Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

User talk:Richard Nevell

2016-04-28T16:25:26Z

Queenyzoe:

== Welcome! ==
{| style="background-color:#F5FFFA; padding:0;"
|class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid lightgrey; background-color:lightgrey; vertical-align:top; color:#000000; font-size:85%"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:lavender; padding:0;"
! <div style="margin:0; background-color:white; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:normal; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Hello, Richard Nevell! '''[[Wikipedia:Introduction|Welcome]] to Wikipedia!''' Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Richard Nevell|your contributions]]. You may benefit from following some of the links below, which will help you get the most out of Wikipedia. If you have any questions you can ask me on my talk page, or place '''<code>{{helpme}}</code>''' on your [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] and ask your question there. Please remember to [[Wikipedia:Signatures|sign your name]] on talk pages by clicking [[File:Insert-signature.png|link=Wikipedia:How to sign your posts|alt=]] or by typing four tildes "~~~~"; this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you are already excited about Wikipedia, you might want to consider being "[[Wikipedia:Adopt-a-user|adopted]]" by a more experienced editor or joining a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] to collaborate with others in creating and improving articles of your interest. Click [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Directory|here]] for a directory of all the WikiProjects. Finally, please do your best to always fill in the [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]] field when making edits to pages. Happy editing! [[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 17:04, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
|}
{| width="100%" style="background-color:white;"
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid white; background-color:lightgrey; vertical-align:top"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:Lavender"
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Getting Started</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
*[[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|Contributing to Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] • [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] • [[Wikipedia:Your first article|Your first article]]
* How to: [[Help:Editing|edit a page]] • [[Wikipedia:Uploading images|upload an image]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Getting Help</div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]
* [[Wikipedia:New contributors' help page|New contributors' help page]]
* Where to: [[Wikipedia:Questions|ask questions]] • [[Wikipedia:Requests|make requests]]
* [[Wikipedia:Requests for administrator attention|Request administrator attention]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Policies and Guidelines</div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] • [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|Reliable sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] • [[Help:Introduction to referencing/1|Citing sources]] • [[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]] • [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|Biographies of living persons]]
----
* [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Simplified Manual of Style]] • [[Wikipedia:Edit warring#The three-revert rule|Three-revert rule]]
* [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]] • [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|Policy for non-free content]] • [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|Image use policy]]
* [[Wikipedia:External links|External links]] • [[Wikipedia:Spam|Spam]] • [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalism]] • [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|Sock puppetry]]
* [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]] • [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|Conflict of interest]] • [[Wikipedia:Notability|Notability]]
|-
|}
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid lightgrey; background-color:Seashell; vertical-align:top"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:Seashell"
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">The Community</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:Community portal|Community Portal]] • [[Wikipedia:Adopt-a-user|Adopt-a-user program]]
* [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|Assume good faith]] • [[Wikipedia:Civility|Civility]] • [[Wikipedia:Etiquette|Etiquette]]
* [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|No personal attacks]] • [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|Resolving disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:Consensus|Build consensus]] • [[Wikipedia:Village pump|Village pump]]
* [[Wikipedia:IRC|IRC channels]] • [[Wikipedia:Mailing lists|Mailing lists]]
* [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Discover what's going on in the Wikimedia community (''The Signpost'')]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Things to do</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* '''[[Wikipedia:Be bold|Be bold in editing]]''' • [[Wikipedia:Article development|Help develop an article]]
* [[Wikipedia:Maintenance|Maintenance]] • [[Wikipedia:Peer review|Peer review]] • [[Wikipedia:Requested articles|Requested articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|Join a WikiProject]] • [[Wikipedia:Translation|Translating articles]]
* Cleaning up: [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|General]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam|Spam]] • [[Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism|Vandalism]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Miscellaneous</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:Categorization|Categories]] • [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation|Disambiguity]] • [[Wikipedia:Stub|Stubs]]
* [[Wikipedia:User pages|User pages]] • [[Help:Using talk pages|Talk pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages|Useful templates]] • [[Wikipedia:Tools|Tools]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts|User scripts]]
|}
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|}

== Charity ==

Hi, given the remark on your user page, you should have a look at [[WP:COI]], to see how to avoid any problems because of your connection to this charity. Again, welcome and, as we say here: happy editing! --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 17:06, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

:Hi Randykitty, thanks for the welcome. As you've seen I've added the video in a couple of places, and proposing it in a few more places, if I think it might be contentious. My intention when adding text (which I haven't yet) will be to propose a draft first and then seek consensus. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 17:32, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
::Sounds good! Unfortunately, the video is contentious, but not as you expected, I guess: there's a copyright problem. You uploaded it on Commons with an explanation that other people than you are the authors and then added a template releasing it under a CC license. However, if you are not the author, you cannot do that. If you hold the copyright and want to release the file under CC, you will have to send proof of that through the OTRC system on Commons. As it is, the file will probably be deleted shortly and the person doing that (a Commons sysop, also called admin) can tell you much better than I can how you should proceed to get the file in Commons. We love to have things like that (I watched it and it's quite good), but we also (have to) take copyright issues very seriously, as I am sure you will understand. I won't be watching this page, but if you need assistance, just put a note on my talkpage. If I don't know the answer, I will know people who do :-) --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 18:05, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

:::That would be a shame, but we should be able to straighten it out. Tracking down the paperwork might have to wait until tomorrow. Would it be possible to hold off on deletion? [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 18:28, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

== Richard Nevell, you are invited on a [[WP:TWA|Wikipedia Adventure]]! ==

<div style="background-color: #040023; border-radius:10px; color: #E9E9F0; font-family: 'futura', arial, sans serif; padding: 2em 1em 1em 1em">
<div style="margin-left: 9em">
<div style="float:left">
<span style="font-size: 1.5em; color: #FFAE00; padding: 0 .1em 0 0; text-shadow: #3FB6FF 0 0 20px">The</span></div>
<div style="float:left; margin-top: -.45em">
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-white.svg|130px|link=WP:TWA]]</div>
<div style="float:left">
<span style="font-size: 1.5em; color: #FFAE00; padding: 0 0 2em .25em; text-shadow: #3FB6FF 0 0 20px">Adventure</span></div>
</div>
{{clear}}

{| style="margin: 1em; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans serif;"
|- valign="top"
| [[File:TWA guide.svg|100px|alt=The Wikipedia Adventure guide|link=w:en:Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure]]
| <div style="background-color:#ffffff; color: #393D38; padding: 1em;border-radius:10px; font-size: 1.1em;">
Hi '''Richard Nevell'''!! You're invited: learn how to edit Wikipedia in under an hour. I hope to see you there! {{noping|Ocaasi}}
<div class="submit ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-button-text-only" role="button" aria-disabled="false"><span class="ui-button-text">[[Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure/Portal|Play The Wikipedia Adventure]]</span></div><small><span style="text-align:right;"><br /><small>This message was delivered by [[User:HostBot|HostBot]] ([[User talk:HostBot|talk]]) 17:30, 12 July 2015 (UTC)</small></small></span>
</div>
|}
</div>

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Wressle Castle]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Wressle Castle]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  <small>Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]]</small> -- [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] ([[User talk:Hchc2009|talk]]) 08:01, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Wressle Castle]]==
The article [[Wressle Castle]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Wressle Castle]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. <small>Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]]</small> -- [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] ([[User talk:Hchc2009|talk]]) 07:01, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

== Translation into French ==

Regarding [[Wressle Castle]], nice article and one that certainly deserves to be in other language Wikipedias. However, I don't feel confident enough in my abilities to do the job, much as I would like to. I know when I translate into English whether or not I have produced a finished product that uses good grammar etc; I'm not so confident the other way round! There is a procedure for requesting translations into English (see [[Wikipedia:Translation]]) and I'm sure there must be something similar in French Wikipedia. Perhaps try there. Good luck. [[User:Emeraude|Emeraude]] ([[User talk:Emeraude|talk]]) 08:15, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

:{{ping|Emeraude}} Thanks for the pointer, I'll look into it and see what turns up. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 10:10, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

::Purely by chance, I came across an editor called [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain]]) who has some experience - over 9000 articles - of translating English to French. I left a message on his talk page. I notice, below, that you already have a contact: perhaps they could share the work if both are willing. [[User:Emeraude|Emeraude]] ([[User talk:Emeraude|talk]]) 15:08, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

:::Thanks for keeping the article in mind! I've replied on Louis' page.
:::Queenyzoe has translated some articles from English to Italian - I thought if I'm going for one language I might as well see how far it can go. Looking at who translated articles on castles seemed like a good route, and so far so promising. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 22:14, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

== Wressle Castle ==

Hi!
I'm not you sure to be the right person because I'm Queenyzoe and not Ilyesp, but I'will be very glad to translate the page.
--[[User:Queenyzoe|Queenyzoe]] ([[User talk:Queenyzoe|talk]]) 08:31, 26 April 2016 (UTC)Queenyzoe

Hi!
I've just started the translation, you can see it in this page [[:it:Castello di Wressle]], and I'll finish it in the next days. I know it's silly but I'm happy that you've choosen me because I love history so much!
Have a nice evening!
--[[User:Queenyzoe|Queenyzoe]] ([[User talk:Queenyzoe|talk]]) 17:58, 27 April 2016 (UTC)Queenyzoe

Here [[:it:Castello di Wressle]] there is the complete translation. Let me know, please, if I could help with other translation, I'd be pleased to do it.
--[[User:Queenyzoe|Queenyzoe]] ([[User talk:Queenyzoe|talk]]) 16:24, 28 April 2016 (UTC)Queenyzoe

== Château de Wressle ==

Hi,

re. your wish to have a foreign language version of your article on Wressle Castle, I have started working on it. [[User:LouisAlain/sandbox|Here is the very rough version of it in French]]. I'm interested with this work and will return at it tomorrow. [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain|talk]]) 23:19, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

::Brilliant. This all demonstrates the spirit of co-operation that underlines Wikipedia and it is most satisfying to see progress being made by varied international contributors. Well done everyone. [[User:Emeraude|Emeraude]] ([[User talk:Emeraude|talk]]) 07:23, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

::: Hello<br>

:::Your article has now a fully translated version in French just waiting for the sysops to accept that I post again for a limited time. The request has been made [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Requ%C3%AAte_aux_administrateurs#Pav.C3.A9_de_LouisAlain Here] {{fr}} [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain|talk]]) 14:52, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

User talk:Richard Nevell

2016-04-27T17:58:59Z

Queenyzoe:

== Welcome! ==
{| style="background-color:#F5FFFA; padding:0;"
|class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid lightgrey; background-color:lightgrey; vertical-align:top; color:#000000; font-size:85%"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:lavender; padding:0;"
! <div style="margin:0; background-color:white; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:normal; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Hello, Richard Nevell! '''[[Wikipedia:Introduction|Welcome]] to Wikipedia!''' Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Richard Nevell|your contributions]]. You may benefit from following some of the links below, which will help you get the most out of Wikipedia. If you have any questions you can ask me on my talk page, or place '''<code>{{helpme}}</code>''' on your [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] and ask your question there. Please remember to [[Wikipedia:Signatures|sign your name]] on talk pages by clicking [[File:Insert-signature.png|link=Wikipedia:How to sign your posts|alt=]] or by typing four tildes "~~~~"; this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you are already excited about Wikipedia, you might want to consider being "[[Wikipedia:Adopt-a-user|adopted]]" by a more experienced editor or joining a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] to collaborate with others in creating and improving articles of your interest. Click [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Directory|here]] for a directory of all the WikiProjects. Finally, please do your best to always fill in the [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]] field when making edits to pages. Happy editing! [[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 17:04, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
|}
{| width="100%" style="background-color:white;"
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid white; background-color:lightgrey; vertical-align:top"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:Lavender"
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Getting Started</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
*[[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|Contributing to Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] • [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] • [[Wikipedia:Your first article|Your first article]]
* How to: [[Help:Editing|edit a page]] • [[Wikipedia:Uploading images|upload an image]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Getting Help</div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]
* [[Wikipedia:New contributors' help page|New contributors' help page]]
* Where to: [[Wikipedia:Questions|ask questions]] • [[Wikipedia:Requests|make requests]]
* [[Wikipedia:Requests for administrator attention|Request administrator attention]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Policies and Guidelines</div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] • [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|Reliable sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] • [[Help:Introduction to referencing/1|Citing sources]] • [[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]] • [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|Biographies of living persons]]
----
* [[Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style|Simplified Manual of Style]] • [[Wikipedia:Edit warring#The three-revert rule|Three-revert rule]]
* [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]] • [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|Policy for non-free content]] • [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|Image use policy]]
* [[Wikipedia:External links|External links]] • [[Wikipedia:Spam|Spam]] • [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalism]] • [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|Sock puppetry]]
* [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]] • [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|Conflict of interest]] • [[Wikipedia:Notability|Notability]]
|-
|}
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid lightgrey; background-color:Seashell; vertical-align:top"|
{| style="width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align:top; background-color:Seashell"
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">The Community</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:Community portal|Community Portal]] • [[Wikipedia:Adopt-a-user|Adopt-a-user program]]
* [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|Assume good faith]] • [[Wikipedia:Civility|Civility]] • [[Wikipedia:Etiquette|Etiquette]]
* [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|No personal attacks]] • [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|Resolving disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:Consensus|Build consensus]] • [[Wikipedia:Village pump|Village pump]]
* [[Wikipedia:IRC|IRC channels]] • [[Wikipedia:Mailing lists|Mailing lists]]
* [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Discover what's going on in the Wikimedia community (''The Signpost'')]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Things to do</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* '''[[Wikipedia:Be bold|Be bold in editing]]''' • [[Wikipedia:Article development|Help develop an article]]
* [[Wikipedia:Maintenance|Maintenance]] • [[Wikipedia:Peer review|Peer review]] • [[Wikipedia:Requested articles|Requested articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|Join a WikiProject]] • [[Wikipedia:Translation|Translating articles]]
* Cleaning up: [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|General]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam|Spam]] • [[Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism|Vandalism]]
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid lightgrey; text-align:left; color:grey; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Miscellaneous</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
* [[Wikipedia:Categorization|Categories]] • [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation|Disambiguity]] • [[Wikipedia:Stub|Stubs]]
* [[Wikipedia:User pages|User pages]] • [[Help:Using talk pages|Talk pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages|Useful templates]] • [[Wikipedia:Tools|Tools]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts|User scripts]]
|}
|}
|}

== Charity ==

Hi, given the remark on your user page, you should have a look at [[WP:COI]], to see how to avoid any problems because of your connection to this charity. Again, welcome and, as we say here: happy editing! --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 17:06, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

:Hi Randykitty, thanks for the welcome. As you've seen I've added the video in a couple of places, and proposing it in a few more places, if I think it might be contentious. My intention when adding text (which I haven't yet) will be to propose a draft first and then seek consensus. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 17:32, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
::Sounds good! Unfortunately, the video is contentious, but not as you expected, I guess: there's a copyright problem. You uploaded it on Commons with an explanation that other people than you are the authors and then added a template releasing it under a CC license. However, if you are not the author, you cannot do that. If you hold the copyright and want to release the file under CC, you will have to send proof of that through the OTRC system on Commons. As it is, the file will probably be deleted shortly and the person doing that (a Commons sysop, also called admin) can tell you much better than I can how you should proceed to get the file in Commons. We love to have things like that (I watched it and it's quite good), but we also (have to) take copyright issues very seriously, as I am sure you will understand. I won't be watching this page, but if you need assistance, just put a note on my talkpage. If I don't know the answer, I will know people who do :-) --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 18:05, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

:::That would be a shame, but we should be able to straighten it out. Tracking down the paperwork might have to wait until tomorrow. Would it be possible to hold off on deletion? [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 18:28, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

== Richard Nevell, you are invited on a [[WP:TWA|Wikipedia Adventure]]! ==

<div style="background-color: #040023; border-radius:10px; color: #E9E9F0; font-family: 'futura', arial, sans serif; padding: 2em 1em 1em 1em">
<div style="margin-left: 9em">
<div style="float:left">
<span style="font-size: 1.5em; color: #FFAE00; padding: 0 .1em 0 0; text-shadow: #3FB6FF 0 0 20px">The</span></div>
<div style="float:left; margin-top: -.45em">
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-white.svg|130px|link=WP:TWA]]</div>
<div style="float:left">
<span style="font-size: 1.5em; color: #FFAE00; padding: 0 0 2em .25em; text-shadow: #3FB6FF 0 0 20px">Adventure</span></div>
</div>
{{clear}}

{| style="margin: 1em; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans serif;"
|- valign="top"
| [[File:TWA guide.svg|100px|alt=The Wikipedia Adventure guide|link=w:en:Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure]]
| <div style="background-color:#ffffff; color: #393D38; padding: 1em;border-radius:10px; font-size: 1.1em;">
Hi '''Richard Nevell'''!! You're invited: learn how to edit Wikipedia in under an hour. I hope to see you there! {{noping|Ocaasi}}
<div class="submit ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-button-text-only" role="button" aria-disabled="false"><span class="ui-button-text">[[Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure/Portal|Play The Wikipedia Adventure]]</span></div><small><span style="text-align:right;"><br /><small>This message was delivered by [[User:HostBot|HostBot]] ([[User talk:HostBot|talk]]) 17:30, 12 July 2015 (UTC)</small></small></span>
</div>
|}
</div>

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Wressle Castle]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Wressle Castle]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  <small>Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]]</small> -- [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] ([[User talk:Hchc2009|talk]]) 08:01, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Wressle Castle]]==
The article [[Wressle Castle]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Wressle Castle]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. <small>Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]]</small> -- [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] ([[User talk:Hchc2009|talk]]) 07:01, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

== Translation into French ==

Regarding [[Wressle Castle]], nice article and one that certainly deserves to be in other language Wikipedias. However, I don't feel confident enough in my abilities to do the job, much as I would like to. I know when I translate into English whether or not I have produced a finished product that uses good grammar etc; I'm not so confident the other way round! There is a procedure for requesting translations into English (see [[Wikipedia:Translation]]) and I'm sure there must be something similar in French Wikipedia. Perhaps try there. Good luck. [[User:Emeraude|Emeraude]] ([[User talk:Emeraude|talk]]) 08:15, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

:{{ping|Emeraude}} Thanks for the pointer, I'll look into it and see what turns up. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 10:10, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

::Purely by chance, I came across an editor called [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain]]) who has some experience - over 9000 articles - of translating English to French. I left a message on his talk page. I notice, below, that you already have a contact: perhaps they could share the work if both are willing. [[User:Emeraude|Emeraude]] ([[User talk:Emeraude|talk]]) 15:08, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

:::Thanks for keeping the article in mind! I've replied on Louis' page.
:::Queenyzoe has translated some articles from English to Italian - I thought if I'm going for one language I might as well see how far it can go. Looking at who translated articles on castles seemed like a good route, and so far so promising. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 22:14, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

== Wressle Castle ==

Hi!
I'm not you sure to be the right person because I'm Queenyzoe and not Ilyesp, but I'will be very glad to translate the page.
--[[User:Queenyzoe|Queenyzoe]] ([[User talk:Queenyzoe|talk]]) 08:31, 26 April 2016 (UTC)Queenyzoe

Hi!
I've just started the translation, you can see it in this page [[Castello di Wressle]], and I'll finish it in the next days. I know it's silly but I'm happy that you've choosen me because I love history so much!
Have a nice evening!
--[[User:Queenyzoe|Queenyzoe]] ([[User talk:Queenyzoe|talk]]) 17:58, 27 April 2016 (UTC)Queenyzoe

== Château de Wressle ==

Hi,

re. your wish to have a foreign language version of your article on Wressle Castle, I have started working on it. [[User:LouisAlain/sandbox|Here is the very rough version of it in French]]. I'm interested with this work and will return at it tomorrow. [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain|talk]]) 23:19, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

::Brilliant. This all demonstrates the spirit of co-operation that underlines Wikipedia and it is most satisfying to see progress being made by varied international contributors. Well done everyone. [[User:Emeraude|Emeraude]] ([[User talk:Emeraude|talk]]) 07:23, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

::: Hello<br>

:::Your article has now a fully translated version in French just waiting for the sysops to accept that I post again for a limited time. The request has been made [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Requ%C3%AAte_aux_administrateurs#Pav.C3.A9_de_LouisAlain Here] {{fr}} [[User:LouisAlain|LouisAlain]] ([[User talk:LouisAlain|talk]]) 14:52, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

User talk:Richard Nevell

2016-04-26T08:31:33Z

Queenyzoe: /* Wressle Castle */ new section

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== Charity ==

Hi, given the remark on your user page, you should have a look at [[WP:COI]], to see how to avoid any problems because of your connection to this charity. Again, welcome and, as we say here: happy editing! --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 17:06, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

:Hi Randykitty, thanks for the welcome. As you've seen I've added the video in a couple of places, and proposing it in a few more places, if I think it might be contentious. My intention when adding text (which I haven't yet) will be to propose a draft first and then seek consensus. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 17:32, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
::Sounds good! Unfortunately, the video is contentious, but not as you expected, I guess: there's a copyright problem. You uploaded it on Commons with an explanation that other people than you are the authors and then added a template releasing it under a CC license. However, if you are not the author, you cannot do that. If you hold the copyright and want to release the file under CC, you will have to send proof of that through the OTRC system on Commons. As it is, the file will probably be deleted shortly and the person doing that (a Commons sysop, also called admin) can tell you much better than I can how you should proceed to get the file in Commons. We love to have things like that (I watched it and it's quite good), but we also (have to) take copyright issues very seriously, as I am sure you will understand. I won't be watching this page, but if you need assistance, just put a note on my talkpage. If I don't know the answer, I will know people who do :-) --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 18:05, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

:::That would be a shame, but we should be able to straighten it out. Tracking down the paperwork might have to wait until tomorrow. Would it be possible to hold off on deletion? [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 18:28, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

== Richard Nevell, you are invited on a [[WP:TWA|Wikipedia Adventure]]! ==

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== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Wressle Castle]]==
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article [[Wressle Castle]] you nominated for [[WP:GA|GA]]-status according to the [[WP:WIAGA|criteria]]. [[Image:Time2wait.svg|20px]] This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period.  <small>Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]]</small> -- [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] ([[User talk:Hchc2009|talk]]) 08:01, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

== Your [[WP:Good articles|GA]] nomination of [[Wressle Castle]]==
The article [[Wressle Castle]] you nominated as a [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|good article]] has passed [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]]; see [[Talk:Wressle Castle]] for comments about the article. Well done! If the article has not already been on the main page as an "In the news" or "Did you know" item, you can [[Template_talk:Did_you_know#To_nominate_an_article|nominate it]] to appear in Did you know. <small>Message delivered by [[User:Legobot|Legobot]], on behalf of [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]]</small> -- [[User:Hchc2009|Hchc2009]] ([[User talk:Hchc2009|talk]]) 07:01, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

== Translation into French ==

Regarding [[Wressle Castle]], nice article and one that certainly deserves to be in other language Wikipedias. However, I don't feel confident enough in my abilities to do the job, much as I would like to. I know when I translate into English whether or not I have produced a finished product that uses good grammar etc; I'm not so confident the other way round! There is a procedure for requesting translations into English (see [[Wikipedia:Translation]]) and I'm sure there must be something similar in French Wikipedia. Perhaps try there. Good luck. [[User:Emeraude|Emeraude]] ([[User talk:Emeraude|talk]]) 08:15, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

:{{ping|Emeraude}} Thanks for the pointer, I'll look into it and see what turns up. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell#top|talk]]) 10:10, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

== Wressle Castle ==

Hi!
I'm not you sure to be the right person because I'm Queenyzoe and not Ilyesp, but I'will be very glad to translate the page.
--[[User:Queenyzoe|Queenyzoe]] ([[User talk:Queenyzoe|talk]]) 08:31, 26 April 2016 (UTC)Queenyzoe

Kingdom of Essex

2015-12-17T15:23:08Z

Queenyzoe:

{{Infobox former country
|native_name = ''Ēast Seaxna Rīce''<br/>''Regnum Orientalium Saxonum''
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of the East Saxons
|common_name = Essex
|continent = Europe
|region = British Isles
|country = England
|era = [[Heptarchy]]
|status =
|status_text =
|government_type = Monarchy
|event_start =
|date_start =
|year_start = 527
|event_end =
|date_end =
|year_end = 825
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event3 =
|date_event3 =
|event4 =
|date_event4 =
|p1 = Sub Roman Britain
|flag_p1 = Labarum.svg
|border_p1 = no
|s1 = Kingdom of Wessex
|flag_s1 = Wyvern of Wessex.svg
|border_s1 = no
|image_flag =
|flag =
|flag_type =
|image_coat =
|symbol =
|symbol_type =
|image_map = Essex 2.svg
|image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Essex.
|capital = [[London]]
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = [[Old English language|Old English]], [[Latin language|Latin]]
|religion = [[Anglo-Saxon Paganism|Paganism]], [[Anglo-Saxon Christianity|Christianity]]
|currency =
|leader1 = [[Æscwine of Essex|Æscwine]] <small>(first)</small>
|leader2 = [[Sigered of Essex|Sigered]] <small>(last)</small>
|year_leader1 = 527–587
|year_leader2 = 798–825
|title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Essex|King]]
|legislature = [[Witenagemot]]
|stat_year1 =
|stat_area1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|footnotes =
}}
The '''kingdom of the East Saxons''' ({{lang-ang|Ēast Seaxna Rīce}}; {{lang-la|Regnum Orientalium Saxonum}}), today referred to as the '''Kingdom of Essex''', was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Heptarchy]].<ref>The Latin name was used, for instance, by [[William of Malmesbury]].</ref> It was founded in the 6th century and covered the territory later occupied by the [[Counties of England|counties]] of [[Essex]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Middlesex]] and (for a short while) [[Kent]]. Kings of Essex were frequently subservient to foreign overlords. The last king of Essex was Sigered and in 825, he ceded the kingdom to [[Egbert of Wessex]].

==Extent==
[[File:Ancient Essex 750.png|thumb|200px|left|A map showing the outline of those parts now adjacent to the traditional county of Essex (in grey) but which historians postulate were part of the ancient Kingdom of Essex before becoming detached during the middle of the 8th Century.]]
The kingdom was bounded to the north by the [[River Stour, Suffolk|River Stour]] and the [[Kingdom of East Anglia]], to the south by the [[River Thames]] and [[Kent]], to the east lay the [[North Sea]] and to the west [[Mercia]]. The territory included the remains of two provincial [[ancient Rome|Roman]] capitals [[Colchester]] and [[London]]. The early kingdom included the land of the [[Middle Saxons]],<ref>Keightley, A., ''The History of England'', (1840)</ref> later Middlesex, most if not all of [[Hertfordshire]]<ref name="Yorke, B. 1984 pp47-52">Yorke, B., ''Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England'',(1984) pp47-52</ref> and may at times have included Surrey.<ref>John Baker, ''Cultural Transition in the Chilterns and Essex Region (University of Hertfordshire Press, 2005)</ref> For a brief period in the 8th century, the Kingdom of Essex controlled what is now Kent.

The modern [[England|English]] [[county]] of Essex maintains the historic northern and the southern borders, but only covers the territory east of the [[River Lea]], the other parts being lost to neighbouring [[Mercia]] during the 8th Century.<ref name="Yorke, B. 1984 pp47-52"/>

In the [[Tribal Hidage]] it is listed as containing 7,000 [[hide (unit)|hide]]s.

==History==
Although the kingdom of Essex was one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, its history is not well documented. It produced relatively few [[Anglo-Saxon charters]]<ref name=rippon>Rippon, Stephen, ''Essex c. 760 – 1066'' (in Bedwin, O, ''The Archaeology of Essex: Proceedings of the Writtle Conference'' (Essex County Council, 1996)</ref> and no version of the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]''; in fact the only mention in the chronicle concerns Bishop [[Mellitus]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Anglo-Saxons|year=1991|publisher=Penguin|page=26|editor=Campbell, James}}</ref> As a result, the kingdom is regarded as comparatively obscure.<ref name=Hamerow>[[Helena Hamerow|H Hamerow]], ''Excavations at Mucking, Volume 2: The Anglo-Saxon Settlement'' (English Heritage Archaeological Report 21, 1993)</ref> For most of the kingdom's existence, the Essex king was subservient to an overlord - variously the kings of Kent, Anglia or Mercia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yorke|first=Barbara|chapter=The Kingdom of the East Saxons|title=Anglo-Saxon England 14|year=1985|pages=31–36|editor-first=Peter|editor-last=Clemoes|editor2-first=Simon|editor2-last=Keynes|editor3-first=Michael|editor3-last=Lapidge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

===Origin===
Saxon occupation of land that was to form the kingdom had begun by the early 5th century at [[Mucking excavation#Results|Mucking]] and other locations. A large proportion of these original settlers came from [[Old Saxony]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Yorke|first=Barbara|chapter=The Kingdom of the East Saxons|title=Anglo-Saxon England 14|year=1985|page=14|editor-first=Peter|editor-last=Clemoes|editor2-first=Simon|editor2-last=Keynes|editor3-first=Michael|editor3-last=Lapidge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> According to British legend (see: [[Historia Brittonum]]) the territory known later as Essex was ceded by the Britons to the Saxons following the infamous ''[[Treachery of the Long Knives|Brad y Cyllyll Hirion]]'' event which occurred ca. AD 460 during the reign of High-King [[Vortigern]]. Della Hooke relates the territory ruled by the kings of Essex to the pre-Roman territory of the [[Trinovantes|Trinovantium]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Della|last=Hooke|title=The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1998|publisher=Leicester University Press| page=46}}</ref>

The kingdom of Essex grew by the absorption of smaller sub-kingdoms<ref name=reynolds>Andrew Reynolds, ''Later Anglo-Saxon England'' (Tempus, 2002, page 67) drawing on S Bassett (ed) ''The Origin of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms'' (Leicester, 1989)</ref> or Saxon tribal groups. There are a number of suggestions for the location of these sub-kingdoms including:
*[[the Rodings]] - ''the people of Hrotha'',<ref name=reynolds/>
*the ''Haemele'', ([[Hemel Hempstead]])<ref name="Yorke, Barbara 1990">Yorke, Barbara, ''Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England'' (1990)</ref>
*Vange<ref>Pewsey & Brooks, ''East Saxon Heritage'' (Alan Sutton Publishing, 1993)</ref> - ''marsh district'' (possibly stretching to the [[Mardyke (river)|Mardyke]])
*Denge<ref name=rippon />
*''Ginges'' <ref>Yorke, B., ''Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England'',(1984) p54</ref>
*Berecingas - [[Barking]], in the south west of the kingdom<ref name=Hooke>{{cite book|first=Della|last=Hooke|title=The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1998|publisher=Leicester University Press| page=47}}</ref><ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42723 VCH, volume 5]</ref>
*Haeferingas in [[Havering]]<ref name=Hooke/>
*Uppingas - [[Epping, Essex|Epping]].<ref name=Hooke/>

===Essex monarchy===
Essex emerged as a single kingdom during the 6th century. The dates, names and achievements of the Essex kings, like those of most early rulers in the [[Heptarchy]], remain conjectural. The historical identification of the kings of Essex, including the evidence and a reconstructed genealogy are discussed extensively by Yorke.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yorke|first=Barbara|chapter=The Kingdom of the East Saxons|title=Anglo-Saxon England 14|year=1985|pages=1–36|editor-first=Peter|editor-last=Clemoes|editor2-first=Simon|editor2-last=Keynes|editor3-first=Michael|editor3-last=Lapidge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> The dynasty claimed descent from [[Woden]] via [[Seaxnēat]]. A genealogy of the Essex royal house was prepared in Wessex in the 9th century. Unfortunately the surviving copy is somewhat mutilated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yorke|first=Barbara|chapter=The Kingdom of the East Saxons|title=Anglo-Saxon England 14|year=1985|page=3|editor-first=Peter|editor-last=Clemoes|editor2-first=Simon|editor2-last=Keynes|editor3-first=Michael|editor3-last=Lapidge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> At times during the history of the kingdom several sub-kings within Essex appear to have been able to rule simultaneously.<ref name="Yorke, B. 1984 pp47-52"/> They may have exercised authority over different parts of the kingdom. The first recorded king, according to the East Saxon King List, was [[Aescwine of Essex|Æscwine]] to which a date of AD 527 is given for the start of his reign, although there are some difficulties with the date of his reign, and [[Sledda]] is listed as the founder of the Essex royal house by other sources.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yorke|first=Barbara|chapter=The Kingdom of the East Saxons|title=Anglo-Saxon England 14|year=1985|page=16|editor-first=Peter|editor-last=Clemoes|editor2-first=Simon|editor2-last=Keynes|editor3-first=Michael|editor3-last=Lapidge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

The Essex kings issued coins that echoed those issued by [[Cunobelin]] simultaneously asserting a link to the first century rulers while emphasising independence from Mercia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Anglo-Saxons|year=1991|publisher=Penguin|pages=63–64|chapter=Anglo-Saxon Coins 1|first=DM|last=Metcalf|editor=Campbell, James}}</ref>

The tomb of King [[Sæbbi of Essex]] (r.664-683) was visible in [[Old St Paul's Cathedral|Old St. Paul's]] Cathedral until the [[Great Fire of London]] of 1666 when the cathedral and the tombs within it were lost.

===Christianity===
The earliest English record of the kingdom dates to [[Bede]]'s ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]'', which noted the arrival of Bishop (later Saint) [[Mellitus]] in London in 604. [[Æthelberht of Kent|Æthelberht]] (King of Kent and overlord of southern England according to Bede) was in a position to exercise some authority in Essex shortly after 604, when his intervention helped in the conversion of King [[Saebert of Essex]] (son of [[Sledda|Sledd]]), his nephew, to Christianity. It was Æthelberht, and not Sæberht, who built and endowed St. Pauls in London, where [[St. Paul’s Cathedral]] now stands. Bede describes Æthelberht as Sæberht’s overlord.<ref>Bede, book II, chapter 3</ref><ref name=Stenton_109>Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'', p. 109.</ref> After the death of [[Saebert of Essex|Saebert]] in AD 616, Mellitus was driven out and the kingdom reverted to paganism. This may have been the result of opposition to Kentish influence in Essex affairs rather than being specifically anti-Christian.<ref name="Yorke, Barbara 1990"/>

The kingdom reconverted to Christianity under [[Sigeberht II of Essex|Sigeberht II the Good]] following a mission by [[Cedd|St Cedd]] who established monasteries at ''Tilaburg'' (probably [[East Tilbury]], but possibly [[West Tilbury]]) and ''Ithancester'' (almost certainly [[Bradwell-on-Sea]]). A [[Royal saxon tomb in Prittlewell|royal tomb]] at Prittlewell was discovered and excavated in 2003. Finds included gold foil crosses, suggesting the occupant was Christian. If the occupant was a king, it was probably either Saebert or Sigeberht (murdered AD 653). It is, however, also possible that the occupant was not royal, but simply a wealthy and powerful individual whose identity has gone unrecorded.<ref>Blair, I. 2007. Prittlewell Prince. ''Current Archaeology'' '''207''': 8-11</ref>

Essex reverted to Paganism again in 660 with the ascension of the Pagan King [[Swithelm of Essex]]. He converted in 662, but died in 664. He was succeeded by his two sons, [[Sighere of Essex|Sigehere]] and [[Sebbi of Essex|Sæbbi]]. A plague the same year caused Sigehere and his people to recant their Christianity and Essex reverted to Paganism a third time. This rebellion was suppressed by [[Wulfhere of Mercia]] who established himself as overlord. Bede describes Sigehere and Sæbbi as "rulers … under Wulfhere, king of the Mercians".<ref name=Kirby_114_1>Kirby, ''The Earliest English Kings'', p. 114.</ref> Wulfhere sent Jaruman, the bishop of [[Lichfield]], to reconvert the East Saxons.<ref>Bede, ''HE'', III, 30, pp. 200–1.</ref>

[[Wine (bishop)|Wine]] (in 666)<ref name=Handbook239>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 239</ref> and [[Erkenwald]] (in 675)<ref name=Handbook239/> were appointed bishops of London with spiritual authority over the East Saxon Kingdom. Although London (and the rest of Middlesex) was lost by the East Saxons in the 8th century, the bishops of London continued to exert spiritual authority over Essex as a kingdom, shire and county until 1845.<ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp;jsessionid=AE9DA57B52C81919C5ADBE98B322E165?u_id=10568420&c_id= Essex archdeaconry through time]</ref>

===Later history and end===
Despite the comparative obscurity of the kingdom, there were strong connections between Essex and the Kentish kingdom across the river Thames which led to the marriage of King Sledd to Ricula, sister of the king, [[Aethelbert of Kent]]. For a brief period in the 8th century the kingdom encompassed the Kentish Kingdom to the South. During this period, Essex kings were issuing their own [[sceattas]] (coins), perhaps as an assertion of their own independence.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Rippon|chapter=Essex c.700 - 1066|editor=Bedwin, O|title=The Archaeology of Essex, proceedings of the Writtle conference|page=117}}</ref> However, by the mid 8th century much of the kingdom, including London, had fallen to [[Mercia]] and the rump of Essex, roughly the modern county, was now subordinate to the same.<ref>{{cite book|page=18|title=London, 800-1216: the shaping of a city|first=Christopher Nugent Lawrence|last=Brooke|first2=Gillian|last2=Keir|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> After the defeat of the Mercian king [[Beornwulf of Mercia|Beornwulf]] around AD 825, [[Sigered of Essex|Sigered]], the last king of Essex, ceded the kingdom which then became a possession of the [[West Saxon kingdom|Wessex]] king [[Egbert of Wessex|Egbert]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles|editor=Swanton, Michael|page=60|publisher=Phoenix Press|year=1996}}</ref>

The Mercians continued to control parts of Essex and may have supported a pretender to the Essex throne since a Sigeric ''rex Orientalem Saxonum'' witnessed a Mercian charter after AD 825.<ref name=Hart>Cyril Hart ''The Danelaw'' (The Hambledon Press, 1992, chapter 3)</ref> During the ninth century, Essex was part of a sub-kingdom that included Sussex, Surrey and Kent.<ref name=Hart/> Sometime between 878 and 886, the territory was formally ceded by Wessex to the [[Danelaw]] kingdom of East Anglia, under the [[Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum]]. After the reconquest by [[Edward the Elder]] the king's representative in Essex was styled an [[ealdorman]] and Essex came to be regarded as a [[shire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=An Essex Tribute|editor-last=Neale|editor-first=Kenneth|publisher=Leopard's Head Press|year=1987|last=Hart|first=Cyril|chapter=The Ealdordom of Essex|page=62}}</ref>

== List of kings==
The following list of kings may omit whole generations.

{| class="wikitable"
! Reign
! Incumbent
!
! Notes
|-
| 527 to 587
| '''[[Aescwine of Essex|Aescwine]]'''
| '''ÆSCVVINE CENFVSING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''ÆSCVVINE REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
|
|-
| 587 to ''ante'' 604
| '''[[Sledda of Essex|Sledda]]'''
| '''SLEDDA ÆSCVVINING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SLEDDA REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
|
|-
| ''ante'' 604 to 616/7
| '''[[Saebert of Essex|Saebert]]'''
| '''SÆBRYHT SLEDDING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SÆBRYHT REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
|
|-
| 616/7 to 617
| '''[[Sexred of Essex|Sexred]]'''
| '''SEXRED SÆBRYHTING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SEXRED REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Joint king with [[Saeward of Essex|Saeward]]; killed in battle against the [[West Saxons]]
|-
| 616/7 to 617
| '''[[Saeward of Essex|Saeward]]'''
| '''SÆVVARD SÆBRYHTING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SÆVVARD REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Joint king with [[Sexred of Essex|Sexred]]; killed in battle against the [[West Saxons]]
|-
| 617 to ''ante c.''653
| '''[[Sigeberht the Little]]'''
| '''SIGEBRYHT SÆVVARDING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SIGEBRYHT PARVVS REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
|
|-
| ''c.''653 to 660
| '''[[Sigeberht the Good]]'''
| '''SIGEBRYHT SÆVVARDING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SIGEBRYHT SANCTVS REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Saint Sigeberht; Saint Sebbi (Feast Day 29 August)
|-
| 660 to 664
| '''[[Swithelm of Essex|Swithelm]]'''
| '''SVVIÞELM''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SVVIÞELM REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
|
|-
| 664 to 683
| '''[[Sighere of Essex|Sighere]]'''
| '''SIGHERE SIGEBRYHTING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SIGHERE REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Joint-king with [[Sebbi of Essex|Sebbi]]
|-
| 664 to ''c.''694
| '''[[Sebbi of Essex|Sebbi]]'''
| '''SEBBI''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SEBBI REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Joint-king with [[Sighere of Essex|Sighere]]; abdicated in favour of his son [[Sigeheard of Essex|Sigeheard]]
|-
| ''c.''694 to ''c.''709
| '''[[Sigeheard of Essex|Sigeheard]]'''
| '''SIGEHEARD SEBBING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SIGEHEARD REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Joint-king with his brother [[Swaefred of Essex|Swaefred]]<ref name="British Chronology 1996">Handbook of British Chronology (CUP, 1996)</ref>
|-
| ''c.''695 to ''ante c.''709
| '''[[Swaefred of Essex|Swaefred]]'''<br />(Swaebheard)
| '''SVVÆFRED SIGEHEARDING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SVVÆFRED REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Joint-king with his brother [[Sigeheard of Essex|Sigeheard]]<ref name="British Chronology 1996"/>
|-
| 709
| '''[[Offa of Essex|Offa]]'''
| '''OFFA SIGEHERING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''OFFA REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Abdicated
|-
| ''c.''709 to 746
| '''[[Saelred of Essex|Saelred]]'''<br />(Swebert)
| '''SÆLRED SIGEBRYHTING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SÆLRED REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Probably joint-king with [[Swaefbert of Essex|Swaefbert]]
|-
| ''c.''715 to 738
| '''[[Swaefbert of Essex|Swaefbert]]'''
| '''SVVÆFBRYHT''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SVVÆFBRYHT REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Probably joint-king with [[Saelred of Essex|Saelred]]
|-
| 746 to 758
| '''[[Swithred of Essex|Swithred]]'''
| '''SVVIÞRED SIGEMVNDING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SVVIÞRED REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
|
|-
| 758 to 798
| '''[[Sigeric of Essex|Sigeric]]'''
| '''SIGERIC''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SIGERIC REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Abdicated
|-
| 798 to 812
| rowspan="2"|'''[[Sigered of Essex|Sigered]]'''
| '''SIGERED SIGERICING''' ESTSEAXNA CYNING<br />'''SIGERED REX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
|
|-
| 812 to 825
| '''SIGERED DVX''' SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM
| Rank reduced by [[Mercia]]n overlords
|-
| ''c.''825||colspan="3"|''[[Mercia]] defeated by [[Egbert of Wessex]], sub-kingdom of Essex subsumed into [[Wessex]]''
|}
{{see also|List of English monarchs}}

===Spelling===
There are a number of variations of the spelling of the names of the Kings listed above. This was a time when spellings varied widely, even within a document. Amongst these variations are the preference between þ and ð (both "th" - voiced or unvoiced depending on adjacent letters).

The character '{{Unicode|⁊}}' was used as the ampersand '&' in contemporary Anglo-Saxon writings. The era pre-dates the emergence of forms of writing accepted today, notably [[Minuscule cursive|minuscule]], and the letters 'W' and 'U'. Where W was followed by U this was generally rendered as 'VV' (which was also used for 'W' alone).

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

* Carpenter, Clive. ''Kings, Rulers and Statesmen''. Guinness Superlatives, Ltd.
* Ross, Martha. ''Rulers and Governments of the World'', Vol. 1. ''Earliest Times to 1491''.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Anglo-Saxon England}}
{{heptarchy}}
{{Essex Monarchs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Essex}}
[[Category:812 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 527]]
[[Category:History of Essex]]
[[Category:Lists of British monarchs|Essex]]
[[Category:Petty kingdoms of England|Essex]]
[[Category:527 establishments in England]]
[[it:Regno dell'Essex]]

Count of Évreux

2015-12-11T15:33:49Z

Queenyzoe:

The '''Count of Évreux''' was a French noble title and was named for the county of [[Évreux]] in [[Normandy]]. It was successively used by the [[Norman dynasty]], the [[Montfort-l'Amaury]] family, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian's]] as well as the [[House of La Tour d'Auvergne]]. The title is today used by [[Prince Michel, Count of Évreux]], a member of the [[House of Orléans]].

==[[Norman dynasty|House of Normandy]]==

*989-1037 : [[Robert II (Archbishop of Rouen)|Robert I, Count of Évreux]], natural son of [[Richard I, Duke of Normandy]];
*1037-1067 : [[Richard, Count of Évreux|Richard I, Count of Évreux]], son of the above;
*1067-1118 : [[William, Count of Évreux]], son of the above;

==House of Montfort-l'Amaury==

*1118-1137 : [[Amaury III of Montfort]], nephew of Guillaume, Count of Évreux
*1137-1140 : [[Amaury IV of Montfort]], son of the above;
*1140-1181 : [[Simon III of Montfort]], brother of the above;
*1181-1182 : [[Amaury V of Montfort-Évreux]], son of the above;
*1182-1195 : [[Amaury VI of Montfort-Évreux]], son of the above;

:''In 1195, the county became the property of [[John of England]]. Amaury VI was later created the [[Earl of Gloucester]]''

==[[Capetian dynasty|House of Capet]]==

*1298-1319 : [[Louis d'Évreux]], brother of [[Philip IV of France]];
*1319-1343 : [[Philip III of Navarre]]
*1343-1378 : [[Charles II of Navarre]]
: ''Confiscated by [[Charles V of France]]; returned to [[Charles III of Navarre]] by [[Charles VI of France]]

==[[Stewart of Darnley|House of Stewart]]==

*1427-1429 : [[John Stewart of Darnley]]

==[[House of La Tour d'Auvergne]]==

*1605-1652 : ''[[Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne]]'' (never used the title)
*1641-1721 : ''[[Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne]]'' (never used the title)
*1668-1730 : ''[[Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne]]'' (never used the title)
*1679-1753 : [[Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne]]

==[[House of Orléans]]==

*1941 : '''[[Prince Michel, Count of Évreux|Michel d'Orléans, '''fils de France''', ''Prince of Orléans'']]''', son of [[Prince Henri, Count of Paris|Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Count of Evreux}}
[[Category:House of Orléans]]
[[Category:House of Capet]]
[[Category:House of la Tour d'Auvergne]]
[[Category:Counts of Évreux| ]]
[[it:Contea di Évreux]]

Matilda of Swabia

2015-11-03T16:31:45Z

Queenyzoe:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
[[File:Darstellung Mieszkos und Mathildes von Schwaben.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Miniature of Matilda and [[Mieszko II Lambert|King Mieszko II of Poland]] on the dedicatory page of the ''Liber de divinis officiis'', written at [[Abbey of Saint Gall|St. Gallen]] c.1125 (Düsseldorf, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Ms.C 91, (lost), fol. 3r.)]]

'''Matilda of Swabia''' (c. 998/9 c. 1030/4) (also ''Mathilde'') was a member of the [[Conradines|Conradine]] dynasty. She was married firstly to [[Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia|Conrad of Carinthia]] and secondly to [[Frederick II, Duke of Upper Lorraine|Frederick of Upper Lotharingia]]. She played an active role in promoting her son, [[Conrad II, Duke of Carinthia|Conrad II]], as a candidate for the German throne after 1024. To this end, she corresponded with [[Mieszko II Lambert|King Mieszko II of Poland]].

==Life==
===Family===
Matilda was born c.998/9. Her parents were [[Herman II, Duke of Swabia]] and his wife [[Gerberga of Burgundy]], daughter of [[Conrad I of Burgundy]].<ref>Goez, ''Beatrix'', p. 11.</ref> She had many illustrious relatives. Through her father, Matilda was descended from [[Henry the Fowler]]; through her mother from [[Louis IV of France]] and [[Charlemagne]]. Matilda’s sister, [[Gisela of Swabia]] married [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Conrad II]]. Their cousin was [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]].
After the death of [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Otto III]], Matilda’s father, Herman, opposed the election of [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] as king of Germany, and promoted himself as a rival candidate for the throne. (Herman and Henry both claimed descent from Henry the Fowler, progenitor of the [[Ottonian dynasty]].)<ref> Keller, ‘Schwäbische Herzöge als Thronbewerber,’ esp. pp. 135ff.</ref>

===First marriage===
c.1001/2 Matilda married [[Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia|Conrad of Carinthia]], a member of the [[Salian dynasty]]. Conrad I supported her father’s bid for the German throne.<ref>Boshoff, ''Die Salier'', pp. 23f.</ref> Their marriage was [[Consanguinity|consanguineous]]<ref>There is some debate about how closely Matilda and Conrad were related to one another. For contrasting views, see Wolfram, ''Konrad II'', pp. 42, 54; and Wolf, 'Königskandidatur,' pp. 83-86</ref> and was condemned by Henry II (her father’s rival) at the synod of Thionville (January 1003).<ref> Corbet, ''Autour de Burchard de Worms'', pp. 120ff.</ref> Nevertheless, the couple remained together until Conrad’s death in 1011. After Conrad died, his young son with Matilda, [[Conrad II, Duke of Carinthia|Conrad II]] was passed over in the succession for the [[duchy of Carinthia]]. Instead Henry II (who was now crowned king of Germany), passed the duchy to [[Adalbero, Duke of Carinthia|Adalbert of Eppenstein]], who was married to Matilda’s sister, Beatrice.<ref>Boshoff, ''Die Salier'', pp. 25f.</ref>

===Second marriage===
Matilda had married her second husband, [[Frederick II, Duke of Upper Lorraine|Frederick of Upper Lotharingia]] c. 1012/3.<ref>Goez, ''Beatrix'', p. 11</ref> This marriage was also [[Consanguinity|consanguineous]]. Frederick is usually said to have died c.1026, although it is possible that he lived until 1033.<ref>Mohr, ''Geschichte'', pp. 77-80.</ref>

===Possible third marriage===
Following an entry in the [[Annalista Saxo]], Matilda is sometimes said to have married a third time, c.1026, to [[Esico of Ballenstedt]].<ref>''Annalista Saxo'', a.1026, p. 363.</ref> (This is not possible if her first husband Frederick lived until 1033.)

===Relationship with Emperor Conrad II===
After the death of her first husband, Matilda’s son, Conrad II (or Conrad ‘the Younger’) was placed in the care of one of his Salian relatives, [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad ‘the Elder’]] (future king of Germany). A few years later (c.1016/7), Matilda’s sister, Gisela, married Conrad the Elder. In 1019, Conrad the Elder supported Matilda’s son, Conrad the Younger, when he tried to reclaim the duchy of Carinthia from Adalbert. The attempt was unsuccessful and caused Conrad the Elder to go into exile.<ref>Boshoff, ''Die Salier'', p. 29</ref>
In 1024, Emperor Henry II died childless. Both Conrad the Elder and Conrad the Younger (who were descended from Henry the Fowler) promoted themselves as candidates for the throne. Conrad the Elder was elected king of Germany (as Conrad II) at an assembly at Kamba (near [[Oppenheim]]) on 4 September 1024. Conrad the Younger refused to accept the new king. Matilda’s second husband, Frederick, continued to support Conrad the Younger, as did Conrad’s cousin, [[Ernest II of Swabia]].<ref>Erkens, ''Konrad II'', p. 37.</ref> Matilda herself was active on her sons’s behalf.

====Letter to Mieszko II of Poland====
Between 1025-1027 Matilda opened negotiations with [[Mieszko II Lambert|King Mieszko II of Poland]]. Mieszko was also opposed to Conrad the Elder/Conrad II, because he refused to recognise Mieszko as king of Poland. Matilda presented Mieszko with a valuable liturgical manuscript (the ''Liber de Officiis divinis''). The dedicatory page of the book contained a letter from Matilda to Mieszko (''Epistola ad Mathildis Suevae Misegonem II Poloniae Regem'') in which she named him a distinguished king, praised him for his building of new churches, and knowledge of Latin, and wished him strength against his enemies.<ref>An English translation of this letter is accessible at: [http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/letter/39.html Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters]</ref> The dedicatory page also contained a miniature depicting Matilda giving the book to Mieszko, who is shown wearing a crown and seated on a throne.<ref>The manuscript is now in Düsseldorf University Library, but the miniature has been lost and only copies remain. See Kürbis, "Die Epistola Mathildis Suevae an Mieszko II"</ref> The gift had the desired effect, and Mieszko promised to take military action. By 1028, however, Emperor Conrad II defeated all his opponents.

By 1030 Matilda seems to have been on good terms with Emperor Conrad II again. She joined Conrad II and her sister, Empress Gisela, at the imperial court at Ingelheim in Easter 1030.<ref>Goez, ''Beatrix'', p. 11.</ref> In 1035, Emperor Conrad II deprived Adalbert of the duchy of Carinthia for rebelling against him. Conrad II restored Conrad the Younger to the duchy.

==Death==
Matilda died sometime after Easter 1030 (when she was at the imperial court) and before January 1034, when Emperor Conrad II issued a diploma at the intervention of his wife Gisela, commemorating her death.<ref>''Die Urkunden Konrads II'', no. 204, p. 277</ref> She is often said to have died on 29th July 1032. She was buried in the cathedral at Worms. After Matilda's death, her young daughters (Beatrice and Sophie) from her second marriage to Frederick were adopted by her sister, Empress Gisela.<ref>Goez, ''Beatrix'', p. 12</ref>

==Children==
With her first husband, Conrad, Matilda had three children:
*[[Conrad II, Duke of Carinthia|Conrad II]]
*[[Bruno (Bishop of Würzburg)|Bishop Bruno of Würzburg]]
* Gisela (?), who married Count Gerhard of [[County of Metz|Metz]], whose brother was Bruno of Toul (later [[Pope Gregory V]]).

With her second husband, Frederick, Matilda had three children:<ref>Goez, ''Beatrix'', p. 11</ref>
*[[Frederick II, Duke of Upper Lorraine| Frederick III]]
*[[Beatrice of Bar|Beatrice]]
*[[Sophie, Countess of Bar|Sophie]]

If she was married to Esico, Matilda had two further children:
*[[Adalbert II, Count of Ballenstedt|Adalbert II of Ballenstedt]]
*Adelaide of Ballenstadt, wife of Thiemo of Schraplau

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*E. Freise, [http://bsbndb.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/sfz58985.html Mathilde von Schwaben] in ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' 16 (1990), pp. 375f. (in German)
*H. Wolfram, ''Kaiser Konrad II, 990-1039. Kaiser dreier Reiche'' (Munich, 2000).
*F-R. Erkens, ''Konrad II. (um 990-1039). Herrschaft und Reich des ersten Salierkaisers'' (1998).
* H. Keller, ‘Schwäbische Herzöge als Thronbewerber: Hermann II. (1002), Rudolf von Rheinfelden (1077), Friedrich von Staufen (1125), Zur Entwicklung von Reichsidee und Fürstenverantwortung, Wahlverständnis und Wahlverfahren im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert,’ ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'' 131 (1983), 123–162
* P. Corbet, ''Autour de Burchard de Worms. L'église allemande et les interdits de parenté (IXème-XIIème siècle)'' (Frankfurt am Main, 2001).
*E. Boshoff, ''Die Salier'' (Stuttgart, 2008).
*''Annalista Saxo'', in ''Die Reichschronik des Annalista Saxo'', ed. K. Nass, MGH SS 37 (Munich, 2006), accessible online at: [http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00066318_00003.html?sortIndex=010:050:0037:010:00:00 Monumenta Germaniae Historica].
*Die Urkunden Konrads II, ed. H. Bresslau, MGH Diplomata 4 (Hannover and Leipzig, 1909), accessible online at: [http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00000448_00003.html?sortIndex=030:040:0004:010:00:00 Monumenta Germaniae Historica]
*B. Kürbis, "Die Epistola Mathildis Suevae an Mieszko II, in neuer Sicht, Ein Forschungsbericht," ''Frühmittelalterliche Studien'', 23 (1989), 318-343.
*E. Goez, ''Beatrix von Canossa und Tuszien. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte des 11. Jahrhunderts'' (Sigmaringen, 1995).
*W. Mohr, ''Geschichte des Herzogtums Lothringen'', vol. 1 (1974).
*A. Wolf, 'Königskandidatur und Königsverwandtschaft. Hermann von Schwaben als Prüfstein für das "Prinzip der freien Wahl", ''Deutsches Archiv'' 47 (1991), 45-118.

==External links==
*[http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/13.html Epistolae: Medieval Women’s Latin Letters: Matilda of Swabia] (Brief biography of Matilda, and an English translation of a letter written by her to [[Mieszko II Lambert|Mieszko II of Poland]])
*[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SWABIA.htm#Mathildedied1031 Medieval Lands Project]
*[http://www.manfred-hiebl.de/genealogie-mittelalter/askanier_2/mathilde_von_schwaben_1032_konradiner_salier_bar_askanier/mathilde_von_schwaben_herzogin_von_kaernten_1032.html Mathilde von Schwaben] (in German)

[[Category:10th-century births]]
[[Category:11th-century deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century women]]
[[Category:Conradiner family members]]
[[Category:Salian dynasty]]
[[Category:House of Bar]]
[[Category:Women of medieval Germany]]
[[Category:Burials at Worms Cathedral]]
[[it:Matilde di Svevia]]

Rhydderch Hael

2013-10-27T12:27:47Z

Queenyzoe:

Ida, Countess of Boulogne

2013-03-03T11:22:29Z

Queenyzoe: correct tag

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
[[Image:Blason Courtenay.svg|thumb|right|125px|Coat of arms of the county of Boulogne.]]

'''Ida of Boulogne''' (c. 1160–1216) was [[Count of Boulogne|Countess of Boulogne]]. She was the eldest daughter of [[Matthew of Alsace]] by [[Marie I, Countess of Boulogne]]. Her maternal grandparents were King [[Stephen of England]] and [[Matilda I of Boulogne]].

Her mother had been placed in a convent, but was removed in order to marry Matthew. As a consequence, her parents' marriage was rather controversial and they finally divorced in 1170. Her father continued to rule until his death in 1173, when she succeeded.

On the advice of her uncle, [[Philip I, Count of Flanders]], she married first in 1181 to Gerard of Guelders, but he died the same year. Ida quickly remarried to [[Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen]], but he too died in 1186. According to the contemporary historian [[Lambert of Ardres]]:

:''"...so left without a man, [Ida] indulged herself in worldly delights and pleasures of the body. She fell passionately in love with [[Arnold II of Guînes]], and tried as hard as she could to seduce him; or rather, with typical feminine fickleness and deception she feigned that emotion. Emissaries and secret tokens passed back and forth between them as indications of certain love. Arnold either loved her or with masculine foresight and prudence pretended to; for he aspired to the land and dignity of the County of Boulogne once he could gain the Countess' favor through love feigned or true."''

This relationship came to naught when Ida was abducted in 1190 by Count [[Renaud de Dammartin]], who carried her off to [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]]. This was a common enough fate for medieval heiresses. The situation became complicated when Arnold of Guînes received messages of enduring love from Ida. He promptly rode to her rescue, only to be captured and imprisoned by friends of Renaud in [[Verdun-sur-Meuse|Verdun]]. Arnold was only freed due to the intervention of [[William, Archbishop of Reims]]. Ida was supposed to have purposely deceived him to lead Arnold into a trap. Whatever the truth, she remained with Renaud and produced a daughter, [[Matilda II of Boulogne]] (died 1258).

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box |
before=[[Matthew I of Boulogne|Matthew]] |
title=[[Count of Boulogne|Countess of Boulogne]] |
years=1173–1216<br>''Gerard, Berthold, and Renaud'' |
after=[[Matilda II of Boulogne|Matilda II]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ida Of Boulogne
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French countess
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1160
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1216
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ida Of Boulogne}}
[[Category:1160 births]]
[[Category:1216 deaths]]
[[Category:Countesses]]
[[Category:Counts of Boulogne]]
[[Category:Women of medieval France]]

[[ro:Ida de Boulogne]]

Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham

2013-02-06T10:22:18Z

Queenyzoe:

{{Infobox nobility
| name = Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham
| image = Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham 1520.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, by an unknown artist, 1520, at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
| spouse = [[Eleanor Percy, Duchess of Buckingham|Eleanor Percy]]
| issue = [[Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford]]<br>[[Elizabeth Howard, Duchess of Norfolk|Elizabeth Stafford]]<br>Katherine Stafford<br>Mary Stafford<br>George Stafford<br>Henry Stafford<br>Margaret Stafford
| noble family = Stafford
| father = [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]
| mother = [[Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham and Bedford|Katherine Woodville]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1478|2|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Brecon|Brecon Castle]], [[Wales]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1521|5|17|1478|2|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Tower Hill]]
|}}
'''Edward Stafford, 3rd [[Duke of Buckingham]]''', [[Order of the Garter|KG]] (3 February 1478 – 17 May 1521) was an English nobleman. He was the son of [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]], and [[Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham and Bedford|Katherine Woodville]], whose sister, Queen [[Elizabeth Woodville]], was the wife of [[Edward IV of England|King Edward IV]]. He was convicted of treason, and executed on 17 May 1521.

==Family==
Edward Stafford, born 3 February 1478 at [[Brecon|Brecon Castle]] in [[Wales]], was the eldest son of [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]], and [[Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham and Bedford|Katherine Woodville]], the daughter of [[Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers]], by [[Jacquetta of Luxembourg]], daughter of [[Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol|Pierre de Luxembourg, Count of St. Pol]], and was thus a nephew of King [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|p=82}}.</ref>

By his father's marriage to Katherine Woodville, Stafford had a younger brother, [[Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire]],<ref>According to Davies he may have had another brother, Humphrey Stafford, who died young.</ref> and two sisters, [[Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex|Elizabeth]], who married [[Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex]], and [[Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon|Anne]], who married firstly, Sir Walter Herbert (d. 16 September 1507), an illegitimate son of [[William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (8th Creation)|William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|2002|p=145}}.</ref> and secondly, [[George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson II|2011|p=374}}; {{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|p=82}}; {{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Dockray|2004}}.</ref>

After the execution of the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, his widow, Katherine Woodville, married [[Jasper Tudor]], second son of [[Owen Tudor]] and [[Henry V of England|King Henry V's]] widow, [[Catherine of Valois]]. After Jasper Tudor's death on 21 December 1495, Katherine Woodville married Sir Richard Wingfield (d. 22 July 1525). Katherine Woodville died 18 May 1497. After her death, [[Richard Wingfield|Sir Richard Wingfield]] married [[Lady Bridget Wingfield|Bridget Wiltshire]], daughter and heiress of Sir John Wiltshire of [[Stone, Kent]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|pp=82-3}}; {{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}.</ref>

==Career==
In October 1483 Stafford's father participated in a rebellion against [[Richard III of England|King Richard III]]. He was beheaded without trial on 2 November 1483, whereby all his honours were forfeited. Stafford is said to have been hidden in various houses in [[Herefordshire]] at the time of the rebellion, and perhaps for the remainder of Richard III's reign. However after Richard III's defeat at [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Bosworth]] on 22 August 1485, and [[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII's]] accession to the crown, Stafford was made a Knight of the [[Order of the Bath]] on 29 October 1485 as Duke of Buckingham, and attended Henry VII's coronation the following day, although his father's attainder was not formally reversed by Parliament until November. The young Duke's wardship and lands were granted, on 3 August 1486, along with the wardship of his younger brother, Henry Stafford, to the King's mother, [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby|Margaret Beaufort]], and according to Davies it is likely Buckingham was educated in her various households.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cokayne|1912|p=390}}; {{Harvnb|Cokayne|1959|p=738}};{{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|p=85}}; {{Harvnb|Pollard|1898|p=446}}; {{Harvnb|Davies|2004}}; {{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}.</ref>

Buckingham was in attendance at court at the creation of Henry VII's second son, the future [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]], as [[Duke of York]] on 9 November 1494, and was made a Knight of the [[Order of the Garter]] in 1495. In September 1497 he was a captain in the forces sent to quell a [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|rebellion in Cornwall]].

According to Davies, as a young man Buckingham played a conspicuous part in royal weddings and the reception of ambassadors and foreign princes, 'dazzling observers by his sartorial splendour'. At the wedding of Henry VII's then eldest son and heir [[Arthur, Prince of Wales]], and [[Catherine of Aragon]] in 1501, he is said to have worn a gown worth £1500. He was the chief challenger at the [[jousting|tournament]] held the following day.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pollard|1898|p=446}}; {{Harvnb|Davies|2004}}; {{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}.</ref>

At the accession of [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]], Buckingham was appointed on 23 June 1509, for the day of the coronation only, [[Lord High Constable of England|Lord High Constable]], an office which he claimed by hereditary right. He also served as [[Lord High Steward]] at the coronation, and bearer of the crown. In 1509 he was made a member of the King's [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]]. On 9 July 1510 he had licence to castellate his manor of [[Thornbury Castle|Thornbury]], [[Gloucestershire]], and according to Davies rebuilt the manor house as 'an impressively towered castle' with 'huge oriel windows in the living-quarters in the inner court'.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cokayne|1912|p=390}}; {{Harvnb|Pollard|1898|p=446}}; {{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|p=85}}.</ref>

In 1510 Buckingham was involved in a scandal concerning his sister, Anne. After hearing rumours concerning Anne and [[William Compton (courtier)|Sir William Compton]], Buckingham found Compton in Anne's room. Compton was forced to take the sacrament to prove that he and Anne had not committed adultery, and Anne's husband, [[George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon]], sent Anne away to a convent 60 miles distant from the court. There is no extant evidence establishing that Anne and Sir William Compton were guilty of adultery. However in 1523 Compton took the unusual step of bequeathing land to Anne in his will, and directing his executors to include her in the prayers for his kin for which he had made provision in his will.<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|2002|p=83}}.</ref>

From June to October 1513 Buckingham served as a captain during Henry VIII's invasion of France, commanding 500 men in the 'middle ward'.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pollard|1898|p=446}}; According to Cokayne, p. 390, Buckingham commanded the right wing at the siege of Therouanne.</ref> About 1517 he was one of twelve challengers chosen to tilt against the King and his companions, but excused himself on the ground that he feared to run against the King's person. He and his wife, Eleanor, attended the [[Field of the Cloth of Gold]] in 1520.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|p=85}}.</ref>

Although Buckingham was appointed to commissions of the peace in 1514 and charged, together with other [[Welsh Marches|marcher]] lords, with responsibility for keeping order in south Wales, he was rebuked by the King in 1518 for failing to achieve the desired results. According to Davies, in general Buckingham exercised little direct political influence, and was never a member of the King's inner circle.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}.</ref>

Buckingham fell out dramatically with the King in 1510, when he discovered that the King was having an affair with the [[Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon|Countess of Huntingdon]], the Duke's sister and wife of the [[George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon|1st Earl of Huntingdon]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mistresses of Henry VIII |first=Kelly| last=Hart |year=2009 |edition=First |date=June 1, 2009 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=0-7524-4835-8 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r6HGPAAACAAJ}}</ref> She was taken to a convent sixty miles away. There are some suggestions that the affair continued until 1513. However, he returned to the King's graces, being present at the marriage of Henry's sister, served in Parliament and being present at negotiations with [[Francis I of France]] and [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]].

==Betrayal and execution==
Buckingham, with his [[Plantagenet]] blood and numerous connections by descent or marriage with the rest of the [[aristocracy]], became an object of Henry's suspicion. During 1520, Buckingham became suspected of potentially treasonous actions and [[Henry VIII]] authorised an investigation. The King personally examined witnesses against him, gathering enough evidence for a trial. The Duke was finally summoned to Court in April 1521 and arrested and placed in the Tower. He was tried before a panel of 17 peers, being accused of listening to prophecies of the King's death and intending to kill the King; however, the King's mind appeared to be decided and conviction was certain. He was executed on [[Tower Hill, London|Tower Hill]] on 17 May. Buckingham was posthumously [[attainder|attainted]] by Act of Parliament on 31 July 1523.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pollard|1898|p=447}}.</ref>

Guy (1988) concludes this was one of the few executions of high personages under Henry VIII in which the accused was "almost certainly guilty." However Sir [[Thomas More]] complained that the key evidence from servants was hearsay.<ref>John Guy, ''Tudor England'' (1988) p 97</ref>

Buckingham's literary patronage included two translations, a printed translation of Helyas, ''Knyghte of the Swanne'', which he commissioned in 1512, and ''A Lytell Cronicle'', a translation of an account of the Middle East which he may have commissioned in 1520 in connection with his proposed pilgrimage to Jerusalem.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}.</ref>

==Marriage and issue==
In 1488 Henry VII had suggested a marriage between Buckingham and [[Anne of Brittany]], but in December 1489 the executors of [[Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland]] paid the King £4000 for Buckingham's marriage to Percy's eldest daughter [[Eleanor Percy, Duchess of Buckingham|Eleanor]] (d. 1530). They had a son and three daughters:<ref>{{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|pp=85-7}}.</ref>

*[[Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford]] (18 September 1501 – 30 April 1563), who married [[Ursula Pole, Baroness Stafford|Ursula Pole]], daughter of [[Sir Richard Pole]] by his second wife, [[Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury|Margaret, Countess of Salisbury]], daughter of [[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George, Duke of Clarence]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|p=86}}.</ref>

*[[Elizabeth Howard, Duchess of Norfolk|Elizabeth Stafford]], (c.1497 – 30 November 1558), who married, as his second wife, before 8 January 1513, [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson II|2011|pp=415-16}}.</ref>

*Katherine Stafford (c. 1499 – 14 May 1555), who married [[Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|p=85}}.</ref>

*Mary Stafford, the youngest daughter, who married, about June 1519, as his third wife, [[George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny|George Neville, 5th Baron Bergavenny]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson I|2011|p=170}}.</ref>

Buckingham is also said to have had three<ref>Davies names only two illegitimate children, Henry and Margaret.</ref> illegitimate children:<ref>{{Harvnb|Richardson IV|2011|p=85}}.</ref>

*George Stafford.
*Henry Stafford.
*Margaret Stafford (c. 1511 – 25 May 1537), whom Buckingham married to his ward, Thomas Fitzgerald of [[Leixlip]], half-brother to the [[Earl of Kildare]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Davies|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Harris|2002|p=161}}.</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
*{{Cite book |title = A general and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, extinct, dormant, and in abeyance
|last = Burke
|first = John
|publisher = Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aB0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA491
|accessdate =
|year = 1831
|page = 490
|ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage edited by Vicary Gibbs
|last = Cokayne
|first = George Edward
|location = London
|publisher = St Catherine Press
|volume = II
|year = 1912
|ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage edited by Geoffrey H. White
|last = Cokayne
|first = George Edward
|location = London
|publisher = St Catherine Press
|volume = XII (Part II)
|year = 1959
|ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book |title = Stafford, Edward, third duke of Buckingham (1478–1521)
|last = Davies
|first = C.S.L.
|publisher = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
|url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26202
|accessdate = 5 November 2012
|year = 2008
|ref = harv
}} {{subscription required |date=November 2012}}
*{{Cite book |title = Stafford, Henry, second duke of Buckingham (1455–1483)
|last = Davies
|first = C.S.L.
|publisher = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
|url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26204
|accessdate = 5 November 2012
|year = 2004
|ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book |title = Stafford, Henry, earl of Wiltshire (c.1479–1523)
|last = Dockray
|first = Keith
|publisher = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
|url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/70804
|accessdate = 7 November 2012
|year = 2004
|ref = harv
}} {{subscription required |date=November 2012}}
*{{Cite book |title = English Aristocratic Women, 1450-1550
|last = Harris
|first = Barbara J.
|location = Oxford
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 2002
|ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book |title = Edward Stafford (1478-1521)
|last = Pollard
|first = Albert Frederick
|publisher = [[Dictionary of National Biography]]
|url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Stafford,_Edward_%281478-1521%29_%28DNB00%29
|accessdate = 5 November 2012
|year = 1898
|volume = 53
|pages = 446-7
|ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book |title = Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham
|last = Richardson
|first = Douglas
|location = Salt Lake City
|year = 2011
|edition = 2nd
|volume = I
|ref = {{sfnref|Richardson I|2011}}
}} ISBN 1449966373
*{{Cite book |title = Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham
|last = Richardson
|first = Douglas
|location = Salt Lake City
|year = 2011
|edition = 2nd
|volume = II
|ref = {{sfnref|Richardson II|2011}}
}} ISBN 1449966381
*{{Cite book |title = Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham
|last = Richardson
|first = Douglas
|location = Salt Lake City
|year = 2011
|edition = 2nd
|volume = IV
|ref = {{sfnref|Richardson IV|2011}}
}} ISBN 1460992709

==External links==
*[http://www.thornburycastle.co.uk/hotel/ Thornbury Castle]
*[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/STAFFORD1.htm#Margaret%20STAFFORD0|tudorplace.com.ar Stafford family, Tudorplace website]
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10209.htm#i102088 Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, at thepeerage.com]

== Ancestry ==
<br>
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=2
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham'''
|2= 2. [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]
|3= 3. [[Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham]]
|4= 4. [[Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford]]
|5= 5. [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford]]
|6= 6. [[Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers]]
|7= 7. [[Jacquetta of Luxembourg]]
|8= 8. [[Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham]]
|9= 9. Anne Neville
|10= 10. [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset]]
|11= 11. [[Lady Eleanor Beauchamp]]
|12= 12. Sir Richard Wydeville
|13= 13. Joan Bedlisgate
|14= 14. [[Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol]]
|15= 15. [[Margaret de Baux]]
|16= 16. [[Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford]]
|17= 17. [[Anne of Gloucester]]
|18= 18. [[Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland]]
|19= 19. [[Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland]]
|20= 20. [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset]]
|21= 21. [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Somerset|Lady Margaret Holland]]
|22= 22. [[Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick]]
|23= 23. [[Elizabeth Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick|Elizabeth de Berkeley]]
|26= 26. John Bedlisgate
|28= 28. [[John of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir]]
|29= 29. [[Marguerite of Enghien]]
|30= 30. Francesco del Balzo
|31= 31. Sueva Orsini
}}</center>

== In fiction ==

*Buckingham is played by [[Charles Dance]] in the 2003 two part drama ''Henry VIII'' starring [[Ray Winstone]] and [[Helena Bonham Carter]]. His character was a minor one, killed off in the first 15 minutes.
*Buckingham is a character in the first two episodes of the first season of the drama series ''[[The Tudors (TV series)|The Tudors]]''. Portrayed by [[Steven Waddington]], Buckingham's intrigues are fictionalized, with several key facts omitted.
*The accusation and condemnation of Buckingham is depicted in the [[Shakespeare]] play ''Henry VIII''.

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lord High Constable of England|Lord High Constable]] | before=[[Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby|The Lord Stanley]] | after=Merged in the crown | years=1504–1521}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{succession box|title=[[Duke of Buckingham]]<br><small>(restored)</small>|before=[[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham|Henry Stafford]]<br><small>(forfeit in 1483)</small>|after=Forfeit|years=1485–1521}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=11299173}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Buckingham, Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke Of
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 3 February 1478
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 17 May 1521
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buckingham, Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke Of}}

[[Category:1478 births]]
[[Category:1521 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Brecon]]
[[Category:Dukes of Buckingham (1444)|03]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord High Constables]]
[[Category:Lord High Stewards]]
[[Category:People executed by decapitation]]
[[Category:People of the Tudor period]]
[[Category:Executions at the Tower of London]]
[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
[[Category:People executed under the Tudors]]
[[Category:Executed English people]]
[[Category:15th-century English people]]
[[Category:16th-century English people]]
[[Category:Stafford family]]


[[ar:إدوارد ستافورد]]
[[de:Edward Stafford, 3. Duke of Buckingham]]
[[es:Edward Stafford]]
[[he:אדוארד סטאפורד, הדוכס השלישי מבקינגהאם]]
[[ja:エドワード・スタフォード (第3代バッキンガム公)]]
[[it:Edward Stafford, III duca di Buckingham]]
[[no:Edward Stafford, 3. hertug av Buckingham]]
[[pt:Eduardo Stafford, 3.º Duque de Buckingham]]
[[ru:Стаффорд, Эдвард, 3-й герцог Бекингем]]
[[sv:Edward Stafford, 3:e hertig av Buckingham]]
[[uk:Едвард Стаффорд]]

Battle of the Medway

2012-10-10T16:25:27Z

Queenyzoe:

{{for|the battle of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]|Raid on the Medway}}
{{No footnotes|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|image=
|caption=
|conflict=Battle of the Medway
|partof=the [[Roman conquest of Britain]]
|date={{start-date|0043|[[43]]}}
|place=Kent
|result=Roman victory
|combatant1=[[Roman Empire]]
|combatant2=[[Celtic tribes in the British Isles|British tribes]]
|commander1=[[Aulus Plautius]]
|commander2=[[Togodumnus]],<br/> [[Caratacus]]
|strength1= 24,000
|strength2= 17,000
|casualties1= 850
|casualties2= 5,000
|campaignbox= {{Campaignbox Roman conquest of Britain}}
}}

The '''Battle of the Medway''' took place in 43 AD on the [[River Medway]] in the lands of the [[Iron Age]] tribe of the [[Cantiaci]], now the [[England|English]] county of [[Kent]]. It was an early battle in the [[Roman conquest of Britain|Claudian invasion of Britain]], led by [[Aulus Plautius]].

== Build-up ==

On the news of the Roman landing, the British tribes united under the command of [[Togodumnus]] and his brother [[Caratacus]] of the [[Catuvellauni]] tribe to fight them. After losing two initial skirmishes in eastern Kent, the natives gathered on the banks of a river further west to face the invaders.

At the same time, the Romans received the surrender of the [[Dobunni]] tribe in western Britain. The Dobunni were subjects of the Catuvellauni and this diplomatic gain was likely a blow to native morale and manpower.

== Chronology ==

There was no bridge over the river, so a detachment of specially-trained Roman auxiliaries (described by the only historical source for the battle [[Cassius Dio]] as "[[Celt]]ic") swam across the river and attacked the natives' [[chariot]] horses. In the chaos that followed, the bulk of the invasion force spearheaded by [[Legio II Augusta]] under [[Vespasian]] crossed the river, under the overall command of [[Titus Flavius Sabinus II]]. The natives were taken by surprise at how fully armed legionaries were able to cross the river, and Peter Salway stated even Dio seems taken aback. The Romans were unable to press home victory immediately, and the first day of fighting ended without a result. During the second day, a daring attack led by [[Gnaeus Hosidius Geta]] almost led to the Roman officer being captured. His troops retaliated however and put the Britons to flight. Geta was awarded a triumph for securing victory, a rare honor for someone who had not been [[consul]]. Given the primary roles taken by Geta and Sabinus on different days, it has been suggested by the historian [[Malcolm Todd]] that the Romans were operating as two, or possibly three, [[battle group]]s.

Such a long battle was unusual in [[ancient warfare]], and it was likely the Romans defeated a significant native force. The Britons fell back to the [[River Thames|Thames]] where they were afforded a greater strategic advantage.

== Location ==

Dio does not name the battle's location or the river, but its site is claimed to be on the Medway. The Romans would have used existing trackways as they moved west from [[Richborough]], and the most well-travelled prehistoric trackway would have been the route of the later [[Pilgrims' Way]], which forded the Medway at [[Aylesford]]. Other theories, however, note that the river is narrow enough at Aylesford not to pose significant difficulties in crossing, and place the battle closer to [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], where a large Iron Age settlement stood at the time. Further evidence of a more northern location is at [[Bredgar]], where a find of a [[hoard]] of Roman coins from the period has been interpreted as a Roman officer's savings buried for safekeeping before a battle. This hoard could, however, post-date the battle by as much as 20 years. Possibly the Romans followed the future route of [[Watling Street]] to the battle, although its role as a pre-Roman communications route is not certain.

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* Frere, S, ''Britannia'', Routledge, 1987
* Salway, P, ''Roman Britain'' OUP, 1986
* Todd, M, ''Roman Britain'', Fontana, 1985
{{refend}}

{{coord|51.440|0.742|display=title|region:GB_scale:20000}}

[[Category:43]]
[[Category:1st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Roman Empire|Medway 43]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Britons|Medway 43]]
[[Category:Military history of Roman Britain]]

[[br:Emgann ar Medway]]
[[ca:Batalla del Medway]]
[[es:Batalla del río Medway]]
[[fr:Bataille de Medway]]
[[it:Battaglia del Medway]]
[[fy:Slach by Medway]]
[[nl:Slag bij Medway]]
[[no:Slaget ved Medway]]
[[pl:Bitwa nad rzeką Medway]]
[[sh:Bitka na Medwayu]]

Battle of the Medway

2012-10-10T16:24:43Z

Queenyzoe: remove uncorrect link to italian wiki

{{for|the battle of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]|Raid on the Medway}}
{{No footnotes|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|image=
|caption=
|conflict=Battle of the Medway
|partof=the [[Roman conquest of Britain]]
|date={{start-date|0043|[[43]]}}
|place=Kent
|result=Roman victory
|combatant1=[[Roman Empire]]
|combatant2=[[Celtic tribes in the British Isles|British tribes]]
|commander1=[[Aulus Plautius]]
|commander2=[[Togodumnus]],<br/> [[Caratacus]]
|strength1= 24,000
|strength2= 17,000
|casualties1= 850
|casualties2= 5,000
|campaignbox= {{Campaignbox Roman conquest of Britain}}
}}

The '''Battle of the Medway''' took place in 43 AD on the [[River Medway]] in the lands of the [[Iron Age]] tribe of the [[Cantiaci]], now the [[England|English]] county of [[Kent]]. It was an early battle in the [[Roman conquest of Britain|Claudian invasion of Britain]], led by [[Aulus Plautius]].

== Build-up ==

On the news of the Roman landing, the British tribes united under the command of [[Togodumnus]] and his brother [[Caratacus]] of the [[Catuvellauni]] tribe to fight them. After losing two initial skirmishes in eastern Kent, the natives gathered on the banks of a river further west to face the invaders.

At the same time, the Romans received the surrender of the [[Dobunni]] tribe in western Britain. The Dobunni were subjects of the Catuvellauni and this diplomatic gain was likely a blow to native morale and manpower.

== Chronology ==

There was no bridge over the river, so a detachment of specially-trained Roman auxiliaries (described by the only historical source for the battle [[Cassius Dio]] as "[[Celt]]ic") swam across the river and attacked the natives' [[chariot]] horses. In the chaos that followed, the bulk of the invasion force spearheaded by [[Legio II Augusta]] under [[Vespasian]] crossed the river, under the overall command of [[Titus Flavius Sabinus II]]. The natives were taken by surprise at how fully armed legionaries were able to cross the river, and Peter Salway stated even Dio seems taken aback. The Romans were unable to press home victory immediately, and the first day of fighting ended without a result. During the second day, a daring attack led by [[Gnaeus Hosidius Geta]] almost led to the Roman officer being captured. His troops retaliated however and put the Britons to flight. Geta was awarded a triumph for securing victory, a rare honor for someone who had not been [[consul]]. Given the primary roles taken by Geta and Sabinus on different days, it has been suggested by the historian [[Malcolm Todd]] that the Romans were operating as two, or possibly three, [[battle group]]s.

Such a long battle was unusual in [[ancient warfare]], and it was likely the Romans defeated a significant native force. The Britons fell back to the [[River Thames|Thames]] where they were afforded a greater strategic advantage.

== Location ==

Dio does not name the battle's location or the river, but its site is claimed to be on the Medway. The Romans would have used existing trackways as they moved west from [[Richborough]], and the most well-travelled prehistoric trackway would have been the route of the later [[Pilgrims' Way]], which forded the Medway at [[Aylesford]]. Other theories, however, note that the river is narrow enough at Aylesford not to pose significant difficulties in crossing, and place the battle closer to [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], where a large Iron Age settlement stood at the time. Further evidence of a more northern location is at [[Bredgar]], where a find of a [[hoard]] of Roman coins from the period has been interpreted as a Roman officer's savings buried for safekeeping before a battle. This hoard could, however, post-date the battle by as much as 20 years. Possibly the Romans followed the future route of [[Watling Street]] to the battle, although its role as a pre-Roman communications route is not certain.

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* Frere, S, ''Britannia'', Routledge, 1987
* Salway, P, ''Roman Britain'' OUP, 1986
* Todd, M, ''Roman Britain'', Fontana, 1985
{{refend}}

{{coord|51.440|0.742|display=title|region:GB_scale:20000}}

[[Category:43]]
[[Category:1st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Roman Empire|Medway 43]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Britons|Medway 43]]
[[Category:Military history of Roman Britain]]

[[br:Emgann ar Medway]]
[[ca:Batalla del Medway]]
[[es:Batalla del río Medway]]
[[fr:Bataille de Medway]]
[[fy:Slach by Medway]]
[[nl:Slag bij Medway]]
[[no:Slaget ved Medway]]
[[pl:Bitwa nad rzeką Medway]]
[[sh:Bitka na Medwayu]]

Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester

2012-07-28T10:52:12Z

Queenyzoe:

'''Robert de Beaumont, 1st [[Earl of Leicester]], [[Count of Meulan]]''' (between 1040 and 1050 – 5 June 1118) was a powerful English and French nobleman, revered as one of the wisest men of his age. Chroniclers speak highly of his eloquence, his learning, and three kings of England valued his counsel.

He accompanied [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] to England in 1066, where his service earned him more than 91 lordships and manors. When his mother died in 1081, Robert inherited the title of [[Count of Meulan]] in [[Normandy]], also the title of Viscount Ivry and Lord of Norton. He paid [[homage]] to [[Philip I of France]] for these estates and sat as French Peer in the Parliament held at [[Poissy]].

At the [[Battle of Hastings]] Robert was appointed leader of the infantry on the right wing of the army.

He and his brother Henry were members of the Royal hunting party in the [[New Forest]], when [[William II of England|William Rufus]] received his mysterious death wound, 2 August 1100. He then pledged allegiance to William Rufus' brother, [[Henry I of England]], who created him Earl of Leicester in 1107.

On the death of William Rufus, William, Count of Évreux and [[Ralph de Toeni|Ralph de Conches]] made an incursion into Robert's [[Normans|Norman]] estates, on the pretence that they had suffered injury through some advice that Robert had given to the King; their raid was very successful for they collected a vast booty.

According to [[Henry of Huntingdon]], Robert died of shame after "''a certain earl carried off the lady he had espoused, either by some intrigue or by force and stratagem''." His wife Isabella remarried in 1118 to [[William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey]].

==Family and children==

He was the eldest son of [[Roger de Beaumont]] and [[Adeline of Meulan]], daughter of [[Waleran III, Count de Meulan]], and an older brother of [[Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick]].

In 1096 he married (Isabel) [[Elizabeth de Vermandois (d. 1131)|Elizabeth de Vermandois]], daughter of [[Hugh of Vermandois|Hugh Magnus]] (b. 1053, d. 18 Oct 1101) a younger son of the French king and [[Adelaide de Cleremont]] (b. 1050, d. 23 Sep 1120). Their children were:
# Emma de Beaumont (born 1102)
#[[Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester|Waleran IV de Beaumont, Count of Meulan]] (born 1104)
#[[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester]] (born 1104)
#[[Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford]] (born c. 1106)
# Adeline de Beaumont, married two times:
## [[Hugh IV of Montfort-sur-Risle]];
## [[Richard de Granville of Bideford]] (d. 1147)
# Aubree de Beaumont, married Hugh II of [[Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais|Château-neuf-Thimerais]].
# Maud de Beaumont, married William Lovel. (b. c. 1102)
# Isabel de Beaumont, a mistress of King [[Henry I of England]]. Married two times:
## [[Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke]];
## Hervé de Montmorency, Constable of Ireland

==Sources==
{{Portal|Normandy}}
*Edward T. Beaumont, J.P. ''The Beaumonts in History. A.D. 850-1850''. Oxford.

==External links==
*[http://patp.us/genealogy/conq/beaumont.aspx The Conqueror and His Companions: Robert de Beaumont]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before=New Creation | title=[[Earl of Leicester]] | years=1107–1118 | after=[[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Hugh of Meulan, Count of Meulan]] | title=[[Count of Meulan]] | years=1081–1118 | after=[[Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester|Waleran IV de Beaumont, Count of Meulan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beaumont, Robert de 1st Earl of Leicester}}
[[Category:1049 births|Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of]]
[[Category:1118 deaths|Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of]]
[[Category:Anglo-Normans|Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of]]
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of England|Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of]]
[[Category:Counts of Meulan]]
[[Category:Normans|Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of]]
[[Category:Beaumont family|Robert]]

[[de:Robert I. (Meulan)]]
[[fr:Robert Ier de Meulan]]
[[it:Roberto di Beaumont, II conte di Leicester]]
[[nl:Robert I van Meulan]]
[[no:Robert de Beaumont, 1. jarl av Leicester]]
[[ru:Роберт де Бомон, 1-й граф Лестер]]
[[uk:Роберт де Бомон, 1-й граф Лестер]]

Dervorguilla of Galloway

2011-12-25T19:46:18Z

Queenyzoe: add language

[[Image:Dervorguilla.jpg|thumb|250px|19th century portrait of Dervorguilla.]]
[[Image:sweetheart-e.jpg|right|thumb|Sweetheart Abbey, nr Dumfries]]
[[File:Dervorguilla sculpture in the River Nith, Dumfries.jpg|right|thumb|Sculpture in the River Nith]]
'''Dervorguilla of Galloway''' (c. 1210 – January 28, 1290) was a 'lady of substance' in 13th century [[Scotland]], the wife from 1223 of [[John I de Balliol|John, 5th Baron de Balliol]], and mother of [[John I of Scotland|John I]], a future king of Scotland.

The name '''Dervorguilla''' or '''Devorgilla''' was a Latinization of the Gaelic '''Dearbhfhorghaill''' (alternative spellings, '''Derborgaill''' or '''Dearbhorghil''').

==Family==
Dervorguilla was one of the three daughters and heiresses of the Gaelic prince [[Alan, Lord of Galloway]]. She was born to Alan's second wife [[Margaret of Huntingdon, Lady of Galloway|Margaret of Huntingdon]], who was the eldest daughter of [[David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon]] and [[Matilda of Chester|Matilda (or Maud) of Chester]]. David in turn was the youngest brother to two [[Kings of Scotland]], [[Malcolm IV]] and [[William the Lion]]. Thus, through her mother, Dervorguilla was descended from the Kings of Scotland, including [[David I of Scotland|David I]].

Dervorguilla's father died in 1234 without a legitimate son (he had an illegitimate son [[Thomas of Galloway (bastard)|Thomas]]). According to both [[Anglo-Norman]] feudal laws and to ancient [[Gaels|Gaelic]] customs, Dervorguilla was one of his heiresses, her two sisters Helen and Christina being older and therefore senior. This might be considered an unusual practice in England, but it was more common in Scotland and in Western [[feudal]] tradition. Because of this, Dervorguilla bequeathed lands in [[Galloway]] to her descendants, the [[Baliol]] and the [[Comyn]]s. Dervorguilla's son [[John of Scotland]] was briefly a [[King of Scots]] too, known as ''Toom Tabard'' ([[Scots language|Scots]]: 'puppet king' literally "empty coat").

==Life==
The Balliol family into which Devorguilla married was based at [[Barnard Castle]] in [[County Durham]], [[England]]. Although the date of her birth is uncertain, her apparent age of 13 was by no means unusually early for betrothal and marriage at the time.

In 1263, her husband [[John I de Balliol|Sir John]] was required to make penance after a land dispute with [[Walter Kirkham]], [[Bishop of Durham]]. Part of this took the very expensive form of founding a [[College]] for the poor at the [[University of Oxford]]. Sir John's own finances were less substantial than those of his wife, however, and long after his death it fell to Devorguilla to confirm the foundation, with the blessing of the same Bishop as well as the University hierarchy. She established a permanent [[Financial endowment|endowment]] for the College in 1282, as well as its first formal Statutes. The college still retains the name [[Balliol College]], and the history students' society is called the Devorguilla society. While a Requiem Mass in Latin was sung at Balliol for the 700th anniversary of her death, it is believed that this was sung as a one-off, rather than having been marked in previous centuries.

Devorguilla founded a [[Cistercian]] [[Abbey]] 7 miles south of [[Dumfries]] in South West [[Scotland]], in April 1273. It still stands as a picturesque ruin of red [[sandstone]].

When Sir John died in 1269, his widow, Dervorguilla, had his heart embalmed and kept in a casket of ivory bound with silver. The casket travelled with her for the rest of her life. In 1274–5 John de Folkesworth arraigned an assize of novel disseisin against Devorguilla and others touching a tenement in Stibbington, Northamptonshire. In 1275–6 Robert de Ferrers arraigned an assize of mort dancestor against her touching a messuage in Repton, Derbyshire. In 1280 Sir John de Balliol's executors, including his widow, Devorguilla, sued Alan Fitz Count regarding a debt of £100 claimed by the executors from Alan. In 1280 she was granted letters of attorney to Thomas de Hunsingore and another in England, she staying in Galloway. The same year Devorguilla, Margaret de Ferrers, Countess of Derby, Ellen, widow of Alan la Zouche, and Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, and Elizabeth his wife sued Roger de Clifford and Isabel his wife and Roger de Leybourne and Idoine his wife regarding the manors of Wyntone, King’s Meaburn, Appleby, and Brough-under-Stainmore, and a moiety of the manor of Kyrkby-Stephan, all in Westmorland. The same year Devorguilla sued John de Veer for a debt of £24. In 1280–1 Laurence Duket arraigned an assize of novel disseisin again Devorguilla and others touching a hedge destroyed in Cotingham, Middlesex. In 1288 she reached agreement with John, Abbot of Ramsey, regarding a fishery in Ellington.

In her last years, the main line of the royal House of Scotland was threatened by a lack of male heirs, and Devorguilla, who died just before the young heiress [[Margaret of Scotland (Maid of Norway)|Margaret, the Maid of Norway]], might, if she had outlived her, have been one of the claimants to her throne. Devorguilla was buried beside her husband at New Abbey, which was christened '[[Sweetheart Abbey]]', the name which it retains to this day. The depredations suffered by the Abbey in subsequent periods have caused both graves to be lost.

==Successors==
Dervorguilla and John de Balliol had issue:

*Sir Hugh de Balliol, who died without issue before April 10, 1271.<ref name="page31e">[http://www.burkes-peerage.net/articles/scotland/page31e.aspx SCOTTISH ROYAL LINEAGE - THE HOUSE OF ATHOLL Part 2 of 6] [[Burkes Peerage]]. Retrieved on 2007-11-01</ref>
*Alan de Balliol, who died without issue.<ref name="page31e"/>
*Sir Alexander de Balliol, who died without issue before November 13, 1278.<ref name="page31e"/><ref> Burke, Sir Bernard, CB., LL.D., [[Ulster King of Arms]], ''The Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire'', London, 1883, p.21.</ref>
*King [[John of Scotland]], successful competitor for the [[List of monarchs of Scotland|Crown]] in 1292.<ref name="page31e"/>
*Cecily de Balliol, who married John de Burgh, Knt., of Walkern, Hertfordshire.<ref name="page31e"/>
*Ada de Balliol, who married in 1266, William de Lindsay, of [[Lamberton, Berwickshire|Lamberton]].<ref name="page31e"/><ref> Burke, Sir Bernard (1883), p.21.</ref>
*Margaret (died unmarried)
*Eleanor de Balliol, who married [[John II Comyn, Lord of Badenoch]].<ref name="page31e"/><ref> Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt., ''Scottish Kings, a Revised Chronology of Scottish History, 1005 - 1625'', Edinburgh, 1899, p.43.</ref>
*Maud, who married Sir [[Bryan FitzAlan, Lord FitzAlan]], of [[Bedale]], Knt., (d. June 1, 1306),<ref> Norcliffe, Charles Best, of Langton, MA., editor, ''The Visitation of Yorkshire made in 1563-64'', by William Flower, Esq., [[Norroy King of Arms]], London, 1881, p.295, where it is stated that Sir Gilbert Stapleton's wife's mother was daughter of John Baliol and Devorguil of Galloway.</ref><ref> ''Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford, 1904, for her husband's entry and where she is named Matilda.</ref><ref> Richardson, Douglas, ''Plantagenet Ancestry'', Baltimore, Md., 2004, p.554, where she is named as "his second wife, Maud".</ref> who succeeded the [[Earl of Surrey]] as Guardian and Keeper of Scotland for [[Edward I of England]].

Owing to the deaths of her elder two sons, both of whom were childless, Dervorguilla's third and youngest surviving son [[John of Scotland]] asserted a [[Competitors for the crown of Scotland|claim to the crown]] in 1290 when queen Margaret died. He won in arbitration against the rival [[Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale]] in 1292, and subsequently was king of Scotland for four years (1292-96).

==Ancestry==
{{Ahnentafel top|collapsed=yes|width=100%}}
{{Ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Dervorguilla of Galloway '''
|2= 2. [[Alan of Galloway]]
|3= 3. [[Margaret of Huntingdon, Lady of Galloway|Margaret of Huntingdon]]

|4= 4. [[Lochlann of Galloway]]
|5= 5. Helena de Morville
|6= 6. [[David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon]]
|7= 7. [[Maud of Chester, Countess of Huntingdon|Maud of Chester]]

|8= 8. [[Uhtred of Galloway]]
|9= 9. Gunhilda of Dunbar
|10= 10. [[Richard de Morville]]
|11= 11. Avicia de Lancaster
|12= 12. [[Henry, Earl of Northumbria]]
|13= 13. [[Ada de Warenne]]
|14= 14. [[Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester]]
|15= 15. [[Bertrade de Montfort]]

|16= 16. [[Fergus of Galloway]]
|17=
|18= 18. [[Waltheof, Earl of Dunbar]]
|19= 19. Sigrid
|20= 20. [[Hugh de Morville, Lord of Cunningham and Lauderdale]]
|21= 21. Beatrice de Beauchamp
|22= 22. [[William de Lancaster, Baron of Kendal]]
|23= 23. Gundreda de Warenne
|24= 24. [[David I of Scotland]]
|25= 25. [[Maud, Countess of Huntingdon]]
|26= 26. [[William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey]]
|27= 27. [[Elizabeth of Vermandois, Countess of Leicester|Elizabeth of Vermandois]]
|28= 28. [[Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester]]
|29= 29. [[Maud of Gloucester, Countess of Chester|Maud of Gloucester]]
|30= 30. [[Simon III de Montfort]]
|31= 31. Mahaut
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

==See also==
*[[Lambroughton]] - Devorgilla and her Scottish connections

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* This article originated with the 'Sweetheart Abbey' guidebook, by J S Richardson HRSA, LLD, FSA Scot., published by the [[Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Works]] in 1951.
* Anderson, Rev. John, editor, ''Callendar of the Laing Charters A.D. 854 - 1837'', Edinburgh, 1899, page 13, number 46, contains the Foundation Charter for Sweetheart Abbey by Devorguilla, daughter of the late [[Alan of Galloway]], dated 10 April and confirmed by King David II on May 15, 1359 which gives relationships for this family.
* Oram, Richard D., ''Devorgilla, The Balliols and Buittle'' in 'Transactions of the Dumfrieshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society', 1999, LXXIII. pp. 165–181.
* Huyshe, Wentworth, ''Dervorguilla, Lady of Galloway'', 1913, has been condemned as "romantic twaddle and error" by the historians of [[Balliol College]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

==External links==
*[http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk Balliol College] named its 1989-90 fundraising campaign the Dervorguilla Campaign.
* Information about the [http://archives.balliol.ox.ac.uk/History/founders.asp founders of Balliol College], Oxford, by the Fellow Archivist.
*[http://www.dervorguilla.co.uk Dervorguilla Records] was a record company founded by Balliol graduates, which from 1992-96 made recordings of Early Music, much of it dug out of the darker corners of the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=3381 Find A Grave]
*[http://earthfriendarts.tripod.com/Baliol.htm History of the Baliol Family in Scotland]
*[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTTISH%20NOBILITY.htm#DevorguillaGallowaydied1290 FMG on Devorguilla of Galloway]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dervorguilla Of Galloway}}
[[Category:1210s births]]
[[Category:1290 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Galloway]]
[[Category:House of Balliol]]
[[Category:Medieval Gaels]]
[[Category:Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Dumfries and Galloway]]
[[Category:Women of medieval Scotland]]
[[Category:13th-century Scottish people]]

[[fr:Derborgail de Galloway]]
[[ru:Дерворгила Голуэйская]]
[[it: Dervorguilla di Galloway]]

Break of Dromore

2011-12-17T17:09:10Z

Queenyzoe:

{{Coord|54.417|-6.149|display=title|region:GB_scale:20000}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Break of Dromore
|partof=the [[Williamite War in Ireland]]
|date=14 March 1689
|place=near [[Dromore, County Down|Dromore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]
|result=[[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] victory
|combatant1=[[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] Forces - Irish Catholic troops
|combatant2=[[Williamite]] Forces - irregular Ulster Protestant troops
|commander1=[[Richard Hamilton (officer)|Richard Hamilton]]
|commander2=Lord Mount Alexander
|strength1=c 2000
|strength2=3000
|casualties1=~low
|casualties2=~400 killed, the rest scattered
}}
{{Campaignbox Williamite war in Ireland}}The '''Break of Dromore''' is a name given to a battle fought during the [[Williamite War in Ireland]] on March 14, 1689. The battle was fought between Catholic [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] troops under [[Richard Hamilton (officer)|Richard Hamilton]] and Protestant [[Williamite]]s.

The engagement, fought near [[Dromore, County Down|Dromore]], [[County Down]] resulted in the rout of the Williamites and the Jacobite's securing of eastern [[Ulster]]. It is known as a "Break", because the Williamites put up little resistance, being put to flight after only a short fight.

==Background==

While much of the Protestant population of east Ulster supported the claim of [[William III of England|William III]] to thrones of Ireland, England and Scotland, the rest of Ireland, including the [[Lord Deputy of Ireland]], [[Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell]] and the army, supported [[James II of England|James II]]. As a result, war broke out in Ireland after James was deposed in the [[Glorious Revolution]]. At the start of the conflict, the Jacobites were left in control of two fortified positions at [[Carrickfergus]] and [[Charlemont]] in territory which was predominantly Williamite in sympathy. The local Williamites raised a militia and met in a council at [[Hillsborough, County Down|Hillsborough]]. They made an ineffective assault on Carrickfergus. However, this was easily beaten off and a local Catholic cleric named O'Hegarty reported that the Williamite were badly armed and trained.

Richard Hamilton, the Jacobite commander, was dispatched from [[Drogheda]] on March 8 with 2,000 men, in order to pacify the north east of Ireland. Hamilton sent a [[Presbyterian]] clergyman, Alexander Osbourne to offer the Hillsborough council a pardon in return for their surrender. However the council, reportedly with Osbourne's encouragement, refused. Hamilton therefore marched north to subdue the Williamites by force.

==The 'Break'==

On March 14, he crossed the [[river Bann]] and attacked a 3,000 strong Williamite force under Lord Mount Alexander at Dromore. Alexander's cavalry fell back in disorder following a charge by the Jacobite [[dragoon]]s. Seeing this, Hamilton ordered a general advance of his infantry and the Williamite foot fled towards Dromore itself. They were overtaken in the village by the Jacobite cavalry and slaughtered, roughly 400 being killed and the rest fleeing for their lives.

In the aftermath of the engagement, Alexander rode to [[Donaghadee]] and from there took ship to England. Hamilton's men looted and sacked Dromore. The following day, he took Hillsborough and Williamite council dissolved. Thousands of Protestants, fearing Jacobite and Catholic retribution, fled either to [[Coleraine]] in the west of Ulster, or to the ports and from there to England or Scotland.

==Sources==
*Kevin Haddick Flynn, Sarsfield and the Jacobites{{Clarify|date=February 2010}}
*Padraig Lenihan, 1690, Battle of the Boyne{{Clarify|date=February 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dromore 1689}}
[[Category:Battles of the Williamite War in Ireland]]
[[Category:1689 in Ireland]]
[[Category:Military history of County Down]]

{{mil-hist-stub}}
[[ga:Briseadh an Droma Mhóir]]
[[pl:Bitwa pod Dromore]]

Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath

2011-06-03T13:44:22Z

Queenyzoe: correct birth date

'''Walter de Lacy''' (c. 1172 – 1241) was Lord of [[Meath (province)|Meath]] in Ireland and [[Ludlow]] in [[Shropshire]] in the [[Welsh Marches]].

== Lineage ==

With his father [[Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath]] he built [[Trim Castle]] (''Caisleán Bhaile Atha Troim'' in [[Irish language|Irish]]), [[Trim, County Meath]].

In 1211 he erected the castle on [[Belturbet|Turbet Island]] in the abortive [[Anglo-Norman]] attempt to gain control of West Ulster.

==Family==
* Son of [[Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath]]
* Brother of [[Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster]]
* Husband of [[Margaret de Braose]], daughter of [[William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber|William de Braose]] and [[Maud de Braose|Maud de St. Valery]].
* His son Gilbert de Lacy of Ewyas Harold, Herefordshire was taken hostage for his father in August 1215, and died before 25 December 1230. Gilbert married [[Isabel Bigod]], daughter of Sir [[Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk]] (Magna Charta Surety) & Maud Marshal. They had 1 son and 2 daughters:
# Walter de Lacy married Rohese Le Boteler but had no issue. Walter died between 1238 and 1241.
# Margery (Margaret) de Lacy married Sir John de Verdun, Lord of Westmeath, son of Theobald le Boteler and Rohese de Verdun.
# [[Maud de Lacy, Baroness Geneville|Maud de Lacy]] married Sir Geoffrey de Geneville, Lord Geneville, Justiciar of Ireland, son of Simon de Joinville, Seneschal of Champagne, & Beatrix of Burgundy.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wHZcIRMhSEMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Magna+Carta+ancestry:+a+study+in+colonial+and+medieval+families&hl=en&ei=q2gmTfnvBYTIvQOpovHfBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Richardson, D. & Everingham, K.G., ''Magna Carta ancestry: a study in colonial and medieval families'']</ref>
* His daughter Petronilla de Lacy married Sir Ralph VI de Toeni, Lord of Flamstead, son of Sir Roger IV de Toeni, Lord of Flamstead & Constance de Beaumont.
* His daughter [[Egidia de Lacy]] (also called Gille) married [[Richard Mor de Burgh]] Lord of [[Connacht|Connaught]] and Strathearn. Together
they had many notable descendants, including [[Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Ulster|Elizabeth de Burgh]], [[Catherine Parr]]<ref>Tudor Place, Entry: Mary Talbot</ref>, [[Margaret de Clare, Lady Badlesmere|Margaret de Clare]], the [[Earls of Ormond]], King [[Edward IV of England]], King [[Richard III of England]], and many other Kings and Queens of Scotland and England including Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of England. They are also the ancestors of both [[Anne Boleyn]] and King [[Henry VIII of England]], the parents of [[Elizabeth I]]. Through the Royal family of England, and especially through Queen [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] they became the ancestors of Royal houses all over Europe.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Source==
* Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 70-29, 75A-30, 98-28, 177A-7

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Lacy, Walter de
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1180
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1240
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lacy, Walter de (1172-1241)}}
[[Category:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland]]
[[Category:Anglo-Normans]]
[[Category:1180 births]]
[[Category:1240 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglo-Normans in Ireland]]
[[Category:12th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:13th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:People from County Meath]]

[[es:Walter de Lacy]]

Thomas I of Saluzzo

2011-06-01T15:32:47Z

Queenyzoe:

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox royalty|monarch
| name =Tomasso I
| title =Marchese di Saluzzo
| image =Saluzzo-Stemma.gif
| caption =Arms of Saluzzo
| reign = 1244–1296
| coronation =
| birth name =
| predecessor =[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfredo III]]
| successor =[[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfredo IV]]
| spouse= Luigia di Ceva
| issue = [[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfredo IV]] <br /> [[Alice of Saluzzo|Alesia di Saluzzo]]
| house = [[Aleramici]]
| royal anthem =
| father =[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfredo III]]
| mother = [[Amadeo IV of Savoy|Beatrice of Savoy]]
| birth_date =1239
| birth_place =
| death_date =1296
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}

==Life and Reign==
'''Thomas I''' (1239-1296) was the fourth [[marquess of Saluzzo]] from 1244 to his death. He succeeded his father [[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfred III]]. Under the reign of Thomas, Saluzzo blossomed, achieving a greatness which had eluded his ancestors. He crafted a state the borders of which remained unchanged for over two centuries. He extended the march to include [[Carmagnola]]. He was often at odds with [[Asti]] and he was a prime enemy of the [[Charles I of Naples|Charles of Anjou]] and his Italian pretentions. During his tenure, he made Saluzzo a free city, giving it a'' [[podestà]] ''to govern in his name. He defended his castles and ''roccaforti'' (strongholds) vigorously and built many new ones in the cities.

He married Luisa of Ceva.

He was succeeded by his son [[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfred]]. Thomas also had a daughter, [[Alice of Saluzzo]], who married [[Richard Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel]].

<BR>
{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfred III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Marquess of Saluzzo]]|years=1244–1296}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfred IV]]}}
{{End}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thomas 01 Of Saluzzo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1239
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1296
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas 01 Of Saluzzo}}
[[Category:1296 deaths]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Saluzzo|Thomas 1]]

[[de:Thomas I. (Saluzzo)]]
[[es:Tomás I de Saluzzo]]
[[it:Tommaso I di Saluzzo]]
[[nl:Thomas I van Saluzzo]]

Thomas I of Saluzzo

2011-06-01T15:32:06Z

Queenyzoe:

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox royalty|monarch
| name =Tomasso I
| title =Marchese di Saluzzo
| image =Saluzzo-Stemma.gif
| caption =Arms of Saluzzo
| reign = 1244–1296
| coronation =
| birth name =
| predecessor =[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfredo III]]
| successor =[[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfredo IV]]
| spouse= Luigia di Ceva
| issue = [[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfredo IV]] <br /> [[Alice of Saluzzo|Alesia di Saluzzo]]
| house = [[Aleramici]]
| royal anthem =
| father =[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfredo III]]
| mother = [[Amadeo IV of Savoy|Beatrice of Savoy]]
| birth_date =1239
| birth_place =
| death_date =1296
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}

==Life and Reign==
'''Thomas I''' (died 1296) was the fourth [[marquess of Saluzzo]] from 1244 to his death. He succeeded his father [[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfred III]]. Under the reign of Thomas, Saluzzo blossomed, achieving a greatness which had eluded his ancestors. He crafted a state the borders of which remained unchanged for over two centuries. He extended the march to include [[Carmagnola]]. He was often at odds with [[Asti]] and he was a prime enemy of the [[Charles I of Naples|Charles of Anjou]] and his Italian pretentions. During his tenure, he made Saluzzo a free city, giving it a'' [[podestà]] ''to govern in his name. He defended his castles and ''roccaforti'' (strongholds) vigorously and built many new ones in the cities.

He married Luisa of Ceva.

He was succeeded by his son [[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfred]]. Thomas also had a daughter, [[Alice of Saluzzo]], who married [[Richard Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel]].

<BR>
{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfred III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Marquess of Saluzzo]]|years=1244–1296}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfred IV]]}}
{{End}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thomas 01 Of Saluzzo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1239
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1296
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas 01 Of Saluzzo}}
[[Category:1296 deaths]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Saluzzo|Thomas 1]]

[[de:Thomas I. (Saluzzo)]]
[[es:Tomás I de Saluzzo]]
[[it:Tommaso I di Saluzzo]]
[[nl:Thomas I van Saluzzo]]

Thomas I of Saluzzo

2011-06-01T15:31:37Z

Queenyzoe: add birth date

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox royalty|monarch
| name =Tomasso I
| title =Marchese di Saluzzo
| image =Saluzzo-Stemma.gif
| caption =Arms of Saluzzo
| reign = 1244–1296
| coronation =
| birth name =
| predecessor =[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfredo III]]
| successor =[[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfredo IV]]
| spouse= Luigia di Ceva
| issue = [[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfredo IV]] <br /> [[Alice of Saluzzo|Alesia di Saluzzo]]
| house = [[Aleramici]]
| royal anthem =
| father =[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfredo III]]
| mother = [[Amadeo IV of Savoy|Beatrice of Savoy]]
| birth_date =1239
| birth_place =
| death_date =1296
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}

==Life and Reign==
'''Thomas I''' (died 1296) was the fourth [[marquess of Saluzzo]] from 1244 to his death. He succeeded his father [[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfred III]]. Under the reign of Thomas, Saluzzo blossomed, achieving a greatness which had eluded his ancestors. He crafted a state the borders of which remained unchanged for over two centuries. He extended the march to include [[Carmagnola]]. He was often at odds with [[Asti]] and he was a prime enemy of the [[Charles I of Naples|Charles of Anjou]] and his Italian pretentions. During his tenure, he made Saluzzo a free city, giving it a'' [[podestà]] ''to govern in his name. He defended his castles and ''roccaforti'' (strongholds) vigorously and built many new ones in the cities.

He married Luisa of Ceva.

He was succeeded by his son [[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfred]]. Thomas also had a daughter, [[Alice of Saluzzo]], who married [[Richard Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel]].

<BR>
{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Manfred III of Saluzzo|Manfred III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Marquess of Saluzzo]]|years=1244–1296}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Manfred IV of Saluzzo|Manfred IV]]}}
{{End}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thomas 01 Of Saluzzo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1296
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas 01 Of Saluzzo}}
[[Category:1296 deaths]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Saluzzo|Thomas 1]]

[[de:Thomas I. (Saluzzo)]]
[[es:Tomás I de Saluzzo]]
[[it:Tommaso I di Saluzzo]]
[[nl:Thomas I van Saluzzo]]

Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester

2011-04-26T11:27:02Z

Queenyzoe:

{{Infobox_succession_combo |
subject_name = The Earl of Gloucester|
image_name = CoA Gilbert de Clare.svg|
image_caption = Clare coat of arms|
date_of_birth = 4 August 1222 |
place_of_birth = |
date_of_death = {{death date|1262|7|14|df=y}} |
place_of_death = [[Waltham, Kent|Waltham]], [[Canterbury]], [[England]]|
office = 5th [[Earl of Hertford]], 6th [[Earl of Gloucester]]|
years = 1230–1262||
preceded = [[Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford|Gilbert de Clare]] |
succeeded = [[Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford|Gilbert de Clare]]|
}}

'''Richard de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, 6th Earl of Gloucester''' (4 August 1222 – 14 July 1262) was son of [[Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford]] and [[Isabel Marshal]].<ref>History of Tewkesbury by James Bennett 77</ref> On his father's death, when he became Earl of Gloucester (October 1230), he was entrusted first to the guardianship of Hubert de Burgh. On Hubert's fall, his guardianship was given to Peter des Roches (c. October 1232) ; and in 1235 to Gilbert, earl Marshall.<ref>Tewkesbury Annals</ref>
==Marriage==

Richard's first marriage to Margaret or Megotta, as she was also called, ended with an annulment or with her death in November 1237. They were both approximately fourteen or fifteen. The marriage of Hubert de Burgh's daughter Margaret to Richard of Clare, the young Earl of Gloucester, brought de Burgh into some trouble in 1236, for the earl was as yet a minor and in the king's wardship, and the marriage had been celebrated without the royal license. Hubert, however, protested that the match was not of his making, and promised to pay the king some money, so the matter passed by for the time.<ref>Dictionary of National Biography, Vol 7; ''Tewkesbury Annals p. 102'' ; ''Worcest Ann. p. 428 ; Matt.'' ''Paris, vi. 63, 64; Land of Morgan, p. 126</ref>. Even before Margaret died, the Earl of Lincoln offered 5,000 marks to King Henry to secure Richard for his own daughter. This offer was accepted, and Richard was married secondly, on 2 Feb. 1238 to [[Maud de Lacy]], daughter of [[John de Lacy, 1st Earl of Lincoln]] <ref>Dictionary of National Biography, Vol 7; ''Tewkesbury Annals p. 106'' ; ''Pat. Rolls, 17 b''</ref>

==Military career==

A year after he came of age, he was in an expedition against the [[Wales|Welsh]]. Through his mother, he inherited a fifth part of the Marshal estates, including [[Kilkenny]] and other lordships in [[Ireland]]. {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

He joined in the Barons' letter to the [[Pope]] in 1246 against the exactions of the [[Roman Curia|Curia]] in England. He was among those in opposition to the King's half-brothers, who in 1247 visited [[England]], where they were very unpopular, but afterwards he was reconciled to them.<ref>Altschul, Michael. ''A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217-1314'', 1965
</ref>

On April 1248, he had letters of protection for going overseas on a [[pilgrimage]]. At Christmas 1248, he kept his Court with great splendour on the Welsh border. In the next year he went on a pilgrimage to [[Edmund Rich|St. Edmund]] at [[Pontigny]], returning in June. In 1252 he observed [[Easter]] at [[Tewkesbury]], and then went across the seas to restore the honor of his brother William, who had been badly worsted in a [[tournament (medieval)|tournament]] and had lost all his arms and horses. The Earl is said to have succeeded in recovering all, and to have returned home with great credit, and in September he was present at the ''[[Round Table (tournament)|Round Table]]'' tournament at Walden. {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

In August 1252/3 the King crossed over to [[Gascony]] with his army, and to his great indignation the Earl refused to accompany him and went to Ireland instead. In August 1255 he and John Maunsel were sent to [[Edinburgh]] by the King to find out the truth regarding reports which had reached the King that his son-in-law, [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander]], King of [[Scotland]], was being coerced by Robert de Roos and [[John, 5th Baron Balliol|John Baliol]]. If possible, they were to bring the young King and Queen to him. The Earl and his companion, pretending to be the two of Roos's knights, obtained entry to [[Edinburgh Castle]], and gradually introduced their attendants, so that they had a force sufficient for their defense. They gained access to the Scottish Queen, who made her complaints to them that she and her husband had been kept apart. They threatened Roos with dire punishments, so that he promised to go to the King.<ref>Dictionary of National Biography, Author: Stephen, Leslie, Sir, 1832-1904, Volume:VII, Vol X, *Tewkesbury Annals, i. 66, 77, 83</ref>

Meanwhile the Scottish magnates, indignant at their castle of Edinburgh's being in English hands, proposed to besiege it, but they desisted when they found they would be besieging their King and Queen. The King of Scotland apparently traveled South with the Earl, for on 24 September they were with [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]] at Newminster, [[Northumberland]]. In July 1258 he fell ill, being poisoned with his brother William, as it was supposed, by his steward, Walter de Scotenay. He recovered but his brother died.<ref>History of Tewkesbury by James Bennett 77</ref>

==Death and legacy==

Richard died at John de Griol's manor of Asbenfield in Waltham, near [[Canterbury]], 14 July 1262, it being rumored that he had been poisoned at the table of [[Peter II of Savoy|Piers of Savoy]]. On the following Monday he was carried to [[Canterbury]] where a mass for the dead was sung, after which his body was taken to the canon's church at Tonbridge and interred in the choir. Thence it was taken to [[Tewkesbury Abbey]] and buried 28 July 1262, with great solemnity in the presence of two bishops and eight abbots in the presbytery at his father's right hand. Richard's own arms were: Or, three chevronels gules.<ref>Tewkes,Ann. p. 102</ref>

==Family==
Richard had no children by his first wife, Margaret or Megotta de Burgh. By his second wife, [[Maud de Lacy]], daughter of the Surety [[de Lacy|John de Lacy]] and [[Margaret de Quincy]], he had:
:Isabel de Clare, b. ca. 1240, d. 1270, m. [[William VII of Montferrat]].
:[[Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford|Gilbert de Clare]], b. 2 September 1243, d. 7 December 1295, 6th [[Earl of Hertford]], 7th [[Earl of Gloucester]].
:[[Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond|Thomas de Clare]], b. ca. 1245, d. 1287, he seized control of [[Thomond]] in 1277; m. [[Juliana FitzGerald]]
:[[Bogo de Clare]], b. ca. 1248, d. 1294.
:Margaret de Clare, b. ca. 1250, d. 1312, m. [[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall]]
:Rohese de Clare, b. ca. 1252, m. [[Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray|Roger de Mowbray]]
:Eglentina, d. 1257 in infancy.

His widow Maud, who had the manor of Clare and the manor and castle of Usk and other lands for her dower, erected a splendid tomb for her late husband at Tewkesbury. She arranged for the marriages of her children. She died before 10 March 1288. {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Richard De Clare'''
|2= 2. [[Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford]]
|3= 3. [[Isabel Marshal]]
|4= 4. [[Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford]]
|5= 5. Amice FitzRobert, Countess of Gloucester
|6= 6. [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke]]
|7= 7. [[Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke]]
|8= 8. [[Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford]]
|9= 9. Maud de St. Hilary
|10= 10. [[William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester]]
|11= 11. Hawise de Beaumont
|12= 12. [[John Marshal (Earl Marshal)]]
|13= 13. Sybil of Salisbury
|14= 14. [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]]
|15= 15. [[Aoife of Leinster|Eva MacMurrough]]
|16= 16. [[Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare]]
|17= 17. Alice de Gernon
|18= 18. James de St Hilary
|19= 19. Aveline
|20= 20. [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]]
|21= 21. [[Mabel FitzHamon of Gloucester]]
|22= 22. [[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester]]
|23= 24. Amice de Montfort
|24= 24. Gilbert Marshal
|26= 26. Walter of Salisbury
|27= 27. Sibilla de Chaworth
|28= 28. [[Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke]]
|29= 29. Isabel de Beaumont
|30= 30. [[Dermot MacMurrough|Dermot MacMurrough, King Of Leinster]]
|31= 31. [[Mor O'Toole]]

}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

==See also==
*[[Holy Jesus Hospital]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{start box}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-bef| rows = 2 | before = [[Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford|Gilbert de Clare]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Earl of Hertford]]
| years = 1230–1262 }}
{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after = [[Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford|Gilbert de Clare]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Earl of Gloucester]]
| years = 1230–1262 }}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hertford, Richard De Clare, 5th Earl Of}}
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of England]]
[[Category:1222 births]]
[[Category:1262 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Canterbury (district)]]

[[de:Richard de Clare, 5. Earl of Hertford]]
[[pl:Richard de Clare, 6. hrabia Hertford]]

Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester

2011-04-19T18:01:16Z

Queenyzoe:

[[Image:Sahir de Quincy Coat of Arms.jpg|right|thumb]]

'''Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester''' (1155 – 3 November 1219) was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against King [[John of England]], and a major figure in both [[Scotland]] and [[England]] in the decades around the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Saer de Quincy's immediate background was in the Scottish kingdom: his father, [[Robert de Quincy]], was a knight in the service of king [[William I of Scotland|William the Lion]], and his mother Orabilis was the heiress of the lordship of [[Leuchars]] in [[Fife]] (see [[Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester#Family|below]]). His rise to prominence in England came through his marriage to Margaret, the younger sister of [[Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester]]: but it is probably no coincidence that her other brother was the de Quincys' powerful Fife neighbour, [[Roger de Beaumont (bishop)|Roger de Beaumont]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]]. In 1204, Earl Robert died, leaving Margaret as co-heiress of the vast earldom along with her elder sister. The estate was split in half, and after the final division was ratified in 1207, de Quincy was made [[Earl of Winchester]].

Following his marriage, de Quincy became a prominent military and diplomatic figure in England. There is no evidence of any close alliance with King [[John of England|John]], however, and his rise to importance was probably due to his newly-acquired magnate status and the family connections that underpinned it.

One man with whom he does seem to have developed a close personal relationship is his cousin, [[Robert Fitzwalter]]. They are first found together in 1203, as co-commanders of the garrison at the major fortress of [[Vaudreuil]] in [[Normandy]]; they were responsible for surrendering the castle without a fight to [[Philip II of France]], fatally weakening the English position in northern France, but although popular opinion seems to have blamed them for the capitulation, a royal writ is extant stating that the castle was surrendered at King John's command, and both Saer and Fitzwalter had to endure personal humiliation and heavy ransoms at the hands of the French.

In Scotland, he was perhaps more successful. In 1211-12, the Earl of Winchester commanded an imposing retinue of a hundred knights and a hundred serjeants in William the Lion's campaign against the [[Meic Uilleim|Mac William]] rebels, a force which some historians have suggested may have been the mercenary force from [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]] lent to the campaign by John.

In 1215, when the baronial rebellion broke out, Robert Fitzwalter became the military commander, and the Earl of Winchester joined him, acting as one of the chief negotiators with John; both cousins were among the 25 guarantors of the [[Magna Carta]]. De Quincy fought against John in the troubles that followed the signing of the Charter, and, again with Fitzwalter, travelled to France to invite [[Louis VIII of France|Prince Louis of France]] to take the English throne. He and Fitzwalter were subsequently among the most committed and prominent supporters of Louis' candidature for the kingship, against both John and the infant [[Henry III of England|Henry III]].

When military defeat cleared the way for Henry III to take the throne, de Quincy went on crusade, perhaps in fulfillment of an earlier vow, and in 1219 he left to join the [[Fifth Crusade]], then besieging [[Damietta]]. While in the east, he fell sick and died. He was buried in [[Acre,_Israel|Acre]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], rather than in Egypt, and his heart was brought back and interred at [[Garendon Abbey]] near [[Loughborough]], a house endowed by his wife's family.

==Family==
The family of de Quincy had arrived in England after the [[Norman Conquest]], and took their name from [[Cuinchy]] in the [[Arrondissement of Béthune]]; the personal name "Saer" was used by them over several generations. Both names are variously spelled in primary sources and older modern works, the first name being sometimes rendered ''Saher'' or ''Seer'', and the surname as ''Quency'' or ''Quenci''.

The first recorded Saer de Quincy (known to historians as "Saer I") was lord of the manor of [[Long Buckby]] in [[Northamptonshire]] in the earlier twelfth century, and second husband of [[Matilda of St Liz]], stepdaughter of King [[David I of Scotland]] by [[Maud,_2nd_Countess_of_Huntingdon|Maud of Northumbria]]. This marriage produced two sons, Saer II and [[Robert de Quincy]]. It was Robert, the younger son, who was the father of the Saer de Quincy who eventually became Earl of Winchester. By her first husband [[Robert Fitz Richard]], Matilda was also the paternal grandmother of Earl Saer's close ally, Robert Fitzwalter.

Robert de Quincy seems to have inherited no English lands from his father, and pursued a knightly career in Scotland, where he is recorded from around 1160 as a close companion of his cousin, King [[William the Lion]]. By 1170 he had married [[Orabilis of Leuchars|Orabilis]], heiress of the Scottish lordship of [[Leuchars]] and, through her, he became lord of an extensive complex of estates north of the border which included lands in [[Fife]], [[Strathearn]] and [[Lothian]].

Saer de Quincy, the son of Robert de Quincy and Orabilis of Leuchars, was raised largely in Scotland. His absence from English records for the first decades of his life has led some modern historians and genealogists to confuse him with his uncle, Saer II, who took part in the rebellion of [[Henry the Young King]] in 1173, when the future Earl of Winchester can have been no more than a toddler. Saer II's line ended without direct heirs, and his nephew and namesake would eventually inherit his estate, uniting his primary Scottish holdings with the family's Northamptonshire patrimony, and possibly some lands in France.

By his wife Margaret de Beaumont, Saer de Quincy had three sons and three daughters:
*Lorette who married Sir William de Valognes
*Arabella who married Sir Richard Harcourt
*Robert (d. 1217), before 1206 he married [[Hawise of Chester, Countess of Lincoln]], sister and co-heiress of [[Randolph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester|Ranulf de Blundeville, Earl of Chester]].
*[[Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester|Roger]], who succeeded his father as earl of Winchester (though he did not take formal possession of the earldom until after his mother's death);
*[[Robert de Quincy]] (second son of that name; d. 1257) who married [[Elen ferch Llywelyn|Helen]], daughter of the Welsh prince [[Llywelyn the Great]];
*Hawise, who married [[Hugh de Vere, 4th Earl of Oxford]].

His arms were: Or [sic, illustration shows argent?], a fess azure, in chief a label of seven points gules.

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[Earl of Winchester]] | before=New Creation | after=[[Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester|Roger de Quincy]] | years=}}
{{end box}}

==References==
*[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL2.htm#RobertQuincydied1217 FMG on Saher de Quincy]
*"Winchester", in ''[[The Complete Peerage]]'', ed. G.E.C., xii. 745-751
*Sidney Painter, "The House of Quency, 1136-1264", ''Medievalia et Humanistica'', 11 (1957) 3-9; reprinted in his book ''Feudalism and Liberty''
*Grant G. Simpson, “An Anglo-Scottish Baron of the Thirteenth century: the Acts of Roger de Quincy Earl of Winchester and Constable of Scotland” (Unpublished PhD Thesis, Edinburgh 1963).
*Frederick Lewis Weis, ''Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700'' (7th Edition, 1992,), 58-60.

==External links==
{{wikisource|Quincy, Saer de (DNB00)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winchester, Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of}}
[[Category:1155 births]]
[[Category:1219 deaths]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of England]]
[[Category:Magna Carta barons]]
[[Category:Christians of the Fifth Crusade]]
[[Category:Scoto-Normans]]

[[de:Saer de Quincy, 1. Earl of Winchester]]

William Constable

2011-04-01T17:12:22Z

Queenyzoe: add disambiguation

'''William Constable''' may refer to:
* [[Sir William Constable, 1st Baronet]] (1590–1655), English regicide
*[[William Constable (cricketer)]] (1851-1894), cricketer
{{hndis|Constable, William}}

*[[William Constable of Scotland]] (1150-1187) (Henry's I illegitimate son)

{{Short pages monitor}}

Maud of Gloucester, Countess of Chester

2011-04-01T17:02:49Z

Queenyzoe: corrected tag

{{Infobox Nobility
|name =Maud of Gloucester
|title ='''Countess of Chester'''
|date of birth =Unknown
|date of death =29 July 1190
|spouse =[[Ranulf de Gernon]], 4th Earl of Chester
|issue =[[Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester]]<br>Richard of Chester<br>Beatrice of Chester
|father =[[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]]
|mother =[[Mabel FitzHamon of Gloucester]]
|}}
'''Maud of Gloucester, Countess of Chester''' (died 29 July 1190), also known as '''Maud FitzRobert''', was an [[Anglo-Norman]] noblewoman, and the daughter of [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]], an illegitimate son of King [[Henry I of England]]. Her husband was [[Ranulf de Gernon]], 4th Earl of Chester, whom she allegedly poisoned with the assistance of [[William Peverel the Younger|William Peverel]] of [[Nottingham]].<ref>Charles Cawley, ''Medieval Lands, Earls of Chester 1120-1232 (Family of Ranulf "le Meschin")''</ref>

==Family==
Lady Maud FitzRobert was born on an unknown date, the daughter of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester and [[Mabel FitzHamon of Gloucester]]. She had seven siblings including [[William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester]] and [[Roger of Worcester|Roger, Bishop of Worcester]]. She also had an illegitimate half-brother, Richard, Bishop of Bayeux, whom her father sired by Isabel de Douvres.

Her paternal grandparents were King Henry I of England and his mistress, Sybil Corbet. Her maternal grandparents were [[Robert FitzHamon]], Lord of [[Gloucester]] and [[Glamorgan]], and Sybil de Montgomery, daughter of [[Roger de Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]] and Mabel Talvas of Belleme.
[[File:A view of the observatory tower of Lincoln Castle.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lincoln Castle]] where Maud was besieged by the forces of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] in 1141]]

==Marriage and issue==
Sometime before 1141, Lady Maud married Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester. She assumed the title of Countess of Chester upon her marriage. Her husband had considerable autonomy in his [[palatine]] earldom.

Shortly after their marriage, in January 1141, Maud was besieged at [[Lincoln Castle]] by the forces of King [[Stephen of England]]. A relief army, loyal to [[Empress Matilda]] and led by her father, defeated the King in the fierce fighting which followed, which became known as the [[Battle of Lincoln (1141)|First Battle of Lincoln]]. In return for his help in repelling the King's troops, Maud's father compelled Ranulf to swear fealty to his half-sister Matilda. Ranulf was seized by King Stephen at court in [[Northampton]] on 29 August 1146. Stephen later granted him the castle and city of Lincoln sometime after 1151.<ref name="ReferenceA">Cawley, ''Medieval Lands, Earls of Chester 1120-1232 (Family of Ranulf "le Meschin")''</ref>

Together Ranulf and Maud had three children:
* [[Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester]] (1147- 30 June 1181), married Bertrade de Montfort of Évreux, by whom he had five children, including [[Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester]], [[Maud of Chester]], and [[Hawise of Chester, 1st Countess of Lincoln]].
* Richard of Chester (died 1170/1175), buried in [[Coventry]].
* Beatrice of Chester, married Raoul de Malpas

Ranulf had an illegitimate son, Robert FitzCount (died before 1166), by an unknown mistress. His date of birth was not recorded. Robert married as her second husband, Agnes FitzNeel.

On 16 December 1153, Maud allegedly poisoned her husband with the assistance of William Peverel of Nottingham. In 1172, she founded [[Repton Priory]] in [[Derbyshire]].<ref>www.thePeerage,com/p.10472.htm#104718</ref>

The ''Rotuli de Dominabus'' of 1185 records property ''Wadinton de feodo comitis Cestrie'', held by Maud, Countess of Chester.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Maud died on 29 July 1190. The ''Annals of Tewkesbury'' records the death in 1190 of Maud, Countess of Chester.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|border=1
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
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|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = '''Maud of Gloucester'''
| 2 = [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]]
| 3 = [[Mabel FitzHamon of Gloucester]]
| 4 = [[Henry I of England]]
| 5 = Sybil Corbet
| 6 = [[Robert FitzHamon]], Lord of Gloucester and Glamorgan
| 7 = Sybil de Montgomery
| 8 = [[William I the Conqueror]]
| 9 = [[Matilda of Flanders]]
| 10= Robert Corbet
| 11=
| 12= [[Haimo (dapifer)|Haimo Dapifer]], Sheriff of Kent
| 14= [[Roger de Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]]
| 15= Mabel Talvas of Belleme
| 16= [[Robert I, Duke of Normandy]]
| 17= [[Herleva|Herlette of Falaise]]
| 18= [[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders]]
| 19= [[Adela of France, Countess of Flanders]]
| 24= Haimo Denatus, Seigneur de Torigny-sur_Vire
| 28= Roger I de Montgomerie
| 29= Josceline Torfulus de Pont Audemer
| 30= William II Talvas de Alençon, Lord of Belleme
| 31= Hildeburge de Beaumont
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Charles Cawley, ''Medieval Lands, Earls of Chester 1120-1232 (Family of Ranulf "le Meschin")''
* www.thePeerage.com/p. 10472.htm#104718

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chester, Maud Of Gloucester, Countess Of}}
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:1190 deaths]]
[[Category:English countesses]]
[[Category:Women of medieval England]]

[[ru:Матильда Глостерская (графиня Честер)]]

User:Queenyzoe

2011-02-01T17:32:34Z

Queenyzoe: ←Created page with '{{Babel|it|en-2|}}'