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Information technology

2012-11-26T13:05:35Z

Quadrige: /* External links */

{{Information science}}
'''Information technology''' ('''IT''') can be defined in various ways, but is broadly considered to encompass the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data.<ref name="DOP"/> The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones.<ref name="DMC"/>

Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the [[Sumer]]ians in [[Mesopotamia]] developed [[cuneiform|writing]] in about 3000 BC,<ref name="Butler"/> but the term "information technology" in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the ''[[Harvard Business Review]]''; authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."<ref name="LeavittWhisler"/> Based on the storage and processing technology employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450–1840), electromechanical (1840–1940) and electronic.<ref name="Butler"/> This article focuses on the latter of those periods, which began in about 1940.

==Definitions==
In a business context, the [[Information Technology Association of America]] has defined information technology (IT) as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems".{{sfn|Proctor |2011|loc=preface}} In an academic context, the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] defines it as "undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations .... IT specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization’s computer users. Examples of these responsibilities include the installation of networks; network administration and security; the design of web pages; the development of multimedia resources; the installation of communication components; the oversight of email systems; and the planning and management of the technology lifecycle by which an organization’s technology is maintained, upgraded, and replaced."<ref name="curricula"> The Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005. [http://www.acm.org/education/curric_vols/CC2005-March06Final.pdf Computing Curricula 2005: The Overview Report (pdf)]</ref>

==History of computers==
{{main|History of computing hardware}}

Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a [[tally stick]].<ref name="Schmandt-Besserat"/> The [[Antikythera mechanism]], dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical [[analog computer]]; it is also the earliest known geared mechanism.{{sfn|Wright|2012|p=279|ps=}} Comparable geared devices did not emerge in Europe until the 16th century,{{sfn|Childress|2000|p=94|ps=}} and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2004|p=3|ps=}}

Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. The electromechanical [[Z3 (computer)| Zuse Z3]], completed in 1941, was the world's first [[programming|programmable]] computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. [[Colossus computer|Colossus]], developed during the Second World War to decrypt [[Nazi Germany|German]] messages was the first [[electronics|electronic]] [[digital]] computer, but although [[Computer programming|programmable]] it was not general-purpose, being designed for a single task. Neither did it store its programs in memory; programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring.{{sfn|Lavington|1980|p=|ps=}} The first recognisably modern electronic digital [[stored-program computer]] was the [[Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine]] (SSEM), which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.{{r|Enticknap}}

==Data storage==
{{main|Data storage device}}
Early electronic computers such as [[Colossus computer|Colossus]] made use of [[punched tape]], a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete.{{sfn|Alavudeen|Venkateshwaran|2010|p=178|ps=}} Electronic data storage as used in modern computers dates from the Second World War, when a form of [[delay line memory]] was developed to remove the clutter from [[radar]] signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line.{{sfn|Lavington|1998|p=1|ps=}} The first [[random-access memory|random-access]] digital storage device was the [[Williams tube]], based on a standard [[cathode ray tube]],<ref name="Resurrection"/> but the information stored in it and delay line memory was volatile in that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. The earliest form of non-volatile computer storage was the [[drum memory|magnetic drum]], invented in 1932<ref name="MagDrum"/> and used in the [[Ferranti Mark 1]], the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.<ref name="Digital60MM1"/>

Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on devices such as [[hard disk drive]]s, or optically on media such as [[CD-ROM]]s.{{sfn|Wang|Taratorin|1999|pp=4–5}} It has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 [[exabyte]]s in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007,<ref name="HilbertLopez2011"/> doubling roughly every 3 years.<ref name="Hilbertvideo2011">[http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 "video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010]</ref>

==Databases==
{{main|Database management system}}
Database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. One of the earliest such systems was [[IBM]]'s [[IBM Information Management System|Information Management System]] (IMS),{{sfn|Ward|Dafoulas|2006|p=2|ps=}} which is still widely deployed more than 40 years later.<ref name="IMS"/> IMS stores data [[Hierarchical database model|hierarchically]],{{sfn|Ward|Dafoulas|2006|p=2|ps=}} but in the 1970s [[Edgar F. Codd|Ted Codd]] proposed an alternative relational storage model based on [[set theory]] and [[predicate logic]] and the familiar concepts of tables, rows and columns. The first commercially available [[relational database management system]] (RDBMS) was available from [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] in 1980.{{sfn|Ward|Dafoulas|2006|p=3|ps=}}

All database management systems consist of a number of components that together allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity. A characteristic of all databases is that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a [[database schema]].{{sfn|Ward|Dafoulas|2006|p=2|ps=}}

The [[XML|extensible markup language]] (XML) has become a popular format for data representation in recent years. Although XML data can be stored in normal [[file system]]s, it is commonly held in [[relational database]]s to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort".{{sfn|Pardede|2009|p=2|ps=}} As an evolution of the [[Standard Generalized Markup Language]] (SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both machine and human-readable.{{sfn|Pardede|2009|p=4|ps=}}

==Data retrieval==
The relational database model introduced a programming language independent [[SQL|Structured Query Language]] (SQL), based on [[relational algebra]].{{sfn|Ward|Dafoulas|2006|p=3|ps=}}

The terms "data" and "information" are not synonymous. Anything stored is data, but it only becomes information when it is organised and presented meaningfully.{{sfn|Kedar|2009|pp=1–9|ps=}} Most of the world's digital data is unstructured, and stored in a variety of different physical formats{{sfn|van der Aalst|2011|p=2|ps=}}{{efn|name=format}} even within a single organisation. [[Data warehouse]]s began to be developed in the 1980s to integrate these disparate stores. They typically contain data extracted from various sources, including external sources such as the Internet, organised in such a way as to facilitate [[decision support system]]s (DSS).{{sfn|Dyché|2000|pp=4–6|ps=}}

==Data transmission==
Data transmission has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception.{{sfn|Weik|2000|p=361|ps=}}

XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s,{{sfn|Pardede|2009|p=xiii}} particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented [[communications protocol|protocols]] such as [[SOAP]],{{sfn|Pardede|2009|p=4}} describing "data-in-transit rather than ... data-at-rest".{{sfn|Pardede|2009|p=xiii}} One of the challenges of such usage is converting data from relational databases into XML [[Document Object Model]] (DOM) structures.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=228–231}}

==Data manipulation==
Hilbert and Lopez<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/60 "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"], Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), [[Science (journal)]], 332(6025), 60-65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html</ref> identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of [[Moore's law]]): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.3 years.<ref name="HilbertLopez2011"/>

Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analysed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited".{{sfn|Han|Kamber|Pei|2011|p=5|ps=}} To address that issue, the field of [[data mining]] – "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data"{{sfn|Han|Kamber|Pei|2011|p=8|ps=}} – emerged in the late 1980s.{{sfn|Han|Kamber|Pei|2011|p=xxiii|ps=}}

==Commercial perspective==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
|+ Worldwide IT spending forecast<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2074815 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide IT Spending On Pace to Surpass $3.6 Trillion in 2012 |accessdate=July 17, 2012}}</ref> (billions of U.S. dollars)
|-
!|Category
!|2011 spending
!|2012 spending
|-
|| [[Computing hardware]] || 404 || 423
|-
|| [[Enterprise software]] || 269 || 290
|-
|| [[IT services]] || 845 || 864
|-
|| [[Telecommunications equipment|Telecom equipment]] || 340 || 377
|-
|| [[Telecommunication|Telecom services]] || 1,663 || 1,686
|-
|| Total || 3,523 || 3,640
|}

==Social and ethical perspectives==
{{main|Information ethics}}
The field of information ethics was established by mathematician [[Norbert Wiener]] in the 1940s.{{sfn|Bynum|2008|p=9}} Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:{{sfn|Reynolds|2009|pp=20–21}}
*Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders
*Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage
*[[Spam (electronic)|Unsolicited emails]]
*[[hacker (computer security)|Hacker]]s accessing online databases
*Web sites installing [[HTTP cookie|cookie]]s or [[spyware]] to monitor a user's online activities

==See also==
*[[Information systems|Information systems (IS)]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist
| notes =
{{efn|name=format|"Format" refers to the physical characteristics of the stored data such as its [[character encoding|encoding]] scheme; "structure" describes the organisation of that data.}}
}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Butler">
{{citation |last=Butler |first=Jeremy G. |contribution=A History of Information Technology and Systems |url=http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm |publisher=University of Arizona |accessdate=2 August 2012}}
</ref>

<ref name="Digital60MM1">
{{citation |title=The Manchester Mark 1 |url=http://www.digital60.org/birth/manchestercomputers/mark1/manchester.html |publisher=University of Manchester |accessdate=24 January 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="DMC">
{{citation |last1=Chandler |first1=Daniel |last2=Munday |first2=Rod |contribution=Information technology |title=A Dictionary of Media and Communication |edition=first |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t326.e1343 |accessdate=1 August 2012}} {{subscription required}}
</ref>

<ref name="DOP">
{{citation |contribution=IT |title=A Dictionary of Physics |editor-last=Daintith |editor-first=John |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t83.e1592 |accessdate=1 August 2012}} {{subscription required}}
</ref>

<ref name="Enticknap">
{{citation |last=Enticknap |first=Nicholas |title=Computing's Golden Jubilee |journal=Resurrection |issue=20 |publisher=The Computer Conservation Society |date=Summer 1998 |url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res20.htm#d |issn=0958-7403 |accessdate=19 April 2008}}
</ref>

<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">
{{citation |last1=Hilbert |first1=Martin |last2=López |first2=Priscilla |title=The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/60 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=332 |issue=6025 |pages=60–65 |accessdate=1 August 2012}}
</ref>

<ref name="IMS">
{{citation |last=Olofson |first=Carl W. |contribution=A Platform for Enterprise Data Services |date=October 2009 |publisher=[[International Data Corporation|IDC]] |url=http://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/data/sw-library/ims/idc-power-of-ims.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2012}}
</ref>

<ref name="LeavittWhisler">
{{citation |title=Management in the 1980s |url=http://hbr.org/1958/11/management-in-the-1980s |last1=Leavitt |first1=Harold J. |last2=Whisler |first2=Thomas L. Whisler |journal=Harvard Business Review |year=1958 |volume=11}}
</ref>

<ref name=MagDrum>
{{citation |url=http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=222 |title=Magnetic drum |work=Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics |editor=Universität Klagenfurt |accessdate=21 August 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="Resurrection">
{{citation |title=Early computers at Manchester University |journal=Resurrection |volume=1 |issue=4 |publisher=The Computer Conservation Society |date=Summer 1992 |url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res04.htm#g |issn=0958-7403 |accessdate=19 April 2008}}
</ref>

<ref name="Schmandt-Besserat">
{{citation |last=Schmandt-Besserat |first=D. |title=Decipherment of the earliest tablets |journal=Science |year=1981 |volume=211 |issue=4479 |pages=283–285 |doi=10.1126/science.211.4479.283 |pmid=17748027 |accessdate=14 August 2012}} {{subscription required}}
</ref>
}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last1=Alavudeen |first1=A. |last2=Venkateshwaran |first2=N. |title=Computer Integrated Manufacturing |year=2010 |publisher=PHI Learning |isbn=978-81-203-3345-1}}
*{{citation |last=Bynum |first=Terrell Ward |contribution=Norbert Wiener and the Rise of Information Ethics |title=Information Technology and Moral Philosophy |year=2008 |editor1-last=van den Hoven |editor1-first=Jeroen |editor2-last=Weckert |editor2-first=John |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85549-5}}
*{{citation |last=Chaudhuri |first=P. Pal |title=Computer Organization and Design |year=2004 |publisher=PHI Learning |isbn=978-81-203-1254-8}}
*{{citation |last=Childress |first=David Hatcher| title=Technology of the Gods: The Incredible Sciences of the Ancients |year=2000| publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press |isbn=978-0-932813-73-2}}
*{{citation |last=Dyché |first=Jill |title=Turning Data Into Information With Data Warehousing |year=2000 |publisher=Addison Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-65780-7}}
*{{citation |last1=Han |first1=Jiawei |last2=Kamber |first2=Micheline |last3=Pei |first3=Jian |title=Data Minining: Concepts and Techniques |year=2011 |edition=3rd |publisher=Morgan Kaufman |isbn=978-0-12-381479-1}}
*{{citation |last=Kedar |first=Seema |title=Database Management Systems |year=2009 |publisher=Technical Publications |isbn=978-81-8431-584-4}}
*{{citation |last=Lavington |first=Simon |title=Early British Computers|publisher=Digital Press |year=1980|isbn=978-0-7190-0810-8}}
*{{citation |last=Lavington |first=Simon |title=A History of Manchester Computers |year=1998 |edition=2 |publisher=The British Computer Society |isbn=978-1-902505-01-5}}
*{{citation |last=Lewis |first=Bryn |contribution=Extraction of XML from Relational Databases |title=XML-Based Data Management and Multimedia Engineering – EDBT 2002 Workshops |year=2003 |editor1-first=Akmal B. |editor1-last=Chaudhri |editor2-first=Chabane |editor2-last=Djeraba |editor3-first=Rainer |editor3-last=Unland |editor4-first=Wolfgang |editor4-last=Lindner | publisher=Springer |isbn= 978-3540001300}}
*{{citation |last=Pardede |first=Eric |title=Open and Novel Issues in XML Database Applications |year=2009 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-60566-308-1}}
*{{citation |last=Proctor |first=K. Scott |title=Optimizing and Assessing Information Technology: Improving Business Project Execution |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-10263-3}}
*{{citation |last=Reynolds |first=George |title=Ethics in Information Technology |year=2009 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-538-74622-9}}
*{{citation |last=van der Aalst |first=Wil M. P. |title=Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance and Enhancement of Business Processes |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-19344-6}}
*{{citation |last1=Wang |first1=Shan X. |last2=Taratorin |first2=Aleksandr Markovich |title=Magnetic Information Storage Technology |year=1999 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-734570-3}}
*{{citation |last1=Ward |first1=Patricia |last2=Dafoulas |first2=George S. |title=Database Management Systems |year=2006 |publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA |isbn=978-1-84480-452-8}}
*{{citation |last=Weik |first=Martin |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |volume=2 |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0}}
*{{citation |last=Wright |first=Michael T. |contribution=The Front Dial of the Antikythera Mechanism |year=2012 |editor1-last=Koetsier |title=Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012 |editor1-first=Teun |editor2-last=Ceccarelli |editor2-first=Marco |pages=279–292 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-4131-7}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*Allen, T., and M. S. Morton, eds. 1994. ''Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s''. New York: [[Oxford University Press]].
*Shelly, Gary, Cashman, Thomas, Vermaat, Misty, and Walker, Tim. (1999). ''Discovering Computers 2000: Concepts for a Connected World''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Course Technology.
*Webster, Frank, and Robins, Kevin. (1986). ''Information Technology—A Luddite Analysis''. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

==External links==
*[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gitr/2009/gitr09fullreport.pdf The Global Information Technology Report 2008–2009]

{{Major information technology companies}}
{{Technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Information Technology}}
[[Category:Applied sciences]]
[[Category:Information technology| ]]
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Web of Things

2012-11-25T17:37:37Z

Quadrige:

The '''Web of Things''' is a vision inspired from the [[Internet of Things]] where everyday devices and objects, i.e. objects that contain an [[embedded device]] or computer, are connected by fully integrating them to the [[World Wide Web|Web]]. Examples of smart devices and objects are [[wireless sensor network]]s, [[ambient devices]], [[household appliances]], [[RFID]] tagged objects, etc.

Unlike in the many systems that exist for the [[Internet of Things]], the Web of Things is about re-using the Web standards to connect the quickly expanding eco-system of [[embedded devices]] built into everyday smart objects. Well-accepted and understood standards and blueprints (such as [[URI]], [[HTTP]], [[REST]], [[Atom (standard)|Atom]], etc.) are used to access the functionality of the smart objects.

== Technical characteristics ==
The properties of a Web of Things can be summarized as follows:
* Uses [[HTTP]] as an application protocol rather than as a transport protocol as done in the world of [[WS-*]] [[Web Services]] <ref>{{Cite book
| last = Richardson
| first = Leonard
| last2 = Ruby
| first2 = Sam
| author2-link = Sam Ruby
| publication-date = (May 8, 2007)
| year = 2007
| title = RESTful Web Services
| publisher = O'Reilly
| isbn = 0-596-52926-0
| pages = 299–314
}}</ref>

* Exposes the synchronous functionality of smart objects through a [[REST]] interface (also known as RESTful [[API]]) and more generally respects the blueprints of Resource Oriented Architectures.<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Richardson
| first = Leonard
| last2 = Ruby
| first2 = Sam
| author2-link = Sam Ruby
| publication-date = (May 8, 2007)
| year = 2007
| title = RESTful Web Services
| publisher = O'Reilly
| isbn = 0-596-52926-0
| pages = 79–105
}}</ref>

* Exposes the asynchronous functionality (i.e. events) of smart objects through the use of largely accepted Web syndication standards such as [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] or server-push Web mechanisms such as [[Comet (programming)|Comet]].

These characteristics ensure the loose-coupling of services provided by the smart objects, furthermore they offer a uniform interface to access and build on the functionality of smart objects.

== Application examples ==
One of the early prototypes of the Web of Things is the "Energie Visible" project in which sensors capable of monitoring and controlling the energy consumption of household appliances offer a RESTful API to their functionality. This API is then used to create a physical Mashup.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.plogginternational.com/docs/ETH-Cudrefin02.pdf
|title=Energie Visible Web of Things Project
}}</ref>

Paraimpu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paraimpu.com |title=Paraimpu, a social tool for the Web of Things. |publisher=Paraimpu |date= |accessdate=2012-05-28}}</ref> is a social tool with the aim to allow people to connect, use, share and compose Things, services and devices to create personalized applications in the field of the Web of Things.

Nimbits,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimbits.com |title=free, social and open source internet of things. |publisher=Nimbits |date= |accessdate=2012-05-10}}</ref> is an open source data historian server built on cloud computing architecture that provides connectivity between devices using data points.

[[Cosm (Internet of Things)|Cosm]] (formerly Pachube) is a commercial web of things data aggregator and data mining website often integrated into the Web of Things.

An alternative approach taken by Sense Tecnic Systems <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sensetecnic.com |title=WoTKit: Lightweight IoT toolkit |publisher=SenseTecnic |date= |accessdate=2012-08-05}}</ref> focuses on a lightweight toolkit for developing IoT applications and targets rapid development using Web technologies and protocols. The WoTKit toolkit has been described at the 2012 IoT conference <ref>{{cite journal|last=Blackstock|first=M.|coauthors=Lea, R.|title=IoT Mashups with the WoTKit|journal=Internet of Things 2012 (IEEE)|year=2012|month=October|volume=In Press|url=http://www.iot2012.org/}}</ref> and builds on research from UBC's Media and Graphics Interdisciplinary Centre,<ref name="UBC MAGIC">{{cite web|url=http://www.magic.ubc.ca|title=Media and Graphics Interdisiplinary Centre, University of British Columbia |publisher=UBC |accessdate=5 August 2012}}</ref> in particular the work on the MAGIC Broker as published at IoT 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blackstock|first=M.|coauthors=Kaviani, N., Lea, R., Friday, A.|title=MAGIC Broker 2: An open and extensible platform for the Internet of Things|journal=IoT 2010 (IEEE press)|date=Nov. 29 2010-Dec. 1 2010|year=2010|pages=1–8|doi=10.1109/IOT.2010.5678443|url=http://nima.magic.ubc.ca/www/2publications/2010/20100731/PDF_Version.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite conference
| last = Guinard
| first = Dominique
| coauthors = Vlad Trifa, Erik Wilde
| title = A Resource Oriented Architecture for the Web of Things
| booktitle = Proc. of IoT 2010 (IEEE International Conference on the Internet of Things)
| url=http://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/dguinard/publications/bibtex.html?file=/home/webvs/www/htdocs/publ/papers/dguinard-things-2010
| location = Tokyo, Japan
| date = 2010-11

}}

*{{Cite conference
| last = Guinard
| first = Dominique
| coauthors = Vlad Trifa
| title = Towards the Web of Things: Web Mashups for Embedded Devices
| booktitle = Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conferences
| url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/dguinard_09_WOTMashups.pdf
| location = Madrid, Spain
| date = 2009-04
}}

*{{Cite conference
| conference = Semantic Computing, 2008 IEEE International Conference on
| pages = 512–517
| last = Stirbu
| first = V.
| title = Towards a RESTful Plug and Play Experience in the Web of Things
| booktitle = Semantic Computing, 2008 IEEE International Conference on
| date = 2008
}}

*{{Cite journal
|last1=Fielding
|first1=Roy T.
|last2=Taylor
|first2=Richard N.
|date=2002-05
|year=2002
|title=Principled Design of the Modern Web Architecture
|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~taylor/documents/2002-REST-TOIT.pdf
|format=[[PDF]]
|journal=ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery
|location=New York
|volume=2
|issue=2
|pages=115–150
|doi=10.1145/514183.514185
|issn=1533-5399}}

*{{Cite book|last=Fielding|first=Roy Thomas|year=2000|title=Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures|version=Doctoral dissertation|publisher=University of California, Irvine|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm}}

*{{Cite book
| last = Richardson
| first = Leonard
| last2 = Ruby
| first2 = Sam
| author2-link = Sam Ruby
| publication-date = (May 8, 2007)
| year = 2007
| title = RESTful Web Services
| publisher = O'Reilly
| isbn = 0-596-52926-0
}}

*{{Cite conference
|last1=Fortuna
|first1=Carolina
|last2=Grobelnik
|first2=Marko
|date=2011-03-09
|year=2011
|title=Tutorial: The Web of Things
|url=http://sensorlab.ijs.si/en/publication/6/the-web-of-things
|conference=Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference 2011, Hyderabad, India
|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.webofthings.com
|title=Architecting the Web of Things.
}}

* {{cite web
|url=http://www.webofthings.com/wot
|title=International Workshop on the Web of Things.
}}

* {{cite web
|url=http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=1818463
|title=Web of Things Linkedin community.
}}

* {{cite web
|url=http://net-of-things.blogspot.com
|title=Rethinking the Internet of Things.
}}

* {{cite web
|url=http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/core/charter/
|title=IETF CoRE WG charter
}}

{{Ambient intelligence}}

[[Category:Cloud standards]]
[[Category:Web 2.0 neologisms]]
[[fr:Internet des objets]]

The Mouth Agape

2012-11-23T21:12:41Z

Quadrige: spelling mistake

{{Infobox Film
| name = The Mouth Agape
| image = DVD-cover-La-gueule-overte.jpg
| caption = [[Masters of Cinema]] re-release DVD cover
| director = [[Maurice Pialat]]
| producer =
| writer = Maurice Pialat
| starring = Hubert Deschamps, Monique Mélinand, [[Philippe Léotard]], [[Nathalie Baye]], Henri Salquin, Alain Grestau, Anna Gayane
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Arlette Langmann]]
| distributor =
| released = 1974
| runtime = 82 minutes
| country = France
| language = French
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Mouth Agape''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La gueule ouverte'''}}) is a 1974 French drama film directed by [[Maurice Pialat]]. It depicts, in a [[Neorealism (art)|cinematic realist fashion]], a woman going through a [[terminal illness]] and also dealing with the tumorous lives of her husband and son.<ref name=catalogue/> It was one of the least commercially successful of Pilat's films.<ref name=senses/> It was Pilat's third film of the ten that he directed before his death in January 2003. It is also known as '''''The Gaping Mouth''''' and '''''The Gaping Maw'''''.

The film starts Monique Mélinand, [[Philippe Léotard]], Hubert Deschamps, and [[Nathalie Baye]] in the main roles. Néstor Almendros, also known for the films ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie’s Choice]]'', ''[[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)|The Blue Lagoon]]'', and ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]'', did the [[cinematography]].<ref name=ruthless/> The title is a poetic reference to the open mouth position sometimes found in corpses.<ref name=senses/> A French [[anarchist]]-oriented [[Magazine|news-magazine]] has the same name. So does a French [[alternative rock]] group. There is no relationship whatsoever between the three.

==Plot==
Monique Mélinand portrays a woman in the late stages of [[terminal illness]]. Her son Philippe ([[Philippe Léotard]]), Philippe's wife Nathalie ([[Nathalie Baye]]), and her husband Roger (Hubert Deschamps) attempt to comfort her as she navigates through her ordeal. However, those two closest men in her personal life begin to get more involved in their [[Adultery|relationships with multiple mistresses]]. Her husband flirts with customers in their clothing and [[haberdashery]] store while her son flirts with her nurses. The film incorporates elements of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]’s [[List of operas by Mozart|opera]] ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' to poetic effect, relating to these scenes.<ref name=fix/> In the end scenes, she goes through several final, deepy emotional moments as the disease claims her life.<ref name=catalogue>{{citeweb|url=http://eurekavideo.co.uk/moc/catalogue/la-gueule-ouverte/|title=La Gueule ouverte|publisher=[[Masters of Cinema]]|accessdate=August 24, 2010}}</ref>

==Reception and legacy==
''La Gueule ouverte'' was one of the least commercially successful of [[Maurice_Pialat#Filmography|Pilat's films]].<ref name=senses/>

Some critics have viewed the film as semi-autobiographical,<ref name=fix/><ref name=ruthless/> and it was described as such in a [[Masters of Cinema]] re-release.<ref name=catalogue/> Pialat’s mother died in the same real place as the one depicted in the film, and the Philippe character is somewhat similar to Pialat himself such that he could be an [[author surrogate]].<ref name=fix/>

Critic Noel Megahey of the cinema website ''[http://www.thedigitalfix.co.uk/ The Digital Fix]'' has described the film as "of such intensity and uncommon brutal honesty about a subject that is usually treated with more delicacy and sensitivity that it can be difficult and challenging to the viewer" but "the effort is certainly rewarded".<ref name=fix>{{citeweb|first=Noel|last=Megahey|url=http://homecinema.thedigitalfix.co.uk/content.php?contentid=70590|publisher=''[http://www.thedigitalfix.co.uk/ The Digital Fix]''|accessdate=August 24, 2010|title=La Gueule ouverte (1974)|date=April 28, 2009}}</ref> Critic Jonathan McCalmont of the arts website ''[http://ruthlessculture.com/ Ruthless Culture]'' has labeled the film as one of Pilat's most "intrusive" works. McCalmont has also stated that "One of the things that is most fascinating about Pialat as a director is that though completely devoid of sentimentality, his work also shows a perpetual awareness of the temptations that it offers... [its] lack of sentimentality presents itself as a ruthless focus upon the present."<ref name=ruthless>{{citeweb|url=http://ruthlessculture.com/2009/09/04/la-gueule-ouverte-1974-part-of-the-furniture/|publisher=''[http://ruthlessculture.com/ Ruthless Culture]''|title=La Gueule Ouverte (1974) – Part of the Furniture|first=Jonathan|last=McCalmont|accessdate=August 25, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:La-Gueule-ouverte-(screenshot).jpg|thumb|right|275px|The protagonist, during a medical exam about her illness]]

Critic Miguel Marías of the [[List of film periodicals|film journal]] ''[[Senses of Cinema]]'' has praised the film, and commented that:
{{quote|The film shows without the slightest trace of sublimation, self-pity or sentimentality what it really is to stand in hopeless, powerless watch for hours, days or even months, feeling inadequate and useless while tiredly sitting near a bedside or restlessly walking up and down, aimlessly, like a caged tiger around the house, waiting for the once and still (or perhaps again) loved one to die. This figure is probably in pain, or suffering from some sort of physical or psychic decay, and is unable to speak fluently or even to breathe. These are the sorts of things one rather chooses to ignore or forget and does not want to think about, or which one knows directly from close quarters experience.<ref name=senses>{{citeweb|url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/06/40/la-gueule-ouverte.html|first=Miguel|last=Marías|title=La Gueule ouverte|publisher=''[[Senses of Cinema]]''|accessdate=August 24, 2010|date=May 2006}}</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[End-of-life care]]
*[[Neorealism (art)|Artistic realism]]
*[[French films of 1974]]
*[[List of Masters of Cinema releases]]

==Endnotes==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{imdb title|id=0071587|title=The Mouth Agape}}
* {{amg title|id=144489|title=The Mouth Agape}}

{{Maurice Pialat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mouth Agape}}
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:French drama films]]
[[Category:French-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Maurice Pialat]]

[[fr:La Gueule ouverte (film)]]

Minotaure

2011-02-26T17:15:06Z

Quadrige:

{{Infobox magazine
| title = Minotaure
| image_file =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| editor = [[André Breton]], [[Pierre Mabille]]
| editor_title = Managing Editor
| frequency =
| circulation =
| category = [[Surrealism]]
| company =
| publisher =
| firstdate = 1933
| Political =
| alignment =
| country = France
| based = [[Paris, France]]
| language = French
| website =
| issn =
}}
'''''Minotaure''''', published between 1933 and 1939, was a [[Surrealism|Surrealist]]-oriented publication founded by [[Albert Skira]] in Paris. The editors were [[André Breton]] and [[Pierre Mabille]]. It was a luxurious publication, sporting original artworks on its cover by prestigious artists like [[Pablo Picasso]]. The magazine was sponsored and advised by Surrealist art patron [[Edward James]], and is still one of the richest sources of information about the pre-war [[Surrealist]] world. In many ways, it was the successor to ''[[La Révolution surréaliste|La Révolution Surréaliste]]''. It was published at the same time as ''[[Le Surrealisme au service de la revolution]]''.

''Minotaure'' brought to the attention of the [[art world]] many little-known figures such as [[Hans Bellmer]], [[Victor Brauner]], [[Paul Delvaux]], [[Alberto Giacometti]], and [[Roberto Matta]]. It is also the only surrealist publication to feature articles on [[architecture]]: [[Tristan Tzara]] ("D'un certain automatisme du goût", no. 3–4), [[Salvador Dalí]] ("De le beauté terrifiantte et comestible, de l'architecture Modern' style", no. 3–4) and Roberto Matta ("Mathématiques sensibles - Architecture du Temps", no. 11).

It was sold in France for 25 francs.

The publication was mentioned in a scene from the [[Louis Malle]] film ''[[My Dinner With Andre]]''.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=4WW4d2LcNVYC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=Minotaure+my+dinner+with+andre&source=bl&ots=ucgCG7yM83&sig=t0JJJYadqtDLJcc3n7l_P_oZUok&hl=en&ei=EhHvTNSKFYq4sAPh5ISnCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Books.google.com]</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Documents (journal)|Documents]]'', a surrealist journal edited by Georges Bataille from 1929 to 1930
* ''[[Acéphale]]'', a surrealist review created by Bataille, published from 1936 to 1939
* ''[[View (magazine)|View]]'', an American art magazine, primarily covering avant-garde and surrealist art, published from 1940 to 1947
* ''[[VVV (magazine)|VVV]]'', a New York journal published by émigré European surrealists from 1942 through 1944

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.artic.edu/reynolds/essays/hofmann3.php Paris: the Heart of Surrealism]
*[http://thenonist.com/index.php/thenonist/permalink/minotaure/ Minotaure] at 'the nonist', Retrieved August 2010

[[Category:Surrealism]]
[[Category:Art magazines]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1933]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1939]]

[[fr:Minotaure (revue)]]
[[de:Minotaure]]
[[eo:Minotaure]]

Quap

2011-02-20T18:15:09Z

Quadrige: Undid revision 333074221 by Propaniac (talk)

The word '''Quap''' might refer to:

* noun. a hypothetical [[nuclear particle]] consisting of a [[quark]] and an [[antiproton]]
* noun. "quap...it's the most radio-active stuff in the world. It's a festering mass of earths and [[heavy metals]], [[polonium]], [[radium]], ythorium, [[thorium]], carium, and new things, too." ([[Tono-Bungay]] (1909), [[H. G. Wells]])
* Placename: Hon Quap (Cat's Tooth Mountain) southwest of [[Danang]] near [[My Son]], [[Vietnam]]
* Placename: Cubitje Quap -- a waterhole in the [[Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park|Kalahari Gemsbok National Park]]
* Acronym: Quality Program (QUAP) for [[photovoltaics]] and other sciences
* a small family remnant of Germanic-Celtic genealogical roots living in [[North America]] and NW [[Germany]], the Quap (Quapp, Quappe) branch thought to be German, but possibly of Dutch and/or [[Mennonite]] ([[Anabaptist]]) derivation

Firefox Sync

2010-12-28T22:14:02Z

Quadrige:

{{Infobox software
| name = Firefox Sync
| logo = [[File:Firefox Sync logo.png|100px]]
| screenshot =
| caption =
| released = {{initial-release|December 21, 2007}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labs.mozilla.com/2007/12/introducing-weave/|title=Introducing Weave|last=Beard|first=Chris|date=December 21, 2007|work=Mozilla Labs|publisher=[[Mozilla]]|accessdate=March 12, 2010}}</ref>
| developer = [[Mozilla Corporation]], [[Mozilla Foundation]]
| status = Active
| frequently_updated = Yes 
| latest_preview_version =
| latest_preview_date =
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform]]
| size =
| programming_language =
| genre = [[Browser synchronizer]]
| license = [[Mozilla Public License|MPL]]/[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]/[[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL]]
| website = [http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/sync/ www.firefox.com/sync]
}}
'''Firefox Sync''', originally branded '''Mozilla Weave''',<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dknite.wordpress.com/2010/05/19/firefox-sync-1-3-is-coming/ |title= Firefox Sync 1.3 is coming! |author= dknite |date= May 19, 2010 |accessdate= May 28, 2010}}</ref> is an [[add-on (Mozilla)|add-on]] for [[Mozilla Firefox]]. Firefox Sync allows users to synchronize bookmarks, browsing history, preferences, passwords, filled forms, and last 25 opened tabs across multiple computers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mozillalinks.org/wp/2010/01/weave-1-0-now-available-for-download/|title=Weave 1.0 now available for download|work=Mozilla Links|last=Cabello|first=Percy|date=January 28, 2010|publisher=[[Mozilla]]|accessdate=February 6, 2010}}</ref> Firefox Sync keeps user data on Mozilla servers, but the data is encrypted in such a way that no third party, not even Mozilla, can access user information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/Labs/Weave/Developer/FAQ#How_do_users_know_their_data_is_secure.3F|title=How do users know their data is secure?|date=February 6, 2010|publisher=[[Mozilla]]|work=MozillaWiki|accessdate=February 6, 2010}}</ref>

Mozilla also offers two synchronization servers for use with Firefox Sync, for users and businesses that prefer to host their own synchronization data. Weave Server 1.0 (released in January 2010) is intended for large installations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tobyelliott.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/weave-server-1-0-official-release/|title=Weave Server 1.0 official release|publisher=[[Wordpress]]|author=tobyelliott|date=January 29, 2010|accessdate=March 12, 2010}}</ref> while Weave Minimal Server (in prototype stage {{as of|2009|09|lc=on}}) can be used for modest browser-data sharing (e.g., for home use or between friends or family).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tobyelliott.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/weave-minimal-server/|title=Weave Minimal Server|publisher=[[Wordpress]]|author=tobyelliott|date=September 11, 2009|accessdate=March 12, 2010}}</ref>

Releases of Firefox starting with version 4.0 include Firefox Sync by default.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://mozillalabs.com/sync/2010/08/24/sync-in-firefox-4-beta/ |title= Sync in Firefox 4 Beta |publisher= [[Mozilla Labs]] |date= August 24, 2010 |accessdate= September 11, 2010}}</ref>

== Firefox Home ==
Firefox Home is an application for the iPhone and iPod Touch based on the Firefox Sync technology. It allows users of either device to access their Firefox browsing history, bookmarks and recent tabs. It also includes Firefox's "Awesomebar" location bar. Firefox Home is not a browser; the application launches pages in either a Webkit Web viewer or in Safari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-20006090-233.html?tag=mncol|title=Firefox Home: A not-quite Firefox iPhone app|author=Dolecourt, Jessic|date=May 27, 2010 |accessdate=June 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.mozilla.com/blog/2010/05/26/firefox-home-coming-soon-to-the-iphone/|title=Firefox Home Coming Soon to the iPhone|date=May 26, 2010 |accessdate=June 3, 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Comparison of browser synchronizers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.firefox.com/sync Firefox Sync]
* [http://www.mozillalabs.com/sync/ Mozilla Labs: Firefox Sync]
* [https://www.mozilla.com/mobile/home/ Firefox Home for iPhone]

{{Mozilla projects}}

[[Category:Cloud computing]]
[[Category:Mozilla add-ons]]

{{free-software-stub}}

[[es:Firefox Sync]]
[[fr:Firefox Sync]]
[[ja:Firefox Sync]]
[[pl:Firefox Sync]]
[[ru:Firefox Sync]]
[[tr:Firefox Sync]]
[[zh:Firefox Sync]]

Broken Bells

2010-12-05T21:47:58Z

Quadrige:

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Broken Bells
| Img = Brokenbells060810.jpg
| Img_capt = Broken Bells performs at Webster Hall, June 2010
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = [[Los Angeles, California, United States]]
| Genre = [[Alternative rock]] [[Indie rock]] [[Space rock]]
| Years_active = 2009–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = Flake Music, [[The Shins]], [[Gnarls Barkley]], [[Danger Doom]]
| URL = [http://www.brokenbells.com www.brokenbells.com]
| Current_members = [[James Mercer (musician)|James Mercer]] [[Danger Mouse|Brian Burton]]
| Past_members =
}}

'''Broken Bells''' is an American [[rock music]] band composed of artist-producer [[Danger Mouse|Brian Burton]] (better known as [[Danger Mouse]]) and [[James Mercer (musician)|James Mercer]], the lead vocalist and guitarist for the Oregonian [[indie rock]] band [[The Shins]]. Broken Bells compose and create as a duo, but are joined by a full band on tour. Following the success of their first self-titled album, ''Broken Bells'', Mercer and Burton have announced intentions to record a follow-up.<ref name=worldcafe>{{cite web|last=Dye|first=David|title=Broken Bells On World Cafe|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128697330|work=[[World Cafe]]|date=2010-07-23|accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref>

==History==
The project was first announced on Tuesday, September 29, 2009.<ref name=DiS>{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Sean|title=The Shins' James Mercer + Danger Mouse = Broken Bells! Greatest News Of the Year|url=http://drownedinsound.com/news/4137986-the-shins-james-mercer-danger-mouse-broken-bells-greatest-news-of-the-year|work=[[Drowned in Sound]]|date=2009-09-29|accessdate=2010-01-09}}</ref> The pair decided to work together after meeting at the [[Roskilde Festival]], a [[Denmark|Danish]] music festival, in 2004 and finding they were fans of each other's work.<ref>Hewitt, Ben [http://thequietus.com/articles/03590-broken-bells-danger-mouse-the-shins-interview The Odd Couple: Broken Bells Interviewed] from ''The Quietus'' January 2010.</ref> It took four more years before the two started working together and by March 2008 Mercer and Burton began recording together in secret at Burton's [[Los Angeles]]-based studio.<ref>Gormley, Ian [http://exclaim.ca/articles/multiarticlesub.aspx?csid1=141&csid2=6&fid1=44532 Broken Bells: James Mercer and Danger Mouse] at ''[[Exclaim!]]'' March 2010.</ref> The two describe their material as "melodic, but experimental, too."<ref name=RollingStone>{{cite web|last=Diehl|first=Matt|title=Danger Mouse, The Shins’ James Mercer Explain the Birth of New Band Broken Bells|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/30/danger-mouse-the-shins-james-mercer-explain-the-birth-of-new-band-broken-bells/|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=2009-09-30|accessdate=2010-01-09}}</ref>

On December 14 the band released their first email update, in which a binary-coded message stating 'The High Road is hard to find' was displayed, offering a link to the band's web page, now with a new color scheme, for 'further details'. On the morning of December 21, the band informed fans in an email of the release of their debut single "The High Road", which was made available as a free download on their official site.<ref name=NME>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Danger Mouse/Shins new band Broken Bells give away new song |url=http://www.nme.com/news/broken-bells/48981|work=[[NME]]|date=2009-12-21|accessdate=2010-01-09}}</ref> The [[Broken Bells (album)|self-titled debut album]] was released in the U.S. and Canada on March 9, 2010. Another version of the album was released as well which is designed to be a music box that, when opened, plays a song called "The Overture", which is not on the album.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6190J020100210 Danger Mouse, James Mercer Ring in Broken Bells] from Reuters.</ref>

Before the formation of Broken Bells, Mercer and Burton both worked together on the track "Insane Lullaby" on the album ''[[Dark Night of the Soul (album)|Dark Night Of the Soul]]'' by Danger Mouse and [[Sparklehorse]]. Broken Bells have since performed the song several times, often as a tribute to the late [[Mark Linkous]], the [[Sparklehorse]] frontman who died in early 2010.

Mercer and Burton filmed a video of "Insane Lullaby" for [[NPR]].<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/allsongs/2010/06/28/128163512/insanelullaby Exclusive Video Premiere: An 'Insane Lullaby' From Danger Mouse And James Mercer] from NPR.</ref>

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Album details
! colspan="8"| Peak chart positions
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! width="30"| [[Billboard 200|US]]
! width="30"| US Alt.
! width="30"| US Rock
! width="30"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]
! width="30"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]
! width="30"| [[Tracklisten|DEN]]
! width="30"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]
! width="30"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]
|-
| 2010
| align="left"| '''''[[Broken Bells (album)|Broken Bells]]'''''
* Release date: March 9, 2010
* Label: [[Columbia Records]]
| 7
| 2
| 3
| 20
| 16
| 14
| 40
| 47
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Single
! colspan="4"| Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2"| Album
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! width="30"| [[Rock Songs|US Rock]]
! width="30"| [[Alternative Songs|US Alt.]]
! width="30"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]
! width="30"| [[Japan Hot 100|JPN]]
|-
| 2009
| align="left"| "The High Road"
| 15
| 10
| 75
| 60
| align="left" rowspan="3"| ''Broken Bells''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010
| align="left"| "The Ghost Inside"
| —
| 27
| —
| —
|-
| align="left"| "October"
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| colspan="7" style="font-size:8pt"| "—" denotes a release that did not chart
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.brokenbells.com}}
* [http://laist.com/2010/02/21/danger_mouse_and_james_mercer_debut.php LAist - Broken Bells Live Debut at The Bootleg Theater] - Review and Photos
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128697330 Broken Bells on NPR's World Cafe] - 2010 Interview and live performance

{{Broken Bells}}

[[Category:American indie rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2009]]
[[Category:2010s music groups]]
[[Category:2000s music groups]]
[[Category:Musical duos]]
[[Category:Space rock]]
[[Category:Alternative rock groups from California]]

[[fr:Broken Bells]]
[[da:Broken Bells]]
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[[ja:ブロークン・ベルズ]]
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Inside Edition

2010-11-11T18:26:33Z

Quadrige:

{{infobox television |
| show_name = Inside Edition
| image = [[Image:insideedition.jpg|230px]]
| caption = program logo used from 2006-present
| format = [[news magazine]]
| creator = John Tomlin Bob Young
| location = [[CBS Broadcast Center]], [[New York City]]
| runtime = 30 minutes
| presenter = [[Deborah Norville]] (1995–present)
| country = [[United States]]
| distributor = [[CBS Television Distribution]]
| company = [[CBS Television Distribution]]
| network = [[Television syndication|first-run syndication]]
| first_aired = January 9, 1989
| last_aired = present
| num_seasons = 22
| num_episodes = 4216 (as of May 28, 2010)
| picture_format = [[480i]] ([[SDTV]])
| website = http://www.insideedition.com
}}
'''''Inside Edition''''' is a thirty-minute American television syndicated news program, on the air since January 9, 1989. It was originally similar to the programs ''[[Hard Copy]]'' and ''[[A Current Affair (U.S. TV series)|A Current Affair]],'' but now more closely resembles a condensed version of [[breakfast television]], excluvisely with pre-recorded stories rather than any live interviews. It was created by John Tomlin and Bob Young for [[King World|King World Productions]] (now [[CBS Television Distribution]], which also distributes ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'' and ''[[The Insider (TV series)|The Insider]]''). The show was originally a mix of tabloid crime stories, investigations, and celebrity gossip; now it has become a mix of news, bizarre crime, investigative pieces on consumer scams/safety, pop culture features, celebrity news/gossip, offbeat stories and human interest stories.

The first anchor correspondent of the program was [[David Frost]], who was abruptly replaced after approximately three weeks with [[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], with Steve Kamer as the show's long-time announcer, first for David Frost and later for Bill O'Reilly. The current anchor correspondent is former ''[[Today (NBC program)|Today]]'' anchor correspondent [[Deborah Norville]], who took over for O'Reilly in 1995, with Steve Kamer staying as the announcer. During the summer months, rebroadcasts of investigative, special interest and offbeat stories from previous editions are often included, with correspondents introducing current general and entertainment news headlines; as such, Norville is typically seen only in pre-taped tosses to correspondents to introduce that day's current news stories and in during rebroadcast stories.

''Inside Edition'' has been officially renewed through the 2011-2012 season and is usually the #2 highest-rated syndicated magazine program behind ''[[Entertainment Tonight]].''{{fact|date=May 2007}}

==Current on-air staff==
====Anchor====
*[[Deborah Norville]] - anchor (1995–present)

====Correspondents====
*Megan Alexander - New York-based correspondent (2007–present)
*Paul Boyd - New York-based correspondent & weekend co-anchor (2001–present)
*[[Lisa Guerrero]] - chief investigative correspondent (2006–present)
*Diane McInerney - New York-based correspondent & weekend/fill-in anchor (2003–present)
*[[Jim Moret]] - Los Angeles-based chief correspondent (2004–present)
*Les Trent - New York-based senior correspondent (2000–present)

==Former on-air staff==
*Trish Bergin - correspondent & weekend co-anchor (2002–2005)
*Logan Byrnes - correspondent
*[[Don Criqui]] - weekend co-anchor (1995–2002)
*[[Rita Cosby]] - New York-based correspondent (2008–2009)
*Kim Dean - correspondent (2000–2007, now at [[WRAL-TV]])
*[[David Frost]] - host (1989; now hosts a current affairs program on [[Al Jazeera English]])
*[[Rudy Giuliani]] - chief legal analyst (1990–1993; former [[New York City]] mayor and former presidential candidate)
*[[Nancy Glass]] - senior correspondent/weekend anchor (1992–1993)
*Stacey Gualandi - Los Angeles-based correspondent (1997–2006; now with [[Radar Online]])
*Kristina Guerrero - Los Angeles-based correspondent (2007–2009; now with [[E! News]])
*[[Star Jones]] - chief legal analyst (1994–1997; former personality for both ''[[The View (U.S. TV series)|The View]]'' and [[truTV]])
*[[Rick Kirkham]] - correspondent
*Matt Meagher - senior investigative correspondent (1989–2010)
*[[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] - host (1991–1995; now hosts ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'' on [[Fox News Channel]])
*[[Victoria Recaño]] - reporter (2002–2008)
*[[Jon Scott]] - reporter (1989–1992; now hosts ''[[Happening Now]]'' on Fox News Channel)
*[[Steve Wilson (reporter)|Steve Wilson]] - reporter (1992–1995; now a reporter for [[WXYZ-TV]] in [[Detroit, Michigan]])
*April Woodard - New York-based senior correspondent (2001–2009; now with [[BET]] News)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.insideedition.com/ ''Inside Edition'' web site]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0166442/ IMDb.com Entry]
* [http://www.jumptheshark.com/topic/inside-edition-general-comments/981 Jump the Shark: ''Inside Edition'']

{{US Newsmagazine}}
{{Tabloid television shows}}
[[Category:1989 television series debuts]]
[[Category:1980s American television series]]
[[Category:1990s American television series]]
[[Category:2000s American television series]]
[[Category:Infotainment]]
[[Category:American news television series]]
[[Category:Television series by CBS Paramount Television]]
[[Category:Entertainment news shows]]
[[Category:First-run syndicated television programs in the United States]]
[[Category:2010s American television series]]

[[ar:إنسايد إيديشن]]
[[fr:Inside Edition]]

Confessions of an English Opium-Eater

2010-10-08T23:36:19Z

Quadrige:

'''''Confessions of an English Opium-Eater''''' ([[1821 in literature|1821]]) is an [[autobiography|autobiographical]] account written by [[Thomas de Quincey]], about his [[laudanum]] ([[opium]] and [[alcohol]]) [[Substance dependence|addiction]] and its effect on his life. The ''Confessions'' was "the first major work de Quincey published and the one which won him fame almost overnight...."<ref>Judson S. Lyon, ''Thomas de Quincey'', New York, Twayne, 1969; p. 91.</ref>

First published anonymously in September and October 1821 in the ''[[London Magazine]]'',<ref>''London Magazine'', Vol. IV, No. xxi, pp. 293-312, and No. xxii, pp. 353-79.</ref> the ''Confessions'' was released in book form in 1822, and again in 1856, in an edition revised by de Quincey.

==Synopsis==
As originally published,<ref>Thomas de Quincey, ''Confessions of an English Opium Eater'', edited by Alethea Hayter, New York, Penguin Books, 1971, provides the original magazine text.</ref> de Quincey's account was organized into two parts:<ref>About the structure of the novel based on paradigms, see (in French) [[:fr:Yann Tholoniat|Yann Tholoniat]], « Thomas de Quincey et le paradigme perdu ». In ''Lectures d’une œuvre'' : Confessions of an English Opium-Eater – Thomas de Quincey. Paris, Éditions du Temps, 2003 : 93-106.</ref>
* Part I begins with a notice "To the Reader," to establish the narrative frame: "I here present you, courteous reader, with the record of a remarkable period in my life...." It is followed by the substance of Part I,
** ''Preliminary Confessions'', devoted to the author's childhood and youth, and concentrated upon the emotional and psychological factors that underlay the later opium experiences — especially the period in his late teens that de Quincey spent as a homeless runaway in Oxford Street in London in 1802 and 1803.
* Part II is split into several sections:
** A relatively brief introduction and connecting passage, followed by
** ''The Pleasures of Opium'', which discusses the early and largely positive phase of the author's experience with the drug, from 1804 until 1812;
** ''Introduction to the Pains of Opium'', which delivers a second installment of autobiography, taking de Quincey from youth to maturity; and
** ''The Pains of Opium'', which recounts the extreme of the author's opium experience (up to that time), with insomnia, nightmares, frightening visions, and difficult physical symptoms.
* Another "Notice to the Reader" attempts to clarify the chronology of the whole.

Though de Quincey was later criticized for giving too much attention to the pleasure of opium and not enough to the harsh negatives of addiction, ''The Pains of Opium'' is in fact significantly longer than ''The Pleasures''. However, even when trying to convey darker truths, de Quincey's language can seem seduced by the compelling nature of the opium experience:

::"The sense of space, and in the end, the sense of time, were both powerfully affected. Buildings, landscapes, &c. were exhibited in proportions so vast as the bodily eye is not fitted to conceive. Space swelled, and was amplified to an extent of unutterable infinity. This, however, did not disturb me so much as the vast expansion of time; I sometimes seemed to have lived for 70 or 100 years in one night; nay, sometimes had feelings representative of a millennium passed in that time, or, however, of a duration far beyond the limits of any human experience."<ref>See Alethea Hayter's Penguin edition, pp. 103-4.</ref>

==Style==
From its first appearance, the literary style of the ''Confessions'' attracted attention and comment. De Quincey was well-read in the English literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and assimilated influences and models from Sir [[Thomas Browne]] and other writers. Arguably the most famous and often-quoted passage in the ''Confessions'' is the apostrophe to opium in the final paragraph of ''The Pleasures'':

::"Oh! just, subtle, and mighty opium! that to the hearts of poor and rich alike, for the wounds that will never heal, and for 'the pangs that tempt the spirit to rebel,' bringest an assuaging balm; eloquent opium! that with thy potent rhetoric stealest away the purposes of wrath; and to the guilty man, for one night givest back the hopes of his youth, and hands washed pure of blood...."

De Quincey modelled this passage on the apostrophe "O eloquent, just and mightie Death!" in Sir [[Walter Raleigh]]'s ''History of the World''.<ref>Hayter's edition, pp. 83, 220.</ref>

Earlier in ''The Pleasures of Opium'', de Quincey describes the long walks he took through the London streets under the drug's influence:

::"Some of these rambles led me to great distances; for an opium-eater is too happy to observe the motions of time. And sometimes in my attempts to steer homewards, upon nautical principles, by fixing my eye on the pole-star, and seeking ambitiously for a north-west passage, instead of circumnavigating all the capes and headlands I had doubled in my outward voyage, I came suddenly upon such knotty problems of alleys, such enigmatical entries, and such sphinx's riddles of streets without thoroughfares, as must, I conceive, baffle the audacity of porters, and confound the intellects of hackney-coachmen."<ref>Hayter's edition, p. 81.</ref>

The ''Confessions'' represents de Quincey's initial effort to write what he called "impassioned prose," an effort that he would later resume in ''[[Suspiria de Profundis]]'' (1845) and ''[[The English Mail-Coach]]'' (1849).

==The 1856 revision==
In the early 1850s, de Quincey prepared the first collected edition of his works for publisher James Hogg. For that edition, he undertook a large-scale revision of the ''Confessions'', more than doubling the work's length. Most notably, he expanded the opening section on his personal background, until it consumed more than two-thirds of the whole. Yet he gave the book "a much weaker beginning" and detracted from the impact of the original with digressions and inconsistencies; "the verdict of most critics is that the earlier version is artistically superior."<ref>Lyon, p. 94.</ref>

"De Quincey undoubtedly spoiled his masterpiece by revising it...anyone who compares the two will prefer the unflagging vigour and tension of the original version to the tired prosiness of much of the revised one."<ref>Alethea Hayter's Introduction to the Penguin edition, p. 22.</ref>

==Influence==
The ''Confessions'' maintained a place of primacy in de Quincey's literary output, and his literary reputation, from its first publication; "it went through countless editions, with only occasional intervals of a few years, and was often translated. Since there was little systematic study of narcotics until long after his death, de Quincey's account assumed an authoritative status and actually dominated the scientific and public views of the effects of opium for several generations."<ref>Lyon, p. 178.</ref>

Yet from the time of its publication, de Quincey's ''Confessions'' was criticized for presenting a picture of the opium experience that was too positive and too enticing to readers. As early as 1823, an anonymous response, ''Advice to Opium Eaters'', was published "to warn others from copying de Quincey."<ref>Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, ''Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England'', New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987; p. 53.</ref> The fear of reckless imitation was not groundless: several English writers — [[Francis Thompson]], [[James Thomson (B.V.)|James Thomson]], William Blair, and perhaps [[Branwell Brontë]] — were led to opium use and addiction by de Quincey's literary example.<ref>Berridge and Edwards, p. 53; Lyon, p. 178.</ref> [[Charles Baudelaire]]'s 1860 translation and adaptation, ''[[Les paradis artificiels]]'', spread the work's influence further. One of the characters of the Sherlock Holmes story, ''[[The Man with the Twisted Lip]]'' (1891), is an opium addict who began experimenting with the drug as a student after reading the ''Confessions''.

De Quincey attempted to address this type of criticism. When the 1821 original was printed in book form the following year, he added an Appendix on the withdrawal process; and he inserted significant material on the medical aspects of opium into his 1856 revision.<ref>Lyon, pp. 93-5.</ref>

More generally, de Quincey's ''Confessions'' influenced psychology and abnormal psychology, and attitudes towards dreams and imaginative literature.<ref>Alethea Hayter, ''Opium and the Romantic Imagination: Addiction and Creativity in de Quincey, Coleridge, Baudelaire and Others'', revised edition, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, Crucible, 1988; pp. 101-31 and ff.</ref>

''Confessions of an English Opium-Eater'' also served as inspiration to one of [[Hector Berlioz]]'s most famous pieces, ''[[Symphonie Fantastique]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Gutenberg|no=2040|name=Confessions of an English Opium-Eater}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Confessions Of An English Opium-Eater}}
[[Category:Literary autobiographies]]

[[it:Le confessioni di un mangiatore d'oppio]]
[[fr:Confessions d'un Anglais mangeur d'opium]]
[[ru:Исповедь англичанина, употреблявшего опиум]]