USA
* [[Gilmour Space Technologies|Eris Block 1]] – [[Gilmour Space Technologies]] – Australia – March<ref name="gst-20220919">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-26 |title=An Australian-made rocket will be launched in Queensland in a historic first |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-27/historic-australian-orbital-rocket-launch-remote-queensland/103265210 |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>
* Hanbit-Nano – Innospace – South Korea <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyeong-woo |first=Kan |date=2023-03-20 |title=Innospace launches world’s 1st hybrid rocket with electric pump |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230320000629 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=The Korea Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Long March 6C]] – [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|CASC]] – China <ref>{{cite tweet |author=China N' Asia Spaceflight |user=CNSpaceflight |number=1610278277192773633 |title=CASC had a planning meeting today of 2023 missions, affirming Long March 6C to debut in 2023, and 50+ launches are planned in the year. |date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
* Nebula-1 – [[Deep Blue Aerospace]] – China <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1516229733880455168 |user=CNSpaceflight |title=Deepblue Aerospace, the Chinese company completed 2 hop tests in 2021, closed a series A+ round funding led by MINYIN International, after a series A in January. The company also mentioned in the press release the 1st orbital launch of reusable Nebula-1 is targeted by end of 2024 |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[Rocket Lab Neutron|Neutron]] – [[Rocket Lab]] – USA <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neutron |url=https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/neutron/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Rocket Lab |language=en}}</ref>
* [[New Glenn]] – [[Blue Origin]] – USA – Q3 <ref name="sn-20231121" />
* [[Pallas-1]] – [[Galactic Energy]] – China – Q3<ref name="sn-20231220">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/chinese-launch-startup-galactic-energy-raises-154-million-for-pallas-1-reusable-rocket/ |title=Chinese launch startup Galactic Energy raises $154 million for Pallas-1 reusable rocket |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Rocket Factory Augsburg|RFA One]] – [[Rocket Factory Augsburg]] – Germany – Summer<ref name="sn-20231105">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/rocket-factory-augsburg-perceives-historic-moment-for-european-launch-industry/ |title=Rocket Factory Augsburg perceives historic moment for European launch industry |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Astra (American spaceflight company)#Rocket 4|Rocket 4]] – [[Astra (American spaceflight company)|Astra Space]] – USA
* [[Skyrora XL]] – [[Skyrora]] – United Kingdom<ref name="expr-20230624">{{cite web |last1=Pooran |first1=Neil |last2=Picksley |first2=Dominic |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1783992/Shetland-SaxaVord-spaceport-launching-satellites |title=Shetland's SaxaVord spaceport will soon be launching satellites into orbit |work=[[Daily Express|Express]] |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.skyrora.com/quarter-4-2022-in-review/ |title=Quarter 4, 2022 in review |work=[[Skyrora]] |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>
* Tianlong-3 – [[Space Pioneer]] – China – June<ref name="sp-20231108">{{Cite tweet |number=1730274941197484237 |user=CNSpaceflight |title=A leaked photo shows SPACE-PIONEER is targeting next June for the maiden launch of Tianlong-3, 14t to 500km SSO, from Wenchang commercial launch pad#2, which is still under construction. 2 more launches are planned for September & November from Wenchang & Jiuquan, 11t to 800km |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[Vikram (rocket family)|Vikram-1]] – [[Skyroot Aerospace]] – India – Q1<ref name="eq-launch">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-25 |title=Skyroot gears up for Vikram-1 launch in Q1 2024, opens India’s 1st integrated private sector rocket facility in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/skyroot-gears-up-for-vikram-1-launch-in-q1-2024-opens-indias-1st-integrated-private-sector-rocket-facility-in-hyderabad/articleshow/104680147.cms |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* XLV – [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|CASC]] – China

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist |30em |refs=}}

==External links==
{{TLS-R}}

{{TLS-L|year=2024|nav=on}}
{{Orbital launches in 2024}}
{{Portal bar|Spaceflight}}

[[Category:2024 in spaceflight| ]]
[[Category:Spaceflight by year]]
[[Category:2024-related lists]]

Playdate (console)

2023-12-03T10:07:17Z

Plejek:

{{Short description|Video game console}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = Playdate
| title = Playdate
| logo = Playdate_Logo.svg
| logo_size = 192px
| aka = Asheville (code name)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Guichet |first1=Alex |title=Playdate News Roundup: June 2019 - First Gameplay Footage, Processor Specs, and The Talk Show appearance |url=https://www.themissingquests.com/22/playdate-news-roundup-june-2019 |website=The Missing Quests |date=June 3, 2019 |access-date=30 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| developer = [[Panic Inc.]]
| type = [[Handheld game console]]
| release date = April 18, 2022
| price = {{Plainlist|
* {{US$|179|link=yes}}<ref name="tweet1">{{cite tweet |author=Playdate |user=playdate |number=1400845335828697088 |date=June 4, 2021 |title=PPS: three things we're authorized to leak now ① Playdate's final price is $179. ② We've doubled the internal storage to 4GB. ③ And! We've DOUBLED the number of Season One games. No joke. 24 games come free with your Playdate. More in the update! |language=en |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604160915/https://twitter.com/playdate/status/1400845335828697088 |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| display = {{Plainlist|
* 2.7-inch, 400×240 1-bit (173 [[pixel density|ppi]])
* Sharp Memory LCD
}}
| connectivity = {{Plainlist|
* [[Wi-Fi]] ([[802.11b|b]]/[[802.11g|g]]/[[802.11n|n]]) @ 2.4 GHz
* [[Bluetooth 4.2]]
* [[USB-C]]
* [[Headphone jack]]
}}
| memory = 16 MB
| storage = 4 GB [[flash storage]]<ref name="tweet1"/>
| dimensions = 76 × 74 × 9 mm<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambie |first1=Ryan |title=Don't Panic!: How the Playdate injects a bit of whimsy into handheld gaming |url=https://wireframe.raspberrypi.com/articles/dont-panic-how-the-playdate-injects-a-bit-of-whimsy-into-handheld-gaming |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=Wireframe magazine |date=June 13, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| weight = 86 grams
| cpu = {{Plainlist|
* [[STMicroelectronics]] [[STM32#STM32 F7|STM32F746]] ([[ARM Architecture|ARM]] [[ARM Cortex-M#Cortex-M7|Cortex-M7F]]) 180 MHz
* Espressif Systems [[ESP32|ESP32-D0WDQ6]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Playdate's tiny hand-held with a crank is big on charm |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019-08-28-playdate-hands-on.html |website=Engadget |accessdate=1 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> 80 MHz
}}
| website = {{URL|play.date}}
| image = Playdate_front-view.png
| caption = Playdate with the crank in an open position
| units sold = 53,368<ref>{{cite news |title=Playdate on Twitter: It's hard to believe, but Playdate has been shipping for one year now! |url=https://twitter.com/playdate/status/1653161708092026880 |access-date= May 2, 2023 |website=Twitter}}</ref>
}}
'''Playdate''' is a [[Handheld game console|handheld video game console]] developed by [[Panic Inc.|Panic]]. The device features a [[Crank (mechanism)|mechanical crank]] and a black-and-white screen.

The console was announced in May 2019 and was released in April 2022.<ref name="unveiled">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/playdate-new-handheld-console-edge-magazine-333-katamari-damacy/|title=Playdate, a new handheld console backed by indie royalty, unveiled in new issue of Edge magazine |author=Edge Staff|website=gamesradar|date=2019-05-22|language=en|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Playdate orders begin shipping today |url=https://www.engadget.com/playdate-group-one-orders-shipping-174813662.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Hardware ==
[[File:Playdate.png|thumb|Playdate with the crank tucked away into the side slot]]
The device is small, square, and yellow and features a black-and-white [[Binary image|1-bit display]], a 4-way [[directional pad]], two game buttons, and a mechanical crank, which can be tucked away when not in use.<ref name="crank">{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Mike |title=The People Who Published Firewatch Are Now Making A Game Console With, Uh, A Crank |url=https://kotaku.com/the-people-who-published-firewatch-are-now-making-a-gam-1834958316 |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=Kotaku |date=May 22, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

It was designed in collaboration with [[Teenage Engineering]], a Swedish consumer electronics company.

Playdate uses a [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] Memory LCD screen similar to [[Electronic paper|e-paper]] displays.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Mrgan |first=Neven |user=mrgan |number=1132387680157720577 |date=May 25, 2019 |title=@McLeanBen @playdate Believe it or not, the Sharp Memory LCD is quite expensive—much more so than a typical display today 😆 But we like its unique look, and making something different is our motivation! |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017024807/https://twitter.com/mrgan/status/1132387680157720577 |archive-date=October 17, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Each pixel can remember its state (black/white) without needing to be refreshed, resulting in faster refreshing and lower power usage with a wide 170° viewing angle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sharpsma.com/sharp-memory-lcd-technology|title=Sharp Memory in Pixel Displays - Sharp|website=www.sharpsma.com|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>

=== Accessories ===
Panic has announced two accessories for the device. A purple cover was released simultaneously with the device's 2022 launch. A yellow "stereo dock" that charges the Playdate and functions as a speaker and a penholder does not yet have a release date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panic's Playdate handheld will be available for pre-order in July |url=https://www.engadget.com/panics-playdate-pre-orders-will-open-in-july-162005165.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Games ==

=== Distribution ===
Games are published by Panic in seasons, with new games being sent to the device via [[Wi-Fi]] each week. A total of 24 games<ref name="tweet1" /> were released in the first season, two released per week, all included in the price of the console.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2019/5/22/18628360/playdate-panic-teenage-engineering-qwop-katamari|title=Playdate is an adorable handheld with games from the creators of Qwop, Katamari, and more|last=Webster|first=Andrew|date=2019-05-22|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> The order of released games was unknown until the week they were released, and were revealed to players when they automatically downloaded.

=== Catalog ===

On 7th March, 2023, the Catalog on-device and on-web store was added. Playdate owners can purchase and download games directly from the device.
<ref>{{Cite web |title="Catalog, Playdate's On-Device Store, Launches Today With New Games During The Latest Playdate Update" - Games Press |url=https://www.gamespress.com/CATALOG-PLAYDATES-ON-DEVICE-STORE-LAUNCHES-TODAY-WITH-NEW-GAMES-DURING |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.gamespress.com}}</ref>

=== Developers ===
Games for the Playdate have been produced by Panic as well as indie game developers such as [[Keita Takahashi]], [[Zach Gage]], [[Bennett Foddy]], Shaun Inman, and [[Chuck Jordan (game designer)|Chuck Jordan]].<ref name="unveiled" /><ref name="small wonder">{{Cite news|url=https://apple.news/IsdvVXTv-QEmpk3HunkMFIQ|url-access=subscription|title=Small Wonder|last=Simpkins|first=Jen|date=May 23, 2019|work=Edge|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> Panic stated that they were interested in games created by [[Underrepresented group|underrepresented]] developers and that there were games from women, [[queer]], [[Transgender|trans]] and [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]] developers in Playdate's first season.<ref name="kotakucritsummary">{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/crank-gaming-handhelds-creators-trying-to-make-amends-f-1835105593|title=Crank Gaming Handheld's Creators Trying To Make Amends For Poorly Worded Email|last=Gach|first=Ethan|website=Kotaku|date=May 29, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref>

Games are created using an openly available proprietary [[software development kit]] (SDK) that includes a [[Emulator#Comparison with simulation|simulator]] and [[debugger]]. The SDK is compatible with both [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] programming languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2019 |title=Playdate, a tiny game console with a big pedigree |url=https://boingboing.net/2019/05/23/playdate-a-tiny-game-console.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Boing Boing |language=en-US}}</ref> It is available for macOS, Windows, and Linux. Simpler tile-based games can be created using Pulp, a more-approachable game development tool from Panic.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mrgan |first1=Neven |date=2021-08-30 |title=Playdate Pulp: Zero to video game in 60 Seconds |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/console/playdate-pulp-zero-to-video-game-in-60-seconds |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Game Developer |language=en}}</ref> The device is a [[Open system (computing)|open system]] and allows [[sideloading]] additional games that are not part of a season.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1132888619872444416|user=playdate|title=@White_LotusPA @devilsgarage It WILL be open. You will always be able to side load games onto it, no jail breaking required.|author=Playdate|author-link=Playdate|date=May 27, 2019|access-date=December 2, 2022|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608213733/https://twitter.com/playdate/status/1132888619872444416|archive-date=June 8, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2023}}

=== Season 1 (April–July 2022) ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background: #ffb71b" | '''No. in season'''
! style="background: #ffb71b" | Title
! style="background: #ffb71b" | Developed by
! style="background: #ffb71b" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|'''1'''
|''Whitewater Wipeout''
|Chuhai Labs
|<ref name="left turn" /><ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''2'''
|''Casual Birder''
|Diego Garcia
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''3'''
|''Crankin's Time Travel Adventure''
|uvula ([[Keita Takahashi]], Ryan Mohler), Matthew Grimm, Shaun Inman
|<ref name="small wonder" /><ref name="titlescreens">{{cite tweet |author=Playdate |author-link=Playdate |user=playdate |number=1131307594939654144 |date=May 22, 2019 |title=But here's the trick: every game is a secret. They're all included with system, and they will be delivered to you each week, for a few months. Our dream is simple: that you wake up on new game day excited to see what you can play next. https://t.co/gq6woriP4h |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608002611/https://twitter.com/playdate/status/1131307594939654144 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''4'''
|''Boogie Loops''
|May-Li Khoe, Andy Matuschak
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''5'''
|''Lost Your Marbles''
|Sweet Baby Inc
|<ref name="left turn">''Edge'', 2020. Left Turn. (353), p.9.</ref><ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''6'''
|''Pick Pack Pup''
|Nic Magnier, Arthur Hamer
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''7'''
|''Flipper Lifter''
|Serenity Forge
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''8'''
|''Echoic Memory''
|Samantha Kalman, Everest Pipkin, Carol Mertz, Rachelle Viola
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''9'''
|''Omaze''
|Gregory Kogos
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''10'''
|''DemonQuest 85''
|Alex Ashby, Lawrence Bishop, Duncan Fyfe, Belinda Leung, Jared Emerson-Johnson
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''11'''
|''Zipper''
|[[Bennett Foddy]]
|<ref name="small wonder" /><ref name="titlescreens" /><ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''12'''
|''Hyper Meteor''
|Vertex Pop (Mobeen Fikree, Robby Duguay, h heron)
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''13'''
|''Questy Chess''
|Dadako
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''14'''
|''Executive Golf DX''
|davemakes
|<ref name="titlescreens" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.waypoint.vice.com/t/this-new-gaming-handheld-has-a-crank-and-looks-cool-as-hell/22212/31|title=This New Gaming Handheld Has a Crank (!!) And Looks Cool as Hell|date=2019-05-26|website=Waypoint - Forum|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref><ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''15'''
|''Saturday Edition''
|Chris Makris, A Shell in the Pit (Gord McGladdery, Alfonso Salinas)
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''16'''
|''Star Sled''
|[[Panic Inc.|Panic]]
|<ref name="pre-orders">{{Cite web |title=Playdate. Pre-orders begin in July. |url=https://play.date/ |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=play.date |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''17'''
|''Spellcorked!''
|Jada Gibbs, Nick Splendorr, Ryan Splendorr, Tony Ghostbrite, A Shell in the Pit (Em Halberstadt)
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''18'''
|''Inventory Hero''
|[[Panic Inc.|Panic]]
|<ref name="pre-orders" />
|-
|'''19'''
|''Snak''
|[[Zach Gage]]
|<ref name="small wonder" /><ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''20'''
|''Sasquatchers''
|[[Chuck Jordan (game designer)|Chuck Jordan]], Jared Emerson-Johnson
|<ref name="small wonder" /><ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''21'''
|''Forrest Byrnes: Up in Smoke''
|Nels Anderson, [[Christina "castpixel" Neofotistou]]
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''22'''
|''Battleship Godios''
|TPM.CO Soft Works
|<ref name="June 2021">{{cite AV media |date=June 8, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeWGukDrc1U |title=✨ Playdate Update —6/8/2021 |publisher=Panic |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108083525/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeWGukDrc1U |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''23'''
|''b360''
|[[Panic Inc.|Panic]]
|<ref name="titlescreens" /><ref name="June 2021" />
|-
|'''24'''
|''Ratcheteer''
|Shaun Inman, Matthew Grimm, Charlie Davis
|<ref name="June 2021" />
|}

== Reception ==

=== Pre-release ===
On May 22, 2019, Panic announced Playdate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Colin |date=2019-05-22 |title=Handheld games device Playdate looks adorable and innovative |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/5/22/18636485/playdate-release-games-handheld-panic |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}</ref> Initial impressions were centered around how unusual the device was, from the crank, its 1-bit screen, and its odd method of delivering games to players. About the crank, [[TechCrunch]] noted, "It's not necessary for every game, though, so don't worry if it seems too weird."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panic's Playdate is a pint-sized gaming machine with a 'season' of 12 intriguing titles |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/05/22/panics-playmate-is-a-pint-sized-gaming-machine-with-a-season-of-12-intriguing-titles/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

A year before the Playdate announcement, a Panic co-founder [[Cabel Sasser]] sent an email to an indie video game event, also named Playdate, suggesting that the organizers consider tweaking or changing its name to avoid future confusion.<ref>{{cite web |author=Klepek, Patrick |date=2019-05-28 |title=That Gaming Handheld With a Crank Asked a Queer Games Showcase to Change Its Name |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8xzvn5/that-gaming-handheld-with-a-crank-asked-a-queer-games-showcase-to-change-its-name-playdate |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Waypoint}}</ref> The following day, Sasser retracted the request, stating "My intention was always to find a way for our Playdates to co-exist [...] but we remain fine with you using the name Playdate."<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Cabel |author-link=Cabel |user=cabel |number=1133369584663244802 |date=May 28, 2019 |title=@alienmelon @PlaydateGS @playdate My intention was always to find a way for our Playdates to co-exist joyfully. I was worried we would overshadow yours. That sounded entitled — I'm sorry. I thought your idea to add "pop up" was great, but we remain fine with you using the name Playdate. Please, keep using it. https://t.co/Ysxd8m7GXA |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508001659/https://twitter.com/cabel/status/1133369584663244802 |archive-date=May 8, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On January 29, 2020, the team behind the event (now named "Playdate Pop Up") announced that Panic was joining the event as a sponsor, and would assist the event in petitioning for nonprofit status, however, the LA Zinefest event was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |author=The Playdate Pop Up 2020 Team |date=2020-01-29 |title=Welcome to 2020 - The Playdate Pop Up Blog |url=http://playdatepopup.com/blog/2020/01/29/welcome-to-2020/ |access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=Playdate |user=PlaydateGS |number=1245414912181993472 |date=April 1, 2020 |title=As you may have already seen, the LA Zine Fest is cancelled which means Playdate Pop Up is as well. You can read our full statement here: https://t.co/5FUtevhrt3 https://t.co/Qp7rBoGos4 |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716185523/https://twitter.com/PlaydateGS/status/1245414912181993472 |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Release ===
Playdate was initially set for release in early 2020, but preorders were delayed until July 29, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Igor Bonifacic |date=2020-10-30 |title=$149 Playdate handheld is 'ready to go,' orders start in early 2021 |url=https://www.engadget.com/playdate-2021-release-224234296.html |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref> Panic sold through its initial order of 20,000 units set to ship in 2021 within the first 20 minutes of its preorder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panic sells 20,000+ Playdate handhelds in under 20 minutes |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/07/29/panic-sells-20000-playdate-handhelds-in-under-20-minutes/ |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Playdates started shipping to customers on April 18, 2022.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Playdate |author-link=Playdate |user=playdate |number=1516099269979262976 |date=April 18, 2022 |title=Oh! A new Playdate Update video is here! It recaps the great developer things we've released this year, like Pulp and the Playdate SDK. Please enjoy it. https://t.co/LXkuR8Isnk There's one extra important bit in the update. Playdates in Group One will begin shipping… …today. https://t.co/T58YihE6f3 |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720183310/https://twitter.com/playdate/status/1516099269979262976 |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Playdate was generally well-received upon its release, with criticism notably around the lack of a backlit screen and long shipping times.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Playdate Packs Hours of Gaming Fun in Your Pocket |url=https://www.wired.com/review/panic-playdate/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US}}</ref> [[The Verge]] praised its initial library of games, stating "What's on offer in the initial batch of games is great," and "even in this crowded landscape, Playdate offers something entirely unique."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Andrew |date=2022-04-18 |title=Playdate review: all it's cranked up to be |url=https://www.theverge.com/23025390/playdate-handheld-portable-gaming-console-review |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[IGN]]'s review stated, "the screen's lack of a backlight can be a frustrating limitation. But you know what? The Playdate charmed me and I am now fully under its spell."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macy |first=Seth G. |date=2022-04-18 |title=Playdate Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/playdate-review |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref> Input Mag wrote, "It really seems like every opportunity Panic found to do something special, it took it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Ian Carlos |title=Review: You'll love the Playdate, if you can find one |url=https://www.inputmag.com/reviews/playdate-review-crank-fun-quirkly-lovable-handheld |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Input |date=May 26, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On April 18, 2023, Panic confirmed to [[The Verge]] that the Playdate has sold more than 53,000 units to-date, with 27,000 of those units shipped. Panic expected fulfillment of their existing 26,000 preorders by the end of 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Panic says it's sold more than 50,000 Playdate handhelds |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/18/23687836/playdate-handheld-sales |access-date= April 18, 2023 |work=The Verge}}</ref>

On May 1, 2023, Panic announced via Twitter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Playdate on Twitter: It's hard to believe, but Playdate has been shipping for one year now! |url=https://twitter.com/playdate/status/1653161708092026880 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> that 53,368 Playdates had been pre-ordered so far, with 20,000 games downloaded from their on-device store Catalog.

== References ==
<references />

{{Handheld game consoles}}

[[Category:Handheld game consoles]]
[[Category:Monochrome video game consoles]]
[[Category:2020s toys]]
[[Category:2022 in video gaming]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2022]]
[[Category:ARM-based video game consoles]]
[[Category:Ninth-generation video game consoles]]